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16,802
Content-Based Table Retrieval for Web Queries
cs.CL
Understanding the connections between unstructured text and semi-structured table is an important yet neglected problem in natural language processing. In this work, we focus on content-based table retrieval. Given a query, the task is to find the most relevant table from a collection of tables. Further progress toward...
computer science
16,803
Improving Semantic Relevance for Sequence-to-Sequence Learning of Chinese Social Media Text Summarization
cs.CL
Current Chinese social media text summarization models are based on an encoder-decoder framework. Although its generated summaries are similar to source texts literally, they have low semantic relevance. In this work, our goal is to improve semantic relevance between source texts and summaries for Chinese social media ...
computer science
16,804
The Algorithmic Inflection of Russian and Generation of Grammatically Correct Text
cs.CL
We present a deterministic algorithm for Russian inflection. This algorithm is implemented in a publicly available web-service www.passare.ru which provides functions for inflection of single words, word matching and synthesis of grammatically correct Russian text. The inflectional functions have been tested against th...
computer science
16,805
Advances in Joint CTC-Attention based End-to-End Speech Recognition with a Deep CNN Encoder and RNN-LM
cs.CL
We present a state-of-the-art end-to-end Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) model. We learn to listen and write characters with a joint Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) and attention-based encoder-decoder network. The encoder is a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based on the VGG network. The CTC netw...
computer science
16,806
Learning to Embed Words in Context for Syntactic Tasks
cs.CL
We present models for embedding words in the context of surrounding words. Such models, which we refer to as token embeddings, represent the characteristics of a word that are specific to a given context, such as word sense, syntactic category, and semantic role. We explore simple, efficient token embedding models base...
computer science
16,807
Assigning personality/identity to a chatting machine for coherent conversation generation
cs.CL
Endowing a chatbot with personality or an identity is quite challenging but critical to deliver more realistic and natural conversations. In this paper, we address the issue of generating responses that are coherent to a pre-specified agent profile. We design a model consisting of three modules: a profile detector to d...
computer science
16,808
Overview of the NLPCC 2017 Shared Task: Chinese News Headline Categorization
cs.CL
In this paper, we give an overview for the shared task at the CCF Conference on Natural Language Processing \& Chinese Computing (NLPCC 2017): Chinese News Headline Categorization. The dataset of this shared task consists 18 classes, 12,000 short texts along with corresponded labels for each class. The dataset and exam...
computer science
16,809
Deriving a Representative Vector for Ontology Classes with Instance Word Vector Embeddings
cs.CL
Selecting a representative vector for a set of vectors is a very common requirement in many algorithmic tasks. Traditionally, the mean or median vector is selected. Ontology classes are sets of homogeneous instance objects that can be converted to a vector space by word vector embeddings. This study proposes a methodol...
computer science
16,810
Trimming and Improving Skip-thought Vectors
cs.CL
The skip-thought model has been proven to be effective at learning sentence representations and capturing sentence semantics. In this paper, we propose a suite of techniques to trim and improve it. First, we validate a hypothesis that, given a current sentence, inferring the previous and inferring the next sentence pro...
computer science
16,811
Classification of Questions and Learning Outcome Statements (LOS) Into Blooms Taxonomy (BT) By Similarity Measurements Towards Extracting Of Learning Outcome from Learning Material
cs.CL
Blooms Taxonomy (BT) have been used to classify the objectives of learning outcome by dividing the learning into three different domains; the cognitive domain, the effective domain and the psychomotor domain. In this paper, we are introducing a new approach to classify the questions and learning outcome statements (LOS...
computer science
16,812
Articulation rate in Swedish child-directed speech increases as a function of the age of the child even when surprisal is controlled for
cs.CL
In earlier work, we have shown that articulation rate in Swedish child-directed speech (CDS) increases as a function of the age of the child, even when utterance length and differences in articulation rate between subjects are controlled for. In this paper we show on utterance level in spontaneous Swedish speech that i...
computer science
16,813
Exploring Automated Essay Scoring for Nonnative English Speakers
cs.CL
Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been quite popular and is being widely used. However, lack of appropriate methodology for rating nonnative English speakers' essays has meant a lopsided advancement in this field. In this paper, we report initial results of our experiments with nonnative AES that learns from manual eva...
computer science
16,814
A Full Non-Monotonic Transition System for Unrestricted Non-Projective Parsing
cs.CL
Restricted non-monotonicity has been shown beneficial for the projective arc-eager dependency parser in previous research, as posterior decisions can repair mistakes made in previous states due to the lack of information. In this paper, we propose a novel, fully non-monotonic transition system based on the non-projecti...
computer science
16,815
Dialog Structure Through the Lens of Gender, Gender Environment, and Power
cs.CL
Understanding how the social context of an interaction affects our dialog behavior is of great interest to social scientists who study human behavior, as well as to computer scientists who build automatic methods to infer those social contexts. In this paper, we study the interaction of power, gender, and dialog behavi...
computer science
16,816
SU-RUG at the CoNLL-SIGMORPHON 2017 shared task: Morphological Inflection with Attentional Sequence-to-Sequence Models
cs.CL
This paper describes the Stockholm University/University of Groningen (SU-RUG) system for the SIGMORPHON 2017 shared task on morphological inflection. Our system is based on an attentional sequence-to-sequence neural network model using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) cells, with joint training of morphological inflectio...
computer science
16,817
Candidate sentence selection for language learning exercises: from a comprehensive framework to an empirical evaluation
cs.CL
We present a framework and its implementation relying on Natural Language Processing methods, which aims at the identification of exercise item candidates from corpora. The hybrid system combining heuristics and machine learning methods includes a number of relevant selection criteria. We focus on two fundamental aspec...
computer science
16,818
Exploring the Syntactic Abilities of RNNs with Multi-task Learning
cs.CL
Recent work has explored the syntactic abilities of RNNs using the subject-verb agreement task, which diagnoses sensitivity to sentence structure. RNNs performed this task well in common cases, but faltered in complex sentences (Linzen et al., 2016). We test whether these errors are due to inherent limitations of the a...
computer science
16,819
Acoustic data-driven lexicon learning based on a greedy pronunciation selection framework
cs.CL
Speech recognition systems for irregularly-spelled languages like English normally require hand-written pronunciations. In this paper, we describe a system for automatically obtaining pronunciations of words for which pronunciations are not available, but for which transcribed data exists. Our method integrates informa...
computer science
16,820
Verb Physics: Relative Physical Knowledge of Actions and Objects
cs.CL
Learning commonsense knowledge from natural language text is nontrivial due to reporting bias: people rarely state the obvious, e.g., "My house is bigger than me." However, while rarely stated explicitly, this trivial everyday knowledge does influence the way people talk about the world, which provides indirect clues t...
computer science
16,821
Query-by-Example Search with Discriminative Neural Acoustic Word Embeddings
cs.CL
Query-by-example search often uses dynamic time warping (DTW) for comparing queries and proposed matching segments. Recent work has shown that comparing speech segments by representing them as fixed-dimensional vectors --- acoustic word embeddings --- and measuring their vector distance (e.g., cosine distance) can disc...
computer science
16,822
Attention-based Vocabulary Selection for NMT Decoding
cs.CL
Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models usually use large target vocabulary sizes to capture most of the words in the target language. The vocabulary size is a big factor when decoding new sentences as the final softmax layer normalizes over all possible target words. To address this problem, it is widely common to res...
computer science
16,823
Six Challenges for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
We explore six challenges for neural machine translation: domain mismatch, amount of training data, rare words, long sentences, word alignment, and beam search. We show both deficiencies and improvements over the quality of phrase-based statistical machine translation.
computer science
16,824
Modelling prosodic structure using Artificial Neural Networks
cs.CL
The ability to accurately perceive whether a speaker is asking a question or is making a statement is crucial for any successful interaction. However, learning and classifying tonal patterns has been a challenging task for automatic speech recognition and for models of tonal representation, as tonal contours are charac...
computer science
16,825
An Exploration of Neural Sequence-to-Sequence Architectures for Automatic Post-Editing
cs.CL
In this work, we explore multiple neural architectures adapted for the task of automatic post-editing of machine translation output. We focus on neural end-to-end models that combine both inputs $mt$ (raw MT output) and $src$ (source language input) in a single neural architecture, modeling $\{mt, src\} \rightarrow pe$...
computer science
16,826
Fine-grained human evaluation of neural versus phrase-based machine translation
cs.CL
We compare three approaches to statistical machine translation (pure phrase-based, factored phrase-based and neural) by performing a fine-grained manual evaluation via error annotation of the systems' outputs. The error types in our annotation are compliant with the multidimensional quality metrics (MQM), and the annot...
computer science
16,827
Idea density for predicting Alzheimer's disease from transcribed speech
cs.CL
Idea Density (ID) measures the rate at which ideas or elementary predications are expressed in an utterance or in a text. Lower ID is found to be associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Snowdon et al., 1996; Engelman et al., 2010). ID has been used in two different versions: propositio...
computer science
16,828
S-Net: From Answer Extraction to Answer Generation for Machine Reading Comprehension
cs.CL
In this paper, we present a novel approach to machine reading comprehension for the MS-MARCO dataset. Unlike the SQuAD dataset that aims to answer a question with exact text spans in a passage, the MS-MARCO dataset defines the task as answering a question from multiple passages and the words in the answer are not neces...
computer science
16,829
German in Flux: Detecting Metaphoric Change via Word Entropy
cs.CL
This paper explores the information-theoretic measure entropy to detect metaphoric change, transferring ideas from hypernym detection to research on language change. We also build the first diachronic test set for German as a standard for metaphoric change annotation. Our model shows high performance, is unsupervised, ...
computer science
16,830
Extracting Formal Models from Normative Texts
cs.CL
We are concerned with the analysis of normative texts - documents based on the deontic notions of obligation, permission, and prohibition. Our goal is to make queries about these notions and verify that a text satisfies certain properties concerning causality of actions and timing constraints. This requires taking the ...
computer science
16,831
Ensembling Factored Neural Machine Translation Models for Automatic Post-Editing and Quality Estimation
cs.CL
This work presents a novel approach to Automatic Post-Editing (APE) and Word-Level Quality Estimation (QE) using ensembles of specialized Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems. Word-level features that have proven effective for QE are included as input factors, expanding the representation of the original source and...
computer science
16,832
A Mixture Model for Learning Multi-Sense Word Embeddings
cs.CL
Word embeddings are now a standard technique for inducing meaning representations for words. For getting good representations, it is important to take into account different senses of a word. In this paper, we propose a mixture model for learning multi-sense word embeddings. Our model generalizes the previous works in ...
computer science
16,833
An Automatic Approach for Document-level Topic Model Evaluation
cs.CL
Topic models jointly learn topics and document-level topic distribution. Extrinsic evaluation of topic models tends to focus exclusively on topic-level evaluation, e.g. by assessing the coherence of topics. We demonstrate that there can be large discrepancies between topic- and document-level model quality, and that ba...
computer science
16,834
Knowledge Transfer for Out-of-Knowledge-Base Entities: A Graph Neural Network Approach
cs.CL
Knowledge base completion (KBC) aims to predict missing information in a knowledge base.In this paper, we address the out-of-knowledge-base (OOKB) entity problem in KBC:how to answer queries concerning test entities not observed at training time. Existing embedding-based KBC models assume that all test entities are ava...
computer science
16,835
Detecting Large Concept Extensions for Conceptual Analysis
cs.CL
When performing a conceptual analysis of a concept, philosophers are interested in all forms of expression of a concept in a text---be it direct or indirect, explicit or implicit. In this paper, we experiment with topic-based methods of automating the detection of concept expressions in order to facilitate philosophica...
computer science
16,836
An Empirical Study of Mini-Batch Creation Strategies for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
Training of neural machine translation (NMT) models usually uses mini-batches for efficiency purposes. During the mini-batched training process, it is necessary to pad shorter sentences in a mini-batch to be equal in length to the longest sentence therein for efficient computation. Previous work has noted that sorting ...
computer science
16,837
Topic Modeling for Classification of Clinical Reports
cs.CL
Electronic health records (EHRs) contain important clinical information about patients. Efficient and effective use of this information could supplement or even replace manual chart review as a means of studying and improving the quality and safety of healthcare delivery. However, some of these clinical data are in the...
computer science
16,838
Improving text classification with vectors of reduced precision
cs.CL
This paper presents the analysis of the impact of a floating-point number precision reduction on the quality of text classification. The precision reduction of the vectors representing the data (e.g. TF-IDF representation in our case) allows for a decrease of computing time and memory footprint on dedicated hardware pl...
computer science
16,839
THUMT: An Open Source Toolkit for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
This paper introduces THUMT, an open-source toolkit for neural machine translation (NMT) developed by the Natural Language Processing Group at Tsinghua University. THUMT implements the standard attention-based encoder-decoder framework on top of Theano and supports three training criteria: maximum likelihood estimation...
computer science
16,840
Extract with Order for Coherent Multi-Document Summarization
cs.CL
In this work, we aim at developing an extractive summarizer in the multi-document setting. We implement a rank based sentence selection using continuous vector representations along with key-phrases. Furthermore, we propose a model to tackle summary coherence for increasing readability. We conduct experiments on the Do...
computer science
16,841
Cross-language Learning with Adversarial Neural Networks: Application to Community Question Answering
cs.CL
We address the problem of cross-language adaptation for question-question similarity reranking in community question answering, with the objective to port a system trained on one input language to another input language given labeled training data for the first language and only unlabeled data for the second language. ...
computer science
16,842
JaTeCS an open-source JAva TExt Categorization System
cs.CL
JaTeCS is an open source Java library that supports research on automatic text categorization and other related problems, such as ordinal regression and quantification, which are of special interest in opinion mining applications. It covers all the steps of an experimental activity, from reading the corpus to the evalu...
computer science
16,843
Stance Detection in Turkish Tweets
cs.CL
Stance detection is a classification problem in natural language processing where for a text and target pair, a class result from the set {Favor, Against, Neither} is expected. It is similar to the sentiment analysis problem but instead of the sentiment of the text author, the stance expressed for a particular target i...
computer science
16,844
Effective Spoken Language Labeling with Deep Recurrent Neural Networks
cs.CL
Understanding spoken language is a highly complex problem, which can be decomposed into several simpler tasks. In this paper, we focus on Spoken Language Understanding (SLU), the module of spoken dialog systems responsible for extracting a semantic interpretation from the user utterance. The task is treated as a labeli...
computer science
16,845
Automatic Quality Estimation for ASR System Combination
cs.CL
Recognizer Output Voting Error Reduction (ROVER) has been widely used for system combination in automatic speech recognition (ASR). In order to select the most appropriate words to insert at each position in the output transcriptions, some ROVER extensions rely on critical information such as confidence scores and othe...
computer science
16,846
End-to-end Conversation Modeling Track in DSTC6
cs.CL
End-to-end training of neural networks is a promising approach to automatic construction of dialog systems using a human-to-human dialog corpus. Recently, Vinyals et al. tested neural conversation models using OpenSubtitles. Lowe et al. released the Ubuntu Dialogue Corpus for researching unstructured multi-turn dialogu...
computer science
16,847
Personalization in Goal-Oriented Dialog
cs.CL
The main goal of modeling human conversation is to create agents which can interact with people in both open-ended and goal-oriented scenarios. End-to-end trained neural dialog systems are an important line of research for such generalized dialog models as they do not resort to any situation-specific handcrafting of ru...
computer science
16,848
Neural Machine Translation with Gumbel-Greedy Decoding
cs.CL
Previous neural machine translation models used some heuristic search algorithms (e.g., beam search) in order to avoid solving the maximum a posteriori problem over translation sentences at test time. In this paper, we propose the Gumbel-Greedy Decoding which trains a generative network to predict translation under a t...
computer science
16,849
Named Entity Recognition with stack residual LSTM and trainable bias decoding
cs.CL
Recurrent Neural Network models are the state-of-the-art for Named Entity Recognition (NER). We present two innovations to improve the performance of these models. The first innovation is the introduction of residual connections between the Stacked Recurrent Neural Network model to address the degradation problem of de...
computer science
16,850
Comparison of Modified Kneser-Ney and Witten-Bell Smoothing Techniques in Statistical Language Model of Bahasa Indonesia
cs.CL
Smoothing is one technique to overcome data sparsity in statistical language model. Although in its mathematical definition there is no explicit dependency upon specific natural language, different natures of natural languages result in different effects of smoothing techniques. This is true for Russian language as sho...
computer science
16,851
Encoder-Decoder Shift-Reduce Syntactic Parsing
cs.CL
Starting from NMT, encoder-decoder neu- ral networks have been used for many NLP problems. Graph-based models and transition-based models borrowing the en- coder components achieve state-of-the-art performance on dependency parsing and constituent parsing, respectively. How- ever, there has not been work empirically st...
computer science
16,852
A Deep Neural Architecture for Sentence-level Sentiment Classification in Twitter Social Networking
cs.CL
This paper introduces a novel deep learning framework including a lexicon-based approach for sentence-level prediction of sentiment label distribution. We propose to first apply semantic rules and then use a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DeepCNN) for character-level embeddings in order to increase information for ...
computer science
16,853
Automated text summarisation and evidence-based medicine: A survey of two domains
cs.CL
The practice of evidence-based medicine (EBM) urges medical practitioners to utilise the latest research evidence when making clinical decisions. Because of the massive and growing volume of published research on various medical topics, practitioners often find themselves overloaded with information. As such, natural l...
computer science
16,854
Automatic Synonym Discovery with Knowledge Bases
cs.CL
Recognizing entity synonyms from text has become a crucial task in many entity-leveraging applications. However, discovering entity synonyms from domain-specific text corpora (e.g., news articles, scientific papers) is rather challenging. Current systems take an entity name string as input to find out other names that ...
computer science
16,855
English-Japanese Neural Machine Translation with Encoder-Decoder-Reconstructor
cs.CL
Neural machine translation (NMT) has recently become popular in the field of machine translation. However, NMT suffers from the problem of repeating or missing words in the translation. To address this problem, Tu et al. (2017) proposed an encoder-decoder-reconstructor framework for NMT using back-translation. In this ...
computer science
16,856
Memory-augmented Chinese-Uyghur Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
Neural machine translation (NMT) has achieved notable performance recently. However, this approach has not been widely applied to the translation task between Chinese and Uyghur, partly due to the limited parallel data resource and the large proportion of rare words caused by the agglutinative nature of Uyghur. In this...
computer science
16,857
CoNLL-SIGMORPHON 2017 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection in 52 Languages
cs.CL
The CoNLL-SIGMORPHON 2017 shared task on supervised morphological generation required systems to be trained and tested in each of 52 typologically diverse languages. In sub-task 1, submitted systems were asked to predict a specific inflected form of a given lemma. In sub-task 2, systems were given a lemma and some of i...
computer science
16,858
Named Entity Disambiguation for Noisy Text
cs.CL
We address the task of Named Entity Disambiguation (NED) for noisy text. We present WikilinksNED, a large-scale NED dataset of text fragments from the web, which is significantly noisier and more challenging than existing news-based datasets. To capture the limited and noisy local context surrounding each mention, we d...
computer science
16,859
The E2E Dataset: New Challenges For End-to-End Generation
cs.CL
This paper describes the E2E data, a new dataset for training end-to-end, data-driven natural language generation systems in the restaurant domain, which is ten times bigger than existing, frequently used datasets in this area. The E2E dataset poses new challenges: (1) its human reference texts show more lexical richne...
computer science
16,860
Generating Appealing Brand Names
cs.CL
Providing appealing brand names to newly launched products, newly formed companies or for renaming existing companies is highly important as it can play a crucial role in deciding its success or failure. In this work, we propose a computational method to generate appealing brand names based on the description of such e...
computer science
16,861
Data-driven Natural Language Generation: Paving the Road to Success
cs.CL
We argue that there are currently two major bottlenecks to the commercial use of statistical machine learning approaches for natural language generation (NLG): (a) The lack of reliable automatic evaluation metrics for NLG, and (b) The scarcity of high quality in-domain corpora. We address the first problem by thoroughl...
computer science
16,862
Toward Computation and Memory Efficient Neural Network Acoustic Models with Binary Weights and Activations
cs.CL
Neural network acoustic models have significantly advanced state of the art speech recognition over the past few years. However, they are usually computationally expensive due to the large number of matrix-vector multiplications and nonlinearity operations. Neural network models also require significant amounts of memo...
computer science
16,863
Frame-Semantic Parsing with Softmax-Margin Segmental RNNs and a Syntactic Scaffold
cs.CL
We present a new, efficient frame-semantic parser that labels semantic arguments to FrameNet predicates. Built using an extension to the segmental RNN that emphasizes recall, our basic system achieves competitive performance without any calls to a syntactic parser. We then introduce a method that uses phrase-syntactic ...
computer science
16,864
Frame-Based Continuous Lexical Semantics through Exponential Family Tensor Factorization and Semantic Proto-Roles
cs.CL
We study how different frame annotations complement one another when learning continuous lexical semantics. We learn the representations from a tensorized skip-gram model that consistently encodes syntactic-semantic content better, with multiple 10% gains over baselines.
computer science
16,865
Recurrent neural networks with specialized word embeddings for health-domain named-entity recognition
cs.CL
Background. Previous state-of-the-art systems on Drug Name Recognition (DNR) and Clinical Concept Extraction (CCE) have focused on a combination of text "feature engineering" and conventional machine learning algorithms such as conditional random fields and support vector machines. However, developing good features is ...
computer science
16,866
Improving Distributed Representations of Tweets - Present and Future
cs.CL
Unsupervised representation learning for tweets is an important research field which helps in solving several business applications such as sentiment analysis, hashtag prediction, paraphrase detection and microblog ranking. A good tweet representation learning model must handle the idiosyncratic nature of tweets which ...
computer science
16,867
Stronger Baselines for Trustable Results in Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
Interest in neural machine translation has grown rapidly as its effectiveness has been demonstrated across language and data scenarios. New research regularly introduces architectural and algorithmic improvements that lead to significant gains over "vanilla" NMT implementations. However, these new techniques are rarely...
computer science
16,868
AP17-OLR Challenge: Data, Plan, and Baseline
cs.CL
We present the data profile and the evaluation plan of the second oriental language recognition (OLR) challenge AP17-OLR. Compared to the event last year (AP16-OLR), the new challenge involves more languages and focuses more on short utterances. The data is offered by SpeechOcean and the NSFC M2ASR project. Two types o...
computer science
16,869
Two-Stage Synthesis Networks for Transfer Learning in Machine Comprehension
cs.CL
We develop a technique for transfer learning in machine comprehension (MC) using a novel two-stage synthesis network (SynNet). Given a high-performing MC model in one domain, our technique aims to answer questions about documents in another domain, where we use no labeled data of question-answer pairs. Using the propos...
computer science
16,870
Relevance of Unsupervised Metrics in Task-Oriented Dialogue for Evaluating Natural Language Generation
cs.CL
Automated metrics such as BLEU are widely used in the machine translation literature. They have also been used recently in the dialogue community for evaluating dialogue response generation. However, previous work in dialogue response generation has shown that these metrics do not correlate strongly with human judgment...
computer science
16,871
Automatic Mapping of French Discourse Connectives to PDTB Discourse Relations
cs.CL
In this paper, we present an approach to exploit phrase tables generated by statistical machine translation in order to map French discourse connectives to discourse relations. Using this approach, we created ConcoLeDisCo, a lexicon of French discourse connectives and their PDTB relations. When evaluated against LEXCON...
computer science
16,872
Synthetic Data for Neural Machine Translation of Spoken-Dialects
cs.CL
In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to generate synthetic data for training Neural Machine Translation systems. The proposed approach transforms a given parallel corpus between a written language and a target language to a parallel corpus between a spoken dialect variant and the target language. Our approach i...
computer science
16,873
Efficient Attention using a Fixed-Size Memory Representation
cs.CL
The standard content-based attention mechanism typically used in sequence-to-sequence models is computationally expensive as it requires the comparison of large encoder and decoder states at each time step. In this work, we propose an alternative attention mechanism based on a fixed size memory representation that is m...
computer science
16,874
Heterogeneous Supervision for Relation Extraction: A Representation Learning Approach
cs.CL
Relation extraction is a fundamental task in information extraction. Most existing methods have heavy reliance on annotations labeled by human experts, which are costly and time-consuming. To overcome this drawback, we propose a novel framework, REHession, to conduct relation extractor learning using annotations from h...
computer science
16,875
DAG-based Long Short-Term Memory for Neural Word Segmentation
cs.CL
Neural word segmentation has attracted more and more research interests for its ability to alleviate the effort of feature engineering and utilize the external resource by the pre-trained character or word embeddings. In this paper, we propose a new neural model to incorporate the word-level information for Chinese wor...
computer science
16,876
Grammatical Error Correction with Neural Reinforcement Learning
cs.CL
We propose a neural encoder-decoder model with reinforcement learning (NRL) for grammatical error correction (GEC). Unlike conventional maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), the model directly optimizes towards an objective that considers a sentence-level, task-specific evaluation metric, avoiding the exposure bias issu...
computer science
16,877
Including Dialects and Language Varieties in Author Profiling
cs.CL
This paper presents a computational approach to author profiling taking gender and language variety into account. We apply an ensemble system with the output of multiple linear SVM classifiers trained on character and word $n$-grams. We evaluate the system using the dataset provided by the organizers of the 2017 PAN la...
computer science
16,878
Improving LSTM-CTC based ASR performance in domains with limited training data
cs.CL
This paper addresses the observed performance gap between automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems based on Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks trained with the connectionist temporal classification (CTC) loss function and systems based on hybrid Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) trained with the cross entropy (C...
computer science
16,879
Multilingual Hierarchical Attention Networks for Document Classification
cs.CL
Hierarchical attention networks have recently achieved remarkable performance for document classification in a given language. However, when multilingual document collections are considered, training such models separately for each language entails linear parameter growth and lack of cross-language transfer. Learning a...
computer science
16,880
An empirical study on the effectiveness of images in Multimodal Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
In state-of-the-art Neural Machine Translation (NMT), an attention mechanism is used during decoding to enhance the translation. At every step, the decoder uses this mechanism to focus on different parts of the source sentence to gather the most useful information before outputting its target word. Recently, the effect...
computer science
16,881
Visually Grounded Word Embeddings and Richer Visual Features for Improving Multimodal Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
In Multimodal Neural Machine Translation (MNMT), a neural model generates a translated sentence that describes an image, given the image itself and one source descriptions in English. This is considered as the multimodal image caption translation task. The images are processed with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to...
computer science
16,882
Zero-Shot Transfer Learning for Event Extraction
cs.CL
Most previous event extraction studies have relied heavily on features derived from annotated event mentions, thus cannot be applied to new event types without annotation effort. In this work, we take a fresh look at event extraction and model it as a grounding problem. We design a transferable neural architecture, map...
computer science
16,883
Improving Slot Filling Performance with Attentive Neural Networks on Dependency Structures
cs.CL
Slot Filling (SF) aims to extract the values of certain types of attributes (or slots, such as person:cities\_of\_residence) for a given entity from a large collection of source documents. In this paper we propose an effective DNN architecture for SF with the following new strategies: (1). Take a regularized dependency...
computer science
16,884
Shakespearizing Modern Language Using Copy-Enriched Sequence-to-Sequence Models
cs.CL
Variations in writing styles are commonly used to adapt the content to a specific context, audience, or purpose. However, applying stylistic variations is still by and large a manual process, and there have been little efforts towards automating it. In this paper we explore automated methods to transform text from mode...
computer science
16,885
CharManteau: Character Embedding Models For Portmanteau Creation
cs.CL
Portmanteaus are a word formation phenomenon where two words are combined to form a new word. We propose character-level neural sequence-to-sequence (S2S) methods for the task of portmanteau generation that are end-to-end-trainable, language independent, and do not explicitly use additional phonetic information. We pro...
computer science
16,886
Multiple Range-Restricted Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Units with Attention for Relation Classification
cs.CL
Most of neural approaches to relation classification have focused on finding short patterns that represent the semantic relation using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and those approaches have generally achieved better performances than using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). In a similar intuition to the CNN mode...
computer science
16,887
The Influence of Feature Representation of Text on the Performance of Document Classification
cs.CL
In this paper we perform a comparative analysis of three models for feature representation of text documents in the context of document classification. In particular, we consider the most often used family of models bag-of-words, recently proposed continuous space models word2vec and doc2vec, and the model based on the...
computer science
16,888
Align and Copy: UZH at SIGMORPHON 2017 Shared Task for Morphological Reinflection
cs.CL
This paper presents the submissions by the University of Zurich to the SIGMORPHON 2017 shared task on morphological reinflection. The task is to predict the inflected form given a lemma and a set of morpho-syntactic features. We focus on neural network approaches that can tackle the task in a limited-resource setting. ...
computer science
16,889
An Attention Mechanism for Answer Selection Using a Combined Global and Local View
cs.CL
We propose a new attention mechanism for neural based question answering, which depends on varying granularities of the input. Previous work focused on augmenting recurrent neural networks with simple attention mechanisms which are a function of the similarity between a question embedding and an answer embeddings acros...
computer science
16,890
Context Aware Document Embedding
cs.CL
Recently, doc2vec has achieved excellent results in different tasks. In this paper, we present a context aware variant of doc2vec. We introduce a novel weight estimating mechanism that generates weights for each word occurrence according to its contribution in the context, using deep neural networks. Our context aware ...
computer science
16,891
Cross-Lingual Sentiment Analysis Without (Good) Translation
cs.CL
Current approaches to cross-lingual sentiment analysis try to leverage the wealth of labeled English data using bilingual lexicons, bilingual vector space embeddings, or machine translation systems. Here we show that it is possible to use a single linear transformation, with as few as 2000 word pairs, to capture fine-g...
computer science
16,892
An Embedded Deep Learning based Word Prediction
cs.CL
Recent developments in deep learning with application to language modeling have led to success in tasks of text processing, summarizing and machine translation. However, deploying huge language models for mobile device such as on-device keyboards poses computation as a bottle-neck due to their puny computation capaciti...
computer science
16,893
A Simple Approach to Learn Polysemous Word Embeddings
cs.CL
Many NLP applications require disambiguating polysemous words. Existing methods that learn polysemous word vector representations involve first detecting various senses and optimizing the sense-specific embeddings separately, which are invariably more involved than single sense learning methods such as word2vec. Evalua...
computer science
16,894
Single-Queue Decoding for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
Neural machine translation models rely on the beam search algorithm for decoding. In practice, we found that the quality of hypotheses in the search space is negatively affected owing to the fixed beam size. To mitigate this problem, we store all hypotheses in a single priority queue and use a universal score function ...
computer science
16,895
A Nested Attention Neural Hybrid Model for Grammatical Error Correction
cs.CL
Grammatical error correction (GEC) systems strive to correct both global errors in word order and usage, and local errors in spelling and inflection. Further developing upon recent work on neural machine translation, we propose a new hybrid neural model with nested attention layers for GEC. Experiments show that the ne...
computer science
16,896
External Evaluation of Event Extraction Classifiers for Automatic Pathway Curation: An extended study of the mTOR pathway
cs.CL
This paper evaluates the impact of various event extraction systems on automatic pathway curation using the popular mTOR pathway. We quantify the impact of training data sets as well as different machine learning classifiers and show that some improve the quality of automatically extracted pathways.
computer science
16,897
Computational Models of Tutor Feedback in Language Acquisition
cs.CL
This paper investigates the role of tutor feedback in language learning using computational models. We compare two dominant paradigms in language learning: interactive learning and cross-situational learning - which differ primarily in the role of social feedback such as gaze or pointing. We analyze the relationship be...
computer science
16,898
Text Summarization Techniques: A Brief Survey
cs.CL
In recent years, there has been a explosion in the amount of text data from a variety of sources. This volume of text is an invaluable source of information and knowledge which needs to be effectively summarized to be useful. In this review, the main approaches to automatic text summarization are described. We review t...
computer science
16,899
Controlling Linguistic Style Aspects in Neural Language Generation
cs.CL
Most work on neural natural language generation (NNLG) focus on controlling the content of the generated text. We experiment with controlling several stylistic aspects of the generated text, in addition to its content. The method is based on conditioned RNN language model, where the desired content as well as the styli...
computer science
16,900
Learning to Compose Task-Specific Tree Structures
cs.CL
For years, recursive neural networks (RvNNs) have been shown to be suitable for representing text into fixed-length vectors and achieved good performance on several natural language processing tasks. However, the main drawback of RvNNs is that they require structured input, which makes data preparation and model implem...
computer science
16,901
A Generalized Recurrent Neural Architecture for Text Classification with Multi-Task Learning
cs.CL
Multi-task learning leverages potential correlations among related tasks to extract common features and yield performance gains. However, most previous works only consider simple or weak interactions, thereby failing to model complex correlations among three or more tasks. In this paper, we propose a multi-task learnin...
computer science