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16,902
Improving Neural Parsing by Disentangling Model Combination and Reranking Effects
cs.CL
Recent work has proposed several generative neural models for constituency parsing that achieve state-of-the-art results. Since direct search in these generative models is difficult, they have primarily been used to rescore candidate outputs from base parsers in which decoding is more straightforward. We first present ...
computer science
16,903
Refining Raw Sentence Representations for Textual Entailment Recognition via Attention
cs.CL
In this paper we present the model used by the team Rivercorners for the 2017 RepEval shared task. First, our model separately encodes a pair of sentences into variable-length representations by using a bidirectional LSTM. Later, it creates fixed-length raw representations by means of simple aggregation functions, whic...
computer science
16,904
Dataset for a Neural Natural Language Interface for Databases (NNLIDB)
cs.CL
Progress in natural language interfaces to databases (NLIDB) has been slow mainly due to linguistic issues (such as language ambiguity) and domain portability. Moreover, the lack of a large corpus to be used as a standard benchmark has made data-driven approaches difficult to develop and compare. In this paper, we revi...
computer science
16,905
A non-projective greedy dependency parser with bidirectional LSTMs
cs.CL
The LyS-FASTPARSE team presents BIST-COVINGTON, a neural implementation of the Covington (2001) algorithm for non-projective dependency parsing. The bidirectional LSTM approach by Kipperwasser and Goldberg (2016) is used to train a greedy parser with a dynamic oracle to mitigate error propagation. The model participate...
computer science
16,906
Leipzig Corpus Miner - A Text Mining Infrastructure for Qualitative Data Analysis
cs.CL
This paper presents the "Leipzig Corpus Miner", a technical infrastructure for supporting qualitative and quantitative content analysis. The infrastructure aims at the integration of 'close reading' procedures on individual documents with procedures of 'distant reading', e.g. lexical characteristics of large document c...
computer science
16,907
Modeling the dynamics of domain specific terminology in diachronic corpora
cs.CL
In terminology work, natural language processing, and digital humanities, several studies address the analysis of variations in context and meaning of terms in order to detect semantic change and the evolution of terms. We distinguish three different approaches to describe contextual variations: methods based on the an...
computer science
16,908
A simple but tough-to-beat baseline for the Fake News Challenge stance detection task
cs.CL
Identifying public misinformation is a complicated and challenging task. Stance detection, i.e. determining the relative perspective a news source takes towards a specific claim, is an important part of evaluating the veracity of the assertion. Automating the process of stance detection would arguably benefit human fac...
computer science
16,909
Geospatial Semantics
cs.CL
Geospatial semantics is a broad field that involves a variety of research areas. The term semantics refers to the meaning of things, and is in contrast with the term syntactics. Accordingly, studies on geospatial semantics usually focus on understanding the meaning of geographic entities as well as their counterparts i...
computer science
16,910
The Case for Being Average: A Mediocrity Approach to Style Masking and Author Obfuscation
cs.CL
Users posting online expect to remain anonymous unless they have logged in, which is often needed for them to be able to discuss freely on various topics. Preserving the anonymity of a text's writer can be also important in some other contexts, e.g., in the case of witness protection or anonymity programs. However, eac...
computer science
16,911
N-GrAM: New Groningen Author-profiling Model
cs.CL
We describe our participation in the PAN 2017 shared task on Author Profiling, identifying authors' gender and language variety for English, Spanish, Arabic and Portuguese. We describe both the final, submitted system, and a series of negative results. Our aim was to create a single model for both gender and language, ...
computer science
16,912
A Critique of a Critique of Word Similarity Datasets: Sanity Check or Unnecessary Confusion?
cs.CL
Critical evaluation of word similarity datasets is very important for computational lexical semantics. This short report concerns the sanity check proposed in Batchkarov et al. (2016) to evaluate several popular datasets such as MC, RG and MEN -- the first two reportedly failed. I argue that this test is unstable, offe...
computer science
16,913
Negative Sampling Improves Hypernymy Extraction Based on Projection Learning
cs.CL
We present a new approach to extraction of hypernyms based on projection learning and word embeddings. In contrast to classification-based approaches, projection-based methods require no candidate hyponym-hypernym pairs. While it is natural to use both positive and negative training examples in supervised relation extr...
computer science
16,914
Predicting Causes of Reformulation in Intelligent Assistants
cs.CL
Intelligent assistants (IAs) such as Siri and Cortana conversationally interact with users and execute a wide range of actions (e.g., searching the Web, setting alarms, and chatting). IAs can support these actions through the combination of various components such as automatic speech recognition, natural language under...
computer science
16,915
Is writing style predictive of scientific fraud?
cs.CL
The problem of detecting scientific fraud using machine learning was recently introduced, with initial, positive results from a model taking into account various general indicators. The results seem to suggest that writing style is predictive of scientific fraud. We revisit these initial experiments, and show that the ...
computer science
16,916
Do Convolutional Networks need to be Deep for Text Classification ?
cs.CL
We study in this work the importance of depth in convolutional models for text classification, either when character or word inputs are considered. We show on 5 standard text classification and sentiment analysis tasks that deep models indeed give better performances than shallow networks when the text input is represe...
computer science
16,917
Developing a concept-level knowledge base for sentiment analysis in Singlish
cs.CL
In this paper, we present Singlish sentiment lexicon, a concept-level knowledge base for sentiment analysis that associates multiword expressions to a set of emotion labels and a polarity value. Unlike many other sentiment analysis resources, this lexicon is not built by manually labeling pieces of knowledge coming fro...
computer science
16,918
Evaluating Semantic Parsing against a Simple Web-based Question Answering Model
cs.CL
Semantic parsing shines at analyzing complex natural language that involves composition and computation over multiple pieces of evidence. However, datasets for semantic parsing contain many factoid questions that can be answered from a single web document. In this paper, we propose to evaluate semantic parsing-based qu...
computer science
16,919
LIUM-CVC Submissions for WMT17 Multimodal Translation Task
cs.CL
This paper describes the monomodal and multimodal Neural Machine Translation systems developed by LIUM and CVC for WMT17 Shared Task on Multimodal Translation. We mainly explored two multimodal architectures where either global visual features or convolutional feature maps are integrated in order to benefit from visual...
computer science
16,920
LIUM Machine Translation Systems for WMT17 News Translation Task
cs.CL
This paper describes LIUM submissions to WMT17 News Translation Task for English-German, English-Turkish, English-Czech and English-Latvian language pairs. We train BPE-based attentive Neural Machine Translation systems with and without factored outputs using the open source nmtpy framework. Competitive scores were obt...
computer science
16,921
Cross-genre Document Retrieval: Matching between Conversational and Formal Writings
cs.CL
This paper challenges a cross-genre document retrieval task, where the queries are in formal writing and the target documents are in conversational writing. In this task, a query, is a sentence extracted from either a summary or a plot of an episode in a TV show, and the target document consists of transcripts from the...
computer science
16,922
Rotations and Interpretability of Word Embeddings: the Case of the Russian Language
cs.CL
Consider a continuous word embedding model. Usually, the cosines between word vectors are used as a measure of similarity of words. These cosines do not change under orthogonal transformations of the embedding space. We demonstrate that, using some canonical orthogonal transformations from SVD, it is possible both to i...
computer science
16,923
Open-Set Language Identification
cs.CL
We present the first open-set language identification experiments using one-class classification. We first highlight the shortcomings of traditional feature extraction methods and propose a hashing-based feature vectorization approach as a solution. Using a dataset of 10 languages from different writing systems, we tra...
computer science
16,924
Do Neural Nets Learn Statistical Laws behind Natural Language?
cs.CL
The performance of deep learning in natural language processing has been spectacular, but the reasons for this success remain unclear because of the inherent complexity of deep learning. This paper provides empirical evidence of its effectiveness and of a limitation of neural networks for language engineering. Precisel...
computer science
16,925
Automated Detection of Non-Relevant Posts on the Russian Imageboard "2ch": Importance of the Choice of Word Representations
cs.CL
This study considers the problem of automated detection of non-relevant posts on Web forums and discusses the approach of resolving this problem by approximation it with the task of detection of semantic relatedness between the given post and the opening post of the forum discussion thread. The approximated task could ...
computer science
16,926
End-to-End Information Extraction without Token-Level Supervision
cs.CL
Most state-of-the-art information extraction approaches rely on token-level labels to find the areas of interest in text. Unfortunately, these labels are time-consuming and costly to create, and consequently, not available for many real-life IE tasks. To make matters worse, token-level labels are usually not the desire...
computer science
16,927
In-Order Transition-based Constituent Parsing
cs.CL
Both bottom-up and top-down strategies have been used for neural transition-based constituent parsing. The parsing strategies differ in terms of the order in which they recognize productions in the derivation tree, where bottom-up strategies and top-down strategies take post-order and pre-order traversal over trees, re...
computer science
16,928
Towards Bidirectional Hierarchical Representations for Attention-Based Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
This paper proposes a hierarchical attentional neural translation model which focuses on enhancing source-side hierarchical representations by covering both local and global semantic information using a bidirectional tree-based encoder. To maximize the predictive likelihood of target words, a weighted variant of an att...
computer science
16,929
To Normalize, or Not to Normalize: The Impact of Normalization on Part-of-Speech Tagging
cs.CL
Does normalization help Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging accuracy on noisy, non-canonical data? To the best of our knowledge, little is known on the actual impact of normalization in a real-world scenario, where gold error detection is not available. We investigate the effect of automatic normalization on POS tagging of tw...
computer science
16,930
LIG-CRIStAL System for the WMT17 Automatic Post-Editing Task
cs.CL
This paper presents the LIG-CRIStAL submission to the shared Automatic Post- Editing task of WMT 2017. We propose two neural post-editing models: a monosource model with a task-specific attention mechanism, which performs particularly well in a low-resource scenario; and a chained architecture which makes use of the so...
computer science
16,931
Neural Reranking for Named Entity Recognition
cs.CL
We propose a neural reranking system for named entity recognition (NER). The basic idea is to leverage recurrent neural network models to learn sentence-level patterns that involve named entity mentions. In particular, given an output sentence produced by a baseline NER model, we replace all entity mentions, such as \t...
computer science
16,932
Exploring text datasets by visualizing relevant words
cs.CL
When working with a new dataset, it is important to first explore and familiarize oneself with it, before applying any advanced machine learning algorithms. However, to the best of our knowledge, no tools exist that quickly and reliably give insight into the contents of a selection of documents with respect to what dis...
computer science
16,933
A Simple Language Model based on PMI Matrix Approximations
cs.CL
In this study, we introduce a new approach for learning language models by training them to estimate word-context pointwise mutual information (PMI), and then deriving the desired conditional probabilities from PMI at test time. Specifically, we show that with minor modifications to word2vec's algorithm, we get princip...
computer science
16,934
MAG: A Multilingual, Knowledge-base Agnostic and Deterministic Entity Linking Approach
cs.CL
Entity linking has recently been the subject of a significant body of research. Currently, the best performing approaches rely on trained mono-lingual models. Porting these approaches to other languages is consequently a difficult endeavor as it requires corresponding training data and retraining of the models. We addr...
computer science
16,935
Unsupervised Iterative Deep Learning of Speech Features and Acoustic Tokens with Applications to Spoken Term Detection
cs.CL
In this paper we aim to automatically discover high quality frame-level speech features and acoustic tokens directly from unlabeled speech data. A Multi-granular Acoustic Tokenizer (MAT) was proposed for automatic discovery of multiple sets of acoustic tokens from the given corpus. Each acoustic token set is specified ...
computer science
16,936
Improved Neural Machine Translation with a Syntax-Aware Encoder and Decoder
cs.CL
Most neural machine translation (NMT) models are based on the sequential encoder-decoder framework, which makes no use of syntactic information. In this paper, we improve this model by explicitly incorporating source-side syntactic trees. More specifically, we propose (1) a bidirectional tree encoder which learns both ...
computer science
16,937
Top-Rank Enhanced Listwise Optimization for Statistical Machine Translation
cs.CL
Pairwise ranking methods are the basis of many widely used discriminative training approaches for structure prediction problems in natural language processing(NLP). Decomposing the problem of ranking hypotheses into pairwise comparisons enables simple and efficient solutions. However, neglecting the global ordering of ...
computer science
16,938
Detecting Intentional Lexical Ambiguity in English Puns
cs.CL
The article describes a model of automatic analysis of puns, where a word is intentionally used in two meanings at the same time (the target word). We employ Roget's Thesaurus to discover two groups of words which, in a pun, form around two abstract bits of meaning (semes). They become a semantic vector, based on which...
computer science
16,939
PunFields at SemEval-2017 Task 7: Employing Roget's Thesaurus in Automatic Pun Recognition and Interpretation
cs.CL
The article describes a model of automatic interpretation of English puns, based on Roget's Thesaurus, and its implementation, PunFields. In a pun, the algorithm discovers two groups of words that belong to two main semantic fields. The fields become a semantic vector based on which an SVM classifier learns to recogniz...
computer science
16,940
Story Generation from Sequence of Independent Short Descriptions
cs.CL
Existing Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems are weak AI systems and exhibit limited capabilities when language generation tasks demand higher levels of creativity, originality and brevity. Effective solutions or, at least evaluations of modern NLG paradigms for such creative tasks have been elusive, unfortunatel...
computer science
16,941
On the State of the Art of Evaluation in Neural Language Models
cs.CL
Ongoing innovations in recurrent neural network architectures have provided a steady influx of apparently state-of-the-art results on language modelling benchmarks. However, these have been evaluated using differing code bases and limited computational resources, which represent uncontrolled sources of experimental var...
computer science
16,942
Spherical Paragraph Model
cs.CL
Representing texts as fixed-length vectors is central to many language processing tasks. Most traditional methods build text representations based on the simple Bag-of-Words (BoW) representation, which loses the rich semantic relations between words. Recent advances in natural language processing have shown that semant...
computer science
16,943
A Short Survey of Biomedical Relation Extraction Techniques
cs.CL
Biomedical information is growing rapidly in the recent years and retrieving useful data through information extraction system is getting more attention. In the current research, we focus on different aspects of relation extraction techniques in biomedical domain and briefly describe the state-of-the-art for relation e...
computer science
16,944
Encoding Word Confusion Networks with Recurrent Neural Networks for Dialog State Tracking
cs.CL
This paper presents our novel method to encode word confusion networks, which can represent a rich hypothesis space of automatic speech recognition systems, via recurrent neural networks. We demonstrate the utility of our approach for the task of dialog state tracking in spoken dialog systems that relies on automatic s...
computer science
16,945
Deep Active Learning for Named Entity Recognition
cs.CL
Deep learning has yielded state-of-the-art performance on many natural language processing tasks including named entity recognition (NER). However, this typically requires large amounts of labeled data. In this work, we demonstrate that the amount of labeled training data can be drastically reduced when deep learning i...
computer science
16,946
Measuring Thematic Fit with Distributional Feature Overlap
cs.CL
In this paper, we introduce a new distributional method for modeling predicate-argument thematic fit judgments. We use a syntax-based DSM to build a prototypical representation of verb-specific roles: for every verb, we extract the most salient second order contexts for each of its roles (i.e. the most salient dimensio...
computer science
16,947
Argotario: Computational Argumentation Meets Serious Games
cs.CL
An important skill in critical thinking and argumentation is the ability to spot and recognize fallacies. Fallacious arguments, omnipresent in argumentative discourse, can be deceptive, manipulative, or simply leading to `wrong moves' in a discussion. Despite their importance, argumentation scholars and NLP researchers...
computer science
16,948
Modeling Target-Side Inflection in Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
NMT systems have problems with large vocabulary sizes. Byte-pair encoding (BPE) is a popular approach to solving this problem, but while BPE allows the system to generate any target-side word, it does not enable effective generalization over the rich vocabulary in morphologically rich languages with strong inflectional...
computer science
16,949
Discovering topics in text datasets by visualizing relevant words
cs.CL
When dealing with large collections of documents, it is imperative to quickly get an overview of the texts' contents. In this paper we show how this can be achieved by using a clustering algorithm to identify topics in the dataset and then selecting and visualizing relevant words, which distinguish a group of documents...
computer science
16,950
Improving Language Modeling using Densely Connected Recurrent Neural Networks
cs.CL
In this paper, we introduce the novel concept of densely connected layers into recurrent neural networks. We evaluate our proposed architecture on the Penn Treebank language modeling task. We show that we can obtain similar perplexity scores with six times fewer parameters compared to a standard stacked 2-layer LSTM mo...
computer science
16,951
Expect the unexpected: Harnessing Sentence Completion for Sarcasm Detection
cs.CL
The trigram `I love being' is expected to be followed by positive words such as `happy'. In a sarcastic sentence, however, the word `ignored' may be observed. The expected and the observed words are, thus, incongruous. We model sarcasm detection as the task of detecting incongruity between an observed and an expected w...
computer science
16,952
Sentence-level quality estimation by predicting HTER as a multi-component metric
cs.CL
This submission investigates alternative machine learning models for predicting the HTER score on the sentence level. Instead of directly predicting the HTER score, we suggest a model that jointly predicts the amount of the 4 distinct post-editing operations, which are then used to calculate the HTER score. This also g...
computer science
16,953
Fast and Accurate OOV Decoder on High-Level Features
cs.CL
This work proposes a novel approach to out-of-vocabulary (OOV) keyword search (KWS) task. The proposed approach is based on using high-level features from an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system, so called phoneme posterior based (PPB) features, for decoding. These features are obtained by calculating time-depende...
computer science
16,954
A Sub-Character Architecture for Korean Language Processing
cs.CL
We introduce a novel sub-character architecture that exploits a unique compositional structure of the Korean language. Our method decomposes each character into a small set of primitive phonetic units called jamo letters from which character- and word-level representations are induced. The jamo letters divulge syntacti...
computer science
16,955
Improving Discourse Relation Projection to Build Discourse Annotated Corpora
cs.CL
The naive approach to annotation projection is not effective to project discourse annotations from one language to another because implicit discourse relations are often changed to explicit ones and vice-versa in the translation. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on the intersection between statistical w...
computer science
16,956
Large-Scale Goodness Polarity Lexicons for Community Question Answering
cs.CL
We transfer a key idea from the field of sentiment analysis to a new domain: community question answering (cQA). The cQA task we are interested in is the following: given a question and a thread of comments, we want to re-rank the comments so that the ones that are good answers to the question would be ranked higher th...
computer science
16,957
Revisiting Selectional Preferences for Coreference Resolution
cs.CL
Selectional preferences have long been claimed to be essential for coreference resolution. However, they are mainly modeled only implicitly by current coreference resolvers. We propose a dependency-based embedding model of selectional preferences which allows fine-grained compatibility judgments with high coverage. We ...
computer science
16,958
Optimal Hyperparameters for Deep LSTM-Networks for Sequence Labeling Tasks
cs.CL
Selecting optimal parameters for a neural network architecture can often make the difference between mediocre and state-of-the-art performance. However, little is published which parameters and design choices should be evaluated or selected making the correct hyperparameter optimization often a "black art that requires...
computer science
16,959
Shallow reading with Deep Learning: Predicting popularity of online content using only its title
cs.CL
With the ever decreasing attention span of contemporary Internet users, the title of online content (such as a news article or video) can be a major factor in determining its popularity. To take advantage of this phenomenon, we propose a new method based on a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network d...
computer science
16,960
Why We Need New Evaluation Metrics for NLG
cs.CL
The majority of NLG evaluation relies on automatic metrics, such as BLEU . In this paper, we motivate the need for novel, system- and data-independent automatic evaluation methods: We investigate a wide range of metrics, including state-of-the-art word-based and novel grammar-based ones, and demonstrate that they only ...
computer science
16,961
Unsupervised, Knowledge-Free, and Interpretable Word Sense Disambiguation
cs.CL
Interpretability of a predictive model is a powerful feature that gains the trust of users in the correctness of the predictions. In word sense disambiguation (WSD), knowledge-based systems tend to be much more interpretable than knowledge-free counterparts as they rely on the wealth of manually-encoded elements repres...
computer science
16,962
SGNMT -- A Flexible NMT Decoding Platform for Quick Prototyping of New Models and Search Strategies
cs.CL
This paper introduces SGNMT, our experimental platform for machine translation research. SGNMT provides a generic interface to neural and symbolic scoring modules (predictors) with left-to-right semantic such as translation models like NMT, language models, translation lattices, $n$-best lists or other kinds of scores ...
computer science
16,963
Cross-Lingual Induction and Transfer of Verb Classes Based on Word Vector Space Specialisation
cs.CL
Existing approaches to automatic VerbNet-style verb classification are heavily dependent on feature engineering and therefore limited to languages with mature NLP pipelines. In this work, we propose a novel cross-lingual transfer method for inducing VerbNets for multiple languages. To the best of our knowledge, this is...
computer science
16,964
Reconstruction of Word Embeddings from Sub-Word Parameters
cs.CL
Pre-trained word embeddings improve the performance of a neural model at the cost of increasing the model size. We propose to benefit from this resource without paying the cost by operating strictly at the sub-lexical level. Our approach is quite simple: before task-specific training, we first optimize sub-word paramet...
computer science
16,965
Mimicking Word Embeddings using Subword RNNs
cs.CL
Word embeddings improve generalization over lexical features by placing each word in a lower-dimensional space, using distributional information obtained from unlabeled data. However, the effectiveness of word embeddings for downstream NLP tasks is limited by out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words, for which embeddings do not e...
computer science
16,966
Split and Rephrase
cs.CL
We propose a new sentence simplification task (Split-and-Rephrase) where the aim is to split a complex sentence into a meaning preserving sequence of shorter sentences. Like sentence simplification, splitting-and-rephrasing has the potential of benefiting both natural language processing and societal applications. Beca...
computer science
16,967
Emotion Detection from Text
cs.CL
Emotions are perceptions of changes in the human body such as heart rate, breathing rate, perspiration, and hormone levels. These conscious experiences are complex and studied extensively in different fields including computer science. Lack of facial expressions and voice modulations make detecting emotions from text a...
computer science
16,968
End-to-end Neural Coreference Resolution
cs.CL
We introduce the first end-to-end coreference resolution model and show that it significantly outperforms all previous work without using a syntactic parser or hand-engineered mention detector. The key idea is to directly consider all spans in a document as potential mentions and learn distributions over possible antec...
computer science
16,969
A Pilot Study of Domain Adaptation Effect for Neural Abstractive Summarization
cs.CL
We study the problem of domain adaptation for neural abstractive summarization. We make initial efforts in investigating what information can be transferred to a new domain. Experimental results on news stories and opinion articles indicate that neural summarization model benefits from pre-training based on extractive ...
computer science
16,970
Identifying civilians killed by police with distantly supervised entity-event extraction
cs.CL
We propose a new, socially-impactful task for natural language processing: from a news corpus, extract names of persons who have been killed by police. We present a newly collected police fatality corpus, which we release publicly, and present a model to solve this problem that uses EM-based distant supervision with lo...
computer science
16,971
Predicting the Gender of Indonesian Names
cs.CL
We investigated a way to predict the gender of a name using character-level Long-Short Term Memory (char-LSTM). We compared our method with some conventional machine learning methods, namely Naive Bayes, logistic regression, and XGBoost with n-grams as the features. We evaluated the models on a dataset consisting of th...
computer science
16,972
Native Language Identification on Text and Speech
cs.CL
This paper presents an ensemble system combining the output of multiple SVM classifiers to native language identification (NLI). The system was submitted to the NLI Shared Task 2017 fusion track which featured students essays and spoken responses in form of audio transcriptions and iVectors by non-native English speake...
computer science
16,973
"i have a feeling trump will win..................": Forecasting Winners and Losers from User Predictions on Twitter
cs.CL
Social media users often make explicit predictions about upcoming events. Such statements vary in the degree of certainty the author expresses toward the outcome:"Leonardo DiCaprio will win Best Actor" vs. "Leonardo DiCaprio may win" or "No way Leonardo wins!". Can popular beliefs on social media predict who will win? ...
computer science
16,974
Tensor Fusion Network for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
cs.CL
Multimodal sentiment analysis is an increasingly popular research area, which extends the conventional language-based definition of sentiment analysis to a multimodal setup where other relevant modalities accompany language. In this paper, we pose the problem of multimodal sentiment analysis as modeling intra-modality ...
computer science
16,975
Composing Distributed Representations of Relational Patterns
cs.CL
Learning distributed representations for relation instances is a central technique in downstream NLP applications. In order to address semantic modeling of relational patterns, this paper constructs a new dataset that provides multiple similarity ratings for every pair of relational patterns on the existing dataset. In...
computer science
16,976
Hierarchical Embeddings for Hypernymy Detection and Directionality
cs.CL
We present a novel neural model HyperVec to learn hierarchical embeddings for hypernymy detection and directionality. While previous embeddings have shown limitations on prototypical hypernyms, HyperVec represents an unsupervised measure where embeddings are learned in a specific order and capture the hypernym$-$hypony...
computer science
16,977
Fine Grained Citation Span for References in Wikipedia
cs.CL
\emph{Verifiability} is one of the core editing principles in Wikipedia, editors being encouraged to provide citations for the added content. For a Wikipedia article, determining the \emph{citation span} of a citation, i.e. what content is covered by a citation, is important as it helps decide for which content citatio...
computer science
16,978
Using Argument-based Features to Predict and Analyse Review Helpfulness
cs.CL
We study the helpful product reviews identification problem in this paper. We observe that the evidence-conclusion discourse relations, also known as arguments, often appear in product reviews, and we hypothesise that some argument-based features, e.g. the percentage of argumentative sentences, the evidences-conclusion...
computer science
16,979
Rule-Based Spanish Morphological Analyzer Built From Spell Checking Lexicon
cs.CL
Preprocessing tools for automated text analysis have become more widely available in major languages, but non-English tools are often still limited in their functionality. When working with Spanish-language text, researchers can easily find tools for tokenization and stemming, but may not have the means to extract more...
computer science
16,980
A Sequential Model for Classifying Temporal Relations between Intra-Sentence Events
cs.CL
We present a sequential model for temporal relation classification between intra-sentence events. The key observation is that the overall syntactic structure and compositional meanings of the multi-word context between events are important for distinguishing among fine-grained temporal relations. Specifically, our appr...
computer science
16,981
Event Coreference Resolution by Iteratively Unfolding Inter-dependencies among Events
cs.CL
We introduce a novel iterative approach for event coreference resolution that gradually builds event clusters by exploiting inter-dependencies among event mentions within the same chain as well as across event chains. Among event mentions in the same chain, we distinguish within- and cross-document event coreference li...
computer science
16,982
Analysing Errors of Open Information Extraction Systems
cs.CL
We report results on benchmarking Open Information Extraction (OIE) systems using RelVis, a toolkit for benchmarking Open Information Extraction systems. Our comprehensive benchmark contains three data sets from the news domain and one data set from Wikipedia with overall 4522 labeled sentences and 11243 binary or n-ar...
computer science
16,983
CAp 2017 challenge: Twitter Named Entity Recognition
cs.CL
The paper describes the CAp 2017 challenge. The challenge concerns the problem of Named Entity Recognition (NER) for tweets written in French. We first present the data preparation steps we followed for constructing the dataset released in the framework of the challenge. We begin by demonstrating why NER for tweets is ...
computer science
16,984
Transition-Based Generation from Abstract Meaning Representations
cs.CL
This work addresses the task of generating English sentences from Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) graphs. To cope with this task, we transform each input AMR graph into a structure similar to a dependency tree and annotate it with syntactic information by applying various predefined actions to it. Subsequently, a...
computer science
16,985
Improve Lexicon-based Word Embeddings By Word Sense Disambiguation
cs.CL
There have been some works that learn a lexicon together with the corpus to improve the word embeddings. However, they either model the lexicon separately but update the neural networks for both the corpus and the lexicon by the same likelihood, or minimize the distance between all of the synonym pairs in the lexicon. ...
computer science
16,986
Deep Architectures for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
It has been shown that increasing model depth improves the quality of neural machine translation. However, different architectural variants to increase model depth have been proposed, and so far, there has been no thorough comparative study. In this work, we describe and evaluate several existing approaches to introd...
computer science
16,987
Global Normalization of Convolutional Neural Networks for Joint Entity and Relation Classification
cs.CL
We introduce globally normalized convolutional neural networks for joint entity classification and relation extraction. In particular, we propose a way to utilize a linear-chain conditional random field output layer for predicting entity types and relations between entities at the same time. Our experiments show that g...
computer science
16,988
AMR Parsing using Stack-LSTMs
cs.CL
We present a transition-based AMR parser that directly generates AMR parses from plain text. We use Stack-LSTMs to represent our parser state and make decisions greedily. In our experiments, we show that our parser achieves very competitive scores on English using only AMR training data. Adding additional information, ...
computer science
16,989
Macro Grammars and Holistic Triggering for Efficient Semantic Parsing
cs.CL
To learn a semantic parser from denotations, a learning algorithm must search over a combinatorially large space of logical forms for ones consistent with the annotated denotations. We propose a new online learning algorithm that searches faster as training progresses. The two key ideas are using macro grammars to cach...
computer science
16,990
Machine Translation at Booking.com: Journey and Lessons Learned
cs.CL
We describe our recently developed neural machine translation (NMT) system and benchmark it against our own statistical machine translation (SMT) system as well as two other general purpose online engines (statistical and neural). We present automatic and human evaluation results of the translation output provided by e...
computer science
16,991
Question Dependent Recurrent Entity Network for Question Answering
cs.CL
Question Answering is a task which requires building models capable of providing answers to questions expressed in human language. Full question answering involves some form of reasoning ability. We introduce a neural network architecture for this task, which is a form of $Memory\ Network$, that recognizes entities and...
computer science
16,992
Synthesising Sign Language from semantics, approaching "from the target and back"
cs.CL
We present a Sign Language modelling approach allowing to build grammars and create linguistic input for Sign synthesis through avatars. We comment on the type of grammar it allows to build, and observe a resemblance between the resulting expressions and traditional semantic representations. Comparing the ways in which...
computer science
16,993
Challenges in Data-to-Document Generation
cs.CL
Recent neural models have shown significant progress on the problem of generating short descriptive texts conditioned on a small number of database records. In this work, we suggest a slightly more difficult data-to-text generation task, and investigate how effective current approaches are on this task. In particular, ...
computer science
16,994
Learning Word Relatedness over Time
cs.CL
Search systems are often focused on providing relevant results for the "now", assuming both corpora and user needs that focus on the present. However, many corpora today reflect significant longitudinal collections ranging from 20 years of the Web to hundreds of years of digitized newspapers and books. Understanding th...
computer science
16,995
ShotgunWSD: An unsupervised algorithm for global word sense disambiguation inspired by DNA sequencing
cs.CL
In this paper, we present a novel unsupervised algorithm for word sense disambiguation (WSD) at the document level. Our algorithm is inspired by a widely-used approach in the field of genetics for whole genome sequencing, known as the Shotgun sequencing technique. The proposed WSD algorithm is based on three main steps...
computer science
16,996
From Image to Text Classification: A Novel Approach based on Clustering Word Embeddings
cs.CL
In this paper, we propose a novel approach for text classification based on clustering word embeddings, inspired by the bag of visual words model, which is widely used in computer vision. After each word in a collection of documents is represented as word vector using a pre-trained word embeddings model, a k-means algo...
computer science
16,997
The RepEval 2017 Shared Task: Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference with Sentence Representations
cs.CL
This paper presents the results of the RepEval 2017 Shared Task, which evaluated neural network sentence representation learning models on the Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference corpus (MultiNLI) recently introduced by Williams et al. (2017). All of the five participating teams beat the bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) ...
computer science
16,998
Fast calculation of entropy with Zhang's estimator
cs.CL
Entropy is a fundamental property of a repertoire. Here, we present an efficient algorithm to estimate the entropy of types with the help of Zhang's estimator. The algorithm takes advantage of the fact that the number of different frequencies in a text is in general much smaller than the number of types. We justify the...
computer science
16,999
Can string kernels pass the test of time in Native Language Identification?
cs.CL
We describe a machine learning approach for the 2017 shared task on Native Language Identification (NLI). The proposed approach combines several kernels using multiple kernel learning. While most of our kernels are based on character p-grams (also known as n-grams) extracted from essays or speech transcripts, we also u...
computer science
17,000
SPEECH-COCO: 600k Visually Grounded Spoken Captions Aligned to MSCOCO Data Set
cs.CL
This paper presents an augmentation of MSCOCO dataset where speech is added to image and text. Speech captions are generated using text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis resulting in 616,767 spoken captions (more than 600h) paired with images. Disfluencies and speed perturbation are added to the signal in order to sound more n...
computer science
17,001
All that is English may be Hindi: Enhancing language identification through automatic ranking of likeliness of word borrowing in social media
cs.CL
In this paper, we present a set of computational methods to identify the likeliness of a word being borrowed, based on the signals from social media. In terms of Spearman correlation coefficient values, our methods perform more than two times better (nearly 0.62) in predicting the borrowing likeliness compared to the b...
computer science