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George Edwin Tackaberry (May 6, 1874 - November 19, 1937) was a Canadian (/wiki/Canadians) boot maker remembered today as the inventor of a long-lived brand of ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) skate (/wiki/Ice_skates) sold by CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) called the CCM "Tack". (CCM "Tacks".) Early life [ edit ] Tackaberry apprenticed as a shoemaker in his home town of Dresden, Ontario (/wiki/Dresden,_Ontario) . He moved to Brandon, Manitoba (/wiki/Brandon,_Manitoba) in 1892 with his wife Helen where he specialized in orthopaedic shoes for the handicapped. Work with CCM [ edit ] Tackaberry's neighbour Joe Hall (/wiki/Joe_Hall_(ice_hockey)) , a professional hockey player, complained to Tackaberry about his hockey boots not lasting him the entire season without collapsing and in 1905 commissioned Tackaberry to make him a new, more durable pair of boots. Combining the natural strength of kangaroo leather (/wiki/Kangaroo_leather) with a reinforced toe, Tackaberry had the winning combination. The following year in 1906, Tackaberry was flooded with orders from Hall's team members, the business took off from there and this specific style of boot became known as the Tackaberry. With his passing in 1937, Tackaberry's wife Helen sold the patent to CCM. The boots, commonly called "CCM Tacks", remained CCM's primary skate until 2006, and are still on the market, and popular, today. External links [ edit ] McKenty, John A. (21 March 2012). "CCM Tacks" (http://vintageccm.com/content/ccm-tacks-part-1-3) . Vintage CCM. "George Tackaberry" (http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/tackaberry_g.shtml) . Memorable Manitobans . The Manitoba Historical Society. 27 December 2008. Further reading [ edit ] McKenty, John A. (2011). Canada Cycle & Motor: The CCM Story . Essence Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781554526703 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐84467dc759‐zn5df Cached time: 20240716140539 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.143 seconds Real time usage: 0.169 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 98/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3477/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 4/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7476/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.110/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2975002/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 152.316 1 -total 93.91% 143.040 2 Template:Cite_web 5.90% 8.985 1 Template:Cite_book Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35853037-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716140539 and revision id 1042715985. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Tackaberry&oldid=1042715985 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Tackaberry&oldid=1042715985) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1874 births (/wiki/Category:1874_births) 1937 deaths (/wiki/Category:1937_deaths) Businesspeople from Ontario (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Ontario) People from Chatham-Kent (/wiki/Category:People_from_Chatham-Kent)
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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Johnstons_of_Elgin) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Johnstons of Elgin" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Johnstons+of+Elgin%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Johnstons+of+Elgin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Johnstons+of+Elgin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Johnstons+of+Elgin%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Johnstons+of+Elgin%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Johnstons+of+Elgin%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Johnstons of Elgin Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Wholesale manufacturer and retailer Founded 1797 Headquarters Elgin (/wiki/Elgin,_Moray) , Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) , UK (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Products Woven and knitted products Website www.johnstonsofelgin.com (https://www.johnstonsofelgin.com) Johnstons of Elgin is a woollen mill in Elgin (/wiki/Elgin,_Moray) , Scotland. Alexander Johnston established his business in 1797 (/wiki/1797) [1] (#cite_note-1) at Newmill Elgin on the banks of the River Lossie. Despite a major fire (1954) and numerous floods the Mill at Elgin continues to produce the finest woollen (/wiki/Woolen) garments including cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) . The original mill produced linen, flax, oatmeal and tobacco but Alexander Johnston, introduced textiles and phased out the original products. He pioneered the use of tweed (/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)) for camouflage and the style became known as Scottish Estate Tweeds. Johnstons at their Elgin mill carries out the processes of dyeing, spinning, weaving and finishing on one site, thus making it the only vertical (/wiki/Vertical_integration) mill in Scotland. Johnstons of Elgin is the UK's largest producer of luxury cashmere and fine woollens. The mill uses cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) from China (/wiki/China) and Mongolia (/wiki/Mongolia) and lambswool (/wiki/Lambswool) from Australia. The company has six retail locations in the United Kingdom ( London (/wiki/London) , Hawick (/wiki/Hawick) , Kildare (/wiki/Kildare) , Edinburgh (/wiki/Edinburgh) , St Andrews (/wiki/St_Andrews) and at the original Elgin mill). Its products are stocked in more than a hundred stores in Europe, Asia and the U.S. [2] (#cite_note-2) Johnstons of Elgin was granted with the Royal Warrant (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) [3] (#cite_note-3) of Appointment to the Duke of Rothesay (/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay) , as manufacturers of Estate Tweed woollen fabric in 2013. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2021 the company featured in ITV4 (/wiki/ITV4) 's Made in Britain documentary series. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Hawick woollen mill's plans for new design centre given thumbs-up" (https://www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk/news/politics/hawick-woollen-mill-s-plans-for-new-design-centre-given-thumbs-up-1-4922322) . www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk . Retrieved 26 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Stockist Locator" (https://www.johnstonsofelgin.com/us/about-johnstons-of-elgin/stockist-locator) . Johnstons of Elgin . Retrieved 25 Oct 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Johnstons of Elgin - Royal Warrant Holders Association" (https://www.royalwarrant.org/company/johnstons-elgin) . www.royalwarrant.org . Retrieved 26 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Johnstons of Elgin | Royal Warrant Holders Association" (https://www.royalwarrant.org/company/johnstons-elgin) . www.royalwarrant.org . Retrieved 2021-09-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Made in Britain - Series 3 - Episode 10 , retrieved 2021-09-24 Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/128682527) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96081827) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐7998d7b7c‐c8zlv Cached time: 20240626120641 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.591 seconds Real time usage: 1.410 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1142/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24851/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 692/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25157/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.458/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5028151/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1335.017 1 -total 34.12% 455.479 1 Template:Infobox_company 25.12% 335.315 1 Template:More_citations_needed 23.31% 311.190 1 Template:Ambox 21.58% 288.032 4 Template:Cite_web 21.35% 285.065 1 Template:Infobox 17.50% 233.658 1 Template:Authority_control 1.33% 17.808 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 0.74% 9.897 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 0.62% 8.310 1 Template:Citation Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:4426063-0!canonical and timestamp 20240626120641 and revision id 1231091074. 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Former clothing company with surviving buildings Company building in St. Louis in 2014 Alligator Oil Clothing was a clothing company in the United States. The company made oilcloth (/wiki/Oilcloth) . The company's buildings in St. Louis (/wiki/St._Louis) , Missouri (/wiki/Missouri) are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The company's buildings were listed on the National Register in 2013. The Alligator Oil Cloth building at 4153-71 Bingham Avenue in St. Louis is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis south and west of downtown (/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Louis_south_and_west_of_downtown) . They are in the Bevo neighborhood at 4153-7 Bingham Avenue. The two main buildings were designed by architect Leonhard Haege (/w/index.php?title=Leonhard_Haege&action=edit&redlink=1) . They are a four-story reinforced concrete factory building built in 1918 and a two-story reinforced concrete office and factory building built in 1919. [2] (#cite_note-all-2) Haege also designed the Pevely Dairy plant which also remains standing. [2] (#cite_note-all-2) Plans are underway for a school to use one of the former company buildings. [3] (#cite_note-Kukuljan-3) Company history [ edit ] Ferguson Waterproof Company was incorporated before 1911 and eventually reorganized as the Alligator Oil Clothing Company in 1916. It advertised in Steam Shovel & Dredge . [4] (#cite_note-4) In 1926 the company was involved in a lawsuit. [5] (#cite_note-5) War-time efforts to remove boundaries and add a new power plant for the factory was reported on, including photos and descriptions of the equipment and processes. [6] (#cite_note-6) BVD (/wiki/BVD) acquired the company in 1966. [2] (#cite_note-all-2) See also [ edit ] National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis south and west of downtown (/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Louis_south_and_west_of_downtown) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) https://mostateparks.com/sites/mostateparks/files/Alligator%20Oil%20Clothing%20Co.%20Bldgs.pdf (https://mostateparks.com/sites/mostateparks/files/Alligator%20Oil%20Clothing%20Co.%20Bldgs.pdf) ^ Jump up to: a b c "Alligator Oil Clothing Company Buildings – Preservation Research Office" (http://preservationresearch.com/projects/alligator-oil-clothing-company-buildings/) . ^ (#cite_ref-Kukuljan_3-0) Kukuljan, Steph (2023-06-29). "Kairos charter school's St. Louis expansion moves forward" (https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/business/kairos-charter-schools-st-louis-expansion-moves-forward/article_2cd139b4-15eb-11ee-ba91-0f2442d26c26.html) . STLtoday.com . Retrieved 2024-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Steam Shovel and Dredge . T.J. Dolan. 1919. p. 209. ^ (#cite_ref-5) The Pacific Reporter . West Publishing Company. 1926. p. 661. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Southern Engineer . W.R.C. Smith Publishing Company. 1919. pp. 35–37. External links [ edit ] St. Louis City Talk post on the history and buildings (https://www.stlouiscitytalk.com/posts/2021/6/28/alligator-oil-clothing-factory-bevo-mill-neighborhood) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐qnkdn Cached time: 20240721035915 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.135 seconds Real time usage: 0.186 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 423/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8317/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 614/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19301/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.080/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4066779/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 163.768 1 -total 61.40% 100.546 1 Template:Reflist 46.25% 75.736 2 Template:Cite_web 36.42% 59.638 1 Template:Short_description 22.20% 36.361 2 Template:Pagetype 8.02% 13.137 3 Template:Main_other 6.85% 11.218 1 Template:SDcat 5.90% 9.666 3 Template:Cite_book 1.16% 1.907 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74303181-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721035915 and revision id 1235771863. 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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollenhut) in German . (June 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL (https://deepl.com) or Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/) , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic (/wiki/Template:Expand_German#Topics_and_categorization) to this template: there are already 1,946 articles in the main category (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_German_Wikipedia) , and specifying |topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution (/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia) in the edit summary (/wiki/Help:Edit_summary) accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link (/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links) to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Bollenhut]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Bollenhut}} to the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Bollenhut) . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) . Woman in the Black Forest, around 1900 Ludovico Wolfgang Hart, Three Girls of Gutach , 1864 Théodore Valerio, Couple of Hornberg , 1841 A Bollenhut ( German: [ˈbɔlənˌhuːt] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German) , literally "ball-hat") is a formal headdress with distinctive woollen pompoms (/wiki/Pompom) worn since c. 1750 by Protestant women as part of their folk costume or Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) in the three adjoining Black Forest (/wiki/Black_Forest) villages of Gutach (/wiki/Gutach_(Schwarzwaldbahn)) , Kirnbach (/wiki/Kirnbach_(Wolfach)) and Hornberg-Reichenbach (/wiki/Reichenbach_(Hornberg)) . The picturesque-looking red bollenhut has become a symbol of the Black Forest (/wiki/Black_Forest) as a whole, despite its rather local origins. The red pom-poms and white brim of the bollenhut also is said to have inspired the top layer of the Black Forest Cake (/wiki/Black_Forest_Cake) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Bollenhut as part of folk costume [ edit ] The broad-brimmed, whitewashed straw hat bears 14 prominent woolen pompoms arranged in the shape of a cross. Only eleven pompoms are visible, however, because three are covered by those on top. Unmarried women wear red pompoms, married women wear black, old women and widows wear only the mob cap. The original Bollenhut , which weighed about 500 grams, can now weigh up to 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) and is manufactured by female milliners (/wiki/Milliner) . The red Bollenhut may first be worn by girls at their confirmation (/wiki/Confirmation) . It has five different sizes. [2] (#cite_note-2) A silk mob cap (/wiki/Mob_cap) is worn underneath the Bollenhut , tied under the chin. Young girls before confirmation (/wiki/Confirmation) (Gutach and other parishes in vicinage were part of Württemberg (/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg) until 1804 and were Protestant (/wiki/Protestant) , unlike the majority of the Black Forest) and old women wore only the mob cap. Today the Bollenhut and associated Tracht are still worn on holidays and for traditional events. The Bollenhut and local costumes may be seen all year round e.g. in the Black Forest Costume Museum (/wiki/Black_Forest_Costume_Museum) in Haslach im Kinzigtal (/wiki/Haslach_im_Kinzigtal) . Development as a Black Forest symbol [ edit ] Staff wearing bollenhuts at an outdoor museum in Gutach, Black Forest (/wiki/Black_Forest) In the late 18th century, apart from several mob caps, the Schühut (/w/index.php?title=Sch%C3%BChut&action=edit&redlink=1) and Gupfhut (/w/index.php?title=Gupfhut&action=edit&redlink=1) , which were customary in the County of Hauenstein, were associated with the folk costume of the Black Forest. These types of hats which were known throughout Europe gradually fell out of use by the middle of the 19th century. In 1841 following a study trip through the Black Forest, Théodore Valerio published, through the Frères Gihaut in Paris, a lithograph (/wiki/Lithograph) of a couple from Hornberg (/wiki/Hornberg) wearing their local costume, which showed an early version of the Bollenhut for the first time in France. After Gutach was connected to the Baden Black Forest Railway (/wiki/Black_Forest_Railway_(Baden)) in 1873, artists like Wilhelm Hasemann (/wiki/Wilhelm_Hasemann) , Curt Liebich (/wiki/Curt_Liebich) and Fritz Reiss (/wiki/Fritz_Reiss) settled there, forming the "Gutach artists' colony". They portrayed the Gutach costume as an artistic subject, their works were widely distributed and shaped the image of the Black Forest. Like local author, Heinrich Hansjakob (/wiki/Heinrich_Hansjakob) , they were part of a movement of Baden folk costume. At the turn of the 20th century, particularly Hasemann's painting, After Going To Church which showed Bollenhut wearers, was widely publicized in illustrated magazines and picture postcards. [3] (#cite_note-3) The fame of the Bollenhut as (wrongly) generally typical of the Black Forest rose as a result of films of local life ( Heimatfilme ) in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly the 1950 film, The Black Forest Girl (/wiki/The_Black_Forest_Girl_(1950_film)) ( Schwarzwaldmädel ), with Sonja Ziemann (/wiki/Sonja_Ziemann) . This first German color film (/wiki/Color_film) of the postwar period (/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II#Germany) is one of the most successful German films of all time with an estimated 15 million viewers. See also [ edit ] Black Forest (/wiki/Black_Forest) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Sarah Baird, "Know Your Sweets: Black Forest Cake" (http://sweets.seriouseats.com/2014/01/know-your-sweets-black-forest-cake.html) . Serious Eats . Aug. 09, 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Marx, Katja (5 March 1993). "Mit roten Kugeln - Der Schwarzwälder Bollenhut ist in Gefahr" (http://www.zeit.de/1993/10/mit-roten-kugeln) . DIE ZEIT . Retrieved 2023-10-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Brigitte Heck: Ein Hut macht Karriere. . In: Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe (publ.): Baden! 900 Jahre – Geschichten eines Landes. Info-Verlag, Karlsruhe, 2012, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-937345-56-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937345-56-7) , p. 256 (Katalog zur Großen Landesausstellung) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bollenhut (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bollenhut) . Look up Bollenhut (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bollenhut) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Haslach Trachten Museum (http://www.zum.de/Faecher/G/BW/Landeskunde/rhein/volkskunde/trachten/haslachfr.htm) Reichenbach Music and Trachten Club with organized Bollenhut Tracht wearing (https://web.archive.org/web/20181117054725/http://www.mtv-reichenbach.de/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐74l8r Cached time: 20240720181153 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.353 seconds Real time usage: 0.480 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1307/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29402/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3048/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12009/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.241/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14157672/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 438.621 1 -total 25.71% 112.770 4 Template:Lang 25.48% 111.751 1 Template:Expand_German 22.28% 97.720 1 Template:Expand_language 20.23% 88.727 1 Template:Ambox 19.59% 85.943 1 Template:Cite_web 12.99% 56.991 1 Template:Hidden 8.48% 37.213 1 Template:Hidden_begin 8.00% 35.079 7 Template:Wikidata_sitelink 7.46% 32.720 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:46383694-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720181153 and revision id 1234165534. 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A lower garment worn around a women's waist Nivi (nīvī, निवी, नीवी ) was a women's garment (/wiki/Draped_garment) . It was a simple piece of cloth draped or worn around the waist, covering the lower part of the body. Meaning [ edit ] Nīvi in Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit) means a lower garment worn around a women's waist. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Garment [ edit ] Draping and wrapping were the accustomed forms of ancient (/wiki/Vedic_period) Indian clothing (/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world) . Vedas (/wiki/Vedas) describes contemporary clothes according to the use and style of wrapping. Uttariya (/wiki/Uttariya) refers to an upper-body garment, Adivasah (/wiki/Adivasah) as an over garment, and Vasa as a lower body garment. Hence Nivi could be categorized in Vasa, that was a simple rectangular piece of clothing. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Style [ edit ] Nivi drape [ edit ] The ladies were encircling the nivi around the waist with tucked ends. It was an inner wrap for the lower body for women leaving the upper part bare. In old couture, it was also called 'nivi bandha.' [8] (#cite_note-8) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Further information: Sari § Nivi style (/wiki/Sari#Nivi_style) See also [ edit ] Uttariya (/wiki/Uttariya) Vadhuya (/wiki/Vadhuya) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Bhāratī: Bulletin of the College of Indology . The College. 1985. p. 79. ^ (#cite_ref-2) www.wisdomlib.org (2018-06-07). "Nivi, Nivī, Nīvi: 12 definitions" (https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/nivi) . www.wisdomlib.org . Retrieved 2021-02-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Kālidāsa; Wilson, Horace Hayman (1867). The Megha Dūta . Trübner & Company. p. 132. ^ (#cite_ref-:3_4-0) Dr. Priti Mitra (November 1985). Indian Culture And Society In The Vedas . p. 87. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Das, Sukla (1980). Socio-Economic Life Of Northern India . Abhinav Publications. p. 150. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-7017-116-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Hollander, Anne (1975). "The Fabric of Vision: The Role of Drapery in Art" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41397188) . The Georgia Review . 29 (2): 414–465. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0016-8386 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-8386) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 41397188 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41397188) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Dutta, Pradyot Kumar (1995). Life Style and Technical Occupations in the Vedic Age . Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar. p. 18. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Mahapatra, N. N. (2016). Sarees of India . Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited. p. 3. 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nivi_(garment)&action=edit) . v t e This religion (/wiki/Religion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.canary‐595f547c58‐plr69 Cached time: 20240715093535 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.052 seconds Real time usage: 0.209 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 17/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1078/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.025/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 645945/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 173.593 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 173.593 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54234324-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715093535 and revision id 1060198733. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Female models from Vermont" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Maxine Bahns (/wiki/Maxine_Bahns) G Cynthia Gibb (/wiki/Cynthia_Gibb) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Female_models_from_Vermont&oldid=1060198733 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Female_models_from_Vermont&oldid=1060198733) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : American female models by state (/wiki/Category:American_female_models_by_state) Models from Vermont (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Vermont) Women in Vermont (/wiki/Category:Women_in_Vermont)
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For the American actor, see Michael Rainey Jr. (/wiki/Michael_Rainey_Jr.) Michael Sean O'Dare Rainey (21 January 1941 – 29 January 2017) was an Australian-born British fashion designer, best known for his 1960s London boutique, Hung On You (/wiki/Hung_On_You) . Early life [ edit ] He was the son of Sean Rainey and Joyce Marion Wallace (1923–2006), better known as Marion Wrottesley, after her later marriage to Richard Wrottesley (/wiki/Richard_John_Wrottesley,_5th_Baron_Wrottesley) (later 5th Baron Wrottesley). [1] (#cite_note-Telegraph-1) Career [ edit ] Hung On You jacket tailored for John Lennon and worn by him during the Beatles 1966 German tour in Hamburg. In December 1965, Rainey together with his then wife Jane Ormsby Gore opened the fashion boutique Hung On You (/wiki/Hung_On_You) , at 22 Cale Street (/wiki/Cale_Street) , London, with a mural by Michael English (/wiki/Michael_English_(illustrator)) . Rainey had no previous experience in the fashion business or in retailing, and instead was inspired by his well-dressed friends including his wife's brother Julian Ormsby Gore, and the antique dealer Christopher Gibbs (/wiki/Christopher_Gibbs) . The decor and tailoring were somewhat similar to Nigel Waymouth (/wiki/Nigel_Waymouth) and Sheila Cohen's Granny Takes a Trip (/wiki/Granny_Takes_a_Trip) , which opened three months later in February 1966. [2] (#cite_note-SFW-2) [3] (#cite_note-Dandy-3) His wife Jane Ormsby Gore had been making regular visits to India, looking for fabrics, so there was also an oriental accent to the clothes, as well as a repurposing and reuse of vintage garments and designs. [3] (#cite_note-Dandy-3) Rainey later relocated Hung On You to 430 King's Road (/wiki/King%27s_Road) , Chelsea (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) . His then wife, Jane Ormsby Gore, in a 2006 interview with the V&A Museum (/wiki/V%26A_Museum) said, Michael made the most gigantic mistake of leaving Cale Street and going onto the King's Road. He felt that it was happening on the King's Road, but it cost a lot of money to move, and people didn't know where we were. It became less successful then. Before it was slightly more slick, with a big jardinière mirrored thing in the middle of the shop. We had got two children by then, and we were seriously into soul seeking and going on fasts and meditating... We left London, sold everything, gave away everything, and went to live in Gozo. London times and everything were over. [4] (#cite_note-V&A-4) He sold the lease to the boutique in 1969 to Tommy Roberts (/wiki/Tommy_Roberts_(designer)) and it became Mr Freedom (/wiki/Mr_Freedom_(fashion)) . [2] (#cite_note-SFW-2) Rainey was particularly known for flowery shirts and kipper ties (/wiki/Kipper_tie) in bold colours. Rainey's customers included musicians Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) and The Rolling Stones (/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones) , The Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) , The Kinks (/wiki/The_Kinks) and the actor Terence Stamp (/wiki/Terence_Stamp) . [2] (#cite_note-SFW-2) According to Nik Cohn (/wiki/Nik_Cohn) in his book "Today there are no gentlemen", Hung On You "was simultaneously the last fling of dandyism and the first intimation of Hippie, of strangenesses to come". [5] (#cite_note-Cohn-5) Personal life [ edit ] Rainey married Jane Ormsby-Gore, the eldest daughter of David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech (/wiki/David_Ormsby-Gore,_5th_Baron_Harlech) , about whom the V&A notes "widely perceived as a style leader of her generation, Jane Ormsby-Gore worked for Vogue in the early 1960s". She also worked with the antique dealer Christopher Gibbs (/wiki/Christopher_Gibbs) . [4] (#cite_note-V&A-4) Rainey latterly lived in Granada (/wiki/Granada) , and had been based in Spain for many years. [2] (#cite_note-SFW-2) He died in January 2017 at the age of 76. [6] (#cite_note-telegraph-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Telegraph_1-0) "Marion Wrottesley" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1509576/Marion-Wrottesley.html) . The Telegraph . 4 February 2006 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Lunch With...Michael Rainey" (http://www.spanishfoodworld.co.uk/lunch-with-michael-rainey/) . Spanish Food World . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Hung on You" (http://dandyinaspic.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/hung-on-you.html) . Dandy in Aspic . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Interview with Jane Ormsby Gore" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/jane-ormsby-gore/) . V&A . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cohn_5-0) Cohn, Nik (1971). Today there are no gentlemen: the changes in Englishmen's clothes since the war . London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0297004549 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-telegraph_6-0) "Michael Rainey, fashion designer – obituary" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2017/02/15/michael-rainey-fashion-designer-obituary2/) . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . 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Lewis Leathers Industry Clothing, Publications [1] (#cite_note-1) Founded London, 1892 ; 132 years ago ( 1892 ) Founder David Isaacs Headquarters London, W1 (/wiki/W_postcode_area) Area served Worldwide Products Motorcycle clothing Owner Derek Harris [2] (#cite_note-FT-2) Divisions (/wiki/Division_(business)) UK, Japan, USA Website www (http://www.lewisleathers.com) .lewisleathers (http://www.lewisleathers.com) .com (http://www.lewisleathers.com) Lewis Leathers is a brand name of the oldest British motorcycle (/wiki/Motorcycle) clothing (/wiki/Motorcycle_clothing) company. D. Lewis Ltd , [3] (#cite_note-cbm-3) manufacturer of leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) [4] (#cite_note-4) which was established in the late 19th century. The company supplied early aviators, motorists and motorcyclists with protective clothing against the cold and damp British climate. In the mid-1950s, D. Lewis produced the Bronx leather jacket, one of the first products aimed directly at the post-war teenage fashion market, which was widely adopted by the Ton-up Boys and Rockers (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) of the 1960s, becoming associated with the 59 Club (/wiki/59_Club) [5] (#cite_note-alt-london-5) and sponsoring leading motorcycle and TT racers (/wiki/Isle_of_Man_TT) of the day. History [ edit ] D. Lewis [ edit ] D. Lewis of Great Portland Street Originally a family business called D. Lewis, started in the 1892 as a gentlemen's outfitter [6] (#cite_note-Jock-6) or "wardobe company", [7] (#cite_note-mw-7) At that time, the company produced gents suiting and raincoats in the east end of London (/wiki/East_End_of_London) . D. Lewis became a Limited company in 1929 under the stewardship of brothers Nathan Jones, David and Lewis Isaacs on Great Portland Street (/wiki/Great_Portland_Street) in London's West End (/wiki/West_End_of_London) , they also had Birmingham, Sheffield and Liverpool which traded under the name of N Jones. It was during the 1910s that the company started making and retailing specialist clothing for what was then considered the "gentlemen's" auto sports of aviation (/wiki/Aviation) and motoring (/wiki/Driving) producing their wares in Watford. At the time, Great Portland Street was known as "Motor Row", the primary location for purchasing automobiles (/wiki/Automobile) and related accessories in the early years of the 20th century. [8] (#cite_note-8) It had no less than 33 showrooms located along it, including companies such as: Benz Motor (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) , Jaguar (/wiki/Jaguar_Cars) , Austin (/wiki/Austin,_Texas) , Morgan Motor (/wiki/Morgan_Motor_Company) and the Indian Motorcycle Company (/wiki/Indian_Motorcycle_Company) ., [9] (#cite_note-9) as well as being the center of the clothing trade (/wiki/Fashion) . Aviakit [ edit ] 1930s Aviakit label Initially used as a Telegram address ("Aviakit Wesdo") in 1929, in 1930 the company introduced Aviakit (short for "aviation kit") [10] (#cite_note-Rin-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) as the brand name for its aviation clothing, which it had already been selling from the first quarter of the century and acting as contractors to numerous governments around the world including the Netherlands, India, Belgium, South Africa and Greece. It went on to produce clothing for the Royal Air Force (/wiki/Royal_Air_Force) (RAF) during World War II including made to measure outfits for officers. [3] (#cite_note-cbm-3) The product line was also to include boots, goggles (/wiki/Goggles) , and crash helmets (/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet) identical to those made by Everoak. [10] (#cite_note-Rin-10) Its garments were worn by Spitfire (/wiki/Spitfire) test pilot Sir Alex Henshaw (/wiki/Alex_Henshaw) and RAF fighter pilots during World War II. [12] (#cite_note-Pride-12) The name still appears in Lewis Leathers jackets, boots, gloves and other products to this day. Post-World War II [ edit ] 1960s Aviakit label Following the end of hostilities, although handicapped by petrol rationing (/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom) , D. Lewis started selling ex-RAF clothing to de-mobbed (/wiki/Demobilization) motorcyclists and then, in the early 1950s as rationing ended, started to develop more casual items into their ranges, expanding into shops in Sheffield (/wiki/Sheffield) , Birmingham (/wiki/Birmingham) and St Albans (/wiki/St_Albans) . By 1953, its advertising claims were that the company was already the largest motorcycle clothing and accessory company in the UK and abroad. [3] (#cite_note-cbm-3) [13] (#cite_note-13) The company's products came to represent the high end of the market, out of reach of many individuals, also serving the circuit racing fraternity offering repair and replacement right hand boots which commonly wore out on England's clockwise racing circuits. [14] (#cite_note-14) Lewis Leathers [ edit ] It was not until 1960 that the company registered the name by which it soon became most commonly known, 'Lewis Leathers'. [3] (#cite_note-cbm-3) This brand name was introduced on a new range of leather jackets aimed at the youth market and, in 1962, it aligned itself with the burgeoning 59 Club (/wiki/59_Club) in London, Hackney Wick (/wiki/Hackney_Wick) . As the Mods and Rockers (/wiki/Mods_and_Rockers) clashed at English seaside resorts, Lewis Leather clothing was to be seen on both sides of the conflict. In 1982, the company was sold to the Newbold Brothers; it was then sold to Richard Lyon in November 1986. In 1991 its classic designs were to be researched and re-created by Derek Harris. [3] (#cite_note-cbm-3) After trading from the same location for 101 years, the Great Portland Street shop closed in 1993. [10] (#cite_note-Rin-10) That same year saw the launch of a small 'Retro Range' of Lewis Leathers jackets with lining, labels and hardware all as found on the jackets seen during the 60s and 70s. The release of this range and its subsequent marketing in Japan, USA and the UK coincided with vintage Lewis Leathers jackets becoming increasingly sought after in Japan [15] (#cite_note-times-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) where they are promoted for their authentic connections to the rockers of the 60s, [12] (#cite_note-Pride-12) leading British Punks (/wiki/Punk_rock) , [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Rock musicians (/wiki/Rock_music) and fashion icons, and are often highly customised. [3] (#cite_note-cbm-3) Lewis Leathers shop, Whitfield Street, London in 2013 Harris and Lyon continued to expand the range of authentic retro-styled jackets, [2] (#cite_note-FT-2) [6] (#cite_note-Jock-6) their efforts leading to collaborations with leading fashion designers such as Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) in 2002. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-collette-20) In 2003 Lyon announced his retirement leading to Harris, whom, after 12 years researching and working on its designs, took over the company and established an office in Japan opened by 59 Club Japan leader, Koji Baba. The London branch was re-opened close to the original premises in Whitfield Street, part of London's Fitzrovia (/wiki/Fitzrovia) . [7] (#cite_note-mw-7) [21] (#cite_note-21) Lewis Leathers in Windmill Street, London, 2023. D. Lewis Ltd and Lewis Leathers garments were always produced in England, initially in Watford (/wiki/Watford) [22] (#cite_note-22) or St Albans (/wiki/St_Albans) , and from 1958 to 1982, in Copperfield Rd, East London (/wiki/Mile_End) . In the 1970s, a small factory in Sheffield was also used. [10] (#cite_note-Rin-10) In 1982 all production was moved to Northampton, returning to London in 1993 where it remains until the present date. From the late 1950s Lewis Leathers advertised to motorcyclists and also in popular musical publications such as the NME (/wiki/NME) and Melody Maker (/wiki/Melody_Maker) . [12] (#cite_note-Pride-12) Lewis Leathers were also official suppliers to police motorcyclists in the UK. [23] (#cite_note-mwb-23) Bronx jacket [ edit ] Vintage Lewis Leathers Aviakit Super Bronx Twin Track Jacket 1950s Lewis Leathers Bronx label While still advertising itself to the flying market, in May 1956 D. Lewis launched its most iconic jacket, the Bronx Jacket, an update of a 1930s flying jacket. [6] (#cite_note-Jock-6) Aimed at the teenage market, following the effect of the banning of Marlon Brando (/wiki/Marlon_Brando) 's movie The Wild One (/wiki/The_Wild_One) , the Bronx was to become the British equivalent of the Schott (/wiki/Schott_NYC) Perfecto (/wiki/Schott_Perfecto) . [24] (#cite_note-Lewis_Schott-24) Coinciding with the huge increase in popularity of motorcycling and the Mods (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) and Rockers (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) era, the company continued to expand its range of black leather jackets which also started to appeal to fashion conscious rebels. The Lewis Leather jackets differed from their American counterparts such as the Perfecto motorcycle jacket in that during the mid-1950s in the United Kingdom, many young riders were influenced by the riding style of their racing heroes, which was crouched right over the tank, arms forward holding onto clip-on handle bars. [12] (#cite_note-Pride-12) In order to wear an American style jacket, various modifications needed to be made such as expansion pleats down each side of the back and the buckle had to be covered in leather, as the brass buckles found on most American styles would have scratched the tank. [25] (#cite_note-25) It became the jacket of choice for the rocker generation and is still in production more than 40 years later. [5] (#cite_note-alt-london-5) A further development of the original Bronx jacket was the Super Bronx Twin Track version with an additional zip-track fitted allowing it to expand, enabling the rider to wear bulkier warm clothing in winter. First appearing at the September 1965 Brighton (/wiki/Brighton) motorcycle show, [26] (#cite_note-Show-26) it was designated 440TT, with the advertising legend proclaiming " unobtainable elsewhere ", and together with the standard Bronx designated 384, the two variants continued in the range from 1966. [27] (#cite_note-advert-27) Other models and products [ edit ] Vintage style Lewis Leathers Universal Racer mk2 jacket Lewis Leathers Aviakit Wax Cotton Jacket Aviakit Pudding basin helmet Other jacket designs included the Dominator, famously worn by Sid Vicious (/wiki/Sid_Vicious) ; the Lightning, worn by Steve Jones (/wiki/Steve_Jones_(musician)) and Iggy Pop (/wiki/Iggy_Pop) , [12] (#cite_note-Pride-12) the Cyclone, worn by Chrissie Hynde (/wiki/Chrissie_Hynde) of The Pretenders (/wiki/The_Pretenders) , [3] (#cite_note-cbm-3) [20] (#cite_note-collette-20) the Corsair, and a cheap plastic replica called the 'Bomber'. [12] (#cite_note-Pride-12) Other products included helmets, wax cotton waterproof clothing, boots, T-shirts, gloves, goggles and other motorcycle related items such as scarves and face-masks. Lewis Leathers in popular culture [ edit ] The influence of the D. Lewis brands Aviakit and Lewis Leathers spread beyond the UK to Europe and Japan [20] (#cite_note-collette-20) and to wherever there were British motorcycle scenes. [10] (#cite_note-Rin-10) It advertised widely in the USA, selling via mail order, becoming popular amongst leading motorcycle journalists, [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) and achieved a legendary status for its connection to the ' folk devil (/wiki/Folk_devil) ' Ton Up Boys and the 59 Club. [34] (#cite_note-34) which it attended fortnightly during its heyday and sponsored. [35] (#cite_note-35) It became known for pioneering its large colour brochure, for producing coloured as well as black leathers, initially used for road racing from 1966 by Derek Minter (/wiki/Derek_Minter) in 1966 and Colin Seeley (/wiki/Colin_Seeley) in 1967, [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) and for producing both aviation and motorcycle clothing for women since the 1930s. [12] (#cite_note-Pride-12) Lewis Leathers jackets have been worn by leading British Punk (/wiki/Punk_rock) and Rock musicians (/wiki/Rock_music) and fashion icons such as the members of The Damned (/wiki/The_Damned_(band)) , The Sex Pistols (/wiki/The_Sex_Pistols) , Arctic Monkeys (/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys) , [7] (#cite_note-mw-7) The Clash (/wiki/The_Clash) , [7] (#cite_note-mw-7) Motörhead (/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead) , The Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) , The Rolling Stones (/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones) , The Prodigy (/wiki/The_Prodigy) , Eric Clapton (/wiki/Eric_Clapton) , Ewan McGregor (/wiki/Ewan_McGregor) [38] (#cite_note-times-mag-38) and Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , [5] (#cite_note-alt-london-5) as well as iconic Americans such as Lou Reed (/wiki/Lou_Reed) , [38] (#cite_note-times-mag-38) Joan Jett (/wiki/Joan_Jett) , Johnny Thunders (/wiki/Johnny_Thunders) , The Ramones (/wiki/The_Ramones) , [23] (#cite_note-mwb-23) members of Suicide (/wiki/Suicide_(band)) , The Hives (/wiki/The_Hives) [39] (#cite_note-39) and others. [6] (#cite_note-Jock-6) [40] (#cite_note-40) They have been used in music videos, customised as fashion statements by designers such as Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) and Malcolm Maclaren (/wiki/Malcolm_Maclaren) of Seditionaries (/wiki/Sex_(boutique)) , [12] (#cite_note-Pride-12) [41] (#cite_note-41) as costumes in theatrical productions (/wiki/Theatre) by Derek Jarman (/wiki/Derek_Jarman) , [42] (#cite_note-42) and used in fashion shoots in magazines such as Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine. [43] (#cite_note-43) They were worn by such leading British counter-culture (/wiki/Counter-culture) figures as Mick Farren (/wiki/Mick_Farren) , [44] (#cite_note-44) their purchase portrayed as a rite of passage by authors such as Robert Elms (/wiki/Robert_Elms) . [45] (#cite_note-45) On its 120th anniversary, the company was featured in a guide to the most influential fashion shops in London. [23] (#cite_note-mwb-23) [46] (#cite_note-46) It retails through high class clothing stores internationally [5] (#cite_note-alt-london-5) and has produced a range of custom jackets for a Rolling Stones tour. [12] (#cite_note-Pride-12) It maintains a large collection of vintage items and documentation from which it takes its references. [12] (#cite_note-Pride-12) Sponsorship [ edit ] Lewis Leathers have sponsored and outfitted a number of motorcycle teams such as the British and USA International Six Days Trials (/wiki/International_Six_Days_Enduro) (ISDT) teams, the latter including, in 1964, Steve McQueen (/wiki/Steve_McQueen) . [23] (#cite_note-mwb-23) Other sportsmen who were either sponsored by or endorse Lewis Leather clothing include Derek Minter (/wiki/Derek_Minter) , [47] (#cite_note-47) Giacomo Agostini (/wiki/Giacomo_Agostini) , John Cooper (/wiki/John_Cooper_(motorcyclist)) , Phil Smart (/wiki/Phil_Smart) , Mike Hailwood (/wiki/Mike_Hailwood) , [23] (#cite_note-mwb-23) Colin Seeley (/wiki/Colin_Seeley) , [48] (#cite_note-48) Bill Ivy (/wiki/Bill_Ivy) , [20] (#cite_note-collette-20) The company has also collaborated with Royal Enfield Motors (/wiki/Royal_Enfield_(India)) , and Triumph Motorcycles (/wiki/Triumph_Motorcycles_Ltd) to produce a range of jackets. [49] (#cite_note-49) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Wings, Wheels and Rock 'n' Roll (https://www.book2look.com/book/DPPvj7TlAE) Book by Rin Tanaka, Derek Harris 2017 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781527209817 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527209817) ^ Jump up to: a b Mark, C. O'Flaherty (17 October 2009). "Why leather is perfect for hard times" (https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bfc21522-b9e3-11de-a747-00144feab49a.html#axzz2etgDCGH9) . Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g L for Lewis, L for Leathers, Steve Myatt, Classic Bike Guide magazine, July 2005. p. 14 to 19 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Arena, Issues 17-18, Emap Metro, 2002 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Black Leather Supermodel, Dave Edmonds, Alternative London magazine, March 2005 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Lewis Leathers by Marcus Ross, Jocks & Nerds magazine, July 2011 (http://jocksandnerdsmagazine.com/m/lewis-leathers/) Archived (https://archive.today/20130629140853/http://jocksandnerdsmagazine.com/m/lewis-leathers/) 29 June 2013 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) ^ Jump up to: a b c d The Original Icon by Tom Greatrex, Menswear Buyer Magazine, Autumn/Winter 2003. p.95 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Michael Worthington-Williams, "Warren Street and the London motor trade", in Aspects of Motoring History, Edition 6, Society of Automotive Historians in Britain, October 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Allan Ford & Nick Corble, You Can't Wear Out an Indian Scout, Chalford, Amberley Publishing, 2009, p. 11 [1] (http://www.nickcorble.co.uk/uploads/samples/Cant%20Wear%20Out%20Sample.pdf) accessed on 2011-07-09 and [2] (http://www.indianriders.co.uk/before%20after.htm) accessed on 2011-07-09 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Motorcycle Jackets: Ultimate Biker's Fashions A Schiffer Book for Collectors Series by Rin Tanaka, Schiffer Publishing Limited, 2003, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0764318497 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764318497) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Biker: Truth And Myth: How The Original Cowboy Of The Road Became The Easy Rider Of The Silver Screen by Bill Osgerby, The Lyons Press, 2005 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1592288413 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1592288413) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Pride and Glory: The Art of the Rockers' Jacket, Horst A. Friedrichs, Lars Harmsen, DAAB Media Gmbh, 2012. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3942597209 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/3942597209) / Interview with Professor Colin Fallows ^ (#cite_ref-13) Cycle World Magazine, Jan 1975 "World's largest mail order motorcycle catalogue", p.103. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Scratching – Racing Earning your degree at the University of Brands Hatch, Cycle World magazine, 24 November 2010 by Steven L. Thompson ^ (#cite_ref-times_15-0) Leathers that's cool for ever, The Mutton, The Times 3 February 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-16) Lewis Leathers × Hysteric Glamour, Mikako Sakai, Rolling Stone Japan, 2 January 2012 [3] (http://www.rollingstonejapan.com/fashion/lewis-leathers-x-hysteric-glamour/) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Punk Rock: So What?: The Cultural Legacy of Punk by Roger Sabin, Routledge, 1 Jun 2002 p.146 ^ (#cite_ref-18) The Roxy London Wc2: A Punk History by Paul Marko, Punk, 2007 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0955658306 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0955658306) . p.111 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Japanese Fashion Designers: The Work and Influence of Issey Miyake, Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo by Bonnie English, Berg, 25 October 2011, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1847883109 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1847883109) . p. 80 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Junya Watanabe & Lewis Leathers, La Colette magazine No 2, Summer 2003 p.29 ^ (#cite_ref-21) Time Out Magazine: Lewis Leathers, 3-5 Whitfield Street, Fitzrovia, London, W1T 2SA. [4] (http://www.timeout.com/london/shopping/lewis-leathers) ^ (#cite_ref-22) Flight magazine, 1958 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lewis Leathers roars in at 120. Tom Bottomley, MWB 18 October 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-Lewis_Schott_24-0) The Fashion Reader: Second Edition, Linda Welters, Abby Lillethun & Linda Welters, Berg, 2011, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1847885896 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1847885896) , "In Britain, a similar jacket was made by Lewis Leathers ... the genuine article as made by the Schott Brothers" p. 454 ^ (#cite_ref-25) Derek Harris, Interview with Professor Colin Fallows, Prof of Sound & Visual Arts, Liverpool John Moores University (/wiki/John_Moores_University) , 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-Show_26-0) Motor Cycle (/wiki/The_Motor_Cycle) 23 September 1965 Brighton Show Round-up , p.432 " The Super Bronx jacket is provided with two-track zips. What's that? The right side of the jacket has two lines of zips parallel to each other about two inches apart. In warm weather, one uses the zip on the far side; come chilly autumn days, a sweater goes underneath, the second zip track is brought into use— and, hey presto, the jacket expands to fit snugly, without any bursting at the seams. A further feature of the Super Bronx is seven pockets; " Accessed 2013-08-30 ^ (#cite_ref-advert_27-0) Motor Cycle (/wiki/The_Motor_Cycle) 27 October 1966 p.1. 'Lewis Leathers full page advert' " Super Bronx Jacket No. 440TT (Pat. applied for) £13.19.6 " and " Bronx Jacket No. 384 £11.11.0 " Accessed 2013-08-30 ^ (#cite_ref-28) Leanings 2: Great Stories by America's Favorite Motorcycle Writer, Peter Egan, MBI Publishing Company, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0760337160 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0760337160) ^ (#cite_ref-29) Cycle World Magazine - Jan 1979 - Page 88 ^ (#cite_ref-30) Cycle World Magazine - Jan-Feb 1977 - Page 90 ^ (#cite_ref-31) Cycle World Magazine - Jan 1976 - Page 94 ^ (#cite_ref-32) Cycle World Magazine - Jan 1980 - Page 82 ^ (#cite_ref-33) Cycle World Magazine - Jan 1975 - Page 124 and others ^ (#cite_ref-34) Lewis Leathers. Dice Magazine, Saturday, 29 December 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-35) Cowboy's Fifty Nine Club Story: A History of the First Thirty Years, Michael F. Cook, Archallagan, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0955797802 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0955797802) ^ (#cite_ref-36) Motor Cycle 21 July 1966, p.1 Lewis Leathers full-page advert Champion rider Derek Minter endorses Lewis Leathers. "They're a must" says Minter . Accessed and added 2014-12-24 ^ (#cite_ref-37) Motor Cycle (/wiki/The_Motor_Cycle) , 9 March 1967, p.302 Racing Line by David Dixon. " Red racing outfits for Colin Seeley and passenger Roy Lindsay are the start of a swing to coloured leathers— but Derek Minter, who started it all with a green suit last year, told me he couldn't get into this outfit—he'd put on too much weight! " Accessed 2014-01-27 ^ Jump up to: a b Brand Watch Lewis Leathers, The Times Magazine, 3 March 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Motor Cycle Scooter and Motor Clothing - The Hives at" (http://www.lewisleathers.com/150.html) . Lewis Leathers. 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Lewis Leathers Gallery (http://www.lewisleathers.com/Famous-Wearers.html) ^ (#cite_ref-41) Vivienne Westwood: An Unfashionable Life by Jane Mulvagh, HarperCollins UK, 2013 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 000751512X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/000751512X) , p.90 ^ (#cite_ref-42) Christopher Marlowe, Renaissance dramatist, Renaissance Dramatists Series, Lisa Hopkins, Edinburgh University Press, 2008, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0748624732 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748624732) . p.71 ^ (#cite_ref-43) Vogue magazine Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) October 2008, Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , January 2009, Pixie Geldof (/wiki/Pixie_Geldof) , September 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-44) The Fashion Reader: Second Edition by Linda Welters, Abby Lillethun ^ (#cite_ref-45) The way we wore: a life in threads, Robert Elms, Picador, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 033042033X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/033042033X) , p.160 ^ (#cite_ref-46) 'The Look of London an Illustrated Guide to the City's Most Influential Fashion Spots 1950-2000', Paul Gorman & Sir Paul Smith, Herb Lester Associates 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-47) Motor Cycle (/wiki/The_Motor_Cycle) , 9 March 1967, p.14 Lewis Leathers advert. " Get the gear the champions wear including John Blanchard, Derek Minter and Griff Jenkins. " Accessed 2014-01-28 ^ (#cite_ref-48) Colin Seeley: Racer ... and the Rest by Colin Seeley & John Surtees, Redline Books, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0954435710 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0954435710) . p.30, 42, 129 ^ (#cite_ref-49) Vogue Italy, Fabiana Gilardi, 05/10/2011 (http://www.vogue.it/en/uomo-vogue/latest-on-fashion/2011/05/triumph) Archived (https://archive.today/20130702165320/http://www.vogue.it/en/uomo-vogue/latest-on-fashion/2011/05/triumph) 2 July 2013 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.lewisleathers.com) Lewis Leathers Museum (http://www.ringbell.co.uk/info/lewis.htm) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐b7d4d997‐r7zh2 Cached time: 20240701005112 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.379 seconds Real time usage: 0.634 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4973/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24277/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3229/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 72787/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.151/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5421612/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 516.447 1 -total 53.27% 275.093 1 Template:Reflist 35.06% 181.055 13 Template:ISBN 29.13% 150.424 13 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 28.04% 144.798 1 Template:Infobox_company 25.71% 132.788 1 Template:Infobox 9.58% 49.482 1 Template:Cite_news 6.04% 31.205 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 2.72% 14.068 2 Template:DMCA 2.13% 11.011 2 Template:Dated_maintenance_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39345152-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701005112 and revision id 1193629168. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Leathers&oldid=1193629168 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Leathers&oldid=1193629168) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1892 establishments in England (/wiki/Category:1892_establishments_in_England) 1960s fashion (/wiki/Category:1960s_fashion) 1970s fashion (/wiki/Category:1970s_fashion) Aviation wear (/wiki/Category:Aviation_wear) British clothing (/wiki/Category:British_clothing) Clothing companies established in 1892 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1892) Clothing companies of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom) Leather manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Leather_manufacturers) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Manufacturing companies based in London (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_London) Motorcycle helmet manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Motorcycle_helmet_manufacturers) Motorcycle safety gear manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Motorcycle_safety_gear_manufacturers) Hidden categories: Webarchive template archiveis links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links) Use dmy dates from July 2014 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2014) Use British English from July 2014 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_July_2014)
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(Redirected from Self-lacing (/w/index.php?title=Self-lacing&redirect=no) ) Footwear designed to automatically tighten when worn Self-Tying shoes Back to the Future (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(franchise)) franchise element A replica (/wiki/Replica) of the original Nike Mag (/wiki/Nike_Mag) shoes, 2011 Publisher Amblin Entertainment (/wiki/Amblin_Entertainment) First appearance Back to the Future Part II (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II) 1989 Created by Robert Zemeckis (/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis) Bob Gale (/wiki/Bob_Gale) Genre Science fiction (/wiki/Science_fiction) In-universe information Type Shoe Affiliation Marty McFly (/wiki/Marty_McFly) Emmett "Doc" Brown (/wiki/Emmett_%22Doc%22_Brown) Self-tying shoes (also known as self-lacing or power laces ) are designed to automatically tighten once the user puts them on. Such types of " smart shoes (/wiki/Smart_shoe) " were initially depicted in the 1989 science fiction (/wiki/Science_fiction) film Back to the Future Part II (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II) . Manufacturers [ edit ] Nike [ edit ] In April 2009, Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) filed a patent for self-lacing shoes, with a design that bears a resemblance to those worn by Marty in the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II) , [1] (#cite_note-1) raising speculation among fans about a possible debut of self-lacing shoes. In 2014, Tinker Hatfield (/wiki/Tinker_Hatfield) , the designer of the original Nike shoes as depicted in Back to the Future Part II , indicated that they would introduce shoes with power-lacing technology the following year, 2015. [2] (#cite_note-2) Fewer than 100 pairs of Nike Mags (/wiki/Nike_Mag) with power-lacing capabilities were made and sold through an online draw starting October 4, 2016, with all proceeds going to the Michael J. Fox Foundation (/wiki/The_Michael_J._Fox_Foundation) . [3] (#cite_note-3) In March 2016, at a press event in New York, Nike unveiled its self-tying shoe to market, the HyperAdapt 1.0 (/wiki/HyperAdapt_1.0) , which was scheduled to hit store shelves in select Nike locations on November 28. The HyperAdapt does not have any real laces, but embedded actuators that, in tandem with pressure monitors, delicately conform the shoe's cushions to the foot's shape; once the user steps in, the heel will hit a sensor and the system will automatically tighten. The HyperAdapt also comes with two buttons on the side tighten and loose, so the user can adjust it to their preference. [4] (#cite_note-4) Nike CEO, Mark Parker, said comparing the self-lacing sneaker tech with self driving car (/wiki/Self_driving_car) tech is a "good analogy" in terms of mainstream appeal. [5] (#cite_note-5) The company introduced a basketball version of HyperAdapt shoes called Adapt BB in 2019. [6] (#cite_note-6) Nike then introduced a shoe in 2020 called Adapt Auto Max. Nike claims to have taken inspiration from the Nike Air Max 90s. Puma [ edit ] In November 2015, Puma (/wiki/Puma_SE) unveiled the Autodiscs, which features Puma's patented Disc closure system that uses a servo motor that powers a uniquely configured cable system designed to offer tunable support throughout the shoe. This prototype version features a micro USB cable to charge the on-board battery which powers the motor, but commercial version will have a charging plate included, so users won't have to worry about plugging the shoe to a power source. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Puma has made 50 pairs of the Autodisc, with many of them reserved to athletes like Usain Bolt (/wiki/Usain_Bolt) and Rickie Fowler (/wiki/Rickie_Fowler) . [9] (#cite_note-9) By 2019, Puma had developed micro-motors to adjust the fit of a shoe from an iPhone (/wiki/IPhone) known as Fi. [10] (#cite_note-10) Power Laces, LLC [ edit ] In 2010, Blake Bevin, a self-described "science geek", created a prototype of self-lacing shoes, inspired by Marty's Nike MAG; once the user steps in, a sensor records the pressure of the foot on the sole and activates two servo motors, which apply tension to the laces, thus tightening the shoe. A touch-activated switch reverses the servos and loosens the laces. [11] (#cite_note-11) Bevin posted DIY (/wiki/DIY) instructions on how to recreate the power laces technology on her website. [12] (#cite_note-12) Later, Bevin founded Power Laces, LLC started a Kickstarter project in order to fund the development of commercial version and successfully raised the pledged goal of $25,024. [13] (#cite_note-13) Powerlace [ edit ] Powerlace P-One shoes are able to lace up automatically based on the wearer's body weight. Once the shoes are on, the wearer presses their heel on the concealed disc linked to the laces by wires, and wearers can use a lever attached to the back of the shoe to release pressure and loosen the lace. In November 2014, the company started a kickstarter project to raise funds and sell the shoes. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Digitsole Smartshoe [ edit ] The Canadian company Digitsole, which already sells smart soles, has unveiled a prototype of a smart sneaker. It is a self-tightening, heating, and shock-absorbing shoe with a USB connector and can be monitored via Bluetooth with a smartphone. [16] (#cite_note-16) See also [ edit ] Nike Mag (/wiki/Nike_Mag) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "US2009042072 AUTOMATIC LACING SYSTEM" (http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/WO2009134858) . wipo.int . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Billington, James (February 17, 2014). "Nike is actually making Marty McFly's self-lacing shoes" (https://nypost.com/2014/02/17/nike-is-actually-making-marty-mcflys-self-lacing-shoes/) . New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "How to Get the 2016 Nike Mag - Nike News" (https://news.nike.com/news/how-to-get-the-2016-nike-mag) . news.nike.com . October 4, 2016 . Retrieved January 22, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Green, Dennis (March 17, 2016). "Great Scott! Nike's HyperAdapt 1.0 self-tying shoes will debut on November 28" (http://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/nike-hyperadapt-self-tying-shoes/) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Wiggers, Kyle (March 17, 2016). "NIKE CEO: Self-lacing shoes will be as big as self-driving cars" (http://www.businessinsider.com/self-lacing-shoes-will-be-as-big-as-self-driving-cars-2016-3) . Digital Trends (/wiki/Digital_Trends) . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Jayson Tatum Is the First Basketball Player to Wear Nike's Self-Lacing Shoes in an NBA Game" (https://footwearnews.com/2019/focus/athletic-outdoor/jayson-tatum-nike-adapt-bb-basketball-sneaker-nba-1202731545/) . Footwear News. 17 January 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Sawyer, Jonathan (November 10, 2015). "PUMA Beats Nike to Market With Auto-Lacing System" (http://www.highsnobiety.com/2015/11/10/puma-autodisc-auto-lacing-system/) . High Snobiety (/w/index.php?title=High_Snobiety&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Lai, Richard (October 10, 2016). "Puma's self-lacing shoes were made for track athletes" (https://www.engadget.com/2016/10/31/puma-autodisc-hands-on-video/) . Engadget (/wiki/Engadget) . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Sharma, Shaliesh (November 2, 2016). "Puma's Autodisc gives tough fight to Nike's HyperAdapt" (http://www.latinpost.com/articles/125834/20161102/pumas-autodisc-gives-tough-fight-to-nike-s-hyperadapt.htm) . Latin Post (/w/index.php?title=Latin_Post&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "A Digital Sneaker" (https://time.com/collection/best-inventions-2019/5734576/puma-fi/) . Time. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Back to the Future fan Blake Bevin invents working power laces prototype" (http://www.news.com.au/technology/back-to-the-future-fan-beth-bevin-invents-working-power-laces-prototype/story-e6frfro0-1225889024940) . news.com.au (/wiki/News.com.au) . July 7, 2010 . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "How To Build Your Own Auto-Lacing Shoes" (http://www.popsci.com/how-to-build-your-own-auto-lacing-shoes) . Popular Science (/wiki/Popular_Science) . October 21, 2010 . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Self-Tightening Power Laces Shoes, Back From the Future" (https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/tightening-shoes-back-future/story?id=11677354) . news.com.au (/wiki/News.com.au) . September 20, 2010 . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Yes, someone has finally built Marty McFly's auto-lacing shoes" (http://bgr.com/2014/11/18/kickstarter-powerlace-p-one-auto-lacing-shoes/) . BGR (/wiki/Boy_Genius_Report) . November 18, 2014 . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Powerlace Technology Stepping Up to Nike With its Own Auto-Lacing Shoes" (http://www.hngn.com/articles/50225/20141120/powerlace-technology-stepping-up-to-nike-with-its-own-auto-lacing-shoes.htm) . BGR (/wiki/Boy_Genius_Report) . November 20, 2014 . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Your Sneakers Just Got Smarter With Digitsole's Smartshoe" (http://www.ubergizmo.com/2017/05/digitsole-launches-smartshoe/) . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . External links [ edit ] Power Laces Official Website (http://power-laces.com/) Light Up Shoes Official Website (https://lightups.io/) Powerlace Technology Official Website (http://www.powerlace.com/en/) v t e Back to the Future (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(franchise)) Films Back to the Future (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future) (1985) Back to the Future Part II (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II) (1989) Back to the Future Part III (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_III) (1990) Characters (/wiki/List_of_Back_to_the_Future_characters) Marty McFly (/wiki/Marty_McFly) Emmett "Doc" Brown (/wiki/Emmett_Brown) Biff Tannen (/wiki/Biff_Tannen) Music (/wiki/Music_of_the_Back_to_the_Future_franchise) " The Power of Love (/wiki/The_Power_of_Love_(Huey_Lewis_and_the_News_song)) " " Doubleback (/wiki/Doubleback_(song)) " Other media The Ride (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future:_The_Ride) TV series (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(TV_series)) The Pinball (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future:_The_Pinball) Transformers/Back to the Future (/wiki/Transformers/Back_to_the_Future) Back in Time (/wiki/Back_in_Time_(2015_film)) The Musical (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future:_The_Musical) Expedition: Back to the Future (/wiki/Expedition_Unknown#Expedition:_Back_to_the_Future_(2021)) Video games (/wiki/List_of_Back_to_the_Future_video_games) Back to the Future (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(1985_video_game)) (1985) Back to the Future (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(1989_video_game)) (1989) Back to the Future Part II (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II_(video_game)) (1990) Back to the Future Part II & III (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II_%26_III) (1990) Back to the Future Part III (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_III_(video_game)) (1991) Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure (/wiki/Universal_Studios_Theme_Parks_Adventure) (2001) Back to the Future: The Game (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future:_The_Game) (2010) Universe DeLorean time machine (/wiki/DeLorean_time_machine) " Great Scott! (/wiki/Great_Scott) " Hill Valley (/wiki/Hill_Valley_(Back_to_the_Future)) Hoverboard (/wiki/Hoverboard) Self-tying shoes Legacy The Earth Day Special (/wiki/The_Earth_Day_Special) Rick and Morty (/wiki/Rick_and_Morty) Nike Mag (/wiki/Nike_Mag) Category v t e Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Abandoned footwear (/wiki/Abandoned_footwear) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Blucher (/wiki/Blucher_shoe) Brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) Brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) Derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Monks (/wiki/Monk_shoe) Oxfords (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) (/wiki/Spectator_shoe) Winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepicker) Wholecuts (/wiki/Wholecut) Slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoe) Prince Albert slippers (/wiki/Slipper#Types) Loafers (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe#Types_of_loafer) Venetian-style shoes (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) Women's Ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) High-heeled 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(/wiki/Ammunition_boot) Bunny boots (/wiki/Bunny_boots) Combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) Jackboots (/wiki/Jackboot) Jump boots (/wiki/Jump_boot) Jungle boots (/wiki/Jungle_boot) Tanker boots (/wiki/Tanker_boot) Trench boots (/wiki/Trench_boot) Munson Last (/wiki/Edward_Lyman_Munson#Munson_last) Work Australian work boots (/wiki/Australian_work_boot) Cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) Engineer boots (/wiki/Engineer_boot) Hip boots (/wiki/Hip_boot) Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) Rigger boots (/wiki/Rigger_boot) Steel-toe boots (/wiki/Steel-toe_boot) Waders (/wiki/Waders_(footwear)) Fashion boots (/wiki/Fashion_boot) Chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) ( Beatle boots (/wiki/Beatle_boot) ) Chukka boots (/wiki/Chukka_boot) Go-go boots (/wiki/Go-go_boot) Knee-high boots (/wiki/Knee-high_boot) Over-the-knee boots (/wiki/Over-the-knee_boot) Platform boots (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Thigh-high boots (/wiki/Thigh-high_boots) Ugg boots (/wiki/Ugg_boots) Other Jodhpur boots (/wiki/Jodhpur_boot) Wellington 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(/wiki/Valenki) Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) Historical footwear Areni-1 shoes (/wiki/Areni-1_shoe) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Cavalier boots (/wiki/Cavalier_boot) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbill shoes (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Flowerpot shoes (/wiki/Flowerpot_shoe) Hessians (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoe) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Shoe construction Bespoke shoes (/wiki/Bespoke_shoes) Blake construction (/wiki/Blake_construction) Goodyear welt (/wiki/Goodyear_welt) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Shoelaces (/wiki/Shoelaces) Toe box (/wiki/Toe_box) High heels (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Clear heels (/wiki/Clear_heels) Kitten heels (/wiki/Kitten_heel) Spool heels (/wiki/Spool_heel) Stiletto heels (/wiki/Stiletto_heel) Wedges (/wiki/Wedge_(footwear)) Hosiery Anklets (/wiki/Anklet_(sock)) Bobby socks (/wiki/Bobby_sock) Dress socks (/wiki/Dress_sock) Footwraps (/wiki/Footwrap) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Toe socks (/wiki/Toe_sock) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) List of shoe styles (/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐mt8bs Cached time: 20240716054818 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.515 seconds Real time usage: 0.710 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1482/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 79077/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1367/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 78500/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.361/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17095804/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 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Italian fashion designer This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/No.l.ita) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "No.l.ita" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22No.l.ita%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22No.l.ita%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22No.l.ita%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22No.l.ita%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22No.l.ita%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22No.l.ita%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) No.l.ita is an Italian fashion designer. In 2007, the company generated a storm of controversy for their "No.Anorexia" ad campaign featuring emaciated model Isabelle Caro (/wiki/Isabelle_Caro) . [1] (#cite_note-1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lichfield, John (2011-01-15). "Isabelle Caro: Anorexia sufferer who appeared in a global campaign" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/isabelle-caro-anorexia-sufferer-who-appeared-in-a-global-campaign-against-the-disorder-2185196.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 2022-04-28 . External links [ edit ] Official Web site (http://www.nolita.it) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No.l.ita&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐ttr8x Cached time: 20240713090051 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.307 seconds Real time usage: 0.653 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 374/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14665/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 402/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 10516/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.227/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4024555/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 632.086 1 -total 49.87% 315.219 1 Template:Short_description 28.45% 179.806 2 Template:Pagetype 19.31% 122.063 3 Template:Main_other 18.92% 119.611 1 Template:SDcat 18.56% 117.312 1 Template:Reflist 15.89% 100.453 1 Template:Cite_web 15.77% 99.698 1 Template:Fashion-stub 15.48% 97.861 1 Template:More_citations_needed 15.34% 96.992 1 Template:Asbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13811128-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713090051 and revision id 1223161143. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No.l.ita&oldid=1223161143 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No.l.ita&oldid=1223161143) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Italy) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from May 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2022) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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Everyday dress of East Asian emperors "Longpao" redirects here. For the subdistrict in Nanjing, China, see Longpao Subdistrict (/wiki/Longpao_Subdistrict) . Dragon robe Dragon robe [1] (#cite_note-qianlongRobe-1) of Emperor Qianlong (/wiki/Emperor_Qianlong) Chinese name Traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) 袞龍袍 Simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) 袞龙袍 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) gǔn lóngpáo Alternative Chinese name Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 龙袍 Traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) 龍袍 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) Lóngpáo Vietnamese name Vietnamese alphabet (/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet) Long bào Chữ Hán (/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n) 龍袍 Korean name Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) 곤룡포 Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) 衮龍袍 Transcriptions Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) Gollyongpo Dragon robes , also known as gunlongpao ( simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 袞龙袍 ; traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 袞龍袍 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : gǔn lóng páo ; hangul (/wiki/Hangul) : 곤룡포) or longpao for short, is a form of everyday clothing which had a Chinese dragon (/wiki/Chinese_dragon) , called long (龍), [2] (#cite_note-:14-2) as the main decoration; it was worn by the emperors of China. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:13-4) : 392 Dragon robes were also adopted by the rulers of neighbouring countries, such as Korea (/wiki/Korea) ( Goryeo (/wiki/Goryeo) and Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) dynasties), Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) ( Nguyễn dynasty (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty) ), and the Ryukyu Kingdom (/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom) . Cultural significance [ edit ] Main article: Chinese dragon (/wiki/Chinese_dragon) Chinese dragons have origins in ancient China. [5] (#cite_note-:8-5) The Chinese dragons have been associated with the emperor of China since ancient times, [6] (#cite_note-:15-6) : 89 while the fenghuang (/wiki/Fenghuang) is associated with the empress of China. [2] (#cite_note-:14-2) When used on clothing, the Chinese dragons denote the superiority of its wearer or his aspirations. [7] (#cite_note-:16-7) : 96 Since the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties, the wearing of robes with dragon patterns were forbidden for subjects of the emperor [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) : 26 without his authorization. Since the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) , the Chinese dragon is a five-clawed dragon; if it has four claws, it is no more considered as a Chinese dragon but is considered as a Chinese dragon-like creature mang (蟒, lit. "python"); [7] (#cite_note-:16-7) : 96 mang can be found on clothing called mangfu (/wiki/Mangfu) (蟒服, lit. "mang robe"). According to Shen Defu (/wiki/Shen_Defu) , "The mang robe is a garment with an image close to a dragon, similar to the dragon robe of the top authority (the emperor), except for the deduction of one claw". [9] (#cite_note-:82-9) Other clothing with four-clawed Chinese dragon-like creatures are feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) and douniufu (/w/index.php?title=Douniufu&action=edit&redlink=1) ; feiyu and douniu have additional specific characteristics which differ them from both the mang and the long. [5] (#cite_note-:8-5) China [ edit ] An illustration of the long dragon (one of the 12 ornaments) as documented in the Records of the Grand Historian (/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian) . The early use of dragon symbols on imperial robes was documented in the Shangshu (/wiki/Book_of_Documents) , where the use of the number of 12 ornaments (/wiki/Twelve_Ornaments) (which includes the dragon) allowed to be worn on clothing are regulated according to social ranks. [10] (#cite_note-10) [4] (#cite_note-:13-4) : 391–392 The use of the 12 ornaments on clothing were again specified during the reign of Emperor Xiaoming of the Eastern Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) in 59 AD. [4] (#cite_note-:13-4) : 392 Tang and Song dynasties [ edit ] Based on the circular-collar robe (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) , the dragon robe was first adopted by the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) (618–906 CE) and was used by the Tang dynasty rulers and senior officials; [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-:4-12) : 26 the circular-collar robe was embellished with dragons to symbolize imperial power. [5] (#cite_note-:8-5) [13] (#cite_note-:3-13) [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) It was documented during the reign of Wu Zetian (/wiki/Wu_Zetian) in 694 AD that she would bestow these robes decorated with (coiled [6] (#cite_note-:15-6) : 89 ) dragons-with-three-claws to high-ranking officials, i.e. court officials above the third rank, and to princes. [5] (#cite_note-:8-5) [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) The dragon robes were a symbol of power, and it was a great honour to be bestowed dragon robes by the emperor. [5] (#cite_note-:8-5) This practice continued until the Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . [12] (#cite_note-:4-12) : 26 The Song dynasty eventually made the dragon into the symbol of the emperor. [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) : 42 The Song dynasty's emperor's attire, such as the tongtianguanfu (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) , also has dragons as decorative patterns. [15] (#cite_note-15) : 108–109 In 1111 AD, a decree forbid all subjects of the emperor from wearing dragon patterns, making wearing of dragon robes an exclusive right for the emperor and the empress unless the dragon robes were bestowed to them as a symbol of special favour. [6] (#cite_note-:15-6) : 89 In the arts of the Tang and Song dynasties, the dragons are often depicted with three-claws and horns which curled upwards. [6] (#cite_note-:15-6) : 89 Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) dragon robe Portrait of a Khotan (/wiki/Hotan) King wearing Chinese-style dragon robes. King Yu of Xia, as imagined by Song dynasty painter Ma Lin King Tang of Shang, as imagined by Song dynasty painter Ma Lin Liao and Jin dynasties [ edit ] Both the rulers of the Liao dynasty (/wiki/Liao_dynasty) and Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)) adopted dragon roundels on their robes to indicate social status; currently, the oldest archeological artefacts of the dragon robe which has been found so far is dated to the Liao dynasty (/wiki/Liao_dynasty) . [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) [4] (#cite_note-:13-4) : 392 The Liao and Jin dynasties both adopted imperial clothing decorated with Song-style dragons. [6] (#cite_note-:15-6) : 89 Western Xia dynasty [ edit ] See also: Fashion in Western Xia (/wiki/Fashion_in_Western_Xia) The rulers of the Western Xia (/wiki/Western_Xia) also wore a dragon robe with a belt; it was a round-collared gown decorated with dragon roundels. [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) [16] (#cite_note-16) Tangut Emperor of Western Xia wearing a robe with dragon roundels, 13th century Yuan dynasty [ edit ] Main article: Fashion in the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Yuan_dynasty) The Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) was the first to codify the use of dragon robes as emblems on court robes (/wiki/Court_robes) . [13] (#cite_note-:3-13) The Imperial family of Yuan used the five-clawed long dragons, which were chasing flaming pearls among clouds. [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) Large dragons with 5-claws became characteristic features of the emperor's clothing while smaller dragons with three claws were used for general occasions. [4] (#cite_note-:13-4) : 392 Ming dynasty [ edit ] Main articles: Mangfu (/wiki/Mangfu) and Feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) As a result of the use of Dragon robes in the Yuan, the subsequent Ming (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) emperors shunned them on formal occasions. [13] (#cite_note-:3-13) Since the Ming dynasty, the Chinese dragons have five claws. [4] (#cite_note-:13-4) : 392 However, only royals could wear five-clawed dragons, honoured officials could be granted the privilege of wearing robes with dragon-like creatures, such as mangfu (/wiki/Mangfu) (dragon-like creature with four-clawed), feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) (the feiyu, "Flying-fish", a creature with four claws, fin-like wings on the torso, and a fish-looking tail) and the douniu (Dipper capricorn; a creature which can have 3 or 4 claws; water buffalo-like horns). [5] (#cite_note-:8-5) [17] (#cite_note-17) The mangfu (/wiki/Mangfu) , feiyu (/wiki/Feiyufu) and douniu robes were strictly regulated by the Ming court. [5] (#cite_note-:8-5) In the early Ming, the Ming court retained the decorative schemes of the Yuan dynasty for their own dragon robes; however, Ming designers also modified the Yuan dynasty's dragon robe and personalized it by adding "waves breaking against rocks along the lower edges of the decorative areas". [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) The Ming dynasty's dragon robe had a large dragon on the back and chest area of the robe and dragons which were placed horizontally on the skirt, wide sleeves. [18] (#cite_note-:7-18) The dragon robe for daily wear of Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) The dragon robe for special occasions of Ming dynasty Qing dynasty [ edit ] See also: Mangfu (/wiki/Mangfu) and Qizhuang (/wiki/Qizhuang) In the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) , the longpao can only be referred as such when it involves the clothing of the emperor, their consorts, and the crown prince; the lonpao was typically decorated with the five-clawed dragons along with the 12 auspicious symbols depending on the wearer's rank. [19] (#cite_note-19) There are different types of robes decorated with Chinese dragon in the Qing dynasty: including jifu ("auspicious robe", a semi-formal court robe, which was worn during special and important occasions), [20] (#cite_note-20) chaofu (朝服 lit. "audience robe", the most formal robe of the Qing dynasty court), [21] (#cite_note-21) and changfu. The Qing dynasty inherited the dragon robes of the Ming dynasty. [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) The early Manchus (/wiki/Manchu) originally did not weaved their own textiles, and the Manchus had to obtain Ming dragon robes (#China) and cloth when they paid tribute or traded with the Ming dynasty. [18] (#cite_note-:7-18) : 158 In 1636, the dress code elaborated by the Manchu allowed the emperor and the first-rank princes to wear yellow robes with five-clawed dragons. [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) : 42 At the time of Hong Taiji (/wiki/Hong_Taiji) , the first emperor of Qing did not want to be solely dressed in the clothing of the Han Chinese and wanted to maintain the Manchu ethnic identity, even in terms of clothing. [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) [18] (#cite_note-:7-18) : 157–158 He also rejected the use of Twelve Ancient Symbols of Imperial Authority (/wiki/Twelve_Ornaments) which used to adorn the ceremonial and ritual robes of the previous Chinese emperors since the Zhou dynasty. [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) The Ming dynasty dragon robes were therefore modified, cut and tailored to be narrow at the sleeves and waist with slits in the skirt to make it suitable for falconry, horse riding and archery. [22] (#cite_note-:6-22) [18] (#cite_note-:7-18) : 157–158, 162 The Ming dynasty dragon robes were simply modified and changed by Manchus to fit their Manchu tastes by cutting it at the sleeves and waist to make them narrow around the arms and waist instead of wide and added a new narrow cuff to the sleeves. [18] (#cite_note-:7-18) : 157–158 [23] (#cite_note-23) The new cuff was made out of fur. The robe's jacket waist had a new strip of scrap cloth put on the waist while the waist was made snug by pleating the top of the skirt on the robe. [18] (#cite_note-:7-18) : 159 The Manchus added sable fur skirts, cuffs and collars to Ming dragon robes and trimming sable fur all over them before wearing them. [24] (#cite_note-24) By the end of the seventeenth century AD, the Qing court decided to re-design the dragon robes of the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) , and from the early eighteenth century, the Qing court has established a dragon robe with 9 dragons, wherein 4 dragons would radiate from the neck on the chest, back and shoulders to symbolize the cardinal direction (/wiki/Cardinal_direction) , 4 dragons were found on the skirts – 2 on the back and 2 on the front of the skirt respectively, with the last dragon (9th) hidden placed on the inner flap of the gown. [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) In the 1730s, the Qianlong emperor (/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor) started to wear the sun and moon symbols; both were part of Twelve Ancient Symbols of Imperial Authority (/wiki/Twelve_Ornaments) . [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) Through the Huangchao liqi tushi decree, all the Twelve Ancient Symbols of Imperial Authority (which were ironically initially rejected by the first Qing emperor) were eventually added on the emperor's dragon robes by the year 1759. [14] (#cite_note-:5-14) According to the Huangchao liqi tushi , Emperor Qianlong's winter court robe worn on the day court audience was bright yellow; it was decorated with the twelve symbols and was decorated with green ocean dragons on the sleeves and collar, the skirt had five moving dragons, the lapel was decorated by one dragon and the pleats had nine dragons; the skirt has two dragons and four moving dragons and the broad collar has two moving dragons and the each sleeve cuffs have 1 dragon. [18] (#cite_note-:7-18) : 166–167 In the 1759 decree, the use of the five-clawed dragons were also restricted to the usage of the imperial family, i.e. the emperors, the emperor's sons, and the princes of the first and second ranks. [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) : 42 Minghuang (bright yellow) dragon robes was only worn by the emperor and the empress; the sons of the Qing emperors were allowed to wear other shades of yellow, i.e. "apricot yellow" for the Crown prince, "golden yellow" for the imperial princes and for the other wives of the emperor, and the other princes and members of the Aisin Gioro clan (/wiki/Aisin_Gioro) had to wear blue or blue-black robes. [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) : 42 [25] (#cite_note-25) The dragon robe for special occasions of Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) Dragon robe of the Qing dynasty for daily wear Court robe with dragons and clouds, 1723-1735 AD Changfu with dragon roundels, 1850-1861 AD Hong Xiuquan (/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan) 's Silk Dragon Robe Dragon robe, 1796–1820 Chinese dragon's robe (jifu) Chaofu Dragon robes of Han Chinese [ edit ] The Spencer Museum of Art (/wiki/Spencer_Museum_of_Art) has six longpao robes that belonged to Han Chinese nobility of the Qing dynasty. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 115 Ranked officials and Han Chinese nobles had two slits in the skirts while Manchu nobles and the Imperial family had 4 slits in skirts: All first, second and third rank officials (as well as Han Chinese and Manchu nobles) were entitled to wear 9 dragons by the Qing Illustrated Precedents of 1759 . [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 115 Qing sumptuary laws only allowed four-clawed dragons (Mang) for officials, Han Chinese nobles, and Manchu nobles while the Qing Imperial family, emperor and princes up to the second degree and their female family members were entitled to wear five clawed dragons. However officials violated these laws all the time and wore 5 clawed dragons and the Spencer Museum's 6 longpao worn by Han Chinese nobles have 5 clawed dragons on them. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 117 Misconceptions on Qing court clothing development [ edit ] It was mistakenly thought that the hunting ancestors of the Manchus skin clothes became Qing dynasty clothing, due to the contrast between Ming dynasty clothes unshaped cloth's straight length contrasting to the odd-shaped pieces of Qing dynasty longpao (lit. "dragon robe") and chaofu . [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 103 Scholars from the west wrongly assumed that those clothing were purely Manchu as the early Manchu rulers wrote several edicts stressing on maintaining their traditions and clothing. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 103 Qing unofficial clothes, longpao, share similar features with the Yuan dynasty clothing while Qing official clothing, chaofu, shares similarities with the Ming dynasty chaofu-like clothing. The Ming consciously modelled their clothing after that of earlier Han Chinese dynasties like the Song dynasty, Tang dynasty and Han dynasty. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 103 Han Chinese court costume was also modified by Manchus by adding a ceremonial big collar (daling) or shawl collar ( pijianling (/w/index.php?title=Pijianling&action=edit&redlink=1) ). [27] (#cite_note-27) Chaofu [ edit ] See also: Terlig (/wiki/Terlig) , Jisün (/wiki/Jis%C3%BCn) , and Yesa robe (/wiki/Yesa_robe) The Manchu element on the Qing chaofu ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 朝服 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : chaofu ) can be seen from the slim-fitting sleeves and horse-hoof-shaped cuffs, which are the vestiges of the Manchu clothing worn when people were hunting in cold weather. [28] (#cite_note-:142-28) The first prototype of the chaofu was actually the Mongol terlig (/wiki/Terlig) of the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) ; the Mongol terlig of the Yuan continued to develop in the succeeding Ming and Qing dynasties developing their own respective characteristics. [29] (#cite_note-:02-29) However, the Qing dynasty chaofu was also a Manchu (/wiki/Manchu_people) adaptation of the Han Chinese court dress (/wiki/Hanfu) ; the adaptations of the clothing were formalized in 1759. [28] (#cite_note-:142-28) Chaofu-like robes from Ming dynasty tombs (e.g. the Wanli emperor's (/wiki/Wanli_Emperor) tomb) were excavated and it was found that Qing chaofu was similar in structure. They had embroidered or woven dragon-like creatures on them but are different from longpao dragon robes which are a separate clothing. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 103 As they have dragon-looking creature on them, those clothing are called "dragon robe" in the excavation reports; however they are not the same longpao found in the succeeding Qing dynasty. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 103 Ming-dynasty chaofu-like clothing had flared or pleated skirt with right side fastenings and fitted bodices dragon robes have been found in Beijing, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Shandong tombs of Ming officials and Ming imperial family members. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) Similarly to the earlier Ming chaofu-like clothing which uses sleeve extensions (i.e. another piece of cloth attached to the bodice's integral upper sleeve), the later Qing dynasty chaofu also shares the same feature. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 104 Following the founding of the Ming dynasty, the Ming rulers consciously modelled their clothing after that of earlier Han Chinese dynasties like the Song dynasty, Tang dynasty and Han dynasty. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 105 These Ming chaofu-like clothing shared similarities with the Tang dynasty banbi (/wiki/Banbi) which were found in Todaiji temple's Shosoin repository in terms of construction (e.g. cross-collar [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 106 ) but not in terms of decoration; however, they also differ from each other in some features. The Qing chaofu may also have been derived from the Tang dynasty banbi; the Tang dynasty banbi also uses different fabric with different patterns on the banbi's ran (a form of skirt attached to the bodice) and the bodice. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 105 Moreover, Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) and Jin dynasty (266–420) (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) era tombs in Yingban (/w/index.php?title=Yingban&action=edit&redlink=1) , to the Tianshan (/wiki/Tianshan) mountains south in Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) have clothes resembling the Qing long pao and Tang dynasty banbi. Therefore, there is evidence from excavated tombs indicates that China had a long tradition of garments that led to the Qing chaofu, and it was not invented or introduced by Manchus in the Qing dynasty or Mongols in the Yuan dynasty. The Ming robes that the Qing chaofu derived from were just not used in portraits and official paintings but were deemed as high status to be buried in tombs. In some cases the Qing went further than the Ming dynasty in imitating ancient China to display legitimacy with resurrecting ancient Chinese rituals to claim the Mandate of Heaven after studying Chinese classics. Qing sacrificial ritual vessels deliberately resemble ancient Chinese ones even more than Ming vessels. [30] (#cite_note-30) Tungusic people on the Amur river like Udeghe, Ulchi and Nanai adopted Chinese influences in their religion and clothing with Chinese dragons on ceremonial robes, scroll and spiral bird and monster mask designs, Chinese New Year, using silk and cotton, iron cooking pots, and heated house from China. [31] (#cite_note-31) The Qing dynasty chaofu appear in official formal portraits while these Ming dynasty Chaofu-like clothing that they derive from do not, perhaps indicating the Ming officials and imperial family wore chaofu under their formal robes since they appear in Ming tombs but not portraits. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 104 Longpao [ edit ] The Qing dynasty longpao resembles Yuan dynasty clothing like robes found in the Shandong Yuan dynasty tomb of Li Youan. [26] (#cite_note-:9-26) : 104–105 The Yuan robes had hems flared and around the arms and torso they were tight. Qing unofficial clothes, longpao, share similar features with the Yuan dynasty clothing while Qing official clothing, chaofu, derived from Ming dynasty chaofu-like clothing. Influences and derivatives [ edit ] Tibet [ edit ] The Qing emperor also bestowed five-clawed dragon robes to the Dalai Lama (/wiki/Dalai_Lama) , the Panchen lama (/wiki/Panchen_Lama) , and the Jebtsundamba khutukhtu (/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu) of Urga, which were the three most prominent dignitaries of Tibetan Buddhism. [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) : 42 Court robes were often sent from China to Tibet in the 18th century where they were redesigned in the clothing style worn by lay aristocrats; these Chinese textiles held great value in Tibet at that time as some of these aristocratic chuba (/wiki/Chuba) could be re-sewn from many different pieces of robes. [32] (#cite_note-32) Only nobles and high lamas were allowed to wear dragon robes in Tibet. [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) : 42 Chuba (dragon robe) made in Tibet Lay Aristocrat's Robe (Chuba), 18th–19th century, Tibet. Man's Ceremonial Robe (chuba) Mongol tribes [ edit ] The Qing emperors bestowed dragons robes on Mongol nobles who were under Qing dynasty control; the Qing dressed code was applied to the Mongol nobility from the year 1661. [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) : 42–43 Korea [ edit ] Korean kingdoms of Silla (/wiki/Silla) and Balhae (/wiki/Balhae) first adopted the circular-collar robe, dallyeong , from Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) of China in the North-South States Period (/wiki/North-South_States_Period) for use as formal attires for royalty and government officials. According to the Goryeosa (/wiki/Goryeosa) , since 1043 AD, the Song, Liao, and Jin emperors have bestowed imperial clothing to Goryeo. [6] (#cite_note-:15-6) : 89 The kings of the Goryeo dynasty (/wiki/Goryeo_dynasty) initially used yellow dragon robes, sharing similar clothing style as the Chinese. [33] (#cite_note-:0-33) In 1043, the king of Goryeo forbid his subjects from wearing robes with brocaded or embroidered dragons and phoenixes (/wiki/Fenghuang) . [6] (#cite_note-:15-6) : 89 After Goryeo was subjugated by the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) of China (1271–1368 AD), the Goryeo kings, the royal court, and the government had several titles and privileges downgraded to the point that they were no more the equals of the Yuan emperors. [34] (#cite_note-:1-34) The Goryeo kings were themselves demoted from the traditional status of imperial ruler of a kingdoms to the status of a lower rank king of a vassal state (/wiki/Vassal_state) ; [34] (#cite_note-:1-34) [35] (#cite_note-:2-35) as such they were forbidden from wearing the yellow dragon robes as it was reserved for the Yuan emperors. [33] (#cite_note-:0-33) At that time, they had to wear a purple robe instead of a yellow one. [33] (#cite_note-:0-33) Goryeo kings at that time sometimes used the Mongol attire instead; several Mongol clothing elements were adopted in the clothing of Goryeo. [33] (#cite_note-:0-33) After the fall of Yuan dynasty in 1368, the rulers of Goryeo finally got the chance to regain their former Pre-Yuan dynasty status. [35] (#cite_note-:2-35) However, Goryeo was soon replaced by the Joseon dynasty (/wiki/Joseon) in 1392. King Gongmin (/wiki/Gongmin_of_Goryeo) of Goryeo, r. 1351–1374 AD. Joseon dynasty (/wiki/Joseon_dynasty) once again adopted the style from Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) of China, then known in China as hwangnyongpo ( hangul (/wiki/Hangul) : 황룡포; hanja (/wiki/Hanja) : 黃龍袍), as gonryongpo . It was introduced for the first time in 1444 from the Ming dynasty during the reign of King Sejong (/wiki/Sejong_the_Great) . [36] (#cite_note-:11-36) Joseon dynasty ideologically submitted itself to Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) of China as a tributary state, and thus used red goryeonpo was used in accordance to China's policy of wearing clothing which were two levels lower. [37] (#cite_note-:12-37) The red goryeongpo was used instead of yellow for its dragon robes, as yellow symbolized the emperor and red symbolized the king. [37] (#cite_note-:12-37) After the fall of the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) , the robe became a Korean custom by integrating unique Korean style into its design. [36] (#cite_note-:11-36) It is only when Emperor Gojong (/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea) proclaimed himself as emperor in 1897 that the colour of the goryeopo changed from red to yellow to be of the same colour as the emperor of China. [36] (#cite_note-:11-36) Only Emperor Gojong (/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea) and Emperor Sunjong (/wiki/Sunjong_of_Korea) were able to wear the yellow goryeonpo. [37] (#cite_note-:12-37) Taejo of Joseon (/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon) 's Gonryongpo Yeongjo of Joseon (/wiki/Yeongjo_of_Joseon) 's Gonryongpo Red gonryongpo, Joseon period Gonryongpo of the Korean Emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire (/wiki/Gojong_of_the_Korean_Empire) 's Gonryongpo Gonryongpo Dragon robe of the king There was normally a dragon embroidered in a circle on gonryongpo s. When a king or other member of the royal family wore a gonryongpo , they also wore an ikseongwan (/w/index.php?title=Ikseongwan&action=edit&redlink=1) (익선관, 翼善冠) (a kind of hat), a jade belt, and mokhwa (/w/index.php?title=Mokhwa&action=edit&redlink=1) (목화, 木靴) shoes. They wore hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) under gonryongpo . During the winter months, a fabric of red silk was used, and gauze was used during the summer. Red indicated strong vitality. Gonryongpo s have different grades divided by their colour and belt material and a Mandarin square (/wiki/Mandarin_square) reflecting the wearer's status. The king wore scarlet gonryongpo s, and the crown prince and the eldest son of the crown prince wore dark blue ones. The belts were also divided into two kinds: jade and crystal. As for the circular, embroidered dragon design of the Mandarin square (/wiki/Mandarin_square) , the king wore an ohjoeryongbo (오조룡보, 五爪龍補), a dragon with five toes; the crown prince wore a sajoeryongbo (사조룡보, 四爪龍補), a dragon with four toes; and the eldest son of the crown prince wore a samjoeryongbo (삼조룡보, 三爪龍補), a dragon with three toes. [38] (#cite_note-Gonryongpo-38) Vietnam [ edit ] Main article: Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) In Vietnam, the dragon robes is called Long Bào. It was worn in Vietnam since the Restored Late-Lê period (/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty) , Phan Huy Chú (/wiki/Phan_Huy_Ch%C3%BA) wrote in the Categorized Records of the Institutions of Successive Dynasties (Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí): [39] (#cite_note-:32-39) "Since the Restored Later-Lê era, for grand and formal occasions, (the emperors) always wore Xung Thiên hat and Hoàng Bào robe...." According to the book Weaving a Realm , the only artefact of the Lê's Long Bào was the funeral robe of Emperor Lê Dụ Tông during the Restored Later-Lê period. However, the dragon patterns on this dress had already followed the "dragon–cloud [龍雲大會]" style, a common style of the late Míng dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) . In this period, dragon designs were very large at the chest and back and smaller at the shoulders, with cloud and fire patterns all over the robe. One could see that the pattern style was closer to late Míng than early Míng, therefore Lê Dụ Tông's robe patterns were only specific to an era of the Restored Later-Lê, while the Early Later-Lê possibly still followed the dragon mandala style. [39] (#cite_note-:32-39) It is a casual dress worn by emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty. The give audience of Emperor Lê Hy Tông (/wiki/L%C3%AA_Hy_T%C3%B4ng) in the book of Samuel Baron Emperor Đồng Khánh (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh) Paintings of Long bào of the Nguyễn dynasty Emperor Duy Tân (/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n) Emperor Khải Định (/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh) Royal robe, replica of 19th century Long bào of the Nguyễn dynasty Ryukyu [ edit ] Main article: Ryusou (/wiki/Ryusou) The rulers of Ryukyu adopted Ming-style court clothing for official clothing and everyday wear: the five-clawed dragon silk robe worn by the Ryukyu king was called umantun (or umanshâ) which looks similar to the Ming dynasty emperor's clothing. [40] (#cite_note-40) : 106–109 As in China, the colour yellow in clothing was restricted to the use of the ruling family of Ryukyu. [41] (#cite_note-41) Shō Iku (/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Iku) Similar garments [ edit ] Feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) Mangfu (/wiki/Mangfu) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-qianlongRobe_1-0) Chester Beatty Library. "Reading a dragon robe" (https://artsandculture.google.com/story/reading-a-dragon-robe-chester-beatty-library/hwUxwfDtcg-mKg?hl=en) . ^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, J. Keith (1990). "Powerful Form and Potent Symbol: The Dragon in Asia" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161297) . The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art . 77 (8): 286–323. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0009-8841 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8841) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 25161297 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161297) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Cammann, Schuyler (1951). "The Making of Dragon Robes" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4527313) . T'oung Pao . 40 (4/5): 297–321. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/156853251X00202 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853251X00202) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0082-5433 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0082-5433) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 4527313 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4527313) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f A history of Chinese science and technology. Volume 2 . Yongxiang Lu, Chuijun Qian, Hui He. Heidelberg. 2014. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-662-44166-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 893557979 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/893557979) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Shigeki, Kawakami (1998). "Imperial dragons" (https://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/senshoku/48koutei.html) . Kyoto National Museum . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150912150234/http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/senshoku/48koutei.html) from the original on 2015-09-12 . Retrieved 2021-03-19 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kwon, Cheeyun Lilian (2019). Efficacious underworld : the evolution of Ten Kings paintings in medieval China and Korea . Honolulu. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8248-5603-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1098213341 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1098213341) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Trilling, James (2003). Ornament : a modern perspective . Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-295-98148-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 46472239 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46472239) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1998). The last emperors : a social history of Qing imperial institutions . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-92679-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 43476703 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43476703) . ^ (#cite_ref-:82_9-0) Yuan, Zujie (2007). "Dressing for power: Rite, costume, and state authority in Ming dynasty China" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11462-007-0012-x) . Frontiers of History in China . 2 (2): 181–212. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11462-007-0012-x (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11462-007-0012-x) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1673-3401 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1673-3401) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 195069294 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195069294) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Shang Shu : Yu Shu : Yi and Ji – Chinese Text Project" (https://ctext.org/shang-shu/yi-and-ji) . ctext.org (in Chinese (Taiwan)) . Retrieved 2021-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Lee, Tae-ok. Cho, Woo-hyun. Study on Danryung structure. Proceedings of the Korea Society of Costume Conference. 2003. pp.49–49. ^ Jump up to: a b Bates, Roy (2007). All about Chinese dragons . Beijing: China History Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4357-0322-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 680519778 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680519778) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Valery M. Garrett, Chinese Clothing: An Illustrated Guide (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 7. (cited in Volpp, Sophie (June 2005). "The Gift of a Python Robe: The Circulation of Objects in "Jin Ping Mei" (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25066765) " (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25066765) . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . 65 (1): 133–158. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/25066765 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25066765) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 25066765 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25066765) . ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Vollmer, John E. (2007). Dressed to rule : 18th century court attire in the Mactaggart Art Collection . Mactaggart Art Collection. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. pp. 33–37. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-55195-705-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 680510577 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680510577) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) 5000 years of Chinese costumes . Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu. San Francisco, CA: China Books & Periodicals. 1987. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8351-1822-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 19814728 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-16) Zhu, Ruixi; 朱瑞熙 (2016). A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties . Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu. Cambridge, United Kingdom. p. 40. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-107-16786-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 953576345 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953576345) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Volpp, Sophie (June 2005). "The Gift of a Python Robe: The Circulation of Objects in "Jin Ping Mei" (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25066765) " (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25066765) . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . 65 (1): 133–158. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/25066765 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25066765) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 25066765 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25066765) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Keliher, Macabe (2019). The Board of Rites and the Making of Qing China . Univ of California Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0520300293 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Festival Robe second half of the 18th century" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/69066) . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2022-03-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Anonymous (2018-10-31). "Semi-formal Court Robe (Jifu)" (https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1983.32) . Cleveland Museum of Art . Retrieved 2022-03-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Man's Audience Robe (Chaofu) second half of the 19th century" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/69062) . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2022-03-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-:6_22-0) Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1998). The last emperors : a social history of Qing imperial institutions . Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-520-21289-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 37801358 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37801358) . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Keliher, Macabe (2019). The Board of Rites and the Making of Qing China . Univ of California Press. p. 158. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0520300293 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Schlesinger, Jonathan (2017). A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule . Stanford University Press. p. 25. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1503600683 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Shigeki, Kawakami. "Lucky Motifs on a Dragon Robe" (https://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/senshoku/c_ryuho.html) . Kyoto National Museum . Melissa M. Rinne (trans). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141023020231/http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/senshoku/c_ryuho.html) from the original on 2014-10-23 . Retrieved 2021-03-19 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Dusenbury, Mary M.; Bier, Carol (2004). Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art (ed.). Flowers, Dragons & Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art (illustrated ed.). Hudson Hills. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1555952380 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Chung, Young Yang Chung (2005). Silken threads: a history of embroidery in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam (illustrated ed.). Harry N. Abrams. p. 148. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810943308 . Retrieved Dec 4, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Robe of State19th century China" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/68295) . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2021-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-:02_29-0) Cho, Woohyun; Yi, Jaeyoon; Kim, Jinyoung (2015). "The dress of the Mongol Empire: Genealogy and diaspora of theTerlig" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2015.68.3.2) . Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae . 68 (3): 22–29. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1556/062.2015.68.3.2 (https://doi.org/10.1556%2F062.2015.68.3.2) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0001-6446 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6446) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Dusenbury, Mary M.; Bier, Carol (2004). Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art (ed.). Flowers, Dragons & Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art (illustrated ed.). Hudson Hills. p. 106. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1555952380 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0521477719 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Robe for Tibetan aristocrat (chuba) 18th century" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/70360) . www.metmuseum.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160813043303/http://www.metmuseum.org:80/art/collection/search/70360?) from the original on 2016-08-13 . Retrieved 2021-03-31 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Park, Hyunhee (2021). Soju A Global History . Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781108842013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kim, Jinwung (2012). A history of Korea : from "Land of the Morning Calm" to states in conflict . Bloomington, Indiana. p. 170. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-253-00078-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 826449509 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/826449509) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Bauer, Susan Wise (2013). The history of the Renaissance world : from the rediscovery of Aristotle to the conquest of Constantinople (1 ed.). New York. p. 565. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-393-05976-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 846490399 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/846490399) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c Cultural Heritage Administration. "King's Robe with Dragon Insignia – Heritage Search" (http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do;jsessionid=JGpa2B3agJm1lVoZxGjEzzTseFyIuiavVXC3e1AGK5jW7zxF4lWi0bBk5aVcKl1W.cha-was01_servlet_engine4?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=18&ccebAsno=00580000&sCcebCtcd=11&pageIndex=7®ion=&canAsset=&ccebPcd1=&searchWrd=&startNum=&endNum=&stCcebAsdt=&enCcebAsdt=&canceled=&ccebKdcd=18&ccebCtcd=) . Cultural Heritage Administration – English Site . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210714113705/http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do;jsessionid=JGpa2B3agJm1lVoZxGjEzzTseFyIuiavVXC3e1AGK5jW7zxF4lWi0bBk5aVcKl1W.cha-was01_servlet_engine4?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=18&ccebAsno=00580000&sCcebCtcd=11&pageIndex=7®ion=&canAsset=&ccebPcd1=&searchWrd=&startNum=&endNum=&stCcebAsdt=&enCcebAsdt=&canceled=&ccebKdcd=18&ccebCtcd=) from the original on 2021-07-14 . Retrieved 2021-07-14 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hwang, Oak Soh (2013-06-30). "Study on the Korean Traditional Dyeing : Unique features and understanding" (https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201321353691809.pdf) (PDF) . International Journal of Costume and Fashion . 13 (1): 35–47. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.7233/ijcf.2013.13.1.035 (https://doi.org/10.7233%2Fijcf.2013.13.1.035) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2233-9051 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2233-9051) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 117676922 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117676922) . ^ (#cite_ref-Gonryongpo_38-0) (in Korean) Hanbok's rebirth (http://koreana.kf.or.kr/view.asp?article_id=7950&lang=Korean&volumn_id=520&sword=&flag=long) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120425233413/http://koreana.kf.or.kr/view.asp?article_id=7950&lang=Korean&volumn_id=520&sword=&flag=long) 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Kim Min-ja,《Koreana》No.22(Number 2) ^ Jump up to: a b Organization, Vietnam Centre (2020). Weaving a Realm (Dệt Nên Triều Đại) . Vietnam: Dân Trí Publisher. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-604-88-9574-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The origins of banana-fibre cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan . Leuven [Belgium]: Leuven University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6166-049-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 715172043 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715172043) . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Okinawan Treasures Make U.S. Debut in New Exhibit at the George Washington University Museum and The Textile Museum | The George Washington University Museum and The Textile Museum | The George Washington University" (https://museum.gwu.edu/okinawan-treasures-make-us-debut-new-exhibit) . museum.gwu.edu . Retrieved 2022-03-18 . Gonryongpo (http://donation.enc.daum.net/wikidonation/ency.do?vol=008&code=006001000000053000) [ dead link ] Global Encyclopedia / Daum NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐8klbt Cached time: 20240719162607 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.213 seconds Real time usage: 1.441 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 14464/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 133605/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4336/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 16/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 224983/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.665/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15779813/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1330.341 1 -total 27.62% 367.500 1 Template:Reflist 21.64% 287.917 47 Template:Rp 20.42% 271.620 47 Template:R/superscript 17.39% 231.349 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese 11.55% 153.720 11 Template:Cite_web 9.95% 132.358 141 Template:R/where 7.28% 96.910 21 Template:Cite_book 7.07% 94.048 1 Template:Short_description 4.88% 64.935 1 Template:Redirect Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33809023-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719162607 and revision id 1211528629. 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Alice bands made of plastic and stiffened fabric An Alice band is a type of hair accessory. It can consist of flexible horseshoe-shaped (/wiki/Horseshoe-shaped) plastic or elastic (/wiki/Elastomer) material forming a loop. The band is designed to fit over the head and hold long hair away from the face, but let it hang freely at the back. History [ edit ] Alice, as depicted by John Tenniel in Through the Looking-Glass (/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass) The Alice band is said to have originated in the period around 1871, following the publication of Lewis Carroll (/wiki/Lewis_Carroll) 's novel Through the Looking Glass (/wiki/Through_the_Looking_Glass) ; at any rate, the name of the Alice band certainly comes from Carroll's heroine. [1] (#cite_note-1) In John Tenniel (/wiki/John_Tenniel) 's illustrations for this book, Alice is shown wearing a ribbon which keeps her long hair away from her face. [2] (#cite_note-Valerie_Cumming-2) The Alice band has had periods of popularity in adult fashion, most recently in the late 20th century, when velvet versions were popular among Sloane Rangers (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) in the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) . [2] (#cite_note-Valerie_Cumming-2) The Alice band used to be an almost universally female item of clothing, but it has gained popularity among men in some countries, being used, for example, by David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) and Jack Grealish (/wiki/Jack_Grealish) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] headband (/wiki/Headband) or hair band, the name used in the United States (/wiki/United_States) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Alice, n.1." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2019, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/4982 (https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/4982) . Accessed 24 March 2019. ^ Jump up to: a b Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C.W.; Cunnington, P. (2010). The Dictionary of Fashion History . Oxford: Berg. p. 4. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847887382 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hogan, Michael (17 May 2013). "David Beckham: a career in hairstyles – in pictures" (https://www.theguardian.com/football/gallery/2013/may/17/david-beckham-hairstyles-pictures#img-6) . Retrieved 1 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "How to get Jack Grealish hair: Manchester City star's cut and what style to ask for" (https://www.goal.com/en/news/how-to-get-jack-grealish-hair-man-city-cut-style/ctqdj16945pn1x4kg4j5fia30) . Goal.com . Retrieved 15 October 2021 . This article about the history of fashion (/wiki/History_of_fashion) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_band&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐8x6s8 Cached time: 20240712164413 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.185 seconds Real time usage: 0.225 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 269/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8554/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 74/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16877/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.125/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2985175/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 192.494 1 -total 64.43% 124.028 1 Template:Reflist 47.57% 91.568 1 Template:Cite_book 35.53% 68.397 1 Template:Fashion-hist-stub 34.24% 65.918 1 Template:Asbox 3.64% 7.010 1 Template:Cite_news 2.34% 4.502 1 Template:Cite_web 0.77% 1.474 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2038381-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712164413 and revision id 1096277608. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_band&oldid=1096277608 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_band&oldid=1096277608) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Headgear (/wiki/Category:Headgear) History of fashion (/wiki/Category:History_of_fashion) Children's clothing (/wiki/Category:Children%27s_clothing) Cultural history stubs (/wiki/Category:Cultural_history_stubs) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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< User talk:Isucksockstoo (/wiki/User_talk:Isucksockstoo) Physiology (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Physiology) NA‑class This page is within the scope of WikiProject Physiology (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Physiology) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Physiology (/wiki/Physiology) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Physiology) and see a list of open tasks. Physiology Wikipedia:WikiProject Physiology Template:WikiProject Physiology Physiology articles NA (/wiki/Category:NA-Class_Physiology_articles) This page does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. This page has not yet been associated (/wiki/Category:Physiology_articles_about_an_unassessed_area) with a particular area. Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) NA‑class Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This page is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles NA (/wiki/Category:NA-Class_fashion_articles) This page does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐67d4b74ff6‐cmrf9 Cached time: 20240722141119 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.005 seconds CPU time usage: 0.094 seconds Real time usage: 0.124 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 280/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9358/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8693/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.066/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1532830/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 102.637 1 -total 77.77% 79.824 1 Template:WikiProject_Physiology 22.12% 22.702 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 2.24% 2.304 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73325018-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722141119 and revision id 1145451405. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Isucksockstoo/sandbox&oldid=1145451405 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Isucksockstoo/sandbox&oldid=1145451405) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : NA-Class Physiology articles (/wiki/Category:NA-Class_Physiology_articles) NA-importance Physiology articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_Physiology_articles) Physiology articles about an unassessed area (/wiki/Category:Physiology_articles_about_an_unassessed_area) WikiProject Physiology articles (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_Physiology_articles) NA-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-Class_fashion_articles) NA-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles) Hidden category: WikiProject banners without banner shells (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_banners_without_banner_shells)
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Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Japan portal (/wiki/Portal:Japan) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐fvqdg Cached time: 20240713202430 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.033 seconds Real time usage: 0.047 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 21/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1490/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.018/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 715060/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 37.309 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 37.309 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55156379-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713202430 and revision id 799205993. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Models from Fukuoka Prefecture" The following 13 pages are in this category, out of 13 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Alisa (gravure idol) (/wiki/Alisa_(gravure_idol)) H Sayo Hayakawa (/wiki/Sayo_Hayakawa) Mika Hijii (/wiki/Mika_Hijii) I Hiroe Igeta (/wiki/Hiroe_Igeta) Anna Ishibashi (/wiki/Anna_Ishibashi) Maki Itoh (/wiki/Maki_Itoh) K Hitomi Katayama (/wiki/Hitomi_Katayama) Masao Kusakari (/wiki/Masao_Kusakari) M Taichi Mukai (/wiki/Taichi_Mukai) O Ito Ohno (/wiki/Ito_Ohno) S Eihi Shiina (/wiki/Eihi_Shiina) Mariko Shinoda (/wiki/Mariko_Shinoda) T Mai Takahashi (/wiki/Mai_Takahashi) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_Fukuoka_Prefecture&oldid=799205993 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_Fukuoka_Prefecture&oldid=799205993) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Japanese models by prefecture (/wiki/Category:Japanese_models_by_prefecture) People from Fukuoka Prefecture (/wiki/Category:People_from_Fukuoka_Prefecture)
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Ancient to modern cultural practice White clothing in Korea Korean negotiators in white hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) during the United States expedition to Korea (/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea) (1871) Korean name Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) 민복 Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) 民服 Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) Minbok McCune–Reischauer (/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer) Minbok Until the 1950s, a significant proportion of Koreans (/wiki/Koreans) wore white hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) , sometimes called minbok ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 민복 ; lit. clothing of the people), on a daily basis. Many Korean people, from infancy through old age and across the social spectrum, dressed in white. They only wore color on special occasions or if their job required a certain uniform. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Early evidence of the practice dates from around the 2nd century BCE. It continued until the 1950–1953 Korean War (/wiki/Korean_War) , after which the resulting poverty caused the practice to end. It is not known when, how, or why the practice came about; it is also uncertain when and how consistently it was practiced. It possibly arose due to the symbolism of the color white, which was associated with cleanliness and heaven. The Japanese colonial view controversially attributed the Korean penchant for white clothing to mourning. The practice was persistently maintained and defended; it survived at least 25 pre-colonial and over 100 Japanese colonial era (/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule) regulations and prohibitions. Westerners, who began visiting the peninsula in the 19th century, viewed the practice as a curiosity. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Japanese colonialists and a number of Koreans saw it as a frivolous practice, partly because of the maintenance the practice demanded. This practice has developed a number of symbolic interpretations. The rigorous defense of the practice and effort needed to maintain it have been seen as symbolic of Korean stubbornness. The Korean ethnonationalist (/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism) terms paegŭiminjok ( 백의민족 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%9D%98%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1) ; 白衣民族 ; baeguiminjok ) and paegŭidongpo ( 백의 동포 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%8F%AC) ; 白衣同胞 ; baeguidongpo ), both roughly meaning white-clothed people , were coined to promote a distinct Korean identity, primarily as a reaction to Japanese assimilationist policies (/wiki/Japanization) . Description [ edit ] Painting of Korean wrestling ( ssireum (/wiki/Ssireum) ), where everyone is wearing white, by Gim Hongdo (/wiki/Gim_Hongdo) ( c. 1780 ) The white hanbok is sometimes called minbok , meaning "clothing of the people". [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Until the mid-20th century, many Koreans wore white clothes regularly. They only wore clothes with color on special occasions, such as hwarot (/wiki/Hwarot) for weddings. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Comparison to other cultures [ edit ] While wearing white is not unique to Koreans, the extent of their commitment to the practice has been described as unique. For example, the clothing historian Soh Hwang-Oak wrote that while the Dai people (/wiki/Dai_people) often wear white, they generally layer other colored clothing or accessories on top of their white clothes. By contrast, the minbok was deliberately worn without decoration. The Japanese art critic Yanagi Sōetsu (/wiki/Yanagi_S%C5%8Detsu) wrote in 1922 of the practice: [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoh201127–28-2) While China and especially Japan are using so many different colors in their dresses, there is no such trend in the neighboring country, Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) . They wear no color but white. Even when they use a color, it's an almost colorless jade. What makes everyone, regardless of gender or age, wear white? There are many countries and nations in the world, but none are like Joseon. For some period of time in the Chinese Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) (960–1279), the average person was restricted to only wearing white clothing. However, the practice was eventually lifted. [3] (#cite_note-Heidelberg_Springer-3) There are several records of Chinese observers ridiculing the Korean practice of wearing white. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) History [ edit ] Origin [ edit ] Painting of Korean peasants showing deference to a nobleman on horseback, all dressed in white (1815) Koreans have worn white clothing since the Three Kingdoms of Korea (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea) period. The earliest known mention [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) of the practice is in the Chinese text Records of the Three Kingdoms (/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms) , and dates to the third century CE. It reported that people of the Korean state Buyeo (/wiki/Buyeo) (2nd century BCE – 494 CE) primarily wore white. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) The text reads: [6] (#cite_note-6) [a] (#cite_note-7) In Buyeo, white clothing is revered, so they wear wide-sleeved dopo and baji made from white linens, as well as leather shoes. The practice has also been attested to the Korean states Byeonhan (/wiki/Byeonhan_confederacy) (1st to 4th centuries CE), Goguryeo (/wiki/Goguryeo) (37 BCE – 668 CE), Silla (/wiki/Silla) (57 BCE – 935 CE), and Goryeo (/wiki/Goryeo) (918–1392). [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) [8] (#cite_note-9) Reason for the practice [ edit ] The reason for the practice is not known with certainty, although it is said by Korean scholars to be a mix of symbolism and tradition. The Korean preference for the color white is found in art, myth, legend, folklore, clothing, food, and more. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201171-10) Choi Nam-Sun said: "The ideal of whiteness was one of the most important factors in Korean art and culture." [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201171-10) The Chinese Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes white clothing as a symbol of cleanliness. White is also sometimes associated with sunlight and heaven in the Sinosphere (/wiki/Sinosphere) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) Some modern scholars see it as a result of psychology, specifically pressure to conform to social norms, with Soh drawing a comparison to how modern South Koreans adopt trends with significant speed and uniformity. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoh201131–32-11) The American physician Horace N. Allen (/wiki/Horace_Newton_Allen) wrote in 1889 that he viewed the practice as having its origins in mourning: [11] (#cite_note-12) The custom of wearing white so extensively as they do has also been accounted for by tradition. Mourning is a serious business in Korea, for on the death of a father the son must lay aside his gay robes and clothe himself in unbleached cotton of a very coarse texture... For three years he must wear this guise and must do no work... Should a king die, the whole nation would be compelled to don this mourning garb, or rather they would be compelled to dress in white... Once during a period of ten years, three kings died, necessitating a constant change of dress on the part of the people and a great outlay of money... Tradition has it, therefore, that, to be ready for the caprice of their kings in the future, the people adopted white as their national color. Japanese scholar Toriyama Kiichi said that Koreans began wearing white because they were sad after the Mongols invaded Korea (/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Yanagi Sōetsu similarly attributed the wearing of white to historical suffering. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Korean scholars have disagreed with them. Park Seong-su of the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture) and scholar Park Jong-Hong have written that Japanese colonialists were deliberately attempting to portray Koreans negatively to justify Japanese colonial rule. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201172-13) Ihn-Bum Lee wrote: Above all, some people pointed out that Yanagi's opinion was grounded on a misapprehension: Yanagi had mistaken Koreans' favourite casual white clothes—made of thin raw silk or cotton—for mourning garb, and misinterpreted white as a symbol of pathos. Some argued that Yanagi held a narrow view of Korean culture and ignored such characteristic products of Korean culture as 18th-century landscapes, old tomb murals, folk painting, etc. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201172-13) Yanagi later abandoned his view that white is the color of sorrow in Korea. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201173-14) Uncertainty over time and place of observation [ edit ] Painting of envoys from the Three Kingdoms of Korea (from left to right, Silla, Baekje, and Goguryeo) to China, wearing clothing of various shades (7th century) There is some uncertainty over the times and places where the practice was observed. The practice is reportedly not clearly observable in Goguryeo-era tomb murals. Some documentary evidence suggests the practice was not consistently observed during the Joseon period; the scholar Yi Ok (/w/index.php?title=Yi_Ok&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ko (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A5_(1760%EB%85%84)) ] wrote in the 19th century that: [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) [b] (#cite_note-15) [Joseon] reveres the color blue, so the average citizen wears blue. Men do not wear white clothes, unless they are wearing layered clothing or jangsam [ ko (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%82%BC) ] (Buddhist robes). Women cherish wearing chima and are reluctant to wear white, so the only color they wear other than blue is red or indigo. Writings from the Joseon ruling class are often disparaging towards the practice. This may have, in part, been motivated by a preference for blue clothing because it aligned better with traditional color associations from China (/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture) , where east is associated with blue. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) Pre-colonial era prohibition efforts [ edit ] Before the Japanese colonial period, there were at least 25 white clothes prohibition decrees ( 백의금지령 ; 白衣禁止令 ) across several centuries. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) List of prohibition decrees Period King Date of attempt Goryeo (/wiki/Goryeo) Chungnyeol (/wiki/Chungnyeol_of_Goryeo) 1275 Gongmin (/wiki/Gongmin_of_Goryeo) 1357 U (/wiki/U_of_Goryeo) 1382 Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) Taejo (/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon) 1398 Taejong (/wiki/Taejong_of_Joseon) 1400 Sejong (/wiki/Sejong_the_Great) 1424 1428 Sejo (/wiki/Sejo_of_Joseon) 1456 1466 1466 Seongjong (/wiki/Seongjong_of_Joseon) 1471 Yeonsangun (/wiki/Yeonsangun_of_Joseon) 1504 Jungjong (/wiki/Jungjong_of_Joseon) 1516 Seonjo (/wiki/Seonjo_of_Joseon) 1605 Injo (/wiki/Injo_of_Joseon) 1648 Hyeonjong (/wiki/Hyeonjong_of_Joseon) 1669 1669 1670 Sukjong (/wiki/Sukjong_of_Joseon) 1675 1692 Yeongjo (/wiki/Yeongjo_of_Joseon) 1725 1737 1766 Jeongjo (/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon) 1777 1792 In spite of these efforts, white clothing remained widespread until the middle of the 20th century. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) These efforts may have sometimes been resisted by people dying their clothes in extremely light shades of other colors. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201537–38-16) Joseon to Korean Empire periods [ edit ] In a predecessor to Namdaemun Market (/wiki/Namdaemun_Market) (1904) For much of the Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) period (1392–1897), Korea was under a strict policy of isolationism (/wiki/Isolationism) . This finally ended in 1876, when Japan forced Korea to open its borders (/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1876) . Afterwards, Western clothing was introduced to Korea in significant quantities for the first time. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) Resentment towards Western clothing developed, not because of its association with the West, but because of its association with Japan. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn200478-17) [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) During the late Joseon period and Korean Empire (/wiki/Korean_Empire) (1897–1910) periods, efforts were made to reform the Korean state and society. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) These were often led by pro-Japanese Koreans (/wiki/Chinilpa) . However, in 1895, anti-Japanese sentiment exploded after Japan assassinated the Korean queen (/wiki/Assassination_of_Empress_Myeongseong) . The brutality of the attack sparked domestic and international shock and disgust. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) [16] (#cite_note-:03-18) Shortly after the assassination, a series of orders (notably the Short Hair Ordinance (/w/index.php?title=Short_Hair_Ordinance&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ko (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%9C%EB%A0%B9) ] ) were issued, one of which allowed the wearing of Western clothes. These directly inspired violent resistance in the form of a righteous army (/wiki/Righteous_armies) (impromptu militia). [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn200478-17) [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) The rebellion finally ended in August 1896, when many of these orders were suspended. The result of this period was the development of wearing minbok or other traditional Korean clothing as a symbol of resisting foreign influence. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) By the late Joseon period, upper-class yangban (/wiki/Yangban) families tended to dress children in color, while adults dressed in white. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn200485-19) In 1906, the Korean government, at the advice of the Japanese Resident-General of Korea (/wiki/Japanese_Resident-General_of_Korea) issued a ban on white clothing during wintertime, but this order was largely ignored. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn200479-20) More and more roles began requiring the use of non-white clothing. Officials were effectively prohibited from wearing white clothing in the Gapsin dress reform of 1884. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) Beginning in 1910, increasing numbers of grade schools began requiring that students wear black uniforms. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho2010685-21) Koryo-saram (/wiki/Koryo-saram) wearing white in Primorskaya Oblast (/wiki/Primorskaya_Oblast) , Russian Empire (/wiki/Russian_Empire) (1904) Also around this time, Korean emigrants moved into Russia (/wiki/Koryo-saram) . Russians gave them the nickname " lebed (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Lebed) ", meaning "swan", possibly in reference to their white clothing. These emigrants continued wearing white until the 1910s, when they assimilated more into Russian culture. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoh201129-22) Japanese colonial period [ edit ] See also: Korea under Japanese rule (/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule) A drawing by American Constance J.D. Coulson of Korean women washing clothes and performing dadeumi (/wiki/Dadeumi) to keep clothes clean (1910) Debates around the practice intensified during the Japanese colonial period. Some Korean intellectuals that opposed the practice saw it as a relic of a bygone era. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho2010688–689-23) Others noted that the time required for the clothes' upkeep hurt economic productivity, and that the labor particularly burdened women, who did the household's laundry. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho2010688–689-23) Multiple estimates of the economic cost of maintaining the clothes were calculated. These debates uniformly concluded that wearing white clothes was economically inefficient; these figures were later frequently cited by the colonial government to discourage the wearing of the clothes. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho2010690–692-24) Japanese people generally had negative views on the practice. They viewed it, and many other Korean practices, as backwards and fixated on the past. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) According to a 1990 tally by scholar Nam Yun-Suk, between 1898 and 1919, there were fifteen policies enacted to either ban or discourage the exclusive wearing of white clothes. Four of these were between 1910 and 1919. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENam1990101-25) The scholar Hyung Gu Lynn argued that the clothes became a symbol of low social status by the 1920s. Magazines and newspapers displayed pictures of business owners in western-style suits, while factory workers wore white clothing. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn200483-26) Colored Clothes Campaign [ edit ] A banner from the Colored Clothes Campaign (/w/index.php?title=Colored_Clothing_Promotion_Flag&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ko (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%89%EB%B3%B5_%EC%9E%A5%EB%A0%A4_%EA%B9%83%EB%B0%9C) ] , with "色服" (색복; colored clothing) written on it. Now a National Registered Cultural Heritage of South Korea (/wiki/National_Registered_Cultural_Heritage_(South_Korea)) [ ko (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EB%93%B1%EB%A1%9D%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%9E%AC) ] . [25] (#cite_note-27) Beginning in the 1920s, the Japanese colonial government (/wiki/Governor-General_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen) began efforts to ban the practice of wearing white clothes, in what has been dubbed the "Colored Clothes Campaign" [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20118-28) or White Clothes Ban Movement ( 백의 폐지운동 ). [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENam1990103-29) Nam Yun-Suk counted the number of policies that prohibited or discouraged white clothes as follows: [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENam1990104-30) Year # policies 1920 2 1921 7 1922 4 1923 3 1924 0 1925 3 1926 2 1927 3 1928 0 1929 8 1930 7 1931 19 1932 13 1933 17 1934 11 1935 4 1936 3 Nam counted a total of 106 policies against the practice from 1920 to 1936. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENam1990104-30) Reasons provided for these restrictions generally aligned with reasons given in debates amongst Korean intellectuals, although contemporary and current scholars have argued that assimilation of Koreans into Japanese identity could have been another unstated motivation. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) However, restrictions were again resisted; after the 1919 March 1st Movement (/wiki/March_1st_Movement) protests, there was a spike in Korean independence activism (/wiki/Korean_independence_movement) . [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho2010692–693-31) The government embarked on a campaign to change the public image about the clothes. Flyers were handed out in public spaces that characterized the clothes as forbidden, embarrassing, and a hassle to maintain. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho2010694-32) By the 1920s, the practice varied based on location. A 1926 survey by the Governor-General of Chōsen found that 50–60% people wore white in large towns and areas with access to main rail lines, while 70–95% of people in isolated rural areas wore white. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn200485-19) Cho Heejin argues that the Colored Clothes Campaign had greater success in rural areas. In rural areas, public rallies were held where citizens were encouraged to wear colorful clothing. In 1935, the colonial government decided it wished to replicate the success of the rural efforts in the cities, and began stepping up their enforcement of the policies there. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho2010695–696-33) Police officers and public officials would spray or stamp ink on offenders, who were also often denied services like food rations and education. Despite this, the practice continued. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) With the beginning of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , Japan made sweeping changes in Korea. Policies such as the 1938 State General Mobilization Law (/wiki/State_General_Mobilization_Law) were enacted to maximize economic output. It applied the greatest amount of pressure on the enforcement of the ban beginning around 1940. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) In July 1945, amidst Allied air raids on Japan (/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan) and Japan's impending loss of the war, a rally was held by the colonial government–backed newspaper Keijō Nippō (/wiki/Keij%C5%8D_Nipp%C5%8D) . During the rally, officials warned Koreans that their white clothes would make them highly-visible targets for bombers, and advised them to start wearing color. [32] (#cite_note-34) End of the practice [ edit ] Elderly Korean women, wearing white, waiting for a bus in the aftermath around the end of the Korean War period. Other people in the picture are wearing color. (1953) Although Korea was liberated (/wiki/Liberation_of_Korea) in 1945, it was immediately divided (/wiki/Division_of_Korea) and placed under the rule of the Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration) and the United States (/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea) . In an effort to combat the division (/wiki/Korean_reunification) , some nationalists appealed to symbolism of the white clothes that had once unified the nation. Reunification efforts, including North Korea's invasion of the South in the 1950–1953 Korean War (/wiki/Korean_War) , failed. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) After the war, both Koreas were among the poorest countries in the world. [33] (#cite_note-35) [34] (#cite_note-36) Koreans could no longer afford to maintain their white clothes, let alone afford food. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) In black markets, Koreans traded and highly valued U.S. military clothes, which they inconspicuously dyed other colors in order to avoid detection. The practice of wearing white clothes ended around this time. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) Symbolism [ edit ] The clothes have been interpreted in various ways over time. The historian Choe Nam-seon (/wiki/Choe_Nam-seon) saw the clothes as a symbol of Korean stubbornness. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Yanagi Sōetsu reportedly viewed the color white as feminine. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201113–14-37) In the 1980s, South Korean democratic movements adopted the clothes as a symbol of democracy, pro-reunification sentiment, and anti-Americanism (/wiki/Anti-Americanism) . [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) "White-clothed people" [ edit ] See also: Korean ethnic nationalism (/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism) and Names of Korea (/wiki/Names_of_Korea) White-clothed People Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) 백의민족 Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) 白衣民族 Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) Baeguiminjok McCune–Reischauer (/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer) Paegŭiminjok Alternate term Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) 백의동포 Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) 白衣同胞 Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) Baeguidongpo McCune–Reischauer (/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer) Paegŭidongpo In the early 1920s, [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) the term paegŭiminjok ( 백의민족 ; lit. White-clothed People), sometimes paegŭidongpo ( 백의동포 ; 白衣同胞 ; lit. White-clothed Compatriots), [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) began to be used to describe the Korean people. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Both terms express ethnic nationalism (/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism) . The term minjok (ethnos, race; lit. ' people clan ' ) became popular due to the rise of the related Japanese term minzoku. Minzoku emerged during the 1880s to highlight the concept of a distinct and homogeneous Japanese identity. Koreans adopted and kept it, in spite of the fact that Japan ended up abandoning it in the short term to accommodate the assimilation of its non-Japanese colonial subjects. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) Dongpo also has a similar connotation; it can be literally translated as "born of the same womb". [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) These terms developed, alongside the Korean independence movement (/wiki/Korean_independence_movement) , as a reaction to the colonization of Korea. It symbolized a unique Korean identity, with millennia of continuity. [7] (#cite_note-:1-8) Gallery [ edit ] A French drawing of a Korean in mourning clothes (1894) Korean commoners at a well ( c. 1900 ) Korean women, wearing white, performing dadeumi (/wiki/Dadeumi) ( c. 1910s ) First South Korean president Syngman Rhee and Korean independence activist Kim Ku (/wiki/Kim_Ku) . Kim is wearing white. (1947) Women's mourning clothes from Joseon Dynasty, National Folk Museum of Korea (/wiki/National_Folk_Museum_of_Korea) See also [ edit ] List of Korean clothing (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Fashion in South Korea (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-7) 『나라에서는 옷을 입을 때 흰색을 숭상하여, 흰색 포목으로 만든 통 큰 소매의 도포와 바지를 입고 가죽신을 신는다.』 ^ (#cite_ref-15) 『우리나라는 푸른색을 숭상해 백성이 대부분 푸른 옷을 입는다. 남자는 겹옷과 장삼이 아니면 일찍이 이유없이 흰옷을 입지 않았고, 여자는 치마를 소중히 여기는데 더욱 흰색을 꺼려 붉은색과 남색 외에는 모두 푸른 치마를 둘렀다.』 References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Park, Seong-su. "백의민족 (白衣民族)" (https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0022280) [The White Clothed People]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture) (in Korean) . Retrieved 2023-09-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoh201127–28_2-0) Soh (2011) (#CITEREFSoh2011) , pp. 27–28. ^ (#cite_ref-Heidelberg_Springer_3-0) Zhang, Qizhi (2015). An introduction to Chinese history and culture . Heidelberg: Heidelberg Springer. pp. 272, 275. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-662-46482-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 909065833 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909065833) . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "[김동욱 기자의 세계사 속 경제사] 한민족이 백의민족이 될 수밖에 없었던 이유는?" (https://sgsg.hankyung.com/article/2022110464451) . 생글생글 (in Korean) . Retrieved 2023-10-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b 이, 주상 (2023-06-11). " (https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1007224548) '백의민족' 옷 색깔은?…"흰색 아닌 소색입니다" (https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1007224548) " (https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1007224548) . SBS News (in Korean) . Retrieved 2023-10-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) 김, 종성 (2011-03-11). "한민족은 '백의민족'? 원조는 따로 있습니다" (https://www.ohmynews.com/nws_web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001534806) . OhmyNews (/wiki/OhmyNews) (in Korean) . Retrieved 2023-10-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Lee, Yeseung (November 2022). "The white-clad people: The white hanbok and Korean nationalism" (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09213740221117811) . Cultural Dynamics . 34 (4): 271–296. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/09213740221117811 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09213740221117811) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0921-3740 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0921-3740) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 251363822 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251363822) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) 정, 종수 (2020-05-31). "[정종수의 풍속 엿보기] 왜 우리 민족을 백의민족이라 했나" (https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20200601030004) . Seoul Shinmun (/wiki/Seoul_Shinmun) (in Korean) . Retrieved 2023-10-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lee 2011 (#CITEREFLee2011) , p. 71. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoh201131–32_11-0) Soh (2011) (#CITEREFSoh2011) , pp. 31–32. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Horace Newton Allen (1889). Korean Tales: Being a Collection of Stories Translated from the Korean Folk Lore . G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 19–20. ^ Jump up to: a b Lee 2011 (#CITEREFLee2011) , p. 72. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201173_14-0) Lee 2011 (#CITEREFLee2011) , p. 73. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201537–38_16-0) Lee (2015) (#CITEREFLee2015) , pp. 37–38. ^ Jump up to: a b Lynn (2004) (#CITEREFLynn2004) , p. 78. ^ (#cite_ref-:03_18-0) Keene, Donald (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912 . Columbia University Press. p. 517. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 10.7312/keen12340 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/keen12340) . ^ Jump up to: a b Lynn (2004) (#CITEREFLynn2004) , p. 85. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn200479_20-0) Lynn (2004) (#CITEREFLynn2004) , p. 79. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho2010685_21-0) Cho (2010) (#CITEREFCho2010) , p. 685. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoh201129_22-0) Soh (2011) (#CITEREFSoh2011) , pp. 29. ^ Jump up to: a b Cho (2010) (#CITEREFCho2010) , pp. 688–689. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho2010690–692_24-0) Cho (2010) (#CITEREFCho2010) , pp. 690–692. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENam1990101_25-0) Nam (1990) (#CITEREFNam1990) , p. 101. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn200483_26-0) Lynn (2004) (#CITEREFLynn2004) , p. 83. ^ (#cite_ref-27) "국가등록문화재 색복 장려 깃발 (⾊服 奬勵 깃발) : 국가문화유산포털 - 문화재청" (https://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do?pageNo=1_1_1_0&ccbaKdcd=79&ccbaAsno=06150000&ccbaCtcd=31&ccbaCpno=4413106150000) . Cultural Heritage Administration (/wiki/Cultural_Heritage_Administration) (in Korean) . Retrieved 2024-02-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20118_28-0) Kim (2011) (#CITEREFKim2011) , p. 8. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENam1990103_29-0) Nam (1990) (#CITEREFNam1990) , p. 103. ^ Jump up to: a b Nam (1990) (#CITEREFNam1990) , p. 104. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho2010692–693_31-0) Cho (2010) (#CITEREFCho2010) , pp. 692–693. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho2010694_32-0) Cho (2010) (#CITEREFCho2010) , p. 694. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho2010695–696_33-0) Cho (2010) (#CITEREFCho2010) , pp. 695–696. ^ (#cite_ref-34) 정, 진석 (2015-07-20). "신문으로 보는 1945년 해방 前後의 한국" (http://monthly.chosun.com/client/news/viw.asp?ctcd=F&nNewsNumb=201508100021) [[70th Anniversary of the Liberation Special] Before and After Korea's 1945 Liberation, Seen Through Newspapers]. Monthly Chosun (/wiki/Monthly_Chosun) (in Korean) . Retrieved 2024-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Eichengreen, Barry; Perkins, Dwight H.; Shin, Kwanho (November 19, 2012). "From Miracle to Maturity: The Growth of the Korean Economy" (https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/miracle-maturity-growth-korean-economy) . www.hks.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2023-09-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Oh, Kongdan (June 14, 2010). "Korea's Path from Poverty to Philanthropy" (https://www.brookings.edu/articles/koreas-path-from-poverty-to-philanthropy/) . Brookings . Retrieved 2023-09-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201113–14_37-0) Kim (2011) (#CITEREFKim2011) , pp. 13–14. Sources [ edit ] In English [ edit ] Kim, Seokhee (2011). "Joseon in Color : "Colored Clothes Campaign" and the "White Clothes Discourse" (https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001552851) " (https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001552851) . The Review of Korean Studies . 14 (1): 7–34. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.25024/review.2011.14.1.001 (https://doi.org/10.25024%2Freview.2011.14.1.001) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1229-0076 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1229-0076) . Lee, Ihn-Bum (1 January 2011), "On the Debate about the Colour White", in Sasaki, Ken-ichi (ed.), Asian Aesthetics , NUS Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9971-69-500-2 Lee, Samuel Songhoon (2015-12-17). Hanbok: Timeless Fashion Tradition . Seoul Selection. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-62412-056-5 . Lynn, Hyung Gu (2004). "Fashioning Modernity: Changing Meanings of Clothing in Colonial Korea" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43107104) . Journal of International and Area Studies . 11 (3): 75–93. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1226-8550 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1226-8550) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 43107104 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43107104) . Nam, Yun-Suk (1990). "A study on the transitional process of clothes in modern Korean women" (https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO199020336526696.page) . Journal of the Korean Society of Costume . 14 : 99–117. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1229-6880 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1229-6880) . Soh, Hwang-Oak (2011). "The People of White Clothes(白衣民族) from Modern Perspectives" (https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201112961955676.page) . International Journal of Costume and Fashion . 11 (2): 25–36. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.7233/ijcf.2011.11.2.025 (https://doi.org/10.7233%2Fijcf.2011.11.2.025) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2233-9051 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2233-9051) . In Korean [ edit ] Cho, Heejin (2010). "Development and Change of Saekbokwha (Wearing Colored Clothes) Policy in Colonial Period" (https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001459866) . Korean Studies (in Korean) (16): 681–730. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.36093/ks.2010..16.022 (https://doi.org/10.36093%2Fks.2010..16.022) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1598-8082 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1598-8082) . 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Greek fashion designer Yiannis Evangelides (Greek: Γιάννης Ευαγγελίδης) was a Greek fashion designer. Evangelides was born in Cyprus (/wiki/Cyprus) and moved to Athens (/wiki/Athens) when he was 18. [ citation needed ] He married Vasso Kourtidi. [ citation needed ] Evangelides originally intended to become a pianist, but after designing dresses for his wife which she had made up by her dressmaker, he decided to go into fashion design. [1] (#cite_note-thn-1) Before World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) broke out in 1939, Evangelides was a couturier in Athens (/wiki/Athens) for 20 years. [1] (#cite_note-thn-1) [2] (#cite_note-sheppard-2) Among his clients was the future Queen of Greece (/wiki/List_of_Greek_royal_consorts) , Frederica of Hanover (/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover) , who Evangelides described in 1958 as his easiest, least demanding client. [3] (#cite_note-3) Frederica patronised Evangelides between 1938 and 1945. [4] (#cite_note-nan-4) His first New York show was held in January 1940, showing pleated gowns in blue and terracotta (/wiki/Terra_cotta_(color)) , with short decorative jackets and draped scarves directly referencing Greek folk costume. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 1951 Evangelides had returned to New York, where he planned to stay and establish himself as a designer, not just of couture, but of ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) for the wholesale (/wiki/Wholesale) market. [1] (#cite_note-thn-1) Alongside his twenty years' experience in high-end fashion design, he had also worked for five years as a designer for a wholesaler in Capetown, California (/wiki/Capetown,_California) . [1] (#cite_note-thn-1) In 1954 Evangelides became a designer for the custom salon at Bonwit Teller (/wiki/Bonwit_Teller) , where his dresses, presented alongside imported Paris gowns, were noted for their use of tucks and pleats. [2] (#cite_note-sheppard-2) In 1958, Evangelides owned a dress shop on East 57th Street, titled "Yanni". [4] (#cite_note-nan-4) He offered his first ready-to-wear collection in 1958. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Staff writer (26 June 1951). "Designers are Attracted to America" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3423104/the_hutchinson_news/) . The Hutchinson News . Retrieved 16 October 2015 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ a b Sheppard, Eugenia (/wiki/Eugenia_Sheppard) (16 March 1954). "Talented Greek Designing Here" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3423072/council_bluffs_nonpareil/) . Council Bluffs Nonpareil . Retrieved 16 October 2015 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Staff writer (30 October 1958). "Potpourri" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3423163/medford_mail_tribune/) . Medford Mail Tribune . Retrieved 16 October 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Robertson, Nan (21 October 1958). "Frederika of Greece Arrives Today With Wardrobe Fit for Queen; Sovereign Will Wear Clothes by Desses on Tour of U.S." (https://www.nytimes.com/1958/10/21/archives/frederika-of-greece-arrives-today-with-wardrobe-fit-for-queen.html) New York Times (subscription required) . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) New York reporter (31 January 1940). "Grecian Gowns seen in Unusual Showing" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19400131&id=PH8uAAAAIBAJ&sjid=75gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5198,5266125&hl=en) . The Montreal Gazette . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Staff writer (1 October 1958). "Silk Fabrics Star in Fall Fashions" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19581001&id=3WIvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VUgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7302,102067&hl=en) . The Deseret News . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Further reading Dimitris D, Lyberopoulos Greek Models 1900-2000, A Century of Creation , Athens 1999 This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yiannis_Evangelides&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐hqbbh Cached time: 20240713213618 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.310 seconds Real time usage: 0.505 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 919/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20100/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1621/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28238/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.210/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5191983/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 440.425 1 -total 33.26% 146.492 1 Template:Reflist 28.29% 124.586 6 Template:Cite_news 23.08% 101.665 1 Template:Short_description 17.84% 78.584 1 Template:Fashion-designer-stub 17.35% 76.415 1 Template:Asbox 12.85% 56.598 2 Template:Pagetype 12.53% 55.200 2 Template:Citation_needed 11.79% 51.911 1 Template:Authority_control 10.86% 47.813 2 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24508693-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713213618 and revision id 1221006935. 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Indonesian textile designer For the surname, see Obin (surname) (/wiki/Obin_(surname)) . Obin Born Josephine Werratie Komara 1955 (age 68–69) Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) Occupation(s) Textile and fashion designer Known for Batik (/wiki/Batik) and other traditional Indonesian textiles. Spouse Roni Siswandi (d.2013) Website http://www.binhouse.com (http://www.binhouse.com) Obin , real name Josephine Komara , is a textile designer (/wiki/Textile_design) from Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) She is sometimes called a "national treasure" due to her passion for and promotion of traditional Indonesian batik (/wiki/Batik) techniques. [2] (#cite_note-2) Her work has achieved worldwide recognition, with fellow Indonesian designers such as Edward Hutabarat (/w/index.php?title=Edward_Hutabarat&action=edit&redlink=1) (himself credited with the batik revival) and Ghea Panggabean describing her as the real authority and leader of the mid-2000s movement to update and modernise batik. [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) [3] (#cite_note-time-3) Despite this, Obin describes herself as simply a tukang kain , or vendor of cloth, stating that the genuine artists and designers are the craftsmen who make the textiles retailed through Bin House , her business. [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) [4] (#cite_note-hera-4) Personal life and education [ edit ] Born in Indonesia in 1955, Josephine Werratie Komara went to school in Hong Kong until she finished elementary school and then returned home, aged 14. [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) [3] (#cite_note-time-3) [5] (#cite_note-ceos-5) Until his death in 2013, Obin was married to an archaeologist (/wiki/Archaeologist) and anthropologist (/wiki/Anthropologist) named Roni Siswandi; they have one son, Erlangga (called 'Erlang'). [6] (#cite_note-wayan-6) [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) [4] (#cite_note-hera-4) She is a self-taught textile designer who has never formally studied the subject, but taught herself through collecting, handling and examining fabrics, and seeing them made. [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) Business history [ edit ] Obin started out in the 1970s, whilst Indonesia was a developing country, as a vendor of furnishing fabrics, selling raw silks (/wiki/Raw_silk) for lampshades and upholstery. [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) In the early 1980s she began to sell ikat (/wiki/Ikat) -woven textiles, including shirts, using her research and knowledge of traditional fabrics to promote local cloth industries. [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) [4] (#cite_note-hera-4) In 1985, while going over the antique batiks and textiles she had collected since the age of 17, Obin was inspired to explore the crafting techniques that had gone into them, and developed her own hand-weaving and printing methods to enable her to create her own original fabrics. [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) She also questioned why, despite her love for traditional textiles and cloths, there were no new patterns and designs. [4] (#cite_note-hera-4) Through combining brand new motifs with traditional weaving techniques and methods using softer threads to create fabrics that could be batiked, Obin created completely unique yet totally Indonesian fabrics that did not rely on imported cotton and chiffons. [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) [4] (#cite_note-hera-4) In 1986, Obin opened her first Bin House showroom in Menteng (/wiki/Menteng) , an upper class area of Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) . [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) In 1989 she opened her first boutique in Japan. [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) By 2001, in addition to several Japanese outlets, there were Bin House galleries in Bali and Singapore along with the Menteng establishment. [4] (#cite_note-hera-4) [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) There is also a retail outlet in the Netherlands. [8] (#cite_note-phm-8) By 2012, Obin employed over 1,000 artisan workers to completely hand-create her fabrics, many of whom had passed their skills down through the generations. [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) In addition to Japan, Singapore and Bali, Obin textiles are bought by traders and resold in Europe, Australia, the Middle East, and the United States, [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) where her work is more desirable than equivalent pieces from Vietnam or Thailand. [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) Due to their handcrafted nature, no two Obin pieces are identical. [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) Flight attendant uniforms for Garuda Indonesia designed in 2010 In 2010 Obin helped design uniforms made from traditional cloth for staff and cabin crew at Garuda (/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia) , the national airline of Indonesia. [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) Although the kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) -style blouse and skirt uniforms feature a traditional yet updated parang gondosuli batik design incorporating jasmine and garuda (/wiki/Garuda) wings, these are printed rather than authentic wax-resist batik in order to ensure uniformity. [9] (#cite_note-air-9) By 2012, Obin's batiks were compared to designer handbags (/wiki/It_Bag) , with her shawls being worn by fashionable women to cocktail parties. [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) Previously, batik had been considered a dark, heavy and old-fashioned fabric that was only worn by politicians and their wives to formal functions, [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) [10] (#cite_note-unesco-10) but due to the work of Obin and Edward Hutabarat, it had become a desirable and fashionable fabric. [1] (#cite_note-bruce-1) [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) Textile heritage [ edit ] Preserving the traditional skills and techniques of Indonesian textile production is extremely important to Obin, who describes the textiles produced under her name as "works of life", rather than works of art. [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) In some cases, exceptionally elaborate batiks can take up to a year and a half to complete, which means that the end product is expensive, but it is more important to Obin that her workers receive appropriate payment and appreciation of their skills. [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) Obin prefers to avoid cutting into her textiles, making them into sarongs (/wiki/Sarong) and shawls (/wiki/Shawl) so that their patterns are kept intact. [4] (#cite_note-hera-4) [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) Sometimes she asks buyers not to cut the fabrics, but instead to appreciate their craftsmanship, artistry and heritage techniques. [4] (#cite_note-hera-4) She has said "Batik is our heritage and we must preserve it." [3] (#cite_note-time-3) In October 2009, UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) recognised batik as an important part of Indonesia's heritage, naming it part of the world's "intangible cultural heritage". [10] (#cite_note-unesco-10) This designation was controversial with some Malaysians (/wiki/Malaysia) taking offence and claiming that batik (/wiki/Malaysian_batik) was as much part of their heritage as Indonesia's, although Indonesian designers such as Hutabarat, Obin and Sanchia Hamidjaja were cited as major players in the batik revival of a few years earlier, which combined contemporary updates with heritage technique. [10] (#cite_note-unesco-10) Museums [ edit ] Obin's textiles are held by the Powerhouse Museum (/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum) in Sydney, Australia, [8] (#cite_note-phm-8) and institutions in Amsterdam and Japan. [3] (#cite_note-time-3) In 2010, the Korea Foundation (/wiki/Korea_Foundation) hosted Wearable Art: Indonesian Batik Cloth , an exhibition of Bin House textiles, which was the first time that Korea had held such an exhibition. [11] (#cite_note-11) Museum Kain [ edit ] In a BBC interview in 2012, Obin stated her intention of opening a textile museum in Bali in 2013. [7] (#cite_note-bbc-7) Museum Kain (literally, "cloth museum") formally opened on 20 November 2013 in the Beachwalk shopping mall in Kuta (/wiki/Kuta) . [6] (#cite_note-wayan-6) At the opening ceremony, Obin paid tribute to her late husband, whose idea the museum had been, and to her son, Erlang, who, after his father's death, took control to ensure that the plan went ahead. [6] (#cite_note-wayan-6) [12] (#cite_note-wayan2-12) The museum, which is the first of its kind on the island, [6] (#cite_note-wayan-6) is also the first museum in Indonesia to use the latest digital technology such as touchscreens (/wiki/Touchscreen) as a way of presenting an authentic collection. [12] (#cite_note-wayan2-12) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Emond, Bruce (20 August 2010). "Obin the Original" (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/31/obin-original.html) . Jakarta Post Weekender . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Josephine 'Obin' Komara" (http://tedxjaksel.com/speaker/josephine-komara/) . TEDxJakSel . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Tedjasukmana, Jason (20 September 2007). "Restoring Color to the Art of Batik: Fabric of Life" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101205194202/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1663641,00.html) . TIME Magazine . Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1663641,00.html) on 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Diani, Hera (14 October 2001). "Cloth is all that counts for Obin" (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/10/14/cloth-all-counts-obin.html) . Jakarta Post . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-ceos_5-0) "100 Next CEOs in Asia 2010: Josephine Werratie Komara" (http://www.japantimes.co.jp/info/100-next-era-ceos/2010/contents/018.html) . The Japan Times . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Juniarta, Wayan (21 November 2013). "Bin House opens high-tech batik museum" (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/11/21/bin-house-opens-high-tech-batik-museum.html) . Jakarta Post . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Budisatrijo, Alice (26 September 2012). "Indonesian entrepreneur who made batik chic" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19567545) . BBC News . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Powerhouse Museum. "Selendang (shoulder cloth) from Java" (http://from.ph/344464) . Powerhouse Museum, Australia . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-air_9-0) Indriasari, Lusiana; Yulia Sapthiani (26 September 2010). "Terbang Bersama Kebaya" (http://female.kompas.com/read/xml/2010/09/26/11502730/terbang.bersama.kebaya) (in Indonesian). Female Kompas.com . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Schonhardt, Sara (14 October 2009). "Battle for Batik: A controversial UNESCO designation, Malaysian pride and young Indonesian designers breathe new life -- and old arguments -- into a traditional fabric" (http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/shop/battle-batik-621293) . CNN News . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Go-woon, Choi (May 2010). "Batik of Indonesia Perfected with Technique and Time Wearable Art: Indonesian Batik Cloth Exhibition" (http://newsletter.kf.or.kr/english/contents.asp?vol=140&lang=English&no=1806) . The Korea Foundation Newsletter . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Juniartha, Wayan (8 December 2013). "Museum Kain: The legacy of love" (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/12/08/museum-kain-the-legacy-love.html) . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . 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Manufacturer of coats and other clothes This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/London_Fog_(company)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "London Fog" company (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22London+Fog%22+company) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22London+Fog%22+company+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22London+Fog%22+company&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22London+Fog%22+company+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22London+Fog%22+company) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22London+Fog%22+company&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) London Fog Company type Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary) Industry Textile (/wiki/Textile_industry) Founded 1923 ; 101 years ago ( 1923 ) Founder Israel Myers Headquarters Eldersburg, Maryland (/wiki/Eldersburg,_Maryland) , US Products Trench coats (/wiki/Trench_coat) , raincoats (/wiki/Raincoat) , jackets (/wiki/Jacket) , parkas (/wiki/Parka) , handbags (/wiki/Handbag) , umbrellas (/wiki/Umbrella) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Iconix Brand Group (/wiki/Iconix_Brand_Group) , Herman Kay Company (/w/index.php?title=Herman_Kay_Company&action=edit&redlink=1) Website londonfog.com (https://www.londonfog.com/) London Fog is an American manufacturer (/wiki/Manufacturer) of coats (/wiki/Coat) and other apparel (/wiki/Clothing) . The company was founded in 1922 as the Londontown clothing company by Israel Myers. [1] (#cite_note-1) Products manufactured by London Fog include trench coats (/wiki/Trench_coat) , raincoats (/wiki/Raincoat) , jackets (/wiki/Jacket) , and parkas (/wiki/Parka) . Accessories include handbags (/wiki/Handbag) and umbrellas (/wiki/Umbrella) . History [ edit ] During World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) the company was known for making waterproof (/wiki/Waterproof) clothing for the United States Navy (/wiki/United_States_Navy) . Following the war the company partnered with DuPont (/wiki/DuPont) to make material for use in raincoats (/wiki/Raincoat) . These coats, which were the first to have a patented removable liner, were sold in Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania) , where they became very popular. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Myers started experimenting with different fabrics in 1951, working with blends of cotton and polyester to help make a waterproof fabric. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) London Fog introduced its first Maincoat and was found/sold in Saks Fifth Avenue in 1954, being one of the first companies to sell the raincoats and trench coats. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The coat originally sold for $29.95, and named as a "Maincoat" by Myers so it could be worn all year around. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) The company went public in the 1960s. By the 1970s the company had its own stores and was manufacturing not only raincoats but also other types of clothes and accessories. At the time two-thirds of all raincoats sold in the United States (/wiki/United_States) were London Fog. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) London Fog expanded internationally during the 1990s selling in places like the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) and China (/wiki/China) . [ citation needed ] By 1976, Interco bought London Fog, then in a Wall Street take over, they leveraged a buyout that then pushed the company into bankruptcy in 1991. Ultimately the company was renamed to London Fog Inc., [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The original location of the London Fog Factory (/wiki/Londontown_Manufacturing_Company,_Inc.) was in the Meadow Mill (/wiki/Meadow_Mill) area of Baltimore (/wiki/Baltimore) , Maryland (/wiki/Maryland) . The company headquarters was moved to Eldersburg, Maryland (/wiki/Eldersburg,_Maryland) , on Londontown Boulevard in 1976. [4] (#cite_note-4) The Meadow Mill factory continued to make London Fog raincoats until 1989. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) In 1994, the company briefly left Eldersburg for Darien, Connecticut (/wiki/Darien,_Connecticut) , but returned after less than a year. [7] (#cite_note-7) London Fog had to file for bankruptcy protection in the fall of 1999, they also had to close over 100 stores. [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) In 2000, most of London Fog's offices moved to Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) , Washington (/wiki/Washington_(state)) , although the distribution center in Eldersburg remained in operation until 2002. [9] (#cite_note-9) London Fog Industries, was set to emerge from bankruptcy after shedding more than $100 million in debt in 2001. [10] (#cite_note-10) [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) In 2006, London Fog [ vague ] was acquired by Iconix Brand Group (/wiki/Iconix_Brand_Group) , selling the outerwear division to Herman Kay Company. [11] (#cite_note-11) Iconix Brand Group agreed to purchase the London Fog name for $30.5 million (cash) with an additional $7 million in stock. [12] (#cite_note-:3-12) At the time, executive vice president David Conn of Iconix (/wiki/Iconix_Brand_Group) had plans to market London Fog alongside Coach (/wiki/Coach_New_York) and Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) . [12] (#cite_note-:3-12) In popular culture [ edit ] London Fog appears as a client of the fictional advertising agency, Sterling Cooper, in the season 3 premiere of (/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_3)) Mad Men . In August 2010, Mad Men castmember Christina Hendricks (/wiki/Christina_Hendricks) was contracted as the new celebrity model for London Fog. [13] (#cite_note-13) Further reading [ edit ] "London Fog". International Directory of Company Histories . Vol. 29. St. James Press. 1999. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781558623880 – via Funding Universe. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "London Fog preparing to emerge from bankruptcy" (https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2001-04-11-0104110098-story.html) . Baltimore Sun . 11 April 2001 . Retrieved 2023-03-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hansell, Saul (1999-12-31). "Israel Myers Is Dead at 93; Originated London Fog Coat" (https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/31/business/israel-myers-is-dead-at-93-originated-london-fog-coat.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-03-14 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Influential Images: London Fog Raincoats" (https://truthplus.wordpress.com/2011/08/26/influential-images-london-fog-raincoats/) . Truth Plus . 2011-08-26 . Retrieved 2023-03-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "London Fog to move headquarters from Eldersburg to Conn" (http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-01-27/business/1994027169_1_london-fog-eldersburg-corporate-headquarters) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/wm13RWM_Londontown_Manufacturing_Company_Inc_Baltimore_MD (https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/wm13RWM_Londontown_Manufacturing_Company_Inc_Baltimore_MD) . Retrieved 14 November 2023 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Dennies, Nathan. "Meadow Mill" (https://explore.baltimoreheritage.org/items/show/395?tour=21&index=3) . Explore Baltimore Heritage . Retrieved 14 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Chapter 11 for London Fog; Famed manufacturer of rainwear plans to restructure its debt; Eldersburg HQ to stay open; 115 stores to close of 140, after disastrous emphasis on retailing" (http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-09-28/news/9909280183_1_eldersburg-london-fog-filing-for-bankruptcy) . ^ Jump up to: a b "London Fog preparing to emerge from bankruptcy" (https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2001-04-11-0104110098-story.html) . Baltimore Sun . 11 April 2001 . Retrieved 2023-03-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "London Fog to shut center, cut 150 jobs" (http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-05-18/business/0205180275_1_london-fog-distribution-center-close) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "COMPANY NEWS; LONDON FOG TO EMERGE FROM BANKRUPTCY, LAWYER SAYS" (https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/11/business/company-news-london-fog-to-emerge-from-bankruptcy-lawyer-says.html) . The New York Times . 11 April 2001 . Retrieved 2023-03-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "London Fog Brand Sold To Iconix" (https://www.forbes.com/2006/08/21/iconix-london-fog-0821markets13.html) . Forbes . Retrieved 2023-03-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b "London Fog Brand Sold To Iconix" (https://www.forbes.com/2006/08/21/iconix-london-fog-0821markets13.html) . Forbes . Retrieved 2023-03-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Christina Hendricks Named Celebrity Spokesmodel for London Fog" (http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2010/08/25/christina-hendricks-named-celebrity-spokesmodel-london-fog/) FoxNews.com, 25 Aug 2010. External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.londonfog.com/) v t e Iconix Brand Group (/wiki/Iconix_Brand_Group) Brands Current Candie's (/wiki/Candie%27s) Cannon (/wiki/Cannon_Mills) Ed Hardy (/wiki/Don_Ed_Hardy) Ecko Unltd. (/wiki/Ecko_Unltd.) Joe Boxer (/wiki/Joe_Boxer) Lee Cooper (/wiki/Lee_Cooper) London Fog Material Girl (/wiki/Madonna_fashion_brands) Mossimo (/wiki/Mossimo) Mudd (/wiki/Mudd_Jeans) Ocean Pacific (/wiki/Ocean_Pacific) Pony (/wiki/Pony_International) Rocawear (/wiki/Rocawear) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Zoo York (/wiki/Zoo_York_(company)) Former Peanuts (/wiki/Peanuts) Pillowtex (/wiki/Pillowtex_Corporation) Strawberry Shortcake (/wiki/Strawberry_Shortcake) Truth or Dare (/wiki/Truth_or_Dare_by_Madonna) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐7q9r2 Cached time: 20240713193226 Cache expiry: 1571255 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.470 seconds Real time usage: 0.592 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2326/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 52592/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2842/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 59198/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.303/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7433296/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 522.534 1 -total 18.91% 98.816 1 Template:Cite_book 17.52% 91.553 1 Template:Infobox_company 15.57% 81.345 1 Template:Infobox 15.07% 78.765 1 Template:Iconix_Brand_Group 14.99% 78.321 2 Template:Navbox 14.08% 73.571 1 Template:Reflist 13.37% 69.859 1 Template:Short_description 12.85% 67.147 1 Template:More_citations_needed 11.75% 61.423 1 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14979962-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713193226 and revision id 1221812317. 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Industry that manufactures and distributes cosmetic products Cosmetics at department store Farmers (/wiki/Farmers_Trading_Company) Centre Place (/wiki/Centre_Place) in Hamilton, New Zealand (/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand) The cosmetic industry describes the industry that manufactures and distributes cosmetic products. These include colour cosmetics, like foundation and mascara, skincare such as moisturisers and cleansers, haircare such as shampoos, conditioners and hair colours, and toiletries such as bubble bath and soap. The manufacturing industry is dominated by a small number of multinational corporations (/wiki/Multinational_corporation) that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sale of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of different businesses. Cosmetics must be safe when customers use them in accordance with the label's instructions or in the conventional or expected manner. One measure a producer may take to guarantee the safety of a cosmetic product is product testing. FDA occasionally does testing as part of its research program or when looking into potential safety issues with a product. Both the cosmetics business and consumers can benefit from the FDA's resources on product testing. The largest cosmetic companies are L'Oreal (/wiki/L%27Oreal) , Estée Lauder (/wiki/The_Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) , Coty (/wiki/Coty) , Nivea (/wiki/Nivea) , Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) and Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The market volume (/wiki/Market_volume) of the cosmetics industry in Europe and the United States is about EUR €70 billion per year, according to a 2005 publication. [2] (#cite_note-Ullmann-2) The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of US$170 billion (according to Eurostaf – May 2007). Europe is the leading market, representing approximately €63 billion [ as of? ] . By region [ edit ] Americas [ edit ] United States [ edit ] Within the United States, the state of California has the largest concentration of beauty establishments in America at 25.5%, followed by New Jersey at 8.1% of American beauty establishments. [3] (#cite_note-Industry_Research_Reports-3) Since 2016, the number of cosmetic stores rises between 3 and 4% each year and employment in this division is rising each year 13-16%. [ citation needed ] California has the largest concentration due to social media marketing from celebrities and ‘beauty gurus’. For example, Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) 's company Kylie Cosmetics (/wiki/Kylie_Cosmetics) , is valued at $800 million and sold an estimated $330 million worth of makeup in 2017. YouTube and social media influencers Jeffree Star (/wiki/Jeffree_Star) (Jeffree Star Cosmetics), and Michelle Phan (/wiki/Michelle_Phan) (Ipsy), and pop-star Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) with her Fenty Beauty (/wiki/Fenty_Beauty) line of cosmetics, have also contributed to California's rising popularity in the beauty industry. [ citation needed ] Because the US dollar is so valuable to other countries around the world, it has become extremely expensive for most countries to import American beauty products and to export their own products to America. However, there are a few countries with beauty products that are in popular demand in America due to their quality and value including France, Canada, Italy, and the United Kingdom. As of 2018, “These four countries account for 45.2% of all industry imports as domestic consumers demand luxury products”. [3] (#cite_note-Industry_Research_Reports-3) South Korean and Japanese skincare products which are designed to be more gentle and innovative, are also becoming more popularized in the United States due to their quality and affordability. The U.S. has held the same regulation over this industry since 1938 under the FD&C Act, which has gained additional amendments over time. [4] (#cite_note-4) Canada [ edit ] Canada is a big influencer in the American beauty industry due to its proximity to the United States and because it falls under the North American Free Trade Agreement (/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement) (NAFTA). This agreement “eliminates most tariffs on products traded between Canada, Mexico, and the United States," [5] (#cite_note-5) and allows Canada to trade superfluously. Canada accounts for an estimated 13.6% of imports and 19.9% of cosmetic exports in 2018. [3] (#cite_note-Industry_Research_Reports-3) [ citation needed ] Because Mexico also benefits from the NAFTA trade agreement, they represent another top cosmetic importer and exporter for lower-priced beauty products which are manufactured in mass and sold in large drug store chains in America. [ citation needed ] Europe [ edit ] France [ edit ] Cosmetic sales in France (/wiki/France) reached €6.5 billion in 2006, according to FIPAR (Fédération des Industries de la Parfumerie – the French federation for the perfume industry). [6] (#cite_note-6) France is another country in which the cosmetic industry plays an important role, both nationally and internationally. Most products with a label, " Made in France (/wiki/Made_in_France) " are valued on the international market. According to data from 2008, the cosmetic industry has grown constantly in France for 40 consecutive years. Famous cosmetic brands produced in France include Vichy, Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , Yves Rocher (/wiki/Yves_Rocher) , Bioderma (/wiki/Bioderma) and L'Oreal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) . L'Oreal is known for its mass production of hair and makeup products which are produced in mass and sold in drug stores in America as well as internationally. L'Oreal has gained popularity especially due to its app Makeup Genius which allows users to try on makeup using their phone camera in addition to working with Los Angeles-based NYX Cosmetics (/wiki/NYX_Cosmetics) and Estee Lauder's MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) , L'Oreal is one of the leading cosmetic brands in the United States. According to the company's latest financial report of 2017, North America accounted for 13.6% of the company's global cosmetic sales. [7] (#cite_note-Cosmetic_Industry-7) Cosmetics at Life Pharmacy (/wiki/Pharmacybrands#Life_Pharmacy) at Westfield Albany (/wiki/Westfield_Albany) on the North Shore (/wiki/North_Shore_City) of Auckland (/wiki/Auckland) , New Zealand Germany [ edit ] In Germany (/wiki/Germany) , the cosmetic industry generated €12.6 billion of retail sales (/wiki/Retail_sales#Retail_Sales) in 2008, [7] (#cite_note-Cosmetic_Industry-7) which, at the time, made the German cosmetic industry the third largest in the world after Japan and the United States. It has been shown that Germany's cosmetic industry grew nearly 5 percent in one year, from 2007 to 2008. German exports (/wiki/Exports) in this industry reached €5.8 billion in 2008, whereas imports of cosmetics totaled €3 billion. [7] (#cite_note-Cosmetic_Industry-7) Germany gains most of its imported cosmetics from France, Switzerland, the United States and Italy. [ citation needed ] Italy [ edit ] Further information: Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) Belarus [ edit ] The Belarusian cosmetics market consists of Belarusian companies. There are more than 20 cosmetic companies in Belarus - Belita, Vitex, Lux Visage, Mastige, Modum, Rekish Cosmetics. The volume of the cosmetic market is more than 300 million euros per year. [ citation needed ] Asia [ edit ] See also: Cosmetics in South Korea (/wiki/Cosmetics_in_South_Korea) The cosmetic industry in Asia is mainly dominated by regional cosmetic brands. Shiseido Co. LTD, A popular cosmetic brand based in Japan, has 82.1% of its sales in Asia. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) No other Western company in the top 10 match these kinds of regional sales. Furthermore, geographic dispersion of sales by Asian cosmetic companies in Asia accounted for 92.42% of sales, while geographic dispersion of assets of Asian cosmetic companies in Asia was 87.05%. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Western cosmetic companies often have failed to gain footholds in various countries. For example, in Japan, many advertisement campaigns that find success in the West, such as celebrity appearances and references to science, did not sway a sample group of respondents to purchase the foreign brands. [9] (#cite_note-9) However, despite the lack of Western cosmetic presence, the growing trend of “fair skin”, or whiting one's skin, can expose consumers skin to harmful chemicals when using “fairness creams”. [10] (#cite_note-10) Due to recent significant economic growth in many Asian markets, regulation pertaining to chemicals in cosmetic products has been lacking. SK-II, a cosmetic product owned by P&G, was found to contain banned heavy metals in China in 2006. [11] (#cite_note-11) Another study found that women who had recently moved to Vancouver, Canada from East and South Asia had higher levels of lead in their blood than South and East Asian immigrants who had been living in Canada for longer. [12] (#cite_note-12) One of sources of lead was determined to be some facial powders marketed in various regions of Asia. [13] (#cite_note-13) Fashion designer collaboration [ edit ] Due to the popularity of cosmetics, especially fragrances (/wiki/Fragrance) and perfumes (/wiki/Perfume) , many designers who are not necessarily involved in the cosmetic industry came up with different perfumes carrying their names. Moreover, some actors (/wiki/Actors) and singers (/wiki/Singers) have their own perfume line (such as Celine Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) ). Designer perfumes are, like any other designer products, the most expensive in the industry as the consumer pays not only for the product but also for the brand. [ citation needed ] Marketing [ edit ] The cosmetic industry worldwide seems to be continuously developing, now more than ever with the advent of the Internet companies. Many famous companies sell their cosmetic products online also, in countries in which they do not have representatives. Research on the email marketing (/wiki/Email_marketing) of cosmetics to consumers suggests they are goal-oriented with email content that is seen as useful, motivating recipients to visit a store to test the cosmetics or talk to sales representatives. Useful content included special sales offerings and new product information rather than information about makeup trends. [14] (#cite_note-14) Controversies [ edit ] Colorism [ edit ] Many companies advertise white or light skin as not only a cosmetic change, but a lifestyle change. White beauty implies a lifestyle of “sophistication, beauty, power, and wealth.” Mass advertising and marketing from the US and Europe, as well as multiple mass media forms are used to reach other cultures to influence their purchasing habits. Many of the skin lightening (/wiki/Skin-lightening) products sold usually have celebrity endorsements, further increasing sales and the desire for lighter skin. These products can cause serious damage to skin and pose a health risk to the consumer. [15] (#cite_note-15) In a study done by S. S. Agrawal and Pallavi Sharma on eleven skin lightening products sold in India, it was found that “ mercury (/wiki/Mercury_(element)) was detected in all the samples of the skin lightening creams in the range of 0.14–0.36 ppm.” This study also observed that none of the brands tested include mercury as an ingredient on the packaging, which may mislead consumers regarding health risks. In a report by the World Health Organization (/wiki/World_Health_Organization) , it was stated that “skin whitening products can cause leukemia, liver and kidney cancer and could also result in severe skin conditions.” [16] (#cite_note-16) Though these health risks exist, women of color in many parts of the world are purchasing skin lightening creams. Choma and Prusaczyk's survey of women of color in the US and India “show[s] that chronic surveillance of skin tone predicts skin tone dissatisfaction and skin bleaching.” Some companies in the cosmetic industry have capitalized off of the cultural pressure and standards for having lighter skin. This study concluded that “skin bleaching is not merely a physical or aesthetic change, but one with potentially wide-ranging implications on psychological well-being and, more broadly, the perpetuation of racist ideologies and beauty standards.” [17] (#cite_note-17) Impact on environment [ edit ] Some components found in cosmetics, as well as their production, have been found to have negative environmental impact. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) For example, Palm oil (/wiki/Palm_oil) is found in lipstick, and shampoo. Palm oil is connected to the destruction of forests and habitats of endangered species, including orangutans, tigers, elephants, and rhinos. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Animal testing [ edit ] Main articles: Testing cosmetics on animals (/wiki/Testing_cosmetics_on_animals) and Cruelty-free cosmetics (/wiki/Cruelty-free_cosmetics) Animal testing (/wiki/Animal_testing) has been a large controversy in the cosmetic industry. Animal tests performed include the Draize eye irritancy test (/wiki/Draize_test) , where test chemicals are applied to rabbits’ eyes and left on for several days, [24] (#cite_note-:02-24) and toxicity tests such as LD50 (/wiki/LD50) , where a substance's toxicity is tested by determining the concentration at which it will kill 50% of the test animals. [25] (#cite_note-25) Due to public outcry as well as financial and temporal considerations, animal testing in cosmetics has steadily been decreasing over time and replaced with non-animal tests. [26] (#cite_note-:1-26) One of these non-animal tests is the Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) ’s ToxCast which has a similar accuracy compared to animal tests but achieves results with fewer economic costs and less time. [26] (#cite_note-:1-26) An EU ban of marketing cosmetic products which have been tested on animals became effective in 2013. [27] (#cite_note-:2-27) There are a few exceptions to this law. Animal testing data for cosmetics can be used if the data for the ingredient used in the cosmetic originated from testing for non-cosmetic products. [27] (#cite_note-:2-27) Secondly, if a country outside of the EU requires animal testing and the cosmetic product was tested in that country, the ban also does not apply. [27] (#cite_note-:2-27) Cosmetic tests on animals are still legal in several countries, such as the US, Japan, Russia, [26] (#cite_note-:1-26) and China. There are a number of cosmetics companies that claim they are “cruelty-free,” such as Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) , Aveda (/wiki/Aveda) , ELF (/wiki/Elf_(cosmetics)) , and Milani, [28] (#cite_note-28) but some argue that because the label of “cruelty-free” both lacks regulation and standardized third-party certification, it has little real weight. [24] (#cite_note-:02-24) Brands that claim to be cruelty free often advertize this with a logo of a rabbit on their products. In some cases, cosmetic testing is done on humans, which also leads to a related discussion of best practices and ethics. [29] (#cite_note-29) Labor rights and body politics [ edit ] A number of studies have focused on social issues such as labor rights (/wiki/Labor_rights) and sociology of the body (/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body) . [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-Lan_2003_21–45-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) Research has found that some retail stores have discriminatory hiring practices and prefer to hire class-privileged workers to promote their upscale image. [31] (#cite_note-Lan_2003_21–45-31) See also [ edit ] Animal–industrial complex (/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex) Beauty salon (/wiki/Beauty_salon) Beauty store (/wiki/Beauty_store) Cosmetics policy (/wiki/Cosmetics_policy) Wildlife smuggling (/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Top 10 Cosmetic Companies in the World: The List" (https://www.cosmeticassociation.org/top-10-cosmetic-companies-in-the-world-the-list/) . American Cosmetic Association . 2023 . Retrieved 5 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ullmann_2-0) Schneider, Günther; Gohla, Sven; Schreiber, Jörg; Kaden, Waltraud; Schönrock, Uwe; Schmidt-Lewerkühne, Hartmut; Kuschel, Annegret; Petsitis, Xenia; Pape, Wolfgang; Ippen, Hellmut; Diembeck, Walter (2001). "Skin Cosmetics". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1002/14356007.a24_219 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a24_219) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-527-30673-0 . ^ a b c "Industry Research Reports" (https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/) . www.ibisworld.com.au . Retrieved 2019-03-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Salvador, Amparo; Chisvert, Alberto (2017). Analysis of Cosmetic Products . Elsevier. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-444-63516-7 . [ page needed ] ^ (#cite_ref-5) "NAFTA's Economic Impact" (https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/naftas-economic-impact) . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 2019-03-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "France continues to lead the way in cosmetics" (http://www.clickpress.com/releases/Detailed/82987005cp.shtml) . Retrieved 2010-08-04 . ^ a b c "Cosmetic Industry" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100908122058/http://www.german-business-portal.info/GBP/Navigation/en/Business-Location/Manufacturing%20Industries/cosmetics-industry%2Cdid%3D326082.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.german-business-portal.info/GBP/Navigation/en/Business-Location/Manufacturing%20Industries/cosmetics-industry,did=326082.html) on 2010-09-08 . Retrieved 2010-08-04 . ^ a b Oh, Chang Hoon; Rugman, Alan M. (April 2006). "Regional Sales of Multinationals in the World Cosmetics Industry" (http://kelley.iu.edu/riharbau/RePEc/iuk/wpaper/bepp2006-20-oh-rugman.pdf) (PDF) . European Management Journal . 24 (2–3): 163–173. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.emj.2006.03.006 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.emj.2006.03.006) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Barnes, Bradley; Yamamoto, Maki (28 April 2008). "Exploring international cosmetics advertising in Japan". Journal of Marketing Management . 24 (3–4): 299–316. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1362/026725708X306112 (https://doi.org/10.1362%2F026725708X306112) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 167830492 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167830492) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Shankar, P. Ravi; Giri, Bishnu Rath; Palaian, Subish (25 July 2006). "Fairness Creams in South Asia—A Case of Disease Mongering?" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1518681) . PLOS Medicine . 3 (7): e315. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030315 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030315) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 1518681 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1518681) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 16848620 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16848620) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Tai, Susan H. C. (June 2008). "Beauty and the Beast: The Brand Crisis of SK-II Cosmetics in China". Asian Case Research Journal . 12 (1): 57–71. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1142/S0218927508001023 (https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0218927508001023) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Dix-Cooper, Linda; Kosatsky, Tom (April 2018). "Blood mercury, lead and cadmium levels and determinants of exposure among newcomer South and East Asian women of reproductive age living in Vancouver, Canada" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2017.11.126) . Science of the Total Environment . 619–620: 1409–1419. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018ScTEn.619.1409D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ScTEn.619.1409D) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.126 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2017.11.126) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29734617 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29734617) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Iqbal, MP (January 2012). "Lead pollution - a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in Asian developing countries". Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (/wiki/Pakistan_Journal_of_Pharmaceutical_Sciences) . 25 (1): 289–294. PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 22186343 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22186343) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Martin, Brett A. S.; Van Durme, Joël; Raulas, Mika; Merisavo, Marko (September 2003). "Email Advertising: Exploratory Insights from Finland". Journal of Advertising Research . 43 (3): 293–300. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/s0021849903030265 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021849903030265) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Hunter, Margaret L. (1 June 2011). "Buying racial capital: skin-bleaching and cosmetic surgery in a globalized world" (https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol4no4/HUNTER%20Final.pdf) (PDF) . Journal of Pan African Studies . 4 (4): 142–165. Gale (/wiki/Gale_(identifier)) A306514739 (https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA306514739) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Agrawal, S.S.; Sharma, Pallavi (March 2017). "Current status of mercury level in skin whitening creams". Current Medicine Research and Practice . 7 (2): 47–50. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.cmrp.2017.02.001 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cmrp.2017.02.001) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Harper, Kathryn; Choma, Becky L. (June 2019). "Internalised White Ideal, Skin Tone Surveillance, and Hair Surveillance Predict Skin and Hair Dissatisfaction and Skin Bleaching among African American and Indian Women". Sex Roles . 80 (11–12): 735–744. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11199-018-0966-9 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11199-018-0966-9) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 150156045 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150156045) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Dhanirama, Danelle; Gronow, Jan; Voulvoulis, Nikolaos (2012-07-01). "Cosmetics as a potential source of environmental contamination in the UK" (https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.640353) . Environmental Technology . 33 (14): 1597–1608. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2012EnvTe..33.1597D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EnvTe..33.1597D) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/09593330.2011.640353 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09593330.2011.640353) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0959-3330 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3330) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 22988620 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22988620) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 19751576 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19751576) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Csorba, Luiela Magdalena; Boglea, Vanina Adoriana (2011-02-15). "Sustainable cosmetics: a major instrument in protecting the consumer's interest" (https://journal.ke.hu/index.php/rbs/article/view/455) . Regional and Business Studies . 3 (1 Suppl): 167–176. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2732-2726 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2732-2726) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Guerranti, C.; Martellini, T.; Perra, G.; Scopetani, C.; Cincinelli, A. (2019-05-01). "Microplastics in cosmetics: Environmental issues and needs for global bans" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1382668918305635) . Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology . 68 : 75–79. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019EnvTP..68...75G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnvTP..68...75G) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.007 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.etap.2019.03.007) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1382-6689 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1382-6689) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30877953 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30877953) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 81977316 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81977316) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Prothero, Andrea; McDonagh, Pierre (1992-04-01). "Producing Environmentally Acceptable Cosmetics? The Impact of Environmentalism on the United Kingdom Cosmetics and Toiletries Industry" (https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.1992.9964186) . Journal of Marketing Management . 8 (2): 147–166. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/0267257X.1992.9964186 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0267257X.1992.9964186) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0267-257X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0267-257X) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Products containing palm oil (https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/which-everyday-products-contain-palm-oil) ^ (#cite_ref-23) Tullis, Paul (19 February 2019). "How the world got hooked on palm oil" (https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/19/palm-oil-ingredient-biscuits-shampoo-environmental) . The Guardian . ^ a b Winders, Delcianna J (April 2006). "Combining Reflexive Law and False Advertising Law to Standardize 'Cruelty-Free' Labeling of Cosmetics" (https://www.nyulawreview.org/issues/volume-81-number-1/combining-reflexive-law-and-false-advertising-law-to-standardize-cruelty-free-labeling-of-cosmetics/) . NYU Law Review . 81 (1). ^ (#cite_ref-25) Rowan, Andrew (1 January 1983). "The LD50--The Beginning of the End" (https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/acwp_arte/32/) . Experimentation Collection . ^ a b c Rowan, Andrew N. (October 2015). "Ending the Use of Animals in Toxicity Testing and Risk Evaluation". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics . 24 (4): 448–458. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/S0963180115000109 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0963180115000109) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 26364779 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26364779) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 5720148 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5720148) . ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 1711663923 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/1711663923) . ^ a b c Fischer, Kristian (December 2015). "Animal Testing and Marketing Bans of the EU Cosmetics Legislation". European Journal of Risk Regulation . 6 (4): 613–621. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/S1867299X00005158 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1867299X00005158) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 168066036 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:168066036) . ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 1752184361 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/1752184361) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "These Companies DON'T Test on Animals" (https://www.peta.org/living/personal-care-fashion/these-companies-dont-test-on-animals/) . PETA . January 13, 2016 . Retrieved March 25, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Pauwels, M.; Rogiers, V. (2004-06-15). "Safety evaluation of cosmetics in the EU: Reality and challenges for the toxicologist" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037842740400089X) . Toxicology Letters . 151 (1): 7–17. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.01.026 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.toxlet.2004.01.026) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0378-4274 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-4274) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 15177635 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15177635) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Baldoz, Rick; Koeber, Charles (2009). The Critical Study of Work: Labor, Technology, and Global Production . Temple University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59213-809-8 . ^ a b Lan, Pei-Chia (2003). "Working in a Neon Cage: Bodily Labor of Cosmetics Saleswomen in Taiwan" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178467) . Feminist Studies . 29 (1): 21–45. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0046-3663 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0046-3663) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 3178467 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178467) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Otis, Eileen (2016-02-01). "China's Beauty Proletariat: The Body Politics of Hegemony in a Walmart Cosmetics Department" (https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-3320089) . Positions: Asia Critique . 24 (1): 155–177. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1215/10679847-3320089 (https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10679847-3320089) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1067-9847 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1067-9847) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 147443582 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147443582) . Further reading [ edit ] Winter, Ruth (2005) [2005]. A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients in Cosmetics (Paperback) . US: Three Rivers Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-4000-5233-5 . Begoun, Paula (2003) [2003]. Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me(Paperback) . US: Beginning Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-877988-30-8 . Carrasco, Francisco (2009) [2009]. Diccionario de Ingredientes Cosmeticos(Paperback) (in Spanish). Spain: www.imagenpersonal.net. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-84-613-4979-1 . Etcoff, Nancy L.; Stock, Shannon; Haley, Lauren E.; Vickery, Sarah A.; House, David M. (2011). "Cosmetics as a Feature of the Extended Human Phenotype: Modulation of the Perception of Biologically Important Facial Signals" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185017) . PLOS ONE . 6 (10): e25656. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2011PLoSO...625656E (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...625656E) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1371/journal.pone.0025656 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0025656) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 3185017 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185017) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 21991328 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21991328) . Louis, Catherine Saint (12 October 2011). "Up the Career Ladder, Lipstick In Hand" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/13/fashion/makeup-makes-women-appear-more-competent-study.html) . The New York Times . v t e Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Face Anti-aging cream (/wiki/Anti-aging_cream) BB cream (/wiki/BB_cream) Botulinum toxin (Botox) (/wiki/Botulinum_toxin) CC cream (/wiki/CC_cream) Concealer (/wiki/Concealer) Cotton pad (/wiki/Cotton_pad) Cleanser (/wiki/Cleanser) DD cream (/wiki/DD_cream) Facial (/wiki/Facial) Facial toning (/wiki/Facial_toning) Foundation (/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)) Highlighter (/wiki/Highlighter_(cosmetics)) Moist towelette (/wiki/Moist_towelette) Moisturizer (/wiki/Moisturizer) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Primer (/wiki/Primer_(cosmetics)) Powder (/wiki/Face_powder) Rouge (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) Toner (/wiki/Toner_(skin_care)) Venetian ceruse (/wiki/Venetian_ceruse) Lips Lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) Balm (/wiki/Lip_balm) Gloss (/wiki/Lip_gloss) Liner (/wiki/Lip_liner) Stain (/wiki/Lip_stain) Eyes Blepharoplasty (/wiki/Blepharoplasty) Circle contact lens (/wiki/Circle_contact_lens) Eyelash extensions (/wiki/Eyelash_extensions) Eyelid glue (/wiki/Eyelid_glue) Eye liner (/wiki/Eye_liner) Eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) Kohl (/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)) Mascara (/wiki/Mascara) Hair Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Hair coloring and bleaching (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) shaving (/wiki/Shaving) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Sindoor (/wiki/Sindoor) Styling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) pomade (/wiki/Pomade) spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Nails Artificial nails (/wiki/Artificial_nails) Buffing (/wiki/Nail_buffing) Manicure (/wiki/Manicure) Nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) Pedicure (/wiki/Pedicure) Body Cold cream (/wiki/Cold_cream) Lotion (/wiki/Lotion) Peeling (/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)) Plastic surgery (/wiki/Plastic_surgery) Skin whitening (/wiki/Skin_whitening) Sunless tanning (/wiki/Sunless_tanning) Related Cosmetic electrotherapy (/wiki/Electrotherapy_(cosmetic)) Cosmetic ingredients (/wiki/Ingredients_of_cosmetics) Cosmetics advertising (/wiki/Cosmetics_advertising) Cosmetic packaging (/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging) Cosmetology (/wiki/Cosmetology) History of cosmetics (/wiki/History_of_cosmetics) Cosmetic industry Male cosmetics (/wiki/Male_cosmetics) Major cosmetic brands Ahava (/wiki/Ahava) Almay (/wiki/Almay) Amorepacific (/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation) Anastasia Beverly Hills (/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills) Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) Aqua Net (/wiki/Aqua_Net) Artistry (/wiki/Artistry_(cosmetics)) Aveda (/wiki/Aveda) Avon (/wiki/Avon_Products) Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) Benefit (/wiki/Benefit_Cosmetics) Biotherm (/wiki/Biotherm) Bite Beauty (/wiki/BITE_Beauty) Bobbi Brown (/wiki/Bobbi_Brown) Bonne Bell (/wiki/Bonne_Bell) Bumble and bumble (/wiki/Bumble_and_bumble) Burt's Bees (/wiki/Burt%27s_Bees) Carol's Daughter (/wiki/Carol%27s_Daughter) Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) Clinique (/wiki/Clinique) Coty (/wiki/Coty) ColourPop Cosmetics (/wiki/ColourPop_Cosmetics) CoverGirl (/wiki/CoverGirl) Creme 21 (/wiki/Creme_21) Cutex (/wiki/Cutex) Daigaku Honyaku Center (/wiki/Daigaku_Honyaku_Center) Dermacol (/wiki/Dermacol) Douglas (/wiki/Douglas_(cosmetics)) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc.) Estée Lauder (/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) elf (/wiki/Elf_(cosmetics)) Etude House (/wiki/Etude_House) Fabergé (/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_(cosmetics)) Farmec (/wiki/Farmec) Fenty Beauty (/wiki/Fenty_Beauty) Fresh Garnier (/wiki/Garnier) Guerlain (/wiki/Guerlain) Hard Candy (/wiki/Hard_Candy_(cosmetics)) Helena Rubinstein (/wiki/Helena_Rubinstein) Jeffree Star Cosmetics (/wiki/Jeffree_Star_Cosmetics) Kao Corporation (/wiki/Kao_Corporation) Kevyn Aucoin (/wiki/Kevyn_Aucoin) Kiehl's (/wiki/Kiehl%27s) Kylie Cosmetics (/wiki/Kylie_Cosmetics) Lancôme (/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me) Laneige (/wiki/Laneige) Laura Mercier Cosmetics (/wiki/Laura_Mercier_Cosmetics) Lise Watier (/wiki/Lise_Watier) L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) L'Occitane (/wiki/L%27Occitane_en_Provence) Love Cosmetics (/wiki/Love_Cosmetics) Lush (/wiki/Lush_(company)) MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) Make Up For Ever (/wiki/Make_Up_For_Ever) Mary Kay (/wiki/Mary_Kay) Max Factor (/wiki/Max_Factor) Maybelline (/wiki/Maybelline) Merle Norman (/wiki/Merle_Norman_Cosmetics) Missha (/wiki/Missha) Molton Brown (/wiki/Molton_Brown) Morphe Cosmetics (/wiki/Morphe_Cosmetics) NARS (/wiki/NARS_Cosmetics) Natura (/wiki/Natura) Natural Wonder (/wiki/Natural_Wonder_(Revlon_subsidiary_brand)) Nature Republic (/wiki/Nature_Republic) Neal's Yard Remedies (/wiki/Neal%27s_Yard_Remedies) Neutrogena (/wiki/Neutrogena) Nexxus (/wiki/Nexxus) Nivea (/wiki/Nivea) NYX Cosmetics (/wiki/NYX_Cosmetics) O Boticário (/wiki/O_Botic%C3%A1rio) OPI (/wiki/OPI_Products) Oriflame (/wiki/Oriflame) Origins (/wiki/Origins_(cosmetics)) Paula Begoun (/wiki/Paula_Begoun) Pond's (/wiki/Pond%27s) Red Earth (/wiki/Red_Earth_(company)) Revlon (/wiki/Revlon) Richard Hudnut (/wiki/Richard_Hudnut) Rimmel (/wiki/Rimmel) Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) Shu Uemura (/wiki/Shu_Uemura) SimplySiti (/wiki/SimplySiti) Sinful Colors (/wiki/Sinful_Colors) SK-II (/wiki/SK-II) Skin Food (/wiki/Skin_Food) Stila (/wiki/Stila) Tarte Cosmetics (/wiki/Tarte_Cosmetics) The Body Shop (/wiki/The_Body_Shop) The Face Shop (/wiki/The_Face_Shop) Ulta Beauty (/wiki/Ulta_Beauty) Ultima II (/wiki/Ultima_II_(cosmetics_line)) Uoma Beauty (/wiki/Uoma_Beauty) Urban Decay (/wiki/Urban_Decay_(cosmetics)) Vaseline (/wiki/Vaseline) Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) Wella (/wiki/Wella) Younique (/wiki/Younique) Yves Rocher (/wiki/Yves_Rocher_(company)) Categories Companies (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_companies) People (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_people) History (/wiki/Category:History_of_cosmetics) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : National Spain (http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX532729) France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050328p) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050328p) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567592605171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85033145) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph781957&CON_LNG=ENG) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐d82ck Cached time: 20240716042435 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.584 seconds Real time usage: 0.726 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4451/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 129931/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6659/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 16/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 158964/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.380/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6103374/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 628.629 1 -total 42.42% 266.674 1 Template:Reflist 17.75% 111.602 22 Template:Cite_journal 14.79% 92.944 6 Template:Cite_web 13.83% 86.950 1 Template:Cosmetics 13.73% 86.294 2 Template:Navbox 12.39% 77.862 9 Template:Fix 12.02% 75.569 1 Template:Short_description 7.60% 47.745 1 Template:Authority_control 7.52% 47.270 7 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43613384-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716042435 and revision id 1228657409. 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M.J. Soffe LLC Company type Subsidiary Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1946 Headquarters Fayetteville, North Carolina (/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Area served Worldwide Key people Kenneth D. Spires (President) Ron Wagenseil (Executive Vice President of Sales) Products Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) , accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Website www (http://www.soffe.com) .soffe (http://www.soffe.com) .com (http://www.soffe.com) M.J. Soffe LLC , better known as Soffe (pronounced SO-Fee ), is a brand name of apparel (/wiki/Apparel) for youth and adults, specifically producing sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) . [1] (#cite_note-1) It was founded in 1946 by M.J. Soffe. A common brand used by cheerleaders (/wiki/Cheerleader) , Soffe produces shorts that are worn primarily by females; however, they used to be standard-issue for junior/senior high school and college P.E. classes for both boys and girls. Soffe gym shorts In 2012, the United States Marine Corps (/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps) ended its licensing agreement deal with Soffe after order and design documentation for clothes bearing Marine logos was found in a burned out clothing factory in Bangladesh (/wiki/2012_Dhaka_fire) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Soffe is headquartered in Fayetteville, North Carolina (/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina) and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta Apparel Inc. Soffe products are sold in sporting good retailers and department stores. Soffe distribution centers include Miramar, Florida (/wiki/Miramar,_Florida) , Santa Fe Springs, California (/wiki/Santa_Fe_Springs,_California) , Lansing, Michigan (/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan) , Cranbury, New Jersey (/wiki/Cranbury,_New_Jersey) , and at the company's headquarters in North Carolina. In June 2024, its parent company Delta Apparel suspended its operations in Honduras, blaming increasing cash flows as part of the decision. The company also warned that it could face possible liquidation if it wasn't able to sustain its debt. [3] (#cite_note-3) On June 30, 2024, Delta Apparel filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy (/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy) protection, blaming inflation and low demand on its products as part of the decision. The company has plans to sell its assets, and has already sold its Salt Life brand to Forager Capital Management for $28 million. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "M.J. Soffe LLC: Private Company Information" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121015220121/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4279906) . Bloomberg Businessweek (/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek) . Archived from the original (http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4279906) on October 15, 2012 . Retrieved September 19, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Marines Move to Dump Clothes Company After Deadly Factory Fire" (https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/marines-move-dump-clothes-company-deadly-factory-fire/story?id=17933416) . ABC News. 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Abdulla, Hannah (June 19, 2024). "Delta Apparel halts Honduras operation as cash flow woes intensify" (https://www.just-style.com/news/delta-apparel-halts-honduras-operation-as-cash-flow-woes-intensify/) . Just Style . Retrieved June 30, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Delta Apparel files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection" (https://news.bloomberglaw.com/bankruptcy-law/delta-apparel-files-for-chapter-11-bankruptcy-protection) . Bloomberg Law . June 30, 2024 . Retrieved June 30, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Soffe, Salt Life clothing seller files for chapter 11 bankruptcy" (https://ca.fashionnetwork.com/news/Soffe-salt-life-clothing-seller-files-for-chapter-11-bankruptcy,1646755.html) . Fashion Network . July 1, 2024 . Retrieved July 1, 2024 . 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British fashion designer (born 1968) Antonio Berardi Born 1968 (age 55–56) Grantham (/wiki/Grantham) , Lincolnshire, England, United Kingdom Nationality British Education Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) , class of 1993 Occupation Fashion designer Labels Antonio Berardi Extè (/wiki/Ext%C3%A8) Awards Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) Dress of the Year 2009 [1] (#cite_note-FDMdressoftheyear-1) Website antonioberardi (http://antonioberardi.com) .com (http://antonioberardi.com) Antonio Berardi (born 1968) [2] (#cite_note-thisislincs-2) is a British fashion designer of Sicilian descent, known especially for his dresses. He currently shows his collection at London fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) , but has shown at Milan and Paris in the past. [3] (#cite_note-FDM-3) [4] (#cite_note-DT_Armstrong-4) Early life and career [ edit ] Berardi was born in Grantham (/wiki/Grantham) , in Lincolnshire (/wiki/Lincolnshire) . [2] (#cite_note-thisislincs-2) His parents were Sicilians who emigrated to Britain in the 1950s. [3] (#cite_note-FDM-3) He developed an interest in fashion at a young age. As a nine-year-old he saved his money for Armani (/wiki/Armani) shirts with leather gusset (/wiki/Gusset) shoulders. After secondary (high) school he decided on a career in design and, after attending Lincoln College of Art and Design, [2] (#cite_note-thisislincs-2) applied to study a fashion degree at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design) at the University of the Arts London (/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London) . However, Berardi's application was rejected and he began working as an assistant to John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) shortly after. In 1990 he applied to Central Saint Martins for a third time and was accepted to the programme led by Wendy Dagworthy (/wiki/Wendy_Dagworthy) . [3] (#cite_note-FDM-3) [5] (#cite_note-Treneman_Indie-5) Aesthetic and influences [ edit ] Berardi is known for his "sensual, figure-hugging dresses" and a "striking, classical, dressed-up" style featuring "advanced fabrics and manufacturing techniques." [1] (#cite_note-FDMdressoftheyear-1) He has named music, independent film, post-modern art, Catholic symbolism, Italian art and culture, urban street style, lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) , and the female form as his design influences. [1] (#cite_note-FDMdressoftheyear-1) [3] (#cite_note-FDM-3) [6] (#cite_note-6) In Milan (/wiki/Milan) in 2003, he showed a coat illuminated with light bulbs that lit up to form a crucifix (/wiki/Crucifix) . [3] (#cite_note-FDM-3) He designed the trompe-l'œil (/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il) corset (/wiki/Corset) black-and white dress with lace detailing worn by Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) in November 2008 at the premiere of the film Two Lovers (/wiki/Two_Lovers_(2008_film)) , [7] (#cite_note-Guardian_profile-7) named " Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) " for 2009 by Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) magazine. [1] (#cite_note-FDMdressoftheyear-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Dress of the Year 2009" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121105214605/http://www.museumofcostume.co.uk/whats_on/press_releases/2010/dress_of_the_year_2009.aspx) . Fashion Museum, Bath. Archived from the original (http://www.museumofcostume.co.uk/whats_on/press_releases/2010/dress_of_the_year_2009.aspx) on 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Antonio Berardi" (http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/news/Antonio-Berardi-born-1968-Fashion-Designer/article-782564-detail/article.html) Archived (https://archive.today/20130505073955/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/news/Antonio-Berardi-born-1968-Fashion-Designer/article-782564-detail/article.html) 5 May 2013 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) Lincolnshire Echo 19 March 2009; retrieved 30 April 2011 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Antonio Berardi profile on FMD" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/antonio-berardi/) . Fashion Model Directory . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-DT_Armstrong_4-0) Armstrong, Lisa (3 May 2013). "Antonio Berardi: Back on top thanks to Gwyneth's bottom" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10034047/Antonio-Berardi-Back-on-top-thanks-to-Gwyneths-bottom.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Treneman_Indie_5-0) Treneman, Ann (14 March 1998). "Profile: Wendy Dagworthy – Mentor a la mode" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/profile-wendy-dagworthy---mentor-a-la-mode-1150219.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/profile-wendy-dagworthy---mentor-a-la-mode-1150219.html) from the original on 7 May 2022 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Antonio Berardi" (http://www.londonfashionweek.co.uk/designer_profile.aspx?DesignerID=1328) London Fashion Week ; retrieved 30 April 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian_profile_7-0) "Profile of a fashion innovator: Antonio Berardi" (https://www.theguardian.com/italian-style/antonio-berardi-fashion-innovator) . The Guardian . 28 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/442014/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000078652202) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/38872370) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmPxKKyRkwYTC4RjkhpP) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/12305432X) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012329982905171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb99066400) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p18743705X) Other SNAC (https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61v7rb0) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐h5dhl Cached time: 20240623120259 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.381 seconds Real time usage: 0.541 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2238/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21654/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2115/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30892/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.244/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6231539/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 518.332 1 -total 32.53% 168.605 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 23.68% 122.730 1 Template:Reflist 22.55% 116.884 1 Template:Short_description 15.84% 82.095 2 Template:Cite_web 14.67% 76.030 19 Template:Main_other 12.22% 63.328 1 Template:Authority_control 11.42% 59.214 1 Template:SDcat 11.39% 59.049 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 8.46% 43.863 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31639858-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623120259 and revision id 1170527899. 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Pope Benedict XVI (/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI) in white cassock (/wiki/Cassock) with fringed fascia. Note his coat of arms (/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI) embroidered near the bottom. The cardinal (/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)) sitting behind him is wearing a plain scarlet fascia. The fascia is a sash (/wiki/Sash) worn by clerics (/wiki/Cleric) and seminarians (/wiki/Seminarian) with the cassock (/wiki/Cassock) in the Roman Catholic Church (/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church) and in the Anglican Church (/wiki/Anglican_Church) . It is not worn as a belt but is placed above the waist between the navel and the breastbone (sternum). The ends that hang down are worn on the left side of the body and placed a little forward but not completely off the left hip. Use [ edit ] The fascia is not a vestment (/wiki/Vestment) , but is part of choir dress (/wiki/Choir_dress) and is also used in more solemn everyday dress. [ citation needed ] Colours [ edit ] The pope (/wiki/Pope) 's fascia is white (/wiki/White) . Only the pope (/wiki/Pope) may have his coat of arms (/wiki/Coat_of_arms) placed on the ends of the fascia that hang down near or past the knees. The fascia worn by cardinals (/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)) is scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(color)) -red watered silk (/wiki/Moire_(fabric)) . Fascia of purple (/wiki/Purple) watered silk are worn by nuncios (/wiki/Nuncio) within the territories assigned to them. [1] (#cite_note-1) Plain (not watered) purple (/wiki/Purple) fascia are worn by patriarchs (/wiki/Patriarchs) , archbishops (/wiki/Archbishops) and bishops (/wiki/Bishops) who are not cardinals, and also by protonotaries apostolic (/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic) , honorary prelates (/wiki/Honorary_prelate) , and chaplains of the Pope (/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness) , these three being the different ranks of monsignors (/wiki/Monsignor) , from highest to lowest. However, the Eastern Catholic patriarchs have been allowed to wear scarlet fascia in their choir dress at times, especially before Vatican II (/wiki/Vatican_II) , even when they were not also cardinals. Black (/wiki/Black) fascia are worn by priests (/wiki/Priests) , deacons (/wiki/Deacons) , seminarians (/wiki/Seminarians) , and acolytes (/wiki/Acolytes) and the fascia worn by priests in the service of the Papal Household is black watered silk. [ citation needed ] Forms [ edit ] Prior to the changes that followed the Second Vatican Council (/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council) there were two types of fascia: the tufted fascia, on which each end was finished in a single large tassel, and the fringed fascia, on which each end is straight and finished with fringe. The Instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Secretariat of State (/wiki/Secretariat_of_State) , dated 31 March 1969, [2] (#cite_note-2) declared that "the sash with tassels is abolished" for cardinals, [3] (#cite_note-3) bishops, [4] (#cite_note-4) and "Prelate Superiors of the Dicasteries (/wiki/Dicastery) of the Roman Curia (/wiki/Roman_Curia) who do not have the episcopal dignity, the Auditors (/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical)) of the Sacred Roman Rota (/wiki/Sacred_Roman_Rota) , the Promotor General of Justice and the Defender of the Bond (/wiki/Defender_of_the_Bond) in the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_the_Apostolic_Signatura) , the Protonotaries Apostolic (/wiki/Protonotary_Apostolic) de numero , the Clerics of the Apostolic Camera (/wiki/Apostolic_Camera) and the Prelates of the Pontifical Antechamber". [5] (#cite_note-5) This Instruction did not deal with canons (/wiki/Canon_(priest)) , [6] (#cite_note-6) some few of whom have retained the tufted sash to which membership of their particular chapter (/wiki/Chapter_(religion)) entitled them. [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Instruction (http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/instruction69.htm) Ut sive sollicite , 32 (http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/instruction69.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Text of the Instruction in English, published by (http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/instruction69.htm) L'Osservatore Romano ^ (#cite_ref-3) Instruction, 3 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Instruction, 15 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Instruction, 18 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Instruction, 35 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐6ffd65f7b4‐94l8l Cached time: 20240713203840 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.093 seconds Real time usage: 0.138 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 846/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7456/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1983/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2681/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.028/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1546654/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 110.262 1 -total 55.49% 61.189 3 Template:Cn 49.19% 54.233 3 Template:Fix 30.90% 34.075 6 Template:Category_handler 27.07% 29.843 1 Template:Use_Oxford_spelling 14.38% 15.861 1 Template:Reflist 10.26% 11.317 1 Template:DMCA 9.62% 10.604 3 Template:Delink 7.72% 8.508 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 5.52% 6.089 1 Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10859607-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713203840 and revision id 1182337794. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fascia_(sash)&oldid=1182337794 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fascia_(sash)&oldid=1182337794) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : History of clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) Catholic clerical clothing (/wiki/Category:Catholic_clerical_clothing) Holy See (/wiki/Category:Holy_See) Robes and cloaks (/wiki/Category:Robes_and_cloaks) Hidden categories: Use Oxford spelling from July 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_July_2020) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021)
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Paraguayan model Nadia Ferreira Ferreira in 2021 Born Nadia Tamara Ferreira ( 1999-05-10 ) 10 May 1999 (age 25) Villarrica (/wiki/Villarrica,_Paraguay) , Paraguay Alma mater Universidad Americana (/wiki/Universidad_Americana) Occupations Model beauty pageant titleholder Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Spouse Marc Anthony (/wiki/Marc_Anthony) ( m. 2023 ) Children 1 คน Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Teen Universe Paraguay 2015 Miss Universe Paraguay 2021 (/wiki/Reinas_del_Paraguay) Hair color Brown Eye color Blue Major competition(s) Miss Teen Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Teen_Universe_2015) (3rd Runner-Up) Miss Universe 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) (1st Runner-Up) Nadia Tamara Ferreira (born 10 May 1999) is a Paraguayan fashion model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Paraguay 2021 (/wiki/Reinas_del_Paraguay) . As Miss Universe Paraguay, Ferreira represented Paraguay at Miss Universe 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) , where she placed as the first runner-up. [1] (#cite_note-jagran-1) Ferreira had previously been crowned Miss Teen Universe Paraguay 2015, and placed as the third runner-up at Miss Teen Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Teen_Universe_2015) . As a fashion model, Ferreira first garnered recognition in 2018, after being selected to walk in the F/W 2018 show for Custo Barcelona (/wiki/Custo_Barcelona) at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . She has since appeared in Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) , L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) , and Robb Report Singapore (/wiki/Robb_Report) . Career Modeling Ferreira debuted in a Patrol Jeans commercial and other advertising campaigns. [2] (#cite_note-2) In an Asunción (/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n) fashion show, her silk dress slipped and bared her chest, garnering media attention. She said it would have been unprofessional to fix her dress while walking, so she continued with her walk and posture. Her fan club commended her actions. [3] (#cite_note-3) She walked the runway in many occasions, including the New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , creating an uproar in local and international media from both supporters and critics alike. [4] (#cite_note-4) She has also walked in fashion shows in Milan, Santiago, Paris, Brasil, Uruguay and Paraguay. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2018, she signed with the model agency Wilhelmina (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models) , famous for models such as Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) , Demi Lovato (/wiki/Demi_Lovato) and Nick Jonas (/wiki/Nick_Jonas) . [6] (#cite_note-6) She was featured in Gettyimages editorial photography. [7] (#cite_note-7) In March 2019, she released a new photo in her Instagram account announcing she had been selected to appear in Cosmo Fashion Night in Mexico City (/wiki/Mexico_City) . In the photo, she was seen walking close to mariachi (/wiki/Mariachi) musicians. [8] (#cite_note-8) On September 9, 2021, she tripped on her high heels (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) and nearly fell during the Custo Barcelona (/wiki/Custo_Barcelona) Spring/Summer 2022 fashion show, held as part of the New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [9] (#cite_note-9) The incident was widely reported in the media, [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) and several commentators wondered if she had hurt herself, leading her to officially declare that she had only superficial scratches (and a bruised ego). [12] (#cite_note-12) Television Ferreira became a local celebrity after her participation in Telefuturo (/wiki/Telefuturo) 's Parodiando , a 2015 television show in which participants perform parodies of famous singers, for her parodies of artists like Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift) and Violetta (/wiki/Tini_Stoessel) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Pageantry In 2015, Ferreira represented Guairá (/wiki/Guair%C3%A1_Department) in Miss Teen Universe Paraguay 2015 and eventually won the title. She represents her country at Miss Teen Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Teen_Universe_2015) which was held in Guatemala and was placed as the third runner-up. On August 31, 2021, Ferreira was appointed as Miss Universe Paraguay 2021 (/wiki/Reinas_del_Paraguay) . At the end of the event, she succeeded outgoing Miss Universe Paraguay 2020 Vanessa Castro. Ferreira then represented Paraguay at the Miss Universe 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) pageant in Eilat (/wiki/Eilat) , Israel, [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) placing as the first runner-up, the highest placement for the country in the history of the pageant to date. [1] (#cite_note-jagran-1) Fashion Week appearances New York Fashion Week [18] (#cite_note-18) Milan Fashion Week [19] (#cite_note-19) Paris Fashion Week [20] (#cite_note-20) Santiago Fashion Week [21] (#cite_note-21) Qatar Fashion Week [22] (#cite_note-:0-22) Asunción Fashion Week (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n_Fashion_Week) Personal life Between 2018 and 2020, she was in a relationship with Omar Castorino Montanaro, grandchild of Sabino Augusto Montanaro (/wiki/Sabino_Augusto_Montanaro) , former Minister of Interior during the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner (/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner) . [23] (#cite_note-23) She became engaged to singer Marc Anthony (/wiki/Marc_Anthony) (thirty years her senior) on 13 May 2022, [24] (#cite_note-24) they later got married on 28 January 2023. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) On February 14 of that year ( Valentine's Day (/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day) ), the couple announced that they were expecting their first child, a boy, the seventh for Anthony and the first for Ferreira. [27] (#cite_note-27) References ^ Jump up to: a b "Miss Universe 2021: India's Harnaaz Kaur Sandhu beats Paraguay's Nadia Ferreira to become Miss Universe" (https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/miss-universe-2021-indias-harnaaz-kaur-sandhu-beats-paraguays-nadia-ferreira-to-become-miss-universe-10036258) . Jagran English . 13 December 2021 . Retrieved 13 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "PATROL JEANS" (https://vimeo.com/95882113) . Vimeo . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Nadia Ferreira hizo topless accidentalmente" (http://www.cronica.com.py/2018/05/09/nadia-ferreira-topless-accidentalmente/) . Crónica (in European Spanish). 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Nadia Ferreira en la semana de la moda en NY, un sueño hecho realidad" (https://www.starmedia.com/mujer/nadia-ferreira-en-la-semana-de-la-moda-en-ny/) . StarMedia (in Mexican Spanish). 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Biografia" (https://nadiatferreira.com/biografia/) . NADIA FERREIRA (in Spanish) . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Nadia Ferreira firmó contrato con una reconocida agencia de modelos de New York" (http://www.epa.com.py/2018/09/24/nadia-ferreira-firmo-contrato-con-una-reconocida-agencia-de-modelos-de-new-york/) . Epa.com.py (in European Spanish). 24 September 2018 . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Nadia Ferreira Pictures and Photos | Getty Images" (https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/nadia-ferreira?family=editorial&phrase=nadia%20ferreira&sort=best) . www.gettyimages.com . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "#cosmopolitanmx Instagram world photos and videos" (https://www.galleryofsocial.com/hashtag/cosmopolitanmx) . galleryofsocial.com . Retrieved 29 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "El resbalón de Nadia Ferreira en el "NY Fashion Week" (https://teleshow.paraguay.com/el-resbalon-de-nadia-ferreira-en-el-ny-fashion-week.html) " (https://teleshow.paraguay.com/el-resbalon-de-nadia-ferreira-en-el-ny-fashion-week.html) . teleshow.paraguay.com (in Spanish). 10 September 2021 . Retrieved 27 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Resbalón de Nadia en importante pasarela yanki fue viral" (https://www.extra.com.py/fama/resbalon-nadia-importante-pasarela-yanki-fue-viral-n2960697.html) . extra.com.py (in Spanish). 10 September 2021 . Retrieved 27 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Nadia Ferreira's slip up at New York Fashion Week went viral" (https://news.in-24.com/lifestyle/celebrities/114562.html) . news.in-24.com . 12 September 2021 . Retrieved 27 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Nadia Ferreira desmiente lesión después de su resbalón" (http://www.palorubin.com/noticias.php?id2=147290) . palorubin.com (in Spanish). 18 September 2021 . Retrieved 27 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "¡Nadia Ferreira suma otra victoria en el Parodiando!" (https://telefuturo.com.py/noticia/8509-Nadia-Ferreira-suma-otra-victoria-en-el-Parodiando) . telefuturo.com.py (in Spanish) . Retrieved 28 February 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Esta noche se revelará a la Miss Universo Paraguay 2021" (https://www.lanacion.com.py/lnpop/2021/08/31/esta-noche-se-revelara-a-la-miss-universo-paraguay-2021/) (in Spanish). La Nación . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "nadia ferreira model - Google Search" (https://www.google.com/search?q=nadia+ferreira+model&source=lnms&tbm=nws&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVj8bHpt_gAhW7HTQIHVyzAxUQ_AUIECgD&biw=1366&bih=657) . www.google.com . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "teen-universe | 2014" (https://www.teenuniverse.tv/2014) . Teen Universe . Retrieved 16 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Nadia Ferreira es la nueva Miss Universo Paraguay 2021" (https://www.ultimahora.com/nadia-ferreira-es-la-nueva-miss-universo-paraguay-2021-n2958946.html) (in Spanish). UltimaHora . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Karol Cantero (5 October 2017), New York Fashion Week 2017 - CustoBarcelona & Nadia Ferreira , retrieved 12 March 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Nadia Ferreira sigue nadando en las aguas del modelaje internacional" (http://www.epa.com.py/2018/02/27/nadia-ferreira-sigue-nadando-en-las-aguas-del-modelaje-internacional/) . Epa.com.py (in European Spanish). 27 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Paris Videostars (10 March 2018), Model Nadia Ferreira @ Paris 2 march 2018 Fashion Week show Balmain #PFW , retrieved 12 March 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Los rostros juveniles que se tomarán el Santiago Fashion Week este fin de semana - Biut.cl" (http://biut.latercera.com/moda-estilo/2018/04/los-rostros-juveniles-que-se-tomaran-el-santiago-fashion-week-este-fin-de-semana/) . Biut (in Spanish). 9 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_22-0) "Paraguaya en pasarela de Qatar" (https://www.ultimahora.com/paraguaya-pasarela-qatar-n2790423.html) . ultimahora.com (in European Spanish) . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "La sonada vida amorosa de Nadia Ferreira, Miss Paraguay en el Miss Universe 2021" (https://mybeautyqueens.com/news/home/missuniverse/la-sonada-vida-amorosa-de-nadia-ferreira-miss-paraguay-en-el-miss-universe-2021-r705/) . My Beauty Queens.com (in Spanish). 4 December 2021 . Retrieved 13 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Marc Anthony y Nadia Ferreira confirmaron su compromiso con un espectacular anillo" (https://www.infobae.com/america/entretenimiento/2022/05/13/marc-anthony-y-nadia-ferreira-la-polemica-foto-que-comprobaria-su-compromiso/) (in Spanish). Infobae. 13 May 2022 . Retrieved 13 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Marc Anthony and Nadia Ferreira are officially married!" (https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20230128342084/marc-anthony-nadia-ferreira-officially-married/) . Hola . 29 January 2023 . Retrieved 30 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Rice, Nicholas (29 January 2023). "Marc Anthony Marries Nadia Ferreira During Star-Studded Miami Wedding Celebration: Report" (https://people.com/music/marc-anthony-marries-nadia-ferreira-in-miami-wedding-celebration/) . People . Retrieved 30 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) " (https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2023/02/14/marc-anthony-nadia-ferreira-embarazo-bebe-san-valentin-huston-zona-pop-orix/) "¡El mejor regalo de San Valentín!": Marc Anthony y Nadia Ferreira anuncian que esperan su primer bebé" (https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2023/02/14/marc-anthony-nadia-ferreira-embarazo-bebe-san-valentin-huston-zona-pop-orix/) (in Spanish). CNN en Español. 14 February 2023 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . External links Nadia Ferreira (https://www.instagram.com/nadiaferreira/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Nadia Ferreira (https://models.com/models/nadia-ferreira) on Models.com Awards and achievements Preceded by Julia Gama (/wiki/Julia_Gama) Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) 1st Runner-Up 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) Succeeded by Amanda Dudamel (/wiki/Amanda_Dudamel) Preceded by Vanessa Castro Miss Universe Paraguay (/wiki/Reinas_del_Paraguay) 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) Succeeded by Lia Ashmore (/wiki/Lia_Ashmore) hide v t e Miss Universe 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) national titleholders BEL : Kedist Deltour (/wiki/Kedist_Deltour) BRA : Teresa Santos (/wiki/Teresa_Santos) KHM : Ngin Marady (/wiki/Ngin_Marady) COL : Valeria Ayos (/wiki/Valeria_Ayos) FRA : Clémence Botino (/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mence_Botino) IND : Harnaaz Sandhu (/wiki/Harnaaz_Sandhu) KEN : Roshanara Ebrahim (/wiki/Roshanara_Ebrahim) LAO : Tonkham Phonchanhueang (/wiki/Tonkham_Phonchanhueang) NPL : Sujita Basnet (/wiki/Sujita_Basnet) PAN : Brenda Smith (/wiki/Brenda_Smith_(model)) PRY : Nadia Ferreira PHL : Beatrice Gomez (/wiki/Beatrice_Gomez) PUR : Michelle Colón (/wiki/Michelle_Col%C3%B3n) SGP : Nandita Banna (/wiki/Nandita_Banna) ZAF : Lalela Mswane (/wiki/Lalela_Mswane) THA : Anchilee Scott-Kemmis (/wiki/Anchilee_Scott-Kemmis) USA : Elle Smith (/wiki/Elle_Smith) VEN : Luiseth Materán (/wiki/Luiseth_Mater%C3%A1n) VNM : Nguyễn Huỳnh Kim Duyên (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Kim_Duy%C3%AAn) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jzghv Cached time: 20240719204745 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.559 seconds Real time usage: 0.719 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5309/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 73796/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9127/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 112256/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.378/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10995998/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 671.853 1 -total 36.75% 246.912 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 28.46% 191.179 1 Template:Reflist 23.57% 158.329 25 Template:Cite_web 8.49% 57.037 1 Template:Short_description 7.29% 48.957 1 Template:Marriage 6.85% 46.024 1 Template:Miss_Universe_2021_delegates 6.57% 44.153 1 Template:Navbox 5.99% 40.241 30 Template:Main_other 5.16% 34.695 1 Template:Pp-sock Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60213720-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719204745 and revision id 1227193141. 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Indonesian fashion designer (born 1984) Tex Saverio (born 28 August 1984, in Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) ) is an Indonesian fashion designer. [1] (#cite_note-nft-1) In September 2005, Saverio won a national award in the Mercedes-Benz Asia Fashion Award, which qualified him to compete against other Southeast Asian designers the following year. [2] (#cite_note-handojo-2) His winning collection presented clothes that were designed to be worn by both men and women. [2] (#cite_note-handojo-2) He left senior school after a year in order to pursue a fashion design career, enrolling at the Bunka Fashion School (/w/index.php?title=Bunka_Fashion_School&action=edit&redlink=1) in Jakarta and then taking on an apprenticeship at the Phalie Studio. [2] (#cite_note-handojo-2) Since then, Saverio's work has been worn by international celebrities such as Ayumi Hamasaki (/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki) (the dress worn in the music video of How Beautiful You Are (/wiki/How_Beautiful_You_Are_(Ayumi_Hamasaki_song)) ), [3] (#cite_note-3) Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) (who chose to wear Saverio for her Lady Gaga Fame (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Fame) advertising campaign) and Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) . [4] (#cite_note-vince-4) Lady Gaga was photographed in a sheer black laser-cut and sequined (/wiki/Sequin) Saverio dress called 'La Glacon' for Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) in 2011. [1] (#cite_note-nft-1) [4] (#cite_note-vince-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) The dramatic metal-and-chiffon wedding dress which Jennifer Lawrence (/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence) wore in advance publicity material for The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Catching_Fire) film was designed by Saverio. [4] (#cite_note-vince-4) He has been described as the " Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) of Indonesia". [4] (#cite_note-vince-4) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Fashion Designers from Indonesia: The Best 5" (http://newsfashiontrend.com/fashion-designers-from-indonesia-the-best-5.html) . News Fashion Trend . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Handojo, Ve (9 October 2005). "Tex Saverio left school for fashion" (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2005/10/09/tex-saverio-left-school-fashion.html) . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Tex Saverio's Couture-Infused Fall/Winter Collection" (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/30/tex-saverio-s-couture-infused-fallwinter-collection.html) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Vince, Jessica. "Meet Tex Saverio - The Designer Behind Katniss's Wedding Dress In The Hunger Games Who's Already Dressed Lady Gaga" (http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/katniss-everdeen-wedding-dress-hunger-games--catching-fire-tex-saverio) . Grazia . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Harper's Bazaar USA". May 2011. {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Blanket-like shawl or cloak worn in Mexico, especially by men This article is about the Mexican shawl. For the ancient Egyptian gods, see Serapis (/wiki/Serapis) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Serape) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Serape" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Serape%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Serape%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Serape%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Serape%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Serape%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Serape%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A Navajo (/wiki/Navajo_people) serape from the mid-19th century. Classic Saltillo Serape, circa 1825 Traditional serapes are worn like a shawl (/wiki/Shawl) or cloak (/wiki/Cloak) . Its alteration into a poncho-like clothing item is more recent. The sarape or jorongo is a long blanket (/wiki/Blanket) -like shawl (/wiki/Shawl) or cloak (/wiki/Cloak) , often brightly colored and fringed (/wiki/Fringe_(trim)) at the ends, worn in Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) , especially by men. The [ which? ] spelling of the word sarape [1] (#cite_note-1) (or zarape [2] (#cite_note-2) ) is the accepted form in Mexico and other Spanish-speaking countries. The term serape is for the rectangular woven blanket (no openings), though in more recent years it can also be used to refer to a very soft rectangular blanket with an opening in the middle for one's head, similar to a poncho (/wiki/Poncho) , called gabán , or jorongo in Mexico. Modern variations of some serapes are made with matching hoods for head covering. The length varies, but front and back normally reach knee length on an average person. Available in various colors and design patterns, the typical colors of serapes from the highland regions are two-tone combinations of black, grey, brown, or tan depending on the natural color of the sheep flocks grown in the area, with large design patterns utilizing traditional indigenous motifs. On the other hand, the traditional serape as made in the Mexican state of Coahuila (/wiki/Coahuila) in north-eastern Mexico near the city of Saltillo (/wiki/Saltillo) often consists of a dark base color with bands of yellow, orange, red, blue, green, purple, or other bright colors. The ends are usually fringed. History [ edit ] The serape is thought to have its forebears in garments worn in the region near Chiautempan (/wiki/Chiautempan) and Contla (/wiki/Contla) , Tlaxcala (/wiki/Tlaxcala) . During the Colonial period, it was taken to northern New Spain (/wiki/New_Spain) where it was adapted to the climate and the motifs changed. The city of Teocaltiche, Jalisco (/wiki/Teocaltiche) is strongly linked to the development of the serape, although it was widespread throughout the area then known as Nueva Vizcaya (/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya,_New_Spain) . Guatemalan serape [ edit ] The serape is not a typical garment for the Maya (/wiki/Maya_people) highland people, who wear different clothing in cold regions. [ citation needed ] The Guatemalan serape is an imitation of the Mexican serape with a Maya twist, and their production is intended for sales to foreigners or city dwellers who feel attracted to the garment. These serapes are sold through a broker, with the Mayan families, who depend mostly upon agricultural work, manufacturing small quantities for extra income. The brokers display the serapes at an incremental price at local markets or the sides of highland roads in improvised huts. The brokers are typically Maya. The appeal of the serape may be that they are made by Maya women on their traditional home looms, giving the serape a handmade look. Modern Day [ edit ] The serape has seen a resurgence in popularity in the 2000s. [3] (#cite_note-3) Boutiques have added them to their inventory as companies produce new modern designs but with traditional methods. See also [ edit ] Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Textiles of Mexico (/wiki/Textiles_of_Mexico) Tilmàtli (/wiki/Tilm%C3%A0tli) Serape effect (/wiki/Serape_effect) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Real Academia Española [1] (http://dle.rae.es/?id=XHqMthS) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "zarape | Definición de zarape en español de Oxford Dictionaries" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190501020238/https://es.oxforddictionaries.com/definicion/zarape) . Oxford Dictionaries | Español . Archived from the original (https://es.oxforddictionaries.com/definicion/zarape) on May 1, 2019 . Retrieved 2019-05-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "San Marcos blankets are objects of affection among Latinos" (https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2012-jun-26-la-me-blankets-20120627-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . 2012-06-26 . Retrieved 2023-12-16 . Bibliography Conkling, Alfred Ronald (2009). Appleton's Guide to Mexico . Richardson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-115-58237-7 . "sarape" (http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta) . Diccionario de la Lengua Española (22nd ed.) . Real Academia Española . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . 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British online retailer Very.co.uk Company type Online brand of The Very Group (/wiki/Shop_Direct) Industry e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) Predecessor Littlewoods Direct (/wiki/Littlewoods) Founded 2009 (online) Headquarters Speke (/wiki/Speke) , Liverpool (/wiki/Liverpool) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Area served UK Key people Henry Birch (/wiki/Henry_Birch) (CEO) Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , home accessories, toys (/wiki/Toy) , gaming (/wiki/Video_game) Owner Sir David Barclay and Sir Frederick Barclay (/wiki/David_and_Frederick_Barclay) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) The Very Group (/wiki/The_Very_Group) Website www (https://www.very.co.uk/) .very (https://www.very.co.uk/) .co (https://www.very.co.uk/) .uk (https://www.very.co.uk/) Very (also known as Very.co.uk ) is a British online retailer with headquarters in Speke (/wiki/Speke) , Liverpool (/wiki/Liverpool) . The brand was launched in the UK (/wiki/United_Kingdom) in July 2009 as part of the Shop Direct Group (now The Very Group (/wiki/The_Very_Group) ). Very had formerly been known as Littlewoods Direct (/wiki/Littlewoods) , and formerly Woolworths.co.uk (/wiki/Woolworths.co.uk) . History [ edit ] The original Littlewoods brand was a shopping catalogue and retail business headquartered in Liverpool (/wiki/Liverpool) , and was bought by the Barclay brothers (/wiki/Barclay_brothers) in 2002. [1] (#cite_note-1) In 2009, Littlewoods Direct was rebranded as Very.co.uk, shifting its focus to online retailing and a younger market. [2] (#cite_note-RW_rebrand-2) [3] (#cite_note-MW_rebrand-3) The website launched officially in July 2009. A year later a mobile enabled version of the site was launched, upgrading to include video and images in 2011. [4] (#cite_note-Internet_Retailing-4) In the first quarter of 2013/14, mobile sales accounted for over a third of total online sales. [5] (#cite_note-Reuters-5) Partnerships and promotion [ edit ] Very makes extensive use of both celebrity endorsements and product placement on television and other media. Holly Willoughby (/wiki/Holly_Willoughby) and Fearne Cotton (/wiki/Fearne_Cotton) have acted as faces of the site, creating branded fashion collections and appearing in adverts. [5] (#cite_note-Reuters-5) [6] (#cite_note-Guardian_ad-6) Other names who have worked with the brand include Jameela Jamil (/wiki/Jameela_Jamil) and Diana Vickers (/wiki/Diana_Vickers) . [7] (#cite_note-Company-7) In December 2013, former Girls Aloud (/wiki/Girls_Aloud) member Kimberley Walsh (/wiki/Kimberley_Walsh) became a celebrity designer for the brand. [8] (#cite_note-IS_Walsh-8) Michelle Keegan (/wiki/Michelle_Keegan) launched a fashion and homeware partnership with Very in October 2017. [9] (#cite_note-9) Very has sponsored V music festival (/wiki/V_Festival) , also offering a delivery service to the festival sites in 2012. [10] (#cite_note-Drum_V_Festival-10) It has also sponsored Celebrity Big Brother (/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(UK)) on Channel 5 (/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)) , with branded, 'click-to-buy' product placement. [11] (#cite_note-Big_Brother_MW-11) [12] (#cite_note-The_Drum-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Hodgson, Neil (8 May 2008). "Famous name on way out" (http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/famous-name-on-way-out-3485571) . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-RW_rebrand_2-0) Danaher, Tim (19 June 2009). "Littlewoods Direct to undergo Very rebrand" (http://www.retail-week.com/multichannel/littlewoods-direct-to-undergo-very-rebrand/5003658.article) . Retail Week . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-MW_rebrand_3-0) Ramsay, Fiona (29 June 2009). "Shop Direct tasks VCCP with rebranding Littlewoods Direct" (http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/916399/shop-direct-tasks-vccp-rebranding-littlewoods-direct-verycouk) . Marketing Week . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Internet_Retailing_4-0) Alison (22 February 2011). "Fashion site Veryworld.co.uk upgrades to deliver rich media on mobile devices" (http://internetretailing.net/2011/02/fashion-site-Veryworld-co-uk-upgrades-to-deliver-rich-media-on-mobile-devices/) . Internet Retailing . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . ^ a b Davey, James (29 October 2013). "Shop Direct makes first profit in a decade" (http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-shop-direct-results-idUKBRE99S0AU20131029) . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian_ad_6-0) Creative Lounge Index (30 October 2009). "Watch Holly Willougby and Fearne Cotton in a festive ad for Veryworld.co.uk" (https://www.theguardian.com/media/video/2009/oct/29/holly-willougby-fearne-cotton-ad) . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Company_7-0) "Jameela Jamil Launches Fashion Collection" (http://www.company.co.uk/fashion/news/jameela-jamil-fashion-collection) . Company . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-IS_Walsh_8-0) Martin, Rebecca (21 January 2014). "Kimberley Walsh Launches Her Debut Range For Veryworld.co.uk... And It's Totally Gorgeous" (http://www.instyle.co.uk/fashion/news/kimberley-walsh-launches-her-debut-range-for-verycouk-and-its-totally-gorgeous) . In Style . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "5 minutes with Michelle Keegan as she launches her new fashion collection with Very" (http://www.tv3.ie/xpose/article/beauty/252152/5-minutes-with-Michelle-Keegan-as-she-launches-her-new-fashion-collection-with-Very) . TV3.ie | Xposé Entertainment . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Drum_V_Festival_10-0) West, Gillian (19 July 2012). "Veryworld.co.uk to deliver direct to this year's V Festival" (http://www.thedrum.com/news/2012/07/19/verycouk-deliver-direct-years-v-festival) . The Drum . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Big_Brother_MW_11-0) Farey-Jones, Daniel (3 January 2013). "Very.co.uk strikes click-to-buy partnership with Channel 5" (http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/article/1165415/verycouk-strikes-click-to-buy-partnership-channel-5) . Media Week . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Drum_12-0) Macleod, Ishbel (13 June 2013). "Channel 5 and Veryworld.co.uk unveil 360 click-to-buy product placement initiative in Big Brother" (http://www.thedrum.com/news/2013/06/13/channel-5-and-verycouk-unveil-360-click-buy-product-placement-initiative-big-brother) . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . 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Brand of anti-ageing creams, skincare and cosmetic products developed by Boots in the UK No7 is a beauty brand of anti-ageing creams (/wiki/Anti-ageing_cream) , skincare and cosmetic products developed by Boots (/wiki/Boots_(company)) in the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) . [1] (#cite_note-thedermreview-1) The brand No7 was launched by Boots in 1935 [2] (#cite_note-telegraph-2) as a selection of eleven skincare products and was expanded in 1937 with some colour cosmetics. [3] (#cite_note-huffingtonpost-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Since its introduction, the brand has undergone eight redesigns. [3] (#cite_note-huffingtonpost-3) In 2007, Boots expanded the range to incorporate body products, foundation, creams and men's skincare. [3] (#cite_note-huffingtonpost-3) In 2021, Walgreens Boots Alliance (WBA), the company owning the brand, launched No7 as a separate company. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) No7's products and services are available in over 20,000 stores and online, in 29 markets worldwide. [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-thedermreview_1-0) "Boots No 7 Skin Care Reviews" (http://www.thedermreview.com/boots-no-7-skin-care-reviews/) . Thedermreview.com . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-telegraph_2-0) Juttla, Sonia (18 May 2013). "Beauty icon: Boots No7" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/beauty/news-features/TMG10056092/Beauty-icon-Boots-No7.html) . London: The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ a b c "Sarah McGiven: Weekend Shopping: Rediscovering High Street Beauty With Boots' No.7" (http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/sarah-mcgiven/boots-weekend-shopping-rediscovering-no7_b_1595886.html) . Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) . 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Seven facts about Nottingham-based No. 7" (https://www.itv.com/news/central/2016-01-15/seven-facts-about-nottingham-based-no-7) . ITV News . 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Caldwell, Georgina (21 April 2021). "Walgreens Boots Alliance launches No7 brand as separate company" (https://www.globalcosmeticsnews.com/walgreens-boots-alliance-launches-no7-brand-as-separate-company/) . Global Cosmetics News . Retrieved 29 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Walgreens Boots Alliance Launches No7 Beauty Company" (https://www.gcimagazine.com/brands-products/news/news/21867057/walgreens-boots-alliance-launches-no7-beauty-company) . Global Cosmetic Industry . 20 April 2021 . Retrieved 21 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "No7 Beauty Company" (https://www.walgreensbootsalliance.com/our-business/no7-beauty-company) . Walgreens Boots Alliance . 13 April 2021 . Retrieved 29 November 2021 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.no7company.com/) v t e Walgreens Boots Alliance (/wiki/Walgreens_Boots_Alliance) Subsidiaries Alliance Healthcare (/wiki/Alliance_Healthcare) Boots (/wiki/Boots_(company)) Boots Opticians (/wiki/Boots_Opticians) Drugstore.com (/wiki/Drugstore.com) Duane Reade (/wiki/Duane_Reade) Farmacias Benavides (/wiki/Farmacias_Benavides) Guangzhou Pharmaceuticals (/wiki/Guangzhou_Pharmaceuticals) (50%) No. 7 Walgreens (/wiki/Walgreens) Walgreens Health Services (/wiki/Walgreens_Health_Services) Predecessors Alliance Boots (/wiki/Alliance_Boots) Cunningham Drug (/wiki/Cunningham_Drug_(U.S.)) Dollond & Aitchison (/wiki/Dollond_%26_Aitchison) Drug Fair (/wiki/Drug_Fair) Farmacias El Amal (/wiki/Farmacias_El_Amal) Happy Harry's (/wiki/Happy_Harry%27s) Kerr Drug (/wiki/Kerr_Drug) USA Drug (/wiki/USA_Drug) People Stefano Pessina (/wiki/Stefano_Pessina) Elizabeth Fagan (/wiki/Elizabeth_Fagan) Simon Roberts (/wiki/Simon_Roberts_(businessman)) Charles Rudolph Walgreen (/wiki/Charles_Rudolph_Walgreen) Charles Rudolph Walgreen Jr. (/wiki/Charles_Rudolph_Walgreen_Jr.) Gregory Wasson (/wiki/Gregory_Wasson) Jim Skinner (/wiki/Jim_Skinner) Jesse Boot, 1st Baron Trent (/wiki/Jesse_Boot,_1st_Baron_Trent) John Boot, 2nd Baron Trent (/wiki/John_Boot,_2nd_Baron_Trent) John Boot (/wiki/John_Boot) Ornella Barra (/wiki/Ornella_Barra) Yves Romestan (/wiki/Yves_Romestan) Randy Lewis (/wiki/Randy_Lewis_(executive)) Stewart Adams (/wiki/Stewart_Adams_(chemist)) Sir Gordon Hobday (/wiki/Gordon_Hobday) Kathleen Wilson-Thompson (/wiki/Kathleen_Wilson-Thompson) Related Grupo Sanborns (/wiki/Grupo_Sanborns) Ibuprofen (/wiki/Ibuprofen) Intercom Plus (/wiki/Intercom_Plus) Schoep's Ice Cream (/wiki/Schoep%27s_Ice_Cream) Strepsils (/wiki/Strepsils) Wag's (/wiki/Wag%27s) Walgreen Drug Store Historic Site (/wiki/Walgreen_Drug_Store_(Miami,_Florida)) This product (/wiki/Product_(business)) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐967764f4‐mw45n Cached time: 20240628040809 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76581124-0!canonical and timestamp 20240628040809 and revision id 1218304003. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Fashion weeks in Pakistan" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . F Fashion Pakistan Week (/wiki/Fashion_Pakistan_Week) I Islamabad Fashion Week (/wiki/Islamabad_Fashion_Week) K Karachi Fashion Week (/wiki/Karachi_Fashion_Week) L Lahore Fashion Week (/wiki/Lahore_Fashion_Week) P PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_weeks_in_Pakistan&oldid=1218304003 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_weeks_in_Pakistan&oldid=1218304003) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion events in Pakistan (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Pakistan) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks)
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This article includes a list of references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) , related reading (/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading) , or external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links) , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Please help improve (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check) this article by introducing (/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite) more precise citations. ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Houston Fashion Week was branded in 2010 as the first organized fashion week event in Texas (/wiki/Texas) . The annual, week-long event is held during October, and came to fruition because New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) relocated from Bryant Park (/wiki/Bryant_Park) to Lincoln Center (/wiki/Lincoln_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts) . The resulting confusion over the move opened the door for new venues throughout the nation, such as Austin, Dallas, San Antonio, and Houston. Houston Fashion Week has introduced several designers, including Ann Mitchels, Ayo Shittu, Krystel Holnes, Lucas Escalada, and Carol Reyes (San Antonio). References [ edit ] Mamsa, Zeb (10 October 2013). "Houston Fashion Week Kickoff at Alex Rodriguez Mercedes Benz" (http://www.bibimagazine.com/houston-fashion-week-kickoff-alex-rodriguez-mercedes-benz/) . Bibi Magazine . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . "Houston Fashion Week begins This Weekend At Alex Rodriguez Mercedes-Benz!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131104030643/http://about-online.com/2013/10/02/houston-fashion-week-begins-this-weekend-at-alex-rodriguez-mercedes-benz/) . AbOUT-Online . 2 October 2013. Archived from the original (http://about-online.com/2013/10/02/houston-fashion-week-begins-this-weekend-at-alex-rodriguez-mercedes-benz/) on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . "Houston Fashion Week – October 7-13" (http://universemiami.com/houston-fashion-week-october.html) . Universe Miami Network . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . "Fall fashion week" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131104024932/http://www.khou.com/great-day/gdh_10-10-13_seg1-227245091.html) . KHOU.com . 11 October 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.khou.com/great-day/gdh_10-10-13_seg1-227245091.html) on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . "Houston fashion week" (http://www.myfoxhouston.com/Clip/10662244/houston-fashion-week) . myfoxhouston.com . 5 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . External links [ edit ] Houston Fashion Week website (http://houstonfashionweek.com) Retrieved 2 November 2013. Houston Fashion Network website (https://web.archive.org/web/20131104121256/http://www.houstonfashionnetwork.com/) Retrieved 2 November 2013. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7f879d66d5‐bc5wp Cached time: 20240710220215 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.139 seconds Real time usage: 0.258 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 307/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12888/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 106/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14113/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.102/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3741683/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 213.651 1 -total 58.79% 125.605 1 Template:No_footnotes 49.68% 106.152 1 Template:Ambox 40.98% 87.546 5 Template:Cite_web 1.63% 3.475 2 Template:Yesno-no 0.87% 1.857 2 Template:Yesno 0.69% 1.470 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40949323-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710220215 and revision id 936233007. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston_fashion_week&oldid=936233007 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston_fashion_week&oldid=936233007) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of Houston (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Houston) Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2013 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_November_2013) All articles lacking in-text citations (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations)
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1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 (/wiki/Category:1953_clothing) 1954 1955 (/wiki/Category:1955_clothing) 1956 1957 1958 1959 1900s (/wiki/Category:1900s_clothing) 1910s 1920s (/wiki/Category:1920s_clothing) 1930s (/wiki/Category:1930s_clothing) 1940s (/wiki/Category:1940s_clothing) 1950s (/wiki/Category:1950s_clothing) 1960s (/wiki/Category:1960s_clothing) 1970s 1980s (/wiki/Category:1980s_clothing) 1990s (/wiki/Category:1990s_clothing) 2000s (/wiki/Category:2000s_clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐bbb5c5448‐h4lff Cached time: 20240718110925 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.136 seconds Real time usage: 0.246 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 145/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4108/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 105/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 38/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5517/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.099/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1032843/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 236.878 1 -total 90.46% 214.284 1 Template:Navseasoncats_with_decades_below_year 5.77% 13.659 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 3.68% 8.721 1 Template:Category_other 2.88% 6.812 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 2.80% 6.626 2 Template:Title_year 0.86% 2.037 1 Template:DECADE 0.71% 1.688 1 Template:Template_other 0.57% 1.352 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55031387-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718110925 and revision id 982830712. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "1954 clothing" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . W White floral Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1954_clothing&oldid=982830712 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1954_clothing&oldid=982830712) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by year (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_year) 1954 works (/wiki/Category:1954_works) 1950s clothing (/wiki/Category:1950s_clothing) Hidden categories: Category series navigation year and decade (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_year_and_decade) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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Emmanuel Ray (Naveen Emmanuel - Rajaratnam) Born ( 1980-09-27 ) September 27, 1980 (age 43) Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) Occupation Television presenter (/wiki/Television_presenter) [1] (#cite_note-1) Modeling information Hair color Black Eye color Black Website emmanuelray (http://emmanuelray.com) .com (http://emmanuelray.com) Emmanuel Ray , born Naveen Emmanuel - Rajaratnam, previously worked as a London (/wiki/London) -based presenter and human rights activist, known for his column, Diary of an It Boy. On August 10, 2009, he established a company named Socialite Evenings Limited. The company changed its name on December 13, 2010, to Emmanuel Ray Promotions Limited and closed down in April 29, 2014. Emmanuel won Fashion Icon of the Year 2011 [2] (#cite_note-kontra-2) at Fashions Finest Awards UK, and was nominated for London Personality of the Year at London Lifestyle Awards 2012. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Career [ edit ] Emmanuel has appeared, presented at and reported from a variety of shows including London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , Clothes Show Live (/wiki/Clothes_Show_Live) , Ideal Home Show (/wiki/Ideal_Home_Show) , Alternative Fashion Week, The Only Way is Essex (/wiki/The_Only_Way_is_Essex) Christmas special, Made in Chelsea (/wiki/Made_in_Chelsea) , and various showbiz parties, launch events and fashion shows. [2] (#cite_note-kontra-2) He has also hosted media events at the BBC TV Centre (/wiki/BBC_TV_Centre) and BBC White City (/wiki/BBC_White_City) [5] (#cite_note-5) and appeared on BBC One (/wiki/BBC_One) , RTÉ (/wiki/RT%C3%89) , S4C (/wiki/S4C) , World Fashion Channel (/wiki/World_Fashion_Channel) , Fashion TV (/wiki/Fashion_TV) , Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) TV, GBC (/wiki/Gibraltar_Broadcasting_Corporation) , BBC Asian Network (/wiki/BBC_Asian_Network) , Brit Asia TV, [6] (#cite_note-6) YGTV, Spectrum FM (/wiki/Spectrum_FM) , SLBC (/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Broadcasting_Corporation) , ITN (/wiki/ITN) , E4 (/wiki/E4_(TV_channel)) , ITV (/wiki/ITV_(TV_channel)) , Break London Radio, On FM, Gaydar Radio (/wiki/Gaydar_Radio) , and Stonewall Live USA amongst other platforms. Ray inaugurated Fashion Week Gibraltar (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Week_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1) in Spring/Summer 2012. [7] (#cite_note-7) In the same year, he reported from Brighton Fashion Week and presented at the annual 46th Botswana (/wiki/Botswana) Independence Day celebrations in London. [8] (#cite_note-8) He wrote a society column, Diary of an It Boy , in 2009. The column gave an account of fashion, show business and lifestyle from a man's perspective. It first appeared in Express Broadcast UK's website, and on Pride Life Magazine. From 2010 onwards, the column appeared on Laissez Faire , a London-based free newspaper focusing exclusively on art and culture. 'Diary of an It Boy' was also the newspaper's only column to appear in print twice, and in five digital publications simultaneously, on a monthly basis; Superstar Magazine, Break London Radio's website, The Style Column, Work in Fashion, My Kali Mag and kontraPLAN fashion journal. Activism [ edit ] Ray has supported human rights and peace campaigns, representing Britain (/wiki/Great_Britain) in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) ’s celebrity-led NOH8 Campaign (/wiki/NOH8_Campaign) [9] (#cite_note-9) against California Proposition 8 (/wiki/California_Proposition_8) supporting marriage equality, and in the international All Out campaign for against the Ugandan government's controversial Kill The Gays bill (/wiki/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014#Current_status) . [10] (#cite_note-10) He was also involved in the Ministry for Peace campaign in British Parliament (/wiki/British_Parliament) , 4D for World Peace by Uniting for Peace (/wiki/Uniting_for_Peace) , and has campaigned for the Ceylon Workers Congress (/wiki/Ceylon_Workers_Congress) in Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) , supporting poor manual laborers in the tea plantation sector. [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Emmanuel Ray - Television Presenter - Emmanuel Ray Promotions | LinkedIn" (https://archive.today/20231216174734/https://uk.linkedin.com/in/emmanuel-ray-4750511a7?original_referer=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/emmanuel-ray-4750511a7) . Archived from the original (https://uk.linkedin.com/in/emmanuel-ray-4750511a7) on 2023-12-16. ^ Jump up to: a b "Emmanuel Ray – Britain's Fashion Icon of the Year 2011" (http://kontraplan.com/site/2011/11/23/emmanuel-ray-britains-fashion-icon-of-the-year-2011/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131019062046/http://kontraplan.com/site/2011/11/23/emmanuel-ray-britains-fashion-icon-of-the-year-2011/) from the original on 2013-10-19 . Retrieved 2014-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Emmanuel Ray nominated for London Personality of the Year Award - FOREIGNERS IN UK" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141019160303/http://www.foreignersinuk.co.uk/community_news-community-emmanuel_ray_nominated_for_london_personality_of_the_year_award_4214.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.foreignersinuk.co.uk/community_news-community-emmanuel_ray_nominated_for_london_personality_of_the_year_award_4214.html) on 2014-10-19 . Retrieved 2014-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "CNN - Breaking News, Latest News and Videos" (http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-837147) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141020110936/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-837147) from the original on 2014-10-20 . Retrieved 2014-10-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Emmanuel Ray nominated for Fashion Icon of the Year, Fashions Finest Awards UK" (http://www.prlog.org/11552650-emmanuel-ray-nominated-for-fashion-icon-of-the-year-fashions-finest-awards-uk.html) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141028093922/http://www.prlog.org/11552650-emmanuel-ray-nominated-for-fashion-icon-of-the-year-fashions-finest-awards-uk.html) from the original on 2014-10-28 . Retrieved 2014-10-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Emmanuel Ray Fashion Icon of the Year pt2 - WorkinFashion - News" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111128071024/http://www.workinfashion.com/news/story.aspx?id=108) . workinfashion.com . Archived from the original (http://workinfashion.com/news/story.aspx?id=108) on 2011-11-28. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Emmanuel Ray Successfully Opens Gibraltar Fashion Week" (http://www.marbellafamilyfun.com/emmanuel-ray-successfully-opens-gibraltar-fashion-week.html) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140722092040/http://www.marbellafamilyfun.com/emmanuel-ray-successfully-opens-gibraltar-fashion-week.html) from the original on 2014-07-22 . Retrieved 2014-10-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Boikanyo (2012-09-29). "Botswana Independence Day 2012" (http://boikanyo.com/botswana-independence-day-2012) . boikanyo.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141020100722/http://boikanyo.com/botswana-independence-day-2012) from the original on 2014-10-20 . Retrieved 2023-04-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Britain's First "IT Boy" Emmanuel Ray Sounds off | NOH8 Campaign" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141020115522/http://www.noh8campaign.com/article/britains-first-it-boy-emmanuel-ray-sounds-off) . Archived from the original (http://www.noh8campaign.com/article/britains-first-it-boy-emmanuel-ray-sounds-off) on 2014-10-20 . Retrieved 2014-10-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Emmanuel Ray tells us about his life and fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093512/http://www.italoeuropeo.com/interviews/981-emmanuel-ray-tells-us-about-his-life-and-fashion) . Archived from the original (http://www.italoeuropeo.com/interviews/981-emmanuel-ray-tells-us-about-his-life-and-fashion) on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2014-10-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Emmanuel Ray: Britian's First "It BOY" and "Style Icon" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141020095944/http://www.thestylecolumnblog.com/2011/03/10/emmanuel-ray-britians-first-it-boy-and-style-icon/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20141020095944/http://www.thestylecolumnblog.com/2011/03/10/emmanuel-ray-britians-first-it-boy-and-style-icon/) . Archived from the original (http://www.thestylecolumnblog.com/2011/03/10/emmanuel-ray-britians-first-it-boy-and-style-icon/) on 2014-10-20 . Retrieved 2014-10-20 . External links [ edit ] Interview with Britain’s First It Boy – Emmanuel Ray (http://bella.bluelf.me/2011/09/13/interview-with-britains-first-it-boy-emmanuel-ray/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐h7fxx Cached time: 20240623184521 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.303 seconds Real time usage: 0.378 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2080/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25546/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1449/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 44845/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.219/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6182146/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 357.105 1 -total 55.05% 196.595 1 Template:Infobox_model 37.99% 135.662 1 Template:Reflist 32.65% 116.610 11 Template:Cite_web 11.69% 41.749 1 Template:Infobox 11.11% 39.677 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 7.28% 26.009 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.56% 19.858 1 Template:Authority_control 3.37% 12.022 17 Template:Main_other 2.54% 9.077 5 Template:If_empty Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29003736-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623184521 and revision id 1196790633. 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Haitian fashion designer Regine Chevallier Born Regine Chevallier Port-au-Prince (/wiki/Port-au-Prince) , Haiti Nationality Haitian Occupations Fashion designer Businesswoman Regine Chevallier ( French pronunciation: [ʁeʒin (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ʃəvalje] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ) is a Haitian fashion designer. She has earned the title, "Hat Lady to the Stars" for her unique collection of "Haute Summer Hats". [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-Creativ-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Biography [ edit ] Chevallier is from Port-au-Prince (/wiki/Port-au-Prince) , Haiti and maintains a fashion-house based in Miami. She draws on her European-Haitian heritage for influence for her designs; a melange of African, French and Italian. [3] (#cite_note-Creativ-3) Chevallier is a former Consulate General of the Republic of Haiti in Miami. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ferrandino, Lisa (28 March 2016). "Regine Chevallier Partners With Style Saves; Jaimie Nicole Launches Body Chains" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160331160256/https://oceandrive.com/regine-chevallier-collaborates-with-style-saves-and-more-fashion-news) . Ocean Drive . Archived from the original (https://oceandrive.com/regine-chevallier-collaborates-with-style-saves-and-more-fashion-news) on 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Sandoval, Shireen, ed. (8 July 2015). "Haute Summer Hats" (https://wsvn.com/entertainment/haute-summer-hats/) . 7 News Miami . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Luxury Fashion Hats Make A Statement" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150813064157/http://creativmag.com/luxury-fashion-hats-make-a-statement/) . Creativ Magazine . 8 May 2015. Archived from the original (http://creativmag.com/luxury-fashion-hats-make-a-statement/) on 13 August 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Gaya, Rodrigo, ed. (22 December 2014). "Regine Chevallier: Serving Hats for Dinner at Soho Beach House" (http://worldredeye.com/2014/12/regine-chevalier-serving-hats-for-dinner-at-soho-beach-house/) . Worldredeye . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Press, ed. (25 June 2012). "Haiti – Economy : Miami, "Caravan of investment" first positive results" (http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-5978-haiti-economy-miami-caravan-of-investment-first-positive-results.html) . Haiti Libre . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Auerbach, Bari, ed. (26 November 2013). "SoBlo Grand Opening Creating 'So Great Hair Days' (https://issuu.com/cnews/docs/aventura_news_11.27.2013) " (https://issuu.com/cnews/docs/aventura_news_11.27.2013) . Aventura News . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Business Development Mission to Port au Prince, Haiti" (https://www.miamidade.gov/business/library/reports/trade-missions/2012/haiti.pdf) (PDF) . Miami Dade. p. 3 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.reginechevallier.com/) This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regine_Chevallier&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐s2k5p Cached time: 20240713021922 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.460 seconds Real time usage: 0.752 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1941/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20190/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1195/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 35079/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.338/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18136832/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 731.535 1 -total 32.19% 235.484 1 Template:IPA-fr 31.90% 233.339 1 Template:IPA 21.09% 154.280 1 Template:Infobox_person 20.06% 146.775 1 Template:Reflist 17.45% 127.625 7 Template:Cite_web 13.72% 100.395 1 Template:Short_description 9.95% 72.813 17 Template:Main_other 7.78% 56.945 1 Template:SDcat 7.65% 55.937 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56619404-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713021922 and revision id 1161957868. 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New Zealand celebrity Jaime Dillon Ridge Born 1993 (age 30–31) Manly, New South Wales (/wiki/Manly,_New_South_Wales) , Australia Education Diocesan School for Girls (/wiki/Diocesan_School_for_Girls,_Auckland) , King's College (/wiki/King%27s_College,_Auckland) , The University of Auckland (/wiki/The_University_of_Auckland) Occupation(s) Fashion blogger, former model, Known for Dillon Dot, The Ridges Partner Tommy Bates Parent(s) Matthew (/wiki/Matthew_Ridge) , and Sally Ridge (/wiki/Sally_Ridge) Jaime Dillon Ridge (born 1993) is a New Zealand fashion blogger (/wiki/Fashion_blogger) and owns the blog Dillon Dot. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) She has appeared in several Australasian fashion magazines, including Badlands [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) and Denizen. [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) Early life and education [ edit ] Ridge was born in Manly, Australia in 1993 but the family returned to New Zealand in 1997 so Matthew could captain (/wiki/Captain_(sports)) the Auckland Warriors (/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors) . [4] (#cite_note-RLPMatthew-4) Ridge's parents are New Zealand rugby player (/wiki/Rugby_football) and former All Black (/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team) Matthew Ridge (/wiki/Matthew_Ridge) , and Sally Ridge (/wiki/Sally_Ridge) . Growing up, Ridge was often in the public eye and appeared in gossip magazines (/wiki/Gossip_magazine) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-MeettheRidges-6) After moving to New Zealand, Ridge was educated at Diocesan School for Girls (/wiki/Diocesan_School_for_Girls_(Auckland)) . [7] (#cite_note-TheRidgesarticle-7) In 2010, she moved to Diocesan's brother school, King's College (/wiki/King%27s_College,_Auckland) . [8] (#cite_note-ToughTimes-8) [9] (#cite_note-QueenstownSchool-9) Ridge also holds a Bachelor of Commerce from the University of Auckland (/wiki/University_of_Auckland) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Due to financial pressure following her split with Adam Parore, [11] (#cite_note-TRE2-11) Ridge chose to go directly to university after Year 12, so Sally could save the over $20,000 annual fees charged to attend King's College. [9] (#cite_note-QueenstownSchool-9) Career [ edit ] Dillon Dot [ edit ] Jaime started her personal style blog Dillon Dot in 2015 after having gained a considerable Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) following. [12] (#cite_note-:1-12) She had previously worked as a fashion and beauty account manager for an Auckland (/wiki/Auckland) PR firm. [12] (#cite_note-:1-12) The Ridges [ edit ] In 2012, age 19, Ridge and her mother starred (/wiki/Leading_actor) in their own six-part reality television show The Ridges, based around their everyday lives. [13] (#cite_note-NextMonth-13) She was reportedly paid $24,000 for the series. [13] (#cite_note-NextMonth-13) While the first episode debuted in the top five evening shows, the show quickly fell in the ratings. [14] (#cite_note-RatingsDive-14) [15] (#cite_note-TRRatings-15) Despite the finale regaining viewers, [16] (#cite_note-TRFinishHigh-16) in early 2013 TV3 announced the show would not be renewed for a second series. [17] (#cite_note-NoSecondSeries-17) Modelling [ edit ] Ridge did some modelling for the clothing company that Sally and Parore established in 2004 [18] (#cite_note-HighFlyingStrife-18) and describes modelling in print media, catwalks (/wiki/Catwalk) and music videos as a temporary side job. [19] (#cite_note-TRE1-19) Along with Sally, Ridge is represented by agent (/wiki/Talent_agent) Sara Tetro (/wiki/Sara_Tetro) . [20] (#cite_note-GoodPeople-20) [11] (#cite_note-TRE2-11) [21] (#cite_note-ModelJaime-21) Personal life and family [ edit ] Ridge claimed that while Sally and she were best friends, [19] (#cite_note-TRE1-19) [22] (#cite_note-SallyRock-22) she hadn't spoken to her father in years. [19] (#cite_note-TRE1-19) Ridge has expressed sadness at not meeting new half-brother London Ridge, father Matthew's son with current partner Carly Binding (/wiki/Carly_Binding) , [23] (#cite_note-NewSon-23) former member of New Zealand girl group TrueBliss (/wiki/TrueBliss) and solo artist. [19] (#cite_note-TRE1-19) Ridge and Matthew had reconciled by early 2014. [24] (#cite_note-GlamourUndercard-24) In February 2014, Ridge and mother Sally spoke out against online bullying following the death of New Zealand celebrity Charlotte Dawson (/wiki/Charlotte_Dawson) . [25] (#cite_note-Dawsonarticle-25) Previously, Ridge had publicly criticised an opinion article speculating as to the cause of Dawson's death. [25] (#cite_note-Dawsonarticle-25) ONE News reported Ridge as being one of the most followed New Zealanders on social media. [25] (#cite_note-Dawsonarticle-25) In August 2014, Jaime collaborated on a jewellery line for women and men with local designer Lindi Kingi. [26] (#cite_note-WTGMSLindiKingi-26) Charity work [ edit ] During The Ridges , Ridge agreed to participate in a charity Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) match. [11] (#cite_note-TRE2-11) The show covered Ridge training for 7 weeks with father Matthew's former-Warrior teammate Monty Betham (/wiki/Monty_Betham) at Boxing Alley (/wiki/Boxing_Alley) gym in Auckland. [27] (#cite_note-27) Already underweight (/wiki/Underweight) Ridge was pressured to lose 5 kg in one week, [20] (#cite_note-GoodPeople-20) dropping to just over 60 kg. [28] (#cite_note-TRE6-28) The show culminated in Ridge winning the ' KFC (/wiki/KFC) Godfather of All Fight Nights' match against fellow TV3 (/wiki/TV3_(New_Zealand)) reality television star Rosanna Arkle of The GC (/wiki/The_GC_(TV_series)) . [29] (#cite_note-TrueColours-29) In November 2013 Ridge acted as the face of Dress for Success (/wiki/Dress_For_Success_(organization)) Auckland's charitable fundraiser (/wiki/Fundraiser) sale The Great Designer Sale. [30] (#cite_note-DesignerSale-30) In August 2014, Ridge produced a piece of art for ANZ Daffodil Day Art Auction charity art auction. The proceeds of the auction went to the Cancer Society of New Zealand (/wiki/Cancer_Society_of_New_Zealand) . [31] (#cite_note-DDart2014-31) See also [ edit ] Celebutante (/wiki/Famous_for_being_famous) WAGs (/wiki/WAGs) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-:0_1-0) "GUCCI CRUISE" (http://dillondot.com/) . DILLON DOT . Retrieved 12 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_2-0) "BADLANDS JOURNAL – ISSUE 1 – Page 4" (https://magazine.badlands-journal.com/issue1/4/) . BADLANDS JOURNAL – ISSUE 1 . Retrieved 12 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-:3_3-0) "Denizen" (https://jaimedillonridge.com/denizen/) . JAIME DILLON RIDGE . Retrieved 12 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-RLPMatthew_4-0) "Matthew Ridge" (http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/matthew-ridge/summary.html) . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Screen, NZ On. "Matthew Ridge | NZ On Screen" (https://www.nzonscreen.com/profile/matthew-ridge) . www.nzonscreen.com . Retrieved 6 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-MeettheRidges_6-0) "Interview – Meet the Ridges" (http://www.tv3.co.nz/Interview/tabid/3266/articleID/79398/Default.aspx) . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-TheRidgesarticle_7-0) "The Ridges" (https://nz.lifestyle.yahoo.com/new-idea/star-watch/article/-/13659760/the-ridges/) , Yahoo! Lifestyle , 11 May 2012 , retrieved 17 April 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-ToughTimes_8-0) Lewis, Rebecca; Glucina, Rachel (4 July 2010), "Tough times for Sally Ridge" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10656422) , The New Zealand Herald (/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald) , retrieved 17 October 2013 ^ a b Roxburgh, Tracey (30 March 2012), "Demand quantified for private school" (http://www.odt.co.nz/your-town/queenstown/203495/demand-quantified-private-school) , The Otago Daily Times (/wiki/The_Otago_Daily_Times) , retrieved 17 October 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-10) "How Jaime Ridge took her digital brand on the road | FQ" (https://www.fq.co.nz/culture/jaime-ridge-career-blogger-influencer) . Fashion Quarterly . 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2020 . ^ a b c "Episode 2". The Ridges (/w/index.php?title=The_Ridges_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1) . Series 1. 19 September 2012. TV3 (/wiki/TV3_(New_Zealand)) . ^ a b "Jaime Ridge talks about her career in fashion" (https://www.fq.co.nz/fashion/jaime-ridge-career-in-fashion) . Fashion Quarterly . 24 May 2019 . Retrieved 6 January 2020 . ^ a b "The Ridges starts next month" (http://entertainment.msn.co.nz/article.aspx?id=8515917) , MSN.co.nz , 14 August 2012 , retrieved 17 October 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-RatingsDive_14-0) "The Ridges' ratings take a dive" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv/7707393/The-Ridges-ratings-take-a-dive) , Stuff (company) , 20 September 2012 , retrieved 17 October 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-TRRatings_15-0) "The Ridges – the ratings so far" (http://www.throng.co.nz/2012/10/graph-the-ridges-ratings/) . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-TRFinishHigh_16-0) "The Ridges finish on a ratings high" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv/7832957/The-Ridges-finish-on-a-ratings-high) , Stuff (company) , 18 October 2012 , retrieved 17 October 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-NoSecondSeries_17-0) "No second series for The Ridges" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv/8251690/No-second-series-for-The-Ridges) , Stuff (company) , 1 February 2013 , retrieved 17 October 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-HighFlyingStrife_18-0) Rushworth, Anna; Glucina, Rachel (23 May 2010), "High-flying Kiwis' clothing companies in strife" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10646920) , The New Zealand Herald (/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald) , retrieved 21 April 2014 ^ a b c d "Episode 1". The Ridges (/w/index.php?title=The_Ridges_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1) . Series 1. 12 September 2012. TV3 (/wiki/TV3_(New_Zealand)) . ^ a b Simich, Ricardo; Pickering, Andy (15 July 2012), " (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10819532) 'We're good people' – the Ridges on SBW, boxing, and reality TV" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10819532) , The New Zealand Herald (/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald) , retrieved 17 October 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-ModelJaime_21-0) "Jaime Ridge" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131016142423/http://www.62models.com/card?model=model-725) . Archived from the original (http://www.62models.com/card?model=model-725) on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-SallyRock_22-0) Fleming, Donna (18 June 2013), "Mum & Me: Sally's rock" (http://www.nzwomansweekly.co.nz/front-page-carousel/mum-me-sallys-rock/) , New Zealand Woman's Weekly (/wiki/New_Zealand_Woman%27s_Weekly) , retrieved 17 October 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-NewSon_23-0) Glucina, Rachel (17 November 2010), "Matthew Ridge welcomes new son" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10688178) , The New Zealand Herald (/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald) , retrieved 17 October 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-GlamourUndercard_24-0) Radio New Zealand (31 May 2012), "Glamour undercard for Cameron-Barrett bout revealed" (http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/sport/107149/glamour-undercard-for-cameron-barrett-bout-revealed) , Radio New Zealand (/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand) , retrieved 17 October 2013 ^ a b c ONE News (25 February 2014), "Charlotte Dawson article 'sickens' Jaime Ridge" (http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/charlotte-dawson-article-sickens-jaime-ridge-5849198) , Television New Zealand (/wiki/Television_New_Zealand) , retrieved 25 February 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-WTGMSLindiKingi_26-0) Daly, Michael (25 August 2014). "What the gossip mags say" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/10421491/What-the-gossip-mags-say) . Stuff.co.nz (/wiki/Stuff.co.nz) Entertainment . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Savory, Logan, "Celebrity boxers ruining it for youngsters" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/opinion/7142417/Celebrity-boxers-ruining-it-for-youngsters) , Stuff , 21 June 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-TRE6_28-0) "Episode 6". The Ridges (/w/index.php?title=The_Ridges_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1) . Series 1. 17 October 2012. TV3 (/wiki/TV3_(New_Zealand)) . ^ (#cite_ref-TrueColours_29-0) "Ridges show true colours on TV show" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv/7542759/Ridges-show-true-colours-on-TV-show) , Stuff (company) , 24 August 2012 , retrieved 17 October 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-DesignerSale_30-0) "Power of dressing for success" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/fashion/9426751/Power-of-dressing-for-success) , Stuff (/wiki/Stuff_(company)) , 24 November 2013 , retrieved 24 November 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-DDart2014_31-0) Press Release – ANZ New Zealand, "Bidding open for famous Kiwis' Daffodil Day art" (http://auckland.scoop.co.nz/2014/08/bidding-open-for-famous-kiwis-daffodil-day-art/) , Auckland Scoop = 18 August 2014 , retrieved 21 August 2014 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐58wxv Cached time: 20240624023417 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.337 seconds Real time usage: 0.426 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2909/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47226/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1838/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 110422/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.207/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6734528/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 393.598 1 -total 48.44% 190.648 1 Template:Reflist 27.78% 109.330 1 Template:Infobox_person 24.15% 95.069 10 Template:Cite_web 15.68% 61.716 1 Template:Short_description 14.19% 55.849 16 Template:Citation 9.77% 38.460 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.03% 35.555 2 Template:Pagetype 7.48% 29.444 18 Template:Main_other 7.48% 29.438 1 Template:Birth_year_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40809237-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624023417 and revision id 1064418667. 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Submission declined on 26 June 2024 by Theroadislong (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Theroadislong) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Theroadislong) ). This submission's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) —that is, they do not show significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in published , reliable , secondary sources that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the subject (see the guidelines on the notability of people (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) ). Before any resubmission, additional references meeting these criteria should be added (see technical help (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners#Inserting_a_reference) and learn about mistakes to avoid (/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_sourcing_mistakes_(notability)) when addressing this issue). If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sourish+Mukherjee%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sourish+Mukherjee%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sourish+Mukherjee%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sourish+Mukherjee%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Sourish+Mukherjee%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Sourish+Mukherjee%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sourish+Mukherjee%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Sourish+Mukherjee%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Sourish_Mukherjee) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Sourish_Mukherjee&defaults=y) Declined by Theroadislong (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Theroadislong) 23 days ago. Last edited by Theroadislong (/wiki/User:Theroadislong) 23 days ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Msourish&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D§ion=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. photographer, producer Sourish Mukherjee Born: 24/01/1997 Nationality: Indian Occupation: Producer, Director, Cinematographer (DOP), Gaffer Years Active: 2015 Website: FOI Studios (https://foiphoto.com/) Early Life and Education Sourish Mukherjee was born in Kolkata, India. From a young age, he showed a strong interest in the arts and visual storytelling, which led him to pursue formal education in film and photography. His early exposure to various art forms cultivated a keen interest in blending traditional and contemporary elements in his work. Career Sourish Mukherjee is the founder and creative director of FOI Studios, a premier photography and film studio based in Kolkata, India. His role encompasses producing, directing, cinematography (DOP), and gaffing. His innovative approach to visual storytelling, particularly in boudoir and fantasy photography, has established him as a notable figure in the industry. Notable Works and Projects: Fashion and Boudoir Photography: Sourish has directed and produced numerous high-profile fashion shoots, working with over 300 models. His projects are known for their elaborate set designs and meticulous attention to detail. Fantasy Photography: His signature style often includes creating fantastical worlds, merging elements of mythology with modern art. Collaborations with Prominent Figures: He has collaborated with renowned models and actresses, capturing their unique personalities through his lens. Key Projects and Initiatives Fashion Boudoir Projects Sourish Mukherjee's projects combine classic boudoir photography with imaginative fantasy elements. Directed and produced by Mukherjee, these projects feature a creative team including makeup artist Joyeeta Banik Mukherjee, wardrobe stylist Walter Peter, and art director Akash Mandal. Themes include a vintage master bedroom from the 80s and a fantasy forest, showcasing the elegance and versatility of models like Lavanya Manickam, Chandrika Desai, and Muskan (Musu). Focus on Models Chandrika Desai: A Multifaceted Talent Chandrika Desai is a prominent figure in the Indian entertainment industry, recognized for her diverse talents as an actress, model, and dancer. She has portrayed a variety of characters across different genres, showcasing her ability to adapt and deliver compelling performances. As a model, Chandrika has graced the covers of several prestigious magazines and participated in numerous high-profile fashion campaigns. In addition to acting and modeling, Chandrika is also an accomplished dancer, known for her fluidity and expressiveness in various dance forms. Shaheba Sultana (Musu): Versatile and Elegant Shaheba Sultana, known professionally as Musu, is a model from Kolkata, India, active on Talentrack. She is known for her versatility and ability to adapt to different styles and settings, making her a promising talent in the modeling industry. Fluent in Hindi and Bengali, she appeals to both regional and national markets. Creative Vision and Style Sourish Mukherjee's creative vision is characterized by his ability to seamlessly integrate traditional and contemporary elements. His work frequently features intricate set designs, innovative lighting techniques, and a strong narrative focus. He aims to challenge the boundaries of conventional photography and videography, creating visually stunning and emotionally engaging art. Leadership and Management Beyond his creative endeavors, Sourish is heavily involved in the management and logistical aspects of his projects. He coordinates large teams of professionals, ensuring each project runs smoothly from conception to completion. His leadership skills and dedication to his craft have made FOI Studios a recognized name in the industry. Personal Life Sourish Mukherjee maintains a relatively private personal life, residing in Kolkata where he continues to manage FOI Studios and engage in various creative projects. His commitment to the arts and relentless pursuit of innovation keep him at the forefront of the photography and film industry. Awards and Recognition Sourish has received numerous accolades for his contributions to photography and film. His projects have been featured in various exhibitions and publications, earning him a reputation as a visionary artist. Notably, he was awarded the National Geographic Nature Photographer of the Year in 2017. [1] (#cite_note-1) References FOI Studios Official Website: https://www.foiphoto.com (https://www.foiphoto.com) Times of India article on Lavanya Manickam: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/98725893.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/98725893.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst) External Links Website: FOI Studios Instagram: @msourish LinkedIn: Sourish Mukherjee ^ (#cite_ref-1) https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/nature-photographer-of-the-year-2017 (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/nature-photographer-of-the-year-2017) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐f7jv8 Cached time: 20240719192226 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, vary‐user] CPU time usage: 0.356 seconds Real time usage: 0.539 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1337/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 80840/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6755/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5664/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.166/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2437751/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 453.970 1 -total 84.32% 382.796 1 Template:AFC_submission 72.18% 327.655 1 Template:AfC_submission/declined 70.06% 318.053 1 Template:Ombox 33.33% 151.320 1 Template:AfC_submission/helptools 32.56% 147.808 4 Template:Hidden 11.56% 52.478 1 Template:Short_description 11.52% 52.315 1 Template:Find_sources 9.04% 41.031 1 Template:IsIPAddress 7.04% 31.957 1 Template:Columns-list Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:77230929-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719192226 and revision id 1231082889. 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American nightclub singer and inventor (1944–2022) Rommy Hunt Revson Born Rommy Kolb ( 1944-02-15 ) February 15, 1944 White Plains, New York (/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York) , U.S. Died September 7, 2022 (2022-09-07) (aged 78) Rochester, Minnesota (/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota) , U.S. Occupation(s) Nightclub singer, vocal coach, inventor Known for Inventing the scrunchie (/wiki/Scrunchie) Spouse(s) Four times divorced, including from John Revson Children 1 Rommy Hunt Revson ( née (/wiki/N%C3%A9e) Kolb ; February 15, 1944 – September 7, 2022) was an American nightclub singer and creator of the scrunchie (/wiki/Scrunchie) . Early years [ edit ] Revson was born in 1944 in White Plains, New York (/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York) . She worked in the 1970s and 1980s as a singer in Manhattan nightclubs. She was also a voice teacher and songwriter. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) [2] (#cite_note-PB-2) While working as a singer, she met Revlon (/wiki/Revlon) cosmetics heir John Revson. After a six-year courtship, they were married for a year. [2] (#cite_note-PB-2) The scrunchie [ edit ] Scrunchies In 1986, Revson invented the scrunchie (/wiki/Scrunchie) , a hair accessory used to hold the hair in a pony tail. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Revson invented the scrunchie while preparing for job interviews and trying to protect her brittle hair after having it bleached. She created the scrunchie out of soft fabric to avoid damaging her hair with elastic bands or plastic clips. She received a design patent for the invention. [3] (#cite_note-3) The invention, originally known as the "Scunci", was named after Revson's pet poodle. It later became known generically as the scrunchie. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Revson began a business to market her Scuncis and had $20 million in orders in the initial months. Unable to keep up with demand, Revson's business failed. She thereafter licensed her patent for manufacture by others. [4] (#cite_note-4) By the time her patent expired in 2001, more than two billion Scrunchies had been sold. [5] (#cite_note-5) Revson made $1 million a year in royalties from the scrunchie for more than 12 years. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Personal life and death [ edit ] Revson was married and divorced four times and had one son. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) [6] (#cite_note-6) At the time of her death, she was a resident of Wellington, Florida (/wiki/Wellington,_Florida) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) On September 7, 2022, Revson died in Rochester, Minnesota (/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota) , at age 78, from a rupture (/wiki/Aortic_rupture) in the ascending aorta (/wiki/Ascending_aorta) . She died at a hotel room near the Mayo Clinic (/wiki/Mayo_Clinic) , where she was undergoing medical treatment for Cushing's disease (/wiki/Cushing%27s_disease) and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Sandomir, Richard (September 14, 2022). "Rommy Hunt Revson, Creator of the Scrunchie, Dies at 78" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/14/style/rommy-revson-dead.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved September 19, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Millie Wolf (January 8, 1986). " (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109232121/palm-beach-daily-news/) 'Pretty Girls': Song Written As Memorial To Rommy Revson's Friend" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109232121/palm-beach-daily-news/) . Palm Beach Daily News . p. 1 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Ethlie Ann Vare, Greg Ptacek (2002). Patently Female: From AZ to TV Dinners, Stories of Women Inventors and Their Breakthrough Ideas . John Wiley. p. 140. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0471023345 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Robin D. Givhan (September 24, 1995). "Ponytail-holders turn out to be worth a fortune" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109622143/revson/) . The Palm Beach Post . p. 6D – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Book documents women's patents" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109621454/revison/) . Chicago Tribune . October 23, 2002. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Richard Johnson (March 30, 1992). "Bauble, bauble, toil & royal trouble" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109621290/revson/) . New York Daily News – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Schonfeld, Alexandra (September 15, 2022). "Rommy Hunt Revson, the Woman Who Invented the Scrunchie, Dies at 78" (https://people.com/style/scrunchie-inventor-rommy-hunt-revson-dies-at-78/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved September 16, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Griffin Wynne (September 15, 2022). "The Inventor Of The Scrunchie Left A Lasting Mark On Fashion: Rommy Hunt Revson, who died Sept. 7, created one of fashion's most memorable accessories" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/rommy-hunt-revson-scrunchie_l_6323290fe4b0eac9f4df1c23) . HuffPost. 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Belizean women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Belize portal (/wiki/Portal:Belize) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Belizean fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Belizean_fashion_designers) . It includes Belizean fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐pm4z6 Cached time: 20240720204857 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.106 seconds Real time usage: 0.142 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3983/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 303/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.061/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 932757/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 123.663 1 -total 45.20% 55.896 1 Template:Non-diffusing 41.19% 50.932 1 Template:Portal 37.84% 46.796 1 Template:Cmbox 13.37% 16.539 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 10.54% 13.040 2 Template:Category_other 8.19% 10.123 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 3.84% 4.744 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.68% 2.077 1 Template:Template_other 1.56% 1.926 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72304364-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720204857 and revision id 1177797167. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Belizean women fashion designers" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . S Rebecca Stirm (/wiki/Rebecca_Stirm) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Belizean_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177797167 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Belizean_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177797167) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Belizean fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Belizean_fashion_designers) Belizean women by occupation (/wiki/Category:Belizean_women_by_occupation) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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French fashion designer Vanessa Seward in 2016 Vanessa Seward is a French fashion designer. Early life and education [ edit ] Seward was born in Argentina in 1969, where her father was an Argentine diplomat who worked as an economic advisor. [1] (#cite_note-thawley-1) She grew up in London before moving to Paris at age 12 with her mother. [2] (#cite_note-karin-2) She studied at Studio Berçot (/wiki/Studio_Ber%C3%A7ot) . Career [ edit ] Early career [ edit ] From 1991, Seward worked for nine years as an accessory designer for Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , [3] (#cite_note-3) then with Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) at Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) before becoming second-in-command at Loris Azzaro (/wiki/Loris_Azzaro) in 2002. [2] (#cite_note-karin-2) Following Azzaro's death in 2003, Seward became artistic director of his fashion house. [4] (#cite_note-achara-4) There, she dressed Natalie Portman (/wiki/Natalie_Portman) , Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , Kristen Stewart (/wiki/Kristen_Stewart) and Marisa Berenson (/wiki/Marisa_Berenson) among others. She left Azzaro in 2011, joining Jean Touitou (/wiki/Jean_Touitou) at A.P.C. (/wiki/A.P.C.) to launch a capsule ready-to-wear collection with the label. [1] (#cite_note-thawley-1) In 2012, Seward designed a collection of jewelry for Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) . [5] (#cite_note-5) She also designed the costumes for the musical "Les Parapluies du Cherbourg" at Théâtre du Châtelet (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Vanessa Seward [ edit ] In 2014, Vanessa Seward launched her own label with the support of A.P.C. (/w/index.php?title=Atelier_de_production_et_de_cr%C3%A9ation&action=edit&redlink=1) and its founder, Jean Touitou (/wiki/Jean_Touitou) . [7] (#cite_note-7) She presented her first runway show (/wiki/Runway_show) during Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) at the Mona Bismarck American Center for Art and Culture (/wiki/American_Center_for_Art_and_Culture) in Fall/Winter 2015. The high-end ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) line aims to make its vision of 1970s-inspired luxury accessible, [8] (#cite_note-8) redefining and exacerbating classic femininity. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) "The 1970s fascinate me because they never get old," Seward told L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) . "Women were at once strong and sensual, elegant without being trendy. This equilibrium has never been attained since." [11] (#cite_note-11) What was once scoffed at as bourgeois should once again become desirable. For example, Seward offers jeans embroidered with the client's name. [12] (#cite_note-12) Two Vanessa Seward boutiques opened in Paris in 2015: the first at 10 Rue d'Alger in the 1st arrondissement (/wiki/Arrondissement) de Paris, another at 7 Boulevard des Filles-du-Calvaire, as well as an online shop. A third storefront opened in 2016 at 171 Boulevard Saint-Germain (/wiki/Boulevard_Saint-Germain) . [13] (#cite_note-13) In early 2017, a fourth store opened its doors in London. All stores were designed by architect Laurent Deroo. Personal life [ edit ] Vanessa Seward is married to Corsican (/wiki/Corsica) -born musician, composer, record producer, and director, Bertrand Burgalat (/wiki/Bertrand_Burgalat) , founder of the record label Tricatel. [14] (#cite_note-:0-14) He assists with the sound production of the brand. References [ edit ] ^ a b Thawley, Dan (May 16, 2014). "Vanessa Seward Set to Launch Eponymous Label in Partnership with Jean Touitou" (http://www.vogue.com/866218/vanessa-seward-new-label-with-jean-touitou/) . Vogue . Retrieved February 3, 2015 . ^ a b Nelson, Karin (March 2013). "Designer Genes" (http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2013/03/vanessa-seward-apc-denim/) . W Magazine . Retrieved February 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Carola Long (25 January 2017), Want to look polished and Parisian? Vanessa Seward has the answer (https://www.ft.com/content/8ebe1242-df23-11e6-9d7c-be108f1c1dce) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-achara_4-0) Achara, Esther Adams (October 4, 2010). "A Family Affair: Azzaro's Spring 2011 Collection" (http://www.vogue.com/870667/a-family-affair-azzaros-spring-2011-collection/) . Vogue . Retrieved February 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Swarovski's new talent: guest designers Vanessa Seward and Stefano Poletti" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/accessories/news/a22527/swarovski-spring-2013-vanessa-seward-stefano-poletti-interview/) . elle.com. December 27, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Les Parapluies du Cherbourg" (http://chatelet-theatre.com/fr/event/parapluies-de-cherbourg) . chatelet-theatre.com. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Vanessa Seward lance sa propre marque" (https://www.lemonde.fr/m-mode-l-invite/article/2015/09/04/vanessa-seward-lance-sa-propre-marque_4745897_4497365.html) . lemonde.fr (in French). September 4, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Fashion Week : Vanessa Seward, épisode deux" (https://www.lesechos.fr/week-end/mode-et-beaute/defiles/021393757419-fashion-week-vanessa-seward-episode-deux-1164088.php) . lesechos.fr . October 9, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "La bourgeoise redevient un objet de désir" (http://madame.lefigaro.fr/style/ultra-desirable-bourgeoise-250815-97886) . madame.lefigaro.fr . August 30, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "La parisienne scintillante de Vanessa Seward" (http://www.elle.fr/Mode/Les-defiles-de-mode/Pret-a-Porter-Printemps-Ete-2016/Femme/Paris/Vanessa-Seward/La-parisienne-scintillante-de-Vanessa-Seward-3002121) . elle.fr . October 7, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Vanessa Seward : "Le vêtement m'a aidée à avoir confiance en moi" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/createurs/vanessa-seward-creatrice-de-mode-interview_1622167.html) " (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/createurs/vanessa-seward-creatrice-de-mode-interview_1622167.html) . lexpress.fr (in French). November 17, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Vanessa Seward ou le charme discret de la bourgeoisie" (http://www.numero.com/fr/mode/vanessa-seward-style-apc) . numero.com (in French). August 13, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Vanessa Seward lance sa marque" (http://www.elle.fr/Mode/Les-news-mode/Autres-news/Vanessa-Seward-lance-sa-marque-2705622) . elle.fr (in French). May 16, 2014 . Retrieved February 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_14-0) "Vanessa Seward, au coup par coudre" (http://next.liberation.fr/mode/2016/01/05/vanessa-seward-au-coup-par-coudre_1424469) . next.liberation.fr . January 5, 2016. External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.vanessaseward.com) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/316738413) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16969351p) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16969351p) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐866f7f976b‐tpnd6 Cached time: 20240711222501 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.577 seconds Real time usage: 0.766 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 901/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25035/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 668/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 52004/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.413/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4871238/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 714.556 1 -total 46.52% 332.436 1 Template:Reflist 31.78% 227.096 3 Template:Cite_news 24.03% 171.731 1 Template:ACArt 17.58% 125.642 1 Template:Short_description 10.29% 73.495 5 Template:Main_other 9.68% 69.184 1 Template:SDcat 9.32% 66.617 10 Template:Cite_web 7.25% 51.777 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates 5.88% 42.010 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41278106-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711222501 and revision id 1233974418. 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British fashion label This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Galvan_(fashion_brand)&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Galvan+%28fashion+brand%29&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Galvan+%28fashion+brand%29) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Galvan_(fashion_brand)) for suggestions. ( September 2022 ) Logo of Galvan (fashion brand) Galvan London is a British contemporary fashion brand designed by four international women. History [ edit ] German designer Anna-Christin Haas; American businesswoman Katherine Holmgren (who serves as CEO); Icelandic former model Sólveig "Sola" Harrison (who serves as creative director); and Swiss businesswoman Carolyn Hodler (who serves as sales director), established the Galvan brand together in 2014, [1] (#cite_note-hbar-1) after frustration with not being able to find the right wedding or event attire for young women below the unattainable high fashion price ranges. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-nottinghill-3) Although none of them are of British nationality, they decided to base the operations in London, England whilst working virtually. [4] (#cite_note-thrlabel-4) The textiles of their pieces come from Italy and France, [5] (#cite_note-5) and their showroom is in Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) , Germany. Galvan is primarily sold at Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) and Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) in brick-and-mortar retail. [3] (#cite_note-nottinghill-3) In popular culture [ edit ] Galvan is often noted to be worn by celebrities on the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) , including actress Sophie Turner (/wiki/Sophie_Turner) at the 88th Academy Awards (/wiki/88th_Academy_Awards) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Actresses including Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , Jennifer Lawrence (/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence) , and Selena Gomez (/wiki/Selena_Gomez) have worn outfits multiple times which had given a radar to the brand in its nascence. [4] (#cite_note-thrlabel-4) German model Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) wore a Galvan "Pandora" gown, which is considered the brand's signature style, on her wedding day. [1] (#cite_note-hbar-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b Lohale, Stephanie (14 September 2019). "Interview: Galvan London Is The Eveningwear Brand Celebrities Can't Get Enough Of" (https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/fashion/style-files/interview-galvan-celebrity-favourite-eveningwear-brand) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) Arabia . ITP DIGITAL MEDIA INC. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hyland, Véronique (4 February 2015). "Meet Galvan, the Label That's Taking the Frills Out of Eveningwear" (https://www.thecut.com/2015/02/label-taking-the-frills-out-of-eveningwear.html) . The Cut . Vox Media, LLC. ^ a b Mower, Sarah (24 April 2014). "Meet Galvan, the Design Quartet Making the Case for All-American Glamour in Notting Hill" (https://www.vogue.com/article/galvan-notting-hill-label) . Vogue . Condé Nast. ^ a b Reed, Sam (9 November 2016). "The Label Everyone's Wearing but No One's Heard Of" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/galvan-hollywoods-new-favorite-90s-inspired-fashion-brand-944349/) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Signorelli, Alessandra (10 October 2016). "Galvan" (https://www.vogue.it/en/fashion/news/2016/10/10/galvan-interview/) . Vogue Italia . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "See the Stars Wearing Galvan London, Hollywood's New Fave Red-Carpet Label" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/gallery/see-stars-wearing-galvan-london-hollywoods-new-fave-red-carpet-label-941507/6-sophie-turner/) . The Hollywood Reporter . 9 November 2016. 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Line of men's cologne marketed by Guy Laroche Drakkar Noir Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Guy Laroche (/wiki/Guy_Laroche) Released 1982 Label Guy Laroche (/wiki/Guy_Laroche) Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Feel the power Website www.guylaroche.com (http://www.guylaroche.com/fragrances/drakkar-noir/) Drakkar Noir is a men's fragrance by Guy Laroche (/wiki/Guy_Laroche) created by perfumer Pierre Wargnye. The fragrance was introduced in 1982 and is manufactured under license by the L'Oréal Group (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al_Group) . [1] (#cite_note-1) It is a successor scent to the brand's 1972 fragrance Drakkar, launched to appeal to a British market. [2] (#cite_note-Herman_185-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) It won the 1985 FiFi Award (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) for "Most Successful Men's Fragrance (Limited)", [4] (#cite_note-4) and, in 2010, the Canadian Fragrance Awards' "Hall of Fame Award—Men's". [5] (#cite_note-5) In 1991, it was the bestselling men's "prestige" ($20+) scent worldwide. [6] (#cite_note-elliott-6) The name is pronounced with the stress on the second syllable "Dra-CAR". [6] (#cite_note-elliott-6) According to The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , the name derives from "a flat-bottomed Viking ship (/wiki/Longship#Drakkar) ". [6] (#cite_note-elliott-6) Product overview [ edit ] I do believe the secret behind this fragrance is the emotion of its construction as well as the power feeling that it evokes. It’s still very modern nowadays due to its timeless contrasting and its sensual masculine power. — Pierre Wargnye, perfumer; creator of Drakkar Noir [7] (#cite_note-7) Drakkar Noir comes in a sleek black metallic bottle. [8] (#cite_note-8) The fragrance is an aromatic fougère (/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re) , with top notes of bergamot (/wiki/Bergamot_essential_oil) , rosemary (/wiki/Rosemary) , lavender (/wiki/Lavandula) , middle notes of cardamom (/wiki/Cardamom) and geranium, and a dry down of vetiver (/wiki/Vetiver) , cedar (/wiki/Cedar_oil) , and fir (/wiki/Fir) balsam (/wiki/Balsam_fir) . [9] (#cite_note-9) The top note includes prominent dihydromyrcenol (/w/index.php?title=Dihydromyrcenol&action=edit&redlink=1) , a synthetic odorant with a metallic citric-floral character, typical of the fougère family fragrances. Compared to the original Drakkar fragrance, Drakkar Noir is darker, with notes of leather and patchouli that the original lacks. [2] (#cite_note-Herman_185-2) Drakkar Noir helped cement a trend of fresh fougère scents in the 1980s. [10] (#cite_note-10) Marketing [ edit ] Marketing for Drakkar Noir has focused on themes of masculinity, sensuality, decadence, darkness, and lust. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-:1-13) The name Drakkar is derived from the word drekar (/wiki/Drekar) , a type of Viking longship, invoking the "virile charm" associated to the Viking warriors. [14] (#cite_note-14) The fragrance's name also has a similar sound to Dracula (/wiki/Count_Dracula) , a fictional vampire (/wiki/Vampire) known for his seductive cruelty; through the name, themes associated with Dracula are believed to become unconsciously associated with the fragrance in the mind of consumers. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) [13] (#cite_note-:1-13) Print advertisements for Drakkar Noir have visually emphasized these themes. One ad displayed the fragrance bottle in the center of the page on a dark background, with a beam of light crossing the page and not touching the bottle; this lack of illumination serves to emphasize the bottle. [13] (#cite_note-:1-13) The dark visuals of the ad are intended to subconsciously evoke mystery, sensuality, and forbidden pleasures. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanesi2016197-15) Another ad portrayed a man's unclothed arm from just below the wrist, gripping a bottle of Drakkar Noir. A woman's hand with long, red-painted nails assertively grips his bare arm at the wrist. The ad portrays masculine strength and the female desire for security in that strength. [16] (#cite_note-:2-16) The ad was re-shot for the United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) in order to accommodate cultural differences: in the UAE version, the man is wearing a suit, and the woman's fingers are lightly grazing his hand in a more subordinate fashion. [16] (#cite_note-:2-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) The overall effect was to reduce the amount of bare skin displayed and to make the contact less obviously intimate, in accordance with Arabic cultural norms, without reducing the attractiveness of the image. [16] (#cite_note-:2-16) From 1986 to 1991, a TV commercial for the fragrance featured a mysterious young man engaging in masculine activities such as archery (/wiki/Archery) , nightclubbing, and flirting with a beautiful woman. [6] (#cite_note-elliott-6) From 1991 to 1993, another TV commercial featured a boxer and his girlfriend, played by supermodel Stephanie Seymour (/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour) . The print advertising campaign was photographed by Herb Ritts (/wiki/Herb_Ritts) . [18] (#cite_note-18) In 1994, a new commercial, shot by director Jean-Baptiste Mondino (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Mondino) , was introduced. It depicted a rock star (/wiki/Rock_and_roll) amongst his wildly excited fans. [19] (#cite_note-19) In 2013, a new commercial was released featuring the Brazilian football player Neymar (/wiki/Neymar) Jr., photographed again by Jean-Baptiste Mondino, promoting social inclusion through sport. [20] (#cite_note-20) In 1993, Guy Laroche offered a promotional CD, Best of Rock , with every purchase of Drakkar Noir. The CD featured tracks by Jimi Hendrix (/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix) , Rod Stewart (/wiki/Rod_Stewart) and others. [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2002, L'Oréal signed a US$10 million sponsorship agreement for NASCAR (/wiki/NASCAR) race driver Dale Earnhardt Jr. (/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr.) to endorse Drakkar Noir. [22] (#cite_note-22) In popular culture [ edit ] This article contains a list of miscellaneous information (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections) . Please relocate (/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia) any relevant information into other sections or articles. ( May 2024 ) In the episode " Leggo My Meg-O (/wiki/Leggo_My_Meg-O) " of the animated sitcom Family Guy (/wiki/Family_Guy) – the 20th episode of the 10th season – Meg is kidnapped in Paris while on the phone to Peter. One of the kidnappers says to him "Drakkar Noir". Stewie and Brian go to Paris to rescue Meg and get into the kidnapper's hideout by posing as Eastern European perfume salesmen. They show the kidnappers their scents, and when each of them orders Drakkar Noir, compare their voices to a recording of the phone call using voice recognition software. In the episode " Rabbit or Duck (/wiki/Rabbit_or_Duck) ", of the sitcom How I Met Your Mother (/wiki/How_I_Met_Your_Mother) – the 15th episode of the 5th season – Marshall Eriksen comments that the fragrance had been helpful in winning the love of his wife, Lily. In the episode " Hot Girl (/wiki/Hot_Girl_(The_Office)) " of The Office (/wiki/The_Office_(American_TV_series)) – The 6th episode of the 1st season – Michael Scott asks Ryan Howard to help him clean out his car, to impress a saleswoman who has come to the office that Michael insisted on driving home. When cleaning out the car, Ryan finds an empty bottle of perfume, which Michael claims is an exact smell-alike to Drakkar Noir. In the episode "Mac is a Serial Killer" of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (/wiki/It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia) – The 10th episode of the 3rd season – Charlie and Frank search Mac's room for evidence of him being a serial killer, while Frank picks up a human anatomy book Charlie sprays himself with Drakkar Noir. Frank tells Charlie, "it stinks, that stuff". Charlie responds, "this stuff is Drakkar Noir, man." In the episode "Frank The Plank" of Shameless (/wiki/Shameless_(British_TV_series)) – the 2nd episode of the 1st season – Frank Gallagher comments on how he knows it was Steve who left him in Canada saying "When I woke up, in Toronto, in a park, looking like an f*cking homeless tweaker, all I could smell was Drakkar Noir. Middle of a park... Drakkar Noir. I just spent five hours with him in that camper. SAME SMELL." In the show Raising Hope (/wiki/Raising_Hope) , Jimmy Chance's name during his emo phase was Drakkar Noir. In the episode Snake Pit of Deadly Class (/wiki/Deadly_Class_(TV_series)) , the teacher of the “Atypical Combat Skills” class, Master Zane, boasts that as a bouncer at a Jersey Shore club he "knocked the Drakkar Noir off..." everyone who took a swing at him. In the episode ...And the Bag's in the River (/wiki/...And_the_Bag%27s_in_the_River) of Breaking Bad (/wiki/Breaking_Bad) – the third episode of the 1st season – Hank Schrader, while checking for drugs in Crazy 8's low-rider, says, "Smells like a Drakkar Noir factory in here". The sixth song on the 2013 album “ Bankrupt! (/wiki/Bankrupt!) ” by the band " Phoenix (/wiki/Phoenix_(band)) " is titled "Drakkar Noir". In the film 10 Things I Hate About You (/wiki/10_Things_I_Hate_About_You) , Kat Stratford (played by Julia Stiles (/wiki/Julia_Stiles) ) complains about prom, saying "Do you really wanna get all dressed up, so some Drakkar Noir-wearing dexter with a boner can feel you up while you're forced to listen to a band that, by definition, blows? In The Lonely Island (/wiki/The_Lonely_Island) 's album/special, The Unauthorized Bash Brothers Experience (/wiki/The_Unauthorized_Bash_Brothers_Experience) , Mark McGuire ( Akiva Schaffer (/wiki/Akiva_Schaffer) ) states that his crib smells like Drakkar Noir In the episode "Brother Blood" of Titans (/wiki/Titans_(2018_TV_series)) , – the 6th episode of the 4th season – when asked about the smell, Superboy (/wiki/Superboy_(Kon-El)#Television) states that it's Drakkar Noir. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Company Overview: L'Oréal USA at a glance" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120606051806/http://www.lorealusa.com/_en/_us/html/our-company/L-Oreal-USA-at-a-glance.aspx) . L'Oréal USA. Archived from the original (http://www.lorealusa.com/_en/_us/html/our-company/L-Oreal-USA-at-a-glance.aspx) on 2012-06-06. ^ a b Herman, Barbara (2013). Scent and Subversion: Decoding a Century of Provocative Perfume . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 185. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781493002023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Competitive strategies for Europe . Business International. 1983. ^ (#cite_ref-4) FiFi Awards / Winners: 1985 (http://www.fragrance.org/fifi-awards-winners.php?year=1985) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131002055448/http://www.fragrance.org/fifi-awards-winners.php?year=1985) October 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Fragrance Foundation ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Canadian fragrance awards echo UK's Fifi choices" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100507030637/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/canadian-fragrance-awards-echo-uks-fifi-choices-1961589.html) , The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) (London), 4 May 2010. ^ a b c d Elliott, Stuart (4 December 1991). "The Media Business: Advertising: A Men's Fragrance Responds to the Winds of Change" (https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/04/business/the-media-business-advertising-a-men-s-fragrance-responds-to-the-winds-of-change.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Pierre Wargnye (http://www.fragrantica.com/noses/Pierre_Wargnye.html) at fragrantica.com ^ (#cite_ref-8) Romanelli, David (2009). Yeah Dave's Guide to Livin' the Moment: Getting to Ecstasy Through Wine, Chocolate and Your iPod Playlist . Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale. p. 14. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780767931625 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Drakkar Noir (http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Guy-Laroche/Drakkar-Noir-2069.html) at fragrantica.com ^ (#cite_ref-10) Butler, H. (2013). Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 348. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789401727341 . ^ a b Beasley, Ron; Danesi, Marcel (2002). Persuasive Signs: The Semiotics of Advertising . Walter de Gruyter. p. 129. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783110173406 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Ostrom, Lizzie (2015). Perfume: A Century of Scents . Random House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781473506084 . ^ a b c Danesi, Marcel (2016). Of Cigarettes, High Heels, and Other Interesting Things: An Introduction to Semiotics . Springer. p. 196. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780230612785 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Wawn, Andrew (1994). Northern Antiquity: The Post-medieval Reception of Edda and Saga . Hisarlik Press. p. 78. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781874312185 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanesi2016197_15-0) Danesi 2016 (#CITEREFDanesi2016) , p. 197. ^ a b c Singh, S. (2008). Business Practices in Emerging and Re-Emerging Markets . Springer. p. 141. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780230611016 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Termath, Marc (2011). Marketing-relevant cultural impacts on the consumer behaviour within the communication policy determined using the United Arab Emirates . diplom.de. p. 34. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783842821354 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Early '90s ad (http://www.thefreelibrary.com/DRAKKAR+NOIR+--+THE+NO.+1+PRESTIGE+MEN'S+FRAGRANCE+IN+THE+WORLD+--...-a011595224) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092704/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/DRAKKAR+NOIR+--+THE+NO.+1+PRESTIGE+MEN%27S+FRAGRANCE+IN+THE+WORLD+--...-a011595224) 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) at The Free Library ^ (#cite_ref-19) Rock Star advertisement (http://www.culturepub.fr/videos/guy-laroche-drakkar-noir-rock-star) ^ (#cite_ref-20) Neymar: nouvel ambassadeur des parfums Drakkar Noir (http://www.etv-sport.com/wellness/neymar-nouvel-ambassadeur-des-parfums-drakkar-noir/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022113/http://www.etv-sport.com/wellness/neymar-nouvel-ambassadeur-des-parfums-drakkar-noir/) 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) at ETV-sport.com ^ (#cite_ref-21) Drakkar Noir - Best Of Rock Vol. 1 (CD) (http://www.discogs.com/Various-Drakkar-Noir-Best-Of-Rock-Vol-1/release/1414633) at Discogs ^ (#cite_ref-22) Cardona, Mercedes M. (24 February 2002). "L'Oreal launches ad effort for Drakkar Noir fragrance" (http://adage.com/article/news/l-oreal-launches-ad-effort-drakkar-noir-fragrance/52863/) . AdAge . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.guylaroche.com/fragrances/drakkar-noir/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐rj4ts Cached time: 20240719045259 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.356 seconds Real time usage: 0.477 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1441/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31187/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1358/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 57960/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.220/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7430489/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 427.556 1 -total 40.66% 173.844 1 Template:Reflist 21.03% 89.921 2 Template:Cite_web 16.78% 71.729 1 Template:Short_description 13.26% 56.709 1 Template:Trivia 12.09% 51.680 1 Template:Ambox 10.40% 44.448 2 Template:Pagetype 10.12% 43.285 10 Template:Cite_book 9.29% 39.738 1 Template:Infobox_fragrance 8.76% 37.475 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17848335-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719045259 and revision id 1235412120. 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Indonesian fashion designer This article is about the Indonesian fashion designer. For other uses, see Heaven (disambiguation) (/wiki/Heaven_(disambiguation)) . In this Chinese Indonesian name (/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_name) , the family name (/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname) is Tanudiredja (陳) (/wiki/Chen_(surname)) . Heaven Tanudiredja (born 1982) is an Indonesian fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) living and working in Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp) , Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) . He is noted for his sculptural accessories, yet he trained in womenswear not accessory design from the prestigious Royal Academy of Fine Arts (/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Career [ edit ] Before launching his namesake label in 2007, Tanudiredja worked in the studios of Christian Dior Haute Couture (/wiki/Christian_Dior) and Dries Van Noten (/wiki/Dries_Van_Noten) , after serving as a stagier to John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) in his Paris atelier (/wiki/Atelier) . In 2018 he launched his womenswear collection during AW Tokyo Fashion Week (/wiki/Tokyo_Fashion_Week) . Design Partnerships [ edit ] At sixteen he was Biyan Wanaatmadja's design assistant. Beyond showing his collection of handmade pieces, [2] (#cite_note-2) Tanudiredja collaborates with many innovative designers such as: British designer John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) for Christian Dior Haute Couture (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , Korean designer Juun J. (/w/index.php?title=Juun_J.&action=edit&redlink=1) , [3] (#cite_note-3) Dutch designer Iris Van Herpen (/wiki/Iris_Van_Herpen) [4] (#cite_note-4) and Belgian designer Dries Van Noten (/wiki/Dries_Van_Noten) - where he contributes custom neck pieces and sculptural clutches to their Paris runway shows. Additionally, a one-of-a-kind large scale sculpture was sold at auction for Pierre Bergé (/wiki/Pierre_Berg%C3%A9) & Associés. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2013, the designer collaborated with Bruno Pieters (/wiki/Bruno_Pieters) ' revolutionary company entitled Honest by. Heaven Tanudiredja. [6] (#cite_note-6) Honest by which focuses on production transparency and sustainability co-launched the six piece capsule, a campaign was shot by Pieters showcasing three of fashions most recognizable faces; Shala Monroque, [7] (#cite_note-7) Michele Violy Harper [8] (#cite_note-8) and Paula Goldstein - Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , [9] (#cite_note-9) a product of American Vogue, made the announcement. Honours [ edit ] 2019, Big Design Awards [Japan] Creative Prize, awarded by Takashi ikegami (/wiki/Takashi_Ikegami) , is a professor in the Department of General Systems Sciences at the University of Tokyo (/wiki/University_of_Tokyo) 2013, Vogue [Italia] Talents Corner, Italy [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) 2010, Vogue [Italia] Talents Who's on Next?, Italy [12] (#cite_note-12) 2007, ITS Vertice Award, Italy [13] (#cite_note-13) 2006, Christine Mathys Award, Belgium [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Federico Poletti (2011-10-19). "Heaven Tanudiredja" (http://www.vogue.it/en/talents/success-stories/2011/11/heaven-tanudiredja) . Vogue.it . Retrieved 2013-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Gone to Heaven" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/blog/article/15826/1/gone-to-heaven) . Dazed Digital . Retrieved 2013-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Kristopher Arden Houser (2013-03-21). "Men of Armor" (https://archive.today/20130702164252/http://www.vogue.it/en/talents/blog-from/2010/06/kristopher-arden-houser-29-june-2010) . Vogue.it. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.it/en/talents/blog-from/2010/06/kristopher-arden-houser-29-june-2010) on 2013-07-02 . Retrieved 2013-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "About" (http://www.irisvanherpen.com/about) . Iris van Herpen. 2012-10-13 . Retrieved 2013-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Recherche - Pierre Bergé & associés" (http://www.pba-auctions.com/html/recherche.jsp?lang=en&query=heaven+tanudiredja+&Submit=OK&filterDate=2&npp=20&_exact=&email=&allWordsMatch=true&minEstim=&maxEstim=&ordre=1&heigthMin=&heigthMax=&widthMin=&widthMax=&depthMin=&depthMax=) (in French). Pba-auctions.com. 2012-09-20 . Retrieved 2013-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "HEAVEN TANUDIREDJA | Designers" (http://www.honestby.com/en/page/125/heaven-tanudiredja.html) . Honest by. 2013-05-15 . Retrieved 2013-09-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Shala Monroque" (http://wikifashion.com/wiki/Shala_Monroque) . Wikifashion. 2011-03-24 . Retrieved 2013-09-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Michelle Violy Harper" (http://wikifashion.com/wiki/Michelle_Violy_Harper) . Wikifashion. 2013-07-15 . Retrieved 2013-09-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Bernard, Katherine (2013-05-15). "Need It Now: Honest by.'s Latest Accessories Collaboration - Vogue Daily - Fashion and Beauty News and Features" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130813215543/http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/need-it-now-honest-bys-latest-accessories-collaboration/#1) . Vogue.com. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/need-it-now-honest-bys-latest-accessories-collaboration/#1) on 2013-08-13 . Retrieved 2013-09-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Designers Turn Out for Vogue Talents Corner - Fashion Scoops - Fashion" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/designers-turn-out-for-talents-corner-6794438) . WWD.com. 2013-02-23 . Retrieved 2013-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Elisa Pervinca Bellini (2013-02-23). "The Vogue Talents Corner" (https://archive.today/20130702163945/http://www.vogue.it/en/talents/vogue-for-the-young/2013/02/the-vogue-talents-corner-event) . Vogue.it. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.it/en/talents/vogue-for-the-young/2013/02/the-vogue-talents-corner-event) on 2013-07-02 . Retrieved 2013-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Federico Poletti (2010-09-20). "Appointment for young talents" (http://www.vogue.it/en/shows/vogue-for-the-young/2010/09/appointment-for-young-talents-palazzo-morando) . Vogue.it . Retrieved 2013-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Heaven In Turin: Vertice Award at Artissima" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090309235847/http://www.itsweb.org/jsp/en/newsdetail/selectedid_193.jsp) . ITSWEB. 2007-11-15. Archived from the original (http://www.itsweb.org/jsp/en/newsdetail/selectedid_193.jsp) on 2009-03-09 . Retrieved 2013-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "SHOW 2006" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181022054547/http://www.antwerp-fashion.be/SHOW2006/projects.htm) . Antwerp-fashion.be. Archived from the original (http://www.antwerp-fashion.be/SHOW2006/projects.htm) on 2018-10-22 . Retrieved 2013-04-15 . 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Jewelry company Tacori Industry Jewellers (/wiki/Jewellery) Founded 1969, in Glendale, California (/wiki/Glendale,_California) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Founder Haig Tacorian Headquarters Glendale , United States Area served United States, Canada Key people Paul Tacorian, CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) Products Jewelry (/wiki/Jewellery) Website www (http://www.tacori.com/) .tacori (http://www.tacori.com/) .com (http://www.tacori.com/) Tacori is an American jewelry design house and manufacturer based in Glendale, California (/wiki/Glendale,_California) . The brand is heavily associated with bridal jewelry (/w/index.php?title=Bridal_jewelry&action=edit&redlink=1) . History [ edit ] The company was established by Haig Tacorian and his wife Gilda, both coming from Romania and of Armenian (/wiki/Armenians) heritage. Gilda's father was a jeweler in Romania (/wiki/Romania) during the 1950s by the Communist Regime of Romania. Gilda and her family were granted to immigrate from Romania to The United States in 1962, with Haig following in 1970. In 1972, the couple joined Gilda's father in founding a new jewelry company in California (/wiki/California) , B&T Jewelers. Seven years later, Gilda and Haig founded their own company, Tacori, which was based in the Downtown LA Jewelry District. In 1998, Haig commissioned an engagement ring from a fellow jeweler, Garo Kourounian, which had a design that included a crescent shape which matched the top two curves of a heart. The heart design evolved and became Tacori's signature crescent silhouette. The couple's children and other relatives have joined the family business. [1] (#cite_note-1) Originally focused on selling pearls, the company expanded into diamonds in the early 1990s and by 2005 had become heavily identified with bridal jewelry, including engagement rings (/wiki/Engagement_ring) and bridal wear accessories. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) This bridal jewelry became very popular in the United States after the television series The Bachelor (/wiki/The_Bachelor_(U.S._TV_series)) and The Bachelorette (/wiki/The_Bachelorette_(American_TV_series)) began featuring its product lines in their programs. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The design house's jewelry is known for its crescent silhouette and as of 2005 had launched over 30 lawsuits to protect the trademark (/wiki/Trademark) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In 2013, Tacori was named on the "Top Five most visible brands" in the category of jewelry by INDESIGN magazine; that same year, it was announced as a finalist for the Communications category of the Jewelers of America's annual GEM Award in response to its advertisement "Par Chance", directed by Steve Antin (/wiki/Steve_Antin) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Released in December 2012, the ad campaign was intended to both display the design house's new line and to help associate the brand identity with personality traits of the wearer. [5] (#cite_note-5) Tacori jewelry is primarily retailed throughout the United States and Canada in addition to some international retail locations. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The Tacori Story" (https://www.tacori.com/the-tacori-story) . www.tacori.com . Retrieved 2019-12-09 . ^ a b c "The Manufacturer's Map" (http://www.idexonline.com/portal_FullMazalUbracha.asp?id=24584) . IDEX Magazine . September 5, 2005 . Retrieved August 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Pozner, Jennifer (2010). Reality Bites Back: The Troubling Truth About Guilty Pleasure TV . Seal Press. p. 38. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1580053754 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Get to Know 2014 GEM Award Nominees: Tacori" (http://tips.jewelers.org/2013/12/get-to-know-2014-gem-award-nominees-tacori.html) . The JA Report . Jewelers of America. December 9, 2013 . Retrieved August 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) King, Jen (August 5, 2013). "Tacori explains target customers via behind-the-scenes video" (http://www.luxurydaily.com/tacori-explains-target-customers-via-behind-the-scenes-video/) . Luxury Daily . Retrieved August 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Jewelry Stores" (http://www.tacori.com/where-to-buy-engagement/zip/international) . Tacori . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The History of Tacori" (http://raymondleejewelers.net/diamondsbyraymondlee/the-history-of-tacori/) . Raymond Lee Jewelers . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . External links [ edit ] Tacori (http://www.tacori.com/) The Bachelor Canada (http://www.harlings.com/collections/tacori/) Tacori - Engagement Rings (https://www.anglodiamond.com/tacori-engagement) Tacori - Diamond Rings (https://www.goldsilversales.com/diamonds) This United States manufacturing company–related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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(Redirected from Maxi dress (/w/index.php?title=Maxi_dress&redirect=no) ) Garment consisting of a bodice and skirt made in one or more pieces For the general concept of dress, see Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) . For other uses, see Dress (disambiguation) (/wiki/Dress_(disambiguation)) . "Dresses" redirects here. For the song by Betty Blowtorch, see Betty Blowtorch § Discography (/wiki/Betty_Blowtorch#Discography) . Various examples of dresses A dress (also known as a frock (/wiki/Frock) or a gown (/wiki/Gown) ) is a garment traditionally worn by women or girls consisting of a skirt (/wiki/Skirt) with an attached bodice (/wiki/Bodice) (or a matching bodice giving the effect of a one-piece garment (/wiki/Clothing) ). [1] (#cite_note-1) It consists of a top piece that covers the torso and hangs down over the legs. A dress can be any one-piece garment containing a skirt of any length, and can be formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) or casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) . A dress can have sleeves, straps, or be held up with elastic around the chest, leaving the shoulders bare. Dresses also vary in color. The hemlines (/wiki/Hemline) of dresses vary depending on modesty (/wiki/Modesty) , weather, fashion (/wiki/Fashion) or the personal taste of the wearer. [2] (#cite_note-Davis2007-2) Overview [ edit ] Dresses are outer garments made up of a bodice (/wiki/Bodice) and a skirt (/wiki/Skirt) and can be made in one or more pieces. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1957101-4) Dresses are generally suitable for both formal wear (/wiki/Formal_wear) and casual wear (/wiki/Casual_wear) in the West for women and girls. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1957101-4) Historically, dresses could also include other items of clothing such as corsets (/wiki/Corset) , kirtles (/wiki/Kirtle) , partlets (/wiki/Partlet) , petticoats (/wiki/Petticoat) , smocks, and stomachers (/wiki/Stomacher) . [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201720-5) [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham200320-6) [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) History [ edit ] 11th century [ edit ] In the 11th century, women in Europe (/wiki/Europe) wore dresses that were similar to men's tunics and were loose, with a hemline reaching to below the knees or lower. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2001113-8) By the end of the century, these dresses featured a tighter fit on the arms and women's upper bodies. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2001113-8) Dresses were made snug by featuring slits on the sides of the dress that were pulled tight in order to fit a woman's figure. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2001114-9) 16th century [ edit ] Starting in the 1550s, middle- and upper-class women in Europe wore dresses which included a smock, stays, kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) , gown (/wiki/Gown) , forepart, sleeves, ruff and a partlet (/wiki/Partlet) . [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201720-5) Undergarments were not worn underneath. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201720-5) In England, Queen Elizabeth (/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England) dictated what kinds of dresses women were allowed to wear. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201721-10) French women were inspired by Spanish-style bodices (/wiki/Bodice) and also wore ruffs (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) . [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201721-10) French dresses were known as marlottes . [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970110-11) In Italy, dresses were known as ropa and semarra. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970110-11) Dresses in the 16th century also displayed surface decoration such as embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) , with blackwork (/wiki/Blackwork) being especially popular. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201723-12) Women's dresses in Russia (/wiki/Russia) during the 16th and 17th centuries respectively, identified a woman's place in society or their family. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997120-13) 17th century [ edit ] Holland (/wiki/Holland) , as a center of textile production, was a particularly noted area of innovation in dress fashion during the 17th Century. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) In Spain and Portugal, women wore stomachers (/wiki/Stomacher) [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) while in England and France, dresses became more "naturally" shaped. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) Lace and slashing were popular decorations. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) Skirts were full, with regular folds and the overskirt allowed the display of an underskirt of contrasting fabric. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) Necklines became lower as well. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201730-7) Embroidery that reflected scientific discoveries, such as newly discovered animals and plants were popular. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201734-14) In the British Colonies (/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas) , multi-piece dresses were also popular, though less luxurious. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaplesShaw2013222-15) Wealthy women living in the Spanish or Dutch colonies in the Americas copied the fashions that were popular from their homelands. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelin201227-16) The three-piece dress, which had a bodice, petticoat and gown, was popular until the last 25 years of the century, in which the mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) , or a one-piece gown, became more popular. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201735-17) Corsets (/wiki/Corset) became more important in dresses by the 1680s. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970126-18) Working women, and women in slavery in the Americas (/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States) , used simple patterns to create shifts, wool or linen petticoats and gowns and cotton dresses. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelin201226-19) The bottoms of the skirts could be tucked into the waistband when a woman was near a cooking or heating fire. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelin201226-19) 18th century [ edit ] Illustration of 18th century French women Large, triangular silhouettes were favored during the 18th century, skirts were wide and supported by hoop underskirts. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970135-20) [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970137-21) One-piece gowns remained popular until the middle of the century. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201749-22) During the 1760s in France, hoop petticoats were reduced in size. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch2013400-23) Lighter colors and lighter fabrics were also favored. [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) In Colonial America, women most often wore a gown and petticoat, in which the skirt of the gown opened to reveal the petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) underneath. [25] (#cite_note-:2-25) Women also had riding habits (/wiki/Riding_habit) which consisted of the petticoat, jacket and a waistcoat. [25] (#cite_note-:2-25) French fashion regarding dresses became very fast-changing during the later part of the 18th century. [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch2013397-398-26) Throughout this period, the length of fashionable dresses varied only slightly, between ankle-length and floor-sweeping. [2] (#cite_note-Davis2007-2) Between 1740 and 1770, the robe à la française (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) was very popular with upper-class women. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelpierre199715-16-27) In France, the Empire style (/wiki/Empire_style) became popular after the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) . [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) This simpler style was also favored by Josephine Bonaparte (/wiki/Empress_Jos%C3%A9phine) , [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) wife of Napoleon (/wiki/Napoleon) . Other popular styles during the revolution included tunic dresses and the negligée à la patriot, which featured the red, white and blue colors of the flag. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970157-29) 19th century [ edit ] Empire (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) dress, 1800–1805, cotton and linen, Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) (New York City) Women's dresses in the 19th century began to be classified by the time of day or purpose of the dress. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970183-30) High-waisted dresses were popular until around 1830. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970183-30) Early nineteenth century dresses in Russia were influenced by Classicism (/wiki/Classicism) and were made of thin fabrics, with some semi-transparent. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997242-31) Elizabeth Vigée Le Brun (/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun) wore these types of dresses with a short skirt (reaching to her ankles) when she lived in Russia between 1785 and 1801 [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997242-31) and many Russian women copied her style. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997242-31) By the 1840s, Russian women were turning to what was in fashion in Europe. [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997244-32) Europeans styles in dresses increased dramatically to the hoopskirt (/wiki/Hoopskirt) and crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) -supported styles of the 1860s, [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrohn201236-33) then fullness was draped and drawn to the back. [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970188-34) Dresses had a "day" bodice with a high neckline (/wiki/Neckline) and long sleeves, and an "evening" bodice with a low neckline ( decollete (/wiki/Decollete) ) and very short sleeves. In Russia, metal hoopskirts were known as "malakhovs." [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997244-32) Skirts of the 1860s were heavily decorated. [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970188-34) To sleep, women in the American West wore floor-length dresses of white cotton (/wiki/Cotton) with high collars displaying decoration. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrohn201237-35) Various Native American (/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) people, such as the Navajo (/wiki/Navajo) and the Mescalero Apache (/wiki/Mescalero) began to adapt the designs of their dresses to look more like the European Americans they came in contact with. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009384-36) Navajo women further adapted the European designs, incorporating their own sense of beauty, "creating hózhó." [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009384-385-37) Paper sewing patterns (/wiki/Pattern_(sewing)) for women to sew their own dresses started to be readily available in the 1860s, when the Butterick Publishing Company (/wiki/Butterick_Publishing_Company) began to promote them. [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200027-38) These patterns were graded by size, which was a new innovation. [39] (#cite_note-39) The Victorian era's (/wiki/Victorian_era) dresses were tight-fitting and decorated with pleats, rouching (/wiki/Gather_(knitting)) and frills. [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) Women in the United States who were involved in dress reform (/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform) in the 1850s found themselves the center of attention, both positive and negative. [40] (#cite_note-40) By 1881, the Rational Dress Society (/wiki/Rational_Dress_Society) had formed in reaction to the restrictive dress of the era. [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) 20th century [ edit ] French afternoon dress, circa 1903, cotton and silk, Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) (New York City) In the early twentieth century, the look popularized by the Gibson Girl (/wiki/Gibson_Girl) was fashionable. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell20009-41) The upper part of women's dresses in the Edwardian era (/wiki/Edwardian_era) included a "pigeon breast" look that gave way to a corseted waist and an s-shaped silhouette. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell20009-41) Women called their dresses "waists" if one-piece, or " shirtwaists (/wiki/Shirtdress) ," if it consisted of a skirt and a blouse. [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200011-42) The bodice of the dresses had a boned lining. [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200011-42) Informally, wealthy women wore tea gowns (/wiki/Tea_gown) at home. [43] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200013-43) These garments were looser, though not as loose as a "wrapper," and made of expensive fabric and laces. [43] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200013-43) By 1910, the Edwardian look was replaced with a straighter silhouette. [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200049-44) French designer, Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) , had a huge impact on the look of the time. [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200049-44) Designs developed by Poiret were available in both boutiques and also in department stores (/wiki/Department_store) . [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200050-45) Popular dresses of the time were one-piece and included lingerie dresses (/wiki/Lingerie_dress) which could be layered. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200053-46) At around the same time, in the United States, the American Ladies Tailors' Association (/w/index.php?title=American_Ladies_Tailors%27_Association&action=edit&redlink=1) developed a dress called the suffragette suit (/w/index.php?title=Suffragette_suit&action=edit&redlink=1) , which was practical for women to work and move around in. [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) Another innovation of the 1910s was the ready availability of factory-made clothing. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2010100-49) Waistlines started out high and by 1915 were below the natural waist. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200053-46) By 1920, waistlines were at hip-level. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200053-46) Between 1910 and 1920 necklines were lower and dresses could be short-sleeved or sleeveless. [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200057-50) Women who worked during World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) preferred shorter dresses, which eventually became the dominant style overall. [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) In addition to the shorter dresses, waistlines were looser and the dominant colors were black, white and gray. [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2010100-101-51) By 1920, the "new woman" was a trend that saw lighter fabrics and dresses that were easier to put on. [52] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200073-52) Younger women were also setting the trends that older women started to follow. [52] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200073-52) The dresses of the 1920s could be pulled over the head and were short and straight. [53] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200077-53) It was acceptable to wear sleeveless dresses during the day. [53] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell200077-53) Flapper (/wiki/Flapper) dresses were popular until end of the decade. [54] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell2000105-54) During World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , dresses were slimmer and inspired by military uniforms. [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) After WWII, the New Look, promoted by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) was very influential on fashion and the look of women's dresses for about a decade. [55] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009383-55) Since the 1970s, no one dress type or length has dominated fashion for long, with short and ankle-length styles often appearing side by side in fashion magazines and catalogs. [56] (#cite_note-56) Use [ edit ] Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) on Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) and corresponding attires (/wiki/Clothing) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) ( full dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) Full dress uniform (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) ( half dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Mess dress uniform (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) ( undress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) , "dress clothes") Suit (/wiki/Suit) Service dress uniform (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) (anything not above) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Casual Friday (/wiki/Casual_Friday) Combat uniform (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) known as Sportswear (fashion) (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) and Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Supplementary alternatives Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) law courts (/wiki/Court_dress) royal courts (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) , etc. Religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) , habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) , etc. Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) Distinctions Orders (/wiki/Order_(distinction)) medals (/wiki/Medal) , etc. Legend: = Day (before 6 p.m.) = Evening (after 6 p.m.) = Bow tie (/wiki/Bow_tie) colour = Ladies = Gentlemen Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e In most varieties of formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code_(Western)) in Western cultures, a dress of an appropriate style is mandatory for women. They are also very popular for special occasions such as proms (/wiki/Prom) or weddings (/wiki/Wedding) . [57] (#cite_note-57) For such occasions they, together with blouse (/wiki/Blouse) and skirt (/wiki/Skirt) , remain the de facto standard attire for many girls and women. Formal dress [ edit ] In western countries, a "formal" or white tie (/wiki/White_tie) dress code typically means tailcoats for men and full-length evening dresses (/wiki/Evening_gown) with opera-length gloves (/wiki/Evening_glove) for women. A most formal dress for women are full-length ball (/wiki/Ball_gown) or evening gowns (/wiki/Evening_gown) with evening gloves (/wiki/Evening_gloves) . Some white tie functions also request that the women wear long gloves (/wiki/Gloves) past the elbow. Basic dress [ edit ] A basic dress is a usually dark-colored dress of simple design which can be worn with various accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) to suit different occasions. [58] (#cite_note-58) Different kinds of jewelry, belts, scarves, and jackets can be worn with the basic dress to dress up or down. [59] (#cite_note-59) A little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) is an example of a basic dress. Bodycon dress [ edit ] Dresses in the 1930s. A promotional model (/wiki/Promotional_model) in a bodycon dress. A bodycon dress is a tight figure-hugging (/wiki/Form-fitting_garment) dress, often made from stretchy material. [60] (#cite_note-60) The name derives from "body confidence" [61] (#cite_note-61) or, originally, "body conscious", transformed into Japanese in the 1980s as "bodikon". Party dress [ edit ] A party dress designed by Paco Rabanne (/wiki/Paco_Rabanne) in 1967, as displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . This was worn by Helen Bachofen von Echt (/w/index.php?title=Helen_Bachofen_von_Echt&action=edit&redlink=1) at a New York party where she danced with Frank Sinatra (/wiki/Frank_Sinatra) . [62] (#cite_note-62) A party dress is a dress worn especially for a party (/wiki/Party) . Different types of party such as children's party (/wiki/Children%27s_party) , cocktail party (/wiki/Cocktail_party) , garden party (/wiki/Garden_party) and costume party (/wiki/Costume_party) would tend to require different styles of dress. [63] (#cite_note-63) [64] (#cite_note-64) One classic style of party dress for women in modern society is the little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) . [65] (#cite_note-65) Types of dresses [ edit ] Time period [ edit ] 16th century dress. Calico dress, c. 1656–1693 Late 17th century, wool and metallic thread. Russian dress, 1717 Dress c. 1750–1800 , wool and chintz. Dress c. 1770–1800 , chintz and printed cotton Classic empire line gown, muslin with tambour, c. 1805 Dress and outfit, c. 1855 Late 19th century Silk velvet, chenille and chiffon created by Jean-Philippe Worth (/w/index.php?title=Jean-Philippe_Worth&action=edit&redlink=1) [ nl (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Worth) ] , 1903 Rayon with seed beads, c. 1925 Dance dress, 1939 Day dress, c. 1940s Lola Beer Ebner (/wiki/Lola_Beer_Ebner) in "afternoon dress", 1950 Blue satin cocktail dress, 1959 Printed dress, c. 1960 Jersey dress, c. 1970 Lengths [ edit ] Gown or Long Dress – a woman's formal dress, usually having a floor-length skirt. [66] (#cite_note-vogsew-66) Maxi dresses ( c. 1970 ) – maxi is a term used since the late 1960s [67] (#cite_note-67) for ankle-length, typically informal dresses. [66] (#cite_note-vogsew-66) Midi dress – a "midi" is used to refer to any dress or skirt that has a hem which hits at mid-calf – halfway between the knee and ankle. [66] (#cite_note-vogsew-66) Knee length dress – Hemline ends at knee height. [66] (#cite_note-vogsew-66) Mini dress (/wiki/Mini_dress) (1960s) – a very short dress that terminates above the knee. [66] (#cite_note-vogsew-66) [68] (#cite_note-delamore-68) Micro dress (right) with minidresses, 2008. – A microdress is an extremely short version of a mini. [69] (#cite_note-cumming-69) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) China poblana (/wiki/China_poblana) Granny dress (/wiki/Granny_dress) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) Jumper dress (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Lingerie dress (/wiki/Lingerie_dress) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) (also known as robe à la française) Squaw dress (/wiki/Squaw_dress) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Condra, Jill (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History: 1801 to the present . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313336652 . ^ a b Davis, Michael (2007). Art of dress designing (1st ed.). Delhi: Global Media. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-904575-7-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The definition of dress" (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/dress) . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . ^ a b Picken 1957 (#CITEREFPicken1957) , p. 101. ^ a b c Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 20. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham200320_6-0) Cunningham 2003 (#CITEREFCunningham2003) , p. 20. ^ a b c d e f g Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 30. ^ a b Newman 2001 (#CITEREFNewman2001) , p. 113. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2001114_9-0) Newman 2001 (#CITEREFNewman2001) , p. 114. ^ a b Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 21. ^ a b Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 110. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201723_12-0) Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 23. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPushkareva1997120_13-0) Pushkareva 1997 (#CITEREFPushkareva1997) , p. 120. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201734_14-0) Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 34. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaplesShaw2013222_15-0) Staples & Shaw 2013 (#CITEREFStaplesShaw2013) , p. 222. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHavelin201227_16-0) Havelin 2012 (#CITEREFHavelin2012) , p. 27. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201735_17-0) Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 35. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970126_18-0) Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 126. ^ a b Havelin 2012 (#CITEREFHavelin2012) , p. 26. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970135_20-0) Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 135. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970137_21-0) Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 137. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201749_22-0) Edwards 2017 (#CITEREFEdwards2017) , p. 49. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch2013400_23-0) Pietsch 2013 (#CITEREFPietsch2013) , p. 400. ^ a b "Costume". Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia . 2017 – via EBSCOhost. ^ a b "A Colonial Lady's Clothing: A Glossary of Terms" (http://www.history.org/history/clothing/women/wglossary.cfm) . Colonial Williamsburg . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch2013397-398_26-0) Pietsch 2013 (#CITEREFPietsch2013) , p. 397-398. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelpierre199715-16_27-0) Delpierre 1997 (#CITEREFDelpierre1997) , p. 15-16. ^ a b c d e "A Brief History of Women's Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134608/https://www.makers.com/blog/brief-history-womens-fashion-photo-gallery) . Makers . 7 September 2016. Archived from the original (https://www.makers.com/blog/brief-history-womens-fashion-photo-gallery) on 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigelow1970157_29-0) Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 157. ^ a b Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 183. ^ a b c Pushkareva 1997 (#CITEREFPushkareva1997) , p. 242. ^ a b Pushkareva 1997 (#CITEREFPushkareva1997) , p. 244. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrohn201236_33-0) Krohn 2012 (#CITEREFKrohn2012) , p. 36. ^ a b Bigelow 1970 (#CITEREFBigelow1970) , p. 188. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrohn201237_35-0) Krohn 2012 (#CITEREFKrohn2012) , p. 37. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009384_36-0) Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 384. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009384-385_37-0) Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 384-385. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell200027_38-0) Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 27. ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Butterick History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170413/https://butterick.mccall.com/our-company/butterick-history) . Butterick Patterns . Archived from the original (https://butterick.mccall.com/our-company/butterick-history) on 26 March 2019 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2014). Encyclopedia of Women's History in America . Infobase Publishing. pp. 71–72. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781438110332 . ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 9. ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 11. ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 13. ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 49. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell200050_45-0) Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 50. ^ a b c Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 53. ^ (#cite_ref-47) Greenberg, Molly (1 March 2017). "100 Years of Feminist History Explained in 10 Women's Work Suits" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171016191635/https://onlinemba.unc.edu/blog/Feminist-History-in-Womens-Work-Suits/) . UNC. Archived from the original (https://onlinemba.unc.edu/blog/Feminist-History-in-Womens-Work-Suits/) on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Khan, Sarah (16 November 2016). "The fascinating history and evolution of the female pantsuit" (http://www.mariefranceasia.com/my/fashion-my/trends-and-tips-my/trend-guide-my/history-of-pantsuit-218771.html#item=1) . Marie France Asia . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2010100_49-0) Richards 2010 (#CITEREFRichards2010) , p. 100. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell200057_50-0) Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 57. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2010100-101_51-0) Richards 2010 (#CITEREFRichards2010) , p. 100-101. ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 73. ^ a b Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 77. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell2000105_54-0) Darnell 2000 (#CITEREFDarnell2000) , p. 105. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParezoJones2009383_55-0) Parezo & Jones 2009 (#CITEREFParezoJones2009) , p. 383. ^ (#cite_ref-56) "The History of Hemlines" (http://womenshistorynetwork.org/blog/?p=2804) . Women's History Network . 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Pundir, Nirupama (2007). Fashion technology: today and tomorrow . New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-8324-203-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "Definition of "basic dress" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/basic+dress) " (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/basic+dress) . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Janssen, Jo Ann; Ellis, Gwen (2003). Dress Like a Million Bucks Without Spending It! . Fleming H. Revell Company. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0800758325 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Martin, Tracy (2014). The Little Black Dress: How to dress perfectly for any occasion . Ryland Peters & Small. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781782490210 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782490210) . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Narumi, Hiroshi. "Street Style and Its Meaning in Postwar Japan" Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture , Volume 14, Number 4, December 2010, pp. 415–438 (24). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175174110X12792058833816 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174110X12792058833816) . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Dress Paco Rabanne 1967" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/images/image/25399-popup.html) , Out of London, Paris, New York 1965–1968 , V&A ^ (#cite_ref-63) Alexandra Black (2007), The Party Dress , Scriptum Editions, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-902686-59-2 ^ (#cite_ref-64) Nora Villa (1996), Children in Their Party Dress , Quite Specific Media Group, Limited, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-89676-202-2 ^ (#cite_ref-65) Amy Holman Edelman (1998), The little black dress , Aurum, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85410-604-9 ^ a b c d e The Vogue Sewing Book . Vogue Patterns. 1975. p. 337 (https://archive.org/details/voguesewingbook00vogu/page/337) . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C.W.; Cunnington, P.E. (2010). The dictionary of fashion history (Rev., updated and supplemented [ed.]. ed.). Oxford: Berg. p. 130. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857851437 . ^ (#cite_ref-delamore_68-0) Delamore, Philip (29 March 2007). "Mini and Midi" (https://books.google.com/books?id=Bw9eYLRzHj8C&pg=PA122) . The Wedding Dress: A Visual Sourcebook of Over 200 of the Most Beautiful Gowns Ever Made . Pavilion Books. p. 122. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781862057647 . ^ (#cite_ref-cumming_69-0) Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C. W.; Cunnington, P. E. (September 2010). The Dictionary of Fashion History . Berg. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847887382 . General and cited references [ edit ] Bigelow, Marybelle S. (1970). Fashion in History: Apparel in the Western World . Minneapolis, Minnesota: Burgess Publishing Company. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780808702610 . fashion in history bigelow. Brockmamn, Helen L.: The Theory of Fashion Design , Wiley, 1965. Darnell, Paula Jean (2000). From Victorian to Vamp:Women's Clothing 1900–1929 . Reno, NV: Fabric Fancies. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781887402156 . Cunningham, Patricia A. (2003). Reforming Women's Fashion, 1850–1920: Politics, Health and Art . Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0873387422 . Delpierre, Madeleine (1997). Dress in France in the Eighteenth Century . Translated by Caroline Beamish. New Haven: Yale University. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780300071283 . Edwards, Lydia (2017). How to Read a Dress: A Guide to Changing Fashion from the 16th to the 20th Century . London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781472533272 . Havelin, Kate (2012). Buckskin Dresses and Pumpkin Breeches: Colonial Fashions from the 1580s to 1760s . Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 26 (https://archive.org/details/buckskindressesp0000have/page/26) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780761358879 . dresses. Krohn, Katherine (2012). Calico Dresses and Buffalo Robes: American West Fashions from the 1840s to the 1890s . Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Bookos. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780761380528 . Newman, Paul B. (2001). Daily Life in the Middle Ages . Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780786408979 . Parezo, Nancy J.; Jones, Angelina R. (June 2009). "What's in a Name?: The 1940s–1950s 'Squaw Dress' ". American Indian Quarterly (/wiki/American_Indian_Quarterly) . 33 (3): 373–404. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/aiq.0.0058 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faiq.0.0058) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 162233209 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162233209) . Picken, Mary Brooks (1957). The Fashion Dictionary: Fabric, Sewing, and Dress as Expressed in the Language of Fashion . New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. Pietsch, Johannes (September 2013). "On Different Types of Women's Dresses in France in the Louis XVI Period". Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture . 17 (4): 397–416. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175174113X13673474643084 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174113X13673474643084) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 191612745 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191612745) . Pushkareva, Natalia (1997). Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century . Translated and edited by Eve Levin. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780765632708 . Richards, Marlee (2010). America in the 1910s . Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780822534372 . Staples, Kathleen A.; Shaw, Madelyn (2013). Clothing Through American History: The British Colonial Era . Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313084607 . Stoykov, Lubomir (2016). Theoretical Problems of Fashion . Sofia: National Academy of Art. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-954-9799-11-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-9799-11-8) . Tozer, Jane, and Sarah Levitt: Fabric of Society: A Century of People and Their Clothes 1770–1870 , Laura Ashley Ltd., 1983; ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-9508913-0-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508913-0-4) . 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Somali garment This article is about the Somali dress. For other uses, see Dirac (disambiguation) (/wiki/Dirac_(disambiguation)) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dirac_(dress)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Dirac" dress (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dirac%22+dress) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dirac%22+dress+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dirac%22+dress&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dirac%22+dress+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dirac%22+dress) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dirac%22+dress&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Dirac A Somali woman wearing a Dirac sometime during the 1800s. Type Somali dress style Place of origin North-western Somalia The dirac (see Baati (/wiki/Baati_(garment)) for the house dress) is a Somali [1] (#cite_note-1) garment worn by Somali women that is long, usually ankle length. Types [ edit ] Bacwayne/half bac/bacyare dirac , simply known as dirac is one most commonly worn during celebrations/special events such as weddings, parties, festivals etc. It is usually made out of either chiffon, silk (which are both usually the sheerest variation of dirac) or velvet (one of the least see-through), amongst many other materials. It is always accompanied with an ankle length underskirt called gorgorad/googarad and a wrap/shawl called garbasaar which is either worn loosely around the head or neatly on one shoulder. The dirac can also be wrapped in a Guntiino (/w/index.php?title=Guntiino&action=edit&redlink=1) style which is known as dirac guntiino. The above style of dirac is not worn by Somali brides, instead they wear a variation known as a Bridal dirac , which is simply an embroidered dirac with a gold belt, along with an embroidered garbasaar. Baati/dirac shiid (/wiki/Baati_(garment)) is yet another variation traditionally worn as a house dress and is made of cotton. This version is very popular within the entirety of East Africa (/wiki/East_Africa) due to Somali trading within those countries and is seen as a staple clothing. History [ edit ] The Dirac originated from the coast of Somali, when it was created by a group of Somali women around the 1700-1800's but was popularised in the early/mid 1900's in Northern Somalia/Djibouti, with bacwayne, translating to "big baggy", being popularised in Djibouti in the 1950s to 1970's. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-akou-3) It then gradually spread to the rest of the Somali regions, slowly replacing the usage of a much older, traditional layered article of clothing called Sadex Qayd (/w/index.php?title=Sadex_Qayd&action=edit&redlink=1) and it's single-layered offshoot Guntiino (/w/index.php?title=Guntiino&action=edit&redlink=1) . It was made with colourful fabric, mainly locally made but some imported. The dirac was then adopted by neighbouring countries such as parts of Kenya (/wiki/Kenya) , Yemen (/wiki/Yemen) and Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) , as well as Tanzania (/wiki/Tanzania) , Zanzibar (/wiki/Zanzibar) and Oman (/wiki/Oman) due to Somali traders/merchants and the general diaspora that migrated to these regions. The dirac set (dirac, gorgarad and garbasaar) is most likely a flashy derivative of the older traditional Somali style of dress called Sadex qayd due to the similarities of layering between the two. See also [ edit ] • Guntiino (/w/index.php?title=Guntiino&action=edit&redlink=1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) https://m.facebook.com/AdenHeritageCenter/posts/2425585134190445 (https://m.facebook.com/AdenHeritageCenter/posts/2425585134190445) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Behnke, A. (2016). The International Politics of Fashion: Being Fab in a Dangerous World . Popular Culture and World Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 220. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-65622-7 . Retrieved July 19, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-akou_3-0) Akou, Heather (9 September 2004). Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress . Indiana University Press. pp. 50–63. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-253-11104-3 . This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirac_(dress)&action=edit) . v t e This Somaliland (/wiki/Somaliland) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirac_(dress)&action=edit) . v t e This Somalia (/wiki/Somalia) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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British fashion designer Nasir Mazhar is a British fashion designer. He is best recognised for his inventive approaches to sports caps (/wiki/Cap) and headwear (/wiki/Headwear) . [1] (#cite_note-HackneyCitizen-1) Lady Gaga has worn a few of Nasir Mazhar's hats. [2] (#cite_note-2) Biography [ edit ] Mazhar was born in East London (/wiki/East_London) and brought up in Leytonstone (/wiki/Leytonstone) , London, to Turkish Cypriot (/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot) parents. [3] (#cite_note-TimeOut-3) [4] (#cite_note-LFW-4) Once he left school Mazhar began an apprenticeship at Vidal Sassoon (/wiki/Vidal_Sassoon) . While working in a Brick Lane (/wiki/Brick_Lane) salon, he started designing headpieces (/wiki/Headpieces) and soon progressed to hats. [5] (#cite_note-TheIndependent-5) He recently created the hats for the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony) (the clubbing scene), and launched his first full clothing for men and women in his 2013 collection at London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) . [3] (#cite_note-TimeOut-3) [6] (#cite_note-Vogue-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-HackneyCitizen_1-0) Higham-Stainton, Rosie (2008-12-27). "Hackney designers are toast of London Fashion Week" (http://hackneycitizen.co.uk/2012/10/01/hackney-designers-london-fashion-week/) . Hackney Citizen . Retrieved 2012-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "London Streetwear: Just Brilliant" (http://www.thefader.com/2013/02/19/london-streetwear-just-brilliant/) . FADER. ^ Jump up to: a b TimeOut London. "An interview with hat-maker Nasir Mazhar" (http://www.timeout.com/london/feature/3035/an-interview-with-hat-maker-nasir-mazhar) . TimeOut London . Retrieved 2012-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-LFW_4-0) London Fashion Week. "Nasir Mazhar" (http://www.londonfashionweek.co.uk/designers_profile.aspx?DesignerID=937) . London Fashion Week . Retrieved 2012-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-TheIndependent_5-0) Walker, Harriet (2008-12-27). "The fashion designer: Nasir Mazhar" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/the-fashion-designer-nasir-mazhar-1205640.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/the-fashion-designer-nasir-mazhar-1205640.html) from the original on 2022-06-18 . Retrieved 2012-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_6-0) Yaeger, Lynn (2012-09-20). "Hat Trick: Nasir Mazhar Adds Clothes to His Collection for Spring 2013" (http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/hat-trick-nasir-mazhar-adds-clothes-to-his-collection-for-spring-2013/#1) . Vogue . Retrieved 2012-10-09 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐77ccb7d944‐npxg9 Cached time: 20240709151914 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.169 seconds Real time usage: 0.244 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 454/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10722/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 402/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22946/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.112/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4194236/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 230.517 1 -total 57.11% 131.655 1 Template:Reflist 44.29% 102.105 6 Template:Cite_web 31.35% 72.256 1 Template:Short_description 17.63% 40.650 2 Template:Pagetype 9.82% 22.642 1 Template:Authority_control 8.90% 20.527 3 Template:Main_other 8.00% 18.432 1 Template:SDcat 0.86% 1.990 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37271359-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709151914 and revision id 1226608748. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Mazhar&oldid=1226608748 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Mazhar&oldid=1226608748) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : British people of Turkish Cypriot descent (/wiki/Category:British_people_of_Turkish_Cypriot_descent) British milliners (/wiki/Category:British_milliners) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cleopatra_Broumand) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Cleopatra_Broumand) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This International work section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cleopatra_Broumand) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this International work section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Cleopatra Broumand" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . 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Find sources: "Cleopatra Broumand" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cleopatra+Broumand%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Cleopatra Broumand کلئوپاترا برومند Born c. 1944 – c. 1945 Tehran (/wiki/Tehran) , Imperial State of Iran (now Iran) Nationality Iran, United States Other names Cleopatra Birrenbach, Cleopatra Broumand Birrenbach Education Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) Occupation(s) Fashion designer, merchandiser, entrepreneur Years active 1965–1996 Known for Fashion, recipes, coffee company Spouse Thomas Birrenbach (m. 1972–present) Cleopatra Broumand ( Persian (/wiki/Persian_language) : کلئوپاترا برومند ; born c. 1944 – c. 1945 ) is an Iranian-born American fashion designer, merchandiser (/wiki/Merchandise_to_resell) , and entrepreneur in the apparel and food industries. [1] (#cite_note-VOA-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-Fortune-3) Her businesses included Cleopatra Broumand Boutique, Inc. , [4] (#cite_note-Cincinnati-4) Cleopatra Coffee , and Cyrus International . She is also a chef and member of the International Association of Culinary Professionals (/wiki/International_Association_of_Culinary_Professionals) . After marriage she also used the names Cleopatra Birrenbach , and Cleopatra Broumand–Birrenbach . Early life [ edit ] Cleopatra's father Mirza Khalil Broumand, and uncles in Baku, Azerbaijan Born in Tehran, Imperial State of Iran, and she is the youngest of six children. [5] (#cite_note-Cooks-5) Her father, Khalil Broumand, was and antique jewelry dealer, turned businessman in the oil industry in Russia (/wiki/Russia) . [5] (#cite_note-Cooks-5) He returned to Iran after the Bolshevik revolution (/wiki/Bolshevik_revolution) , and started a new life. [ citation needed ] Her mother Farangis, a graduate of American School in Iran, named her after watching Claudette Colbert (/wiki/Claudette_Colbert) play the Egyptian queen in a classic movie. [6] (#cite_note-Girdle-6) [7] (#cite_note-De_Santis-7) [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) At 8 years old, she announced to her mother her intentions of becoming a fashion designer. Insisting that she wanted to become the next Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , [9] (#cite_note-Cleopatra-9) and young Broumand enrolled in design and sewing classes. [1] (#cite_note-VOA-1) Her father, who had a penchant for things American, sent 15-year-old Cleopatra to live with her older brother who had earlier moved to Indianapolis, Indiana (/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana) . [3] (#cite_note-Fortune-3) [10] (#cite_note-Indiana-10) [7] (#cite_note-De_Santis-7) Starting anew in Indianapolis, Broumand attended Pike High School (/wiki/Pike_High_School) and at age 17. [ citation needed ] After her high school graduation, she moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) to study design at the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) (FIT). [10] (#cite_note-Indiana-10) Before graduating from FIT, 21- year old Broumand established her first fashion business, Cleopatra Broumand Boutique, Inc., designing and manufacturing ready-to-wear women's fashion. [5] (#cite_note-Cooks-5) [6] (#cite_note-Girdle-6) [11] (#cite_note-Italy-11) Early career [ edit ] Broumand's early apparel designs reflected her Persian origins. [7] (#cite_note-De_Santis-7) Her father's Persian Abba, a square shaped garment with armholes traditionally worn by men, was the inspiration for her initial collection. [7] (#cite_note-De_Santis-7) It was one of her most popular womenswear and menswear given its powerful, opulent look and freedom of movement. [9] (#cite_note-Cleopatra-9) She used fabrics and textiles from Iran, India, and Morocco. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) Cleopatra with Julia Child (/wiki/Julia_Child) wearing a scarf by Cleopatra in 2000 Buyers were drawn to her marriage of Eastern and Western aesthetics, and her designs were sought out by the likes of Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) , Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) , Henri Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Bendel) , and Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , which was the first to display her designs in their windows four times in the same year. [9] (#cite_note-Cleopatra-9) Food and recipes [ edit ] In her early career after graduation, she designed packaging for coffee for Neiman Marcus. [6] (#cite_note-Girdle-6) In the early 1970s, she launched Cleopatra Coffee, her own special blend packaged with a Persian coffee maker which sold at Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) , Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) and B. Altman and Company (/wiki/B._Altman_and_Company) (she is credited with producing an early designer food product). [5] (#cite_note-Cooks-5) In the late 1960s, Cleopatra's buyers and private customers were invited to a miniature museum of Persian artifacts, where she would read their fortune from their coffee grounds. [3] (#cite_note-Fortune-3) Having learned how to cook especially northern Persian delicacies from her mother, Broumand considers cooking an art form. In early 1974, she was featured in Craig Claiborne (/wiki/Craig_Claiborne) 's book "Favorites from the New York Times", published by Times Books (/wiki/Times_Books) . Bareh-ye maveh (lamb with fruit), abgoosht (/wiki/Abgoosht) limon (lemon stew), fesenjān (/wiki/Fesenj%C4%81n) (duck and meatballs in walnut and pomegranate sauce), and chelo (plain rice with saffron) were among the featured dishes she prepared. [5] (#cite_note-Cooks-5) In 2000, she became a member of the International Association of Culinary Professionals by invitation of its co-founder, Julia Child (/wiki/Julia_Child) . [ citation needed ] International work [ edit ] In 1972, Cleopatra married Thomas Birrenbach, [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) a steel company executive with the German Thyssen Group. [ citation needed ] He is the son of Kurt Birrenbach (/wiki/Kurt_Birrenbach) , chairman of the supervisory board of the Thyssen Group (today ThyssenKrupp (/wiki/ThyssenKrupp) ) and Member of the German Bundestag (/wiki/German_Bundestag) (Parliament). [ citation needed ] Starting in 1974, Broumand spent the next ten years living and working around the world, [13] (#cite_note-:0-13) in China, Germany, India, Italy, Iran (/wiki/Iran) , Japan, Russia, and Scotland. Aided by her knowledge of six languages, Broumand became a global fashion influence. [6] (#cite_note-Girdle-6) [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) While residing in Germany, she launched Cyrus International, a Swiss-based consulting company advising American and European firms on marketing and operations in Iran. At the request of the Thyssen Group of companies, Broumand accompanied her husband to Tehran to further develop the ongoing construction of Iranian oil and gas refineries and the acquisition of other major capital goods projects. Time spent in Iran covered the period before, during and after the Iranian Revolution (/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) . In 1977, at the request of her mentor Shirley Goodman (/wiki/Shirley_Goodman) , executive vice president of FIT, and under the auspices of Shahbanu (/wiki/Shahbanu) Farah Pahlavi (/wiki/Farah_Pahlavi) of Iran, Cleopatra directed the establishment of a FIT-subsidiary in Tehran. [ citation needed ] Because of the ensuing revolutionary turmoil this historic development did not come to fruition. [ citation needed ] At their Tehran residence in October 1977, the Birrenbachs introduced U.S. Vice President Nelson Rockefeller (/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller) and Happy Rockefeller (/wiki/Happy_Rockefeller) , who were on a visit for the opening of the Museum of Contemporary Art (/wiki/Tehran_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art) in Tehran, for artist Marcos Grigorian (/wiki/Marcos_Grigorian) . [ citation needed ] This introduction led to the acquisition of several of his artworks. Mr. Rockefeller eventually donated one of Grigorian's "Earthworks" to the Museum of Modern Art (/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art) in New York City. [ citation needed ] In 1979, the Chinese government invited her to high-level talks in Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) as an advisor to the National China Textile Corporation on state-of-the-art technology and marketing know-how available in the United States. [10] (#cite_note-Indiana-10) On December 10, 1987, General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev (/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev) hosted a dinner in honor of President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan at the Soviet Embassy in Washington D.C.. [ citation needed ] On this occasion, Cleopatra was introduced to Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze (/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze) who, in the spirit of Glasnost (Openness) and Perestroika (Restructuring), took a vivid interest in her line of work and invited her and her husband to a series of fact finding visits to Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) , Leningrad (/wiki/Leningrad) , Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi) , Tashkent (/wiki/Tashkent) , etc.. [ citation needed ] Based on her experience in China the purpose was to assess the needs of the antiquated textile and garment factories and to introduce western merchandising and marketing strategies to the Russian Ministry of Light Industries and Textiles. [ citation needed ] Following numerous countrywide visits, she presented proposals for their modernization. In the late 1980s, as advisor to the project "Russia in the World of Fashion," she conducted negotiations with the Ministry of Culture, the Director of the Hermitage Museum (/wiki/Hermitage_Museum) in St. Petersburg, and the Vice-Chairman of the Cultural Foundation of Russia, helping Russia to become a contender in international fashion. [14] (#cite_note-Moscow-14) Cleopatra and Vice President Nelson Rockefeller in her home in Tehran, Iran In 1989, as Artistic Liaison together with Tair Salakhov (/wiki/Tair_Salakhov) , contemporary artist and First Secretary of the USSR Artists' Union, she initiated and coordinated the first art exchange between the USSR and the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival (/wiki/Santa_Fe_Chamber_Music_Festival) an art exhibition related to the legacy of renown Russian composer and artist Dmitri Shostakovich (/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich) (1906–1975). In 1987 Scottish knitting manufacturer Peter Scott praised her for "having advanced their industry a decade in technology." [ citation needed ] In her travels, she not only influenced global manufacturing based on Western practices, but returned with Eastern goods and inspirations. She spearheaded a collaboration between Empress Farah (/wiki/Empress_Farah) and Vice President Nelson Rockefeller (/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller) on the reproduction of antique Persian jewelries and artifacts for the American market. [ citation needed ] The Iranian Revolution impeded such development. [ citation needed ] With the Indian Government and non-governmental manufacturers, she developed and jointly produced lines of beadings, embroideries, and silks for the United States market. [15] (#cite_note-India-15) Re-emergence as fashion designer [ edit ] In 1983, upon returning to the United States, Broumand re-emerged as a designers on New York's Seventh Avenue (/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)) and launched her colorful collections of women's ready-to-wear, evening wear, menswear, and accessories in the designer and couture categories. [13] (#cite_note-:0-13) As CEO of Cleopatra Broumand, Inc., her second fashion venture, she presided over a diversified operation with productions in Italy and the Far East, distributing to two hundred top specialty stores and boutiques throughout America, Europe, and Japan. [16] (#cite_note-Myth-16) Cleopatra's fall 1983 collection was based on an ancient "Sun Man" mask and "Lady Sun," as well as starbursts and crescent moons. [17] (#cite_note-Sun-17) [18] (#cite_note-Pike-18) All her silk prints were computer designed and produced in the Como (/wiki/Como) region of Italy by producers such as: Etro (/wiki/Etro) , Corisia, Taroni, etc. Her cashmeres and alpaca were from Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) and Agnona. [19] (#cite_note-Conquer-19) For her fall 1984 collection, she drew inspiration from contemporary artist Marcos Grigorian (/wiki/Marcos_Grigorian) 's "Earth Work" revealing its cracks. [20] (#cite_note-Land-20) and from German Zero Group artist Adolf Luther (/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Luther&action=edit&redlink=1) 's "Light and Matter" (Licht+Materie) coil motif. Her evening designs included quilted silk jackets, pleated skirts, and lightly embroidered silk shirts. [21] (#cite_note-Forte-21) In this same season, with the cracked earth and coil motives, she premiered a collection of men's sweaters after actor Paul Newman (/wiki/Paul_Newman) inquired about menswear while attending an earlier womenswear trunk show and personal appearance in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills) . [22] (#cite_note-Classy-22) [23] (#cite_note-Men-23) Her fall 1985 collection drew inspiration from the Houghton Shahnameh (/wiki/Shahnameh) or Book of Kings, 16th century miniature illustrations of 10th century Persian writer Ferdowsi (/wiki/Ferdowsi) 's poetry. [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) A sweater from this collection was included in a time capsule placed at New York Marriott Marquis (/wiki/New_York_Marriott_Marquis) ' grand opening ceremony on October 8, 1985. [24] (#cite_note-Kings-24) A computer design knitted face with red lips and an asymmetrical collar on the sweaters were among other popular designs in the collection. She was using computers to aid in her apparel design process in 1985. [25] (#cite_note-25) Her spring 1985 collection was titled Rajah (/wiki/Raja) , and was inspired by Indian royalty. [26] (#cite_note-26) Reminiscent of her earlier designs, she made garments inspired by the medieval world. The sword, falcon, and metallic glint of armor appeared in her fall 1986 designs which retained their softness in their knitted and silk textures or delicate embroidery as the breastplate inspired pieces did. [16] (#cite_note-Myth-16) The Palm Beach Daily News (/wiki/Palm_Beach_Daily_News) deemed "Cleopatra's woman a woman of tomorrow with yesterday's romance" [16] (#cite_note-Myth-16) and credited her ability to marry the modern with "the exotic". [19] (#cite_note-Conquer-19) Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) , [27] (#cite_note-27) Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) , Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) , Barneys (/wiki/Barneys) , Takashimaya (/wiki/Takashimaya) , Henri Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Bendel) , Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) , Bullocks Wilshire (/wiki/Bullocks_Wilshire) , etc. are among the stores which carried her line. Celebrity clients included the likes of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) , Gloria Swanson (/wiki/Gloria_Swanson) , Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) , [6] (#cite_note-Girdle-6) Joan Collins (/wiki/Joan_Collins) , [6] (#cite_note-Girdle-6) Linda Evans (/wiki/Linda_Evans) , Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) , Jill St. John (/wiki/Jill_St._John) , [6] (#cite_note-Girdle-6) Yue-Sai Kan (/wiki/Yue-Sai_Kan) , Elena Obraztsova (/wiki/Elena_Obraztsova) , Shirley MacLaine (/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine) , Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) , Marlon Brando (/wiki/Marlon_Brando) , Paul Newman (/wiki/Paul_Newman) , Luciano Pavarotti (/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti) , as well as prominent personalities from the world of business and politics. [28] (#cite_note-Earth-28) Humanitarian work [ edit ] Following the Armenian earthquake (/wiki/Armenian_earthquake) of 1988, she became founder and director of the Children of Crisis Foundation in Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) , the first Russian/American foundation. In April 1989, per Broumand's suggestion, a three-day auction of one million dollars worth of her clothing and scarves, inaugurated by Liana Dubinin, wife of the USSR Ambassador to Washington, opened at the Madison Hotel in Washington D.C. benefiting the Armenian Children Relief Fund. [29] (#cite_note-Children's_Charity-29) [30] (#cite_note-Auction_Armenia-30) In 1996, contribution from proceeds of a trunk sale in Park City, Utah (/wiki/Park_City,_Utah) went to the Huntsman Cancer Foundation. [31] (#cite_note-Trunk-31) Awards [ edit ] In 1989, she was honored with an Order of Merit (/wiki/Order_of_Merit) award by the Supreme Soviet and Council of Ministers of the Armenian SSR (/wiki/Armenian_SSR) in recognition for her charitable contribution. The ceremony took place at the Russian Embassy in Washington, D.C. President Ronald Reagan (/wiki/Ronald_Reagan) was among the recipients. [32] (#cite_note-Benefit_Armenia-32) Member of the International Research Council, Near East Museum of Ancient and Contemporary Art, The Marcos and Sabrina Grigorian Collection ( Yerevan, Armenia (/wiki/Yerevan,_Armenia) ). [ citation needed ] Personal life [ edit ] Broumand resides in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) with her husband Thomas. [ citation needed ] She is developing new food items, among them a dough-less, gluten (/wiki/Gluten) free pizza (/wiki/Pizza) . [1] (#cite_note-VOA-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b c طراحی لباس و ثبت مارک کلئوپاترا برومند (translated title: Clothing design and trademark registration of Cleopatra Broumand (https://ir.voanews.com/a/156723.html) ) with Voice of America (/wiki/Voice_of_America) (VOA), translation from Persian to English with text, February 23, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hyde, Nina (May 16, 1987). "Fashion Notes" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1987/05/17/fashion-notes/5671a5ae-45ea-4da4-8671-941aebb3bc90/) . Washington Post (/wiki/Washington_Post) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0190-8286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) . ^ a b c Warren, Virginia Lee (July 15, 1968). "They Go to Cleopatra for Fashion and Leave With a Fortune" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/07/15/77094166.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . p. 34. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) – via Times Machine. ^ (#cite_ref-Cincinnati_4-0) "Insider: Cleopatra Arms Herself With Winning Designs" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-enquirer-insider-cleopat/141743023/) . The Cincinnati Enquirer (/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer) . September 25, 1986. p. 48 . Retrieved February 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ a b c d e Claiborne, Craig (April 25, 1974). "She Cooks Amidst the Scents of Pomegranate and Lemon" (https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/25/archives/she-cooks-amidst-the-scents-of-pomegranate-and-lemon.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . p. 44. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . ^ a b c d e f g Salley-Schoen, Gwen (June 2, 1987). "Fashion designer girdles the globe" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-spokesman-review-fashion-designer-gi/141740820/) . The Spokesman-Review (/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review) . p. 31. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2993-1274 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2993-1274) – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ a b c d De Santis, Florence (August 2, 1968). "Named For A Movie, Cleopatra Is Top Designer" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-lexington-herald-named-for-a-movie/141742323/) . The Lexington Herald (/wiki/The_Lexington_Herald) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0745-4260 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0745-4260) – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ a b "Cleopatra's Goodies in Phila" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer-cleopatras-go/141747876/) . The Philadelphia Inquirer (/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer) . September 25, 1968. p. 8. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0885-6613 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0885-6613) . Retrieved February 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ a b c "Cleopatra" by Kandy Shuman, Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , September 7, 1967. ^ a b c Fitzgerald, Sheryl (February 23, 1984). "Indiana and Cleopatra" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-indiana-and-cleopatra/128273594/) . Newsday (/wiki/Newsday) . New York. p. 190. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0278-5587 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0278-5587) . Retrieved July 15, 2023 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-Italy_11-0) "Esotica la collezione della giovane Cleopatra, la disegnatrice-rivelazione dell"Iran," Progresso, Monday, June 1, 1970. ^ a b c " (https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-other-designe/141749038/) 'Other' Designers Offer Diverse Looks" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-other-designe/141749038/) . Fort Worth Star-Telegram (/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram) . June 12, 1985. p. 78. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0889-0013 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0889-0013) . Retrieved February 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ a b "Cleopatra, Designer's Styles For Women Are As Exotic As Her Name" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-cleopatra-desig/141746884/) . St. Louis Post-Dispatch (/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch) . September 22, 1985. p. 175. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1930-9600 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1930-9600) . Retrieved February 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-Moscow_14-0) "Cleopatra for Moscow and New York" by Oleg Ivanov, First Editor in Chief, Sovietskaja Kultura Newspaper, Moscow, USSR (translation), August 22, 1988. ^ (#cite_ref-India_15-0) "Cleopatra Dresses to Conquer" The Times of India, New Delhi, India, April 1969. ^ a b c "Myth, Reality from Cleopatra: Cleopatra's woman is a woman of tomorrow" Palm Beach Daily News, Florida, Tuesday, September 30, 1986. ^ (#cite_ref-Sun_17-0) "She finds her place in the Sun" by Jewell Cardwell, Beacon Journal, Akron, Ohio, April 1983. ^ (#cite_ref-Pike_18-0) "Pike grad new sun in fashion galaxy" by Betsy Harris, The Indianapolis Star, Sunday, May 22, 1983. ^ a b "Cleopatra Conquers New York" by Tavy Stone, Detroit, MI News, May 3, 1985.) ^ (#cite_ref-Land_20-0) "Designer's fall collection has look of the land" by Kathleen O'Connell, San Antonio Light, Wednesday, September 19, 1984. ^ (#cite_ref-Forte_21-0) "Down to earth designs her forte" by Nancy Schoeffler, The Times-Picayune, July 2, 1984. ^ (#cite_ref-Classy_22-0) "Cleopatra's classy collection of knits and silks" by Julie Vargo-Turi, Dallas Times Herald, September 12, 1984. ^ (#cite_ref-Men_23-0) "Cleopatra for Men" by M.S.D., DNR Daily News Record, May 2, 1984. ^ (#cite_ref-Kings_24-0) "Cleopatra: Designer scores with fashions inspired by "Book of Kings (Shahnameh)" by Cathy Lawhon, Santa Ana Register, California, May 5, 1985. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "In View: Her Designs Are Done With The Assistance of Computer Technology" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal-in-view-her-designs/141748234/) . The Atlanta Journal (/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal) . March 17, 1985. p. 133. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1539-7459 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1539-7459) . Retrieved February 21, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Rajah, Splendor of India In Evening Wear" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-wichita-eagle-rajah-splendor-of-ind/141748732/) . The Wichita Eagle (/wiki/The_Wichita_Eagle) . June 4, 1985. p. 13. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1046-3127 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1046-3127) . Retrieved February 21, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "High Style Happenings" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-constitution-high-style-happ/141742868/) . The Atlanta Constitution (/wiki/The_Atlanta_Constitution) . February 17, 1985. p. 213 . Retrieved February 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-Earth_28-0) "Looking at the earth, stars and beyond" by Marty Primeau, The Dallas Morning News (/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News) , August 26, 1984. ^ (#cite_ref-Children's_Charity_29-0) Hyde, Nina (/wiki/Nina_Hyde) (April 17, 1989). "Designed for Children's Charity, Cleopatra Broumand's Half Price Sale for Armenian Relief". The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0190-8286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) . ^ (#cite_ref-Auction_Armenia_30-0) "Auction for Relief to Armenian Children" by Andrei Fedyashin, Tass, April 18, 1989. ^ (#cite_ref-Trunk_31-0) "Trunk sale fundraiser to benefit Huntsman Cancer Foundation," The Park Record, Park City, Utah, Saturday, December 14, 1996. ^ (#cite_ref-Benefit_Armenia_32-0) "Benefit Sale for the Armenia Children's Relief Fund," News and Views from USSR, April 7, 1989. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cleopatra Birrenbach (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cleopatra_Birrenbach) . 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(Redirected from Snapback (hat) (/w/index.php?title=Snapback_(hat)&redirect=no) ) Type of soft, billed hat A New York Yankees (/wiki/New_York_Yankees) baseball cap A baseball cap is a type of soft hat (/wiki/Cap) with a rounded crown and a stiff bill [1] (#cite_note-bill-1) projecting in front. [2] (#cite_note-clair-2) The front of the hat typically displays a design or a logo (/wiki/Logo) (historically, usually only a sports team, namely a baseball (/wiki/Baseball) team, or names of relevant companies, when used as a commercial marketing technique). The hat may be "fitted" to the wearer's head or the back may have elastic (/wiki/Stretch_fabric) , a plastic (/wiki/Plastic) prong-in-a-hole (multiple holes with one prong that can be inserted), Velcro (/wiki/Hook_and_loop_fastener) , a zipper (/wiki/Zipper) , or a tri-glide slide (/wiki/Tri-glide_slide) so that it can be quickly adjusted to fit different wearers' heads. The baseball hat is a part of the traditional baseball uniform (/wiki/Baseball_uniform) worn by players, with the brim pointing forward to shield the eyes from the sun. Since the 1980s, varieties of the hat have become prevalent in the United States (/wiki/United_States) and many other nations, both for utilitarian (protecting the eyes from the sun) and fashion accessory purposes. [2] (#cite_note-clair-2) History [ edit ] Harry Wright (/wiki/Harry_Wright) wearing a baseball cap, circa 1863 In 1860, the Brooklyn Excelsiors (/wiki/Brooklyn_Excelsiors) wore the ancestor of the modern rounded-top baseball cap, which featured a long peak and a button on top, and by 1900, the "Brooklyn-style" cap became popular. [3] (#cite_note-USAToday-3) The merino cap topped with a star-like pattern was made by the New York sporting goods company Peck & Snyder (/wiki/Andrew_Peck_(businessman)) . [2] (#cite_note-clair-2) In the late 1880s, a pillbox version of the cap became popular, which would morph into the modern six-paneled round cap; five teams revived the pillbox form in 1976 in celebration of the US Bicentennial. Team monograms first appeared in 1894 when the Boston Baseball Club (the Boston Braves (/wiki/Boston_Braves) ) — now the Atlanta Braves (/wiki/Atlanta_Braves) — became the first team to wear letterforms when they added a monogram-style device to their caps, followed by three more teams in the next season. The Detroit Tigers (/wiki/Detroit_Tigers) of 1901 were the first major league team to have a mascot — a red tiger on a dark background — on their ballcap. It was replaced by the letter "D" in 1903, and their iconic Olde English-style letterform appeared a year later. [2] (#cite_note-clair-2) During the 1940s, latex rubber became the stiffening material inside the hat and the modern baseball cap was born. The peak, also known in certain areas as the "bill" or "brim", was designed to protect a player's eyes from the sun. Typically, the peak was much shorter in the earlier days of the baseball hat. Also, the hat has become more structured, versus the overall "floppy" cap of the 19th and early 20th centuries. [2] (#cite_note-clair-2) The baseball cap was and still is an important means by which to identify a team. Often the logo, mascot (/wiki/Mascot) , or team's initial was placed on the cap. Usually, the cap was also fashioned in the official colors of a particular team. Since 1993, the New Era Cap Company (/wiki/New_Era_Cap_Company) of Buffalo, N.Y. has been the exclusive baseball cap supplier for Major League Baseball. [2] (#cite_note-clair-2) The basic shape, including curved peak, is similar to some styles of 19th-century sunbonnets. [4] (#cite_note-bonnet-4) Design [ edit ] A simple baseball cap Fitted baseball hats — those without an adjuster — are normally sewn in six sections, and may be topped with a matching fabric-covered button (/wiki/Button_(clothing)) (also called a squatchee) on the crown. Metal grommets or fabric eyelets are often sewn or attached near the top of each of the six sections of fabric to provide ventilation. In some cases, the rear sections of the crown are made of net-like mesh material for extra ventilation. The peak is typically stiffened by a sewn-in piece of paperboard (/wiki/Paperboard) or stiff plastic. Variations [ edit ] Baseball hats are made of many types of material and shaped in various styles for different purposes. Major and minor league baseball players wear classic-style hats made of wool (/wiki/Wool) (or more recently, polyester (/wiki/Polyester) ) with their team's simple logo and colors; the logo is usually embroidered (/wiki/Embroidery) into the fabric. More recently there are brands that are using uncommon materials for snapback hats as for example wood brims. [5] (#cite_note-5) Formerly, baseball hats only came in standard hat sizes. Since the early 1970s, they have also been available in a one-size-fits-all form, with an adjustment strap in the back. The style, commonly called snapback, has become increasingly popular as a fashion accessory, [6] (#cite_note-men's_fashion-6) as have team caps, popularized especially by rap and hip-hop musicians. [2] (#cite_note-clair-2) Advances in textiles have led to the "stretch-fit" hat, which uses Lycra or rubber to allow a hat to have a fitted style while still being "adjustable" within sizes. The front may be soft, or may be stiffened by buckram (/wiki/Buckram) to display a logo more clearly. [7] (#cite_note-7) Another version of the baseball hat is a plastic mesh hat with a foam front imprinted with a company logo. This style is sometimes called a trucker hat (/wiki/Trucker_hat) or a "gimme hat" because it is given away for free as a promotional item. There are 4 major types of baseball hats: Snapback hat – (hat with a snap closure in the rear) with flat brim, high profile, adjustable. Adjustable hat – (hat with a velcro closure or buckled strap in the rear) unstructured, low profile, curved brim, adjustable. "Flexfit" hat – curved or flat brim, structured cap, high profile, adjustable by the use of elastic materials. Fitted hat – curved or flat brim, structured cap, high profile, unadjustable. Baseball cap styles and variations Snapback baseball cap Trucker cap (/wiki/Trucker_cap) Flexfit-style baseball cap Fitted baseball cap Athletic use [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baseball_cap&action=edit§ion=) . ( October 2020 ) John Mabry (/wiki/John_Mabry) wearing a baseball cap of the St. Louis Cardinals (/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals) In 2014, the MLB (/wiki/MLB) began allowing pitchers (/wiki/Pitcher) to wear a special reinforced hat to protect their heads from line drives. [8] (#cite_note-dailynews-8) Athletes in other sports wear hats with their team's logo and colors as "sideline" hats; both types are also sold as authentic team merchandise in retail stores. Other hats may simply have a maker's logo, such as Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) , Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) or Carhartt (/wiki/Carhartt) ; these hats are often made of brushed cotton (/wiki/Cotton) . Golfers sometime wear a sports visor (/wiki/Sports_visor) form which does not cover the head but keeps the sun out of their eyes; women also traditionally have worn visors casually but a trend in certain youth subcultures sees an increase in feminine use of full hats. [ citation needed ] Professional use [ edit ] Military [ edit ] See also: Patrol cap (/wiki/Patrol_cap) Baseball caps worn by naval officers from the US, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines Some armed forces use baseball caps as part of their uniforms, usually with combat uniforms (/wiki/Combat_uniform) . Those of the United States Armed Forces (/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces) are worn mostly with utility uniforms and coveralls. They sometimes have a command logo on the front to denote command affiliation. Alternatively, the cap may have the wearer's rank on the front, if an officer. Baseball caps of a particular color are worn to denote a specific function of a person or particular job. For example, in the United States (/wiki/United_States) submarine (/wiki/Submarine) force, red baseball caps are worn by drill monitors who facilitate and critique members of the boat's crew during drills. In the United States Army (/wiki/United_States_Army) , parachute riggers (/wiki/Parachute_rigger) wear red baseball caps and parachute instructors wear black baseball caps as part of their uniform. In various squadrons of the United States Air Force (/wiki/United_States_Air_Force) 's civilian auxiliary (/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol) , squadron-distinctive baseball caps have been issued as headgear (or "cover") for the Battle Dress Uniform (/wiki/Battle_Dress_Uniform) , typically displaying squadron colors, squadron number, and/or squadron patch. Although the BDUs have their own cover, a patrol cap (/wiki/Patrol_cap) in M81 Woodland (/wiki/M81_Woodland) , some squadrons have opted for more distinctive covers. Police [ edit ] See also: Uniform § Police (/wiki/Uniform#Police) There has been a marked trend in recent years among police forces and other uniformed bodies throughout the world to substitute inexpensive and comfortable baseball caps for peaked caps (/wiki/Peaked_cap) and other traditional headdresses. The baseball cap is also commonly used by private security companies (/wiki/Private_security_companies) as a cheap, practical piece of uniform headgear. Many armed police units around the world, notably SWAT (/wiki/SWAT) in the United States and the Metropolitan Police (/wiki/Metropolitan_Police) Specialist Firearms Command (/wiki/Specialist_Firearms_Command) in the UK, often wear baseball caps to shield their eyes from the sun where a full helmet would be excessive. Finland [ edit ] The Finnish Police (/wiki/Police_of_Finland) uses a baseball cap, which has mostly replaced the traditional side cap (/wiki/Side_cap) . It is marked with the police emblem and "Police" in Finnish and Swedish. [ citation needed ] Slovenia [ edit ] In Slovenia (/wiki/Slovenia) , policemen on motorcycles wear baseball caps as a part of their uniform, when they remove the helmet. Turkey [ edit ] Turkish police (/wiki/Turkish_police) switched from peaked caps to baseball caps in the 1990s. United Kingdom [ edit ] In the United Kingdom, the baseball cap has the additional advantage of being unisex and suitable for wear by both male and female officers. Throughout 2017, the Northamptonshire, Cheshire and Lancashire police forces adopted specially strengthened baseball caps known as " Bump Caps (/w/index.php?title=Bump_Cap&action=edit&redlink=1) ", to replace the helmets and bowler hats previously worn. [9] (#cite_note-9) However, the Northamptonshire force announced in November 2018 that their "Bump Caps" had proven scruffy and unpopular, and would be withdrawn from use. [10] (#cite_note-10) A typical British police baseball cap on display at the West Midlands Police Museum (/wiki/West_Midlands_Police_Museum) in Sparkhill (/wiki/Sparkhill) Police Station, Birmingham (/wiki/Birmingham) , England (/wiki/England) Baseball caps of North Wales Police (/wiki/North_Wales_Police) displaying the word POLICE in English and Welsh A dark green cap of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland) United States [ edit ] In many United States police forces, the baseball cap is worn as a more practical alternative to the traditional peaked cap (/wiki/Peaked_cap) or campaign hat (/wiki/Campaign_hat) , the latter of which is generally used by Sheriff's (/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States) departments and state police (/wiki/State_police_(United_States)) forces. Baseball caps are more common on the West Coast (/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States) , whereas in eastern states, the traditional peaked cap is more prominent. A notable exception is the San Francisco Police Department (/wiki/San_Francisco_Police_Department) , where peaked caps are still worn regularly. See also [ edit ] Baseball portal (/wiki/Portal:Baseball) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Baseball clothing and equipment (/wiki/Baseball_clothing_and_equipment) Beanie (seamed cap) (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) Cricket cap (/wiki/Cricket_cap) , a similar cap in a similar sport Flat cap (/wiki/Flat_cap) Kepi (/wiki/Kepi) List of headgear (/wiki/List_of_headgear) Trucker hat (/wiki/Trucker_hat) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-bill_1-0) "Definition of Bill by Merriam Webster" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bill) . Merriam Webster . bill noun (1) definition 4 . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ a b c d e f g Clair, Michael (9 May 2023). "The history of the baseball cap: The long, strange history of the baseball cap" (https://www.mlb.com/news/featured/baseball-cap-history-and-timeline) . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 24 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-USAToday_3-0) "Baseball cap has endured generations as the all-American hat" (http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2006-07-25-cap_x.htm) . Retrieved 2014-04-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-bonnet_4-0) BBC – Happy 59th, baseball caps (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3660333.stm) 18 December 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Dabrowiecki, Jamie (2016-11-07). "Want a wooden brim strap back? We've got you covered" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001046/https://www.capcollectors.com/feature/want-wooden-brim-strapback-weve-got-covered/) . Archived from the original (https://www.capcollectors.com/feature/want-wooden-brim-strapback-weve-got-covered/) on 2018-02-05 . Retrieved 2018-02-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-men's_fashion_6-0) "Mens Fashion Trend: Snapback Caps" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140427233748/http://www.mensfashionmagazine.com/mens-fashion-trend-snapback-caps) . Archived from the original (http://www.mensfashionmagazine.com/mens-fashion-trend-snapback-caps) on 2014-04-27 . Retrieved 2014-04-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Taxdahl, Jeff (2012-12-20). "What's the difference between a constructed and an unconstructed cap?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170107101605/https://threadlogic.wordpress.com/2012/12/20/whats-the-difference-between-a-constructed-and-an-unconstructed-cap/) . Archived from the original (https://threadlogic.wordpress.com/2012/12/20/whats-the-difference-between-a-constructed-and-an-unconstructed-cap/) on 2017-01-07 . Retrieved 2017-01-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-dailynews_8-0) "MLB approves protective cap for pitchers in time for 2014 season" (http://m.nydailynews.com/1.1594040) . New York Daily News (/wiki/New_York_Daily_News) . Retrieved 2014-04-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Harley, Nicola (10 May 2017). "Police swap helmets for caps to attract more transgender officers" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/10/police-swap-helmets-caps-attract-transgender-officers/) . United Kingdom: The Telegraph. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/10/police-swap-helmets-caps-attract-transgender-officers/) from the original on 2022-01-12. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Northamptonshire Chronicle & Echo, 15 November 2018 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baseball caps (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baseball_caps) . Baseball cap history and timeline (https://www.mlb.com/news/featured/baseball-cap-history-and-timeline) from Major League Baseball (/wiki/Major_League_Baseball) "Happy 50th Baseball caps" – BBC News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3660333.stm) Types of caps and related terminology (https://web.archive.org/web/20071106095435/http://shop.mlb.com/sm-sports-cap-buyers-guide--bg-222844.html) v t e Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) and softball (/wiki/Softball) concepts Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_baseball) · Glossary (/wiki/Glossary_of_baseball_terms) Rules Rules of baseball (/wiki/Baseball_rules) Ejections (/wiki/Ejection_(baseball)) Ground rules (/wiki/Ground_rules) Infield fly rule (/wiki/Infield_fly_rule) In flight (/wiki/In_flight) Interference (/wiki/Interference_(baseball)) Pitch clock (/wiki/Pitch_clock) Protested game (/wiki/Protested_game) Strike zone (/wiki/Strike_zone) Suspended game (/wiki/Suspended_game) Unwritten rules (/wiki/Unwritten_rules_of_baseball) Cheating 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losing (/wiki/Losing_streak#Baseball) winning (/wiki/Winning_streak#Baseball) Variations of baseball (/wiki/Variations_of_baseball) Category (/wiki/Category:Baseball) Portal (/wiki/Portal:Baseball) WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Baseball) v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam (/wiki/Tam_cap) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden 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(/wiki/Utility_cover) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Western (/wiki/Western_Christianity) Biretta (/wiki/Biretta) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_cap) Camauro (/wiki/Camauro) Capirote (/wiki/Capirote) Cappello romano (/wiki/Cappello_romano) Capuchon (/wiki/Capuchon) Christening cap (/wiki/Christening_cap) Galero (/wiki/Galero) Head covering for Christian women (/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women) Easter bonnet (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre) Papal tiara (/wiki/Papal_tiara) Pilgrim's (/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat) Salvation Army bonnet (/wiki/Salvation_Army_bonnet) Shovel (/wiki/Shovel_hat) Zucchetto (/wiki/Zucchetto) Eastern (/wiki/Eastern_Christianity) Klobuk (/wiki/Klobuk) Epanokalimavkion (/wiki/Epanokalimavkion) Kalimavkion (/wiki/Kalimavkion) Koukoulion (/wiki/Koukoulion) Skufia (/wiki/Skufia) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kashket (/wiki/Kashket) 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Nigerian fashion designer Amaka Osakwe (born 1987) is a Nigerian fashion designer and creator of the African (/wiki/Africa) -based fashion label named Maki Oh (/w/index.php?title=Maki_Oh_(label)&action=edit&redlink=1) . She has led her womanswear label since 2010 from Lagos (/wiki/Lagos) , and it is a Nigerian-based label that is globally acknowledged. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Life and career [ edit ] Osakwe is of the Igbo tribe (/wiki/Igbo_tribe) . She studied at the Arts University Bournemouth (/wiki/Arts_University_Bournemouth) where she received a BA (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts) in fashion studies. In autumn/winter 2010 she launched her label. Inspired by rural Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) ’s Dipo (/wiki/Dipo) rites-of-passage ceremony, during which girls taking part are partially naked and ornately adorned, Osakwe has played with cloaking and ornamentation using traditional African fabrics. [3] (#cite_note-3) Recently her label was discovered by the U.S. fashion scene in 2012, when she presented her designs at the New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [4] (#cite_note-4) A signature of her brand is her use of a traditional Yoruba (/wiki/Yorubas) indigo-dyed textile called adire (/wiki/Adire_(textile_art)) , a cultural specialty whose practice revolves around modern-day Ogun and Osun states in western Nigeria. Another is her way of combining Western silhouettes and native materials and motifs—to wit, a lace-blouse-and-pencil-skirt set appliquéd with unsettling raffia eyeballs. [5] (#cite_note-5) International stars such as singers Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) and Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) and Hollywood actress Kerry Washington (/wiki/Kerry_Washington) have worn outfits by the Nigerian designers. U.S. First Lady (/wiki/First_Lady) , Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) , well-known for being a style icon, wore an Amaka Osakwe-designed Maki Oh blouse during summer 2013 trip to South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Her designs also have been worn by the likes of Solange Knowles (/wiki/Solange_Knowles) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Issa Rae (/wiki/Issa_Rae) , and Leelee Sobieski (/wiki/Leelee_Sobieski) and by Nigerian TV presenter Eku Edewor (/wiki/Eku_Edewor) and are sold internationally through Farfetch.com, and in United States at the McMullen boutique in Oakland. [8] (#cite_note-8) Osakwe was named "Designer of the Year" by African fashion magazine ARISE (/w/index.php?title=ARISE_(fashion_magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1) . Since 2010, her work has been showcased at the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) , the Vitra Design Museum (/wiki/Vitra_Design_Museum) , and the Brighton Museum & Art Gallery (/wiki/Brighton_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery) . [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Focus On // Maki Oh By Amaka Osakwe «" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131102185619/http://mariankihogo.com/interviews/focus-on-maki-oh-by-amakwa-osakwe/) . Mariankihogo.com. 2011-12-24. Archived from the original (http://mariankihogo.com/interviews/focus-on-maki-oh-by-amakwa-osakwe/) on 2013-11-02 . Retrieved 2013-09-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Maya Singer (2012-10-09). "Maki Oh Spring 2013 Ready-to-Wear Collection on Style.com: Runway Review" (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/review/S2013RTW-MAKIOH/) . Style.com . Retrieved 2013-09-15 . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Helen Jennings (2011-03-08). "Hot out here" (https://archive.today/20131105112051/http://www.ariselive.com/articles/hot-out-here/87447/) . Ariselive.com. Archived from the original (http://www.ariselive.com/articles/hot-out-here/87447/) on 2013-11-05 . Retrieved 2013-09-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "New York Fashion Week: Interview with Maki Oh" (http://www.thefader.com/2012/09/07/new-york-fashion-week-interview-with-maki-oh/) . The Fader . 2012-09-07 . Retrieved 2013-09-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Maki Oh Fall 2013 Ready-to-Wear Collection on Style.com: Complete Collection" (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/complete/F2013RTW-MAKIOH) . Style.com . Retrieved 2013-09-15 . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Michelle Obama Wears Maki Oh" (http://www.thefader.com/2013/07/01/michelle-obama-wears-maki-oh//) . The Fader . 2013-07-01 . Retrieved 2013-09-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "First Lady of U.S.A. Michelle Obama spotted in Maki Oh at the "Connecting Continents" Seminar in South Africa | Photos & Video from the Event" (http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/07/01/first-lady-of-u-s-a-michelle-obama-spotted-in-maki-oh-at-the-connecting-continents-seminar-in-south-africa-photos-video-from-the-event/) . Bella Naija . Retrieved 2013-09-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Dinner at Leo's with Maki Oh" (http://sfluxe.net/dinner-at-leos-with-maki-oh/) . SFLUXE . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Okeowo, Alexis (2017-09-18). "West Africa's Most Daring Designer" (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/25/the-daring-designs-of-amaka-osakwe) . The New Yorker . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0028-792X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X) . Retrieved 2018-03-09 . 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French singer and model Baptiste Giabiconi Born ( 1989-11-09 ) 9 November 1989 (age 34) Marignane (/wiki/Marignane) , France [1] (#cite_note-TIFDb-1) Other names Baptiste Modeling information Height 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Hair color Black [1] (#cite_note-TIFDb-1) Eye color Brown [1] (#cite_note-TIFDb-1) Agency DNA Model Management Baptiste Giabiconi (born 9 November 1989) is a French model, singer, and muse of Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) from Marignane (/wiki/Marignane) , France. For many years, he was the male face of major fashion houses Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) and Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) . Beginnings [ edit ] Born in Marignane (/wiki/Marignane) , Bouches-du-Rhône (/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne) , Baptiste Giabiconi comes from a Corsican (/wiki/Corsica) family. His father is from Bastia (/wiki/Bastia) and his mother Marie-France from Calvi (/wiki/Calvi,_Haute-Corse) , both in Corsica. He spent his infancy in Moriani-Plage in the Haute-Corse (/wiki/Haute-Corse) region very near to Bastia, before moving to Marseille (/wiki/Marseille) . He obtained a Brevet d'études professionnelles (/wiki/Brevet_d%27%C3%A9tudes_professionnelles) (BEP) in the food service industry, and a professional Baccalauréat (/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at) in "Accueil et Service". Then he trained for six months as a mechanical adjustor in Aeronautics (/wiki/Aeronautics) , landing a job at Eurocopter (/wiki/Eurocopter) , an international helicopter (/wiki/Helicopter) manufacturing and support company. Modelling career [ edit ] In January 2007, a talent scout seeing him in a Marseille sport club suggested he apply to a local Marseille modelling firm run by a local photographer. Giabiconi compiled a modelling file that was sent to a number of modeling agents but with no results and no offers forthcoming. He returned to Marseille but continued to model locally. In 2008, Giabiconi signed with DNA Model Management New York. In the same year Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) named Giabiconi the male face of Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , closing the haute couture house's shows in 2009 with Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) and Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) and in 2010 with Abbey Lee (/wiki/Abbey_Lee) and Iris Strubegger (/wiki/Iris_Strubegger) . In 2010, he appeared in Schwarzkopf (/wiki/Hans_Schwarzkopf_GmbH) ads becoming the face of their products. [2] (#cite_note-public-sch-2) In 2011, he appeared in ads for the German car maker Volkswagen (/wiki/Volkswagen) alongside Karl Lagerfeld. He was in the campaign for series of parfums, watches and eyeglasses of the brand Karl Lagerfeld . He was also the face of the headphone Monster (/wiki/Monster_Cable) . Giabiconi became the face of Coca-Cola (/wiki/Coca-Cola) Light, alongside Coco Rocha (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) . The campaign was photographed by Lagerfeld. In 2011, he was the image of Spring-Summer Edition of H&M (/wiki/H%26M) . He has also appeared in fashion spreads in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) (including Vogue Paris , Vogue Japan and Vogue Germany , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , Numéro Homme (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , V Man (/wiki/V_Man) , Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , Purple Fashion, Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) and L'Officiel Hommes (/wiki/L%27Officiel_Hommes) , Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) , Wallpaper (/wiki/Wallpaper_(magazine)) . In spring 2010, he was photographed for the Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) campaign, alongside Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) [3] (#cite_note-3) and for Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) . In 2010, he made the cover of L'Officiel Homme (/w/index.php?title=L%27Officiel_Homme&action=edit&redlink=1) , posed for Envy , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) (Paris and Belgium editions), Grazia , Vogue Germany. He appeared alongside Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) in the short film Vol de jour by Karl Lagerfeld for the Chanel collection. Baptiste was placed at number 1 on models.com listing of the Top 50 international male models for roughly two years before being replaced by Sean O'Pry (/wiki/Sean_O%27Pry) . [4] (#cite_note-4) As of September 2011, he was placed on the more prominent "Icons" list of male models where he shares the No. 10 ranking with top male model, Werner Schreyer (/wiki/Werner_Schreyer) . In January 2020, he took part in the show Stars à nu presented by Alessandra Sublet (/wiki/Alessandra_Sublet) alongside many other stars. The closing choreography was designed by Chris Marques (/w/index.php?title=Chris_Marques&action=edit&redlink=1) . Music career [ edit ] Giabiconi released his debut single "Showtime" in 2010. In 2012, he announced an agreement with My Major Company (/wiki/My_Major_Company) fan-funded label to produce his debut album entitled Oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen_(Baptiste_Giabiconi_album)) . The album with 13 tracks all in English language (/wiki/English_language) was released in September 2012 and entered the SNEP (/wiki/SNEP) French Albums Chart straight in at number 1. The lead single from the album was "One Night in Paradise", a pre-release in promotion of the album. The follow-up single from the album is called "Speed of Light (L'amour & les étoiles)" and was released on 2 September 2012. A third single "Je te aime" was also released. At the age of 16, in 2011, he auditioned for Nouvelle Star (/wiki/Nouvelle_Star) without qualifying for selection to the live rounds. [5] (#cite_note-closer-5) In 2012, he took part in tribute album project dedicated to Jean-Jacques Goldman (/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Goldman) songs called Génération Goldman (/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_Goldman) singing Goldman's " Là-bas (/wiki/L%C3%A0-bas_(song)) " as a duo with Quebec (/wiki/Quebec) singer Marie-Mai (/wiki/Marie-Mai) . He was also on the track "Il suffira d'un signe" on the same album, singing with Merwan Rim (/wiki/Merwan_Rim) , Amaury Vassili (/wiki/Amaury_Vassili) and Dumè. In June 2014, he released his second album Un homme libre (/wiki/Un_homme_libre_(album)) on Be 1st / Smart (a Sony Music affiliate) and his debut as a French language (/wiki/French_language) album with 12 tracks. The album unlike the first chart-topping album had only modest success reaching number 44 on the French SNEP Albums Chart. One single titled "Je t'emmène avec moi" charted from the album. However Giabiconi's biggest musical success was in 2016 with his cover of the Donna Summer (/wiki/Donna_Summer) hit " Love to Love You Baby (/wiki/Love_to_Love_You_Baby_(song)) " but with added lyrics and new EDM arrangement. The release was accompanied by an erotic music video. It made it to number 4 on the official French Singles Chart. Business ventures [ edit ] With two associate partners Patrice Merlo et Alexis Leng, Giabiconi created a theme restaurant called Tokio Sushi. Meant as a series of restaurants, the first one was launched at Saint-Victoret (/wiki/Saint-Victoret) , Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur) in May 2012, followed by a second in Velaux also in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in July 2014. The restaurants feature a sushi bar and Korean barbecue. [6] (#cite_note-6) Baptiste Giabiconi launched in March 2015 et limited "capsule collection" of streetwear under the slogan "Giabiconi is my sexfriend" comprising mainly T-shirts with a smaller series titled "Karl is my father"also offered all to be marketed by the e-shop Eleven Paris, a brand with which Giabiconi is associated with. Giabiconi agreed to pose nude for the collection. The site for the cloths saw 200,000 visits in 48 hours. Some of the photos for the collection were taken by Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) himself. [7] (#cite_note-grazia-7) In 2016, Giabiconi published a calendar of 26 black and white photos photographed by Mariano Vivanco (/wiki/Mariano_Vivanco) on éditions Michel Lafon. On 16 May 2017, he became a major investor and president of the French National 2 (/wiki/Championnat_National_2) football league club FC Martigues (/wiki/FC_Martigues) . The league is the fourth level of professional national association football league in France. However the venture soon turned sour and he was obliged to pend his resignation from the club position after a critical audit by Direction Nationale du Contrôle de Gestion (/wiki/Direction_Nationale_du_Contr%C3%B4le_de_Gestion) (DNCG), the organization responsible for monitoring and overseeing the accounts of professional association football clubs in France. [8] (#cite_note-hp-fooball-8) In 2018, in partnership with Théo Griezmann (/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9o_Griezmann&action=edit&redlink=1) , the brother of the international football star Antoine Griezmann (/wiki/Antoine_Griezmann) , he created a limited brand of "capsule collection" Gz Brand X Giabiconi (as part of Griezmann's brand The GZ Brand) for the benefit of the charity FCM Fondation with the aim of installing football facilities in the poor suburbs, in youth hospitals and in prisons. [9] (#cite_note-public-9) In popular culture [ edit ] In 2009, supermodel Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) met Giabiconi in Moscow and told him, "It's not right: We all have defects. You have none". [10] (#cite_note-10) In an interview with Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) described Giabiconi as "a boy version of Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) : skinny, skinny but with an athletic body – good for clothes and great with no clothes". On 6 and 7 July 2012, he sang his song "Speed of Light (L'amour et les étoiles)" during Tout le monde chante contre le cancer charity event. On 15 September 2012, he sang the same song during Leurs voix pour l'espoir charity concert. Giabiconi appeared as special invitee guest in Mère et fille , the French Disney Channel (/wiki/Disney_Channel_(France)) mini-series broadcast in June 2012 in France. In 2012, he became a contestant on the popular French games series Fort Boyard (/wiki/Fort_Boyard_(TV_series)) [11] (#cite_note-11) Also in 2012, he took part in the 13th annual NRJ Music Awards besides Laurent Ournac for a medley of LMFAO (/wiki/LMFAO) songs. He also appeared in Tous ensemble on TF1 (/wiki/TF1) on 4 February 2012 and on La nuit nous appartient on NRJ12 channel on 18 October 2012 as well as ONDAR Show on France 2 (/wiki/France_2) on 20 October 2012. Baptiste Giabiconi participated in the celebrity edition of Top Chef (/wiki/Top_Chef) on M6 (/wiki/M6_(TV_channel)) channel in 2018 but was eliminated in the initial round. Personal life [ edit ] It is widely accepted Baptiste Giabiconi was the designer Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) 's " muse (/wiki/Muse) " starting 2008 when Giabiconi was just 18. In a revealing book entitled Karl et moi (meaning Karl and me) published on 27 March 2020, Giabiconi wrote extensively about their relationship, saying it was more a platonic than a carnal one. [12] (#cite_note-lepoint-12) He admitted at 18 he was a "blank page" and at the most opportune time was greatly affected as a young man by Lagerfeld. [13] (#cite_note-closer3-13) Giacobini says: "Often, we hugged. It was a very powerful filial relationship, with a love we could not describe" adding that he called Lagerfeld "My Karl, my little Karl and sometimes my love". [14] (#cite_note-web24news-14) Lagerfeld was also "excessive" in lavishing him with gifts. Describing the affinity as more of a "father and son" relationship, Giabiconi says in the book that Lagerfeld even considered adopting him as his legal son [15] (#cite_note-closer2-15) adding: "Karl had no children. He really didn't have a family by his side and surely it was also to fill a certain emptiness, some lack, some loneliness. He just wanted me to be his son one way or another. I wanted to protect myself." [14] (#cite_note-web24news-14) Giacobini also appeared nude in photos taken by Lagerfeld, but without getting involved sexually. [16] (#cite_note-gq-karletmoi-16) Lagerfeld in his will also appropriated funds for his Birman cat Choupette (/wiki/Choupette) which was originally Giabiconi's. [17] (#cite_note-nyt-cat-17) When he left to see his mother for a few days and asked Mr. Lagerfeld to cat sit, he left the cat with Lagerfeld and within days, the latter developed great affection for the cat, so Giabiconi ceded it to Lagerfeld as a personal gift from him. [17] (#cite_note-nyt-cat-17) [18] (#cite_note-soir-18) Giabiconi also revealed in an interview with the French TF1 (/wiki/TF1) talk show Sept a Huit broadcast on 23 February 2020 that there were seven heirs named to Karl Lagerfeld's fortunes, and that Giabiconi's name was one of them. [19] (#cite_note-lepoint2-19) [ citation needed ] But people close to the family deny that he is part of the will and that the relations between the two had been strained for some time prior to Lagerfeld's death from prostate cancer (/wiki/Prostate_cancer) . [20] (#cite_note-voici1-20) He became a father on July 17, 2023, announcing on Instagram the birth of his son nicknamed Baptiste Jr. Giabiconi. [21] (#cite_note-21) Books [ edit ] Baptiste Giabiconi (collaborating with Jean-François Kervéan (/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Kerv%C3%A9an&action=edit&redlink=1) ), Karl et moi , Paris, Robert Laffont, 2020, 240 p. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2221246894 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2221246894) . Discography [ edit ] Albums [ edit ] Year Album Peak positions Certification FRA (/wiki/SNEP) [22] (#cite_note-lescharts-22) BEL (/wiki/Ultratop) (Wa) (/wiki/Ultratop) [23] (#cite_note-bel-23) 2012 Oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen_(Baptiste_Giabiconi_album)) Release date: 24 September 2012 Record label: My Major Company (/wiki/My_Major_Company) (promo) / Warner Music (/wiki/Warner_Music) 1 171 2014 Un Homme Libre (/wiki/Un_homme_libre_(album)) Release date: 16 June 2014 Record label: Be 1st / Smart ( Sony Music (/wiki/Sony_Music) ) 44 156 Singles [ edit ] Year Title Chart positions [22] (#cite_note-lescharts-22) Album FRA (/wiki/SNEP) [22] (#cite_note-lescharts-22) BEL (/wiki/Ultratop) (Wa) (/wiki/Ultratop) [23] (#cite_note-bel-23) 2010 "Showtime" — — Non-album release 2012 "One Night in Paradise" — 51* Oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen_(Baptiste_Giabiconi_album)) "Speed of Light (L'amour et les étoiles)" — — " Là-bas (/wiki/L%C3%A0-bas_(song)) " ( Marie-Mai (/wiki/Marie-Mai) and Baptiste Giabiconi) 96 — Génération Goldman (/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_Goldman) 2014 "Je te aime" 110 — Oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen_(Baptiste_Giabiconi_album)) "Je t'emmène avec moi" 160 — Un homme libre 2016 " Love to Love You Baby (/wiki/Love_to_Love_You_Baby_(song)) " 4 [24] (#cite_note-24) — — *Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 chart, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts. Position in table reached by adding 50 positions to the actual Ultratip position Other songs [ edit ] Year Title Chart positions [22] (#cite_note-lescharts-22) Album FRA (/wiki/SNEP) [22] (#cite_note-lescharts-22) BEL (/wiki/Ultratop) (Wa) (/wiki/Ultratop) [23] (#cite_note-bel-23) 2012 ""Il suffira (d'un signe)" ( Merwan Rim (/wiki/Merwan_Rim) , Amaury Vassili (/wiki/Amaury_Vassili) , Baptiste Giabiconi & Dumè) — — Génération Goldman (/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_Goldman) Filmography [ edit ] Films [ edit ] 2011: The Tale of a Fairy , a short film by Karl Lagerfeld. 2013: Once Upon a Time... , in the role of Eduardo Martinez De Hoz in a short by Karl Lagerfeld 2015: Nos chers voisins , a TV series in the role of Enzo in the episode "Fêtent la nouvelle année" Television [ edit ] 2012: Mère et Fille , une series on Disney Channel 2014: Scènes de ménages , as a plumber in the episode "Tenue correcte exigée" Streaming [ edit ] 2023: The Mysterious Mr. Lagerfeld, a documentary by Michael Waldman References [ edit ] ^ a b c The Internet Fashion Database – Baptiste Giabiconi (https://web.archive.org/web/20090916005314/http://www.tifdb.com/models/baptiste_giabiconi/450) Retrieved and verified on 8 December 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-public-sch_2-0) "Baptiste Giabiconi égérie de la nouvelle mousse Schwarzkopf" (https://www.public.fr/Look/Toutes-les-news-look/Photos/Beaute-Baptiste-Giabiconi-egerie-de-la-nouvelle-mousse-Schwarzkopf-370619) (in French). Public . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Biography (http://nymag.com/fashion/models/bgiabiconi/baptistegiabiconi/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092430/http://nymag.com/fashion/models/bgiabiconi/baptistegiabiconi/) 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Baptiste Giabiconi's profile on NY mag ^ (#cite_ref-4) models.com, Baptiste Giabiconi (http://models.com/model_culture/50topmalemodels/top50.cfm?model_id=4704#4704) ^ (#cite_ref-closer_5-0) "Baptiste Giabiconi, recalé au casting de la Nouvelle Star" (https://www.closermag.fr/tv-tele-realite/nouvelle-star/baptiste-giabiconi-recale-au-casting-de-la-nouvelle-star-63466) (in French). Closer. 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Liver Alike: Les restaurants japonais de Baptist Giabiconi (https://livealike.fr/2014/09/restaurants-baptiste-giabiconi/) (in French) ^ (#cite_ref-grazia_7-0) Anthony Vincent (9 March 2015). " (https://www.grazia.fr/mode/giabiconi-is-my-sexfriend-elevenparis-fait-de-notre-reve-une-realite-746236) "Giabiconi is my sexfriend" : ElevenParis fait de notre rêve une réalité" (https://www.grazia.fr/mode/giabiconi-is-my-sexfriend-elevenparis-fait-de-notre-reve-une-realite-746236) (in French). Grazia.fr . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-hp-fooball_8-0) Paul Guyonnet (30 June 2018). "Le mannequin Baptiste Giabiconi quitte le club de foot qu'il présidait pour mauvaise gestion financière" (https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2018/06/29/le-mannequin-baptiste-giabiconi-quitte-le-club-de-foot-quil-presidait-pour-mauvaise-gestion-financiere_a_23471511/) (in French). HuffPost France . Retrieved 6 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-public_9-0) "Baptiste Giabiconi et Théo Griezmann s'associent et ça promet d'ètre lourd..." (https://www.public.fr/News/Baptiste-Giabiconi-et-Theo-Griezmann-s-associe-et-ca-promet-d-etre-LOURD-1479025) (in French). Public.fr. 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Baptiste Giabiconi – Model Profile (http://models.com/models/baptiste-giabiconi) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Le Figaro: Baptiste Giabiconi dans Fort Boyard - Un Top-modèle face aux petites bébêtes du Fort (http://tvmag.lefigaro.fr/programme-tv/article/people/68858/baptiste-giabiconi-dans-fort-boyard.html) (in French) ^ (#cite_ref-lepoint_12-0) Marc Fourny (30 August 2019). "Baptiste Giabiconi : ses confidences intimes sur Karl Lagerfeld" (https://www.lepoint.fr/people/baptiste-giabiconi-ses-confidences-intimes-sur-karl-lagerfeld-30-08-2019-2332605_2116.php) (in French). Le Point . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-closer3_13-0) Clara Carlesimo (23 February 2020). "Baptiste Giabiconi amant de Karl Lagerfeld ? Il met les choses au clair une fois pour toutes" (https://www.closermag.fr/people/baptiste-giabiconi-amant-de-karl-lagerfeld-il-met-les-choses-au-clair-une-fois-p-1087952) (in French). Closer mag . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ a b "Testament, their relationship, illness … The revelations of Baptiste Giabiconi on Karl Lagerfeld" (https://www.web24.news/a/2020/02/testament-their-relationship-illness-the-revelations-of-baptiste-giabiconi-on-karl-lagerfeld.html) . Web24News. 24 February 2020 . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-closer2_15-0) Clara Carlesimo (23 February 2020). "Baptiste Giabiconi adopté par Karl Lagerfeld ? "Il voulait absolument que je sois son fils" (https://www.closermag.fr/people/baptiste-giabiconi-adopte-par-karl-lagerfeld-il-voulait-absolument-que-je-sois-s-1087960) " (https://www.closermag.fr/people/baptiste-giabiconi-adopte-par-karl-lagerfeld-il-voulait-absolument-que-je-sois-s-1087960) (in French). Closer mag . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-gq-karletmoi_16-0) "12 Anecdotes incroyables racontées dans le livre de Baptiste Giabiconi sur Karl Lagerfeld" (https://www.gqmagazine.fr/style/article/12-anecdotes-incroyables-racontees-dans-le-livre-de-baptiste-giabiconi-sur-karl-lagerfeld) (in French). 26 February 2020 . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ a b Dana Thomas (21 January 2020). "What Happened to Choupette? Karl Lagerfeld's cat, and rumored heir, has become a business unto herself" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/21/style/karl-lagerfeld-choupette.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-soir_18-0) Julie Huon (24 April 2020). "Baptiste Giabiconi au "Soir": "Karl serait comme nous: choqué" (https://www.lesoir.be/296789/article/2020-04-24/baptiste-giabiconi-au-soir-karl-serait-comme-nous-choque) " (https://www.lesoir.be/296789/article/2020-04-24/baptiste-giabiconi-au-soir-karl-serait-comme-nous-choque) (in French) . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-lepoint2_19-0) Marc Fourny (25 February 2020). "Le testament de Karl Lagerfeld : un vrai sac… de nœuds !" (https://www.lepoint.fr/people/le-testament-de-karl-lagerfeld-un-vrai-sac-de-noeuds-25-02-2020-2364270_2116.php) (in French). Le Point . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-voici1_20-0) "Karl Lagerfeld : Baptiste Giabiconi aurait menti sur son héritage" (https://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/info-voici-karl-lagerfeld-baptiste-giabiconi-aurait-menti-sur-son-heritage-675876) (in French). Voici. 6 March 2020 . Retrieved 7 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Cu1VJXtokyI/) . ^ a b c d e LesCharts.com: Baptiste Giabiconi page (http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Baptiste+Giabiconi) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140302115055/http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Baptiste+Giabiconi) 2 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ a b c Ultratop.be/fr/: Baptiste Giabiconi page (http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Baptiste+Giabiconi) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140502120005/http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Baptiste+Giabiconi) 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 33, 2016)" (http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2016&we=33) (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique) . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.giabiconistyle.com/) Baptiste Giabiconi (http://nymag.com/fashion/models/bgiabiconi/baptistegiabiconi/) at NYmag.com (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) DNA Model Management (http://www.vnymodelmanagement.com) Baptiste Giabiconi (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3780518/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) v t e Danse avec les stars Seasons 1 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_(France_season_1)) 2 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_(France_season_2)) 3 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_(France_season_3)) 4 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_(France_season_4)) 5 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_(France_season_5)) 6 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_(France_season_6)) 7 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_(France_season_7)) 8 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_(France_season_8)) 9 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_(France_season_9)) 10 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_(France_season_10)) 11 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_season_11) 12 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_season_12) 13 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars_season_13) Specials Christmas 2012 (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_Stars_f%C3%AAte_No%C3%ABl) Le grand show (/wiki/Le_grand_show) (2017) Tours Danse avec les stars, la tournée (/wiki/Danse_avec_les_stars,_la_tourn%C3%A9e) Celebrity winners M. Pokora (/wiki/M._Pokora) Shy'm (/wiki/Shy%27m) Emmanuel Moire (/wiki/Emmanuel_Moire) Alizée (/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9e) Rayane Bensetti (/wiki/Rayane_Bensetti) Loïc Nottet (/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Nottet) Laurent Maistret Agustín Galiana Clément Rémiens Sami El Gueddari (/wiki/Sami_El_Gueddari) Tayc (/wiki/Tayc) Billy Crawford (/wiki/Billy_Crawford) Natasha St-Pier (/wiki/Natasha_St-Pier) Professional winners Katrina Patchett (/wiki/Katrina_Patchett) Maxime Dereymez Fauve Hautot (/wiki/Fauve_Hautot) (x4) Grégoire Lyonnet Denitsa Ikonomova (x4) Candice Pascal Anthony Colette Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000402292211) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/297423079) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrC9M6JGvW6fqMYthVV4q) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16689158f) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16689158f) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1033152846) Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4c0310f2-8161-417f-93b6-39ebc38e4c33) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/051633523) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐669g2 Cached time: 20240713210942 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.666 seconds Real time usage: 0.863 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3593/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 61591/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3501/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 84415/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.457/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 26543838/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 771.788 1 -total 29.98% 231.378 1 Template:Reflist 26.28% 202.788 1 Template:Infobox_model 13.81% 106.615 1 Template:Danse_Avec_Les_Stars_Season_2 13.35% 103.053 1 Template:Navbox 12.19% 94.104 2 Template:In_lang 11.60% 89.546 14 Template:Cite_news 9.09% 70.191 1 Template:Short_description 5.99% 46.230 1 Template:Isbn 5.34% 41.189 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29961515-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713210942 and revision id 1219320480. 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American model and murderer (1970–2018) Stephanie Adams Born ( 1970-07-24 ) July 24, 1970 Orange, New Jersey (/wiki/Orange,_New_Jersey) , U.S. [1] (#cite_note-wkp-1) Died c. May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18) (aged 47) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. Cause of death Suicide by jumping (/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping) Resting place Saint John's Cemetery New Rockford, North Dakota (/wiki/New_Rockford,_North_Dakota) , U.S. Spouse Charles V. Nicholai ( m. 2010; sep. 2017) Children 1 Playboy (/wiki/Playboy) centerfold appearance (/wiki/Playboy_Playmate) November 1992 Preceded by Tiffany Sloan (/wiki/Tiffany_Sloan) Succeeded by Barbara Moore (/wiki/Barbara_Moore_(model)) Personal details Height 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) [1] (#cite_note-wkp-1) Details Victims Vincent Adams Date c. May 18, 2018 Country United States State(s) New York Stephanie Adams (July 24, 1970 – c. May 18, 2018) [1] (#cite_note-wkp-1) [2] (#cite_note-SFGate-2) was an American model, author, and murderer. She was Playboy (/wiki/Playboy) Playmate of the Month (/wiki/Playboy_Playmate) for November 1992. On May 18, 2018, Adams killed herself and her seven-year-old son in a murder-suicide (/wiki/Murder-suicide) . [3] (#cite_note-Newsweek-3) According to the New York City Police Department (/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department) , she pushed her son out of a 25th-story balcony, [4] (#cite_note-4) before jumping herself. [3] (#cite_note-Newsweek-3) [5] (#cite_note-5) Early life Adams was born in Orange, New Jersey (/wiki/Orange,_New_Jersey) , [1] (#cite_note-wkp-1) and was raised by her aunts Joyce and Pearl, former models who encouraged her to begin modeling at the age of 16. [6] (#cite_note-Stephanie_Adams_Biography-6) She was of African American (/wiki/African_Americans) , Euro-American (/wiki/Euro-American) , and Cherokee (/wiki/Cherokee) ancestry, [7] (#cite_note-Curve-7) [8] (#cite_note-GoddessyCalendar-8) and claimed to be a direct descendant of Presidents John Adams (/wiki/John_Adams) and John Quincy Adams (/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams) . [9] (#cite_note-9) Career Adams graduated from Ophelia DeVore School of Charm and began a career as a model, appearing in photo shoots for Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) magazine, Venus Swimwear (/wiki/Venus_Fashion) , and commercial advertisements for Clairol (/wiki/Clairol) . [6] (#cite_note-Stephanie_Adams_Biography-6) She appeared as "Miss November 1992" in Playboy magazine [1] (#cite_note-wkp-1) while modeling for Wilhelmina Models (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models) . She later moved to Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) after becoming engaged to its CEO, John Casablancas. [10] (#cite_note-Dave-10) Adams earned a bachelor's degree from Fairleigh Dickinson University (/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University) in 1992. [10] (#cite_note-Dave-10) [11] (#cite_note-G-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) She made a cameo appearance for the "Top 10" list on the Late Show with David Letterman (/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman) on November 20, 2003, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Playboy magazine. [14] (#cite_note-letterman-14) She appeared on the cover of The Village Voice (/wiki/The_Village_Voice) in 2005. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 1999, Adams founded Goddessy, according to her a portmanteau of "goddess" and "odyssey". She published her first book in 2003 and started her own publishing company in 2007. Following the death of her aunt from breast cancer in 2003, she dedicated more of her time to writing. That same year, she published a book dedicated to her deceased aunt titled He Only Takes the Best , followed by another book written in honor of her elderly Aunt Pearl titled Guardian . Adams produced about two dozen metaphysical books, astrology calendars and a tarot card set marketed under the Goddessy brand. [7] (#cite_note-Curve-7) [16] (#cite_note-16) She also published a novel titled Empress in 2004, featuring women in ancient Rome. [17] (#cite_note-politics-17) Adams was founder and CEO of the skin care product company Goddessy Organics. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) With her husband, she was co-owner of Wall Street Chiropractic and Wellness. [20] (#cite_note-20) Personal life Early in her career, Adams was married to an Italian investment banker, but later divorced. [17] (#cite_note-politics-17) In a February 2003 She magazine cover story (/wiki/Article_(publishing)) , Adams came out as a lesbian (/wiki/Lesbian) , the first Playmate to do so. [21] (#cite_note-21) In their 2004 "Best of" feature, The Village Voice (/wiki/The_Village_Voice) declared her the "Best lesbian sex symbol", saying it was "hard to turn a page in a queer rag without seeing the willowy model peeking out in a bikini, or nothing at all". [22] (#cite_note-22) However, in 2009, Adams announced that she was engaged to marry a man, and about the same time, described herself in an interview as straight. After her marriage in 2010 to Charles V. Nicholai, a Manhattan chiropractor, Adams said she was retiring from public life and would spend most of her time privately with her husband and son. [23] (#cite_note-Goddessy_—_Press_Release-23) In May 2006, during a dispute over where to drop her off, a New York City taxi driver called the police and falsely reported that Adams was armed with a gun and had threatened to shoot him. [24] (#cite_note-Hays-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) The taxi driver's license was subsequently revoked and he was fined $2,700 for the incident. [26] (#cite_note-NJ-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) Adams alleged that during the incident police threw her to the ground, causing injuries to her neck and back. [28] (#cite_note-28) Adams filed a lawsuit against the New York City Police Department (/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department) in 2006. In February 2012, a jury awarded her $1.2 million, $400,000 more than had been sought by her lawyer, [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-Findlaw-31) but the judge later reduced it to $373,000. [32] (#cite_note-32) Adams stated that she had "no animosity toward the NYPD". [33] (#cite_note-10News-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) Murder of Vincent Adams and suicide Murder of Vincent Adams Location Gotham Hotel, Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) , New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. Date c. May 18, 2018 ( EDT (/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone) ) Target Vincent Adams Attack type Murder–suicide (/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide) , filicide (/wiki/Filicide) , child murder (/wiki/Child_murder) Deaths 2 (including the perpetrator) Perpetrator Stephanie Adams Motive Unknown (possibly related to custody battle (/wiki/Custody_battle) ) On the evening of May 17, 2018, Adams checked into a 25th-floor penthouse in the Gotham Hotel (/wiki/Gotham_Hotel) on 46th Street in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) with her seven-year-old son Vincent. The next morning, both were found dead on a second-floor balcony in the hotel's rear courtyard. According to law enforcement officials, Adams and her husband were involved in a custody battle, and hours before checking into the hotel, Adams told the New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) that her husband and his lawyer were preventing her from taking her son on vacation. [2] (#cite_note-SFGate-2) [35] (#cite_note-35) The New York City Chief Medical Examiner ruled Adams's death a suicide (/wiki/Suicide) and that of her son a homicide (/wiki/Homicide) . [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) See also List of murdered American children (/wiki/List_of_murdered_American_children) Murder-suicide (/wiki/Murder-suicide) References ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Stephanie Adams" (https://web.archive.org/web/20061111004719/http://www.playboy.com/girls/playmates/directory/199211.html) . Playboy . Archived from the original (http://www.playboy.com/girls/playmates/directory/199211.html) on November 11, 2006 . Retrieved August 21, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Long, Colleen, Peltz, Jennifer (May 18, 2018). "Police: Mom apparently jumps to death with 7-year-old son" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180519033533/https://www.sfgate.com/news/us/article/Police-Mom-apparently-jumps-to-death-with-12925100.php) . San Francisco Chronicle (/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle) . Archived from the original (https://www.sfgate.com/news/us/article/Police-Mom-apparently-jumps-to-death-with-12925100.php) on May 19, 2018 . Retrieved May 18, 2018 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Janice (May 22, 2018). "Former Playboy model Stephanie Adams killed her son before plunging to her death" (http://www.newsweek.com/stephanie-adams-playboy-suicide-son-939433) . Newsweek (/wiki/Newsweek) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180523111627/http://www.newsweek.com/stephanie-adams-playboy-suicide-son-939433) from the original on May 23, 2018 . Retrieved May 23, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Ex-Playboy Model Stephanie Adams and Son Dead After Jumping from New York City Hotel Balcony" (https://www.yahoo.com/news/woman-young-child-dead-jumping-140009583.html) . May 18, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ray, Esha (May 22, 2018). "Ex-Playboy model pushed 7-year-old son before suicide plunge from hotel" (https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/playboy-model-pushed-year-old-son-before-suicide-plunge-from-hotel/oQRtgRucRupUOoVyopfNgP/) . The Palm Beach Post (/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180523064355/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/playboy-model-pushed-year-old-son-before-suicide-plunge-from-hotel/oQRtgRucRupUOoVyopfNgP/) from the original on May 23, 2018 . Retrieved May 23, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Stephanie Adams homepage" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120321164916/http://www.stephanieadams.com/StephanieAdams.htm) . Stephanie Adams Website . Archived from the original (http://www.stephanieadams.com/StephanieAdams.htm) on March 21, 2012 . Retrieved October 2, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Voo, Jocelyn (April 2005). "Honing her craft" (https://web.archive.org/web/20051202020706/http://www.curvemag.com/Detailed/652.html) . Curve (/wiki/Curve_(magazine)) . Outspoken Enterprises. p. 57. Archived from the original (http://www.curvemag.com/Detailed/652.html) on December 2, 2005 . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-GoddessyCalendar_8-0) Adams, Stephanie (2007). Goddessy 2009 Monthly Horoscopes & Photo Calendar . Goddessy. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9793694-1-4 . Retrieved July 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Mongelli, Lorena; Golding, Bruce (November 20, 2013). " (https://nypost.com/2013/11/20/fired-for-being-too-cute-by-ex-playmate-boss/) 'Fired for being too cute' by ex-Playmate boss" (https://nypost.com/2013/11/20/fired-for-being-too-cute-by-ex-playmate-boss/) . New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180518215742/https://nypost.com/2013/11/20/fired-for-being-too-cute-by-ex-playmate-boss/) from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved May 18, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Marcus Baram. "Live and Uncensored: It's Dave" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120109195125/http://www.observer.com/2004/live-and-uncensored-its-dave) . Observer . Archived from the original (https://www.observer.com/2004/live-and-uncensored-its-dave) on January 9, 2012 . Retrieved October 2, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-G_11-0) "Fairleigh Dickinson University graduation certificate" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141017164436/http://www.goddessy.com/images/PhotoAlbum/More/StephanieAdamsFDUGraduateCertificate.jpg) . Archived from the original (http://www.goddessy.com/images/PhotoAlbum/More/StephanieAdamsFDUGraduateCertificate.jpg) on October 17, 2014 . Retrieved July 28, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Playboy (/wiki/Playboy) – November 1992 – Vol. 39 No. 11, p. 115 ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Stephanie Adams" (http://www.tv.com/people/stephanie-adams/biography/) . TV.com . CBS Interactive. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151004033412/http://www.tv.com/people/stephanie-adams/biography/) from the original on October 4, 2015 . Retrieved October 2, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-letterman_14-0) Show #2080 (http://www.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/wahoo/index/php/20031120.phtm) , Late Show with David Letterman (/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman) , CBS, November 20, 2003 ^ (#cite_ref-15) Village Voice – June 22–28, 2005 – Vol. L No. 25 ^ (#cite_ref-16) Diane Wilde, "Cover to Cover", She Magazine , September 2003, p. 16. ^ Jump up to: a b Lester, Neal A.; Goggin, Maureen Daly (December 28, 2007). Racialized Politics of Desire in Personal Ads . Lexington Books. pp. 151–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7391-2208-2 . Retrieved August 4, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) " Who we are (http://goddessyorganics.com/who-we-are.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153703/http://goddessyorganics.com/who-we-are.html) July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ", Goddessy Organics. Retrieved July 5, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Janene Mascarella, " Cheap tricks 17 ways to look beautiful for less (http://parade.condenast.com/290212/janenemascarella/cheap-tricks-17-ways-to-look-beautiful-for-less/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215547/http://parade.condenast.com/290212/janenemascarella/cheap-tricks-17-ways-to-look-beautiful-for-less/) July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ", Parade, Condé Nast, May 8, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Abigail Rubenstein, " 'Too Cute' Yoga Teacher Can't Show Bias, Ex-Bosses Say (http://www.law360.com/m/articles/508474/too-cute-yoga-teacher-can-t-show-bias-ex-bosses-say) ", Law360, February 10, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-21) Megan Cossey, "Pioneering Playmate: As the first Playboy centerfold to come out of the closet, Stephanie Adams is hopping down a brand new bunny trail", She Magazine, February 2003. Reproduced within this page of "brief versions of a few articles" (http://www.goddessy.com/PressInformation/MediaCoverage.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110928181244/http://www.goddessy.com/PressInformation/MediaCoverage.htm) September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) within Adams's Goddessy.com. See also: Shazia Khan, " Gay Pride Week: Same-Sex Marriage Debate Looms Over Annual Festivities (http://www.ny1.com/ny1/content/index.jsp?&aid=40917&search_result=1&stid=8) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080412215353/http://www.ny1.com/ny1/content/index.jsp) April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ", NY1 (/wiki/NY1) News, June 21, 2004; " Playmate Sues Taxi Driver, NYC Police (https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-09-22-playmate-lawsuit_x.htm) ". USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . September 22, 2006. All three. Retrieved August 24, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Kramer Bussel, Rachel (2004). "The Best of NYC" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071015201341/http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/bestof/2004/detail.php?id=4041) . The Village Voice (/wiki/The_Village_Voice) . Archived from the original on October 15, 2007 . Retrieved April 12, 2012 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) ) ^ (#cite_ref-Goddessy_—_Press_Release_23-0) Press release (http://www.goddessy.com/PressInformation/PressRelease.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100426210758/http://www.goddessy.com/PressInformation/PressRelease.htm) April 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Goddessy.com (undated). ^ (#cite_ref-Hays_24-0) Hays, Tom (September 25, 2006). "Former playmate sues NYPD, taxi driver" (http://www.policeone.com/legal/articles/1179803-Former-playmate-sues-NYPD-taxi-driver/) . Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201005/http://www.policeone.com/legal/articles/1179803-Former-playmate-sues-NYPD-taxi-driver/) from the original on June 2, 2014 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Standora, Leo (August 25, 2006). "Cabbie Catches Hail From Bunn" (http://articles.nydailynews.com/2006-08-25/news/18346361_1_bunny-judge-passengers) . Daily News (/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)) . New York . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-NJ_26-0) Hayes, Melissa (May 2, 2010). "Former Playmate, Stephanie Adams, fights in Hudson court for custody of aunt" (http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2010/05/former_playmate_stephanie_adam.html) . The Jersey Journal . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120126031633/http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2010/05/former_playmate_stephanie_adam.html) from the original on January 26, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Olshan, Jeremy (August 2, 2006). "PLAYMATE A VAMPIRE, CABBY SAID" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140531232021/http://nypost.com/2006/08/02/playmate-a-vampire-cabby-said/) . New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) . Archived from the original (https://nypost.com/2006/08/02/playmate-a-vampire-cabby-said/) on May 31, 2014 . Retrieved May 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Gregorian, Dareh. "Playboy gal sues cops over takedown" (http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/bunny_bruisin_4XzoKNLgUiWZ6iKeqG8PpM) . New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120418191750/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/bunny_bruisin_4XzoKNLgUiWZ6iKeqG8PpM) from the original on April 18, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Neil, Martha (February 22, 2012). "Model Who Said Her Skintight Outfit Showed She Wasn't Armed Wins $1.2M in NYPD Excessive-Force Suit" (http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/model_who_said_her_skintight_outfit_showed_she_wasnt_armed_wins_1.2m_in_nyp/) . ABA Journal (/wiki/ABA_Journal) . American Bar Association (/wiki/American_Bar_Association) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031649/http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/model_who_said_her_skintight_outfit_showed_she_wasnt_armed_wins_1.2m_in_nyp/) from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Martinez, Edecio. "Ex-Playboy Playmate wins $1.2M for rough treatment by NYPD" (http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-504083_162-10011391.html) . CBS News (/wiki/CBS_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120422165948/http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-504083_162-10011391.html) from the original on April 22, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Findlaw_31-0) Chow, Andrew (February 23, 2012). "Ex-Playmate Strips NYC of $1.2M in Jury Verdict" (https://blogs.findlaw.com/injured/2012/02/ex-playmate-strips-nyc-of-12m-in-jury-verdict.html) . FindLaw (/wiki/FindLaw) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140605053320/http://blogs.findlaw.com/injured/2012/02/ex-playmate-strips-nyc-of-12m-in-jury-verdict.html) from the original on June 5, 2014 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Former Playboy centerfold apparently jumps to death with son" (https://www.boston.com/news/national-news/2018/05/18/stephanie-adams) . Boston Globe . May 18, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180528225906/https://www.boston.com/news/national-news/2018/05/18/stephanie-adams) from the original on May 28, 2018 . Retrieved May 28, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10News_33-0) "Roughed-up ex-Playmate Stephanie Adams has (https://archive.today/20130209174923/http://www.wtsp.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=240392) no animosity toward the NYPD" (https://archive.today/20130209174923/http://www.wtsp.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=240392) . 10 news. February 23, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.wtsp.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=240392) on February 9, 2013 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Former playmate talks about $1.2 million lawsuit" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9aFeje_WrU) . Daily News (/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)) . New York. February 22, 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150424154527/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9aFeje_WrU) from the original on April 24, 2015 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-35) Danielle, Britni (May 21, 2018). "Former Playboy Model Jumps To Her Death With 7-Year-Old Son" (https://www.essence.com/news/former-playboy-model-jumps-death-son) . Essence . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180522111854/https://www.essence.com/news/former-playboy-model-jumps-death-son) from the original on May 22, 2018 . Retrieved May 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Adams, Char (May 21, 2018). "Death of Former Playboy Centerfold and Son Ruled Murder-Suicide After She Jumped From N.Y.C. Hotel" (http://people.com/crime/death-playboy-centerfold-son-murder-suicide/) . People . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180521230958/http://people.com/crime/death-playboy-centerfold-son-murder-suicide/) from the original on May 21, 2018 . Retrieved May 21, 2018 . The mother and child both died of multiple blunt impact injuries, with the child suffering injuries to the head, neck, torso and limbs. Stephanie' manner of death was labeled suicide and Vincent's was ruled a homicide. ^ (#cite_ref-37) Ray, Esha (May 21, 2018). "Former Playboy model Stephanie Adams pushed 7-year-old son before suicide plunge from hotel penthouse" (http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/playboy-model-pushed-son-jumped-death-police-article-1.4001944) . Daily News . New York. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180522034537/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/playboy-model-pushed-son-jumped-death-police-article-1.4001944) from the original on May 22, 2018 . Retrieved May 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Marsh, Julia; Johnson, Richard (May 18, 2018). "Tragic Playmate was distraught she couldn't take son to Europe" (https://nypost.com/2018/05/18/tragic-playmate-was-distraught-she-couldnt-take-son-to-europe/) . New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) . Retrieved December 1, 2020 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-39) Wiliams, Janice (May 22, 2018). "Former Playboy model Stephanie Adams killed her son before plunging to her death" (http://www.newsweek.com/stephanie-adams-playboy-suicide-son-939433) . Newsweek . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180523111627/http://www.newsweek.com/stephanie-adams-playboy-suicide-son-939433) from the original on May 23, 2018 . Retrieved June 8, 2018 . External links Official website (http://www.stephanieadams.com/) Stephanie Adams (https://twitter.com/stephanieadams) on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) Stephanie Adams (https://web.archive.org/web/20161112205051/http://www.playboy.com/stephanie-adams) at Playboy (/wiki/Playboy) Online Stephanie Adams (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0011372/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) v t e Playboy (/wiki/Playboy) Playmates (/wiki/Playboy_Playmate) of 1992 Suzi Simpson (/wiki/Suzi_Simpson) Tanya Beyer (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1992#February) Tylyn John (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1992#March) Cady Cantrell (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1992#April) Anna Nicole Smith (/wiki/Anna_Nicole_Smith) Angela Melini (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1992#June) Amanda Hope (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1992#July) Ashley Allen (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1992#August) Morena Corwin (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1992#September) Tiffany Sloan (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1992#October) Stephanie Adams Barbara Moore (/wiki/Barbara_Moore_(model)) Playmates of 1954 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1954) 1955 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1955) 1956 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1956) 1957 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1957) 1958 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1958) 1959 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1959) 1960 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1960) 1961 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1961) 1962 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1962) 1963 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1963) 1964 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1964) 1965 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1965) 1966 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1966) 1967 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1967) 1968 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1968) 1969 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1969) 1970 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1970) 1971 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1971) 1972 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1972) 1973 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1973) 1974 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1974) 1975 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1975) 1976 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1976) 1977 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1977) 1978 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1978) 1979 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1979) 1980 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1980) 1981 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1981) 1982 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1982) 1983 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1983) 1984 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1984) 1985 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1985) 1986 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1986) 1987 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1987) 1988 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1988) 1989 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1989) 1990 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1990) 1991 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1991) 1992 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1992) 1993 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1993) 1994 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1994) 1995 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1995) 1996 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1996) 1997 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1997) 1998 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1998) 1999 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_1999) 2000 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2000) 2001 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2001) 2002 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2002) 2003 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2003) 2004 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2004) 2005 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2005) 2006 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2006) 2007 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2007) 2008 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2008) 2009 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2009) 2010 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2010) 2011 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2011) 2012 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2012) 2013 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2013) 2014 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2014) 2015 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2015) 2016 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2016) 2017 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2017) 2018 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2018) 2019 (/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_2019) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐ptxdt Cached time: 20240719211206 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.842 seconds Real time usage: 1.048 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6201/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 109729/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 13547/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 141141/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.512/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 12047322/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 968.426 1 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Adams&oldid=1223960859 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Adams&oldid=1223960859) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1970 births (/wiki/Category:1970_births) 2018 deaths (/wiki/Category:2018_deaths) 1990s Playboy Playmates (/wiki/Category:1990s_Playboy_Playmates) 2018 murders in the United States (/wiki/Category:2018_murders_in_the_United_States) 2018 suicides (/wiki/Category:2018_suicides) 20th-century African-American women writers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_women_writers) 20th-century African-American writers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_writers) 20th-century American non-fiction writers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_non-fiction_writers) 20th-century American women writers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_writers) 20th-century astrologers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_astrologers) 21st-century African-American women writers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_women_writers) 21st-century African-American writers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_writers) 21st-century American non-fiction writers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_non-fiction_writers) 21st-century American women writers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_writers) 21st-century astrologers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_astrologers) American astrological writers (/wiki/Category:American_astrological_writers) American female murderers (/wiki/Category:American_female_murderers) American murderers of children (/wiki/Category:American_murderers_of_children) American women non-fiction writers (/wiki/Category:American_women_non-fiction_writers) American metaphysics writers (/wiki/Category:American_metaphysics_writers) American occult writers (/wiki/Category:American_occult_writers) Fairleigh Dickinson University alumni (/wiki/Category:Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_alumni) Female models from New Jersey (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_New_Jersey) Female murder–suicides (/wiki/Category:Female_murder%E2%80%93suicides) Female murderers of children (/wiki/Category:Female_murderers_of_children) Filicides in New York (state) (/wiki/Category:Filicides_in_New_York_(state)) Murder–suicides in the United States (/wiki/Category:Murder%E2%80%93suicides_in_the_United_States) American people who self-identify as being of Cherokee descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_who_self-identify_as_being_of_Cherokee_descent) People from Orange, New Jersey (/wiki/Category:People_from_Orange,_New_Jersey) Suicides by jumping in New York City (/wiki/Category:Suicides_by_jumping_in_New_York_City) Writers from New York (state) (/wiki/Category:Writers_from_New_York_(state)) American lesbian writers (/wiki/Category:American_lesbian_writers) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) CS1 maint: unfit URL (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages) Use mdy dates from February 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2022) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
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Beauty pageant Miss Kyrgyzstan Organization Мисс Кыргызстан Formation 2009 ; 15 years ago ( 2009 ) Type Beauty pageant Headquarters Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Location Kyrgyzstan (/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) Membership Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) Miss Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth) Miss Cosmo (/wiki/Miss_Cosmo) Official language Kyrgyz (/wiki/Kyrgyz_language) Staff 40 Miss Kyrgyzstan is a national beauty pageant in Kyrgyzstan. The pageant was founded in 2009, where the winners were sent to Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) . History The Miss Kyrgyzstan debuted in 2011 under the Directorate of the National Competition, Interalliance KG LLC. The committee organized the contest Miss Kyrgyzstan 2011 with the support of the Ministry of Culture and Information of Kyrgyz Republic, at the Theater of Opera and Ballet, Bishkek, on March 12, 2011. Deputy Minister of Culture and Information of Kyrgyz Republic, Mr. Kuluev was invited to award the certificate of Miss Kyrgyzstan title and crown Miss Kyrgyzstan 2011 at the stage. The competition was won by a 24-year-old resident of Bishkek, Nurzhanova Nazira. [1] (#cite_note-1) She was the first delegate from Kyrgyzstan to Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) . Asel Samakova was chosen to represent Kyrgyzstan in Miss International 2011 (/wiki/Miss_International_2011) . Miss Universe Kyrgyzstan In 2017, Miss Kyrgyzstan was organized by Interalliance KG LLC, and the title of Miss Kyrgyzstan – 2017 was by Begimay Karybekova. She expected to be at Miss World competition but, she did not compete and was allocated to Miss Universe. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) She represented the country in Miss Universe 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2018) . In 2020, Miss Kyrgyzstan's title had gone to Ms. Lazat Nurkozhoeva. The Miss Kyrgyzstan 2020 was organized by Interalliance KG jointly with R-Style - Beauty Company of Kyrgyzstan, the event took place at the Ala-Too Hall on December 29. As a prize, Nurkozhoeva received a BMW X5 car. Lazat withdrew from Miss Universe 2021 after Israel hosted the pageant. [4] (#cite_note-4) Began in 2022 the Miss Kyrgyzstan Organization is the official national pageant in Kyrgyzstan that has a right to send a delegate to Miss Universe (single license). Miss Kyrgyzstan 2023 made history as the edition with 3 winners with the same crown, the same title, and the same sash. 3 winners are expected to go to Miss Universe 2023, Miss Universe 2024, and Miss Earth 2024. Titleholders The following is a list of winners for International pageants. From 2011 to present. . Miss Universe Kyrgyzstan Miss World Kyrgyzstan Miss International Kyrgyzstan Miss Earth Kyrgyzstan Year Miss Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Name Region 2011 Nazira Nurzhanova Назира Нуржанова Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) 2012 Diana Оvganova Диана Овганова Batken (/wiki/Batken) 2013 Zhibek Nukeeva (/wiki/Zhibek_Nukeeva) [5] (#cite_note-5) Жибек Нукеева Talas (/wiki/Talas,_Kyrgyzstan) 2014 Aykol Alikjanovna Айкөл Аликжанова Jalal-Abad (/wiki/Jalal-Abad) 2015 Tattybubu Samidin Kyzy Таттыбүбү Самидин кызы Osh (/wiki/Osh) 2016 Perizat Rasulbek Kyzy Перизат Расулбек кызы Osh (/wiki/Osh) 2017 Begimay Karybekova Бегимай Карыбекова Naryn (/wiki/Naryn) 2018 Elmara Buranbaeva Элмара Буранбаева Jalal-Abad (/wiki/Jalal-Abad) 2019 Aizhan Chanacheva Айжан Чаначева Issyk-Kul (/wiki/Issyk-Kul) 2020 Lazat Nurkozhoeva Лазат Нуркожоева Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) 2021 Altynai Botoyarova (/wiki/Altynai_Botoyarova) [6] (#cite_note-6) Алтынай Ботоярова Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) 2022 Diami Almazbekova [7] (#cite_note-7) Дями Алмазбекова Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Year Miss Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Name Region Miss Universe Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Name Region Miss Earth Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Name Region 2023 Akylai Kalberdieva Акылай Калбердиева Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Maya Turdalieva [8] (#cite_note-8) Майя Турдалиева Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Aiperi Keneshbekova [9] (#cite_note-9) Айпери Кеңешбекова Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Titleholders under Miss Kyrgyzstan Org. Miss Universe Kyrgyzstan : Declared as Winner : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification : Ended as one of the finalists or semi-finalists : Ended as special awards winner Year Region Miss Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Name Placement at MU Special Awards Notes 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2024) Chüy (/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region) Maya Turdalieva Майя Турдалиева TBA 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2023) Chüy (/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region) Akylai Kalberdieva Акылай Калбердиева Did not compete Kalberdieva withdrew for unknown reasons. Chüy (/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region) Diami Almazbekova Дями Алмазбекова Almazbekova decided to withdraw due to lack of sponsorship. 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) Chüy (/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region) Altynai Botoyarova (/wiki/Altynai_Botoyarova) Алтынай Ботоярова Unplaced 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) Chüy (/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region) Lazat Nurkozhoeva Лазат Нуркожоева Did not compete Miss Universe 2021 was hosted in Israel, due to the negative diplomatic relations between the two countries, Kyrgyzstan made the decision to withdraw from the competition. 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2020) Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , no representative in 2020 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) Jalal-Abad (/wiki/Jalal-Abad_Region) Elmara Buranbaeva Элмара Буранбаева Did not compete Kyrgyzstan did not send a delegate to the Miss Universe pageant due to the lack of financial support. 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2018) Naryn (/wiki/Naryn_Region) Begimay Karybekova Бегимай Карыбекова Unplaced Karybekova was initially scheduled for Miss World 2017 since she was crowned "Miss World Kyrgyzstan" in the final, but she did not compete at the competition. However, 1 year later she decided to compete at Miss Universe. In 2018 Kyrgyzstan made its debut at Miss Universe pageant. Miss Earth Kyrgyzstan : Declared as Winner : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification : Ended as one of the finalists or semi-finalists : Ended as special awards winner Year Region Miss Earth Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Name Placement at ME Special Awards Notes 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2023) Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Aiperi Keneshbekova Айпери Кеңешбекова Did not compete 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2022) Naryn (/wiki/Naryn) Aizhan Chanacheva Айжан Чаначева Unplaced Miss Congeniality After withdrawing from Miss World 2019, Aizhan decided to compete at Miss Earth 3 years later. 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2021) Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Ekaterina Zabolotnova Екатерина Заболотнова Unplaced Did not compete between 2018—2020 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2017) Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Begimai Nazarova Бегимай Назарова Unplaced 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2016) Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Begim Almasbekova Бегим Алмасбекова Unplaced Best National Costume Former titleholders under Miss Kyrgyzstan org. Miss World Kyrgyzstan : Declared as Winner : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification : Ended as one of the finalists or semi-finalists : Ended as special awards winner The Miss Kyrgyzstan Organization decided to withdraw from Miss World in 2017. In 2019, the representative of Kyrgyzstan was coming from the Miss World Kyrgyzstan agency. This is unrelated to Miss Kyrgyzstan Organization. Year Region Miss World Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Name Placement at MW Special Awards Notes 2023 (/wiki/Miss_World_2023) Did not compete 2022 Miss World 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) was rescheduled to 16 March 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) outbreak in Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) , no edition started in 2022 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) Osh (/wiki/Osh) Alina Omorova Алина Оморова Did not compete 2020 Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , no competition held 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Ekaterina Zabolotnova Екатерина Заболотнова Unplaced Did not compete between 2017—2018 2016 (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) Osh (/wiki/Osh) Perizat Rasulbek Kyzy Перизат Расулбек кызы Unplaced 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) Osh (/wiki/Osh) Tattybubu Samidin Kyzy Таттыбүбү кызы Unplaced 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) Jalal-Abad (/wiki/Jalal-Abad) Aykol Alykzhanova Айкөл Аликжанова Unplaced 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) Talas (/wiki/Talas,_Kyrgyzstan) Zhibek Nukeeva (/wiki/Zhibek_Nukeeva) Жибек Nukeeva Unplaced Miss World People's Choice (/wiki/Miss_World_People%27s_Choice) (Top 20) 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) Did not compete 2011 (/wiki/Miss_World_2011) Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Nazira Nurzhanova Назира Нуржанова Unplaced Miss International Kyrgyzstan : Declared as Winner : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification : Ended as one of the finalists or semi-finalists : Ended as special awards winner Year Region Miss International Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Name Placement at MI Special Awards Notes Did not compete since 2014—Present 2013 (/wiki/Miss_International_2013) Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Meerim Erkinbaeva Мээрим Эркинбаева Unplaced 2012 (/wiki/Miss_International_2012) Did not compete 2011 (/wiki/Miss_International_2011) Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Asel Samakova Асель Самакова Unplaced 2010 (/wiki/Miss_International_2010) Did not compete 2009 (/wiki/Miss_International_2009) Bishkek (/wiki/Bishkek) Altynai Ismankulova Алтынай Исманкулова Unplaced References ^ (#cite_ref-1) МАРЧЕНКО, Иван (March 14, 2011). " (https://24.kg/archive/ru/reportaji/95064-laquomiss-kyrgyzstan-2011raquo-osobennosti.html/) "Мисс Кыргызстан-2011". Особенности национальной красоты" (https://24.kg/archive/ru/reportaji/95064-laquomiss-kyrgyzstan-2011raquo-osobennosti.html/) . 24.kg . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Мисс Кыргызстана 2017 года стала Бегимай Карыбекова" (http://kabar.kg/news/begimai-karybekova-stala-miss-kyrgyzstana-2017-goda/) . Информационное Агентство Кабар . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Positiff: Мисс Кыргызстан 2017 года стала Бегимай Карыбекова" (https://kg.akipress.org/news:1375054) . Новости Кыргызстана . April 7, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-4) ДЖУМАШОВА, Аида (December 30, 2020). "Племянница Садыра Жапарова стала "Мисс Кыргызстана — 2020" (https://24.kg/obschestvo/178523_plemyannitsa_sadyira_japarova_stala_miss_kyirgyizstana_2020/) " (https://24.kg/obschestvo/178523_plemyannitsa_sadyira_japarova_stala_miss_kyirgyizstana_2020/) . 24.kg . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Crowned Miss Kyrgyzstan 2013 passes away after battle with cancer" (https://akipress.com/news:594821/) . akipress.com . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Miss Universe Kyrgyzstan 2022 is Altynai Botoyarova" (https://asiatoday.co/2022/09/21/miss-universe-kyrgyzstan-2022-is-altynai-botoyarova/) . Asia Today . September 22, 2022 . Retrieved September 26, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Miss Kyrgyzstan 2022 is Diami Almazbekova" (https://darik.news/nevada/miss-kyrgyzstan-2022-is-dimi-almazbekova/695151.html) . darik.news . October 13, 2022 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Kırgız Güzeli yarışmasını üç güzel kazandı" (http://tr.kabar.kg/news/k-rg-z-guzeli-yar-mas-n-uc-guzel-kazand/) [Three beauties won the Miss Kyrgyz contest]. Kabar (/wiki/Kabar_(news_agency)) (in Turkish). October 4, 2023 . Retrieved October 11, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Kırgız Güzeli yarışmasını üç güzel kazandı" (http://tr.kabar.kg/news/k-rg-z-guzeli-yar-mas-n-uc-guzel-kazand/) [Three beauties won the Miss Kyrgyz contest]. Kabar (/wiki/Kabar_(news_agency)) (in Turkish). October 4, 2023 . Retrieved October 11, 2023 . External links Official website (http://www.miss.kg) Official website of organizer (http://www.misskyrgyzstan.org) v t e Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) participant countries and territories (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Universe_countries) Active (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Universe_countries) (1952–present) Africa Angola (/wiki/Miss_Angola) Botswana (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Botswana) Cameroon (/wiki/Miss_Cameroon) Cote d'Ivoire (/wiki/Miss_Cote_d%27Ivoire) Democratic Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Miss_Congo_(RDC)) Egypt (/wiki/Miss_Egypt) Equatorial Guinea (/wiki/Miss_Equatorial_Guinea) Eritrea (/wiki/Eritrea) Ghana (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Ghana) Guinea (/wiki/Guinea) Kenya (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Kenya) Mauritius (/wiki/Miss_Estrella_Mauritius) Mayotte (/wiki/Mayotte) Namibia (/wiki/Miss_Namibia) Nigeria (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Nigeria) Senegal (/wiki/Miss_Senegal) South Africa (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) Tanzania (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Tanzania) Zambia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Zambia) Zimbabwe (/wiki/Miss_Zimbabwe) Americas Argentina (/wiki/Miss_Argentina) Aruba (/wiki/Miss_Aruba) Bahamas (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Bahamas) Belize (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Belize) Bolivia (/wiki/Miss_Bolivia) Bonaire (/wiki/Miss_Bonaire) Brazil (/wiki/Miss_Brazil) British Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_British_Virgin_Islands) Canada (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Canada) Cayman Islands (/wiki/Miss_Cayman_Islands) Chile (/wiki/Miss_Universo_Chile) Colombia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Colombia) Costa Rica (/wiki/Miss_Costa_Rica) Cuba (/wiki/Miss_Cuba) Curaçao (/wiki/Miss_Cura%C3%A7ao) Dominican Republic (/wiki/Miss_Dominican_Republic) Ecuador (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Ecuador) El Salvador (/wiki/Miss_El_Salvador) Guadeloupe (/wiki/Miss_International_Guadeloupe) Guatemala (/wiki/Miss_Guatemala) Guyana (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Guyana) Haiti (/wiki/Miss_Haiti) Honduras (/wiki/Miss_Honduras) Jamaica (/wiki/Miss_Jamaica_Universe) Martinique (/wiki/Martinique_Queens) Mexico (/wiki/Mexicana_Universal) Nicaragua (/wiki/Miss_Nicaragua) Panama (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Panam%C3%A1) Paraguay (/wiki/Reinas_del_Paraguay) Peru (/wiki/Miss_Peru) Puerto Rico (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Puerto_Rico) Saint Lucia (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Lucia_Universe) Suriname (/wiki/Miss_Suriname) Trinidad and Tobago (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Trinidad_and_Tobago) Turks and Caicos (/wiki/Miss_Turks_and_Caicos) Uruguay (/wiki/Miss_Uruguay) United States (/wiki/Miss_USA) US Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_US_Virgin_Islands) Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) Asia Bangladesh (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Bangladesh) Bahrain (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Bahrain) Cambodia (/wiki/Miss_Cambodia) China (/wiki/Miss_Universe_China) Hong Kong (/wiki/Miss_Hong_Kong_Pageant) India (/wiki/Miss_Universe_India) Indonesia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Indonesia) Iran (/wiki/Iran) Japan (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Japan) Kyrgyzstan Laos (/wiki/Laotian_beauty_pageants) Lebanon (/wiki/Miss_Lebanon) Macau (/wiki/Macau) Malaysia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Malaysia) Maldives (/wiki/Maldives) Mongolia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Mongolia) Myanmar (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Myanmar) Nepal (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Nepal) Pakistan (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Pakistan) Philippines (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Philippines) Singapore (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Singapore) South Korea (/wiki/Miss_Queen_Korea) Thailand (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Thailand) Uzbekistan (/wiki/Miss_Uzbekistan) Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Vietnam) Europe Albania (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Albania) Armenia (/wiki/Miss_Armenia) Austria (/wiki/Miss_Austria) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Miss_Azerbaijan) Belarus (/wiki/Miss_Belarus) Belgium (/wiki/Miss_Belgium) Bulgaria (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Bulgaria) Croatia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Croatia) Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Miss) Denmark (/wiki/Miss_Denmark) Estonia (/wiki/Miss_Estonia) Finland (/wiki/Miss_Finland) France (/wiki/Miss_France) Germany (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Germany) Gibraltar (/wiki/Miss_Gibraltar) Great Britain (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Great_Britain) Greece (/wiki/Star_GS_Hellas) Hungary (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Hungary) Iceland (/wiki/Miss_Iceland) Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Ireland) Italy (/wiki/Miss_Universo_Italia) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Miss_Kazakhstan) Kosovo (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Kosovo) Latvia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Latvia) Malta (/wiki/Miss_Malta_Universe) Moldova (/wiki/Moldova) Montenegro (/wiki/Miss_Montenegro) Netherlands (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Netherlands) North Macedonia (/wiki/Miss_Macedonia) Norway (/wiki/Miss_Norway) Poland (/wiki/Miss_Polski) Portugal (/wiki/Miss_Portugal) Romania (/wiki/Miss_Romania) Russia (/wiki/Miss_Russia) Serbia (/wiki/Miss_Serbia) Slovakia (/wiki/Miss_Slovakia) Spain (/wiki/Miss_Spain) Switzerland (/wiki/Miss_Switzerland) Turkey (/wiki/Miss_Turkey) Ukraine (/wiki/Miss_Ukraine_Universe) Oceania Australia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Australia) Cook Islands (/wiki/Miss_Cook_Islands) Fiji (/wiki/Miss_Fiji) New Zealand (/wiki/Miss_Universe_New_Zealand) Samoa (/wiki/Miss_Samoa) Inactive (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Universe_countries) since 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2023) (under JKN Metaverse Inc. (/wiki/JKN_Global_Group) ) Africa Benin (/wiki/Miss_B%C3%A9nin) ( 1962 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1962) ) Ethiopia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Ethiopia) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) ) Eswatini (/wiki/Miss_Eswatini) ( 1994 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1994) ) Gabon (/wiki/Miss_Gabon) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) ) Gambia (/wiki/Miss_Gambia) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1986) ) Lesotho (/wiki/Lesotho) ( 1978 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1978) ) Liberia (/wiki/Miss_Liberia) ( 1977 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1977) ) Madagascar (/wiki/Miss_Madagascar) ( 1961 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1961) ) Morocco (/wiki/Miss_Maroc) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) ) Seychelles (/wiki/Miss_Seychelles_Universe) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) ) Sierra Leone (/wiki/Face_of_Sierra_Leone) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) ) Tunisia (/wiki/Miss_Tunisie) ( 1971 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1971) ) Americas Antigua and Barbuda (/wiki/Miss_Antigua_and_Barbuda) ( 2008 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2008) ) Barbados (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Barbados) ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2020) ) Bermuda (/wiki/Miss_Bermuda) ( 1997 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1997) ) Dominica (/wiki/Miss_Dominica) ( 1985 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1985) ) Grenada (/wiki/Miss_Grenada_World) ( 1964 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1964) ) Saint Kitts and Nevis (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) ( 1981 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1981) ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (/wiki/Miss_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2006) ) Sint Maarten (/wiki/Miss_Sint_Maarten) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2006) ) Asia Bhutan (/wiki/Miss_Bhutan) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) ) Chinese Taipei (/wiki/Miss_Chinese_Taipei) ( 2004 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2004) ) Iraq (/wiki/Iraqi_beauty_pageants) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) ) Israel (/wiki/Miss_Israel) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) ) Jordan (/wiki/Miss_Jordan) ( 1960 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1960) ) Sri Lanka (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Sri_Lanka) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2018) ) Europe Cyprus (/wiki/Miss_Cyprus) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2012) ) Georgia (/wiki/Miss_Georgia_(country)) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) ) Lithuania (/wiki/Miss_Lithuania) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) ) Luxembourg (/wiki/Miss_Luxembourg) ( 1994 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1994) ) Slovenia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Slovenia) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2017) ) Sweden (/wiki/Miss_Sweden) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021) ) Oceania American Samoa (/wiki/Miss_Samoa) ( 1978 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1978) ) Guam (/wiki/Miss_Guam) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) ) Northern Marianas (/wiki/Miss_Marianas) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2006) ) Papua New Guinea (/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1986) ) Vanuatu (/wiki/Vanuatu) ( 1978 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1978) ) Inactive territories and dependencies (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Universe_countries) (1952–2006) Constituent country of Denmark Greenland (/wiki/Miss_Greenland) ( 1987 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1987) – 1990 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1990) ) Overseas regions and collectivities of (/wiki/Overseas_France) France French Guiana (/wiki/French_Guiana) ( 1977 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1977) – 1984 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1984) ) New Caledonia (/wiki/New_Caledonia) ( 1982 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1982) ) Réunion (/wiki/R%C3%A9union) ( 1977 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1977) – 1986 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1986) ) Tahiti (/wiki/Tahiti) ( 1962 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1962) – 1985 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1985) ) Constituent countries of Great Britain England (/wiki/Miss_England) ( 1955 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1955) – 1990 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1990) ) Scotland (/wiki/Miss_Scotland) ( 1961 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1961) – 1990 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1990) ) Wales (/wiki/Miss_Wales) ( 1961 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1961) – 1990 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1990) ) Prefecture of Japan Okinawa (/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture) ( 1963 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1963) – 1968 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1968) ) Bantustans (/wiki/Bantustan) of South Africa Bophuthatswana (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) ( 1979 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1979) ) Transkei (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) ( 1979 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1979) – 1983 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1983) ) States of the United States Alaska (/wiki/Miss_Alaska_USA) ( 1952 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1952) – 1958 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1958) ) Hawaii (/wiki/Miss_Hawaii_USA) ( 1952 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1952) – 1959 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1959) ) Former entities (1952–2006) Commonwealth of Independent States (/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States) ( 1992 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1992) ) Czechoslovakia (/wiki/Miss_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_republiky) ( 1970 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1970) – 1992 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1992) ) Micronesia (/wiki/Micronesia) ( 1975 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1975) ) Southern Rhodesia (/wiki/Miss_Rhodesia) ( 1961 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1961) ) Serbia and Montenegro (/wiki/Miss_Yugoslavia) ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2003) – 2006 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2006) ) Soviet Union (/wiki/Miss_USSR) ( 1990 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1990) – 1991 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1991) ) West Indies (/wiki/West_Indies) ( 1954 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1954) – 1958 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1958) ) Yugoslavia (/wiki/Miss_Yugoslavia) ( 1968 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1968) – 2002 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2002) ) v t e Miss Earth (/wiki/Miss_Earth) participating countries and territories (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Earth_countries) Active (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Earth_countries) (2001–present) Africa Angola Algeria (/wiki/Miss_Algeria) Botswana (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Botswana) Burundi Cape Verde (/wiki/Miss_Cape_Verde) Cameroon (/wiki/Miss_Cameroon) Democratic Republic of Congo (/wiki/Miss_Earth_DR_Congo) Ethiopia Eswatini Gambia Ghana (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Ghana) Kenya (/wiki/Miss_Kenya) Lesotho Liberia (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Liberia) Madagascar Mauritius (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Mauritius) Mozambique Namibia (/wiki/Miss_Namibia) Niger Nigeria (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Nigeria) Reunion Island (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Reunion) Rwanda (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Rwanda) Sierra Leone (/wiki/Face_of_Sierra_Leone) Somalia (/wiki/Miss_Somalia) South Africa (/wiki/Miss_Earth_South_Africa) South Sudan (/wiki/Miss_Earth_South_Sudan) Tanzania (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Tanzania) Tunisia (/wiki/Miss_Tunisie) Uganda (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Uganda) Zambia (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Zambia) Zimbabwe (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Zimbabwe) Americas Argentina (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Argentina) Belize (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Belize) Bolivia (/wiki/Miss_Bolivia) Brazil (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Brazil) Canada (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Canada) Chile (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_Chile) Colombia (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Colombia) Cuba (/wiki/Miss_Cuba) Dominican Republic (/wiki/Miss_Dominican_Republic) Ecuador (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Ecuador) Guadeloupe (/wiki/Miss_International_Guadeloupe) Guatemala (/wiki/Miss_Guatemala) Haiti (/wiki/Miss_Haiti) Honduras (/wiki/Miss_Honduras) Jamaica (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Jamaica) Mexico (/wiki/Miss_Earth_M%C3%A9xico) Panama (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Panam%C3%A1) Paraguay (/wiki/Miss_Paraguay) Peru (/wiki/Miss_Peru) Puerto Rico (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Puerto_Rico) Trinidad and Tobago (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Trinidad_and_Tobago) United States (/wiki/Miss_Earth_USA) Uruguay (/wiki/Miss_Uruguay) US Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_US_Virgin_Islands) Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Venezuela) Asia Bangladesh Cambodia (/wiki/Miss_Cambodia) China (/wiki/Miss_Earth_China) Hong Kong India (/wiki/Miss_Earth_India) Indonesia (/wiki/Putri_Nusantara) Iran (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Iran) Iraq (/wiki/Iraqi_beauty_pageants) Japan (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Japan) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Miss_Kazakhstan) Kyrgyzstan Laos (/wiki/Laotian_beauty_pageants#Miss_Earth_Laos) Lebanon (/wiki/Miss_Lebanon) Malaysia (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Malaysia) Mongolia (/wiki/Miss_World_Mongolia) Myanmar (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Myanmar) Nepal (/wiki/Miss_Nepal) Pakistan (/wiki/Miss_Pakistan_World) Palestine (/wiki/State_of_Palestine) Philippines (/wiki/Miss_Philippines_Earth) Singapore (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Singapore) South Korea (/wiki/Miss_Korea) Sri Lanka (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Sri_Lanka) Syria Thailand (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Thailand) United Arab Emirates Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Ethnic_Vietnam) Europe Albania (/wiki/Miss_Shqip%C3%ABria) Armenia (/wiki/Miss_Armenia) Austria (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Austria) Belarus (/wiki/Miss_Belarus) Belgium (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Belgium) Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Miss_Earth_BiH) Bulgaria Crimea (/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea) Croatia Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Miss) Denmark (/wiki/Miss_Denmark) England (/wiki/Miss_Earth_United_Kingdom) Estonia France Germany (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Germany) Greece (/wiki/Star_GS_Hellas) Ireland Italy (/wiki/Miss_Terra_Italia) Kosovo (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Kosovo) Latvia (/wiki/Mis_Latvija) Malta (/wiki/Miss_Malta) Netherlands (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Netherlands) North Macedonia Norway (/wiki/Miss_Norway) Poland (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Poland) Portugal (/wiki/Miss_Queen_Portugal) Romania (/wiki/List_of_Romania_representatives_at_international_beauty_pageants) Russia (/wiki/Krasa_Rossii) Scotland (/wiki/Miss_Earth_United_Kingdom) Serbia (/wiki/Miss_Serbia) Slovakia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Slovenskej_Republiky) Slovenia (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Slovenia) Spain (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Spain) Sweden (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Sweden) Switzerland (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Switzerland) Ukraine (/wiki/Miss_Ukraine) Wales (/wiki/Miss_Earth_United_Kingdom) Oceania Australia (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Australia) Fiji (/wiki/Miss_Fiji) New Zealand (/wiki/Miss_Earth_New_Zealand) Northern Marianas (/wiki/Miss_Marianas) Inactive (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Earth_countries) since 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2021) (contest began as virtual pageant) Africa Burkina Faso (/wiki/Burkina_Faso) ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2020) ) Chad (/wiki/Chad) ( 2004 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2004) ) Côte d'Ivoire (/wiki/Ivory_Coast) ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2020) ) Egypt (/wiki/Miss_Egypt) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2018) ) Gabon (/wiki/Miss_Gabon) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2014) ) Republic of Congo (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Rep_of_Congo) ( 2007 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2007) ) Americas Antigua and Barbuda (/wiki/Miss_Antigua_%26_Barbuda) ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2003) ) Aruba (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Aruba) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2015) ) Bahamas (/wiki/Miss_Bahamas) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2018) ) Barbados (/wiki/Barbados) ( 2002 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2002) ) Bonaire (/wiki/Miss_Bonaire) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2013) ) British Virgin Islands (/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2013) ) Cayman Islands (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Cayman_Islands) ( 2010 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2010) ) Costa Rica (/wiki/Reinas_de_Costa_Rica) ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2020) ) Curaçao (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Cura%C3%A7ao) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2018) ) El Salvador (/wiki/Reinado_de_El_Salvador) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2015) ) Guyana (/wiki/Miss_Guyana) ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2020) ) Martinique (/wiki/Martinique_Queens) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2013) ) Nicaragua (/wiki/Nuestra_Belleza_Nicaragua) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2012) ) Saint Lucia (/wiki/Saint_Lucia) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2014) ) Suriname (/wiki/Miss_Suriname) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2016) ) Turks & Caicos (/wiki/Miss_Turks_and_Caicos) ( 2009 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2009) ) Asia Afghanistan (/wiki/Miss_Afghanistan) ( 2005 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2005) ) Bhutan (/wiki/Miss_Bhutan) ( 2008 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2008) ) Chinese Taipei (/wiki/Miss_Chinese_Taipei) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2017) ) Israel (/wiki/Miss_Israel) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2019) ) Macau (/wiki/Miss_Macau) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2016) ) Europe Cyprus (/wiki/Miss_Cyprus) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2018) ) Finland (/wiki/Miss_Finland) ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2020) ) Georgia (/wiki/Georgia_(country)) ( 2009 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2009) ) Gibraltar (/wiki/Gibraltar) ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2003) ) Hungary (/wiki/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_Sz%C3%A9pe) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2019) ) Iceland (/wiki/Miss_Iceland) ( 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2020) ) Lithuania (/wiki/Miss_Lithuania) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2013) ) Luxembourg (/wiki/Luxembourg) ( 2011 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2011) ) Northern Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Earth_United_Kingdom) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2019) ) Turkey (/wiki/Miss_Turkey) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Earth_2015) ) United 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American fashion designer Charles Suppon in 1976 Charles Suppon (1949-1989) was an American fashion designer. Suppon was born in Collinsville, Illinois in 1949, and studied in Chicago. [1] (#cite_note-upi-1) He came to New York and began working for Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) as an assistant on the recommendation of Chester Weinberg (/wiki/Chester_Weinberg) , before leaving in 1976 to work for Intre Sport. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) He designed both menswear and womenswear, specializing in sporty clothes such as easy-fitting dresses and men's mohair sweatsuits (/wiki/Tracksuit) . [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) Suppon debuted his solo womenswear collections in 1977, booking over $1 million in orders for the Spring collection and over $5 million for the Fall 1977 collection. [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) The following year he was one of two winners of the 1978 womenswear Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) alongside Bill Atkinson (/wiki/Bill_Atkinson_(designer)) . [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) [4] (#cite_note-mcdowell-4) In 1979, he began creating performance costumes for Peter Allen (/wiki/Peter_Allen_(musician)) , starting with the one-man revue Up in One . [1] (#cite_note-upi-1) [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) In 1984, Suppon left fashion to act as Allen's personal manager and collaborator on the musical Legs Diamond (/wiki/Legs_Diamond_(musical)) , which eventually opened after many delays on Broadway in 1988. [1] (#cite_note-upi-1) [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) Suppon also co-authored, with Harvey Fierstein (/wiki/Harvey_Fierstein) , the book of the musical. [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) Allen and Suppon worked on the project in Australia before bringing their outline and songs back to Allen's talent manager Dee Anthony (/wiki/Dee_Anthony) , who had harsh words to say about the involvement of a "fashion designer from Brooklyn" in writing a musical, and showed his work to Bob Fosse (/wiki/Bob_Fosse) who was also deeply critical. [5] (#cite_note-sm-5) The musical, the only one Suppon worked on, failed to be critically well-received, and closed after 64 performances. [1] (#cite_note-upi-1) The critic John Simon (/wiki/John_Simon_(critic)) commented in New York Magazine in January 1989 that perhaps the main reason to remember it would be for being the only musical whose book had been "co-scripted by a ready-to-wear designer." [6] (#cite_note-6) By the time Legs Diamond was in production, Suppon had been getting sicker and sicker, [5] (#cite_note-sm-5) and in March 1989, he died at home in Manhattan. United Press International (/wiki/United_Press_International) reported the cause of death as a brain tumour, while Suppon and Allen's assistant, Bruce Cudd, told The New York Times it was lesions on the brain. [1] (#cite_note-upi-1) [3] (#cite_note-nyobit-3) In 2021, the designer Louis Dell'Olio, who jointly won the 1977 Coty with Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) , [4] (#cite_note-mcdowell-4) and with her, had been a close friend and contemporary of Suppon, stated that his death was AIDS-related. [7] (#cite_note-7) Some of Suppon's archives from his time at Intre Sport are held by The New School (/wiki/The_New_School) . [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Charles Suppon, designer, dies at 39" (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/03/21/Charles-Suppon-designer-dies-at-39/3331606459600/) . UPI . 21 March 1989 . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Marsh, Lisa (4 May 2004). The House of Klein: Fashion, Controversy, and a Business Obsession . John Wiley & Sons. p. 34. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-471-47895-9 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hays, Constance L. (22 March 1989). "Charles Suppon, 40, a Designer And a 'Legs Diamond' Co-author" (https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/22/obituaries/charles-suppon-40-a-designer-and-a-legs-diamond-co-author.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b McDowell, Colin (1984). McDowell's Directory of Twentieth Century Fashion . Frederick Muller. pp. 299–301. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-584-11070-7 . ^ Jump up to: a b MacLean, Stephen (10 September 2015). Peter Allen: The Boy From Oz . Momentum. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-76030-148-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Simon, John (/wiki/John_Simon_(critic)) (9 January 1989). "Maybe In Allentown" (https://books.google.com/books?id=jegCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56) . New York Magazine . New York Media, LLC: 56. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Dell'Olio, Louis (8 July 2021). " (https://www.louisdellolio.com/blog/?p=28757) "SNAP SHOTS " – Louis Dell'Olio" (https://www.louisdellolio.com/blog/?p=28757) . SNAP SHOTS . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Textual Record : Charles Suppon for Intre Sport" (https://digital.archives.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/KA011001_000001) . The New School Archives . The New School . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gravati) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Gravati) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravati&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Gravati" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gravati%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gravati%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gravati%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gravati%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gravati%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gravati%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gravati) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Gravati" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gravati%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gravati%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gravati%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gravati%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gravati%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gravati%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Gravati Company type Family owned (/wiki/Family_owned) business Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 1909 ; 115 years ago ( 1909 ) Milan, Italy (/wiki/Milan,_Italy) Headquarters Vigevano (/wiki/Vigevano) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Products Shoes (/wiki/Shoe) Website gravati (http://gravati.it) .it (http://gravati.it) Gravati is a family-owned company founded in Milan, Italy (/wiki/Milan) in 1909. [1] (#cite_note-1) It manufactures men's and women's dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) in Vigevano, Italy (/wiki/Vigevano) . Although Gravati uses a variety of shoe construction methods, including Bologna and Goodyear construction (/wiki/Goodyear_welt) , the majority of their production uses the Blake construction (/wiki/Blake_construction) method. The shoes are hand-crafted entirely within the factory by artisans and technicians. Each pattern of each shoe is hand-cut. Gravati does not maintain stock—retailers must specify the patterns, lasts, leathers, soles, and construction methods that they want; only then will the factory make the shoes. Their production methods are typical of many traditional shoemakers (/wiki/Shoemaking) in that the uppers are cut (or clicked), lasted and finished by hand, however all sewing is done by machine. Gravati's American retailers include Stanley Korshak (/wiki/Stanley_Korshak) , Davide Cenci and Wilkes Bashford (/wiki/Wilkes_Bashford) . See also [ edit ] Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) List of Italian companies (/wiki/List_of_Italian_companies) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Snytkin, Michael (July 28, 2008). "The overlooked gem: Gravati shoes" (http://www.mensflair.com/shopping-guide/the-overlooked-gem-gravati-shoes.php) . Men's flair . Retrieved March 19, 2010 . External links [ edit ] Gravati official website (http://www.gravati.it) This Italian corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravati&action=edit) . v t e This article about a fashion brand, house, corporation or company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Russian-language ironic expression Soviet (/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces) soldier wearing the winter Afghanka (/wiki/Afghanka) uniform and ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) (January 1992). Both the Afghanka collar and ushanka are made from fish fur. Fish fur ( Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : рыбий мех , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian) : ryby mekh ) is a Russian-language (/wiki/Russian-language) ironic expression used to describe poor quality of coats and other clothes worn for warmth. [1] (#cite_note-Lubensky-1) In modern times, it is also used for fake fur (/wiki/Fake_fur) , especially of poor quality. The term traces back to a Russian proverb (/wiki/Russian_proverb) "A poor man's fur coat (/wiki/Fur_coat) is of fish fur." (Russian: У бедняка шуба на рыбьем меху , romanized: U bednyaka shuba na rybyem mekhu ). The expression has often been used to describe the uniform of the Soviet Army (/wiki/Soviet_Army) . [2] (#cite_note-Zaloga-2) In particular, elements of winter uniform ( ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) , collars (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)) , mittens (/wiki/Mitten) ) of ordinary soldiers and lower ranks were made of wool (/wiki/Wool) pile (/wiki/Pile_(textile)) , which has been a popular cheap material for civilian clothing as well. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn) in his Gulag Archipelago (/wiki/Gulag_Archipelago) records the expression " Stalin (/wiki/Joseph_Stalin) 's fur" in the meaning of no fur of any kind, in reference to the dress of Gulag (/wiki/Gulag) inmates, supposedly derived in an analogy with "fish fur". [3] (#cite_note-Solzhenitsyn-3) See also [ edit ] Fur-bearing trout (/wiki/Fur-bearing_trout) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Lubensky_1-0) Lubensky, Sophia (1995). Random House Russian-English Dictionary of Idioms . Random House Reference. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0679405801 . ^ (#cite_ref-Zaloga_2-0) Zaloga, Steven J. (1987). Inside the Soviet Army . Bloomsbury USA. p. 53. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-85045-741-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-Solzhenitsyn_3-0) Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (/wiki/Alexander_Solzhenitsyn) (1974). The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956 . Translated by Willetts, H. T.; Whitney, Thomas P. Harper & Row. p. 534. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8133-3291-5 . External links [ edit ] Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century , by Natalia Pushkareva (https://books.google.com/books?id=8sfJb6nFFmUC&pg=PA118&dq=%22fish+fur%22+-game+-feathers&sig=bRRXRQ_4wja-xxamPT55esPJ8Ps) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐b6nhr Cached time: 20240710211446 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.252 seconds Real time usage: 0.341 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 423/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6653/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 618/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 10528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.187/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15918261/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 310.782 1 -total 35.89% 111.544 2 Template:Lang-ru 33.76% 104.922 3 Template:Cite_book 23.10% 71.789 1 Template:Short_description 13.80% 42.903 2 Template:Pagetype 5.34% 16.594 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 5.25% 16.317 3 Template:Main_other 4.52% 14.057 1 Template:SDcat 3.55% 11.026 1 Template:DMCA 2.71% 8.411 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13635465-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710211446 and revision id 1193128238. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_fur&oldid=1193128238 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_fur&oldid=1193128238) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Russian words and phrases (/wiki/Category:Russian_words_and_phrases) Russian clothing (/wiki/Category:Russian_clothing) Textiles (/wiki/Category:Textiles) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from December 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2020) Articles containing Russian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text)
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Valentina Kova Born Saint Petersburg (/wiki/Saint_Petersburg) , Russia (/wiki/Russia) Nationality American Education Parsons The New School for Design (/wiki/Parsons_The_New_School_for_Design) Label Valentina Kova Awards Russian Woman of the Year Website https://valentinakova.com/ (https://valentinakova.com/) Valentina Kova is a Russian-American fashion designer and entrepreneur who co-founded her eponymous label in 2011 in New York City. [1] (#cite_note-1) Today, Valentina Kova is an American luxury brand specializing in knitwear, blouses, dresses, and fine jewelry. The label currently has their showroom and headquarters in New York’s SoHo neighborhood–available for styling and personal shopping appointments only. The brand has a boutique location in Palm Beach, Florida along Worth Avenue, while occupying temporary pop-up locations in places like Aspen and Nantucket for seasonal residences. Carrying a wide range of apparel including ready-to-wear, fine jewelry, and accessories, her designs nod to luxurious quality, natural fabrics, and true sustainability. History [ edit ] Valentina Kova was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia (/wiki/Saint_Petersburg) , later moving to the United States to attend Lake Forest College in Illinois where she double majored in Fine Arts and Economics. [2] (#cite_note-Forbes-2) After graduating, she spent 3 years working for Goldman Sachs as a Financial Analyst in Chicago. She then went on to pursue her prevailing interest in fashion by attending Parson’s Graduate School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) in New York City. She worked for designers in New York and Paris before developing her own fine jewelry pieces for herself, while teaching four classes in Fashion and Design Principles at Parsons. [2] (#cite_note-Forbes-2) It was after many people started noticing the designs Kova was wearing and commissioning her to make custom pieces that she decided to launch her label in 2011, selling only fine jewelry. She later expanded into the ready-to-wear category in 2013. Since the launching of her label, Valentina Kova has been seen distributed in various exclusive boutiques around the world, including Henry Lehr and A’maree’s. In 2016, she was recognized as “Russian Woman of the Year” by the U.S. Russian Embassy. Her designs have been worn by an impressive roster of celebrity fans, including Julianne Moore (/wiki/Julianne_Moore) , Lorde (/wiki/Lorde) , Glenn Close (/wiki/Glenn_Close) , Laverne Cox (/wiki/Laverne_Cox) , Coco Rocha (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) , and Mischa Barton (/wiki/Mischa_Barton) . [2] (#cite_note-Forbes-2) [3] (#cite_note-Vogue.com-3) The brand currently operates at atelier-level luxury where everything is handcrafted in the Garment District of New York. Operating at this highly sustainable capacity, the brand is able to produce less and conserve more–a business model that prioritizes their loyal clientele and the environment. Built around the belief that every woman’s shape, size, and personal style should be celebrated, Kova ‘s made-to-order model is home to over 100 styles that can be altered or customized. An approach that prioritizes customer choice while leaving very little room for waste, Valentina Kova has become a promising force in the industry. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Love, Lindsey (17 May 2013). "Designer Valentina Kova Makes Her Houston Debut At Wayne Smith Jewels" (http://blog.chron.com/societydiaries/2013/05/designer-valentina-kova-makes-her-houston-debut-at-wayne-smith-jewels/) . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Zilkha, Bettina (20 August 2014). "Valentina Kova To Show At New York Fashion Week For The First Time" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/bettinazilkha/2014/08/20/valentina-kova-to-show-at-new-york-fashion-week-for-the-first-time/#3db841b34dd7) . Forbes . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue.com_3-0) Barsamian, Edward (14 April 2016). "The First Monday in May Opens the Tribeca Film Festival" (http://www.vogue.com/13426273/anna-wintour-first-monday-in-may-tribeca-film-festival-opening-night-premiere-party) . Vogue.com . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Russian fashion designer hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Helen_Yarmak) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Helen_Yarmak) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) relies too much on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Misuse_of_primary_sources) . Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) or harmful. 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( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Helen Yarmak Елена Ярмак Born ( 1949-07-06 ) July 6, 1949 (age 75) Kyiv (/wiki/Kyiv) , Ukraine (/wiki/Ukraine) Alma mater Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv) Yelena Davydovna Yarmak ( Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : Елена Давыдовна Ярмак ; born July 6, 1949, in Kyiv (/wiki/Kyiv) , Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic) ), known professionally as Helen Yarmak , is a Russian fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) and the founder of the Helen Yarmak fashion house (/wiki/Fashion-house) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Background [ edit ] Yarmak studied as a mathematician (/wiki/Mathematician) at Taras Shevchenko University (/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv) in Kyiv. She earned the Doctor of Sciences title and academy seats at the French Academy of Architecture (/wiki/French_Academy_of_Architecture) and the New York Academy of Sciences (/wiki/New_York_Academy_of_Sciences) . After relocating to Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) due to her husband's employment requirements, Yarmak found herself starting a new life style. [2] (#cite_note-2) Vogue magazine (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) named Yarmak the "Mistress of a Sable Mountain" (Vogue, November 1998). She was the first Russian designer to have a collection appear on a Vogue cover. [3] (#cite_note-Helen_Yarmak_US_Vogue_cover-3) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Hollywood stars collect coats from Helen Yarmak" (https://minikar.ru/en/happiness/gollivudskie-zvezdy-kollekcioniruyut-shuby-ot-helen-yarmak/) . minikar.ru . Retrieved 2022-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Елена Ярмак: Королева Мехов" (https://www.sostav.ru/columns/efir/2009/yarmak/) . www.sostav.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 2022-09-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-Helen_Yarmak_US_Vogue_cover_3-0) "Event > Helen Yarmak Spring/Summer 2019" (https://www.sarahgargano.com/helen-yarmak-spring-summer-2019) . Sarah Gargano . Retrieved 1 June 2022 . External links [ edit ] Official Helen Yarmak website (http://helenyarmak.com/) Rambler (http://www.rambler.ru/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐895674c4f‐69gj7 Cached time: 20240717001438 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.414 seconds Real time usage: 0.554 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1928/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47843/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10747/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19386/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.295/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18641538/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 522.781 1 -total 28.53% 149.151 1 Template:Infobox_person 25.65% 134.116 3 Template:Ambox 20.60% 107.680 1 Template:Lang-ru 18.62% 97.358 1 Template:Reflist 16.12% 84.263 1 Template:Multiple_issues 16.08% 84.070 3 Template:Cite_web 15.53% 81.203 1 Template:Short_description 10.55% 55.128 1 Template:BLP_primary_sources 9.57% 50.029 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31556432-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717001438 and revision id 1234950966. 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Pitoy Moreno Born Jose N. Moreno, Jr. ( 1925-02-25 ) February 25, 1925 Manila (/wiki/Manila) , Philippine Islands (/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands) Died January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15) (aged 92) Manila, Philippines Resting place Manila Memorial Park (/wiki/Manila_Memorial_Park) Other names Pitoy Occupation Fashion designer Years active 1950–2009 Jose "Pitoy" Moreno, Jr. (25 February 1925 [1] (#cite_note-1) – 15 January 2018) [2] (#cite_note-2) was a Filipino (/wiki/Filipino_people) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) and one of the earliest advocates of the Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) . He is much regarded by the Asian fashion field as the Fashion Czar of Asia . He established the spotlight on Filipino fashion in the world artistic fashion scene during the 1960s until his retirement, paving the way for young Filipino fashion designers in Europe, the Middle East, the Americas, and other parts of Southeast Asia. [3] (#cite_note-3) Early life [ edit ] Moreno studied at the University of the Philippines (/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines) with a bachelor's degree in fine arts (/wiki/Fine_arts) . During his stay in the university, he joined the Upsilon Sigma Phi (/wiki/Upsilon_Sigma_Phi) fraternity, where he managed to build a strong society network with Ferdinand Marcos, Benigno Aquino Jr. and Salvador “Doy” Laurel. He became close friends with Celia Diaz, who would later marry Doy Laurel, and the painter Araceli “Cheloy” Dans, who he gave his first hand-crafted wedding gown. In an interview, Moreno stated that during his stay in the University of the Philippines, he developed “a finer sense of the fashion world”. [4] (#cite_note-4) Career [ edit ] Moreno became the president of the Philippine Couture Association (/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Couture_Association&action=edit&redlink=1) , the very first association of fashion designers in Manila (/wiki/Manila) , Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) . He was the fashion designer for the Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company. His fashion designs were exhibited at the World's Fair in Seattle, Washington (/wiki/Seattle,_Washington) , and New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . His fashion designs appeared on the pages of fashion magazines such as Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , Holiday (/wiki/Holiday_(magazine)) , and Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) , where Moreno introduced the words jusi , piña and lepanto to world fashion, the first time Filipino fashion terminologies were incorporated in world fashion artistry. [5] (#cite_note-5) Due to his popularity from the 1960s to 1980s, many heads of state, royalties, and prominent personalities from Asia, Europe, and the Americas became his clients for decades. Prominent people who were adorned by Moreno's artistic beadwork, embroidery and hand-paintings include [6] (#cite_note-PMoreno-6) [7] (#cite_note-Ybiernas-7) the First Ladies of the Philippines (/wiki/First_Spouse_of_the_Philippines) from the 1960s to the 1980s, United States first ladies Nancy Reagan (/wiki/Nancy_Reagan) and Pat Nixon (/wiki/Pat_Nixon) ; Betty Ford (/wiki/Betty_Ford) , Queen Sirikit (/wiki/Queen_Sirikit) of Thailand, Tsaritsa Margarita (/wiki/Margarita_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) of Bulgaria, Queen Sofia of Spain (/wiki/Queen_Sofia_of_Spain) , Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret) of the United Kingdom, the Marquesa de Villaverde (/w/index.php?title=Marquesa_de_Villaverde&action=edit&redlink=1) , María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_del_Carmen_Mart%C3%ADnez-Bordi%C3%BA_y_Franco) , Princess Suga of Japan (/wiki/Princess_Suga_of_Japan) , Cristina Ford (/wiki/Cristina_Ford) (second wife of Henry Ford II (/wiki/Henry_Ford_II) ), Margot Fonteyn (/wiki/Margot_Fonteyn) , Deeda Blair (/w/index.php?title=Deeda_Blair&action=edit&redlink=1) (Catherine "Deeda" Gerlach, wife of William McCormick Blair, Jr. (/wiki/William_McCormick_Blair,_Jr.) ), and Filipino celebrities. Moreno also authored the books Kasalan , a fashion book about Filipino weddings (/wiki/Filipino_wedding) , and Philippine Costume , a book on traditional Filipino dresses. He was regarded as the Fashion Czar of Asia by French tabloid Le Figaro, sealing his status as fashion royalty. The title later on was used by the Asian fashion community in defining the artistic works of Moreno. Despite the fame, Moreno was known by many accounts for his rooted behavior where he would give-away his prized gowns for people who cannot afford lavish weddings. [8] (#cite_note-PMoreno2-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) In 1962, Moreno designed a dress for Puerto Rican actress Rita Moreno (/wiki/Rita_Moreno) for the Academy Awards (/wiki/Academy_Awards) where she won Best Supporting Actress. She later wore the same dress at the 2018 ceremony where it made news. The dress is now on display at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures (/wiki/Academy_Museum_of_Motion_Pictures) . [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Retirement [ edit ] Due to old age, Moreno retired from his craft and became an adviser to young fashion designers, passing on his knowledge on artistic beadwork on different Filipino fabrics. In 2009, Jose "Pitoy" Moreno was declared as a National Artist (/wiki/National_Artists_of_the_Philippines) for Fashion Design (/wiki/Fashion_Design) by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo) . However, this was met with protest by other National Artists, such as Bienvenido Lumbera (National Artist for Literature), who told media that the category of Fashion Design was not an accepted art form and was simply dressmaking, not art. The Supreme Court issued a temporary restraining order (TRO) on the conferment of the National Artist award to Moreno and six other recommendees. Later on, the National Artist title on Moreno and three other recommendees were revoked by the Supreme Court in 2013 after finding that former president Arroyo personally conferred the award to the four people, without undergoing to a traditional process made by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts) . A few years later, it was clarified that fashion design is under the category of Design in the National Artists roster, making Moreno eligible to be conferred the award in the future through the traditional conferment process. [13] (#cite_note-13) Death [ edit ] Moreno died on January 15, 2018, at the Manila Doctors Hospital, where he had been confined for the past few years for debilitating ailments. It was later confirmed that he died due to heart attack. Prior to his death, he has been called a " pillar of Philippine fashion " and " a significant cog of Philippine society ". [14] (#cite_note-14) His remains were brought to his final resting place at the Manila Memorial Park (/wiki/Manila_Memorial_Park) . [15] (#cite_note-15) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of fashion designers from the Philippines (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers#Philippines) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The Man Who Redefined Passion for Philippine Fashion" (https://mikhaelageorgette.com/2010/11/04/the-man-who-redefined-passion-for-philippine-fashion/) . 4 November 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Pitoy Moreno, famed Filipino fashion designer, dies" (https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/fashion/193715-fashion-designer-pitoy-moreno-dies) . 15 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Pitoy Moreno, top Filipino fashion designer, dies, 88" (http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/960604/pitoy-moreno-top-filipino-fashion-designer-dies) . 16 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Evasco, Marjorie (2001). A life shaped by music: Andrea Ofilada Veneracion and the Philippine Madgrigal Singers . Bookmark. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789715694124 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Pitoy Moreno, famed Filipino fashion designer, dies" (https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/fashion/193715-fashion-designer-pitoy-moreno-dies) . 15 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-PMoreno_6-0) The Fashion Czar Of Asia is how the world press calls Jose “Pitoy” Moreno (http://showcase.eyp.ph/pitoymoreno/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100414211311/http://showcase.eyp.ph/pitoymoreno/) April 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , showcase.eyp.ph ^ (#cite_ref-Ybiernas_7-0) Ybiernas, Nonoi D. Pitoy Moreno: A National Treasure (http://www.thenewstoday.info/2008/11/14/pitoy.moreno.html) , The News Today Online Edition, Iloilo City, thenewstoday.info, November 14, 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-PMoreno2_8-0) The Designer as Author (http://showcase.eyp.ph/pitoymoreno4/) , showcase.eyp.ph ^ (#cite_ref-9) "5 things you probably didn't know about Pitoy Moreno" (http://news.abs-cbn.com/life/01/17/18/5-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-pitoy-moreno) . 17 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Rita Moreno Re-Wore Her Gown From The 1962 Oscars Tonight" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/a19077702/rita-moreno-rewore-oscars-gown-2018/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . 5 March 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "See the Dress Rita Moreno Re-Wore at the 2018 Oscars" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/03/rita-moreno-oscar-dress-2018-re-wore) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . 4 March 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-12) How Rita Moreno's Iconic Oscars Dress Landed in the Academy Museum , retrieved 2022-12-30 ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Court: National Artist award for 4 invalid" (https://www.rappler.com/nation/33871-court-national-artist-award-for-4-invalid) . 16 July 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Pitoy Moreno, top Filipino fashion designer, dies, 88" (http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/960604/pitoy-moreno-top-filipino-fashion-designer-dies) . 16 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Tantiangco, A. (16 January 2018). "Pitoy Moreno's family shares wake details, asks guests to forego flowers" (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/shoppingandfashion/639926/pitoy-moreno-s-family-share-wake-details-asks-guests-to-forego-flowers/story/) . GMA Network (/wiki/GMA_Network) . Retrieved 26 October 2019 . 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American eyeglasses and contact lens retailer Warby Parker Inc. Warby Parker at The Summit (Alabama) (/wiki/The_Summit_(Alabama)) Formerly JAND Inc. Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) NYSE (/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange) : WRBY (https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:WRBY) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 2010 ; 14 years ago ( 2010 ) in Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) , Pennsylvania, U.S. Founders Jeffrey Raider Andrew Hunt Neil Blumenthal David Gilboa Headquarters New York City , U.S. Number of locations 200 (2022) Key people Neil Blumenthal ( Co-CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) David Gilboa ( Co-CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Revenue US$670 million (2023) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) US$−72 million (2023) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) US$−63 million (2023) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) US$580 million (2023) Total equity (/wiki/Equity_(finance)) US$302 million (2023) Number of employees 3,491 (2023) Website warbyparker (http://warbyparker.com) .com (http://warbyparker.com) Footnotes / references [1] (#cite_note-fin-1) Warby Parker Inc. is an American retailer (/wiki/Retailer) of prescription glasses (/wiki/Prescription_glasses) , contact lenses (/wiki/Contact_lenses) , and sunglasses, based in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . Founded in 2010, it was initially an online only retailer. It now sells primarily (about 90%) through more than 200 physical retail store locations across the U.S. and Canada. History [ edit ] The company was founded in 2010 in Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) by Neil Blumenthal, Andrew Hunt, David Gilboa, and Jeffrey Raider [2] (#cite_note-2) and is headquartered in New York City. The name "Warby Parker" derives from two characters that appear in a journal by author Jack Kerouac (/wiki/Jack_Kerouac) . [3] (#cite_note-3) The company's official corporate name is JAND Inc. and "Warby Parker" is the company's trade name (/wiki/Trade_name) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The company was started in the Venture Initiation Program (/w/index.php?title=Venture_Initiation_Program&action=edit&redlink=1) of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania) , where the founders all studied. [5] (#cite_note-Corbyn-5) The company received $2,500 seed investment through the program and launched in February 2010. [5] (#cite_note-Corbyn-5) Shortly after launching, the company was covered by Vogue (/wiki/Vogue.com) . [6] (#cite_note-Vogue-6) In May 2011, Warby Parker raised its first round of funding totaling $2.5 million. In September 2011, the company raised a Series A (/wiki/Series_A) round of $12.5 million. [7] (#cite_note-7) In fall 2012, it raised a $37 million Series B (/wiki/Series_B) round, [8] (#cite_note-8) with an additional $4 million announced in February 2013 with investors American Express (/wiki/American_Express) and Mickey Drexler (/wiki/Mickey_Drexler) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2011, Warby Parker shipped more than 100,000 pairs of glasses and had 60 employees. [10] (#cite_note-10) By the end of 2012, the company had grown to around 100 employees. As of April 2015, the company was valued at $1.2 billion. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2016, the company announced plans to create an optical lab in Rockland County, New York (/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York) , to create and manufacture their glasses in-house instead of paying external manufacturers. The proposed lab would have 34,000 square feet and would employ 130 staff. The company said it had planned to invest $16 million to create the facility. [12] (#cite_note-12) The optical lab was opened in 2017. [13] (#cite_note-13) On March 14, 2018, Warby Parker raised $75 million in Series E funding, making its total funding about $300 million. [14] (#cite_note-14) On August 27, 2020, Warby Parker raised $245 million, valued at $3 billion. The $245 million was a combination of a Series F round and a Series G round. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) On September 29, 2021, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange (/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange) via a direct listing (/wiki/Direct_listing) , [17] (#cite_note-17) opening at $54.05 a share. [18] (#cite_note-18) Retail model [ edit ] Vintage-style Warby Parker sign at a retail store on 82nd and Lexington Ave. (/wiki/Lexington_Avenue) in NYC The company primarily sells eyewear online (/wiki/E-commerce) and through its multiple locations throughout the United States and Canada. Warby Parker's "Home-Try-On program" is a strategy used by the company in which its customers select five frames from the website, which they receive and try on at home within a 5-day period, free of charge. The company has programs where customers upload a photo and try on frames virtually through their mobile app. [19] (#cite_note-Wired-19) Warby Parker began operating online exclusively in 2010 and opened its first store in 2013. [20] (#cite_note-20) As Warby Parker's revenue started to grow, the company began opening brick-and-mortar (/wiki/Brick-and-mortar) showrooms across the country. Following the opening of its retail (/wiki/Retail) stores, the company announced its plan to build its own point of sale (POS) system (/wiki/Point_of_sale) , [21] (#cite_note-delrey-21) which was being used in their stores by 2015. [22] (#cite_note-mcdowell-22) It also expanded in 2015 with the brand's first national retail partnership with Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) , which allowed the company to establish six curated pop-up shops (/wiki/Pop-up_shop) nationwide. As of 2017, Warby Parker operated around 71 locations in 28 U.S. states [23] (#cite_note-23) and Washington, D.C., according to Slice Intelligence, [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) along with two stores in Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) and one in Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) . According to CNBC, due to steady growth and the success of the physical storefronts, the company planned to operate nearly 100 stores across the U.S. by the end of 2018. [25] (#cite_note-25) [ needs update ] Products [ edit ] Warby Parker designs its product in-house, and sells directly to consumers through its website and stores. The company orders its own materials, such as acetate, from Italy and then manufactures frames at the same Chinese factories as competitors such as Luxottica (/wiki/Luxottica) . [26] (#cite_note-:1-26) On average, a Warby Parker customer completes more than one order per year and buys an average of 1.5 units per order. [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) In addition to eyeglasses, sunglasses, and contact lenses, Warby Parker once sold monocles (/wiki/Monocle) , with prescription lenses back in 2016 for a limited time. [27] (#cite_note-adage-27) Corporate social responsibility [ edit ] Warby Parker uses a social entrepreneurship (/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship) model, described as " buy one, give one (/wiki/One_for_one_(business_model)) ". [28] (#cite_note-28) For each pair of glasses purchased, the company pays for the production of another pair of eyeglasses for the nonprofit organization (/wiki/Nonprofit_organization) VisionSpring. [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) In June 2014, Warby Parker announced that it had distributed one million pairs of eyeglasses to people in need. [31] (#cite_note-31) As of 2023, the company has distributed over 15 million pairs of glasses through their "Buy a Pair, Give a Pair" program. [32] (#cite_note-32) The company also claims to be 100% carbon neutral (/wiki/Carbon_neutral) . [33] (#cite_note-33) The company received B Corp (/wiki/B_Corp) certification soon after its founding but let the status lapse by choosing against reincorporating as a public benefit corporation (/wiki/Benefit_corporation) . [34] (#cite_note-34) Warby Parker later became a public benefit corporation in mid-2021 just prior to their initial public offering (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) . [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-fin_1-0) "Warby Parker Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023" (https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1504776/000150477624000006/wrby-20231231.htm) . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission) . February 29, 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "In Focus: Warby Parker Eyewear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110202170323/http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/vd-in-focus-warby-parker-eyewear/) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/vd-in-focus-warby-parker-eyewear/) on February 2, 2011 . Retrieved June 30, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Warby Parker Co-Founder Says Initial Vision Was All About Price" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444097904577535111565440718) , The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) , July 18, 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "How did Warby Parker get the name "Warby Parker?" – OpticalOwl" (https://opticalowl.com/how-warby-parker-name-warby-parker/) . OpticalOwl.com . Retrieved July 29, 2016 . ^ a b Corbyn, Zoë (September 24, 2012). "Take one start-up, add expertise and grow with care" (https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/59f43594-c774-11e1-85fc-00144feab49a.html) . The Financial Times (/wiki/The_Financial_Times) . Retrieved June 20, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_6-0) Bahrenburg, Genevieve (February 22, 2010), "In Focus: Warby Parker Eyewear" (http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/vd-in-focus-warby-parker-eyewear/#1) , Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) ^ (#cite_ref-7) McMhana, Ty (September 22, 2011), "Stylish Eyewear Maker Warby Parker Tries on $12M In Funding" (https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2011/09/22/stylish-eyewear-maker-warby-parker-tries-on-12m-in-funding/) , WSJ.com ^ (#cite_ref-8) Primack, Dan (September 9, 2012), "Warby Parker raises $37 million" (http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2012/09/09/warby-parker-raises-36-million/) , CNN Money ^ (#cite_ref-9) de la Merced, Michael J. (February 24, 2012), "J.Crew Chief and American Express Invest in Warby Parker" (https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/j-crew-chief-and-american-express-invest-in-warby-parker/) , The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "At Warby Parker, the power of branding is easy to see" (http://gigaom.com/2012/03/26/at-warby-parker-the-power-of-branding-is-easy-to-see/) , Gigaom (/wiki/Gigaom) , March 26, 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Douglas MacMillan (April 20, 2015). "Eyeglass Retailer Warby Parker Valued at $1.2 Billion" (https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/04/30/eyeglass-retailer-warby-parker-valued-at-1-2-billion/) . Wall Street Journal. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Warby Parker is opening an enormous new optical lab in Rockland County" (https://www.fastcompany.com/4011943/warby-parker-is-opening-an-enormous-new-optical-lab-in-rockland-county) . Fast Company . June 27, 2016 . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Juang, Mike (June 6, 2017). "Sloatsburg, NY, town of around 3,000, offers a peek at the future of eyeglasses" (https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/06/warby-parkers-optical-lab-manufactures-a-new-eyewear-shopping-model.html) . CNBC . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Thomas, Lauren (March 14, 2018). "Warby Parker raises $75 million in latest round of funding" (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/14/warby-parker-raises-75-million-in-latest-round-of-funding.html) . CNBC . Retrieved March 16, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Warby Parker(JAND Inc.)" (https://www.mg21.com/warbyparker.html) . Usstock. May 1, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Crook, Jordan (August 27, 2020). "Warby Parker, valued at $3 billion, raises $245 million in funding" (https://techcrunch.com/2020/08/27/warby-parker-valued-at-3-billion-raises-245-million-in-funding/) . Techcrunch . Retrieved August 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Hirsch, Lauren (September 29, 2021). "With sales soaring, Warby Parker prepares for its market debut" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/29/business/warby-parker-stock-price.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved September 30, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Thomas, Lauren (September 29, 2021). "Warby Parker opens at $54.05 per share in public debut on NYSE, soaring more than 30% above reference. Current stock price has fallen sharply since its debut" (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/29/warby-parker-direct-listing-wrby-starts-trading-on-the-nyse.html) . CNBC . Retrieved September 30, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wired_19-0) Mitroff, Sarah (September 12, 2012), "With $37M, Warby Parker Sets Its Sights on More Than Just Eyeglasses" (https://www.wired.com/business/2012/09/warby-parker/) , Wired.com (/wiki/Wired.com) ^ (#cite_ref-20) Sebra, Matt (April 15, 2013). "Store Spotlight: Warby Parker's First Flagship Store" (https://www.gq.com/story/store-spotlight-warby-parker-opens-first-flagship-store) . GQ . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-delrey_21-0) Del Rey, Jason (June 24, 2013). "An Unlikely Startup Enters the Point-of-Sale Business: Warby Parker" (http://allthingsd.com/20130624/an-unlikely-startup-enters-the-point-of-sale-business-warby-parker/) . All Things Digital . Retrieved March 8, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-mcdowell_22-0) McDowell, Maghan (December 14, 2015). "Warby Parker Opens Store in San Jose" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/warby-parker-opens-store-san-jose-10295834/) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved March 8, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Warby Parker Location Opens In Fort Lauderdale" (https://www.fortlauderdaledaily.com/upfront/noteworthy/warby-parker-location-opens-fort-lauderdale) . Fort Lauderdale Daily . Retrieved August 13, 2019 . ^ a b "Warby Parker's pricing strategy has buyers seeing double" (http://intelligence.slice.com/blog/2018/does-brick-and-mortar-add-substance-to-warby-parker-sales-the-data-says-no) . Rakuten Intelligence . Retrieved November 8, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Thomas, Lauren (February 15, 2018). "Warby Parker will soon operate nearly 100 stores and other Web retailers are following its lead" (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/15/as-warby-parker-approaches-100-stores-other-internet-brands-follow.html) . CNBC . Retrieved November 8, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_26-0) "Why 4 B-School Students Decided To Found Warby Parker" (http://disruptionmag.com/2016/05/17/dave-gilboa-warby-parker/) . Disruption . May 17, 2016 . Retrieved November 8, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-adage_27-0) Redick, Scott. (May 16, 2012), "When Big Ideas Come From Small Companies" (http://adage.com/article/small-agency-diary/big-ideas-small-companies/234741/) , AdAge (/wiki/AdAge) ^ (#cite_ref-28) Peart, Nathan. "As Millennials And Gen-Z Become More Brand Conscious, How Will Professional Services Adapt?" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanpeart/2020/04/07/as-millennials-and-gen-z-become-more-brand-conscious-how-will-professional-services-adapt/#749c30284148) . Forbes . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Fitzgerald, Michael (February 10, 2015). "For Warby Parker, Free Glasses Equals Clear Company Vision" (https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/242437) . Entrepreneur . Retrieved January 5, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Gerber, Monica (December 22, 2011). "Warby Parker may have a better 'buy one, give one' model" (http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2011/1222/Warby-Parker-may-have-a-better-buy-one-give-one-model) . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Chokkattu, Julian (June 25, 2014), "Warby Parker Hits One Million Glasses Sold, Distributed" (https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/25/warby-parker-hits-one-million-glasses-sold-distributed/) , TechCrunch (/wiki/TechCrunch) ^ (#cite_ref-32) "History" (https://www.warbyparker.com/history) . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Zelman, Josh (February 24, 2012), "In Focus: Warby Parker Eyewear" (https://techcrunch.com/2012/02/24/founder-stories-warby-parker-less-than-1-of-eyeglasses-were-sold-online/) , TechCrunch (/wiki/TechCrunch) ^ (#cite_ref-34) Marquis, Christopher (2020). Better Business: How the B Corp Movement Is Remaking Capitalism . Yale University Press. p. 191. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-25615-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Deffenbaugh, Ryan (August 26, 2021). "Warby Parker public offering brings test for companies promising societal good" (https://www.crainsnewyork.com/technology/warby-parker-ipo-public-offering-brings-test-companies-promising-societal-good) . Crain's New York Business . Retrieved October 6, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Wilhelm, Alex (August 25, 2021). "D2C specs purveyor Warby Parker files to go public" (https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/08/25/d2c-specs-purveyor-warby-parker-files-to-go-public/) . TechCrunch (/wiki/TechCrunch) . Retrieved October 6, 2021 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.warbyparker.com/) Business data for Warby Parker, Inc.: Google (https://www.google.com/finance/quote/WRBY) SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1504776) Yahoo! (https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/WRBY) v t e Eyewear retailers (/wiki/Eyewear_retailer) EssilorLuxottica (/wiki/EssilorLuxottica) owned Apollo-Optik (/wiki/Apollo-Optik) Clearly.ca/Coastal.com (/wiki/Clearly.ca) EyeBuyDirect (/wiki/EyeBuyDirect) FramesDirect.com (/wiki/FramesDirect.com) LensCrafters (/wiki/LensCrafters) OPSM (/wiki/OPSM) Pearle Vision (/wiki/Pearle_Vision) Sears Optical (/wiki/Sears) Sunglass Hut (/wiki/Sunglass_Hut) Target Optical (/wiki/Target_Optical) Vision Express (/wiki/Vision_Express) Vision Source (/wiki/Vision_Source) Not EssilorLuxottica owned America's Best Contacts & Eyeglasses (/wiki/America%27s_Best_Contacts_%26_Eyeglasses) Boots Opticians (/wiki/Boots_Opticians) Dollond & Aitchison (/wiki/Dollond_%26_Aitchison) Cohen's Fashion Optical (/wiki/Cohen%27s_Fashion_Optical) Fielmann (/wiki/Fielmann) GKB Opticals (/wiki/GKB_Opticals) GlassesUSA (/wiki/GlassesUSA) Gunnar Optiks (/wiki/Gunnar_Optiks) Hakim Optical (/wiki/Hakim_Optical) Hassan's Optician Co. 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Chinoiserie fashion in American and European fashion Chinoiserie in fashion Satin (/wiki/Satin) evening dress in Chinese dragon (/wiki/Chinese_dragon) print by Tom Ford for Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche, 2004 Type Textiles patterns and motifs, garments, and accessories Material Diverse Place of origin China Introduced Europe (Italy, France, United Kingdom), America (United States, Canada, Mexico) Chinoiserie in fashion refers to the any use of chinoiserie (/wiki/Chinoiserie) elements in fashion, especially in American and European fashion. Since the 17th century, Chinese arts and aesthetic were sources of inspiration to European artists, creators, [1] (#cite_note-:13-1) : 52 and fashion designers when goods from oriental countries were widely seen for the first time in Western Europe. [2] (#cite_note-:12-2) : 546 Western chinoiserie was also often mixed with other exotic elements which were not all indigenous to China. [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 15 Throughout its history, chinoiserie in fashion was sometimes a display of cultural appreciation (/wiki/Xenophilia) ; but at times, it was also associated with exoticism (/wiki/Exoticism) , Orientalism (/wiki/Orientalism) , cultural appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) , Western imperialism (/wiki/Imperialism) , and colonialism (/wiki/Colonialism) , [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 16–19 and eroticism (/wiki/Eroticism) . The imagining of China was always more fanciful than real. Trade provided products, but even more importantly, the West copied the Oriental land that it had never conquered. It never possessed the dragons, butterflies, or pagodas that it admired and emulated. If it was an unrequited colonialism, the West's passion for China abides today in the continuing aesthetic fascination for that Far East land — Richard Harrison Martin & Harold Koda, Orientalism: Visions of the East in Western Dress (1994), published by the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , 18–19 History [ edit ] Pre-17th century [ edit ] Main articles: Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (/wiki/Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing) , Chinese ornamental gold silk (/wiki/Chinese_ornamental_gold_silk) , and Chinese embroidery (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) Luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) had been entering European countries from China since the ancient times. [2] (#cite_note-:12-2) : 546 The early contacts of Europeans with China had also directly influenced their fashion. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) : 4 Silk from China, as well as textiles from India and Turkey were extremely popular among the European royalty. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) : 4 The art of sericulture (/wiki/Sericulture) itself originated in China and was introduced in the West to the Byzantine Empire (/wiki/Byzantine_Empire) . [5] (#cite_note-:23-5) : 90 The secret of sericulture was eventually smuggled (/wiki/Smuggling) out of China in the 6th century by the Byzantine empire (/wiki/Byzantine_Empire) , which then became an important component of the Byzantine industry [6] (#cite_note-:24-6) : 95 and allowed the Byzantine empire to gain monopoly of silk in Europe. [7] (#cite_note-7) : 122 From the eleventh century, the art of sericulture was spread to Italy and to Southern France. [5] (#cite_note-:23-5) : 90 However, the import of raw silk from China continued to remain significant. [6] (#cite_note-:24-6) : 95 During the Italian Renaissance (/wiki/Italian_Renaissance) period (14th to 17th century), imperial China was seen as a refined civilization which was equal to Europe except for religion and as very advanced in terms of science, technology, architecture, and culture; as such, Italian elites would dress in Chinese fashion to show off their wealth. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) These Chinese influences in fashion were illusions created by Italian craftsmen who had started to produce in Lucca (/wiki/Lucca) and had appropriated Chinese cultural symbols, such as the lotus flowers (/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera) , pomegranates (/wiki/Pomegranate) , peonies (/wiki/Peony) , florets, phoenixes and dragons. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) Chinese silk which was manufactured in China to fit European taste continued to be imported in Europe; this import increased even more in the late 17th century as direct maritime trade was established between China and Europe. [5] (#cite_note-:23-5) : 90 The introduction of items, such as painted silk, pearls (/wiki/Pearl) , and umbrellas (/wiki/Umbrella) , from China were also sped up in the 1400s through the sea routes. [9] (#cite_note-9) : 437 In the 16th century, Chinese brocades were exported from China to Europe to make the vestments of priests in Roman Catholic cathedrals. [10] (#cite_note-10) : 618 According to British (/wiki/British_Empire) records dating to the late 19th century, gold foil was the ordinary form of precious metal which was used in embroidery and was a Chinese invention wherein Chinese people invented the process of laying a thin gold leaf on paper before rolling it around a silk thread. [11] (#cite_note-:02-11) Chinese gold thread technology were later introduced the West and adopted by Italian weavers in their goldwork (/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)) . [11] (#cite_note-:02-11) 17th to 18th century [ edit ] The 17th to 18th centuries, Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) was greatly enriched by the various items which were imported from the East which led to the introduction of new patterns and new possibilities in Western dress and was immediately imitated by mills found in England and France. [12] (#cite_note-:25-12) As China was considered as the greatest empire in the 17th and 18th century, China and chinoiserie became in vogue in Europe; chinoiserie in this period, however, was the result of a conscious attempt in making "oriental culture" acceptable to the taste of Europeans. [13] (#cite_note-Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_1987-13) : 116 [14] (#cite_note-:19-14) : 152 17th century [ edit ] Chinese-style fashion in Chinoserie (/wiki/Chinoserie) art by François Boucher (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher) , 1755 – 1776 Russian actress wearing chinoiserie fashion, 1838 In the 17th century, Chinese luxury items, such as Chinese textiles and porcelain, were introduced in Italian port cities, Portugal, England, and Holland; these items were what Europeans used to informed themselves about the customs and cultures of the East. [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 15 Imported porcelain from China depicted how clothing was worn in China while Imported Chinese textiles led to fascination in Europe due to the technical skills found in the weaving, hand-painting, and needlework of Chinese silk. [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 15 Chinese textiles were readily tailored into Western-style garments. [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 15 The large amounts of imported Chinese patterned silk textiles in the Western-sphere also influenced the Europeans' perception of Chinese designs; this became known as chinoiserie . Chinoiserie , however, was the result of the European's misunderstandings of authentic Chinese art and life. [13] (#cite_note-Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_1987-13) Not only did Europe imported Chinese textiles, but they also imitated Chinese textiles. [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 16 Moreover, import of textiles from Asia by the East India companies (/wiki/East_India_Company) in the late 17th and early 18th centuries influenced European designs creating a "bizarre style" as designs and motifs were blended into strange and familiar motifs and was influenced by chinoiserie and Japonisme (/wiki/Japonisme) . [5] (#cite_note-:23-5) : 91 18th century [ edit ] In the 18th century, China was tremendously popular in France, leading to what was referred as the "Oriental Renaissance" by Edgar Quinet (/wiki/Edgar_Quinet) in 1848. [15] (#cite_note-:20-15) : 301 From this period and throughout the 19th century, chinoiserie was especially celebrated in France, and the origin of most Chinese-inspired fashion was French during this period. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) French Chinese fashion, which involved the wearing of petticoats (/wiki/Petticoat) with frills, was also introduced in England where it became fashionable among British women; it is however unknown if British women were aware that they were wearing French Chinese fashion. [16] (#cite_note-16) : 544 This craze for China was also shared by England which also showed an obsession for Chinese culture objects in the 18th century. [14] (#cite_note-:19-14) : 152 Chinoiserie was also a popular theme in masquerade balls (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) , and King Gustav III of Sweden (/wiki/Gustav_III) was even dressed in Chinese robes by the Swedish royal family at some point in his lifetime when they were at the summer palace in Drottningholm (/wiki/Drottningholm) . [17] (#cite_note-17) : 113 The craze for chinoiserie however started to wane in England in the second half of the eighteenth century [14] (#cite_note-:19-14) : 152 and further receded in Europe during the 19th century. [15] (#cite_note-:20-15) : 301 19th century [ edit ] As a result of Europe being at the wake of industrialization, and due to Europeans' perception that Chinese civilization was almost outdated following the first (/wiki/First_Opium_War) and the second Opium Wars (/wiki/Second_Opium_War) lead to the decrease of chinoiserie popularity in Europe. [15] (#cite_note-:20-15) : 301 However, this period was marked by an era of universal colonial exchanges and exposure to various categories found in Orient (/wiki/Orient) , such as textiles (e.g. silk) from China and Chinese dress elements (e.g. the precursor of the cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) ). [12] (#cite_note-:25-12) Looting of the Old Summer palace by Anglo-French forces in 1860, illustration dated to 22 December 1860 Many items were looted from China and brought back to Europe during this period. The Old Summer Palace (/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace) , known as Yuanmingyuan ( traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 圓明園 ; simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 圆明园 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Yuánmíng Yuán ; lit. 'Gardens of Perfect Brightness') in Chinese, in particular, which was sacked by Anglo-French forces in 1860s gained the " mythical status as a source of Chinese objects in the West ". [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) : 239 From the looting of the Old Summer Palace (/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace) , the French not only looted the imperial treasures, but also forced open the imperial warehouses stealing shiploads of clothing, jewellery, hats, and rolls of fabrics, amongst many other items. [19] (#cite_note-19) : 260 [20] (#cite_note-:15-20) : 19 Looted items from the Old Summer Palace also flooded the markets of Britain; [21] (#cite_note-:16-21) a cap which was said to have belonged to the Chinese emperor was presented to Queen Victoria, along with a pekingese dog (/wiki/Pekingese) , which became known as Looty (/wiki/Looty_(dog)) . [20] (#cite_note-:15-20) : 19 In Europe, these looted items were sometimes cut into a western-style clothing. [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) : 239 At the end of the 19th century, British chinoiserie fashion had incorporated key elements from the construction design of Chinese clothing, including the use of wide sleeves and side closure. [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) : 239 However, their passion of the British for chinoiserie had vanished. [14] (#cite_note-:19-14) : 152 Women wear Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) -style clothing while men wear Qizhuang-style (/wiki/Qizhuang) attire; they also hold Japanese fans (/wiki/Hand_fan) in their hands; photograph taken in Spring 1886, Cobourg (/wiki/Cobourg) , Ontario, Canada. [22] (#cite_note-:22-22) On the other hand, the 19th century was when chinoiserie was fully developed in America as a kind of "aesthetic colonialism (/wiki/Colonialism) " associating China with exoticism (/wiki/Exoticism) and fantasy, perceiving it as "a fantastic, uncivilized nation"; the upper classes, especially those in New England (/wiki/New_England) and the Middle Colonies (/wiki/Middle_Colonies) , imitated chinoiserie e fashion; following their independence from Britain, they eventually ventured to China where they directly imported Chinese items. [23] (#cite_note-23) : 38 The late 1800s was thus marked with Westerner's fascination to the Far East, especially China and Japan, including in Canada. [22] (#cite_note-:22-22) In the 1850s, there was a deliberate and self-conscious usage of Chinese materials and symbols in the design of dresses. [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 16 Floral (/wiki/Flower) medallions, for example, were used on dresses as they were characteristics of China . [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 17 A second wave of looted items from the suppression of the Boxer uprising (/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion) (1899–1901) also made its way to Britain. [21] (#cite_note-:16-21) During the suppression of the Boxer Uprising, many places were looted including many pawnshops in Beijing were looted. [24] (#cite_note-:18-24) : 54 Clothing items by far were the largest-volume trade in these pawnshops, but they also had other items of value, such as jewellery, watches, furniture, rickshaws, and musical instrument; these items were personal items of Beijing commoners who had exchanged their personal items for a small sum of money and intended to redeem their items later when they would be in better financial times. [24] (#cite_note-:18-24) : 54 Wearing Chinese clothing at home in the West was not deemed as being done out of frivolity or fancy, but was itself an imperial act which signified having worldly knowledge. [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 17 20th century [ edit ] Aleksander Augustynowicz (/wiki/Aleksander_Augustynowicz) in chinoiserie-style dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) , 1911 Evening dress with Chinese-style floral embroidery by the Callot sisters In the early 20th century, European and fashion designers would use China and other countries outside of the Eurocentric-fashion world to seek inspiration; Vogue Magazine (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) also acknowledged that China had contributed to the aesthetic inspiration to global fashion. [25] (#cite_note-:5-25) Chinese motifs regrew popular in European fashion during this period. [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) : 239 China and the Chinese people also supplied the materials and aesthetics to American fashion and influenced global fashion; however, they remained perceived as being fashion-less and did not fit the criteria of modern status. [25] (#cite_note-:5-25) For example, in the early 1900s, Vogue magazine (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) encouraged people to buy beautifully embroidered Chinese garments made of high quality silk in Chinatowns (/wiki/Chinatown) , which were sold as cheap items in America; however, many of these items were actually looted (/wiki/Looting) items from Beijing during the suppression of the Boxer Uprising (/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion) . [26] (#cite_note-:17-26) From the 1910s in the United Kingdoms, Chinese robes, which were perceived as being only suitable as a fancy or luxurious dress or a source of embroidery pieces, started to be worn by British women as a form of loose coats. [21] (#cite_note-:16-21) 1920s to 1930s [ edit ] Cape in chinoiserie fashion, likely designed by Jean Patou (/wiki/Jean_Patou) in 1930 The 1920s was marked by the return of a great craze for chinoiserie . [27] (#cite_note-:26-27) Genuine embroidered Chinese jackets and coats were worn as evening wear. [27] (#cite_note-:26-27) The loose fitting cut of British women garments in the 1920s also reflects the influence of Chinese clothing. [21] (#cite_note-:16-21) The cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) was created in the 1920s and was turned into a high-style evening wear when it was appropriated by the West. [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 19 By the 1930s, the cheongsam was associated with Chinese dress and was used in Hollywood movies (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) as the identifying clothing of Chinese women. [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 19 When worn by Asian Hollywood stars, such as Anna May Wong (/wiki/Anna_May_Wong) , the sexualized version cheongsam was turned into a symbol of the exotic and erotic nightlife in Shanghai. [28] (#cite_note-:11-28) : 269 1940s to end of 20th century [ edit ] In the mid-20th century, chinoiserie influenced the designs of great designers and/or couturiers, such as Christian Dior [29] (#cite_note-:1-29) and Yves Saint-Laurent. [30] (#cite_note-:8-30) [14] (#cite_note-:19-14) : 187 Princess Diana wearing a langan -style mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) , 23 February 1981 On 23 February 1981, Princess Diana (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) wore a red coloured silk, midi Chinese skirt (/wiki/Qun) known as mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) when she posed with Prince Charles (/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales) at Clarence House (/wiki/Clarence_House) prior to their official engagement announcement. This Chinese skirt was in the Qing dynasty langan style and was embroidered with chrysanthemum (/wiki/Chrysanthemum) embroidery motifs. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) and had a red waistband. [34] (#cite_note-:30-34) The use of auspicious red colour was in line with Chinese wedding tradition (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_marriage) ; however, the skirt was not considered fully auspicious according to Chinese beliefs as it lacked a white waistband instead of a red one. [34] (#cite_note-:30-34) A mamianqun with white waistband was usually worn by Chinese bride to symbolize: "to grow old together", which Princess Diana lacked; and thus, Princess Diana's (/wiki/Mamianqun#Princess_Diana's_mamianqun) mamianqun was did not conform to the guiju ( Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 规矩 ; lit. 'established rules') and was instead considered buxiangde yuzhao ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 不祥的预兆 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : bùxiángde yùzhào ; lit. 'inauspicious omen'), a sign of bad omen. [34] (#cite_note-:30-34) 21st century [ edit ] Chinoiserie fashion continues to appears in the work of fashion designers and directive creators of luxury brands in the 21st century. For instances, chinoiserie appeared have been a key seasonal influence to Louis Vuitton Spring/ Summer 2011 collections; for example, with the use of brisé fan (/wiki/Hand_fan) by Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , etc. [35] (#cite_note-:9-35) The Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_Ready-to-Wear_runway_collections) Fall/Winter 2015–2016 depicted the use of colourful Chinese motifs, such as lion's heads, flowers, plants, in the embroidery work on their clothing and handbags, which were described as "reinterpretations of symbols representing human qualities and spiritual values" by the Magazine Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [36] (#cite_note-36) Designers [ edit ] Some famous fashion designers and/or creative directors, who are known to have adopted or incorporated chinoiserie aesthetics at some point in their fashion collection, include Mariano Fortuny (/wiki/Mariano_Fortuny_(designer)) , the Callot Soeurs (/wiki/Callot_Soeurs) who were known for their usage of Chinese silks, Chinese-style embroideries (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) , had Orientalism as their favourite theme, [37] (#cite_note-37) Jean Paquin, [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) : 4 Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) , Jeanne Lanvin (/wiki/Jeanne_Lanvin) , [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 17–19 Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , [29] (#cite_note-:1-29) Yves Saint-Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) , [30] (#cite_note-:8-30) Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , [38] (#cite_note-38) : 113 John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) , [39] (#cite_note-39) : 9 Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , [28] (#cite_note-:11-28) : 270 and Maria Grazia Chiuri (/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Chiuri) . [29] (#cite_note-:1-29) Chinoiserie continues to appears in fashion creation in present-days. Luxury fashion brands such as, Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , [35] (#cite_note-:9-35) Dior (/wiki/Dior) , and Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , etc., were also inspired by Chinese art and aesthetics, these influences are sometimes reflected in their creation of colours and the patterns found on their fabrics. [1] (#cite_note-:13-1) : 52 Christian Dior [ edit ] Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , who had never travelled to China, especially celebrated Chinese aesthetics since the 1947; Chinese aesthetics in his design collections were influenced by Chinese overcoats and have been inspired by the "exotic" ( chinoiserie ) home decor of his childhood; throughout the 1960s, Dior used various cultural references to China, such as Chinese calligraphy (/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy) , the silhouette of the cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) , and the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) blue and white porcelain (/wiki/Blue_and_white_pottery) in various of his collections. [29] (#cite_note-:1-29) Yves Saint-Laurent [ edit ] Like Christian Dior, Yves Saint-Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) was very inspired by Chinese culture although he never visited China; this is also reflected in his 1977's collection " Les Chinoises ": [30] (#cite_note-:8-30) [14] (#cite_note-:19-14) : 187 Beijing, however, remains a dazzling memory. The China that I had so often interpreted in my designs was exactly as I had imagined it. All I need for my imagine to blend into a place or a landscape is a picture book. … I don't feel any need to go there. I have already dreamt about it so much. — Yves Saint Laurent, in Elle, December 25, 1995. Sources of fashion inspiration [ edit ] Chinese auspicious ornaments and textile [ edit ] Main articles: Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (/wiki/Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing) , Chinese ornamental gold silk (/wiki/Chinese_ornamental_gold_silk) , and Chinese embroidery (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) The most visible form of chinoiserie is through the appropriation of Chinese decorative (and auspicious) motifs and styles. [21] (#cite_note-:16-21) : 55 During the Italian Renaissance (/wiki/Italian_Renaissance) , Italian craftsmen appropriated Chinese cultural and auspicious symbols, such as the lotus flowers (/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera) , pomegranates (/wiki/Pomegranate) , peonies (/wiki/Peony) , florets (/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms) , phoenixes (/wiki/Fenghuang) and dragons (/wiki/Chinese_dragon) in their textiles which were then used in fashionable dressmaking for the wealthy Italian social class. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) Chinese motifs also grew in popularity in European fashion in the 20th century. [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) : 239 Textile obtained through imperialistic appropriation [ edit ] Yellow dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) worn by the emperor of the Qing dynasty, 18th century Leon Wyczółkowski (/wiki/Leon_Wycz%C3%B3%C5%82kowski) wearing a dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) , 1911 Dragon robes (/wiki/Dragon_robe) (and python robes (/wiki/Mangfu) ) of the Qing dynasty were highly regulated by the Qing dynasty's Sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_law) and court and the workshops and storehouses were managed by the Qing Imperial Household Department. [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) : 243–245 They were also typically bestowed by the Qing dynasty court to important people within the Qing Empire boundaries, such as Mongolia and Tibet (/wiki/Tibet) as diplomatic gifts, who were allowed to cut and adapt to fit their own customs. [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) : 245 In chinoiserie fashion of the early 20th century, the dragon robes (/wiki/Dragon_robe) (and python robes (/wiki/Mangfu) ) were at times cut and converted into Western-style attire, such as banyan and waistcoat; however, the direct alterations of Chinese garments for the use of Westerners are sometimes regarded as "imperialistic appropriation". [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) : 243–247 Some of these adapted dragon robe clothing were possibly fabric rolls and/or clothing looted from the Old Summer Palace (/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace) contrary to what museum donors sometimes wish explain about their origins. [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) : 243–245 During the Opium wars, the use of Chinese dragons robes by Europeans in the late Victorian Europe were sometimes used to mock Chinese masculinity; for example, George Smith in the painting The Rightful Heir , exhibited in 1874 in the Royal Academy, would paint the villain found in the painting wearing a Chinese dragon robe tied with a belt around the waist with slippers on his feet. [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) : 246 In similar instances, Liberty in 1898 offered evening capes (/wiki/Cape) which were advertised as being made of "Mandarin robes" (i.e. Qing dynasty court dress); however, these capes were actually made of Han Chinese (/wiki/Han_Chinese) women's traditional skirts (/wiki/Qun) . [40] (#cite_note-:142-40) : 248 In 1981, Blue and white porcelain [ edit ] White and blue printed silk dress by Vera Maxwell (/wiki/Vera_Maxwell) , c.1965 The combination of blue and white colour is one of the most popular colour palette combination in history and originated from Asian ceramics of the 9th century. [41] (#cite_note-:0-41) Chinese blue and white porcelain (/wiki/Blue_and_white_pottery) , which was developed since the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) and fully matured in Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) , and are one of the most nationalistic arts of China, often appears in modern fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) . [42] (#cite_note-42) : 513–514 This colour palette found in ceramics later spread in Europe and influenced the Delftware (/wiki/Delftware) in the 16th century and Willow pattern (/wiki/Willow_pattern) created by British manufacturers in the later 18th century; the 18th century was also the era when printed fabrics such as blue and white Toile de Jouy (/wiki/Toile) gained popularity and inspired fashion designers to use the blue and white as a prominent colour palette in the coming year. [41] (#cite_note-:0-41) It was thus adopted in fashion designs of garments and shoes of famous fashion designers, such as Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_designer)) , Dr Martens (/wiki/Dr._Martens) . [41] (#cite_note-:0-41) Some modern fashion designers, such as Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) , Guo Pei (/wiki/Guo_Pei) , were also directly inspired by Chinese blue and white porcelain. [41] (#cite_note-:0-41) [note 1] (#cite_note-43) Adoption of Chinese garments, clothing elements, and construction [ edit ] See also: Wrap dress (/wiki/Wrap_dress) , Influence of Chinese fastening on American and European fashion (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) , and Mandarin collar (/wiki/Mandarin_collar) British chinoiserie fashion had incorporated key elements from the construction design of Chinese clothing, including the use of wide sleeves and side closure; these designs were then adapted to meet the aesthetic tastes of Europeans. [18] (#cite_note-:14-18) : 239 Chinese fashion also influenced various designs and styles of déshabillé (/wiki/Negligee) . [26] (#cite_note-:17-26) The design of wrap-style closure or neckline, known as jiaoling (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 交領 ; lit. 'intersecting collar') in China, in European garments was the results of the heavy influences of Orientalism (/wiki/Orientalism) which was popular in the 19th century. [43] (#cite_note-:03-44) [note 2] (#cite_note-45) A wrap top (/wiki/Wrap_dress) called San toy , the Ladies' Chinese dressing or lounging sack, a design published in 1901 in The Delineator (/wiki/The_Delineator) , Volume 57, p. 210 Chinese jackets (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) with wrap closure also influenced American fashion in the early 1900s; an example of such jacket is the San toy (#4777), which appeared in American women's magazine, The Delineator (/wiki/The_Delineator) , in 1901. In volume 57, The Delineator described it as being "Ladies' Chinese dressing" or as a "Lounging sack", and as having "a strong suggestion of the Orient". [44] (#cite_note-:31-46) : 216–217 The San toy was designed to be loose-fitting, a wrap closure on the left side (known as jiaoling zuoren in China) which closes with satin ribbon ties; it also featured deep side vents, which was considered as being a "novel effect", and was trimmed with a single band creating a fancy outline. [44] (#cite_note-:31-46) : 206, 217 The San toy of Volume 57 (#4777) reappeared in Volume 58 of The Delineator along with another Chinese-style inspired wrap top (#3920), one of which closed on the right side (known as jiaoling youren in China) with a single ribbon. [45] (#cite_note-47) : 152 The Ladies' Chinese dressing sac #3920 appeared at least a year earlier and was published in Volume 56 of The Delineator of 1900. [46] (#cite_note-48) In the 1910s, Euro-American women showed women in Chinese robes used as loose evening coats over dresses. [40] (#cite_note-:142-40) : 248 Among the items which were advertised by Vogue in its 15 December 1911 publication, there was the aoqun (/wiki/Ruqun) , which composed of the ao (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) a type of Chinese jackets, and the Qing dynasty-style mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) , a traditional skirt of the Han Chinese. [26] (#cite_note-:17-26) There was also a fashion trend for day-wear jackets and coats to be cut in styles which would suggest various Chinese items as was published the Ladies’ Home Journal in June 1913. [26] (#cite_note-:17-26) According to the Ladies’ Home Journal of June 1913, volume 30, issue 6: Interest in the political and civic activities of the new China, which is more or less world-wide at this time, led the designers of this page [p.26] and the succeeding one [p.27] to look to that country for inspiration for clothes that would be unique and new and yet fit in with present-day modes and the needs and environments of American women [...] — Ladies’ Home Journal: The Chinese Summer Dress, published in June 1913: Vol 30, issue 6, p. 26 Chinese-style garments, inspired diverse Chinese-style and Manchu-style garments, designed by US designers in the 1910s, published from the Chinese Summer dress from Ladies’ Home Journal of June 1913: Vol 30 Issue 6, page 26 and 27 Garments displayed from The Chinese Summer Dress published in the Ladies’ Home Journal of June 1913, volume 30, issue 6, show influences of the Qing dynasty mandarin court gown (/wiki/Qizhuang) , especially the bufu (a mandarin court dress with a mandarin square badge (/wiki/Mandarin_square) ), the jiaoling (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) , kanjia (/wiki/Qizhuang) , mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) , yunjian (/wiki/Yunjian) , yaoqun (/wiki/Yaoqun) (a short waist-length overskirt (/wiki/Overskirt) ), piling (collar in Qing dynasty court dress), chenyi and changyi (Manchu women dresses), ao (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) and gua (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) , as well as traditional Chinese embroideries (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) , and traditional Chinese lào zi (/wiki/L%C3%A0o_zi) , pankou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) , Mandarin collars (/wiki/Mandarin_collar) , etc. [26] (#cite_note-:17-26) There are also photographic evidences of Chinese robes being used outside its wearer's home as fashion items with little or no adaption from the 1920s. [40] (#cite_note-:142-40) : 248 The loosening of women's fashion found in the 1920s loose-fitting fashion, especially the disappearance of nipped-in corset, appears to have also been influenced by the loose lines and roomy armholes of the traditional Chinese robes and jackets along with other factors, such as the experience of freedoms of elite women at that time, the sportswear-designs of Chanel, and the garment designs by Paul Poiret who designed Middle-Eastern inspired garments. [21] (#cite_note-:16-21) Cheongsam [ edit ] The cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) was created in the 1920s and was originally a symbol of women emancipation (/wiki/Women%27s_rights) in China; when it was appropriated by the West, it was turned into a high-style evening wear. [3] (#cite_note-:10-3) : 19 In the 21st century, some evening dresses designed by Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) showed the influences of the sexualized version cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) in terms of cut and the imperial five-clawed Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_dragon) dragon robes (/wiki/Dragon_robe) in terms of use of colour (e.g. imperial yellow) and Chinese motifs (such as xiangyun clouds (/wiki/Xiangyun_(Auspicious_clouds)) , Lishui (/wiki/Lishui_(sea-waves)) , and the Twelve Ornaments (/wiki/Twelve_Ornaments) ), as well as the Manchu's horsehoof cuffs (/wiki/Qizhuang#Characteristics_of_Qizhuang) . [28] (#cite_note-:11-28) : 269–270 [47] (#cite_note-49) Chinese shawls [ edit ] An exported white silk Chinese shawl, made for the Western market, early 20th century Chinese shawls (/wiki/Shawl) were popular among European elite style leaders in the early 20th century. However, in a report dating to 1921 written by Vogue, it was referred as Spanish shawls, and readers were informed that these shawls were imported from Venice, Spain, Persia, and the Philippines, while omitting the initial Chinese importation of these shawls when earlier importers of Chinese goods and other travellers to China were key sources for these shawls twenty years prior to the publication of the report. [48] (#cite_note-50) Spanish shawls, 2016 The Spanish shawls, also known as Manila shawls (/wiki/Manila_shawl) and mantón de Manila , have become traditional accessory for women in Spain and Latin America and is also a crucial feature in Flamenco dance (/wiki/Flamenco) costume. [49] (#cite_note-:27-51) The term Manila shawl itself is a misnomer (/wiki/Misnomer) , which appeared when the America-European people got confused concerning the origins and provenance of the shawl, thus leading to a misattribution to the Philippines. [50] (#cite_note-:28-52) : 252 These shawls of Chinese origins then became identified with Spanish ladies. [51] (#cite_note-:29-53) : 137 The Chinese shawls were manufactured in Guangdong province (/wiki/Guangdong) , China and were then introduced in Mexico and Spain from the seaport of Manila, which was where goods from Asia (including various forms of items manufactured in Guangdong) could be exported to Mexico and Europe. [49] (#cite_note-:27-51) These shawls became a popular fashion accessory for women in Spain and Latin America after the year 1821. [51] (#cite_note-:29-53) : 137 : 252 The demand for these Chinese shawls grew so much that it led to an increase in production from Chinese factories; and simultaneously, local embroiderers from Spain started to embroider their own. [49] (#cite_note-:27-51) Despite the emerging local production in Spain, a large amount of Manila shawls continued to be manufactured in China for the sole purpose of the export market. [49] (#cite_note-:27-51) The popularity of these shawls (which were actually still being produced in China) in the 19th century Europe eventually resulted in the adoption of the Chinese shawls in the traditional Spanish clothing attire. [50] (#cite_note-:28-52) With time and through various form cultural exchanges with other cultures, the Spanish shawls developed into its current style through the exposure and interaction of different cultures. [52] (#cite_note-54) Chinese shoes [ edit ] Example of a Chinese slippers, Qing dynasty. Chinese shoes have influenced the design of European slippers with turned-up toes and with small low heels of the late 1880s. [53] (#cite_note-55) : 284 In the early 20th century, Chinese slippers (/wiki/Xiuhuaxie) , which were manufactured in China for American trade, were exported and sold in American stores; however, the fine grade Chinese slippers were never sold to Chinese people in America instead they were sold to American women as boudoir shoes. [54] (#cite_note-:21-56) : 21 On the other hand, local Chinese shoe companies in America would mainly sell shoes to Chinese people. [54] (#cite_note-:21-56) : 21 Controversies [ edit ] Lack of fashion myth, Western Imperialism, and Orientalism [ edit ] Though Chinese fashions had a global influence, the Chinese themselves were still perceived as being fashion-less when they did not fit the criteria of fashionable modernity. [25] (#cite_note-:5-25) Europeans had visited imperial China since the 1500s at the times of the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) and the difference of fashion was one of the first thing that they noticed. [55] (#cite_note-:2-57) : 204 "Clothing never changed in China" became a myth constructed by early European writers and foreign sojourners who visited Imperial China but lacked knowledge on Chinese fashion of the previous decades. [55] (#cite_note-:2-57) : 204 European writers at least since the 18th century, such as Jean-Baptiste Du Halde (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Du_Halde) , Fernand Braudel (/wiki/Fernand_Braudel) , had held opinions that China had a static fashion. [56] (#cite_note-:6-58) : 80 However, the descriptions of Chinese fashion by Europeans from the 16th to the 18th centuries were mainly based on their perceptions of the Chinese clothing that they saw, instead of describing Chinese garments itself. [57] (#cite_note-:7-59) : 9 In the 18th century, Jean-Baptiste Du Halde (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Du_Halde) , for example, had identified fashion as being a key difference between Europe and ancient China is the lack of changing fashion in China in his publications: [56] (#cite_note-:6-58) : 80 As for what is here called Fashion, it has nothing at all in it like what we call so in Europe, where the manner of Dress is subject to many changes — Jean-Baptiste du Halde (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_du_Halde) , French Jesuit Historian Du Halde's claims of the static fashion of China was later circulated along with his publications and consolidated the belief that Chinese people dressed in fashion-less robes in the imagination of the Europeans. [56] (#cite_note-:6-58) : 80 Ironically, Du Halde actually never went to Imperial China; however, to strengthen the veracity of his claims, Du Halde paired these images of engravings of Chinese with exhaustive descriptions of Chinese customs and relied on the accounts of other Jesuit missionaries. [56] (#cite_note-:6-58) : 80 Similar accounts continued to appear at different point of time. Western Imperialism (/wiki/Imperialism) also often accompanied Orientalism (/wiki/Orientalism) , and European imperialism was especially at its highest in the 19th century. [57] (#cite_note-:7-59) : 10 In the 19th century time, Europeans described China in binary opposition to Europe, describing China as "lacking in fashion" among many other things, while Europeans deliberately placed themselves in a superior position when they would compare themselves to the Chinese [57] (#cite_note-:7-59) : 10 as well as to other countries in Asia: [58] (#cite_note-60) : 166 Latent orientalism is an unconscious, untouchable certainty about what the Orient is, static and unanimous, separate, eccentric, backward, silently different, sensual, and passive. It has a tendency towards despotism and away from progress. [...] Its progress and value are judged in comparison to the West, so it is the Other. Many rigorous scholars [...] saw the Orient as a locale requiring Western attention, reconstruction, even redemption. — Laura Fantone quoted Said (1979), Local Invisibility, Postcolonial Feminisms Asian American Contemporary Artists in California, page 166 Works by Europeans writers which were influenced by Orientalist ideas would depict China as lacking fashion and by extension construct China as a static and unchanging nation. [59] (#cite_note-61) : 238 Compared to the Chinese, the Europeans would therefore describe themselves as "not superstitious, backwards, unhygienic, effeminate, or slavish". [57] (#cite_note-:7-59) : 10 Foot binding (/wiki/Foot_binding) , in particular, fuelled the imaginations of the Europeans and the Americans who perceived China as being "a mysterious, exotic, and barbaric Orient" where bound feet of the Chinese women became a representative of the "Chinese barbarity" and as signs of women oppression. [25] (#cite_note-:5-25) Similar ideas were also applied to other countries in the East Asia, in India, and Middle East, where the perceived lack of fashion were associated with offensive remarks on the Asian social and political systems: [60] (#cite_note-62) : 187 I confess that the unchanging fashions of the Turks and other Eastern peoples do not attract me. It seems that their fashions tend to preserve their stupid despotism. — Jean Baptiste Say (/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Say) (1829) Accusation of cultural appropriation and plagiarism [ edit ] 2022 Mamianqun and new Dior skirt from fall 2022 collection (/wiki/Mamianqun#Dior_controversy_2022) : In July 2022, Dior first was accused of cultural appropriation and design plagiarism of the traditional Han Chinese skirt, mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) . Dior was accused of cultural appropriation for a second time in July 2022 for due to its usage of pattern print which looks like the huaniaotu (/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting) ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 花鸟图 ; lit. 'bird-and-flower painting'), into its 2022 autumn and winter ready-to-wear collection and has been introduced as being Dior's signature motif Jardin d'Hiver which was inspired by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's wall murals. [61] (#cite_note-63) The huaniaotu is a traditional Chinese painting theme which belong to the Chinese scholar-artist style in Chinese painting (/wiki/Chinese_painting) and originated in the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . [62] (#cite_note-64) Related content [ edit ] Korea: Chinese influences on Korean clothing (/wiki/Chinese_influence_on_Korean_culture) Japan: Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) , Ryusou (/wiki/Ryusou) See also [ edit ] Fashion Chinese clothing (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) : Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) , Qizhuang (/wiki/Qizhuang) , cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Major historical events in Chinese fashion history: Tifayifu (/wiki/Tifayifu) ; Hanfu Movement (/wiki/Hanfu_Movement) Gallery [ edit ] Chinoiserie fashion Wrap dress (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Brisé fan, China, c.1800 Sources of inspiration and materials in chinoiserie fashion A bufu, a mandarin court robe, with piling over the shoulders, Civil official of Qing dynasty, mid-18th century Piling collar, worn in the court robe of the Qing dynasty Inaccurate depiction of a lady in China, from the book "A collection of the dresses of different nations, ancient and modern", 1700, Qing dynasty period Jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu) yi (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) with mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) with pleats, Hanfu, from the Boxer Codex (/wiki/Boxer_Codex) , 1500 A style of kanjia (/wiki/Qizhuang) / majia, a traditional vest, Qing dynasty, 19th century Chang'ao (/wiki/Chang%27ao) and mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) with pleats, sash, and yunjian (collar) (/wiki/Yunjian) , a popular style of Hanfu in the Ming to Qing dynasty, 18th century. Ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) with yaoqun and traditional Lào zi (/wiki/L%C3%A0o_zi) (decorative Chinese knot), Hanfu A style of kanjia (/wiki/Qizhuang) / majia, a traditional vest, Qing dynasty, 19th century Ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) , Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) , Qing dynasty, 18th century. Qing dynasty-style aoqun, consisting of ao and mamianqun with gore, traditional Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) . Example of gua jacket worn by Chinese women, Qing dynasty Chenyi, Manchu women robe (/wiki/Qizhuang) , Qing dynasty Changyi, Manchu women robe (/wiki/Qizhuang) , Qing dynasty Han Chinese women's ao with integrated yunjian (/wiki/Yunjian) appliqué at the collar, Qing dynasty, late 19th century Yunjian (/wiki/Yunjian) , a collar used by Han Chinese women, Qing dynasty Restoration of a blue Yunjian (/wiki/Yunjian) embellished with fringes as part of the traditional Chinese wedding of the 19th century, Folk Customs Museum, Luoyang, China Imperial dragon robes, Qing dynasty Manchu's Horsehoofs cuffs decorated with xiangyun (/wiki/Xiangyun_(Auspicious_clouds)) , lishui (/wiki/Lishui_(sea-waves)) , woshui, floral medaillon, and hongfu (red bats). A style of Chinese Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-43) A blue and white dress worn by Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) in 2005 by Roberto Cavalli dress with printed designs was inspired by Chinese blue and white porcelain (/wiki/Chinese_blue_and_white_porcelain) ; some dress designs Guo Pei (/wiki/Guo_Pei) in 2010–2011 was also influenced by Chinese blue and white porcelain (/wiki/Chinese_blue_and_white_porcelain) . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Such as British tea gowns of the 19th century References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Rovai, Serena (2016). Luxury the Chinese way : new competitive scenarios . Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-137-53775-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 946357865 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/946357865) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b The Berg companion to fashion . Valerie Steele. London. 2018. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4742-6471-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1101075054 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1101075054) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Martin, Richard (1994). Orientalism : visions of the East in western dress . Harold Koda, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-87099-733-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 31377749 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31377749) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sterlacci, Francesca (2017). Historical dictionary of the fashion industry . Joanne Arbuckle (Second ed.). Landham. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4422-3909-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 969439606 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/969439606) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hodacs, Hanna (2016). Silk and tea in the north : Scandinavian trade and the market for Asian goods in eighteenth-century Europe . London. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-137-45544-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 949930436 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949930436) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Evans, J. A. S. (2005). The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-32582-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 56598481 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56598481) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Grumeza, Ion (2010). The roots of Balkanization : Eastern Europe C.E. 500–1500 . Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7618-5135-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 667271461 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/667271461) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Chinoiserie Paradox: Fashion Creating the Self Through the "Other" – Compass" (https://wp.nyu.edu/compass/2018/04/24/the-chinoiserie-paradox-fashion-creating-the-self-through-the-other/) . Retrieved 15 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion : an Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence . Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-45167-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 910448387 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910448387) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Reichwein, Adolf (2013). China and Europe . Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-136-20462-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 852759072 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/852759072) . ^ Jump up to: a b Lane-Poole, Stanley (1886). The Art of the Saracens in Egypt: part 1 . London: Committee of Council on Education by Chapman and Hall. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-337-83810-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1190389451 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1190389451) . ^ Jump up to: a b Koda, Harold; Martin, Richard (2004). "Orientalism: Visions of the East in Western Dress" (https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/orie/hd_orie.htm) . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Indianapolis Museum of Art (1987). Eighteenth-century English porcelain in the collection of the Indianapolis Museum of Art . Catherine Beth Lippert. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Museum of Art. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-936260-11-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 18260674 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18260674) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kawamura, Yuniya (2022). Cultural appropriation in fashion and entertainment . Jung-Whan Marc De Jong. London. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-350-17056-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1285370139 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1285370139) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c European perceptions of China and perspectives on the Belt and Road Initiative . Stephen Rowley. Leiden. 2021. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-04-46984-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1260167375 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1260167375) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-16) Mrs Markham (1859). A History of France (PDF) . Harper & Bros. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Arnold, Rebecca (2009). Fashion : a very short introduction . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-157172-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 536239338 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/536239338) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Beyond chinoiserie : artistic exchange between China and the West during the late Qing dynasty (1796–1911) . Petra ten-Doesschate Chu, Jennifer Dawn Milam. Leiden. 2019. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-04-38783-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1077291584 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077291584) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-19) Dudley, Leonard (2017). The singularity of western innovation : the language nexus . New York. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-137-39822-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1159651833 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1159651833) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Meyer, Karl E. (2015). The China collectors : America's century-long hunt for Asian art treasures . Shareen Blair Brysac. New York. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4668-7929-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 903692961 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/903692961) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f British Modernism and Chinoiserie . Anne Witchard. 2015. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7486-9097-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 945765640 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945765640) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Irwin, Harry. ""Feast of Lanterns"" (https://images.ourontario.ca/Cobourg/19144/data) . images.ourontario.ca . Retrieved 1 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) America views China : American images of China then and now . Jonathan Goldstein, Jerry Israel, Hilary Conroy. Bethlehem [Pennsylvania]. 1991. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-934223-13-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 21340999 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21340999) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Goldstein, Joshua (2021). Remains of the everyday : a century of recycling in Beijing . Oakland, California. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-97139-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1157673529 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1157673529) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Chan, Heather (2017). "From Costume to Fashion: Visions of Chinese Modernity in Vogue Magazine, 1892–1943" (https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fars.13441566.0047.009) . Ars Orientalis . 47 (20220203). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3998/ars.13441566.0047.009 (https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fars.13441566.0047.009) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 2027/spo.13441566.0047.009 (https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.13441566.0047.009) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2328-1286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2328-1286) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Fashioning Empire: Chinese Chic" (https://siliconvalley.basisindependent.com/2021/04/29/fashioning-empire-chinese-chic/) . BASIS Independent Silicon Valley . 29 April 2021 . Retrieved 29 July 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, Kerry (2017). Vintage fashion & couture : from Poiret to McQueen . London. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84533-856-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 976440430 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/976440430) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c The Handbook of Fashion Studies . Sandy Black, Amy De la Haye, Joanne Entwistle, Regina A. Root, Helen Thomas, Agnes Rocamora. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4725-7744-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 866442935 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/866442935) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Magazine, Wallpaper* (18 December 2019). "The China List: Christian Dior, Fashion" (https://www.wallpaper.com/w-bespoke/The-China-List-Christian-Dior-Fashion) . Wallpaper* . Retrieved 4 August 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c " (https://museeyslparis.com/en/biography/collection-les-chinoises) "Les Chinoises" Collection" (https://museeyslparis.com/en/biography/collection-les-chinoises) . Musée Yves Saint Laurent Paris . Retrieved 15 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Hanmer, Davina (1984). Diana, the fashion princess . Tim Graham (1st American ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-03-072068-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 10375648 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10375648) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Princess Diana poses with Charles . 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Lady Diana: Die Stationen ihres Lebens in Bildern" (https://www.diepresse.com/5271069/lady-diana-die-stationen-ihres-lebens-in-bildern) . Die Presse (in German). 28 August 2017. p. 3 . Retrieved 15 July 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "40 years ago, Diana wore a Chinese horse-faced skirt to the dinner party, but she didn't wear the right one, hiding the ominous signs" (https://inf.news/en/world/744c167b084b1676b5b029cce7a580ea.html) . iNews . 2022. ^ Jump up to: a b kamakshi (27 May 2011). "Louis Vuitton Chinoiserie Fan and Minaudières raise the fashion-fever in 2011" (https://luxurylaunches.com/fashion/louis_vuitton_chinoiserie_fan_and_minaudieres_raise_the_fashionfever_in_2011.php) . Luxurylaunches . Retrieved 5 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Chinoiserie at Valentino" (https://www.vogue.fr/fashion/fashion-news/diaporama/chinoiserie-at-valentino-fall-winter-2015-2016/19600) . Vogue France (in French). 12 March 2015 . Retrieved 5 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Museum, Victoria and Albert. "Evening Dress | V&A Explore The Collections" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O362560/) . Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections . Retrieved 10 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Lees-Maffei, Grace (2019). Reading graphic design in cultural context . Nic Maffei. London. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-350-01558-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1082136215 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082136215) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-39) Thomas, Dana (2015). Gods and Kings : the rise and fall of Alexander McQueen and John Galliano . New York. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-101-61795-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 902806301 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902806301) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c Beyond chinoiserie : artistic exchange between China and the West during the late Qing dynasty (1796–1911) . Petra ten-Doesschate Chu, Jennifer Dawn Milam. Leiden. 2019. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-04-38783-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1077291584 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077291584) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Blue and White: Fashion • V&A Blog" (https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/blue-and-white/blue-and-white-fashion) . V&A Blog . 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Knowledge discovery and data mining . Honghua Tan. Berlin: Springer. 2012. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-642-27708-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 776878608 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/776878608) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-:03_44-0) Parkins, Ilya (2012). Cultures of Femininity in Modern Fashion . Elizabeth M. Sheehan. Hanover: University of New Hampshire Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61168-233-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 823388661 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/823388661) . ^ Jump up to: a b The Delineator . Vol. 57. Charles Dwyer, H. F.. Montgomery, R. S.. O'Loughlin. United Kingdom: Butterick Publishing Company. 1901. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-47) The Delineator . Vol. 58. Charles Dwyer, H. F. Montgomery, R. S. O'Loughlin (editors). United Kingdom: Butterick Publishing Company. 1901. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-48) The Delineator . Vol. 56. Charles Dwyer, H. F. Montgomery, R. S. O'Loughlin. United Kingdoms: Butterick Publishing Company. 1900. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-49) Yotka, Steff (4 May 2015). "The Costume Institute's Chinese Exhibit Imagines an Impossible Conversation Between the East and West" (https://www.vogue.com/article/costume-institute-china-through-the-looking-glass-exhibit-2) . Vogue . Retrieved 10 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Rethinking fashion globalization . Sarah Cheang, Erica de Greef, Yōko Takagi. London, UK. 2021. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-350-18008-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1235903211 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1235903211) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Story of the Exhibit: Manila Shawl" (http://www.fashionmuseumriga.lv/eng/kaleidoscope/manila/) . Fashion Museum . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Johnston, Patricia (2014). Global trade and visual arts in federal new england . Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61168-586-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 894739190 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/894739190) . ^ Jump up to: a b Nash, Elizabeth (2005). Seville, Córdoba, and Granada : a cultural history . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-280-53468-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 252606054 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252606054) . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "Silk hand embroidered shawl with long fringes – China" (https://thezay.org/product/zi1995-500900-1-manila-silk-hand-embroidered-shawl-with-long-fringes-china/) . The Zay Initiative . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Tortora, Phyllis G. (2010). Survey of historic costume : a history of Western dress . Keith Eubank (5th ed.). New York, NY: Fairchild Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56367-806-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 425839941 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/425839941) . ^ Jump up to: a b Boot and Shoe Recorder . Vol. 56. Boot and Shoe Recorder. 1909. ^ Jump up to: a b Modern Chinese literary and cultural studies in the age of theory : reimagining a field . Rey Chow. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. 2000. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8223-8016-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 51948712 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51948712) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Chen, Buyun (2019). Empire of style : silk and fashion in Tang China . Seattle. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-295-74531-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1101879641 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1101879641) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Finnane, Antonia (2008). Changing clothes in China : fashion, history, nation . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-231-14350-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 84903948 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/84903948) . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Fantone, Laura (2018). Local invisibility, postcolonial feminisms : Asian American contemporary artists in California . New York, NY, U.S.A. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-137-50670-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1029545709 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1029545709) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-61) Hellman, Lisa (2019). This house is not a home : European everyday life in Canton and Macao, 1730–1830 . Leiden. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-04-38454-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1061817140 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1061817140) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-62) Chaudhuri, K. N. (1990). Asia before Europe : economy and civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the rise of Islam to 1750 . Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-521-30400-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 20014228 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20014228) . ^ (#cite_ref-63) Looi, Sylvia (4 August 2022). "In less than a month, French fashion brand Dior accused of cultural appropriation again" (https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2022/08/04/in-less-than-a-month-french-fashion-brand-dior-accused-of-cultural-appropriation-again/20975) . Malay Mail . Retrieved 4 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) "Flower-and-Bird Paintings" (http://en.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2004-02/18/content_46038.htm) . en.chinaculture.org . Retrieved 4 August 2022 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic 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(/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report 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This template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) : Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles United States (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_United_States) United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) This template is within the scope of WikiProject United States (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_United_States) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of topics relating to the United States of America (/wiki/United_States) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the ongoing discussions. Template Usage (/wiki/Template:WikiProject_United_States#Usage) Articles Requested! Become a Member (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_United_States/Members) Project Talk (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_United_States) Alerts (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_United_States/Article_alerts) United States Wikipedia:WikiProject United States Template:WikiProject United States United States articles __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Clarification-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z","replies":["c-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z-Clarification"],"text":"Clarification","linkableTitle":"Clarification"} Clarification [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Clarification-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z","replies":["c-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z-Clarification"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Mabalu-2017-04-04T12:45:00.000Z-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z","timestamp":"2017-04-04T12:45:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Clarification-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z","replies":["c-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z-Clarification"],"text":"Clarification","linkableTitle":"Clarification"} This template should only list designers who have been specifically cited as notable in the field of American-style sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) (which is not a synonym for activewear or gym clothing). Namely, if industry experts or fashion curators have identified them as a notable designer in this field, then they count. Richard Martin curated two landmark exhibitions on this topic, both with accompanying books, so if a designer is identified in either book as a notable sportswear pioneer or creator, then they definitely count. For the 21st century, I have initially gone with the five contemporary names selected by the Victoria and Albert Museum as significant modern sportswear designers for their "New York Fashion Now" show. It's not just a dumping ground for any designer, as sportswear has a very specific definition in this context, and MANY famous designers don't fit in this field. Mabalu (/wiki/User:Mabalu) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Mabalu) ) 13:14, 3 April 2017 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:American_sportswear#c-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z-Clarification) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z","author":"Mabalu","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z-Clarification","replies":["c-Mabalu-2017-04-04T12:45:00.000Z-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z"]}} The only red-link from Martin's very whittled-down list in "American Ingenuity" of the REALLY significant sportswear names from the 1930s-70s is Sydney Wragge (/wiki/Sydney_Wragge) . Having looked through his index, I will add the other names to template now. Mabalu (/wiki/User:Mabalu) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Mabalu) ) 12:45, 4 April 2017 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:American_sportswear#c-Mabalu-2017-04-04T12:45:00.000Z-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2017-04-04T12:45:00.000Z","author":"Mabalu","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Mabalu-2017-04-04T12:45:00.000Z-Mabalu-2017-04-03T13:14:00.000Z","replies":[]}} NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐2xjlc Cached time: 20240721075808 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.008 seconds CPU time usage: 0.268 seconds Real time usage: 0.334 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7041/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24159/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4856/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 13/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14741/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.131/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2506008/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 300.500 1 Template:WikiProject_banner_shell 100.00% 300.500 1 -total 56.19% 168.845 1 Template:WikiProject_United_States 23.08% 69.345 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 10.00% 30.065 1 Template:Flatlist 4.22% 12.692 91 Template:Ifexist_not_redirect 1.91% 5.727 21 Template:Yesno 1.60% 4.818 3 Template:Pagetype 0.95% 2.860 2 Template:Nobreak 0.64% 1.919 3 Template:Para Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:53675105-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721075808 and revision id 1228385689. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:American_sportswear&oldid=1228385689 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:American_sportswear&oldid=1228385689) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Template-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:Template-Class_fashion_articles) NA-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles) Template-Class United States articles (/wiki/Category:Template-Class_United_States_articles) NA-importance United States articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_United_States_articles) Template-Class United States articles of NA-importance (/wiki/Category:Template-Class_United_States_articles_of_NA-importance) WikiProject United States articles (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_United_States_articles)
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A safeguard or saveguard was a riding garment or overskirt (/wiki/Overskirt) worn by women in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Some safeguards were intended to protect skirts or kirtles worn beneath. [1] (#cite_note-1) Mary Frith (/wiki/Mary_Frith) , dramatised as the character Moll Cutpurse in The Roaring Girl (/wiki/The_Roaring_Girl) , wore a black safeguard over breeches (/wiki/Breeches) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The Great Seal (/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm) of Elizabeth I (/wiki/Elizabeth_I) , designed by Nicholas Hilliard (/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard) shows her riding sidesaddle (/wiki/Sidesaddle) with voluminous skirts History [ edit ] One of the earliest mentions of a safeguard is in a list of purchases made around 1546, when lace and fringes were bought "for my Mistress's gown, cloak, and safeguard". [3] (#cite_note-3) In 1555, a cloak and a safeguard of broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) were made for Thomasine Petre, an English gentry woman, the youngest daughter of William Petre (/wiki/William_Petre) , in anticipation of travel from London to Hampshire to join the household of the Marchioness of Exeter (/wiki/Gertrude_Courtenay,_Marchioness_of_Exeter) . She ordered similar garments in 1559. [4] (#cite_note-4) Margaret (/wiki/Charles_Cavendish_(1553%E2%80%931617)) and Mary Kitson (/wiki/Mary_Darcy) were bought "savegardes" of peach coloured cloth in February 1573. [5] (#cite_note-5) Mary, as Countess Rivers, made bequests of clothing in 1641 including "my best cloak and safeguard laid with gold buttons" and an "old safegard laid with gold lace". [6] (#cite_note-6) Safeguards made for Elizabeth I (/wiki/Elizabeth_I) seem have been tied to the stirrup or foot. [7] (#cite_note-7) Some safeguards had pockets. In 1574, Elizabeth's tailor, Walter Fyshe (/wiki/Walter_Fyshe) worked on a safeguard of French "ashe colour Abramamasio" fabric, with laces of Venice gold, silver and silk, and added "newe pockettes" of green taffeta. [8] (#cite_note-8) During a tournament and entertainment at New Hall (/wiki/Palace_of_Beaulieu) in September 1579, the Earl of Sussex (/wiki/Thomas_Radclyffe,_3rd_Earl_of_Sussex) gave Elizabeth a horse, a cloak, and a safeguard "to keep her from evil weather that might hap" in the next day's hunting. [9] (#cite_note-9) Elizabeth's inventory of clothing includes safeguards matched in sets or ensembles with cloaks, and with jupes (/wiki/Jupe_(clothing)) , and sets of matching cloaks, jupes, and safeguards. [10] (#cite_note-10) As a New Year's Day gift for 1589, Francis Walsingham (/wiki/Francis_Walsingham) gave Elizabeth a doublet with a cloak and a safeguard of "fair coloured velvet" lined with white sarsenet, and a Mistress Dale gave a safeguard of russet satin, with buttons and loops of Venice gold and silver at the front. [11] (#cite_note-11) A favourite safeguard and jupe embroidered with stars of Venice silver and gold wheat ears was repaired twice, and washed and mended by the queen's silkwoman (/wiki/Silkwoman) Dorothy Speckard (/wiki/Dorothy_Speckard) . [12] (#cite_note-12) A 16th-century French drawing shows a woman riding sidesaddle and wearing a mask or vizard (/wiki/Visard) Godfrey Goodman (/wiki/Godfrey_Goodman) doubted that Elizabeth I rode very often by 1597, when discussing a plot involving a clerk in the royal stable Edward Squire (/wiki/Edward_Squire) to poison her. Squire is said to confessed to sprinkling poison on her saddle without effect. [13] (#cite_note-13) In July 1590, Paul Rey, a Danish tailor working in Scotland for Anne of Denmark (/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark) , made her a set of riding clothes, including a cloak and "rydding saifgard" of Spanish incarnadine coloured satin lined with taffeta of the same colour, and trimmed with silk ribbons and gold passementerie. Another safeguard was made for her in October 1594 of fine tanny London cloth with strings of orange Florence ribbon. Orange ribbon was supplied for riding clothes of London brown in October 1597. [14] (#cite_note-14) Anne of Denmark's wardrobe inventory of 1608 lists eight "saveguards", four made with white, grass-green, orange, and straw coloured satin, trimmed with silver and gold lace, and three party-coloured safeguards, one of crimson and white damask, another of deer colour and white camlet (/wiki/Camlet) , and one of willow colour and white damask. Another had a ground of silver camlet tufted with orange silk "of small tuft", lined with sarsenet. This safeguard had gold and silver seams with long buttons and loops woven of silver and gold thread. [15] (#cite_note-15) Lady Anne Clifford (/wiki/Lady_Anne_Clifford) bought more practical and hardwearing riding garments when she stayed at Brougham Castle (/wiki/Brougham_Castle) in Westmorland (/wiki/Westmorland) in November 1616, a "cloak and a safeguard of cloth laced with black lace to keep me warm on my journey" to London. [16] (#cite_note-16) Safeguards of cloth ( broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) ) are listed in many inventories of costume. In 1586, Margaret Grey and Mary Grey, daughters of a Newcastle (/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne) miller, owned broadcloth safeguards listed with their petticoats. [17] (#cite_note-17) In 1596, Elizabeth Woode of Ramsey (/wiki/Ramsey,_Essex) left a russet petticoat and a russet safeguard to her daughter. [18] (#cite_note-18) Bequests made by Anne Bikarstaffe of Stockport (/wiki/Stockport) in 1599 include a " partelytt (/wiki/Partlet) and savegard". [19] (#cite_note-19) When Arbella Stuart (/wiki/Arbella_Stuart) tried to leave England in disguise, the black hat and riding safeguard worn by one of her companions reminded a witness, John Bright, of Moll Cutpurse. [20] (#cite_note-20) This was a probably a reference to the play The Roaring Girl . [21] (#cite_note-21) In the play, a speech makes reference to the safeguard, an item of female clothing, transformed into a slop, a word for male breeches. [22] (#cite_note-22) Safeguard and wardegard [ edit ] A number of safeguards seem to have been provided by a tailor John Anderson (/wiki/John_Anderson_(tailor)) for the family of Regent Arran (/wiki/Regent_Arran) in Scotland in the 1540s and 1550s. Described in the Scots language (/wiki/Scots_language) as wardegardes , a word sometimes interpreted as a carrying bag for clothes, [23] (#cite_note-23) these may have been practical riding garments of hard-wearing buckram, fustian, and gray wool. A piece of leather was used in their construction. [24] (#cite_note-24) An inventory of the clothes (/wiki/Wardrobe_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots) of Mary, Queen of Scots (/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots) , includes a vardingard of black taffeta with a satin foreskirt embroidered with gold passementerie (/wiki/Passementerie) , another of black taffeta, and a third of buckram. Possibly a source of confusion, the same inventory uses the word vardingaill for farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) , a support undergarment to volumize a skirt. [25] (#cite_note-25) One of her French inventories includes a black taffeta verdugall which likely indicates a farthingale. [26] (#cite_note-26) A satirical poem describing women's riding garments in the Maitland Quarto (/wiki/Marie_Maitland) using the form fartigard may mean a safeguard. [27] (#cite_note-27) The word "safeguard" for the women's riding garment, as in England, appears in a number of Scottish 16th- and 17th-century wills. [28] (#cite_note-28) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Janet Arnold (/wiki/Janet_Arnold) , Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd (Maney, 1988), pp. 142, 371. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Michael Shapiro, Gender in Play on the Shakespearean Stage: Boy Heroines and Female Pages (University of Michigan, 1994), p. 26: Jean MacIntyre, Costumes and Scripts in the Elizabethan Theatres (University of Alberta, 1992), p. 245. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Maria Hayward (/wiki/Maria_Hayward) , Dress at the Court of Henry VIII (Maney, 2007), p. 169: Letters & Papers Henry VIII, Addenda , 1:2 (London:HMSO, 1932), p. 603 no. 1833. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Anne Buck, 'The Clothes of Thomasine Petre, 1555–1559', Costume , 24:1 (1990), pp. 16–17: Frederick G. Emmison, Tudor Secretary: Sir William Petre at Court and Home (Longmans, 1961), p. 127. ^ (#cite_ref-5) John Gage (/wiki/John_Gage_Rokewode) , The History and Antiquities of Hengrave, in Suffolk (London, 1822), p. 196. ^ (#cite_ref-6) John Watney, Some account of St. Osyth's priory, Essex, and its inhabitants (London, 1871), p. 110. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Janet Arnold, 'Dashing Amazons: The development of women's riding dress', Amy de la Haye & Elizabeth Wilson, Defining Dress: Dress as Object, Meaning, and Identity (Manchester, 1999), p. 12. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Janet Arnold (/wiki/Janet_Arnold) , Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd (Maney, 1988), pp. 212, 142. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Neil Younger, 'Drama, Politics, and News in the Earl of Sussex's Entertainment of Elizabeth I at New Hall, 1579', The Historical Journal , 58:2 (June 2015), p. 364. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Janet Arnold, Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd (Maney, 1988), pp. 312-316, 371. ^ (#cite_ref-11) John Nichols, Progresses of Queen Elizabeth , 3 (London, 1823), pp. 9, 11 (https://archive.org/details/progressespublic03nichuoft/page/8/mode/2up) ^ (#cite_ref-12) Janet Arnold, Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd (Maney, 1988), p. 315. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Nadine Akkerman (/wiki/Nadine_Akkerman) & Pete Langman, Spycraft: Tricks and Tools of the Dangerous Trade (Yale, 2024), pp. 222–223: J. S. Brewer, Court of King James the First , 1 (London, 1839), pp. 156–57: A brief account of the several plots (London, 1879), p. 23. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Jemma Field (/wiki/Jemma_Field) , 'Dressing a Queen: The Wardrobe of Anna of Denmark at the Scottish Court of King James VI, 1590–1603', The Court Historian , 24:2 (2019), p. 162. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/14629712.2019.1626120 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14629712.2019.1626120) : National Records of Scotland (/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland) , E35/13. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Jemma Field, 'The Wardrobe Goods of Anna of Denmark, Queen Consort of Scotland and England', Costume , 51:1 (March 2017), supplement nos. 62, 63, 65, 66, 82, 84, 86, 129, from CUL MS Dd.I.26. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3366/cost.2017.0003 (https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fcost.2017.0003) ^ (#cite_ref-16) David J. H. Clifford, The Diaries of Lady Anne Clifford (Stroud, 1990), 42: George Charles Williamson, Lady Anne Clifford, Countess of Dorset, Pembroke & Montgomery (Kendal, 1922), 103. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Durham Wills and Inventories 2 (Surtees Society, 1860), p. 144. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Frederick. G. Emmison, Essex Wills (Essex Record Office, 1990), 80 no. 406. ^ (#cite_ref-19) C. B. Phillips & J. H. Smith, Stockport probate records 1620–1650 (Lancashire and Cheshire Record Society, 1992), p. 299. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Christabel Blanche Hardy, Arbella Stuart: a biography (London, 1913), p. 285. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Sarah Gristwood, Arbella: England's Lost Queen (Random House, 2015), p. 22. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Kelly Stage, The Roaring Girl: Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker (Broadview, 2019) p. 91. ^ (#cite_ref-23) Wardegard, Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/wardegard) ^ (#cite_ref-24) Melanie Schuessler Bond, Dressing the Scottish Court 1543-1553: Clothing in the Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland (Boydell, 2019), pp. 104, 469, 472, 474–75. ^ (#cite_ref-25) Thomas Thomson (/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(advocate)) , Collection of Inventories (Edinburgh, 1815), pp. 230, 238 (https://archive.org/details/acollectioninve00collgoog/page/n241/mode/2up) ^ (#cite_ref-26) Joseph Robertson, Inventaires (Edinburgh, 1863), p. 71. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Joanna M. Martin, The Maitland Quarto (Edinburgh: STS, 2015), pp. 239, 424: W. A. Craigie, Maitland Quarto , (Edinburgh: STS, 1920), 230 (https://archive.org/details/maitlandquartoma9192unse/page/230/mode/2up) ^ (#cite_ref-28) Safeguard (3): Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/safeguard) v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura (/wiki/Witzchoura) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Blessed hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fillet (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Matron's badge (/wiki/Matron%27s_badge) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Motoring hood (/wiki/Motoring_hood) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_Cap) Nemes 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Kristin Prim Kristin Prim in 2012 Born ( 1993-12-24 ) December 24, 1993 (age 30) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , US Alma mater Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) Occupation(s) Designer, Publisher Known for youngest editor-in-chief of an internationally distributed print publication Kristin Prim (born December 24, 1993) is an American fashion designer, visual artist (/wiki/Visual_artist) , and publisher (/wiki/Publisher) . In 2008, she made history by becoming the youngest editor-in-chief of an internationally distributed print publication. [1] (#cite_note-1) Prim is currently the founder and designer of luxury lingerie house, Lenoir, as well as the publisher of The Provocateur . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Previously, she was the editor in chief (/wiki/Editor_in_chief) and founder (/wiki/Founder_(company)) of A23 , The Advisor , and Prim Magazine . [3] (#cite_note-i-D-3) [4] (#cite_note-Teen_Vogue-4) [5] (#cite_note-Refinery29-5) [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) Prim attended Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) , where she majored in Design and Management. [7] (#cite_note-The_New_School-7) Lenoir [ edit ] In October 2018, Prim founded the luxury lingerie house, Lenoir, to close a gap in the market for lingerie made "for women by women that doesn't lose its sensuality." [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Its debut was announced by Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Media outlets [ edit ] Prim Magazine [ edit ] Prim Magazine was founded by Prim in April 2008 at the age of 14, which qualified her as the youngest print publication editor worldwide. [8] (#cite_note-Fashion_Indie-8) [9] (#cite_note-Garage_Magazine-9) Prim Magazine collaborated with designers among the likes of Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) , Vena Cava, A.F. Vandevorst, Rad Hourani (/wiki/Rad_Hourani) , and Ohne Titel. [8] (#cite_note-Fashion_Indie-8) [10] (#cite_note-FTape-10) Its last edition, N°11, starred top model Dioni Tabbers on the cover photographed by the London photographer, Masayuki Ichinose. [11] (#cite_note-11) A23 [ edit ] In 2015, Prim founded A23 , a hardcover art book that commissions nine fine artists to contribute original work to each edition. Its first themed volume, The Mysticism of the Female , included works from artists Mary Beth Edelson (/wiki/Mary_Beth_Edelson) , Theo Adams (/wiki/Theo_Adams) , Luciano Castelli (/wiki/Luciano_Castelli) , Heide Hatry (/wiki/Heide_Hatry) , Katarzyna Kozyra (/wiki/Katarzyna_Kozyra) , Annegret Soltau (/wiki/Annegret_Soltau) , Nil Yalter (/wiki/Nil_Yalter) , Shary Boyle (/wiki/Shary_Boyle) , and Natacha Merritt (/wiki/Natacha_Merritt) . [3] (#cite_note-i-D-3) A23 is "named after the divination of the Aces, Twos, and Threes of the Minor Arcana" and "highlights the talent of nine fine artists and their 'personal ideologies, experiences, and dogmas in an archival visual manner.'" [12] (#cite_note-The_Wild-12) The Provocateur [ edit ] In early 2016, Prim launched The Provocateur , a digital archive of handwritten letters written by venerated females within the arts to fellow women. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) The Provocateur is a feminist project in scope, calling on culture's leading women to lend articles of advice to young women. The Provocateur has included collaborators such as Roxane Gay (/wiki/Roxane_Gay) , King Princess (/wiki/King_Princess) , Linda Perry (/wiki/Linda_Perry) , Nikki Reed (/wiki/Nikki_Reed) , Sandra Bernhard (/wiki/Sandra_Bernhard) , Alison Mosshart (/wiki/Alison_Mosshart) , Janet Mock (/wiki/Janet_Mock) , Shirley Manson (/wiki/Shirley_Manson) , Paz de la Huerta (/wiki/Paz_de_la_Huerta) , Floria Sigismondi (/wiki/Floria_Sigismondi) , Phyllis Nagy (/wiki/Phyllis_Nagy) , and Amanda Palmer (/wiki/Amanda_Palmer) . [13] (#cite_note-13) The Provocateur was relaunched by Prim in late 2020, boasting a revamped format and a new roster of noteworthy women. [14] (#cite_note-14) Fine artwork [ edit ] In mid-2013, Prim released a limited collective oeuvre of her fine artwork, varying from photography to paintings and typewritten works. [15] (#cite_note-15) In an interview with Volt , Prim discussed the themes and inspirations behind her work, often involving androgyny, martyrdom, sexuality, gender, and the female form. [16] (#cite_note-Volt_Café-16) Affiliations [ edit ] Prim has starred in Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) and Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) campaigns with Sky Ferreira (/wiki/Sky_Ferreira) . [9] (#cite_note-Garage_Magazine-9) [17] (#cite_note-Fashionista-17) In May 2011, Prim modeled in Bulgari (/wiki/Bulgari) 's Save the Children (/wiki/Save_the_Children) campaign. [18] (#cite_note-StyleList-18) In mid-2012, Prim starred in Nicole Miller (/wiki/Nicole_Miller) 's Holiday 2012 campaign. [19] (#cite_note-Nicole_Miller-19) Prim has also become the focus of photographs by fashion photographers among the likes of Yvan Rodic of Facehunter, Phil Oh of Street Peeper, Mark "The Cobra Snake" Hunter, and Patrick McMullan (/wiki/Patrick_McMullan) . [20] (#cite_note-Fashion_Indie_2-20) [21] (#cite_note-Street_Peeper-21) She was recently [ when? ] named a "Vogueista" by Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) along with Tavi Gevinson (/wiki/Tavi_Gevinson) . [22] (#cite_note-Vogue_Italia-22) In April 2008, Prim was first featured by Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) after being eyed by editor in chief Amy Astley (/wiki/Amy_Astley) . In December 2009 she appeared in French Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . Since then, she has been featured in ELLE (/wiki/ELLE) Italia , French Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , ELLE Korea , The Daily Mail (/wiki/The_Daily_Mail) , The Times (/wiki/The_Times) , The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) , Fashion TV (/wiki/Fashion_TV) , The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) , Time Out (/wiki/Time_Out_(company)) New York , Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , Guest of a Guest , i-D (/wiki/I-D) , Volt Magazine , Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) , Garage Magazine (/wiki/Garage_Magazine) , Dolly Magazine (/wiki/Dolly_Magazine) , and international Vogues (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and ELLEs (/wiki/ELLE) . [23] (#cite_note-Guest_of_a_Guest-23) Prim became a fixture at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , sitting front row at shows such as VPL (/wiki/VPL_(brand)) , Nicole Miller (/wiki/Nicole_Miller) , Rad Hourani (/wiki/Rad_Hourani) , Cynthia Steffe, Charlotte Ronson (/wiki/Charlotte_Ronson) , Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) , Ohne Titel, Custo Barcelona (/wiki/Custo_Barcelona) , Betsey Johnson (/wiki/Betsey_Johnson) , Bill Blass (/wiki/Bill_Blass) , and The Blonds. [8] (#cite_note-Fashion_Indie-8) [20] (#cite_note-Fashion_Indie_2-20) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Shatzman, Celia. "Lenoir Founder Kristin Prim On Buying Lingerie For Yourself -- And Someone Else" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/celiashatzman/2019/01/30/lenoir-founder-kristin-prim-on-buying-lingerie-for-yourself-and-someone-else/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2021-05-14 . ^ a b c Hughes, Aria (2018-10-19). "Lenoir Aims for Female-Centric Lingerie" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/intimates/new-lingerie-line-aims-to-be-female-centric-kristin-prim-lenoir-1202888714/) . WWD . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181020002050/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/intimates/new-lingerie-line-aims-to-be-female-centric-kristin-prim-lenoir-1202888714/) from the original on 2018-10-20 . Retrieved 2018-10-21 . ^ a b Newell-Hanson, Alice (August 4, 2015). "Kristin Prim Has Been Building a Feminist Publishing Empire Since She was Thirteen" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/kristin-prim-has-been-building-a-feminist-publishing-empire-since-she-was-13) . i-D Magazine. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151127225211/http://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/kristin-prim-has-been-building-a-feminist-publishing-empire-since-she-was-13) from the original on November 27, 2015 . Retrieved November 27, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Teen_Vogue_4-0) Adeeyo, Dara (April 9, 2010). "Kristin Prim" (http://www.teenvogue.com/style/blogs/fashion/2010/04/blogger-of-the-moment-kristin-prim.html) . Teen Vogue. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110225194412/http://www.teenvogue.com/style/blogs/fashion/2010/04/blogger-of-the-moment-kristin-prim.html) from the original on February 25, 2011 . Retrieved October 10, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-Refinery29_5-0) Baldwin, Megan (March 18, 2009). "A High-End Fashion Glossy from a 15-year-old Prodigy" (https://www.refinery29.com/15yearolds-mag-or-rag.php) . Refinery29. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100505224829/http://www.refinery29.com/15yearolds-mag-or-rag.php) from the original on May 5, 2010 . Retrieved October 10, 2010 . ^ a b "Kristin Prim and The Provocateur's letters" (http://www.vogue.it/en/news/vogue-arts/2016/02/12/kristin-prim-and-the-provocateur-letters/) . Vogue.it . 12 February 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160224021526/http://www.vogue.it/en/news/vogue-arts/2016/02/12/kristin-prim-and-the-provocateur-letters/) from the original on 2016-02-24 . Retrieved 2016-02-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_New_School_7-0) Staff, Parsons (September 29, 2015). "Fearless Fashion Editor Kristin Prim Encourages Creativity" (http://blogs.newschool.edu/news/2015/09/kristin-prim/) . The New School. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151207100158/http://blogs.newschool.edu/news/2015/09/kristin-prim/) from the original on December 7, 2015 . Retrieved November 28, 2015 . ^ a b c Kazemi, Alex (April 13, 2010). "INTERVIEW: Kristin Prim, 16-Year-Old Editor of Prim Magazine" (http://fashionindie.com/interview-kristin-prim-16-year-old-editor-of-prim-magazine/) . Fashion Indie. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100324192759/http://fashionindie.com/interview-kristin-prim-16-year-old-editor-of-prim-magazine/) from the original on March 24, 2010 . Retrieved October 10, 2010 . ^ a b Magazine, Garage (November 2014). "Gotham Girls" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150220201928/http://garagemag.com/category/kristin-prim/) . Garage Magazine. Archived from the original (http://garagemag.com/category/kristin-prim/) on February 20, 2015 . Retrieved December 1, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-FTape_10-0) Gregory, Julian (August 17, 2010). "Prim Magazine Issue 11 Preview" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100913040356/http://ftape.com/promo/prim11/) . FTape. Archived from the original (http://www.ftape.com/promo/prim11) on September 13, 2010 . Retrieved October 10, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Dioni Tabbers for Prim Magazine Issue #11 by Masayuki Ichinose" (https://www.fashiongonerogue.com/dioni-tabbers-prim-magazine-issue-11-masayuki-ichinose/) . Fashion Gone Rogue . 2010-08-10 . Retrieved 2021-05-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Wild_12-0) Zane, Nicole (August 10, 2015). "Kristin Prim's Vision Of Contemporary Art And Feminism In The Digital Age" (http://thewildmagazine.com/blog/kristin-prim-interview-a23/) . The Wild Magazine. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151117182226/http://thewildmagazine.com/blog/kristin-prim-interview-a23/) from the original on November 17, 2015 . Retrieved November 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Kristin Prim Launches Website Full Of Dope Feminist Letters | Fashion Magazine | News. Fashion. Beauty. Music. | oystermag.com" (http://www.oystermag.com/kristin-prim-launches-new-website-full-of-dope-feminist-letters) . OYSTER . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160306190217/http://www.oystermag.com/kristin-prim-launches-new-website-full-of-dope-feminist-letters) from the original on 2016-03-06 . Retrieved 2016-02-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Provocateur, The. "The Provocateur" (https://theprovocateur.eu/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200811061424/https://theprovocateur.eu/) from the original on 2020-08-11. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Li, Rocky (June 26, 2013). " Interview with Kristin Prim (http://www.thirdlooks.com/2013/06/interview-with-kristin-prim/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130906081816/http://www.thirdlooks.com/2013/06/interview-with-kristin-prim/) 2013-09-06 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ". Third Looks. Retrieved August 22, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-Volt_Café_16-0) Mandy, Angelica (November 29, 2013). "Kristin Prim" (http://www.voltcafe.com/features/kristin-prim) . Volt Magazine. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150220205103/http://www.voltcafe.com/features/kristin-prim) from the original on February 20, 2015 . Retrieved December 1, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fashionista_17-0) Sherman, Laura (July 10, 2010). "Kristin Prim and Sky Ferreira to Star in Diesel's Spring 2011 Campaign" (http://fashionista.com/2010/07/kristin-prim-and-sky-ferreira-to-star-in-diesels-spring-2011-campaign/) . Fashionista. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210330022708/https://fashionista.com/2010/07/kristin-prim-and-sky-ferreira-to-star-in-diesels-spring-2011-campaign) from the original on March 30, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-StyleList_18-0) Staff, StyleList (May 2, 2011). "Bulgari and Save the Children" (http://www.stylelist.com/2011/05/02/editors-bloggers-bulgari-save-the-children/) . AOL StyleList. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110509035045/http://www.stylelist.com/2011/05/02/editors-bloggers-bulgari-save-the-children/) from the original on May 9, 2011 . Retrieved May 13, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Nicole_Miller_19-0) Miller, Nicole (March 13, 2012). "Kristin Prim x Nicole Miller, Holiday 2012" (https://nicolemillernyc.tumblr.com/post/15357553801/kristin-prim-you-are-looking-scandalous-that-is) . Nicole Miller. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120202220735/http://nicolemillernyc.tumblr.com/post/15357553801/kristin-prim-you-are-looking-scandalous-that-is) from the original on February 2, 2012 . Retrieved June 1, 2012 . ^ a b Kazemi, Alex (March 13, 2010). "FRONT ROW STYLE: Kristin Prim" (http://fashionindie.com/front-row-style-kristin-prim/) . Fashion Indie. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110914044816/http://fashionindie.com/front-row-style-kristin-prim/) from the original on September 14, 2011 . Retrieved October 10, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-Street_Peeper_21-0) Oh, Phil (October 12, 2010). "Kristin Prim, Chelsea Piers" (http://streetpeeper.com/fashion/kristin-prim-chelsea-pier) . Street Peeper. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101023102931/http://streetpeeper.com/fashion/kristin-prim-chelsea-pier) from the original on October 23, 2010 . Retrieved October 19, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_Italia_22-0) Sabbadini, Micol (September 17, 2010). "Voguistas" (http://www.vogue.it/trends/voguistas/2010/09show/from-new-york-fashion-week-day-6) . Vogue Italia. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103052/http://www.vogue.it/trends/voguistas/2010/09show/from-new-york-fashion-week-day-6) from the original on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved October 10, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-Guest_of_a_Guest_23-0) Levett, Cathy (July 15, 2010). "Daily Style Phile: Kristin Prim" (http://guestofaguest.com/daily-style-phile/daily-style-phile-kristin-prim) . Street Peeper. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110711133333/http://guestofaguest.com/daily-style-phile/daily-style-phile-kristin-prim/) from the original on July 11, 2011 . Retrieved October 10, 2010 . External links [ edit ] Lenoir official website (http://www.lenoirlingerie.com) A23 official website (http://atwentythree.com) Prim Magazine official website (http://primmagazine.eu) The Provocateur official website (http://www.theprovocateur.eu) The Advisor official website (http://www.theadvisor.eu) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐769f687954‐sptrb Cached time: 20240709113601 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.412 seconds Real time usage: 0.733 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2773/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47628/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1602/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 88071/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.240/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6969227/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 550.638 1 -total 50.25% 276.699 1 Template:Reflist 33.47% 184.301 1 Template:Infobox_person 29.42% 162.001 21 Template:Cite_web 14.05% 77.370 1 Template:Webarchive 11.69% 64.353 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.50% 52.317 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 8.44% 46.490 1 Template:When 7.24% 39.867 1 Template:Fix 4.88% 26.884 2 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29143257-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709113601 and revision id 1218047342. 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(Redirected from Vogue Encyclo (/w/index.php?title=Vogue_Encyclo&redirect=no) ) Italian edition of Vogue magazine Vogue Italia 30th Anniversary (October 1994) cover Head of Editorial Content Francesca Ragazzi Categories Fashion Frequency Monthly Circulation (/wiki/List_of_magazines_by_circulation) 100,000 (2017) [1] (#cite_note-1) Publisher Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications) Founded 1965 ; 59 years ago ( 1965 ) [2] (#cite_note-2) Company Vogue Italia Country Italy Based in Milan (/wiki/Milan) Language Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) Website vogue.it/en (http://www.vogue.it/) Vogue Italia is the Italian edition of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine owned by Condé Nast International (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) . In publication since 1964, it has been called the top fashion magazine in the world. [3] (#cite_note-3) History [ edit ] 1961–1966: The Early Years [ edit ] In 1961, Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) contacted the publishers of Novità ("Novelties"), a fashion magazine founded in 1950 by Emilia Kuster Rosselli, to explore the possibilities of investing in a new fashion publication in Italy. The magazine continued to be published as Novità until November 1965 and was edited by Lidia Tabacchi. [4] (#cite_note-4) In November 1965, after 73 years since the birth of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , the name of the magazine was changed to Vogue & Novità . In May 1966 Consuelo Crespi (/wiki/Consuelo_Crespi) became the editor. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) 1966–1988: The Franco Sartori Years [ edit ] In 1966, Franco Sartori was appointed editor-in-chief and the magazine changed the name from Vogue & Novità to Vogue Italia . The first issue with the new name was published in May 1966. Sartori held the position of editor for 22 years until 1988. During his leadership Vogue Italia was augmented by a string of sister publications, including L'Uomo Vogue and Vogue Bambini . [7] (#cite_note-7) 1988–2016: Franca Sozzani years [ edit ] In 1988, Franca Sozzani (/wiki/Franca_Sozzani) (1950–2016) became the second editor-in-chief for the publication, with the July/August 1988 issue her first. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) Before editing Vogue Italia , Sozzani worked as editor for Vogue Bambini , and as editor-in-chief for Lei and subsequently for Per Lui , the men's edition of the former. After seeking new possibilities, the Italian journalist accepted the offer to edit Vogue Italia . [8] (#cite_note-8) In July 2008, Sozzani released the all-black issue, featuring only black models in the whole issue. [9] (#cite_note-9) The exclusive pictures of Ethel Granger (/wiki/Ethel_Granger) , the woman with the smallest waist ever. Her fixation for corsets has inspired Vogue Italia' s September 2011 Issue. [10] (#cite_note-10) On 22 December 2016 Franca Sozzani died at the age of 66. [11] (#cite_note-11) 2017–present: Emanuele Farneti years and re-structure [ edit ] On 20 January 2017, it was officially announced by Jonathan Newhouse, CEO of Condé Nast International (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) , that Emanuele Farneti would be the new editor-in-chief of Vogue Italia and L'Uomo Vogue . Farneti was the director of eight different magazines, being the latest GQ Italia . [12] (#cite_note-12) In July 2017, it was announced that Condé Nast Italia would fold L'Uomo Vogue , Vogue Accessory , Vogue Bambini and Vogue Sposa , in order to focus on top brands, such as Vogue Italia and GQ among others. [13] (#cite_note-13) A year later, Farneti relaunched L'Uomo Vogue as a biannual publication. In July 2021 Farneti left the magazine after the publication of the September issue of the same year. [14] (#cite_note-14) On early September 2021, it was confirmed that the magazine would no longer feature an editor-in-chief but will be led by a head of editorial content, a position assigned to former fashion market director Francesca Ragazzi. In her new role, Ragazzi reported to Anna Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) and to Vogue European editorial director Edward Enninful. [15] (#cite_note-15) Content [ edit ] Vogue Italia and the Italian fashion industry have historically had a symbiotic relationship, with Vogue Italia contributing to Milan's prominence in the fashion world. [ citation needed ] Recent influential editorials have included Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 's September 2006 "State of Emergency", a visual play on the War on Terror (/wiki/War_on_Terror) , [16] (#cite_note-16) and Meisel's July 2007 "Rehab", addressing recent celebrity visits to rehab clinics. [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) and the August 2010 Issue, featuring Kristen McMenamy (/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy) , shooting on the site of the BP (/wiki/BP) Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico (/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Remix Contest [ edit ] Vogue Italia hosts their annual "Remix Contest" (in-association with the International Fur Federation) to provide a platform for up-and-coming designers. The contest was first launched in 2014. In 2019, Netherlands-born designer Berivan Cemal [20] (#cite_note-20) won the event; the judges' panel included Vogue talent Sara Sozzani Maino (https://www.instagram.com/saramaino_) , expert of fur sustainability (/wiki/Fur_farming) Samantha De Reviziis (/wiki/Samantha_De_Reviziis) , Italian designer Gabriele Colangelo (http://www.gabrielecolangelo.com/) and Filipino fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Bryanboy (/wiki/Bryanboy) . All-Black issue [ edit ] The July 2008 issue of Vogue Italia featured only black models (photographed by Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) [21] (#cite_note-21) ), with the articles pertaining to black women in the media, arts and entertainment. [22] (#cite_note-22) The magazine claimed to release this issue as a response to widespread criticism that fashion magazines, worldwide, do not feature more black cover models. Industry insiders have claimed that advertisers believe any magazine issue featuring a black cover model is "unable" to sell, or will sell considerably less than issues with non-black cover models. This belief, along with the formation of a protest group in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) that challenges racism in the industry, convinced Italian Vogue ' s editor (/wiki/Editor_in_chief) , Franca Sozzani (/wiki/Franca_Sozzani) to create this issue. [23] (#cite_note-23) Interestingly, rather than the issue not selling, it became the highest-selling issue of Italian Vogue in history, and had run-out of print twice, which marked the first time in Condé Nast history that the magazine reprinted an issue to satisfy demand. [24] (#cite_note-glossedover.com-24) The reprinted copies displayed headlines as "Most Wanted Issue Ever" and "First Reprint". [25] (#cite_note-foliomag.com-25) However, even though the advertising pages increased by 30%, there was a "glaring lack of black models" in the issue. Meisel said: "I've asked my advertising clients so many times, 'Can we use a black girl?' They say no. Advertisers say black models don't sell." [24] (#cite_note-glossedover.com-24) [25] (#cite_note-foliomag.com-25) VogueEncyclo [ edit ] VogueEncyclo is a fashion encyclopedia founded by Vogue Italia ( Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications) Digital). [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) It went live on 10 October 2011. It has an archive with topics ranging from A–Z: fashion and costume, designers, photography, cinema, people, mania, bloggers, fabrics and architecture. Anyone is free to participate, all articles have bylines and Vogue staff reviews all submissions. The whole of the content is accessible in either English or Italian. [28] (#cite_note-28) See also [ edit ] List of (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Italia_cover_models) Vogue Italia cover models (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Italia_cover_models) List of magazines in Italy (/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Italy) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Friedman, Vanessa (September 20, 2017). "At Italian Vogue, a New Beginning" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/19/fashion/emanuele-farneti-italian-vogue-milan-fashion-week.html) . The New York Times – via NYTimes.com. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Vogue Italia" (http://www.condenastinternational.com/country/italy/vogue/) . Condé Nast International (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Press, Debbie (2004). Your Modeling Career: You Don't Have to Be a Superstar to Succeed . New York: Allworth Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58115-359-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fashion's A-List Fetes Vogue Italia Archive Milan" (https://m.nowfashion.com/fashion-s-a-list-fetes-vogue-italia-archive-milan-11093) . NOWFASHION . 22 September 2014 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Condé Nast International | Italy | Vogue" (http://www.condenastinternational.com/country/italy/vogue/) . www.condenastinternational.com . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . ^ a b "Look through and comment the first issue of Vogue Italia out in November 1965 and the July 1988 issue, the very first I was editor-in-chief of - Vogue.it" (http://www.vogue.it/en/magazine/editor-s-blog/2011/02/february-19-20) . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The legend of Vogue Italia" (https://lombardiasecrets.com/en/art-style/vogue-italia-story/) . Lombardia Secrets . April 6, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Horwell, Veronica (28 December 2016). "Franca Sozzani obituary" (https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/dec/28/franca-sozzani-obituary) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Vogue: all white now?" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jul/31/race.fashion) . The Guardian . 31 July 2008. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) vogue.it: Ethel Granger (https://www.vogue.it/en/fashion/models/2011/09/01/ethel-granger/?refresh_ce=) 1 September 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Vogue Italia director Franca Sozzani dies aged 66" (http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-23/vogue-editor-franca-sozzani-dies-aged-66/8143784) . ABC . 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Emanuele Farneti is the new Editor in Chief of Vogue Italia" (http://www.vogue.it/en/news/daily-news/2017/01/20/emanuele-farneti-editor-in-chief-vogue-italia-l-uomo-vogue/) . Vogue.it (in Italian). 20 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Condé Nast Italia to Focus on 'Top Brands' as L'Uomo Vogue Closes" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-bites/conde-nast-italia-to-focus-on-top-brands-as-luomo-vogue-closes) . The Business of Fashion . 2017-07-31 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Vogue Italia Editor Emanuele Farneti Exits Amid Consolidation" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/media/vogue-italia-editor-emanuele-farneti-exits-amid-consolidation) . The Business of Fashion . 2021-07-22 . Retrieved 2021-09-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Condé Nast Names Vogue Italia Head of Editorial Content" (https://finance.yahoo.com/news/cond-nast-names-vogue-italia-040123222.html) . finance.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2021-09-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Joanna Bourke (12 September 2006). "A taste for torture?" (http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1871261,00.html) . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Huntington, Patty (17 August 2007). "Rapid detox: Meisel's Girls, Interrupted push rehab chic" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120211184851/http://blogs.news.com.au/fullychic/index.php/news/comments/rapid_detox_meisels_emgirls_interrupted_em_push_rehab_chic/) . Blogs . Archived from the original (http://blogs.news.com.au/fullychic/index.php/news/comments/rapid_detox_meisels_emgirls_interrupted_em_push_rehab_chic/) on 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) " (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/news/models/a-fun-take-on-rehab-chic-brave-or-sick.htm) 'A fun take on rehab chic' – brave or sick?" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/news/models/a-fun-take-on-rehab-chic-brave-or-sick.htm) . The Times . 16 August 2007 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Health | Yahoo Lifestyle" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100904003451/http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/beauty/italian-vogue-s-oil-spill-themed-photo-shoot-thought-provoking-or-tasteless-2244826) . www.yahoo.com . Archived from the original (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/tagged/health) on September 4, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Carrera, Martino (2019-02-25). "International Fur Federation Toasts Winners of Remix Fur Contest" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/international-fur-federation-toasts-winners-remix-fur-contest-1203052400/) . WWD . Retrieved 2020-11-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) (in Italian) The Black Issue The July 2008 «Vogue Italia» special issue. Retrieved 24 July 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Horyn, Cathy (18 June 2008). "Beauty and Soul" (https://archive.today/20120720192433/http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/beauty-and-soul/index.html?ref=fashion) . NY Times . Archived from the original (http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/beauty-and-soul/index.html?ref=fashion) on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Lucy Cockcroft (20 June 2008). "Italian Vogue shows black models only" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/2162846/Italian-Vogue-shows-black-models-only.html) . Telegraph . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . ^ a b "Italian Vogue's "Black Issue" Goes Into Reprints" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120113232538/http://www.glossedover.com/glossed_over/2008/07/italian-vogues.html) . Glossed Over . 23 July 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.glossedover.com/glossed_over/2008/07/italian-vogues.html) on 13 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ a b Stableford, Dylan (21 July 2008). " (http://www.foliomag.com/2008/all-black-italian-vogue-s-white-hot-newsstand) 'All-Black' Italian Vogue White Hot at the Newsstand" (http://www.foliomag.com/2008/all-black-italian-vogue-s-white-hot-newsstand) . Foliomag . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Oliver, Simone S. (November 2, 2011). "Vogue Encyclo Is Looking for Contributors" (http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/vogue-encyclo-is-looking-for-contributors/) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Martens, Cynthia (October 17, 2011). "Franca Sozzani's Vogue Encyclo Launches" (http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/send-in-your-ideas-5299148) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Martens, Cynthia (17 October 2011). "Franca Sozzani's Vogue Encyclo Launches" (http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/send-in-your-ideas-5299148) . WWD . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . External links [ edit ] Vogue Italia (in Italian) VogueEncyclo (http://www.vogue.it/en/encyclo) Italian Vogue (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/magazines/vogue-italia) – magazine profile at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) v t e Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazines Country editions Adria (/wiki/Vogue_Adria) Arabia (/wiki/Vogue_Arabia) Australia (/wiki/Vogue_Australia) Brazil China (/wiki/Vogue_China) Czechoslovakia France (/wiki/Vogue_France) India (/wiki/Vogue_India) Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Korea Latin America (/wiki/Vogue_M%C3%A9xico_y_Latinoam%C3%A9rica) Mexico (/wiki/Vogue_M%C3%A9xico_y_Latinoam%C3%A9rica) Netherlands (/wiki/Vogue_Nederland) Philippines Poland (/wiki/Vogue_Poland) Portugal Scandinavia (/wiki/Vogue_Scandinavia) Singapore (/wiki/Vogue_Singapore) Spain Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine (/wiki/Vogue_Ukraine) United States (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) United Kingdom (/wiki/British_Vogue) Defunct editions New Zealand Russia Other Men's Vogue (/wiki/Men%27s_Vogue) Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) Advance Publications (/wiki/Advance_Publications) (Parent company) Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) (publisher) The Big Four (/wiki/The_Big_Four_(fashion)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐7w9mr Cached time: 20240713193819 Cache expiry: 1570902 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.567 seconds Real time usage: 0.681 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2107/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 59334/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1772/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 105804/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.402/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19578719/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 626.943 1 -total 54.44% 341.314 1 Template:Reflist 20.81% 130.476 10 Template:Cite_news 18.43% 115.540 2 Template:In_lang 13.70% 85.916 1 Template:Vogue_magazines 13.40% 84.008 1 Template:Navbox 11.47% 71.917 1 Template:Infobox_magazine 11.02% 69.095 1 Template:Short_description 10.89% 68.264 1 Template:Infobox 9.74% 61.074 15 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17434041-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713193819 and revision id 1220414506. 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Indian jewelry company headquartered in Dubai Atlas Jewellery Industry Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Founded 1981 ; 43 years ago ( 1981 ) in Kuwait (/wiki/Kuwait) Founder Dr. M. M. Ramachandran (/wiki/Atlas_Ramachandran) Headquarters Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) , United Arab Emirates Areas served UAE (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) Oman (/wiki/Oman) Qatar (/wiki/Qatar) Bahrain (/wiki/Bahrain) Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) Kuwait (/wiki/Kuwait) India (/wiki/India) Key people Dr. M. M. Ramachandran Products Gold (/wiki/Gold) , Diamond (/wiki/Diamond) , Pearl (/wiki/Pearl) , Gemstone (/wiki/Gemstone) Services Retail (/wiki/Retail) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Owner Dr. M. M. Ramachandran Website jewellery (http://jewellery.atlasera.com) .atlasera (http://jewellery.atlasera.com) .com (http://jewellery.atlasera.com) Atlas Jewellery is an Indian owned jewellery retailer headquartered in Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) , with 41 stores across the Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) , in the UAE (/wiki/UAE) , Oman (/wiki/Oman) , Qatar (/wiki/Qatar) , Bahrain (/wiki/Bahrain) , Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) , Kuwait (/wiki/Kuwait) and India (/wiki/India) . The company's stores have a large range of jewellery in the gold (/wiki/Gold) , diamond (/wiki/Diamond) , pearl (/wiki/Pearl) , and gemstone (/wiki/Gemstone) categories. Founded by Dr. M. M. Ramachandran (/wiki/Atlas_Ramachandran) in 1981, the first Atlas Jewellery store was established in Kuwait (/wiki/Kuwait) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Products [ edit ] Atlas Jewellery stores display a wide range of jewellery in gold (/wiki/Gold) , diamond (/wiki/Diamond) , pearl (/wiki/Pearl) and gemstones (/wiki/Gemstone) . [2] (#cite_note-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Dubai Jewellery : Atlas" (http://www.dubaijewellery.ae/atlas-jewellery.html) . www.dubaijewellery.ae . Retrieved 2015-11-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Atlas Jewellery" (http://www.jewellers.ae/jewellers/atlas/) . www.jewellers.ae . Retrieved 2015-11-09 . Further reading [ edit ] "Atlas Jewellery owner gets three years in prison" (http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/crime/atlas-jewellery-owner-gets-three-years-in-prison) . Khaleej Times . November 12, 2015 . Retrieved January 28, 2017 . "An Indian jewellery tycoon has been jailed in Dubai for defaulting on loans worth $150 million" (https://qz.com/496223/an-indian-jewellery-tycoon-has-been-jailed-in-dubai-for-defaulting-on-loans-worth-150-million/) . Quartz . September 8, 2015 . Retrieved January 28, 2017 . Gokulan, Dhanusha (September 10, 2015). "When Atlas listed salesmen as board members" (http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/crime/when-atlas-listed-salesmen-as-board-members) . Khaleej Times . Retrieved January 28, 2017 . "Atlas staff get a month's pay for 3 months' work" (http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/atlas-staff-get-a-months-pay-for-3-months-work) . Khaleej Times . November 9, 2015 . Retrieved January 28, 2017 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20151109142618/http://jewellery.atlasera.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5486b6fcc7‐zhdnb Cached time: 20240701070641 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.249 seconds Real time usage: 0.419 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1499/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20406/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1951/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18360/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.162/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5000427/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 395.473 1 -total 37.75% 149.275 1 Template:Infobox_company 35.18% 139.146 1 Template:Infobox 32.38% 128.052 1 Template:Short_description 28.69% 113.477 6 Template:Cite_web 18.76% 74.175 6 Template:Main_other 18.01% 71.222 1 Template:SDcat 10.69% 42.282 2 Template:Pagetype 2.36% 9.323 2 Template:Sfnref 2.24% 8.855 1 Template:Start_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48505806-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701070641 and revision id 1114448051. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clothing companies of the Netherlands (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_the_Netherlands) . See also: Category:Clothing brands of the Netherlands (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_Netherlands) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐2p8wb Cached time: 20240721003424 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.090 seconds Real time usage: 0.141 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 161/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3886/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 518/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2569/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.056/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1267537/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 128.547 1 -total 58.35% 75.004 1 Template:Commons_category 56.64% 72.805 1 Template:Sister_project 55.23% 71.000 1 Template:Side_box 26.56% 34.140 1 Template:See_also_cat 14.90% 19.159 1 Template:Portal 4.96% 6.382 1 Template:Replace 2.30% 2.951 1 Template:Category_see_also/Category_pair_check Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:42330283-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721003424 and revision id 1147012769. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. S Shoe companies of the Netherlands (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_the_Netherlands) (2 P) Pages in category "Clothing companies of the Netherlands" The following 9 pages are in this category, out of 9 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C C&A (/wiki/C%26A) Claudia Sträter (/wiki/Claudia_Str%C3%A4ter) G Gentiluomo (/wiki/Gentiluomo) H Hunkemöller (/wiki/Hunkem%C3%B6ller) M Mexx (/wiki/Mexx) MUD Jeans (/wiki/MUD_Jeans) O OppoSuits (/wiki/OppoSuits) P Pretty Wild Lingerie (/wiki/Pretty_Wild_Lingerie) S Scotch & Soda (clothing) (/wiki/Scotch_%26_Soda_(clothing)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_the_Netherlands&oldid=1147012769 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_the_Netherlands&oldid=1147012769) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Dutch fashion (/wiki/Category:Dutch_fashion) Design companies of the Netherlands (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_of_the_Netherlands) Clothing companies by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_country) Manufacturing companies of the Netherlands (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_of_the_Netherlands) Dutch clothing (/wiki/Category:Dutch_clothing) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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(Redirected from Dress clothes (/w/index.php?title=Dress_clothes&redirect=no) ) Western dress code suited for office use Not to be confused with formal wear (/wiki/Formal_wear) , semi-formal wear (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) , or casual wear (/wiki/Casual_wear) . hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Informal_wear) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Informal_wear) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Informal_wear&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Informal_wear) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Informal wear" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Informal+wear%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Informal+wear%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Informal+wear%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Informal+wear%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Informal+wear%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Informal+wear%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Informal_wear&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Shinzo Abe (/wiki/Shinzo_Abe) and Ivanka Trump (/wiki/Ivanka_Trump) , both wearing Western business suits (/wiki/Suit) (2017) Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) on Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) and corresponding attires (/wiki/Clothing) show Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) ( full dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) Full dress uniform (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) show Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) ( half dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Mess dress uniform (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) hide Informal ( undress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) , "dress clothes") Suit (/wiki/Suit) Service dress uniform (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) show Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) (anything not above) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Casual Friday (/wiki/Casual_Friday) Combat uniform (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) known as Sportswear (fashion) (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) and Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) show Supplementary alternatives Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) law courts (/wiki/Court_dress) royal courts (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) , etc. Religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) , habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) , etc. Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) Distinctions Orders (/wiki/Order_(distinction)) medals (/wiki/Medal) , etc. Legend: = Day (before 6 p.m.) = Evening (after 6 p.m.) = Bow tie (/wiki/Bow_tie) colour = Ladies = Gentlemen Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Informal wear or undress , also called business wear, corporate/office wear , tenue de ville or dress clothes , is a Western dress code (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) for clothing (/wiki/Clothing) defined by a business suit (/wiki/Business_suit) for men, and cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) or pant suit (/wiki/Pant_suit) for women. On the scale of formality, it is considered less formal than semi-formal wear (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) but more formal than casual wear (/wiki/Casual_wear) . Informal or undress should not be confused with casual wear such as business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) or smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) ; most situations calling for “informal wear” will usually tolerate casual dress to varying extents. The suit originated as leisure wear in the late 19th century but eventually replaced the frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) as everyday wear in the city. After World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) , the suit was established as informal daily wear. Hats (/wiki/Hat) , such as fedora (/wiki/Fedora) or bowler hats (/wiki/Bowler_hat) , are sometimes worn with informal wear. Informal wear is commonly applied for office (/wiki/Office) use in professions like politics (/wiki/Politics) , academia (/wiki/Academia) , law (/wiki/Law) and finance (/wiki/Finance) , business (/wiki/Business) , as well as certain events such as job interviews (/wiki/Job_interviews) in other sectors. It is a traditional dress code that aims to indicate respect to the situation and not draw attention. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) History [ edit ] The suit (/wiki/Suit_(clothing)) originated in Britain in the 19th-century as a leisurewear. Seeking a casual alternative to the knee-length, heavy frock coats (/wiki/Frock_coat) then considered appropriate business dress, men began to wear lighter coats cut just below the seat when not engaged in business. Standard suit-making fabric is fine combed wool, with the inclusion of cashmere in more expensive fabrics. Middle-price suits are often made of wool-polyester blends, whilst the cheapest are made entirely of polyester fabric. This business suit (also known as the "sack suit" in North America (/wiki/North_America) , commonly by Brooks Brothers (/wiki/Brooks_Brothers) ) became the standard business daywear for all men who were not engaged in physical labor. The waistcoat (British) or vest (/wiki/Vest) (American) was worn regularly with the suit up to World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , but is rarely seen today, due to central heating in offices and the expense of construction. Until at least the early 1960s it was common to wear a hat. In general, business suits are characterized by three styles and a fourth fusion style. English suits are noted for having a "touch fit" to the wearer's body shape and carefully made padded shoulders. Italian suits are often slimmer, with higher armholes and highly shaped to complement a slim physique. Traditional American suits have lightly padded shoulders and loose natural fit with minimal shaping. Since the 1960s, designer brands (especially Polo Ralph Lauren) have created fusion style that brings a more shaped European look to the natural American cut. Suits in Britain were often made in tweed (/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)) , often with three pieces, and were worn outside the City of London (/wiki/City_of_London) . Tweed is made from uncombed wool, and, like all fabrics from the time, was thick and durable (18-ounce was considered medium-weight in the Edwardian era). A full tweed suit is less common today, with just tweed sports jackets (/wiki/Sports_jacket) more often worn, but is still used generally as everyday wear by some, and for outdoor sports such as shooting and angling. It is worn with appropriate accompanying clothes, much as any other suit; brown full brogues and wool ties are common items not worn with other types of suit. Etiquette [ edit ] Informal attire is today considered a form of dress customarily appropriate for all formal settings, which do not explicitly require white tie (/wiki/White_tie) or black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) . For instance, it is commonly worn to religious services and funerals, in government offices and schools. Some professions, like law or finance, may require it. Because of its strong association with the business world, informal attire is also known as international standard business dress, business professional or business formal . Boys and men [ edit ] Dress socks (/wiki/Dress_socks) , differentiated from normal socks by a tighter fit and traditionally dark colors. Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) , seen as required by casual and above. Dress pants (/wiki/Suit#Trousers) , generally monochrome, and in a dark color or khaki colored pants. This does not normally include jeans (/wiki/Jeans) . Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoes) , brown or black leather shoes. This can also include boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoe) . Dress shirt (/wiki/Dress_shirt) , traditionally white, cream, or light blue, but pastel pink and lavender may be viewed as equally appropriate; checkered and striped shirts are seen as acceptable in most circumstances Polo shirt (/wiki/Polo_shirt) , replacing the dress shirt, this has seen a surge in fashion starting in the mid to late 2010s. Girls and women [ edit ] Condoleezza Rice (/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice) , United States Secretary of State (/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State) , and Abdullah Gül (/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl) , President of Turkey (/wiki/President_of_Turkey) , in informal wear (2010) Tights (/wiki/Tights) , Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) , knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) , stockings (/wiki/Stocking) , or leggings (/wiki/Leggings) generally covering the legs is good practice Undergarments (/wiki/Undergarment) , such as a bra and panties, the latter seen as required in casual and above One of: Slacks (/wiki/Slacks) and a blouse (/wiki/Blouse) , turtleneck or sweater or A skirt (/wiki/Skirt) and a blouse (/wiki/Blouse) , turtleneck or sweater or A dress (/wiki/Dress) Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) , for example ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) , riding boots, boat shoes, loafers, or pumps. Makeup (/wiki/Makeup) ; [2] (#cite_note-forbes-2) however, more and more people are wearing less and less makeup See also [ edit ] Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Semi-formal wear (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Formal wear (/wiki/Formal_wear) Casual wear (/wiki/Casual_wear) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-:0_1-0) "Business Professional Attire for Men: The Complete Guide" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160923195336/http://successattire.com/business-professional-attire/) . Success Attire . Sep 10, 2016. Archived from the original (http://successattire.com/business-professional-attire/) on 2016-09-23 . Retrieved Sep 23, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-forbes_2-0) Dress for Success at Forbes.com External links [ edit ] show v t e Parties (/wiki/Party) and festivals (/wiki/Festival) Sorted by occasions, purposes or attributes Types Wedding (/wiki/Wedding) -related Bachelor party (/wiki/Bachelor_party) Bachelorette party (/wiki/Bachelorette_party) Bridal shower (/wiki/Bridal_shower) Engagement party (/wiki/Engagement_party) Wedding reception (/wiki/Wedding_reception) Eid al-Adha (/wiki/Eid_al-Adha) Eid al-Fitr (/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr) Banquets (/wiki/Banquet) Eid cuisine (/wiki/Eid_cuisine) State banquet (/wiki/State_banquet) Ball (/wiki/Ball_(dance_event)) Debutante ball (/wiki/Debutante_ball) Hunt ball (/wiki/Hunt_ball) Symposium (/wiki/Symposium) House parties (/wiki/House_party) Family reunion (/wiki/Family_reunion) Cocktail party (/wiki/Cocktail_party) Housewarming party (/wiki/Housewarming_party) Sleepover (/wiki/Sleepover) LAN party (/wiki/LAN_party) Political houseparty 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(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parties) Category (/wiki/Category:Parties) show v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st 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Tiziana Domínguez Born Tiziana Domínguez González ( 1985-11-16 ) 16 November 1985 (age 38) Ourense (/wiki/Ourense) , Galicia (/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)) , Spain Alma mater Middlebury College (/wiki/Middlebury_College) Occupation Fashion designer Spouse Juan Verde (/wiki/Juan_Verde) ( m. 2011; div. 2018) Parent Adolfo Domínguez (/wiki/Adolfo_Dom%C3%ADnguez) Relatives Gala González (/wiki/Gala_Gonzalez) (cousin) Tiziana Domínguez González (born 16 November 1985) is a fashion designer and artist. As of 2011 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiziana_Dom%C3%ADnguez&action=edit) , she is the creative director of the company Adolfo Domínguez, as well as a painter and sculptor. She is the youngest of the three daughters of designer Adolfo Domínguez (/wiki/Adolfo_Dom%C3%ADnguez) and Elena González. Tiziana is part of the third generation of the company, founded in 1973 from a tailor’s shop run by her grandfather. Training [ edit ] Tiziana started her training abroad when she was seven years old. She studied in Great Britain, Austria and France, where she learned English, German and French. After finishing her A-levels in Great Britain, she studied a foundation course in Art & Design at Leeds College of Art (/wiki/Leeds_College_of_Art) . She later moved to Vermont, USA, where she earned a Bachelor of liberal arts BA with a major in economics in Middlebury College (/wiki/Middlebury_College) . [1] (#cite_note-1) In 2017, she earned a AAS fashion design degree at parsons. Design [ edit ] From her post as Creative Director, [2] (#cite_note-2) Tiziana Dominguez designed the company’s collections, along with her father. She introduced ecological materials in all collections and backs sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) . In 2011, she presented her first 100% ecological line: ‘Green Me’, [3] (#cite_note-3) designer clothes made from organic and recycled fabrics. Painting and sculpture [ edit ] In May 2011, she presented her first painting exhibition, "Ants, horses & other relatives". [4] (#cite_note-4) This was a figurative, expressionist collection, with a lot of colour, where she mixes oil paints with sand, coffee, sawdust, plants, insects and other materials. Her painting is inspired by animals and nature, and her canvases are often transferred to the prints in the collections presented at Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week (/wiki/Cibeles_Madrid_Fashion_Week) and her sculptures inspire the designs of the company’s jewellery. Corporate ethics [ edit ] In 2009, she founded the Corporate Social Responsibility (/wiki/Corporate_Social_Responsibility) Department (CSR) at Adolfo Dominguez S.A. Her achievements include the publication of the Animal Welfare Policy [5] (#cite_note-5) (2010). Through this document, the company rejects the use of exotic animal skins, as well as violent activities or animal abuse, such as plucking feathers from live birds or Mulesing (/wiki/Mulesing) . They only use leather for bags and accessories, provided that it has certification that it comes from animals bred for food. [ citation needed ] Personal life [ edit ] Tiziana Domínguez was married to Juan Verde (/wiki/Juan_Verde) from 2011 to 2018. [6] (#cite_note-Piñón-6) They have two children together. [7] (#cite_note-Villar-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Student Abstracts, Middlebury College Summer Session". Middlebury College (/wiki/Middlebury_College) . 2007. {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Solomon, Beth. "Adolfo Dominguez daughter traces natural path to success" (http://www.thegeorgetowndish.com/thedish/adolfo-dominguez-daughter-traces-natural-path-success) . The Georgetown Dish . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Durán Díaz, Lourdes. "Getting to know Green Me" (http://fabricsforfreedom.com/getting-to-know-green-me-by-tiziana-dominguez/) . Fabrics for Freedom . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Ants, Horses & other relatives" (http://www.fundacionadolfodominguez.es/publico/fichaGaleria.aspx?ars=1) . Adolfo Dominguez Foundation. 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-5) V, Peter. "Adolfo Dominguez adopts animal welfare policy" (http://merinoaustralia.com.au/?p=720) . Merino Australia . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Piñón_6-0) Piñón, Manu (2018-07-06). "Juan Verde, el amigo canario que ha traído a Barack Obama a España" (https://www.revistavanityfair.es/poder/articulos/juan-verde-tiziana-dominguez-al-gore-hillary-clinton-bill-clinton-barack-obama/32188) . Vanity Fair . ^ (#cite_ref-Villar_7-0) Villar, C. (2020-03-06). "La discreta separación de Tiziana Domínguez y Juan Verde" (https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/famosos/2020-06-03/tiziana-dominguez-juan-verde-separacion-divorcio-discreta_2621056) (in Spanish). Vanitatis. External links [ edit ] Official website of Adolfo Dominguez (http://www.adolfodominguez.com/indexAD.php?id_doc=Home&est=0&id_est=0&lg=EN&tod=no) Adolfo Dominguez in Fashion from Spain (http://www.fashionfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_5857768_5852720_233043_0,00.html) Green Me in Fabrics for Freedom (http://fabricsforfreedom.com/es/conoce-green-me-by-tiziana-dominguez/) Tiziana Dominguez: fusión de disciplinas (http://www.fastfashion.es/2011/05/tiziana-dominguez-fusion-de-disciplinas/) La rentrée de Adolfo Dominguez (http://www.elle.es/moda/tendencias/entrevista-adolfo-dominguez) Adolfo Dominguez catwalks on Vogue.es (http://www.vogue.es/desfiles/otono-invierno-2011-2012-madrid-adolfo-dominguez/6052) Green Me, eco collection by Tiziana Dominguez (http://www.glamour.es/articulos/green-me-by-tiziana/12018) Tiziana Dominguez on Vogue India (http://www.vogue.in/content/adolfo-dominguez-now-india) Tiziana Dominguez's paintings (http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/sociedad/2011/05/20/0003_201105G20P36993.htm) Tiziana Dominguez interview (http://my.lifestyleasia.com/en/features/style/tiziana-dominguez-interview-8395) Tiziana Dominguez for India's national newspaper (https://web.archive.org/web/20110624192040/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/02/24/stories/2011022450040200.htm) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐pk95p Cached time: 20240720002355 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.319 seconds Real time usage: 0.536 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2401/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22366/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4095/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27706/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.188/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6995585/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 516.897 1 -total 61.69% 318.858 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 31.43% 162.456 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 28.99% 149.865 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 23.57% 121.823 1 Template:Reflist 16.94% 87.567 21 Template:Pluralize_from_text 15.67% 81.021 1 Template:Cite_journal 12.25% 63.345 1 Template:Marriage 7.41% 38.320 1 Template:Citation_needed 6.38% 33.000 1 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32797951-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720002355 and revision id 1182424037. 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Ole Yde Ole Yde (born 24 July 1978 in Odense) is a Danish fashion designer based in Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) . He is the creative director and founder for the fashion house YDE, launched in 2005. YDE is a luxury women’s Prêt-à-Porter Brand based in Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) . Early life [ edit ] He was born on 24 July 1978 in Odense, Denmark (/wiki/Odense,_Denmark) . He moved to Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) at the age of eighteen to attend the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts) ' Design School (/wiki/Danish_Design_School) . In 2002, Yde left school short of graduating to pursue his dream of starting a label under his own name. He began his career by creating one of a kind dresses for private customers, which he still continues to do now. [1] (#cite_note-GundtoftDorothea-1) Fashion career [ edit ] Lise Rønne (/wiki/Lise_R%C3%B8nne) in Ole Yde dress in Eurovision Song Contest 2014 (/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2014) YDE was launched in 2005 for which Ole subsequently won Illum’s best design prize. [2] (#cite_note-brar-2) September 2009 marked the opening of the first YDE boutique in Copenhagen; [3] (#cite_note-redaktionen-3) it’s where the prêt a porter collection is being sold along with the made to order pieces that are created by the YDE atelier for high-profile clients. In 2010 Ole Yde won both the Silver Thread "Sølvtråden" awarded by Danish Magazine Alt for Damerne [4] (#cite_note-4) for new talent of the year and the GINEN award for designer of the year. [2] (#cite_note-brar-2) Ole Yde wins designer of the year at ELLE Style Awards 2016. Inspiration [ edit ] Ole Yde is often inspired by people or periods that have stood out in history because of their uniqueness, decadence or grandeur such as Maria Callas (/wiki/Maria_Callas) , Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , Marie Antoinette (/wiki/Marie_Antoinette) and 18th Century French Art. [5] (#cite_note-5) Publications [ edit ] YDE has been featured in numerous publications such as Vogue Magazine (/wiki/Vogue_Magazine) , [6] (#cite_note-6) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , [7] (#cite_note-7) Elle Magazine (/wiki/Elle_Magazine) , [3] (#cite_note-redaktionen-3) Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) , [8] (#cite_note-8) and The Mode (/wiki/The_Mode) , [9] (#cite_note-laforce-9) among others. Also, the designer has been mentioned in Dorothea Gundtoft (/wiki/Dorothea_Gundtoft) 's book "Fashion Scandinavia" . Ole Yde presents his collection twice a year during Copenhagen Fashion Week (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) [10] (#cite_note-10) and Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) . [9] (#cite_note-laforce-9) In addition to the YDE’s flagship store in Copenhagen, the Prêt-à-Porter collection is available through a selection of retailers in North America, Middle East and Asia. [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-GundtoftDorothea_1-0) Gundtoft, Dorothea. "Fashion Scandinavia", Thames&Hudson Ltd, 2013, London. ^ a b Brar, Gina. "The best from danish designer Ole Yde’s latest collection" (http://www.yourcoffeebreak.co.uk/uncategorized/26338735879/yde-copenhagen/) , Your Coffee Break Blog, 31 July 2013 ^ a b Redaktionen. "Ole Yde åbner butik" (http://www.elle.dk/Mode/Nyheder/Ole-Yde-butik.aspx) , Elle Denmark (/wiki/Elle_Denmark) , 23 September 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Alt for damerne. "Modtager af ALT for damernes Sølvtråd: Ole Yde" (http://www.altfordamerne.dk/galleri/mode/Ole-Yde----modtager-af-ALT-for-damernes-designpris-Solvtraden/) , Copenhagen, 23 August 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bonser, Sara. "Ole Yde Fairytale King Designer" (http://www.1883magazine.com/features/features/ole-yde) , 1883 Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Saltz, Jessica. "SPRING/SUMMER 2010 READY-TO-WEAR" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2010/ready-to-wear/yde) Vogue Magazine (/wiki/Vogue_Magazine) , 5 August 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Robinson, Roxanne. "Ole Yde, Georg Jensen Team Up" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/silver-lining-6348172) , Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , 28 September 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Godfrey Deeny, Hélène Guillaume and Émilie Faure. "Une saison à idées" (http://madame.lefigaro.fr/style/hors-podium-270913-564332) , Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) , 26 September 2013. ^ a b Laforce, Simon. "En marge de la fashion…" (http://www.themode.fr/en-marge-de-la-fashion/) , The Mode (/wiki/The_Mode) , France, 3 October 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-10) Christina Christensen / All Over Press Editor: Christoph Nagel. "ELLE - Copenhagen Fashion Week - Ole Yde Show" (https://vimeo.com/40446114) , 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-11) YDE Official Website, Stockists list (http://yde-copenhagen.com/#/stockists) Related Links [ edit ] YDE Official Website (http://yde-copenhagen.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.canary‐5449f979f4‐9kx2w Cached time: 20240709130724 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.094 seconds Real time usage: 0.234 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 238/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 308/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 71/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6257/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.020/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 937818/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 67.304 1 -total 53.50% 36.006 1 Template:Reflist 46.33% 31.184 1 Template:Authority_control_(arts) 4.49% 3.019 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40878953-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709130724 and revision id 1040693968. 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Saudi fashion designer Yahya Al Bishri Al Bishri in 2006 Born ( 1962-08-13 ) 13 August 1962 (age 61) Abha (/wiki/Abha) , Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) Nationality Saudi (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) Years active 1988–present Labels YAHYA Elements by Yahya Website www (http://www.yahyacouture.com) .yahyacouture (http://www.yahyacouture.com) .com (http://www.yahyacouture.com) Yahya Al Bishri (born 13 August 1962) is a Saudi (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) fashion designer. He has designed garments for King Abdullah (/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia) and royal families around the world such as Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life and education [ edit ] Yahya Al Bishri was born in Abha (/wiki/Abha) , where he received primary education before moving to Jeddah (/wiki/Jeddah) , to complete his study. Attracted to art, fashion and design world which is full of creation and innovation. His hobby was developed to become a profession through academic study at the Milano School of Fashion and the Paris American Academy for art and fashion. Al Bishri, who in the late 1980s was one of the first Saudis to enter the world of fashion, was used to overcoming barriers. His father, shocked and disappointed by his son's choice of profession, initially cut him off, hoping he would return to a more conventional line of work. So Al Bishri supported 2 1/2 years of fashion design studies in Italy and France, by writing and selling poems and freelancing for local newspapers. In 1988 Yahya Al Bishri graduated as a fashion designer. [3] (#cite_note-3) Career [ edit ] Al Bishri is credited with having taken the Saudi fashion industry to the next level, allowing Saudi Arabia’s name to shine in the fashion world with a unique fusion of traditional Saudi clothes with foreign traits. Introducing new designs and fashion in a conservative Saudi society that is proud of its culture and heritage has been a difficult job for Al Bishri. Unlike other Saudi designers, who usually settle abroad in foreign countries, Al Bishri decided to remain in the Kingdom and make Saudi Arabia his primary target market. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Faiza Saleh Ambah (11 September 2008). "The Man Who Put Color Back in Saudi Menswear" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/10/AR2008091003242.html) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Aline Watfa (20 August 2009). "Yahya Al Bishri, First Fashion Designer To Be In The Coca-Cola Light V.I.A" (http://www.pressreleasenetwork.com/uaenews/news_dtls_remote.php?newsid=24896) . UAE News (/w/index.php?title=UAE_News&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Suna Ahmed (16 April 2001). "Profile Yahya Al Bishri in brief" (http://www.yahyacouture.com/site/Homepage.aspx) . Yahya Al Bishri . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Razan Baker (1 March 2007). "New, Bold and simple" (http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=21§ion=0&article=92933&d=2&m=3&y=2007) . Arab News (/wiki/Arab_News) . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . 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Women's fashion Liputa is a style of wearing modern fashion by women in Democratic Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) . [1] (#cite_note-1) "Liputa" means wearing of colorful materials in style. [2] (#cite_note-2) Usually Congolese women wear fashion of very vibrant colours. Congolese women wear their attire to a marriage ceremony, market, gathering or to a formal party in Liputa style. Mothers who have young children usually use a similar material to carry their baby at the back. This is seen as the norm in the DRC. A woman wearing the Liputa costume Draping Method [ edit ] The attire consists of four pieces made from the same material. One piece is worn as a blouse, one as a wrapper, one to tie on the waist, and another one to tie on the head. The blouse has a big-cut neck and big arm sleeves. One piece of material is wrapped around from the waist to feet to cover the legs. Another piece ties the waist to tighten the wrapper and keep it in place. It also signifies whether the woman is married or unmarried. This piece ties in such a way that the knot looks like a huge beautiful bow on the waist. The last piece is tied on the head as a turban to cover the hair. Now-a-days they do not tie their hair with the turban or leave the hair loose even if tying the turban. The blouse usually has embroidery with colourful threads and decorative beads around the neck. The neck is big, so that the head can easily fit through the blouse. Traditionally buttons are not used, however sometimes buttons can be used to decorate the blouse. Speciality [ edit ] Materials here are 100% cotton. Dyeing is the main method of coloring cloth. Usually indigo is used to colour the material. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Culture" (https://brandonjordandemocraticrepublicofcongo.weebly.com/culture.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO" (https://brandonjordandemocraticrepublicofcongo.weebly.com/culture.html) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐4wc2q Cached time: 20240715035620 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.121 seconds Real time usage: 0.173 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 269/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3041/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 328/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7462/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.075/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2815908/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 157.150 1 -total 56.62% 88.977 1 Template:Reflist 48.35% 75.974 2 Template:Cite_web 42.27% 66.432 1 Template:Short_description 23.59% 37.067 2 Template:Pagetype 10.50% 16.499 3 Template:Main_other 9.16% 14.389 1 Template:SDcat 1.63% 2.562 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66873745-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715035620 and revision id 1213251403. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liputa&oldid=1213251403 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liputa&oldid=1213251403) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of the Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo) African clothing (/wiki/Category:African_clothing) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
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French clothing company gunhild Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) (2007) Headquarters Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) Key people Gunhild Nygaard (/wiki/Gunhild_Nygaard) Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Website gunhild (https://www.kaneles.com) Gunhild (stylized gunhild ), is a French clothing company, known for its fashion (/wiki/Fashion) clothing offerings for women. Gunhild is based in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) , and was established in Paris (/wiki/Paris) in 2007 by the Norwegian (/wiki/Norway) designer Gunhild Nygaard (/wiki/Gunhild_Nygaard) . The collection of 2009 was awarded with the Créateur de l'Année (/w/index.php?title=Cr%C3%A9ateur_de_l%27Ann%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1) from the Mayor of Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) . [1] (#cite_note-NF-1) [2] (#cite_note-VG-2) The Gunhild collections are both designed and produced in France (/wiki/France) . The collections are primarily sold in France (/wiki/France) but are also exported to other countries, such as Canada (/wiki/Canada) , Japan (/wiki/Japan) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) , China (/wiki/China) , Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , and Norway (/wiki/Norway) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-NF_1-0) Norwegian Gunhild Nygaard is 'Designer of the Year' in Paris , Feb 2009 , retrieved 11 March 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-VG_2-0) Gronning, LH (Feb 2009), New Norwegian Designer Queen , retrieved 11 March 2010 External links [ edit ] The official site (https://www.kaneles.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐776f6b9c48‐tqvdf Cached time: 20240716032421 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.258 seconds Real time usage: 0.392 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1178/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9421/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 909/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9565/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.159/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4009758/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 353.710 1 -total 40.60% 143.592 1 Template:Infobox_company 37.37% 132.193 1 Template:Infobox 36.00% 127.328 1 Template:Reflist 32.33% 114.367 2 Template:Citation 22.62% 80.023 1 Template:Short_description 11.97% 42.352 2 Template:Pagetype 6.63% 23.454 6 Template:Main_other 5.70% 20.170 1 Template:SDcat 2.09% 7.403 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26505350-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716032421 and revision id 1201889483. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunhild_(clothing)&oldid=1201889483 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunhild_(clothing)&oldid=1201889483) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands) Clothing companies of France (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_France) French companies established in 2007 (/wiki/Category:French_companies_established_in_2007) French brands (/wiki/Category:French_brands) French fashion (/wiki/Category:French_fashion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
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Perfume endorsed by Beyoncé Heat Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released February 3, 2010 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Catch the fever Successor Heat Ultimate Elixir Website beyonceparfums (http://beyonceparfums.com/heat) .com (http://beyonceparfums.com/heat) /heat (http://beyonceparfums.com/heat) Heat is a perfume (/wiki/Perfume) endorsed by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) . It was created by her alongside Claude Dir and Olivier Gillotin of the company Givaudan (/wiki/Givaudan) . The product, which was released on February 3, 2010, uses the tagline (/wiki/Tagline) "catch the fever". The release was promoted with a cover version of " Fever (/wiki/Fever_(Little_Willie_John_song)) " recorded by Beyoncé and a limited edition extended play (/wiki/Extended_play) (EP) also titled Heat . She also appeared at Macy's Herald Square (/wiki/Macy%27s_Herald_Square) to launch the perfume and on The Today Show (/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)) where she discussed about Heat. The fragrance's commercial, directed by director (/wiki/Music_video_director) Jake Nava (/wiki/Jake_Nava) and released in December 2009, spawned controversy for its sexually explicit imagery, and was only allowed nighttime broadcast in the United Kingdom. Macy's sold US$ (/wiki/United_States_dollar) 3 million worth of Heat between early February and early March 2010. It received mixed reviews from critics, and it was nominated at several fragrance award ceremonies. Heat was followed by five additional releases: Heat Ultimate Elixir meant to capture a more private side of the entertainer, Heat Rush intended as a daytime fragrance, Midnight Heat, a night fragrance, Heat The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, a limited product dedicated to the tour of that name (/wiki/The_Mrs._Carter_Show_World_Tour) , Heat Wild Orchid, a floral update of the original, Heat Kissed, a romantic update of the original and Heat Seduction. Each scent was followed with its own Eau De Parfum release and multiple gift sets. In 2013, in addition to becoming the best-selling celebrity-branded fragrance line (/wiki/List_of_celebrity-branded_fragrances) , [1] (#cite_note-1) the perfumes went on to become the third best-selling fragrance worldwide with $400 million earned at retail globally. Conception [ edit ] Development [ edit ] Knowles performing during the I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)) , 2009. She said that the main inspiration for the title of Heat came from the live performances of her tours which utilized pyrotechnics. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) In December 2009, Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) announced that she would release her first fragrance, titled Heat, the following year. [3] (#cite_note-3) Prior to releasing the fragrance, she had collaborated with Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) on his perfume True Star (/wiki/True_Star_(perfume)) in 2004 and Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) 's Diamonds for which she also appeared in several promotional campaigns. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Beyoncé created the fragrance in 2009 with the testing of its smell done by Coty, Inc. (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) Beyoncé presented Heat to her fans during backstage meetings on her I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)) (2009–10). [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) It was released in the United States on February 3, 2010. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-nymag1-7) According to Beyoncé's official parfum website, Heat is a "captivating fragrance that unleashes a spirited fire within." [8] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums1-8) It was also described as "a unique expression of a woman's powerful sensuality: sexy, elegant yet feminine with an air of mystery", summing up that the fragrance reflects "a self-assured woman, who is not afraid to desire and to be desired." [8] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums1-8) Beyoncés' official perfume website also described Heat as an "alluring [and] modern fragrance... [which] embodies a compelling spirit". [9] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums2-9) In a behind the scenes video (/wiki/Making-of) , Beyoncé revealed the reason behind naming the fragrance Heat. According to her, it was because the scent comes off as "infectious", further elaborating: "It's like something you can't get enough of. It's hot, it's sexy, it definitely makes you feel like you caught the fever." [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) She additionally stated that her favorite fragrance notes are red vanilla orchid, due to its "sexy" and "spicy" smell, and honeysuckle, due to its "sensual" and "sweet" smell. [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) She concluded: "It was a lot of work but I was really really happy and I think it's something I'll be proud of 20 years from now." [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) During an interview with Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) , Beyoncé stated that she loved the perfume because it featured notes of orchid, her favorite flower. She further said that it was suitable for her alter ego (/wiki/Alter_ego) Sasha Fierce as it was "fiery". [11] (#cite_note-11) Packaging and scent [ edit ] Heat is packaged in a red triangular bottle. The top of the bottle is edged with a gold band and the words "Beyoncé" and "Heat" and the cap is etched with the letter B. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) The scent has been described as floral, fruity and woody, and it was marketed as both "feminine and irresistible" by the entertainer's official perfume website. [9] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums2-9) The fragrance is described as having top notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) of vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) , magnolia (/wiki/Magnolia) , neroli (/wiki/Neroli) and peach (/wiki/Peach) ; middle notes of almond (/wiki/Almond) macaroon (/wiki/Macaroon) , honeysuckle (/wiki/Honeysuckle) and musk; and base notes with "a warm and sexy dry-down" of giant sequoia (/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum) milkwood (/wiki/Alstonia) , tonka bean (/wiki/Tonka_bean) and amber (/wiki/Amber) . [9] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums2-9) Reviewers particularly identified tonka bean, neroli and almond, along with woody and floral notes. [12] (#cite_note-Siegel1-12) Following the release of Heat, Beyoncé described its bottle design, scent and inspiration in depth, as follows: A lot of my performances have had fire involved, so we thought 'Heat.' Also, red is one of my favorite colors, as is gold. So then we thought of making the bottle look like it's on fire. I love antique bottles — my mother had a collection of them when I was growing up. I wanted something with an antique yet modern feeling. Even with my wardrobe, I always try to find things that have a little bit of something vintage, yet still timeless and classic. The bottle, I felt, was a great mixture of the two... Everything, from the bottle design to the name and the ideas for the commercials–that's me. When I commit to something, I do it 100 percent, and I've never had [creative control over a fragrance] until this project. I learned a lot of great things from the past — but I always asked myself, 'If I could have my own scent, what would it be?' I wasn't worried about deadlines. It could have taken me three, four, however many years — this was my first fragrance, and I wanted to make sure that it was something I would love forever. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) Products 100 ml/ 3.4 oz 50 ml/ 1.7 oz 30 ml/ 1.0 oz 15 ml/ 0.5 oz Body Lotion 200 ml/ 6.7 oz Shower Gel 200 ml/ 6.7 oz Sparkling Body Mist 125 ml/ 4.2 oz Promotion [ edit ] In November 2009, the print advertising for Heat was shot by Michael Thompson, who described Beyoncé as "sultry" on the poster. [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) Thompson said in a behind the scenes look at the shoot for the fragrance, that he wanted to capture Beyoncé "in her true essence", where she "generates heat" and is just "sensual and fun and full of energy." [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) A writer of Rap-Up praised her look, saying that she was "burning up" the print. [13] (#cite_note-13) The advertisement was published in fashion, beauty and lifestyle magazines in February 2010. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) On February 3, 2010, Beyoncé launched the scent at Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) Herald Square (/wiki/Herald_Square) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , where she posed for photos and signed autographs for fans. [14] (#cite_note-14) Heat was released in 2,000 department and specialty store doors in the United States. The collection was also released in Canada and Latin America in February 2010 with additional global distribution in Europe, Asia and Australia in August 2010. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) On February 9, 2010, Beyoncé appeared on The Today Show (/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)) where she talked about Heat. [15] (#cite_note-15) From January 15, 2011, to February 15, 2011, Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) magazine gave away 10,000 free samples of Heat. A sample of the fragrance was given for each copy of the February 2011 issue of the magazine bought. [16] (#cite_note-16) A sample of Heat was distributed alongside each copy of Beyoncé's live album, I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._World_Tour_(album)) (2010) and her fourth studio album, 4 (/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) (2011). [17] (#cite_note-onet-17) Industry sources estimated that Coty Beauty spent a total of $20 million on advertising and promotion of the perfume the first year after its release. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) Commercial [ edit ] The television commercial for Heat was directed by Jake Nava (/wiki/Jake_Nava) , who previously directed Beyoncé's videos for her singles " Crazy In Love (/wiki/Crazy_in_Love_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) ", " Baby Boy (/wiki/Baby_Boy_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) ", " Beautiful Liar (/wiki/Beautiful_Liar) ", " If I Were a Boy (/wiki/If_I_Were_a_Boy) ", and " Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) (/wiki/Single_Ladies_(Put_a_Ring_on_It)) ". [18] (#cite_note-retu-18) Trey Laird was the executive creative director, while Hans Dorsinville was the creative director of the video. [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) Laird stated that the main theme of the commercial was that Beyoncé should appear "sexy and a little bit dangerous", but in a "sophisticated and elegant way". [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) Released on television channels in December 2009, the commercial is set to Beyoncé's cover version of "Fever" (/wiki/Fever_(Little_Willie_John_song)#Beyoncé_version) (2010) playing in the background. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) It features her in the same red satin kimono (/wiki/Kimono) that she has worn on the print advertisement. Beyoncé is seen sweating profusely in a steamy bathroom while in one of the scenes, she is seen seemingly enjoying herself in a bath. [19] (#cite_note-wete-19) Nava praised Beyoncé's acting in the commercial, stating: "She's so scorchingly hot that even when she touches the floor with her dangerous high-heels, she kind of sets her world on fire." [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) In an interview with Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , Beyoncé described the sexual tone of the video stating: "'It's called Heat, so we wanted the ads to be really steamy and dewy. My sexiest moments are when I'm just getting out of the tub or the shower and I'm clean, so I wanted to incorporate that in the ads. The dress was this liquid-y satin. The song Fever I did years ago and always loved it. [For the commercial] I got to sing it a bit more whispery, more natural." [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) "Fever" was re-recorded by Beyoncé on two different occasions. Knowles first recorded her version of "Fever" on September 9, 2003 for her film The Fighting Temptations (/wiki/The_Fighting_Temptations) . [20] (#cite_note-amazon1-20) Before the release of Heat, she recorded "Fever" again for the fragrance's television commercial. After the launch of Heat, the latter version of the song was officially released as a promotional single (/wiki/Promotional_recording) to the US iTunes Store (/wiki/ITunes_Store) through Columbia Records (/wiki/Columbia_Records) on February 8, 2010, to promote the fragrance. [21] (#cite_note-21) It was made available digitally in the United Kingdom the following day. [22] (#cite_note-22) The commercial for the fragrance found controversy in the United Kingdom with UK's Advertising Standards Authority. [23] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-23) It was banned from the country's daytime TV rotation due to its "sexy imagery" and was only shown after 7:30 in the afternoon. [23] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-23) The U.K.'s Advertising Standards Authority commented on the ban decision, stating "We considered that Beyoncé's body movements and the camera's prolonged focus on shots of her dress slipping away to partially expose her breasts created a sexually provocative ad that was unsuitable to be seen by young children." [23] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-23) Coty, Inc., the world's largest fragrance company, replied to the ban, stating that they do not think there is anything too explicit about the TV spot. [23] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-23) Coty continued that the commercial was "intended to reflect the singer Beyoncé's personal 'sexy chic' style," and while Beyoncé's cleavage is exposed at certain parts of the commercial, Coty stated that it is not "overtly graphic or explicitly sexual and at no point was Beyoncé naked." [23] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-23) Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) defended Beyoncé, saying that "[the advertisement] is sexy. It's suggestive and sultry. But it's certainly not X-rated (/wiki/X_rating) ." [19] (#cite_note-wete-19) Beyoncé's mother and collaborator Tina Knowles (/wiki/Tina_Knowles) called the commercial's ban "very good", as people purposely went to watch the video which further increased sales. [24] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-24) Reception [ edit ] A model holding a bottle of Heat during its release in Brazil Amy Odell (/wiki/Amy_Odell_(author)) of New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) magazine gave Heat's scent a negative review. She criticized the fragrance's packaging as being very similar to that of K-Y Jelly (/wiki/K-Y_Jelly) . [25] (#cite_note-nymag2-25) She stated: "Once on the skin, the scent transformed in a matter of just a few minutes from something floral-y and vaguely acceptable to an offensive mix of car fumes and that vanilla body spray Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) used to sell to 12-year-olds", [25] (#cite_note-nymag2-25) then adding that the perfume's logo and gold swirls "sway too similar to that of KY Jelly's", before concluding that "calling to mind sex is kind of Beyoncé's thing, which is why this fragrance could just be a smashing success." [25] (#cite_note-nymag2-25) Holly Siegel of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) complimented the fragrance's scent of "floral-fruity-woody blend and notes of neroli, almond and tonka bean." [12] (#cite_note-Siegel1-12) On October 25, 2010, the perfume won a gold status at the Design of the Times Awards by The Strive Group. [26] (#cite_note-26) At the 2011 CEW Beauty Awards, Heat won in the category for Best Fragrance of the Year: Mass. [27] (#cite_note-27) The same year, it also won in the category for Best Fragrance at the Dutch Drugstore Awards, [28] (#cite_note-28) and Best Fragrance in the Lifestyle at the Norwegian Cosmetic Awards. [29] (#cite_note-29) It also received a nomination in the category for Media Campaign of the Year at the 2011 FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) . [30] (#cite_note-30) It was revealed by Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) Chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) , Terry Lundgren, that his chain had sold US$3 million worth of Heat between early February 2010 and early March 2010. [31] (#cite_note-nymag3-31) Lundgren revealed that, during a one-hour period at the launch of the scent when Beyoncé was at the store signing autographs, 72,000 bottles were sold. [31] (#cite_note-nymag3-31) Within days of the fragrance's release, it was named as one of the best-selling scents in America. [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-irish-33) According to The Fragrance Shop in the UK, Heat also topped a poll of best-selling celebrity scents. [34] (#cite_note-34) Related products [ edit ] During an interview with Women's Wear Daily in December 2009, Stephen Mormoris announced that Beyoncé planned to release several other fragrances after Heat meant to explore the different sides of her personality. However, he added that Heat was meant to be "the enduring classic... this scent will re-energize the celebrity category". [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) Consequently, five additional fragrances were released from the Heat line: Heat Ultimate Elixir, Heat Rush, Midnight Heat, Heat: The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and Heat Wild Orchid. In 2013, it was revealed that with $400 million earned at retail globally, the line of perfumes was placed at number three on the list of best-selling fragrances. [35] (#cite_note-wear-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) The Heat releases further became the best-selling line of celebrity endorsed fragrances (/wiki/List_of_celebrity-branded_fragrances) . [37] (#cite_note-best-selling-37) Mormois discussed his collaboration with Beyoncé on the Heat line, saying: "Beyoncé has always chosen simple and strong concepts for her fragrances. She's very collaborative in that she know[s] what she wants and she has a very clear view of her fan base. There are just a few of that qualities that make her an excellent partner. She is excellent at making decisions and making them happen." [35] (#cite_note-wear-35) In September 2011, Beyoncé followed Heat with a new line of fragrances titled Beyoncé Pulse. [38] (#cite_note-38) Heat Ultimate Elixir [ edit ] Heat Ultimate Elixir Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released September 2010 [39] (#cite_note-mimifroufrou1-39) Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Catch the Fever Predecessor Heat Successor Heat Rush In August 2010, it was revealed that Beyoncé would be re-releasing her first fragrance as an "ultimate elixir", emphasizing elements intended to embody her private side. [40] (#cite_note-stylelist1-40) The scent was released in September 2010. [39] (#cite_note-mimifroufrou1-39) As its theme, the perfume offers a more intense and sensual version of the original Heat scent. Upon revealing the inspiration of Heat Ultimate Elixir, Beyoncé stated that the reason which motivated her to update the original scent was the idea of her mother's scent when she was a child: My first memory of fragrance is my mother, and as a very young girl, hearing her footsteps... Her stilettos click, click, clicking on the hardwood floor and she wore a beautiful fragrance and she would walk past me and it would just stay in the room. It left a warm feeling every time I thought about her scent. I think about the icons that I respect and they all have their own fragrance so I thought it was time for me to have my own. [40] (#cite_note-stylelist1-40) Ultimate Elixir mixes notes of vanilla orchid and osmanthus (/wiki/Osmanthus) top notes with cedarwood (/wiki/Cedarwood) and amber middle notes, then adds in vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) and tonka bean (/wiki/Tonka_bean) base notes. [40] (#cite_note-stylelist1-40) Kelly Bryant of StyleList wrote that the base notes of Heat Ultimate Elixir "drive the point home that this is a bouquet meant for one sexy siren". [40] (#cite_note-stylelist1-40) Selling the scent's elixir, Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) described the fragrance as an "opulent and intoxicating twist on the original scent." [41] (#cite_note-macys1-41) Keeping with the scent's "sexy theme", the new scarlet jus is contained in the original bottle, updated with a black atomizer, which has been described as "boudoir-ready" by Katherine Kluznik Rentmeester of People magazine. [42] (#cite_note-42) Nathalie Atkinson of The National Post (/wiki/National_Post) held a sniff test for the Heat Ultimate Elixir perfume to assess the different scents picked up by people of the opposite sex. [43] (#cite_note-nationalpost1-43) Cosmetics editor Dave Lackie, who was asked to be the male participant of the scent, described the elixir as "stronger than the original", noting strong hints in scents such as "peach-flavoured candy paired with nondescript flowers" which offered "a nice drydown". [43] (#cite_note-nationalpost1-43) Atkinson, the female participant, noted Beyoncé's intense use of creamsicle (/wiki/Creamsicle) , adding that the scent holds strong enough "to get noticed above the hairspray fumes and thumping bass". [43] (#cite_note-nationalpost1-43) In a list of "Noseworthy Perfumes", Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) listed Heat Ultimate Elixir at number two, favoring the fragrance's "honeysuckle nectar, musk, and warm, sensual" sequoia scent. [44] (#cite_note-44) The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) described the scent as a "spicier flanker (/wiki/Flanker_(perfume)) " in comparison to the original release. [45] (#cite_note-45) New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) magazine found the fragrance's packaging "just as 'lubelike' as the original." [46] (#cite_note-46) Products 50 ml/ 1.7 oz Heat Rush [ edit ] New fragrance project working sessions for Heat Rush took place backstage in Newcastle upon Tyne (/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne) , England in November 2009 and the fragrance was released in February 2011. [47] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums6-47) During the new fragrance project working sessions, Beyoncé deciphered through different scents, later choosing a "Sunset Cocktail Mod 5" scent because it made her feel "as though a breeze were coming through the room" and seemed "like more of a risk". [47] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums6-47) Beyoncé's official perfume website described Heat Rush as a fruity, floral fragrance "that is luminous and vibrant with a dewy delicacy at the same time... It captures Beyoncé's bright sensuality; it's young, fresh, and joyful." [48] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums4-48) The same source listed the scent's top notes as passion fruit (/wiki/Passion_fruit) , orange (/wiki/Orange_(fruit)) and cherry (/wiki/Cherry) ; the middle notes meant to embody "Beyoncé's ultra-feminine side" with orchid (/wiki/Orchid) , mango (/wiki/Mango) and orange hibiscus (/wiki/Hibiscus) ; and the base notes contain teak (/wiki/Teak) , honey and a musk (/wiki/Musk) blend that was said to be inspired by sunsets in Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) . [48] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums4-48) Heat : Limited edition CD [ edit ] Heat EP (/wiki/Extended_play) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released February 2011 ( 2011-02 ) Recorded 2010–2011; Coty, Inc. (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) (75002 Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) & New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) 10016) Genre (/wiki/Music_genre) R&B (/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) Length 29 : 46 Label (/wiki/Record_label) Columbia (/wiki/Columbia_Records) Music World (/wiki/Music_World_Entertainment) Coty, Inc. Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) chronology I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._World_Tour_(album)) (2010) Heat (2011) 4 (/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) (2011) A limited edition gift extended play (/wiki/Extended_play) (EP) also titled Heat was released in February 2011, almost a year after the promotional release of "Fever". Promotion in the United States for the perfume took place with a free tote bag (/wiki/Tote_bag) , [49] (#cite_note-49) while the limited edition gift EP was used as promotion for all United Kingdom releases of the perfume. [50] (#cite_note-cosmopolitan1-50) One compact disc (/wiki/Compact_disc) copy of the EP was included with every purchase of a 50 ml bottle of Heat. [50] (#cite_note-cosmopolitan1-50) The EP features a cover of " Fever (/wiki/Fever_(Little_Willie_John_song)#Beyoncé_version) ", which Beyoncé originally sang in The Fighting Temptations (/wiki/The_Fighting_Temptations) , and later released as a download in 2010. The EP contains remixes (/wiki/Remix) of other songs Beyoncé previously recorded; Karmatronic remixed " At Last (/wiki/At_Last) ", which she sang in Cadillac Records (/wiki/Cadillac_Records) , and "Satellites", a track from I Am... Sasha Fierce (/wiki/I_Am..._Sasha_Fierce) . Catalyst remixed " Broken-Hearted Girl (/wiki/Broken-Hearted_Girl) ", and Lost Daze remixed "Smash Into You", both of which are songs from I Am... Sasha Fierce . The Catalyst remix of "Broken-Hearted Girl" was previously made available on Beyoncé's 2009 remix album (/wiki/Remix_album) Above and Beyoncé: Video Collection & Dance Mixes (/wiki/Above_and_Beyonc%C3%A9:_Video_Collection_%26_Dance_Mixes) . [51] (#cite_note-51) Track listing [ edit ] No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length 1. " Fever (/wiki/Fever_(Little_Willie_John_song)#Beyoncé_version) " Eddie Cooley John Davenport (/wiki/Otis_Blackwell) Beyoncé Knowles (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Chink Santana 3:33 2. " At Last (/wiki/At_Last#Beyoncé_version) " (Karmatronic Remix) Mack Gordon (/wiki/Mack_Gordon) Harry Warren (/wiki/Harry_Warren) Moe Cohen (executive) Peter Krakczar Achillies Sparta 7:38 3. " Broken-Hearted Girl (/wiki/Broken-Hearted_Girl) " (Catalyst Remix) Kenneth Edmonds (/wiki/Babyface_(musician)) Mikkel Storleer Eriksen (/wiki/Stargate_(production_team)) Tor Erik Hermansen (/wiki/Stargate_(production_team)) Knowles Catalyst 4:55 4. "Satellites" (Karmatronic Remix) Ian Dench (/wiki/Ian_Dench) Amanda Ghost (/wiki/Amanda_Ghost) Knowles Dave McCracken Moe Cohen (exec.) Peter Krakczar Achillies Sparta 7:19 5. "Smash Into You" (Lost Daze Remix) Knowles Terius Nash (/wiki/The-Dream) Christopher Stewart (/wiki/Christopher_Stewart_(music_producer)) Peace Bisquit Frank DeMaria Anthony Saputo 6:21 Total length: 29:46 Personnel [ edit ] Credits for Heat , adapted from the CD liner notes (/wiki/Liner_notes) : [52] (#cite_note-booklet_heatep-52) Executive producer (/wiki/Executive_producer) – Beyoncé Knowles, Moe Cohen Vocals (/wiki/Singing) – Knowles Mastering (/wiki/Audio_mastering) – Tom Coyne Producers (/wiki/Record_producer) – Knowles, Chink Santana, Achillies Sparta, Peter Krakczar, Catalyst, Frank DeMaria, Anthony Saputo, Peace Bisquit Remix Coordination – Angelo "Pepe" Skordos, Bill Coleman Midnight Heat [ edit ] Midnight Heat Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released July 2012 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Heat up the Night Predecessor Heat Rush Successor Pulse Summer Edition (/wiki/Pulse_(perfume)#Pulse_Summer_Edition) Website Official website (http://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat-rush) Midnight Heat was released in July 2012 following Heat Rush. It is packaged in a purple bottle. [53] (#cite_note-huffpost-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) According to Beyoncé's official website, "For [her], fragrance is an essential accessory to highlight your inner radiance, confidence and sex appeal. Midnight Heat is the ultimate evening scent, sensual and enticing with just a hint of mystery." [55] (#cite_note-midnight-55) The perfume's top notes are described as dragonfruit (/wiki/Pitaya) , apricot (/wiki/Apricot) and starfruit (/wiki/Carambola) ; middle notes of orchid, tulip and peony; and base notes of sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) , patchouli (/wiki/Patchouli) and amber. [55] (#cite_note-midnight-55) A poster for the fragrance was released on July 18, 2012, and shows Beyoncé wearing a purple mini-dress. [53] (#cite_note-huffpost-53) Idolator (/wiki/Idolator_(website)) 's writer X. Alexander wrote that she looked "appropriately regal in purple in her new fragrance art" [56] (#cite_note-56) while Julee Wilson of The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) wrote that the advertisement "definitely screams sensual". [53] (#cite_note-huffpost-53) Gaby Wilson of MTV commented that the photo appropriately sets the mood for the midnight perfume further praising Beyoncé's look. [57] (#cite_note-57) Ambika Mutto of VH1 (/wiki/VH1) gave a negative review for the poster, writing that she was "really disappointed" because the image was "boring and literal". She noted, "Sexy hair flying, sexy dress in a color reminiscent of midnight, on a rooftop against the midnight sky — we get it." [58] (#cite_note-58) A writer of the website Digital Spy (/wiki/Digital_Spy) praised the scent, writing that it empowers "your inner diva" and added that "there will be no Single Ladies (/wiki/Single_Ladies_(Put_a_Ring_on_It)) left if you wear this". [59] (#cite_note-59) At the 2013 StyleBistro Awards, Midnight Heat was nominated in the category for Best New Fragrance. [60] (#cite_note-60) Products 100 ml / 3.4 oz 50 ml / 1.7 oz 30 ml / 1.0 oz 15 ml / 0.5 oz Sensual Body Lotion 200ml / 6.7 oz Heat: The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour [ edit ] Heat: The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released June 10, 2013 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Introducing a new kind of fire Predecessor Midnight Heat (/wiki/Midnight_Heat) Successor Pulse NYC Website Official website (http://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat-rush) In April 2013, Beyoncé embarked her fourth concert tour (/wiki/Concert_tour) , The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (/wiki/The_Mrs._Carter_Show_World_Tour) . [61] (#cite_note-61) In June 2013, it was announced that a limited edition of Heat, titled Heat: The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, would be released the same month, inspired by the tour. Speaking about the fragrance, Beyoncé said: "I love my music, I love performing and most of all I love and appreciate my fans. I wanted to give them a special remembrance of this tour and I created this scent to reflect the power, passion and playfulness I put into my performances." [62] (#cite_note-nydaily-62) The fragrance opens with mangosteen (/wiki/Mangosteen) , black pepper (/wiki/Black_pepper) and Açaí palm (/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_palm) as its top notes and later continues with violet petals, Indian Sambac Jasmine (/wiki/Jasminum_sambac) and a Brassia Edua Loo orchid as its middle notes before finishing with bourbon vanilla (/wiki/Bourbon_vanilla) , Australian sandalwood (/wiki/Australian_sandalwood) and vetiver (/wiki/Vetiver) as its base notes. [62] (#cite_note-nydaily-62) [63] (#cite_note-carter-63) Gaby Wilson of MTV noted that the ingredients introduced a lighter scent than her previous releases. [64] (#cite_note-64) According to Beyoncé's official perfume website, the fragrance is "paying tribute to Beyoncé's amazing momentous journey" and further "transport[s] you into Beyoncé's world and the intensity of her shows. [It] will make you feel the power, passion and playfulness she gives to her fans." [63] (#cite_note-carter-63) It was also meant to celebrate Beyoncé's accomplishments and her "historic life journey". [63] (#cite_note-carter-63) Gregory DelliCarpini Jr. of Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) magazine described the scent of the fragrance as "strong and feminine". [65] (#cite_note-65) Holly Carter of People magazine noted that the scent was "the best-smelling alternative" for people who missed The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour. [37] (#cite_note-best-selling-37) Products 100 ml / 3.4 oz 30ml / 1.0 oz Heat Wild Orchid [ edit ] Heat Wild Orchid Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released June 18, 2014 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) You caught the fever, Now unleash your wild side. Predecessor Rise (/wiki/Rise_(perfume)) Successor Rise Sheer (/wiki/Rise_(perfume)) Website Official website (http://www.beyonceparfums.com) On June 18, 2014, it was announced by several publications that Beyoncé would be releasing a new fragrance in August 2014 titled Heat Wild Orchid. The promotional poster for the perfume was also revealed, showing Beyoncé wearing a black dress. [66] (#cite_note-glamour-66) [67] (#cite_note-caitlin-67) Caitlin Morton writing for MTV praised her new, mature and "classy" look. [67] (#cite_note-caitlin-67) Dorkys Ramos from BET echoed her statements stating that it featured a "classier Bey". [68] (#cite_note-68) The fragrance was released to stores in August 2014. It was described as an "enticing, mouth-watering fragrance that emits a fierce, feminine energy" in a press release. [67] (#cite_note-caitlin-67) According to Beyoncé's website it is a "spellbound scent that expresses the bold femininity of women": "This captivating and memorable fragrance invites and intoxicates those who encounter it". [69] (#cite_note-ORCHID-69) It was created in collaboration with Firmenich perfumer Honorine Blanc. The fragrance opens with pomegranate (/wiki/Pomegranate) , coconut water (/wiki/Coconut_water) and boysenberry (/wiki/Boysenberry) . In the middle notes, a floral scent consisting of honeysuckle (/wiki/Honeysuckle) and blooming magnolia was used. The base notes showcase blonde woods, skin musks and gilded amber. [69] (#cite_note-ORCHID-69) The top of the bottle is wrapped in a gold band inscribed with Beyoncé's name at the neck. The secondary packaging celebrates the "beauty and sensuality" of the fragrance intertwined with black organza and finished with a gold logo and an emblematic B standing for Beyoncé. [70] (#cite_note-70) MTV's Caitlin Morton praised Heat Orchid as a fresher and more floral update of the original scent while also deeming it more natural and "maternal". [67] (#cite_note-caitlin-67) Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) 's Leanne Bayley praised the fact that Beyoncé "bottled up her sexiness in one chic bottle" with the fragrance. [66] (#cite_note-glamour-66) Products 100 ml / 3.4 oz 50 ml / 1.7 oz 30 ml / 1.0 oz 15 ml / 0.5 oz Heat Kissed [ edit ] Heat Kissed Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released August 20, 2014 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Predecessor Rise Sheer (/wiki/Rise_(perfume)) Website Official website (http://www.beyonceparfums.com) Heat Kissed was released in August 2014, following Heat Wild Orchid. It is packaged in a dark red bottle. According to Beyoncé's official website, "When a moment of attraction becomes undeniable, it ignites a spark between two people that draws them closer. Their lips meet and the flicker becomes a flame. Beyoncé Heat Kissed captures this sensual intensity in a bottle." The perfume has top notes of ragonfruit, lychee and mango; middle notes of blazing Red Fury Orchid, Jasmine and Moroccan Rose Oil; and base notes of sandalwood, Vanilla, Patchouli. Products 100 ml / 3.4 oz 50 ml / 1.7 oz 30 ml / 1.0 oz 15 ml / 0.5 oz Heat Seduction [ edit ] Heat Seduction Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released August 2016 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Gazing upon you with her sensuous eyes. Enticing you with her alluring beauty. Get ready to be seduced. Predecessor Heat Kissed Website Official website (http://www.beyonceparfums.com) Heat Seduction was released in August 2016, after Heat Kissed. It is packaged in a golden bottle. The top notes are of spices mandarin, dewberry. The middle notes are of ginger orchid, African jungle orchid, freesia. And the base notes are of amber, musk and labdanum. Products 100 ml / 3.4 oz 50 ml / 1.7 oz 30 ml / 1.0 oz 15 ml / 0.5 oz See also [ edit ] List of celebrity-branded fragrances (/wiki/List_of_celebrity-branded_fragrances) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Green, Treye (11 August 2013). "Beyonce Heat The Best-Selling Celebrity Fragrance Ever" (https://www.ibtimes.com/beyonce-heat-perfume-named-best-selling-celebrity-fragrance-all-time-1380445) . International Business Times . Retrieved 20 June 2024 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Beyonce Discusses Launch of 'Heat' Fragrance – Beauty Industry and Products News" (http://www.wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/beyonce-discusses-launch-of-heat-fragrance-2398237?full=true) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Fairchild Fashion Group (/wiki/Fairchild_Fashion_Group) . 2009-12-18 . Retrieved 2010-08-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Simpson, Oli (2010-12-18). "Beyoncé 'readies debut perfume line' (http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a192048/beyonce-readies-debut-perfume-line.html) " (http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a192048/beyonce-readies-debut-perfume-line.html) . Digital Spy (/wiki/Digital_Spy) . Hachette Filipacchi Médias (/wiki/Hachette_Filipacchi_M%C3%A9dias) . Retrieved 2013-05-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Jessen, Monique; M. Silverman, Stephen (2004-06-22). "Beyoncé Launches New True Star Fragrance" (http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,656036,00.html) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Time Inc (/wiki/Time_Inc.) . Retrieved 2013-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Field, Adrien (2009-12-04). "V Style: Beyoncé Turns Up The Heat" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131024100749/http://www.vibe.com/article/v-style-beyonc%C3%A9-turns-heat) . Vibe (/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)) . Vibe Media Inc. Archived from the original (http://www.vibe.com/article/v-style-beyonc%C3%A9-turns-heat) on 2013-10-24 . Retrieved 2013-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Beyoncé Launches Her First Fragrance: Beyoncé Heat" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120205010724/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2009/12/18/beyonc-launches-her-first-fragrance-beyonc-heat/) . People (Style Watch) . Time Inc. 2009-12-18. Archived from the original (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2009/12/18/beyonc-launches-her-first-fragrance-beyonc-heat/) on 2012-02-05 . Retrieved 2011-09-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-nymag1_7-0) Akhtar, Amina (2009-12-18). "Beyoncé Unveils Her New Fragrance – The Cut" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2009/12/beyonce.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . New York Media, LLC . Retrieved 2010-08-12 . ^ a b "Heat | Beyoncé Parfums" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184331/http://beyonceparfums.com/heat) . Beyonceparfums.com. Archived from the original (http://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat) on 2014-07-14 . Retrieved 2011-09-07 . ^ a b c "Heat | Beyoncé Parfums" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180719143051/https://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat/fragrance) . Beyonceparfums.com. Archived from the original (http://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat/fragrance) on 2018-07-19 . Retrieved 2011-09-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h "Beyoncé Heat: Media Videos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111014054331/http://beyonceparfums.com/heat/media/videos) . Beyonceparfums.com. Archived from the original (http://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat/media/videos) on 2011-10-14 . Retrieved 2011-09-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Picardi, Phillip (March 2011). "Beyoncé Knowles on Her New Fragrance, Body Image, and Her Upcoming Album" (http://www.teenvogue.com/beauty/celebrity-beauty/2011-03/beyonce-knowles-fragrance-interview?slide=8) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Condé Nast Publications (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications) . pp. 8, 9. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1540-2215 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1540-2215) . Retrieved May 30, 2013 . ^ a b Siegel, Holly (2010-02-04). "Vain Glorious | Beyoncé's Sweet Smell of Success" (http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/04/vain-glorious-beyonces-sweet-smell-of-success/#more-56319) . Tmagazine. The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . The New York Times Company (/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company) . Retrieved 2011-09-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Beyoncé Catches 'Heat' in Fragrance Ads" (http://www.rap-up.com/2009/12/29/beyonce-catches-heat-in-fragrance-ads/) . Rap-Up (/wiki/Rap-Up) . Devin Lazerine. 2009-12-29 . Retrieved 2010-08-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Beyoncé Brings the Heat to Macy's" (http://www.rap-up.com/2010/02/03/beyonce-brings-the-heat-to-macys/) . Rap-Up . Devin Lazerine. 2010-02-03 . Retrieved 2011-09-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Video: Beyoncé Heats Up 'Today' Show" (http://www.rap-up.com/2010/02/09/video-beyonce-heats-up-today-show/) . Rap-Up . Devin Lazerine. 2010-02-09 . Retrieved 2011-09-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Free sample of Beyoncé's Fragrance Heat Rush – Win Beyonce Perfume" (http://www.seventeen.com/fashion/blog/beyonce-heat-rush-sample-giveaway) . Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) . Hearst Corporation (/wiki/Hearst_Corporation) . 2011-01-11 . Retrieved 2011-09-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-onet_17-0) "Beyonce ma Złotą Płytę" (http://muzyka.onet.pl/0,2277877,newsy.html) (in Polish). Onet.pl (/wiki/Onet.pl) . 2011-06-28 . Retrieved 2011-06-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-retu_18-0) "Beyoncé Brings Back Sasha Fierce For Vizio Commercial" (http://www.rap-up.com/2010/11/20/video-beyonce-brings-back-sasha-fierce-for-vizio-commercial/) . Rap-Up . Devin Lazerine. 2010-11-10 . Retrieved 2011-03-26 . ^ a b Wete, Brad (2010-11-17). "Beyoncé's Heat ad too steamy for UK daytime TV" (http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/11/17/beyonce-heat-ad-banned-uk-tv/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Time Inc . Retrieved 2013-05-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-amazon1_20-0) "Fever: Beyoncé: MP3 Downloads" (https://www.amazon.com/Fever/dp/B00136JGT6) . Amazon Germany (/wiki/Amazon.com) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved 2011-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Music – Fever – Single by Beyoncé" (https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/fever-single/id353361561) . iTunes Store (/wiki/ITunes_Store) (US). Apple Inc (/wiki/Apple_Inc.) . 2010-02-08 . Retrieved 2010-08-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Fever: Beyonce Knowles" (https://www.amazon.co.uk/Fever/dp/B00379TDFY/ref=sr_shvl_album_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1301149933&sr=301-1) . Amazon UK. Amazon Inc . Retrieved 2011-03-26 . ^ a b c d e Vena, Jocelyn (2010-11-18). "Beyonce's Banned Perfume Ad Defended By Company" (https://archive.today/20130129045837/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1652556/beyonces-banned-perfume-ad-defended-by-company.jhtml) . MTV News (/wiki/MTV_News) . MTV Networks (/wiki/MTV_Networks) . 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Archived from the original (http://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat-wild-orchid) on 2014-08-16 . Retrieved 2014-09-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) "New Fragrance from the Beyoncé Heat Collection – Wild Orchid" (http://news360.com/article/244297797) . News360 (/wiki/News360) . 2014-06-19 . Retrieved 2014-09-03 . v t e Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Albums discography (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_albums_discography) Singles discography (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_singles_discography) Destiny's Child (/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child) Awards and nominations (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Beyonc%C3%A9) Live performances (/wiki/List_of_Beyonc%C3%A9_live_performances) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Beyonc%C3%A9) Videography (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_videography) Cultural impact (/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Beyonc%C3%A9) Studio albums Dangerously in Love (/wiki/Dangerously_in_Love) B'Day (/wiki/B%27Day) I Am... Sasha Fierce (/wiki/I_Am..._Sasha_Fierce) 4 (/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_(album)) Lemonade (/wiki/Lemonade_(album)) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) Cowboy Carter (/wiki/Cowboy_Carter) Collaborative albums Everything Is Love (/wiki/Everything_Is_Love) (with Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) , credited to The Carters (/wiki/The_Carters) ) Soundtrack albums Dreamgirls (/wiki/Cadillac_Records:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture) Cadillac Records The Lion King: The Gift (/wiki/The_Lion_King:_The_Gift) Live albums The Beyoncé Experience Live (/wiki/The_Beyonc%C3%A9_Experience_Live) I Am... Yours (/wiki/I_Am..._Yours:_An_Intimate_Performance_at_Wynn_Las_Vegas) I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._World_Tour_(album)) Homecoming (/wiki/Homecoming:_The_Live_Album) EPs and remix albums True Star (/wiki/True_Star_(perfume)) Irreemplazable (/wiki/Irreemplazable) Above and Beyoncé (/wiki/Above_and_Beyonc%C3%A9:_Video_Collection_%26_Dance_Mixes) Heat 4: The Remix (/wiki/4:_The_Remix) Concert films and documentaries Live at Wembley (/wiki/Live_at_Wembley_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) The Beyoncé Experience Live (/wiki/The_Beyonc%C3%A9_Experience_Live) I Am... Yours (/wiki/I_Am..._Yours:_An_Intimate_Performance_at_Wynn_Las_Vegas) I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._World_Tour_(album)) Live at Roseland (/wiki/Live_at_Roseland:_Elements_of_4) Life Is But a Dream (/wiki/Life_Is_But_a_Dream_(film)) Live in Atlantic City (/wiki/Live_in_Atlantic_City_(Beyonc%C3%A9_video)) On the Run Tour (/wiki/On_the_Run_Tour:_Beyonc%C3%A9_and_Jay-Z_(TV_program)) Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé (/wiki/Homecoming:_A_Film_by_Beyonc%C3%A9) Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé (/wiki/Renaissance:_A_Film_by_Beyonc%C3%A9) Video releases and visual albums The Ultimate Performer (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9:_The_Ultimate_Performer) B'Day Anthology (/wiki/B%27Day_Anthology_Video_Album) Above and Beyoncé (/wiki/Above_and_Beyonc%C3%A9:_Video_Collection_%26_Dance_Mixes) Elements of 4 (/wiki/Live_at_Roseland:_Elements_of_4) Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_(album)) Lemonade (/wiki/Lemonade_(2016_film)) Black Is King (/wiki/Black_Is_King) Concert tours Dangerously in Love Tour (/wiki/Dangerously_in_Love_Tour) Verizon Ladies First Tour (/wiki/Verizon_Ladies_First_Tour) The Beyoncé Experience (/wiki/The_Beyonc%C3%A9_Experience) I Am... Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)) The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (/wiki/The_Mrs._Carter_Show_World_Tour) On the Run Tour (/wiki/On_the_Run_Tour_(Beyonc%C3%A9_and_Jay-Z)) The Formation World Tour (/wiki/The_Formation_World_Tour) On the Run II Tour (/wiki/On_the_Run_II_Tour) Renaissance World Tour (/wiki/Renaissance_World_Tour) Live performances I Am... Yours (/wiki/I_Am..._Yours) 2011 Glastonbury performance (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_2011_Glastonbury_performance) 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé (/wiki/4_Intimate_Nights_with_Beyonc%C3%A9) Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live (/wiki/Revel_Presents:_Beyonc%C3%A9_Live) Super Bowl XLVII halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII_halftime_show) Super Bowl 50 halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_50_halftime_show) Beychella (/wiki/Homecoming:_A_Film_by_Beyonc%C3%A9) 2023 Dubai performance (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_2023_Dubai_performance) Retail products and brands True Star (/wiki/True_Star_(perfume)) House of Deréon (/wiki/House_of_Der%C3%A9on) Heat Rise (/wiki/Rise_(perfume)) Tidal (/wiki/Tidal_(service)) Ivy Park (/wiki/Ivy_Park) Cécred (/wiki/C%C3%A9cred) Family Angela Beyincé (/wiki/Angela_Beyinc%C3%A9) Blue Ivy Carter (/wiki/Blue_Ivy_Carter) Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) Mathew Knowles (/wiki/Mathew_Knowles) Solange Knowles (/wiki/Solange_Knowles) Tina Knowles (/wiki/Tina_Knowles) Related articles BeyGood (/wiki/BeyGood) EveryBODYisflawless (/wiki/EveryBODYisflawless) Let's Move! 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crowns (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crowns) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total. C Coats of arms with crowns (/wiki/Category:Coats_of_arms_with_crowns) (1 C, 197 P) Coronation (/wiki/Category:Coronation) (6 C, 24 P) Crowns by country (/wiki/Category:Crowns_by_country) (10 C, 1 P) Crowns by culture (/wiki/Category:Crowns_by_culture) (2 P) Crowns by type (/wiki/Category:Crowns_by_type) (1 C) H Crowns in heraldry (/wiki/Category:Crowns_in_heraldry) (17 P) I Individual crowns (/wiki/Category:Individual_crowns) (3 C, 99 P) Pages in category "Crowns (headgear)" The following 75 pages are in this category, out of 75 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Crown (/wiki/Crown) A Archducal hat (/wiki/Archducal_hat) Armenian tiara (/wiki/Armenian_tiara) Astral crown (/wiki/Astral_crown) Atef (/wiki/Atef) B Bavarian Crown Jewels (/wiki/Bavarian_Crown_Jewels) Benkan (/wiki/Benkan) Bohemian crown jewels (/wiki/Bohemian_crown_jewels) Bridal crown (/wiki/Bridal_crown) Broke His Crown (/wiki/Broke_His_Crown) C Camp crown (/wiki/Camp_crown) Cap (crown) (/wiki/Cap_(crown)) Circlet (/wiki/Circlet) Civic Crown (/wiki/Civic_Crown) Consort crown (/wiki/Consort_crown) Corolla (headgear) (/wiki/Corolla_(headgear)) Coronation crown (/wiki/Coronation_crown) Coronet (/wiki/Coronet) Cross (crown) (/wiki/Cross_(crown)) Crown of justification (/wiki/Crown_of_justification) D Deshret (/wiki/Deshret) Diadem (/wiki/Diadem) E Celestial crown (/wiki/Celestial_crown) Eastern crown (/wiki/Eastern_crown) F Fengguan (/wiki/Fengguan) Ferronnière (/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re) Fillet (clothing) (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) French Crown Jewels (/wiki/French_Crown_Jewels) H Half-arch (crown) (/wiki/Half-arch_(crown)) Crown of Hawaii (/wiki/Crown_of_Hawaii) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Hedjet (/wiki/Hedjet) Hemhem crown (/wiki/Hemhem_crown) Hoop crown (/wiki/Hoop_crown) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) I Imperial crown (/wiki/Imperial_crown) J Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) K Khepresh (/wiki/Khepresh) King's Ransom (Adventure Time) (/wiki/King%27s_Ransom_(Adventure_Time)) L Lappet (/wiki/Lappet) List of royal crowns (/wiki/List_of_royal_crowns) M Maiden's garland (/wiki/Maiden%27s_garland) Makuṭa (/wiki/Maku%E1%B9%ADa) Mascapaicha (/wiki/Mascapaicha) Mianguan (/wiki/Mianguan) Mikimoto Crown (/wiki/Mikimoto_Crown) Modius (headdress) (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Monde (/wiki/Monde) Mural crown (/wiki/Mural_crown) N Nemes (/wiki/Nemes) P Papal tiara (/wiki/Papal_tiara) List of papal tiaras in existence (/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence) Phra kiao (/wiki/Phra_kiao) Polos (/wiki/Polos) Pschent (/wiki/Pschent) R Radiate crown (/wiki/Radiate_crown) Raikan (/wiki/Raikan) Raven Crown (/wiki/Raven_Crown) Regalia of Albania (/wiki/Regalia_of_Albania) Regalia of Norway (/wiki/Regalia_of_Norway) Regalia of Serbia (/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia) Regalia of Sweden (/wiki/Regalia_of_Sweden) S Sasanian crowns (/wiki/Sasanian_crowns) Shripech (/wiki/Shripech) Crowns of Silla (/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla) State crown (/wiki/State_crown) Suntiang (/wiki/Suntiang) T Taga (Mandaeism) (/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)) Tainia (costume) (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Tiara (/wiki/Tiara) Toupha (/wiki/Toupha) U Ukpe-okhue (/wiki/Ukpe-okhue) V Votive crown (/wiki/Votive_crown) Vulture crown (/wiki/Vulture_crown) W Wreaths and crowns in antiquity (/wiki/Wreaths_and_crowns_in_antiquity) Media in category "Crowns (headgear)" This category contains only the following file. Holy Crown of Hungary.jpg (/wiki/File:Holy_Crown_of_Hungary.jpg) 1,765 × 2,544; 717 KB esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Crowns_(headgear)&oldid=647256380 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Crowns_(headgear)&oldid=647256380) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Headgear (/wiki/Category:Headgear) Regalia (/wiki/Category:Regalia) Crown jewels (/wiki/Category:Crown_jewels) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) This category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is for articles are fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) from the city of Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐6df65d5f96‐bw6kh Cached time: 20240704215207 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.059 seconds Real time usage: 0.085 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 41/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2312/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 75/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1367/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.029/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 876939/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 66.999 1 -total 74.41% 49.854 1 Template:Portal 25.38% 17.005 1 Template:Category_explanation 21.91% 14.682 1 Template:Hatnote Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66219748-0!canonical and timestamp 20240704215207 and revision id 1219458135. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Fashion designers from Florence" The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B BP Studio (/wiki/BP_Studio) C Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) E José Eisenberg (/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Eisenberg) F James Ferragamo (/wiki/James_Ferragamo) Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo) Wanda Ferragamo (/wiki/Wanda_Ferragamo) G Maria Monaci Gallenga (/wiki/Maria_Monaci_Gallenga) Gianfranco Lotti (/wiki/Gianfranco_Lotti) Massimiliano Giornetti (/wiki/Massimiliano_Giornetti) Aldo Gucci (/wiki/Aldo_Gucci) Guccio Gucci (/wiki/Guccio_Gucci) Paolo Gucci (/wiki/Paolo_Gucci) M Germana Marucelli (/wiki/Germana_Marucelli) P Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) T Sergio Tacchini (/wiki/Sergio_Tacchini) Thayaht (/wiki/Thayaht) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_designers_from_Florence&oldid=1219458135 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_designers_from_Florence&oldid=1219458135) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Italian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Italian_fashion_designers) Artists from Florence (/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Florence)
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20th and 21st-century Irish fashion designer and consultant Jacqueline Quinn Quinn in her NYC Studio Born Jacqueline Quinn ( 1965-04-08 ) April 8, 1965 (age 59) Dublin, Ireland (/wiki/Dublin,_Ireland) Education The Grafton Academy of Fashion Design (/wiki/The_Grafton_Academy) Occupations Fashion Designer Consultant Years active 1985–present Jacqueline Quinn (born April 8, 1965) is an Irish-born, New York-based, fashion designer and consultant. Early life [ edit ] Quinn was born in Dublin, Ireland where she graduated from the Grafton Academy of Fashion Design (/wiki/The_Grafton_Academy) in 1986. [1] (#cite_note-IrishConnections26-1) She grew up in Howth (/wiki/Howth) , and worked as a designer for Irish and English clients before relocating to New York in 1995. [2] (#cite_note-IE1-2) Career [ edit ] Quinn began her career in 1985 working as an intern with Willy Smith. She then worked with a British manufacturer who designed clothing for retailers including British Home Stores (/wiki/British_Home_Stores) , Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) , and Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) . In 1995, Quinn moved to New York and began designing for John Roberts Corporation a supplier to Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor, Macy's and Dillards. She then began working as a designer for brands including Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) and Bill Blass (/wiki/Bill_Blass) . [3] (#cite_note-Jacqueline_Quinn_Designer_Woman-3) In 2005, she launched Quinn New York Inc., which includes her eponymous collection. Quinn's designs are aimed at women in their mid-thirties or older looking for contemporary, age appropriate clothing. – a market that has not been well served. She estimates that 45 percent of her customer base is in southern cities, such as Atlanta and Dallas where women tend to dress up more often and want colorful clothing. "Women in their 30s and 40s look better than ever, and they want clothing that looks stylish and feminine. She has been praised by influential magazines such as Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) and Fashion Manuscript , which reported: "Quinn has produced a product that fits a woman's body well, is age appropriate and still has a great sense of style and a contemporary look." The Sunday Independent has also praised her clothing designs. [3] (#cite_note-Jacqueline_Quinn_Designer_Woman-3) Throughout her career, Quinn has collaborated with many brands. Working in association with New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) to raise breast cancer awareness, Quinn constructed a gown made entirely of shoe material to be worn by Miss USA (/wiki/Miss_USA) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-NewBalance-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2011 she helped raise money for a cancer research foundation. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2013 Quinn constructed a dress made predominantly from parts of sunglasses [10] (#cite_note-10) by Randolph Engineering (/wiki/Randolph_Engineering) which was then worn by singer Nadia Turner live at The Hard Rock Cafe in Boston. [11] (#cite_note-11) In May 2013, Quinn launched her first handbag collection consisting of twelve embellished bags made as a tribute to ‘Old Hollywood’. Some of the bags in the collection included "Lady Eve", "Lady Grace" and "Lady Oscar". InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) Magazine chose the "Gabrielle" clutch as the best evening wear bag. It featured a lambskin lining and was embellished with over 130 square-cut crystals. As an avid philanthropist, Quinn partnered with several stay-at-home mothers, living in India, to create the collection. The women completed piecework for the bags which was shipped to a factory for final assembly. As an example, "The Lady Monroe" handbag featured over 200 seashells, hand-collected, cut and shaped by these women. This arrangement offered single mothers and stay-at-home women an opportunity to contribute financially to their households. [12] (#cite_note-12) Quinn has worked with celebrity clients including Hannah Storm (/wiki/Hannah_Storm) , Rachael Ray (/wiki/Rachael_Ray) , Sarah, Duchess of York (/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York) [1] (#cite_note-IrishConnections26-1) [2] (#cite_note-IE1-2) as well as department stores including Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) and Lord and Taylor (/wiki/Lord_and_Taylor) . Irish Rock Violinists Sephira (/wiki/Sephira) also frequently wear custom-made designs for their performances. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Jacqueline has also designed and fitted Couture pieces for Robert F Kennedy's daughter, Kathleen Kennedy Townsend (/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend) . The singer, Estelle (/wiki/Estelle_(musician)) , was also dressed by Jacqueline for the 2012 Grammy’s. The following year Jacqueline was asked to design something fabulous for Billy Vera (/wiki/Billy_Vera) who won a Grammy for his song writing for Ricky Nelson and Dolly Parton to name a few. In 2014, Quinn was on the judging panel for the Design for Brad Smith competition [17] (#cite_note-17) which offered young, emerging designers the chance to spearhead a collection for NFL Philadelphia Eagles (/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles) player Brad Smith. Winner Kassie Haji was crowned at an award ceremony in Chelsea during New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) 2014. [18] (#cite_note-18) Jacqueline was the head Designer with Jessica Simpson and Guess, and when Morris Goldfarb, CEO of G-III bought DKNY he asked Jacqueline to be the head Designer for the dress division. Jacqueline Quinn & Betsey Johnson: In 2016, Jacqueline Quinn became the creative Director for Betsey Johnson and was responsible for the revival of the 1990 runway collection exclusively for Urban Outfitters which was the most successful brand launch. During her 2 years as the creative Director, for both day time and evening dresses Jacqueline was responsible for the growth of the Betsey Johnson brand to a new generation of customers. Jacqueline Quinn & Further Education: Early 2019, Jacqueline was accepted to Harvard University. As a mature student, she embraced her studies of the Visual Arts. This then opened up an opportunity to continue further due to her love of Academia. Jacqueline started her Masters in Fashion, Design and Business with the American College /The Grafton Academy and graduated with honors in 2020. Jacqueline Quinn, The Educator: In 2019 Jacqueline started her career as an educator at the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) where she was a lecturer for the pre-college programs. Upon completion of her Masters, she was offered a position as Adjunct Professor where she taught final year portfolio Design for graduating students. Jacqueline currently teaches two courses in Fashion Design at The Fashion Institute of Technology. In October 2021 Jacqueline was offered a Professorship at Parsons, The New School. Due to her practical experience in the Fashion industry fused with her business instincts, it was only natural for Jacqueline to teach “Fashion Entrepreneurship“. Jacqueline’s new collection was launched in New York and Europe earlier this year with couture pieces available online and exclusively from Om Diva Boutique, Dublin. With all of her experience, Jacqueline is now focused on creating the new collection and remains a creative consultant with major brands in fashion on a platform in the global arena. Irish Central states that Quinn "continues to impress and represents Irish designers in a market where many have failed before her". [19] (#cite_note-19) Awards [ edit ] Best Evening Wear Designer Hollywood Fashion Awards 2012. [5] (#cite_note-NewBalance-5) Personal life [ edit ] Quinn is married to forensic pathologist (/wiki/Forensic_pathology) Brian O'Reilly. [3] (#cite_note-Jacqueline_Quinn_Designer_Woman-3) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Irish Connections - A Magazine For The Irish Worldwide" (http://www.irishconnectionsmagazine.com/archives/v1i1/26.htm) . Irishconnectionsmagazine.com . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Jacqueline Quinn - Designer Woman" (http://www.irishexaminerusa.com/mt/2007/05/16/jacqueline_quinn_designer_woma.html) . Irish Examiner USA. May 16, 2007 . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Jacqueline Quinn Designer Woman" (http://www.irishexaminerusa.com/mt/2007/05/16/jacqueline_quinn_designer_woma.html) . Irish Examiner . Irish Examiner USA . Retrieved March 30, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "High Fashion And The Fight Against Breast Cancer" (http://newyork.cbslocal.com/video/7828767-high/) . October 11, 2012 . Retrieved April 11, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Lace Up for the Cure® Goes High Fashion" (http://www.newbalance.com/Susan-G.-Komen-Dress/komen_dress_landing_page,default,pg.html) . Newbalance.com . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Mbhele, Londiwe (October 9, 2012). "Stylish Balance" (http://www.ifashion.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4898&Itemid=115) . iFashion . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "New Balance, Jacqueline Quinn Team Up for Cause - Fashion Scoops - Fashion" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/for-a-cause-6394942) . WWD.com. October 9, 2012 . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Queens Person Of The Week: Astoria Designer Fights Cancer With Needle, Thread - NY1" (http://queens.ny1.com/content/news/139290/queens-person-of-the-week--astoria-designer-fights-cancer-with-needle--thread) . Queens.ny1.com. May 17, 2011 . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "n9productions.com" (http://n9productions.com/263843/3091691/work/new-balance) . n9productions.com . Retrieved April 11, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Jacqueline Quinn's Evening Bags - Launches You'll Love: June 2013" (http://www.instyle.com/instyle/package/general/photos/0,,20705721_21340949,00.html) . InStyle.com. August 21, 2013 . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Experience Gallery!" (http://g-rockmusic.com/gallery/#jp-carousel-45) . G-Rock Music. September 21, 2012 . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "New York-based Designer partners with stay-at-home moms to produce new handbag Collection" (http://www.prlog.org/12147684-new-york-based-designer-partners-with-stay-at-home-moms-to-produce-new-handbag-collection.html) . PRLog . Quinn New York Inc . Retrieved March 30, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Irish duo celebrates new CD in Jack Lo shoes - The Boston Globe" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2011/12/05/irish-duo-celebrates-new-jack-shoes/mwaQq8H16ULACLet8Mr8BL/story.html) . The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) . Retrieved April 11, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Sephira – Celtic Life International" (http://www.celticlifeintl.com/sephira/) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Blue Violins: The Couture World of Sephira" (http://www.zacklo.com/2011/12/19/blue-violins-the-couture-world-of-sephira/) . December 19, 2011 . Retrieved April 11, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Sephira Dedicate EP "Eternity" to the late Larry Hagman" (https://www.imro.ie/member-news/sephira-dedicate-ep-eternity-to-the-late-larry-hagman/) . April 8, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Judges Panel – Design for Brad Smith" (http://designforbradsmith.com/?page_id=185) . Designforbradsmith.com. November 21, 2013 . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Crumm, Ian Michael. "Eagles wide receiver Brad Smith presents design competition winner at" (http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/style/Eagles-wide-receiver-Brad-Smith-debuts-his-collection-at-New-York-Fashion-Week-.html) . Philly.com . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Irish designer Jacqueline Quinn takes on Miami Fashion Week" (http://www.irishcentral.com/culture/entertainment/irish-designer-jacqueline-quinn-takes-on-miami-fashion-week-106948039-237362731.html) . November 9, 2010 . Retrieved April 11, 2018 . 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A skirt with embroidered "4 May 1946" & "4 May 1947" – the dates when the skirt was worn. In the collection of the National Liberation Museum 1944-1945 (/wiki/National_Liberation_Museum_1944-1945) . A national liberation skirt ( Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_language) : nationale bevrijdingsrok ) or national celebration skirt ( Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_language) : nationale feestrok ) is a style of skirt (/wiki/Skirt) , handmade of patchwork (/wiki/Patchwork) and embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) , in celebration of Dutch Liberation Day (/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)) on 5 May 1945. The style was invented by resistance fighter and feminist Mies Boissevain-van Lennep (/wiki/Mies_Boissevain-van_Lennep) . The feestrok has been described as "a female mode of political expression ... [which] explicitly linked gender to the reconstruction of a ravaged country and the general striving for 'breakthrough' and social renewal." [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) History [ edit ] Boissevain-van Lennep (/wiki/Mies_Boissevain-van_Lennep) had been imprisoned in 1943 for her involvement with the Dutch resistance (/wiki/Dutch_resistance) to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands (/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)) during World War II. Soon after, a scarf was smuggled into her cell that had been constructed of textile patches of personal significance—including a piece of her first ballgown (/wiki/Ballgown) and pieces from her children's clothing. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) As a member of a post-war women's committee intending to celebrate the rebuilding of the Netherlands and inspired by her memory of that scarf, she devised a skirt to represent " unity in diversity (/wiki/Unity_in_diversity) " ( eenheid in veelheid ); "new from old" ( nieuw uit oud ); "building from the broken" ( opbouw uit afbraak ) and "one garment makes unity" ( één dracht maakt eendracht )." [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) She called it the nationale feestrok . [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Concept [ edit ] The idea was that these unique skirts would be worn during national holidays and similar events as a symbol of both individuality and national unity. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) In the words of a song composed in honour of the idea: "Weave the pattern of your life into your skirt" ( Vlecht in Uw rok het patroon van Uw leven) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Through handmade patchwork, the skirts also literally symbolised the concept of postwar reconstruction. [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) Women dressed in nationale feestrok for the exhibition "Old Ede (/wiki/Ede,_Netherlands) " (1980), Ede Historical Museum (/w/index.php?title=Ede_Historical_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1) . [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) According to Boissevain's guidelines, one was free to vary the pattern of the skirt. Only with regard to the hem did she lay down strict rules: the hem should consist of plain triangles, in which women were to write the years they wore their skirt. And everybody should start by embroidering 5 mei 1945 on the front. The rest of the pieces of the skirt were preferably to consist of authentic, used cloth and should not only be inscribed with important national events but also with important family ones. In the skirt of life the two kinds of experience that together shape a woman's life, the personal and the political, were to be combined... Two issues are central: the Wederopbouw (reconstruction), i.e. the rebuilding of society, and the Doorbraak ( breakthrough (/wiki/Breakthrough_(Dutch_political_history)) ), i.e. the widespread wish to break through the restrictive old divisions of severe élitism and a religion-based party system ( depillarisation (/wiki/Depillarisation) ). — Jolande Withuis [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) To ensure that all feestrok were handmade, the International Archives for the Women's Movement (/wiki/International_Archives_for_the_Women%27s_Movement) was assigned responsibility for registering and numbering each skirt. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) More than 4,000 received official registration. [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) Use and legacy [ edit ] At the request of the Netherlands Information Bureau (/w/index.php?title=Netherlands_Information_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1) [ nl (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_Informatiebureau) ] (NIB), Boissevain-van Lennep travelled to the United States in 1949, visiting 27 states and championing the "Magic Skirts of Reconstruction". [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) Her preferred nickname was "levensrok" (skirt of life) while others in the Netherlands used "bevrijdingsrok" (liberation skirt) or "oranjerok" (orange skirt, referring to the House of Orange (/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau) , the reigning Dutch royal family). [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) Each had one or more triangles sewn near the front hem on which the date of the Dutch Liberation Day (/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)) , 5 May 1945, was embroidered; some also had the dates of later celebrations in which the makers participated. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Prominent among the colours in these feestrok were the Dutch national colours (/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands) : red, white, blue, and orange. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) The skirts were individually registered in a national archive under the names of their makers, and their identification number was often embroidered into the skirt itself. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) On 2 September 1948, some 1500 women wearing feestrok took part in a parade in Amsterdam marking the Golden Jubilee (/wiki/Golden_Jubilee) of Queen Wilhelmina (/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands) 's coronation and coinciding with the exhibition ''The Dutch Woman 1898–1948'' (/w/index.php?title=%27%27The_Dutch_Woman_1898%E2%80%931948%27%27&action=edit&redlink=1) [ nl (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Nederlandse_Vrouw_1898%E2%80%931948) ] . [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Some of these skirts are now in the collections of museums, including the Rijksmuseum (/wiki/Rijksmuseum) , the National Liberation Museum (/wiki/National_Liberation_Museum_1944-1945) , and the Textile Research Centre (/wiki/Textile_Research_Centre,_Leiden) in Leiden. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) The Verzetsmuseum (/wiki/Verzetsmuseum) (Resistance Museum) in Amsterdam holds Mies Boissevain-van Lennep's own feestrok . [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Further examples See also [ edit ] Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) Netherlands in World War II (/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nationale Feestrok (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nationale_Feestrok) . External videos "Feestrok overdracht" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAX0QBL0vK4) by Atria Institute (/wiki/Atria_Institute) (2009) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Withuis, Jolande (1994). "Patchwork politics in the Netherlands, 1946-50: women, gender and the world war II trauma" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612029400200057) . Women's History Review . 3 (3): 293–313. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/09612029400200057 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612029400200057) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0961-2025 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0961-2025) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Breneman, Judy (2004). "Dutch Patchwork National Celebration Skirts After World War II" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190328053129/http://www.historyofquilts.com/feestrok.html) . History of quilts . Archived from the original (http://www.historyofquilts.com/feestrok.html) on 2019-03-28 . Retrieved 2019-05-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Liberation skirts: how post-war upcycling became a symbol of female solidarity" (http://blog.europeana.eu/2019/05/liberation-skirts-how-post-war-upcycling-became-a-symbol-of-female-solidarity/) . Europeana (/wiki/Europeana) (CC By-SA) . May 3, 2019 . Retrieved 2019-05-03 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Feestrok" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/individual-textiles-and-textile-types/commemorative-and-commissioned-textiles/feestrok-trc) . Textile Research Centre (TRC), Leiden . 2016-11-27 . Retrieved 2019-05-03 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Nationale Feestrok - Acquisitions 2004" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121016232852/http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nationale-feestrok?lang=en) . Rijksmuseum Amsterdam (/wiki/Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam) . 2004. Archived from the original (http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nationale-feestrok) on 2012-10-16 . Retrieved 2019-05-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_6-0) "Boissevain timeline" (https://members.ziggo.nl/boissevain/Boissevain//EN/boissevainbulletin.htm) . Boissevain . Retrieved 2019-05-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) DBNL. "De Gids. Jaargang 154 · dbnl" (https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_gid001199101_01/_gid001199101_01_0054.php) . DBNL (in Dutch) . Retrieved 2019-05-04 . External links [ edit ] Aggregated search results for " Nationale feestrok (https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/search?q=Nationale%20feestrok) " from several cultural heritage organisations on Europeana (/wiki/Europeana) . 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Dutch fashion designer Martyn Bal Nationality Dutch (/wiki/Netherlands) Education Royal College Of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) Labels Dior Homme (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.) Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) Versace (/wiki/Gianni_Versace) Maison Martin Margiela (/wiki/Martin_Margiela) Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) Awards Mila Schön (/wiki/Mila_Sch%C3%B6n) Design and concept award (1999) Martyn Bal is a Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) fashion designer. He has worked with Hedi Slimane (/wiki/Hedi_Slimane) at Dior Homme (/wiki/Dior_Homme) , Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) , Christopher Bailey (/wiki/Christopher_Bailey_(fashion_designer)) at Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) and Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) , and collaborated among many others, with Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) , Edward Enninful (/wiki/Edward_Enninful) , Cutler and Gross (/wiki/Cutler_and_Gross) and Marc Quinn (/wiki/Marc_Quinn) . Early life and education [ edit ] Martyn Bal was born in The Netherlands (/wiki/The_Netherlands) . Before discovering fashion, Bal briefly studied architecture. Bal was a teen apprentice to Dirk Bikkembergs (/wiki/Dirk_Bikkembergs) ( Antwerp six (/wiki/Antwerp_Six) ). Not having had any formal design education, Bal went on to study fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) at the Royal College Of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) in London. Bal graduated in 2000 with a Master of Arts (/wiki/Master_of_Arts) degree in menswear. Career [ edit ] After graduation in 2000, Bal was immediately hired to assist Hedi Slimane (/wiki/Hedi_Slimane) at Dior Homme (/wiki/Dior_Homme) . He went on to direct the men's design studio at Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , working closely with Christopher Bailey (/wiki/Christopher_Bailey_(fashion_designer)) , and design collections for Maison Martin Margiela (/wiki/Martin_Margiela) . In 2009 Bal launched his own line of menswear, featuring transgender (/wiki/Transgender) model and actor Andreja Pejić (/wiki/Andreja_Peji%C4%87) [1] (#cite_note-1) and then rising Swedish popstar Erik Hassle (/wiki/Erik_Hassle) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) During this period Bal also developed an exclusive handcrafted eyewear range named 'Wowzers' [7] (#cite_note-7) with Cutler and Gross (/wiki/Cutler_and_Gross) . From 2010 Bal was in charge of the men's design studio at Versace (/wiki/Gianni_Versace) , reporting directly to Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) . [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Here he collaborated with Edward Enninful (/wiki/Edward_Enninful) (currently of British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) ) [10] (#cite_note-10) and Joe McKenna [11] (#cite_note-11) on the styling (/wiki/Fashion) of the menswear shows. From February 2013 Martyn Bal was appointed Men's Style and Design Director at Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) . Martyn Bal was reporting directly to Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) and was in charge of all menswear style and design, including accessories and licensees (/wiki/Brand_licensing) . [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) After successfully repositioning the menswear brand, Bal left his position at Roberto Cavalli in June 2015, after Italian private equity firm Clessidra [16] (#cite_note-16) acquired a 90% stake of the Roberto Cavalli group. Since then Martyn Bal has continues to work on projects as a senior style and design consultant and most recently collaborated with New York (/wiki/New_York_City) based denim and leather brand BLK DNM (/w/index.php?title=BLK_DNM&action=edit&redlink=1) , originally founded by Johan Lindeberg (/wiki/Johan_Lindeberg) . Here Bal worked on launching an all made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) premium denim and outerwear capsule for the brand. He also collaborated with renowned contemporary artist Marc Quinn (/wiki/Marc_Quinn) Style | Celebrity [ edit ] Bal's collection are known for its romanticism and its slick precision, tinged with duality and bold attitude. His designs have been featured on magazine covers and worn by celebrities including David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) , Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) , Prince (/wiki/Prince_(musician)) , Duran Duran (/wiki/Duran_Duran) , Alex Turner (/wiki/Alex_Turner_(musician)) , Steven Tyler (/wiki/Steven_Tyler) , Joe Perry (/wiki/Joe_Perry_(musician)) , Tinie Tempah (/wiki/Tinie_Tempah) , Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) , Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) , Lewis Hamilton (/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton) , Mr Hudson (/wiki/Mr_Hudson) , The Kooks (/wiki/The_Kooks) , Nicholas Hoult (/wiki/Nicholas_Hoult) , Lu Yi (/wiki/Lu_Yi_(actor)) , Rupert Penry-Jones (/wiki/Rupert_Penry-Jones) , Fabio Novembre (/wiki/Fabio_Novembre) , among others. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Schneier, Matthew (5 September 2014). "A Model's Life, Chapter 2" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/fashion/will-the-fashion-world-accept-andreja-pejic-as-a-woman-fashion-week.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Planet Notion » the Duality of Man: Martyn Bal AW10" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170608104157/http://www.planetnotion.com/2010/08/20/the-duality-of-man-martyn-bal-aw10/) . Archived from the original (http://www.planetnotion.com/2010/08/20/the-duality-of-man-martyn-bal-aw10/) on 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Martyn Bal - The Face Behind The Fashion - Flux Magazine" (http://www.fluxmagazine.com/index.php/fashion/martyn-bal-the-face-behind-versace/) . Flux Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Millar, Jamie (18 December 2009). "Why you need to know Martyn Bal" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151001162652/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2009-12/18/style-news-martyn-bal) . GQ . Archived from the original (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2009-12/18/style-news-martyn-bal) on 1 October 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Prada, Alan (28 January 2010). "Martyn Bal" (http://www.menstyle.it/cont/moda/moda/1001/2201/martyn-bal.asp) . menstyle.it (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-6) Doran, Sophie (26 January 2011). "12 Must-Know Menswear Designers Behind Luxury Labels" (http://luxurysociety.com/articles/2011/01/12-must-know-menswear-designers-behind-luxury-labels) . Luxury Society . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Kowalinski, Michael (17 May 2012). "Martyn Bal x Cutler and Gross" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/13469/1/martyn-bal-x-cutler-and-gross) . Dazed . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Versace" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2011-menswear/versace) . Vogue . 18 June 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Deeny, Godfrey (21 January 2011). "Men's fashion shows in Milan" (https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/ba47da1c-24e2-11e0-895d-00144feab49a.html) . Financial Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1766 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1766) . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "British Vogue" (https://www.vogue.co.uk) . British Vogue . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Versace" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151001144353/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2011/mens/versace/catwalk-report) . Vogue UK . Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2011/mens/versace/catwalk-report) on 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Madsen, Anders Christian (21 January 2015). "was that milan fashion week coming back with a vengeance?" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/was-that-milan-fashion-week-coming-back-with-a-vengeance) . i-D . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Roberto Cavalli" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2015-menswear/roberto-cavalli) . Vogue . 20 January 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "roberto cavalli spring/summer 15 menswear" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/roberto-cavalli-springsummer-15-menswear) . i-D . 25 June 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Roberto Cavalli - Categories of Being . Vimeo . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Gaia, Massimo; Wendlandt, Astrid (30 April 2015). "Clessidra buys control of Italian fashion label Cavalli" (http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-cavalli-clessidra-deal-idUKKBN0NL1O420150430) . Reuters UK . 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Belgian fashion designer Honorine Deschrijver crop from a 1923 painting by Frits Van den Berghe (/wiki/Frits_Van_den_Berghe) Born 5 March 1887 Ghent (/wiki/Ghent) Died 1977 Brussels (/wiki/Brussels) Nationality Belgian Alma mater Antwerpse Modeacademie (/w/index.php?title=Antwerpse_Modeacademie&action=edit&redlink=1) Employer Couture Norine Known for Modernist movement in fashion Honorine Maria "Norine" Deschrijver (5 March 1887 – 1977) was a Belgian fashion designer and a prominent representative of the Modernist movement in fashion. Life [ edit ] Honorine Deschrijver [1] (#cite_note-1) was born as an extramarital child to a Ghent (/wiki/Ghent) maid on 5 March 1887. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-Vanleke2012-3) She grew up in the Brugse Poort in Ghent and moved to Brussels at the age of 14. When she met Paul-Gustave van Hecke (/wiki/Paul-Gustave_van_Hecke) around 1915, [4] (#cite_note-Aa2017-4) she was still married to her first husband. P.G. Van Hecke en Norine (1920) by Léon Spilliaert (/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Spilliaert) Van Hecke was a collector and art critic who ran an art gallery called "Le Centaure" on the Avenue Louise. [5] (#cite_note-Blaszczyk2011-5) In 1916 Deschrijver and Van Hecke started the couture house "Couture Norine" on Avenue Louise in Brussels. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 1927 she married Van Hecke. Through her husband she gained contacts with important Belgian artists. Léon Spilliaert (/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Spilliaert) portrayed her in a double portrait with her husband (Ostend, Mu.ZEE (/wiki/Mu.ZEE) ); Edgard Tytgat (/wiki/Edgard_Tytgat) portrayed her in the painting "Remembrance of a Sunday" getting out of a boat (Deurle, Museum Dhondt-Dhaenens (/w/index.php?title=Museum_Dhondt-Dhaenens&action=edit&redlink=1) ). The couple were also painted by Man Ray (/wiki/Man_Ray) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Marcel-Louis Baugniet designed the interior of the fashion store. René Magritte (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte) signed publicity for Couture Norine. [9] (#cite_note-Draguet2014-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Deschrijver's designs for women's clothing were distinguished by modernism and originality. She was called the "Coco Chanel of the North". Her career ran from the early interwar period to the 1960s, but she enjoyed her largest success during the Roaring Twenties (/wiki/Roaring_Twenties) . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-AllmerGelder2007-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Her last name can we written De Schrijver of Deschryver . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Gubin, Eliane (/wiki/%C3%89liane_Gubin) (2006). "Honorine Deschrijver". Dictionnaire des femmes belges: XIXe et XXe siècles (in French). Lannoo Uitgeverij. pp. 189–190. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-87386-434-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vanleke2012_3-0) Vanleke, Monica (19 June 2012). De vrouw die een stad kan verlichten . WPG Uitgevers BE – Algemeen. p. 119. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6041-268-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-Aa2017_4-0) van der Aa, Manu (20 April 2017). Tatave! Paul-Gustave van Hecke: Paul-Gustave van Hecke – Kunstpaus, modekoning en salonsocialist (in Dutch). Terra – Lannoo, Uitgeverij. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-014-4208-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-Blaszczyk2011_5-0) Lee Blaszczyk, Regina (3 October 2011). Producing Fashion: Commerce, Culture, and Consumers . University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 77. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8122-0605-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent | Onderzoek | Documentatiecentrum | Selectie documenten" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100112/http://www.mskgent.be/nl/onderzoek/documentatiecentrum/selectie-documenten) . 2015-04-02. Archived from the original (http://www.mskgent.be/nl/onderzoek/documentatiecentrum/selectie-documenten) on 2015-04-02 . Retrieved 2018-01-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) CDR-Mededelingen. "Nele Bernheim in het Bulletin ça ira: modehuis Norine – Le blog de CDR-Mededelingen" (http://mededelingen.over-blog.com/article-30075949.html) . Le blog de CDR-Mededelingen (in French) . Retrieved 2018-01-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Honorine Deschrijver et Paul-Gustave Van Hecke by Man Ray" (http://www.artnet.com/artists/man-ray/honorine-deschrijver-et-paul-gustave-van-hecke-aSvkVyCZLP2z-9BpbZlpyg2) . www.artnet.com . Retrieved 2018-01-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-Draguet2014_9-0) Draguet, Michel (2014). Magritte (in French). Editions Gallimard. p. 69. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-07-248088-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Magritte museum" (https://ikkijk.blogspot.be/2013/03/magritte-museum.html) . ikkijk.blogspot.be . Retrieved 2018-01-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Honorine Deschryver" (https://www.ilovebelgium.be/tags/honorine-deschryver) . www.ilovebelgium.be . 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 2018-01-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-AllmerGelder2007_12-0) Allmer, Patricia; van Gelder, Hilde (2007). Collective Inventions: Surrealism in Belgium . Cornell University Press. p. 34. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-5867-592-7 . 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Indonesian high-fashion designer (born 1967) Sebastian Gunawan Born ( 1967-07-02 ) 2 July 1967 (age 56) Jakarta, Indonesia (/wiki/Jakarta,_Indonesia) Nationality Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesians) Other names Seba Alma mater Istituto Artistico Dell' Abbigliamento Marangoni (/wiki/Istituto_Marangoni) Occupation Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) Spouse Cristina Panarese (m. 1992) Sebastian Gunawan (born 2 July 1967 in Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) ), also known as Seba, [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) is an Indonesian fashion designer. [3] (#cite_note-3) He is known for his designs of ornate evening gowns. [4] (#cite_note-4) He is a member of the Indonesian Fashion Designers Association. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Early life and education [ edit ] Gunawan was born in Jakarta, Indonesia (/wiki/Jakarta,_Indonesia) on 2 July 1967. [6] (#cite_note-6) At the age of 14, he developed interests in fashion designing, which he developed by sketching clothing designs as a high school student and working part-time at seamstress. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Pursuing this, he enrolled at the LPTB Susan Budiharjo in 1985, [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) a school of fashion in Jakarta run by its namesake—a first generation Indonesian fashion designer. [10] (#cite_note-10) This was followed by further studies at the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Design_and_Merchandising) in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , USA (/wiki/United_States) where he graduated and obtained the Certificate of Fashion Design. In 1991, he graduated from the Istituto Artistico Dell' Abbigliamento Marangoni (/wiki/Istituto_Marangoni) in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy with a specialisation in fashion illustration . [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) In Milan, he met his wife and business partner, Cristina Panarese. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Career [ edit ] Following his graduation from Marangoni, he worked part-time under the late designer, Egon von Furstenberg (/wiki/Prince_Egon_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) . He returned to Indonesia shortly after, due to complications to acquire residency status in Italy. [12] (#cite_note-:4-12) In 1992, following his return to his native Indonesia, Gunawan launched his first collection of clothing with Panarese, entitled "Sebastian Gunawan". [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) [13] (#cite_note-13) This was followed by his fashion show debut in 1995 with a collection named Potret Hidup ("A Life's Portrait"), featuring evening and ball gowns, which later became his signature items. [14] (#cite_note-14) In 1997 with Panarese, he introduced his first ready-to-wear collection, Votum , which became his first to be sold in stores. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) This was followed by another ready-to-wear line called SebastianRed in 2000. [15] (#cite_note-15) [12] (#cite_note-:4-12) In 2004, he represented Indonesia on behalf of the Indonesian Textile Association at the International Apparel Federation (IAF) in Barcelona, Spain (/wiki/Barcelona,_Spain) . There, he was awarded the IAF Young Designer's Award for this entry entitled "I Miss Bali". [16] (#cite_note-16) In the same year, he made his debuts at the Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) , the Hong Kong Fashion Week (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fashion_Week_for_Fall/Winter) , and the Southeast Asia International Fashion Show in Nanning, China (/wiki/Nanning,_China) . [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) In 2006, Gunawan launched a bridal collection, Sebastian Sposa . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Personal life [ edit ] Gunawan married Cristina Panarese, a fellow fashion designer, in 1992. He met Panarese during his studies at the Istituto Marangoni (/wiki/Istituto_Marangoni) in Milan. [17] (#cite_note-17) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Together, they have a daughter, Alessia. [18] (#cite_note-18) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Agustina, Rizka (2011-06-16). "Breathtaking Dresses by Sebastian Gunawan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111225095440/http://fashionesedaily.com/blog/2011/06/16/breathtaking-dresses-by-sebastian-gunawan/) . Archived from the original (http://fashionesedaily.com/blog/2011/06/16/breathtaking-dresses-by-sebastian-gunawan/) on 2011-12-25 . Retrieved 2011-11-13 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Bestari, Astrid (2019-03-06). "Mengenal Desainer Indonesia: Sebastian Gunawan" (http://harpersbazaar.co.id/articles/read/03/2019/6556/mengenal-desainer-indonesia-sebastian-gunawan) . harpersbazaar.co.id . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia (2013-10-16). "Asian Couture Federation set up to support Asian Couturiers" (http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/972160/asian-couture-federation-set-up-to-support-asian-couturiers) . BLUOARTINFO. BLUOARTINFO . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Sebastian Gunawan" (http://fidefashionweeks.com/designers/sebastian-gunawan/) . Fide Fashion Weeks . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b PRISKILA, KIKI RIAMA (2016-01-17). "Mengenal Sosok Desainer Sebastian Gunawan" (https://www.herworld.co.id/article/2016/1/3860-Mengenal-Sosok-Desainer-Sebastian-Gunawan) . Herworld Indonesia . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Sebastian Gunawan Ciptakan Desain Elegan dan Glamor" (https://lifestyle.sindonews.com/berita/1383058/186/sebastian-gunawan-ciptakan-desain-elegan-dan-glamor) . SINDOnews.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Emeralda, Edith (2019-11-01). "Sebastian Gunawan" (https://www.pressreader.com/indonesia/tatler-indonesia/20191101/283115660751505) . Tatler Indonesia . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Sebastian Gunawan" (https://www.asiancouturefederation.com/sebastiangunawan) . Asian Couture Federation . 2023-02-15 . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "10 Outstanding Indonesian Fashion Designers" (https://indonesiadesign.com/story/10-outstanding-indonesian-fashion-designers) . Indonesia Design . 2020-11-17 . Retrieved 2022-04-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Designer - Jakarta Fashion Week" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/designer-profile/803/susan-budihardjo-lembaga-pengajaran-tata-busana-) . www.jakartafashionweek.co.id . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b Khoiri, Agniya. "Indonesia Belum Siap Punya Industri Adibusana" (https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20160512150317-277-130252/indonesia-belum-siap-punya-industri-adibusana) . gaya hidup (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Sebastian Gunawan Mengontemplasi Hasratnya Pada Mode" (https://elle.co.id/fashion/sebastian-gunawan-mengontemplasi-hasratnya-pada-mode) . Elle Indonesia . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Wandari, Suryani (2018-09-23). "Keindahan dari Ketidaklaziman" (https://mediaindonesia.com/weekend/185999/keindahan-dari-ketidaklaziman) . mediaindonesia.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Sebastian Gunawan Ciptakan Desain Elegan dan Glamor" (https://www.matain.id/article/2019/0301/sebastian-gunawan-ciptakan-desain-elegan-dan-glamor.html) . www.matain.id . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "About Us" (https://www.sebastiangunawan.com/id/article/about-us) . Sebastian Gunawan (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "FIDM Grad Sebastian Gunawan is One of Indonesia's Top Designers" (https://fidm.edu/en/majors/fashion+design/experience/latest+news/FIDM+Grad+Sebastian+Gunawan+is+One+of+Indonesias+Top+Designers) . fidm.edu . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Bridal Gown Archives - Sebastian Gunawan" (https://www.dn-mag.com/fashion-business-directory/fashion-designer/bridal-gown/) . DN-MAG.COM . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Fimela.com (2016-10-02). "Personal Style: Aly, Putri Desainer Sebastian Gunawan" (https://www.fimela.com/fashion/read/3516660/personal-style-aly-putri-desainer-sebastian-gunawan) . fimela.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000452854817) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/317290874) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhMFVjXYpxHx3QDdChHC) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2018221092) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p391063111) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐6bfdd77f6c‐5xw99 Cached time: 20240623202410 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.452 seconds Real time usage: 0.783 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2292/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 37951/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1454/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 72662/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.313/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6769164/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 708.845 1 -total 36.70% 260.180 1 Template:Infobox_person 25.98% 184.180 1 Template:Reflist 21.76% 154.222 17 Template:Cite_web 20.80% 147.468 1 Template:Short_description 16.52% 117.135 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 16.22% 115.009 2 Template:Pagetype 14.73% 104.446 1 Template:Authority_control 12.34% 87.438 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 8.37% 59.325 17 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33735878-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623202410 and revision id 1186717923. 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5486b6fcc7‐77mvc Cached time: 20240628001927 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32483439-0!canonical and timestamp 20240628001927 and revision id 1225975963. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Algerian clothing" The following 19 pages are in this category, out of 19 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Algerian Kardoun (/wiki/Algerian_Kardoun) B Blusa (/wiki/Blusa) Bniqa (/wiki/Bniqa) Burnous (/wiki/Burnous) C Chechia (/wiki/Chechia) Chedda of Tlemcen (/wiki/Chedda_of_Tlemcen) D Djebba fergani (/wiki/Djebba_fergani) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) F Fez (hat) (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Fouta towel (/wiki/Fouta_towel) Frimla (/wiki/Frimla) G Gandoura (/wiki/Gandoura) Ghlila (/wiki/Ghlila) H Haik (garment) (/wiki/Haik_(garment)) K Karakou (/wiki/Karakou) M M'laya (/wiki/M%27laya) Q Qashabiya (/wiki/Qashabiya) S Sarma (hat) (/wiki/Sarma_(hat)) T Taqiyah (cap) (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Algerian_clothing&oldid=1225975963 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Algerian_clothing&oldid=1225975963) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of Algeria (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Algeria) Clothing by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_country) African clothing (/wiki/Category:African_clothing) Arabic clothing (/wiki/Category:Arabic_clothing)
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2012 flanker perfume endorsed by Jennifer Lopez Not to be confused with Glow by JLo (/wiki/Glow_by_JLo) . Glowing by JLo Promotional poster for Glowing Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) Notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Bergamot (/wiki/Bergamot_orange) , mandarin (/wiki/Mandarin_orange) , cypress (/wiki/Cypress) , sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) , vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) , cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_goat) musk Released May 10, 2012 Label Coty, Inc. (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) New illuminating fragrance bottle Predecessor Love and Light (/wiki/Love_and_Light_(fragrance)) Glowing by JLo is a women's fragrance (/wiki/Fragrance) endorsed by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) . It was created by Givaudan (/wiki/Givaudan) 's Calice Becker and Caroline Sabas. It was released through Coty (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) on May 10, 2012. It was released ten years after her initial fragrance, Glow by JLo (/wiki/Glow_by_JLo) (2002) and was also in turn her tenth anniversary with Coty. Prior to its release, Lopez called it a homage and the "evolution of Glow". The bottle was noted for lighting up when in use and Lopez has promoted the fragrance through her music video for " Dance Again (/wiki/Dance_Again) ". [1] (#cite_note-WWD-1) Development [ edit ] During an interview with Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , Lopez stated that Glowing is the "evolution" of her first fragrance, Glow by JLo (2002), and that it is also a homage to it. [1] (#cite_note-WWD-1) This fragrance also marked her tenth anniversary since she began endorsing perfumes. [1] (#cite_note-WWD-1) Packaging and scent [ edit ] Glowing is a floral woody amber that has notes of: bergamot (/wiki/Bergamot_orange) , mandarin (/wiki/Mandarin_orange) , cypress (/wiki/Cypress) , sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) , vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) , cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_goat) musk, among other "tantalizing" oils. [1] (#cite_note-WWD-1) [2] (#cite_note-Huffington-2) According to Lopez's parfum (/wiki/Parfum) and beauty website and basenotes.net (/wiki/Basenotes) , it is inspired by her favorite candle (/wiki/Candle) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-glowing-4) Lopez explained that the liquid is slightly lavender because it contains a trace of violet. [5] (#cite_note-more-5) The bottle for Glowing contains an LED light that illuminates its crystal cylinder for 15 seconds after misting. [6] (#cite_note-6) Speaking of the bottle, Catherine Walsh, Coty's senior vice president stated: "After 10 years, we had to break all the boundaries". [1] (#cite_note-WWD-1) Lopez talked about the bottle, stating: "I drove them a little bit crazy with this one. I always feel pressure to create a great fragrance — I always want it to be so special, this one especially because of Glow. We want it to be great, and I think it is." [1] (#cite_note-WWD-1) Further speaking about the actual scent, Lopez stated: [2] (#cite_note-Huffington-2) "This is a very woodsy scent. So it's not exactly what I created 10 years ago, it's the evolution of that. At the essence, it's still natural, earthy, clean and real, but a little different side of that. It's the woodsy side of it, which I think is kind of New York-y, darker and sexier." Promotion and release [ edit ] On February 3, 2012, a promotional poster for Glowing was released. It featured Lopez posing naked in a ring, which Beth Hardie of Daily Mirror (/wiki/Daily_Mirror) said: "also looks like quite oily too, but as the perfume’s not called Slippery, we’ll stick with the radiant aspect." [7] (#cite_note-7) A writer from The Real Style Network online commented: "Fans of Jennifer Lopez are buzzing about the entertainer’s latest ads for her new fragrance ‘Glowing’. In the sexy ads, Lopez poses naked with her arms strategically placed to preserve her modesty." [8] (#cite_note-8) Michelle Manetti of the Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) said the ring looked like a "glowing orb ring". [2] (#cite_note-Huffington-2) Lopez utilized her music video for her song " Dance Again (/wiki/Dance_Again) " as a form of promotion for the fragrance. [9] (#cite_note-ewv-9) The video ends with a shot of the fragrance, and it is implied that the entire clip was set inside the bottle. [10] (#cite_note-MTVU-10) The video was uploaded to Lopez's VEVO (/wiki/VEVO) channel on April 5, 2012, after a sneak peek aired the same day on the television show American Idol (/wiki/American_Idol) , where Lopez is a judge. [11] (#cite_note-11) Initially, it was sold exclusively just to Kohl's Department Stores (/wiki/Kohl%27s) . [2] (#cite_note-Huffington-2) The official launch of the perfume and launch event was on May 10, 2012 at Hotel Bel Air (/wiki/Hotel_Bel_Air) in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . It was also celebrating 10 years of partnership between Lopez and Coty, Inc. (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) releasing beauty products. [5] (#cite_note-more-5) An advertisement for the fragrance has aired, and is available on Lopez's fashion YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) account. [12] (#cite_note-12) Reception [ edit ] In their first fragrance review, Cheryl Johnson, of the website Future Derm, reviewed Glowing. Johnson stated that "the bottle itself is nice: it feels luxe, with the exception of the top, which feels a bit inexpensive in comparison to the rest of the bottle". However, Johnson described the glow of the bottle when you spray it as "gimmicky". [13] (#cite_note-Glowing-13) She further described the scent as "very strong floral and powdery, but quickly dries down to a fresh clean scent. I am reminded of a walk in the springtime, with the scent of fresh cut grass (/wiki/Smell_of_freshly_cut_grass) and flowers beginning to bloom. It is very feminine, most definitely not a unisex fragrance at all." [13] (#cite_note-Glowing-13) Products [ edit ] List of Glowing by JLo products: [4] (#cite_note-glowing-4) [14] (#cite_note-14) 75ml / 2.5 fl oz 50ml / 1.7 fl oz 30ml / 1.0 fl oz 200ml / 6.7 fl oz Body Lotion (/wiki/Lotion) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Naughton, Julie (February 9, 2012). "Getting to the Heart of J.Lo" (http://www.wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/people/jennifer-lopez-maintains-foothold-in-fragrance-5642440?page=2) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved October 21, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Manetti, Michelle (February 10, 2012). "Jennifer Lopez Launches 'Glowing' Perfume With Naked Ad, Light-Up Bottle (PHOTOS)" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/10/glowing-jennifer-lopez-launching-new-fragrance_n_1268972.html) . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved March 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Coty celebrate ten years of Jennifer Lopez fragrances with Glowing" (http://www.basenotes.net/content/1191-Coty-celebrate-ten-years-of-Jennifer-Lopez-fragrances-with-Glowing) . Basenotes . Retrieved October 24, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "JLo Fragrance" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130726181308/http://www.jenniferlopezbeauty.com/templates/#/glowing) . Jenniferlopezbeauty.com. Archived from the original (http://www.jenniferlopezbeauty.com/templates#/glowing) on July 26, 2013 . Retrieved October 22, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Omninfo. "Jennifer Lopez: 'Glowing By JLo' Launch Event" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000046/http://www.omninfo.com/celebrity/jennifer-lopez-glowing-by-jlo-launch-event/) . Omninfo.com. Archived from the original (http://www.omninfo.com/celebrity/jennifer-lopez-glowing-by-jlo-launch-event/) on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved October 22, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Jennifer Lopez is Still Glowing After All These Years" (http://www.elle.com/news/beauty-makeup/jennifer-lopez-is-still-glowing-after-all-these-years-42296) . May 11, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Hardie, Beth (February 13, 2012). "Jennifer Lopez launches her new perfume Glowing while posing totally naked" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/jennifer-lopez-launches-her-new-perfume-683498) . Mirror.co.uk (/wiki/Mirror.co.uk) . Retrieved October 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Jennifer Lopez Set to Release 'Glowing' Fragrance » Real Style Network - Beauty" (http://www.realstylenetwork.com/blogs/beauty/2012/02/jennifer-lopez-set-to-release-glowing-fragrance/) . Real Style Network. February 15, 2012 . Retrieved October 24, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-ewv_9-0) Barrett, Annie. "Jennifer Lopez's "Dance Again" music video | The Music Mix | EW.com" (http://music-mix.ew.com/2012/04/06/jennifer-lopez-dance-again-video/) . Music-mix.ew.com . Retrieved April 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-MTVU_10-0) Vena, Jocelyn (March 30, 2012). "Jennifer Lopez, Real-Life Beau 'Dance Again' In New Video – Music, Celebrity, Artist News" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120408190806/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1682632/jennifer-lopez-dance-again-music-video.jhtml) . MTV. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1682632/jennifer-lopez-dance-again-music-video.jhtml) on April 8, 2012 . Retrieved April 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Watch Now: Jennifer Lopez's "Dance Again" Video Has All the Casper Smart PDA No One's Been Missing – E! Online" (http://eonline.com/news/watch_now_jennifer_lopezs_dance_again/306877) . eonline.com. April 6, 2012 . Retrieved April 6, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Glowing by JLO - Jennifer Lopez New Fragrance" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stLJaxiAXhA) . YouTube. April 20, 2012 . Retrieved October 24, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, Cheryl (May 12, 2012). "Our First Fragrance Review: Glowing by Jennifer Lopez" (http://www.futurederm.com/2012/05/12/our-first-fragrance-review-glowing-by-jennifer-lopez/) . Future Derm: Beauty from a Scientific Perspective . Retrieved October 24, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Palomares, Sugey. "J.Lo Says New Perfume 'Glowing' Is "A Step Beyond Glow" (http://www.latina.com/beauty/skin-nails/jlo-says-new-perfume-glowing-step-beyond-glow) " (http://www.latina.com/beauty/skin-nails/jlo-says-new-perfume-glowing-step-beyond-glow) . Latina . Retrieved October 24, 2012 . v t e Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) Accolades (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Jennifer_Lopez) Discography (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez_discography) Filmography (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez_filmography) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Jennifer_Lopez) Videography (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez_videography) Performances (/wiki/List_of_Jennifer_Lopez_live_performances) Cultural impact (/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Jennifer_Lopez) Studio albums On the 6 (/wiki/On_the_6) J.Lo (/wiki/J.Lo_(album)) This Is Me... Then (/wiki/This_Is_Me..._Then) Rebirth (/wiki/Rebirth_(Jennifer_Lopez_album)) Como Ama una Mujer (/wiki/Como_Ama_una_Mujer) Brave (/wiki/Brave_(Jennifer_Lopez_album)) Love? (/wiki/Love%3F) A.K.A. (/wiki/A.K.A._(album)) This Is Me... Now (/wiki/This_Is_Me..._Now) Soundtrack albums Marry Me (/wiki/Marry_Me_(soundtrack)) Compilation albums J to tha L–O! The Remixes (/wiki/J_to_tha_L%E2%80%93O!_The_Remixes) Dance Again... the Hits (/wiki/Dance_Again..._the_Hits) Extended plays The Reel Me (/wiki/The_Reel_Me) Video albums Feelin' So Good (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez:_Feelin%27_So_Good) Let's Get Loud (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez:_Let%27s_Get_Loud) The Reel Me (/wiki/The_Reel_Me) Concerts and tours Let's Get Loud (/wiki/Let%27s_Get_Loud_(concerts)) Jennifer Lopez & Marc Anthony en Concierto (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez_%26_Marc_Anthony_en_Concierto) Dance Again World Tour (/wiki/Dance_Again_World_Tour) Enrique Iglesias & Jennifer Lopez Tour (/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias_%26_Jennifer_Lopez_Tour) ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen Live (/wiki/%C2%A1Q%27Viva!_The_Chosen_Live) Jennifer Lopez: All I Have (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez:_All_I_Have) It's My Party (/wiki/It%27s_My_Party_(tour)) Super Bowl LIV halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIV_halftime_show) This Is Me... 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This advertising (/wiki/Advertising) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patiala_Shahi_Pagg&action=edit) . v t e The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Patiala Shahi Pagg" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Patiala+Shahi+Pagg%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Patiala+Shahi+Pagg%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Patiala+Shahi+Pagg%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Patiala+Shahi+Pagg%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Patiala+Shahi+Pagg%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Patiala+Shahi+Pagg%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A man wearing Patiala Shahi turban ( pagg ) Patiala Shahi is a style of turban (/wiki/Turban) ( pagg ) common among Sikh (/wiki/Sikh) men, originating in Punjab, India (/wiki/Punjab,_India) . "Patiala Shahi" literally means "Patiala royal": this style of turban was worn by Bhupinder Singh (/wiki/Bhupinder_Singh_of_Patiala) , the ruler of Patiala State (/wiki/Patiala_State) . [1] (#cite_note-1) It is one of the two prominent styles of Sikh turbans from the Punjab Plain (/wiki/Punjab_Plain) area, the other being the " Ludhiana (/wiki/Ludhiana) style" (apart from these two, another prominent style is the "beaked" kind originating from the Pothohar Plateau (/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau) area). The Patiala Shahi style has "layers of folded cloth ( laṛ ) on both sides of the turban", unlike the Ludhiana style, which has cloth on only one side. [2] (#cite_note-Hew_2008-2) It is quite distinct from other pagri (/wiki/Pagri_(turban)) ( pagg ) styles of other Indian states. [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Panjab Past and Present . Vol. 36. 2005. p. 134. ^ (#cite_ref-Hew_2008_2-0) Hew McLeod (2008). "The Five Ks of the Khalsa Sikhs". Journal of the American Oriental Society . 128 (2). American Oriental Society: 325–331. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 25608364 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25608364) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Sanjeev Prasad Srivastava (1991). Art and Cultural Heritage of Patiala . Sundeep Prakashan. p. 40. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788185067667 . This Sikhism-related (/wiki/Sikhism) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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British footwear historian June Swann Born 1929 (age 94–95) Occupation Footwear historian Awards Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire) June Marion Swann MBE (/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire) (born 1929) is a British footwear (/wiki/Footwear) historian, formerly the Keeper of the Boot and Shoe Collection at the Northampton Museum and Art Gallery (/wiki/Northampton_Museum_and_Art_Gallery) in England, where she worked for 38 years from 1950 to 1988. In the late 1950s she inaugurated the study of shoes hidden in buildings as charms, starting a collection of found shoes and the Hidden Shoe Index at the Northampton Museum. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Swann has been called "the world's leading authority on historic shoes." [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-independent-4) She is engaged by museums around the world to identify shoes in their collections. [5] (#cite_note-natgeo-5) Swann graduated with a degree in geography in 1949, and began to work at Northampton Museum and Art Gallery the following year. The town was a historical center for the production of shoes, and she took charge of curating the museum's collection of shoes and related artefacts, the world's largest collection of historical footwear. She became a Member of the Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) in 1976, for her work at Northampton Museum. [5] (#cite_note-natgeo-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) She was a founder member of The Costume Society (/wiki/The_Costume_Society) , and its chairman from 1980 to 1987. [7] (#cite_note-7) She retired in 1988 and became a freelance consultant. After retirement she travelled to Sydney to catalogue the Joseph Box Collection at the Powerhouse Museum (/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum) . [8] (#cite_note-8) She also assisted with the cataloguing of the Cordwainers College (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) Historical Shoe Collection, from 1992 to 2000. [9] (#cite_note-9) Publications [ edit ] Shoes concealed in buildings , Northampton County Council, 1970 A history of shoe fashions , Northampton County Council, 1975 Shoes , Batsford Books (/wiki/Batsford_Books) , 1982. Shoemaking , Shire Books (/wiki/Shire_Books) , 1987. Reprinted 1993, 1997, 2003, 2008. "Shoes Concealed in Buildings", Costume Society Journal 30 (1996), pp. 56–69. History of Footwear in Norway, Sweden and Finland: Pre-history to 1950 , Coronet Books (/wiki/Coronet_Books) , 2001. See also [ edit ] Concealed shoes (/wiki/Concealed_shoes) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Scrivener, Leslie (22 June 2008). "Mystery of the shoe in the wall" (https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/mystery-of-the-shoe-in-the-wall/article_41218562-c479-55e9-89c0-a2faf2b75429.html) . Toronto Star (/wiki/Toronto_Star) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Prickett, Katy (9 December 2017). "The shoes hidden in homes to ward off evil" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-northamptonshire-41507752) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Shawcross, Rebecca (March 2019). "Miss June Swann: An Appreciation" (https://www.euppublishing.com/toc/cost/53/1) . Costume . 53 (1): 3–10. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3366/cost.2019.0091 (https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fcost.2019.0091) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 192489020 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192489020) . ^ (#cite_ref-independent_4-0) Weideger, Paula (24 August 1992). "You are what you wear on your feet: For June Swann, a boot is a clue to personality as well as social history. Paula Weideger talked to her" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/you-are-what-you-wear-on-your-feet-for-june-swann-a-boot-is-a-clue-to-personality-as-well-as-social-history-paula-weideger-talked-to-her-1542212.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402220530/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/you-are-what-you-wear-on-your-feet-for-june-swann-a-boot-is-a-clue-to-personality-as-well-as-social-history-paula-weideger-talked-to-her-1542212.html) from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . () ^ Jump up to: a b Newman, Cathy (September 2006). "The Joy of Shoes: Man's Shoe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140818163320/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0609/feature2/online_extra06.html) . National Geographic (/wiki/National_Geographic) . Archived from the original (http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0609/feature2/online_extra06.html) on 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . () ^ (#cite_ref-6) London Gazette (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46919/supplement/8031/data.pdf) , 12 June 1976 ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Our history" (http://costumesociety.org.uk/about/our-history) . The Costume Society . Retrieved 21 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Louise Mitchell and Lindie Ward, Stepping Out: Three Centuries of Shoes (Ashgate, 2008), p. 12. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Cordwainers College Historic Shoe Collection (http://www.vads.ac.uk/collections/LCFSHOE.html) , VADS.ac.uk Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/222331485) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfgYcqXXfWfWQh3x7fg8C) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15105371k) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15105371k) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1207797391) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012501037405171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87833007) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/060355778) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐7c8864bbb8‐bjlhj Cached time: 20240709051219 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.378 seconds Real time usage: 0.487 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2044/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21314/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1211/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30967/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.259/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6178102/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 464.265 1 -total 33.21% 154.165 1 Template:Infobox_person 27.27% 126.622 1 Template:Reflist 20.12% 93.391 3 Template:Cite_web 19.67% 91.303 1 Template:Authority_control 14.40% 66.871 1 Template:Short_description 9.30% 43.196 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.82% 40.925 2 Template:Pagetype 7.13% 33.085 1 Template:Birth_year_and_age 7.03% 32.626 18 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45282326-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709051220 and revision id 1233457899. 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Swiss fashion designer Christa de Carouge Born 6 August 1936 Basel (/wiki/Basel) Died 17 January 2018 Zürich (/wiki/Zurich) Citizenship Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) Occupation fashion designer Years active 1978-2018 Christa de Carouge (born Christa Furrer, 1936-2018) was a Swiss fashion designer. Biography [ edit ] Christa Furrer was born in 1936 in Basel (/wiki/Basel) , Switzerland. Her grandparents both worked in a silk ribbons factory. Her father was a cook, and her mother was a seamstress and taught her to sew. Christa Furrer was the oldest of five siblings. [1] (#cite_note-1) Her brother Urs became an artist. [2] (#cite_note-2) She started working in a clothing store (Monsieur Rudi) in Geneva (/wiki/Geneva) owned by her husband. After her divorce, in 1978, she created a couture shop in Carouge (/wiki/Carouge) and endorsed the name Christa de Carouge. She then moved to Zürich (/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich) where she continued to design clothes. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) She preferred not to use her last name "Furrer" because it sounded exactly like the connotative word " führer (/wiki/F%C3%BChrer) ". [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) She died on 17 January 2018. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Style [ edit ] She conceived comfortable clothes designed for home and travel. She rejected the world of fashion. Mainly inspired by the punk and underground cultures, she favored dark colors, which earned her the nicknames "Die Frau in Schwarz" or "Grande Dame der Schweizer Mode". [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Her approach to couture was deeply rooted in interior design (/wiki/Interior_design) and architecture (/wiki/Architecture) [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) (including Le Corbusier's approach to modern home design [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) ). In 2003, she temporarily introduced red and yellow in her collections. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Exhibitions [ edit ] Noir Nero Black Schwarz , Musée des Arts Décoratifs de Lausanne, June-September 1999 [8] (#cite_note-8) Kunsthaus de Zug (/wiki/Zug) , November-December 2017 [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) Post-mortem retrospective, Carouge Museum, October-December 2018 [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Awards [ edit ] 2010: Glory-Verleihung in the Style category [9] (#cite_note-9) Further reading [ edit ] Bettina Flitner, Alice Schwarzer, Frauen mit Visionen: 50 Europäerinnen , 2004 ISBN 978-3896603579 Filmography [ edit ] Christa de Carouge - La dame en noir (2019), 55-minute documentary by Remo Hegglin ( trailer (https://vimeo.com/313438970) on Vimeo (/wiki/Vimeo) ) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lietti, Anna (1998-09-05). "Christa Furrer, styliste, fille de Claire et d'Adelrich - Le Temps" (https://www.letemps.ch/societe/christa-furrer-styliste-fille-claire-dadelrich) (in French). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1423-3967 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1423-3967) . Retrieved 2024-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Sachse, Gudrun (2021-05-04). " (https://www.nzz.ch/folio/urs-ist-wieder-auf-der-suche-ld.1620011) "Urs ist wieder auf der Suche" (https://www.nzz.ch/folio/urs-ist-wieder-auf-der-suche-ld.1620011) " (https://www.nzz.ch/folio/urs-ist-wieder-auf-der-suche-ld.1620011) . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0376-6829 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0376-6829) . Retrieved 2024-01-31 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Feu Christa de Carouge, styliste et «parfois aussi un peu psychiatre» - Le Temps" (https://www.letemps.ch/opinions/revues-de-presse/feu-christa-carouge-styliste-parfois-un-psychiatre) (in French). 2018-01-18. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1423-3967 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1423-3967) . Retrieved 2024-01-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b "La créatrice de mode Christa de Carouge est décédée" (https://www.rts.ch/info/culture/9256630-la-creatrice-de-mode-christa-de-carouge-est-decedee.html) . rts.ch (in French). 2018-01-17 . Retrieved 2024-01-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Une exposition met la créatrice de mode Christa de Carouge à l'honneur" (https://www.rts.ch/info/culture/arts-visuels/9894843-une-exposition-met-la-creatrice-de-mode-christa-de-carouge-a-lhonneur.html) . rts.ch (in French). 2018-10-05 . Retrieved 2024-01-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b "3 questions à Christa de Carouge, designer de mode suisse" (https://www.femina.ch/style/mode/3-questions-a-christa-de-carouge-designer-de-mode-suisse) . Femina (in Swiss French). 2017-11-13 . Retrieved 2024-01-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Christa de Carouge: Keine Mode, sondern Stil" (https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/christa-de-carouge--keine-mode--sondern-stil/3958740) . SWI swissinfo.ch (in German). 2004-06-24 . Retrieved 2024-01-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Ricci Lempen, Silvia (1999-06-11). "Le noir avale la lumière pour mieux en exprimer toutes les émotions - Le Temps" (https://www.letemps.ch/culture/noir-avale-lumiere-mieux-exprimer-toutes-emotions) (in French). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1423-3967 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1423-3967) . Retrieved 2024-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Glorys - Das sind die Gewinner der Glorys 2010" (https://www.srf.ch/sendungen/glanz-und-gloria/glorys-das-sind-die-gewinner-der-glorys-2010) . Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) (in German). 2010-12-18 . Retrieved 2024-01-31 . 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Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Tbilisi MBFWT Genre clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency semi-annually Location(s) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi) Inaugurated 2015 Founder Sofia Chkonia Website mbfashionweektbilisi (http://mbfashionweektbilisi.com) .com (http://mbfashionweektbilisi.com) Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Tbilisi ( MBFWT ) ( Georgian (/wiki/Georgian_language) : მერსედეს-ბენცის თბილისის მოდის კვირეული ) is a Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) -sponsored Georgian (/wiki/Georgia_(country)) fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) in its capital city of Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi) . MBFWT was established in 2015. During the fashion week ARTGeorgia art exhibition and BENEXT international fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) contest is also held. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Designers [ edit ] Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Tbilisi featured fashion designers such as Anouki (/wiki/Anouki_(designer)) , Avtandil (/wiki/Avtandil_(designer)) , Lako Bukia (/wiki/Lako_Bukia) , Tako Mekvabidze (/w/index.php?title=Tako_Mekvabidze&action=edit&redlink=1) , among others. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) (in Italian) Mercedes Benz Tbilisi Fashion Week FW 15-16 (http://www.elle.it/Moda/Sfilate/mercedes-benz-tbilisi-fashion-week-FW-15-16#16) Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) ^ (#cite_ref-2) (in Ukrainian) Georgia on My Mind: Колекції українських дизайнерів на Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Tbilisi (http://officiel-online.com/rauty/sobytiya/georgia-on-my-mind-kolektsiyi-ukrayinskih-dizayneriv-na-mercedes-benz-fashion-week-tbilisi/) L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Mercedes Benz Fashion Week kicks of in Tbilisi (https://web.archive.org/web/20150918211403/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-05/02/c_134203088.htm) Xinhua News Agency (/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency) ^ (#cite_ref-4) MBFASHIONWEEKTBILISI. "Designers" (http://www.mbfashionweektbilisi.com/designers) . MBFASHIONWEEKTBILISI . Retrieved 2019-09-05 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.mbfashionweektbilisi.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59d4f5b5d9‐zlq8v Cached time: 20240710164442 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.288 seconds Real time usage: 0.412 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 705/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7821/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 908/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7531/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.215/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15444035/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 356.675 1 -total 36.21% 129.146 1 Template:Reflist 33.52% 119.553 1 Template:Lang-ka 33.11% 118.092 1 Template:Language_with_name 32.67% 116.516 1 Template:Lang 30.10% 107.355 1 Template:Cite_web 20.37% 72.638 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 19.29% 68.796 1 Template:Infobox 9.05% 32.276 1 Template:Official_website 2.79% 9.969 1 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:46698724-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710164442 and revision id 1098113878. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Tbilisi&oldid=1098113878 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Tbilisi&oldid=1098113878) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion of Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:Fashion_of_Georgia_(country)) Fashion events in Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Georgia_(country)) Culture in Tbilisi (/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Tbilisi) Recurring events established in 2015 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2015) 2015 establishments in Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:2015_establishments_in_Georgia_(country)) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Hidden categories: Articles with Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Ukrainian-language_sources_(uk)) Articles containing Georgian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Georgian-language_text) Official website not in Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Official_website_not_in_Wikidata)
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Associated British Hat Manufacturers Ltd was a holding company formed in 1966, by merging five of Britain's largest felt hat manufacturers. [1] (#cite_note-Denton-1) The intention was to rationalize a struggling industry that faced a declining market and foreign competition. After the merger production was concentrated at the Christy factory in Stockport and the Wilson's factory in Denton. In 1980, ABHM sold the entire share capital of its subsidiary Christy & Co to Cadogan Oakley for £1.2 million. This resulted in the closure of the Wilson's factory, and all remaining hat production being consolidated into the Christy factory, which later closed in 1997. [1] (#cite_note-Denton-1) Companies that merged to form ABHM [ edit ] Christy & Co Ltd, Stockport (/wiki/Stockport) Battersby & Co Ltd (/wiki/Battersby_Hats) , Stockport T. & W. Lees Ltd, Stockport J. Moores & Sons Ltd, Denton (/wiki/Denton,_Greater_Manchester) Joseph Wilson & Sons Ltd, Denton References [ edit ] ^ a b Denton and the Archaeology of the Felt Hatting Industry by Michael Nevell, Brian Grimsditch and Ivan Hradil. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-871324-36X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871324-36X) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐6bfdd77f6c‐txtkj Cached time: 20240622214827 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.129 seconds Real time usage: 0.147 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 294/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1213/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 251/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4200/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.068/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 645877/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 132.785 1 Template:Reflist 100.00% 132.785 1 -total 81.58% 108.332 1 Template:ISBN 69.23% 91.925 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 4.03% 5.346 3 Template:Yesno-no 2.58% 3.426 4 Template:Yesno 2.36% 3.130 2 Template:Main_other 1.88% 2.496 1 Template:Yesno-yes Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38000772-0!canonical and timestamp 20240622214827 and revision id 824052397. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associated_British_Hat_Manufacturers&oldid=824052397 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associated_British_Hat_Manufacturers&oldid=824052397) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Defunct_manufacturing_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom) Companies based in Stockport (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Stockport) Hat companies (/wiki/Category:Hat_companies) 1966 establishments in England (/wiki/Category:1966_establishments_in_England) British companies established in 1966 (/wiki/Category:British_companies_established_in_1966) Clothing companies established in 1966 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1966) Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1997 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_disestablished_in_1997) 1997 disestablishments in England (/wiki/Category:1997_disestablishments_in_England)
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Dress style with a very full skirt This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bouffant_gown) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Bouffant gown" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bouffant+gown%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bouffant+gown%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bouffant+gown%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bouffant+gown%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bouffant+gown%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bouffant+gown%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A Parisian bouffant gown made of pink tulle (/wiki/Tulle_netting) . A bouffant gown is a women's dress silhouette (/wiki/Silhouette) made of a wide, full skirt resembling a hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) (and sometimes including a hoop or petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) support underneath the skirt). It may be tea length (/wiki/Tea_length) (mid-calf length) or floor length. History [ edit ] Bouffant gowns were a popular silhouette during the mid-19th century. It fell out of style by the end of the 19th century, but re-emerged in the 1930s, to appear in evening gowns during the 1930s and 1940s. It was fully revived in tea-length designs in 1947 by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's New Look (/wiki/Christian_Dior#The_New_Look) couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) collection. The style remained very popular at calf or ankle length throughout the 1950s. [1] (#cite_note-1) Popularity [ edit ] Bouffant gowns fell out of fashion during the 1960s and 1970s, as streamlined skirts became associated with modern trends. The resurgence of Victorian styles during the 1980s, as in the wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) in 1981, brought the bouffant gown back into style. [ citation needed ] Today, it is mainly seen in wedding gowns, Quinceañera (/wiki/Quincea%C3%B1era) gowns, or ball gowns (/wiki/Ball_gown) . [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Tredre, Roger & Brenda Polan (2009). The Great Fashion Designers . Berg. pp. 130 (https://archive.org/details/greatfashiondesi0000pola/page/130) . 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American fashion designer Victor Joris Born ( 1929-04-25 ) April 25, 1929 Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S. Died March 12, 2013 (2013-03-12) (aged 83) Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S. Resting place Northwest Louisiana Veteran's Cemetery Alma mater Traphagen School of Fashion (/wiki/Traphagen_School_of_Fashion) , École de la chambre syndicale de la couture parisienne (/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_la_chambre_syndicale_de_la_couture_parisienne) Occupation Fashion Designer Years active 1945–1970s Awards Coty Award (1969) Victor Joris (1929–2013) was an American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) and fashion illustrator (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) . He was active between 1945 until the 1970s. Biography [ edit ] Born April 25, 1929, in Shreveport, Louisiana (/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana) . [1] (#cite_note-1) He attended C.E. Byrd High School (/wiki/C._E._Byrd_High_School) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) He went on to study fashion at Traphagen School of Fashion (/wiki/Traphagen_School_of_Fashion) in New York City, graduating in 1945 in Costume Design and Sketching. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) He moved to Paris and studied at School Of Chambre Syndicale De La Couture Parisienne (/w/index.php?title=School_Of_Chambre_Syndicale_De_La_Couture_Parisienne&action=edit&redlink=1) (École de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne) which is part of Fédération Française de la Couture (/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_fran%C3%A7aise_de_la_couture) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In Paris he was an assistant to fashion designers, Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) and Pierre Balmain (/wiki/Pierre_Balmain) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Joris served two years in the United States Army (/wiki/United_States_Army) , followed by a move to Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) to work for Columbia Pictures (/wiki/Columbia_Pictures) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) At Columbia he worked with movie costume designer, Jean Louis (/wiki/Jean_Louis) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) He eventually moved back to New York City and worked with Cuddlecoat New York and with the Jones Apparel Group (/wiki/Nine_West_Holdings) , where he designed the Christian Dior Designer Sportswear Collection and the Jones New York line of women's apparel. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Joris pioneered the design of women's apparel including pantsuits, long coats and long sweater jackets. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) His fashion design work was frequently featured publications such as Harper’s Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) and Women’s Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Joris won a Special Award from the Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) in 1965 as a young designer [5] (#cite_note-5) and he won the Coty Award "Winnie" in 1969 for his Cuddlecoat New York designs. [6] (#cite_note-6) [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Some of his clients included Jacqueline Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) , Lady Bird Johnson (/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson) , Pat Nixon (/wiki/Pat_Nixon) , Julie Christie (/wiki/Julie_Christie) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In the 1970s, after retiring from fashion, Joris began dog breeding and showing Shih Tzu (/wiki/Shih_Tzu) dogs. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Death and legacy [ edit ] He died March 12, 2013, at the age of 83, in Shreveport, Louisiana and was laid to rest in Northwest Louisiana Veteran's Cemetery in Keithville (/wiki/Keithville,_Louisiana) , Louisiana. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Joris' work is in public permanent collections including the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , [9] (#cite_note-9) Philadelphia Museum of Art (/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art) , [10] (#cite_note-10) among others. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lambert, Eleanor (1976). World of Fashion: People, Places, Resources . R. R. Bowker Company. p. 228. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780835206273 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Obituary: Victor Joris" (https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/shreveporttimes/obituary.aspx?n=victor-joris&pid=163714737&fhid=6593) . Shreveport Times . 2013-03-24 . Retrieved 2019-12-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Traphagen Alumni, The Traphagen School: Fostering American Fashion" (https://exhibitions.fitnyc.edu/traphagen-school/traphagen-alumni/) . Museum at FIT . Retrieved 2019-12-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b Morris, Bernadine (June 20, 1969). "For Joris and Herman, Coty 'Winnies' (http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/06/20/78352369.html) " (http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/06/20/78352369.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 2019-12-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Coty Awards Presented" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3555084/tucson_daily_citizen/) . Tucson Daily Citizen (Tucson, Arizona) . 12 Oct 1965 . Retrieved 2019-12-11 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Owett, Trudy (1970-01-05). "The Ten Best Dresses of The Year" (https://books.google.com/books?id=jAbUoAHHTxcC&pg=PA32) . New York Magazine . p. 32 . Retrieved 2019-12-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Gleeson, Pat (1976-12-16). "Two Shih Tzu Perform Rare Feat With Successive Best in Shows" (https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/16/archives/two-shih-tzu-perform-rare-feat-with-successive-best-in-shows.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2019-12-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Gleeson, Pat (1977-09-11). "Ch. Chumulari Chin Te Jih: A Shih Tzu Designed to Excel in Show Ring" (https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/11/archives/ch-chumulari-chin-te-jih-a-shih-tzu-designed-to-excel-in-show-ring.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2019-12-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Collection: Joris, Victor" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/96819?searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=Victor+Joris&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=1) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2019-12-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Search Collections, Joris" (https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/results.html?searchTxt=&bSuggest=1&searchNameID=38329) . Philadelphia Museum of Art . Retrieved 2019-12-11 . External links [ edit ] Victor Joris Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/shreveporttimes/obituary.aspx?n=victor-joris&pid=163714737&fhid=6593) published in Shreveport Times (/wiki/The_Times_(Shreveport)) on March 24, 2013, on Legacy.com NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐545x2 Cached time: 20240623101418 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.339 seconds Real time usage: 0.427 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2123/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21953/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1218/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 40356/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.221/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6278758/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 406.012 1 -total 39.41% 160.026 1 Template:Reflist 37.43% 151.960 1 Template:Infobox_person 21.31% 86.533 1 Template:Cite_book 16.43% 66.704 1 Template:Short_description 11.00% 44.649 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.36% 38.003 2 Template:Pagetype 8.36% 33.936 5 Template:Cite_news 8.14% 33.055 16 Template:Main_other 6.43% 26.099 1 Template:Birth_date Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62562179-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623101418 and revision id 1170890911. 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Fragrance created by Lady Gaga Eau de Gaga Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) Notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) White violet (/wiki/Viola_canadensis) , lime (/wiki/Lime_(fruit)) , leather (/wiki/Leather) Released September 1, 2014 Label Haus Laboratories (/wiki/Haus_Laboratories) in association with Coty, Inc. (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) For the adventurous woman and the man who loves her Predecessor Fame (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Fame) Website hauslaboratories (http://hauslaboratories.com) .com (http://hauslaboratories.com) Eau de Gaga is the second fragrance created by American singer Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) . The announcement and details of the fragrance were announced on her Haus Laboratories (/wiki/Haus_Laboratories) website. The fragrance's notes include white violet, lime, and leather, and it is marketed as being suitable for both men and women. Development [ edit ] In August 2014, through social networks, Gaga announced that her second fragrance by Haus Laboratories in association with Coty, Inc. (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) was named Eau de Gaga . She also revealed the first promotional image from the photo shoot of her along with many men which represents how the fragrance can be worn by both genders. The advertising campaign was directed and photographed by Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) , who worked with her first fragrance, Fame (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Fame) . [1] (#cite_note-artwork-1) It was first released in September in France, Poland, Germany, U.K., Spain and other countries of Europe. Asia, Oceania, Russia, Denmark and also in some European countries had their launches in November. In the USA and Canada, Eau de Gaga landed at retail on January 15, 2015. [2] (#cite_note-eaurelease-2) Packaging and collection [ edit ] The Eau de Gaga's bottle is black and meant to simulate both masculine and feminine aesthetics and comes in a rectangular red box. The front of the box reads "Eau de Gaga: Paris New York 001". The 001 is referring to this fragrance being the first out of the entire collection, which is still to be continued. [3] (#cite_note-design-3) There is also a body lotion and shower gel which is sold separately from the fragrance. The bottles for both the body lotion and shower gel are slim and both have the same box design as the fragrance. The fragrance is available in 15ml, 30ml, 50ml and 75ml. Both the body lotion and the shower gel are available in 75ml and 200ml. [4] (#cite_note-eaucollec-4) Promotion [ edit ] In August 2014, Gaga presented the first promotional image for the fragrance. It shows herself in a long gown lying on top of many males. This was represented as the scent being suitable for both men and women to wear. [5] (#cite_note-eauimage-5) Later, the official poster was revealed by Gaga on her social networks. On the Haus Laboratories website a countdown began, which served to show more details for the upcoming scent. Once the countdown was over, more promotional images were shown on the website, plus retail prices, ingredients and much more. Lady Gaga stated that this fragrance was only volume 001 and that there will be an entire collection of Eau de Gaga fragrances. [6] (#cite_note-is-6) On September 19, 2014, a commercial video was released, showing Gaga with long blond hair and wearing a low-cut gown, atop a pile of shirtless male models while her duet with Tony Bennett (/wiki/Tony_Bennett) , " I Can't Give You Anything but Love (/wiki/I_Can%27t_Give_You_Anything_but_Love,_Baby#Tony_Bennett_and_Lady_Gaga_version) " plays in the background. The song choice is from her collaborative jazz album with Bennett, called Cheek to Cheek (/wiki/Cheek_to_Cheek_(album)) . The black-and-white video is one minute long and was shot and directed by Steven Klein. [7] (#cite_note-eauvideo-7) [8] (#cite_note-eonlineeau-8) According to the Washington Jewish Week (/wiki/Washington_Jewish_Week) , Eau de Gaga was the tenth best-selling perfume for 2014, with estimated sales of 23,000 units. [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-artwork_1-0) "Lady Gaga unveils new Steven Klein artwork for Eau de Gaga" (https://news.yahoo.com/lady-gaga-unveils-steven-klein-artwork-eau-gaga-094023300.html) . Yahoo! News (/wiki/Yahoo!_News) . August 11, 2014 . Retrieved October 3, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-eaurelease_2-0) "Store Locator" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140929151428/http://www.hauslaboratories.com/eau-de-gaga/storelocator) . Haus Laboratories. September 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.hauslaboratories.com/eau-de-gaga/storelocator) on September 29, 2014 . Retrieved October 3, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-design_3-0) Bayley, Leanne (August 20, 2014). "Details about Eau de Gaga – Lady Gaga's second fragrance" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095909/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/news/beauty/2014/08/20/lady-gaga-second-fragrance-eau-de-gaga) . Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/news/beauty/2014/08/20/lady-gaga-second-fragrance-eau-de-gaga) on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved October 3, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-eaucollec_4-0) "The Collection" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150738/http://www.hauslaboratories.com/eau-de-gaga/the-collection) . Haus Laboratories. September 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.hauslaboratories.com/eau-de-gaga/the-collection) on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved October 3, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-eauimage_5-0) Caramia, Luciana (September 16, 2014). "Lady Gaga lancia un nuovo profumo, Eau de Gaga" (http://www.elle.it/Bellezza-Beauty/lady-gaga-nuovo-profumo-eau-de-gaga#5) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) (in Italian) . Retrieved October 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-is_6-0) Mychaskiw, Marianne (September 23, 2014). "See Lady Gaga's Steamy Campaign Video for Her New Fragrance" (http://news.instyle.com/2014/09/23/lady-gaga-eau-de-gaga-campaign-video/) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Retrieved October 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-eauvideo_7-0) Strecker, Erin (September 19, 2014). "Lady Gaga Fondles Hunks in Ad for Her Unisex Perfume" (http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6258789/lady-gaga-perfume-ad) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Retrieved October 3, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-eonlineeau_8-0) Toomey, Alyssa (September 19, 2014). "Lady Gaga Caresses Her Body and Rolls Around With Naked Men in New Fragrance Commercial—Watch Now!" (http://www.eonline.com/news/581107/lady-gaga-caresses-her-body-and-rolls-around-with-naked-men-in-new-perfume-commercial-watch-now) . E! (/wiki/E!) . Retrieved October 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Celebrity Top Ten Fragrances of 2014 – Beyoncé Knowles, One Direction on Top" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150626174053/http://www.nationalledger.com/pop-culture-news/beyonc-to-have-biggest-selling-606671.shtml) . Washington Jewish Week (/wiki/Washington_Jewish_Week) . December 12, 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.nationalledger.com/pop-culture-news/beyonc-to-have-biggest-selling-606671.shtml) on June 26, 2015 . Retrieved December 12, 2014 . v t e Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) Awards and nominations (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Lady_Gaga) Discography (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_discography) Live performances (/wiki/List_of_Lady_Gaga_live_performances) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Lady_Gaga) Videography (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_videography) Studio albums The Fame (/wiki/The_Fame) The Fame Monster (/wiki/The_Fame_Monster) Born This Way (/wiki/Born_This_Way_(album)) Artpop (/wiki/Artpop) Cheek to Cheek (/wiki/Cheek_to_Cheek_(album)) Joanne (/wiki/Joanne_(album)) Chromatica (/wiki/Chromatica) Love for Sale (/wiki/Love_for_Sale_(Tony_Bennett_and_Lady_Gaga_album)) Soundtracks A Star Is Born (/wiki/A_Star_Is_Born_(2018_soundtrack)) Top Gun: Maverick (/wiki/Top_Gun:_Maverick_(soundtrack)) Compilation albums The Remix (/wiki/The_Remix_(Lady_Gaga_album)) Born This Way: The Remix (/wiki/Born_This_Way:_The_Remix) Born This Way: The Collection (/wiki/Born_This_Way:_The_Collection) Dawn of Chromatica (/wiki/Dawn_of_Chromatica) Extended plays The Cherrytree Sessions (/wiki/The_Cherrytree_Sessions) Hitmixes (/wiki/Hitmixes) A Very Gaga Holiday (/wiki/A_Very_Gaga_Holiday) Concert tours The Fame Ball Tour (/wiki/The_Fame_Ball_Tour) Fame Kills: Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga (/wiki/Fame_Kills:_Starring_Kanye_West_and_Lady_Gaga) (cancelled) The Monster Ball Tour (/wiki/The_Monster_Ball_Tour) Born This Way Ball (/wiki/Born_This_Way_Ball) ArtRave: The Artpop Ball (/wiki/ArtRave:_The_Artpop_Ball) Cheek to Cheek Tour (/wiki/Cheek_to_Cheek_Tour) Joanne World Tour (/wiki/Joanne_World_Tour) The Chromatica Ball (/wiki/The_Chromatica_Ball) Promotional events ArtRave (/wiki/ArtRave) Dive Bar Tour (/wiki/Dive_Bar_Tour_(Lady_Gaga)) Residencies Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Live_at_Roseland_Ballroom) Lady Gaga Enigma + Jazz & Piano (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Enigma_%2B_Jazz_%26_Piano) Documentaries Gaga: Five Foot Two (/wiki/Gaga:_Five_Foot_Two) Television Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Presents_the_Monster_Ball_Tour:_At_Madison_Square_Garden) A Very Gaga Thanksgiving (/wiki/A_Very_Gaga_Thanksgiving) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_and_the_Muppets_Holiday_Spectacular) Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga: Cheek to Cheek Live! (/wiki/Tony_Bennett_and_Lady_Gaga:_Cheek_to_Cheek_Live!) Super Bowl LI halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_LI_halftime_show) One Last Time: An Evening with Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga (/wiki/One_Last_Time:_An_Evening_with_Tony_Bennett_and_Lady_Gaga) Gaga Chromatica Ball (/wiki/Gaga_Chromatica_Ball) Bibliography Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_x_Terry_Richardson) Fragrances and cosmetics Lady Gaga Fame (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Fame) Eau de Gaga Haus Labs (/wiki/Haus_Labs) Fashion Armadillo shoe (/wiki/Armadillo_shoe) Meat dress of Lady Gaga (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) Related articles Cynthia Germanotta (/wiki/Cynthia_Germanotta) (mother) Born This Way Foundation (/wiki/Born_This_Way_Foundation) Doll Domination Tour (/wiki/Doll_Domination_Tour) Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop (/wiki/Lady_Gaga:_Queen_of_Pop) One World: Together at Home (/wiki/Together_at_Home) " Perform This Way (/wiki/Perform_This_Way) " Theatricality (/wiki/Theatricality) TechHaus Volantis (/wiki/TechHaus_Volantis) Aleiodes gaga (/wiki/Aleiodes_gaga) Gaga (plant) (/wiki/Gaga_(plant)) Gagadon (/wiki/Gagadon) Kaikaia gaga (/wiki/Kaikaia) Category (/wiki/Category:Lady_Gaga) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐cwjfr Cached time: 20240719083931 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.340 seconds Real time usage: 0.449 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1141/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41907/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3370/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 44174/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.222/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5058072/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 393.020 1 -total 34.84% 136.911 1 Template:Reflist 29.27% 115.038 1 Template:Lady_Gaga 28.75% 112.987 1 Template:Navbox_Musical_artist 23.00% 90.394 3 Template:Cite_web 18.32% 72.009 1 Template:Short_description 15.49% 60.873 1 Template:Infobox_fragrance 14.85% 58.367 1 Template:Infobox 11.03% 43.362 2 Template:Pagetype 5.46% 21.443 1 Template:Icon Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43828782-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719083931 and revision id 1232642355. 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐f656bc667‐nxvnp Cached time: 20240709034403 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55528366-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709034403 and revision id 1199307687. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. A Arnault family (/wiki/Category:Arnault_family) (4 P) C Chanel people (/wiki/Category:Chanel_people) (13 P) French cosmetics businesspeople (/wiki/Category:French_cosmetics_businesspeople) (17 P) D French fashion designers (/wiki/Category:French_fashion_designers) (3 C, 200 P) F French milliners (/wiki/Category:French_milliners) (21 P) Pages in category "French businesspeople in fashion" The following 29 pages are in this category, out of 29 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Antoine Arnault (/wiki/Antoine_Arnault) Bernard Arnault (/wiki/Bernard_Arnault) Delphine Arnault (/wiki/Delphine_Arnault) B Pierre Bergé (/wiki/Pierre_Berg%C3%A9) Marcel Boussac (/wiki/Marcel_Boussac) C Nicolas Caito (/wiki/Nicolas_Caito) Callot Soeurs (/wiki/Callot_Soeurs) Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) D Kostio de War (/wiki/Kostio_de_War) J Bouchra Jarrar (/wiki/Bouchra_Jarrar) L Jeanne Lanvin (/wiki/Jeanne_Lanvin) Marc Lelandais (/wiki/Marc_Lelandais) M Maîtresses couturières (/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresses_couturi%C3%A8res) Maîtresses marchandes lingères (/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresses_marchandes_ling%C3%A8res) Gérald Marie (/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Marie) Mounir Moufarrige (/wiki/Mounir_Moufarrige) P François Pinault (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault) François-Henri Pinault (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_Pinault) R Emmeline Raymond (/wiki/Emmeline_Raymond) S Yves Saint Laurent (designer) (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) T Sidney Toledano (/wiki/Sidney_Toledano) Jean Touitou (/wiki/Jean_Touitou) V Georges Ferréol Vuitton (/wiki/Georges_Ferr%C3%A9ol_Vuitton) Louis Vuitton (designer) (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_(designer)) W Alain Wertheimer (/wiki/Alain_Wertheimer) Gérard Wertheimer (/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Wertheimer) Jacques Wertheimer (/wiki/Jacques_Wertheimer) Pierre Wertheimer (/wiki/Pierre_Wertheimer) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:French_businesspeople_in_fashion&oldid=1199307687 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:French_businesspeople_in_fashion&oldid=1199307687) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Businesspeople in fashion (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_fashion) French businesspeople by industry (/wiki/Category:French_businesspeople_by_industry) French fashion (/wiki/Category:French_fashion)
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See also: Category:Indigenous artists of the Americas (/wiki/Category:Indigenous_artists_of_the_Americas) This is a category for indigenous fashion designers from North and South America. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐857789d7d5‐spk6j Cached time: 20240702144219 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.034 seconds Real time usage: 0.048 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 24/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 398/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.014/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 626481/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 42.836 1 -total 100.00% 42.836 1 Template:CatRel 16.29% 6.980 1 Template:Category_see_also/Category_pair_check Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56292862-0!canonical and timestamp 20240702144219 and revision id 1204844992. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Indigenous fashion designers of the Americas" The following 39 pages are in this category, out of 39 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Indigenous fashion of the Americas (/wiki/Indigenous_fashion_of_the_Americas) Native American fashion (/wiki/Native_American_fashion) A Atuat Akkitirq (/wiki/Atuat_Akkitirq) Marcus Amerman (/wiki/Marcus_Amerman) Loren Aragon (/wiki/Loren_Aragon) Lorencita Atencio (/wiki/Lorencita_Atencio) Susan Avingaq (/wiki/Susan_Avingaq) B Marjorie Bear Don't Walk (/wiki/Marjorie_Bear_Don%27t_Walk) Tammy Beauvais (/wiki/Tammy_Beauvais) Tishynah Buffalo (/wiki/Tishynah_Buffalo) C Nicole Camphaug (/wiki/Nicole_Camphaug) Bibi Chemnitz (/wiki/Bibi_Chemnitz) D Betty David (/wiki/Betty_David) Angela DeMontigny (/wiki/Angela_DeMontigny) F Jimmie Carole Fife Stewart (/wiki/Jimmie_Carole_Fife_Stewart) Phyllis Fife (/wiki/Phyllis_Fife) G Dorothy Grant (/wiki/Dorothy_Grant) H Lesley Hampton (/wiki/Lesley_Hampton) K Victoria Kakuktinniq (/wiki/Victoria_Kakuktinniq) M Ardina Moore (/wiki/Ardina_Moore) Josephine Myers-Wapp (/wiki/Josephine_Myers-Wapp) N Melaw Nakehk'o (/wiki/Melaw_Nakehk%27o) Mina Napartuk (/wiki/Mina_Napartuk) Lloyd Kiva New (/wiki/Lloyd_Kiva_New) O Jamie Okuma (/wiki/Jamie_Okuma) Virgil Ortiz (/wiki/Virgil_Ortiz) P Sage Paul (/wiki/Sage_Paul) Aaju Peter (/wiki/Aaju_Peter) Wendy Ponca (/wiki/Wendy_Ponca) Q Ruth Qaulluaryuk (/wiki/Ruth_Qaulluaryuk) S Santa Fe Indian Market (/wiki/Santa_Fe_Indian_Market) Geraldine M. Sherman (/wiki/Geraldine_M._Sherman) T Marlana Thompson (/wiki/Marlana_Thompson) Marion Tuu'luq (/wiki/Marion_Tuu%27luq) W Margaret Roach Wheeler (/wiki/Margaret_Roach_Wheeler) Delina White (/wiki/Delina_White) Sandy Fife Wilson (/wiki/Sandy_Fife_Wilson) Margaret Wood (fashion designer) (/wiki/Margaret_Wood_(fashion_designer)) Y Bethany Yellowtail (/wiki/Bethany_Yellowtail) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indigenous_fashion_designers_of_the_Americas&oldid=1204844992 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indigenous_fashion_designers_of_the_Americas&oldid=1204844992) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Indigenous artists of the Americas (/wiki/Category:Indigenous_artists_of_the_Americas) Fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers) Indigenous fashion (/wiki/Category:Indigenous_fashion)
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This user enjoys sex (/wiki/Sexual_intercourse) . Tits This user has 54-E breasts. Hello. My name is Connie Cope and I was born originally in California (/wiki/California) . I am living presently in Southwest Georgia (/wiki/Southwest_Georgia) with my fiancee Sean (/w/index.php?title=Balin42632003&action=edit&redlink=1) . I am a pre-school teacher and have been for the past thirty years. 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British fashion designer Tabitha Simmons Born Cambridgeshire (/wiki/Cambridgeshire) , United Kingdom Education Kingston University (/wiki/Kingston_University) Occupation(s) Fashion designer, stylist, editor Spouse(s) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) (divorced) Robert Livingston Mortimer (m.2018) Children 3 Tabitha Simmons is a British (/wiki/British_people) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) , stylist (/wiki/Wardrobe_stylist) , and magazine editor. Biography [ edit ] Simmons was born and raised in rural Cambridgeshire (/wiki/Cambridgeshire) . [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) She attended Kingston University (/wiki/Kingston_University) , where she studied film and set design. [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) While at university, Simmons worked as a fashion model. [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) After a short career in modelling, Simmons began working as a stylist. [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) She worked for Jefferson Hack (/wiki/Jefferson_Hack) at Dazed . [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) She moved to New York City and signed a styling contract with Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) and Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) . [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) She also styled runway shoes for Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) . [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) Simmons is a contributing editor at Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [3] (#cite_note-Vogue-3) She partnered with Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) on a jewellery line and designed a clothing line for Equipment (/wiki/Equipment_(clothing_brand)) . [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) In 2009, Simmons launched her own shoe company. [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) [4] (#cite_note-4) She was awarded the Emerging Talent Prize British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) in 2011. [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) In 2015, she won a CFDA Award (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) for Accessories Designer of the Year. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2017, she won a Glamour Award (/wiki/Glamour_Awards) for Best Accessories Designer. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2019, she was nominated for another CFDA Award. [7] (#cite_note-7) Simmons was married to British photographer Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) and has two sons, Dylan and Elliot McDean. [8] (#cite_note-Vogue2-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) The family lived in a 5-story Queen Anne Revival (/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture) townhouse in Chelsea, Manhattan (/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan) . [8] (#cite_note-Vogue2-8) She and McDean divorced in 2013. [3] (#cite_note-Vogue-3) [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) She began dating Robert Livingston "Topper" Mortimer, the son of John Jay Mortimer (/wiki/John_Jay_Mortimer) , in 2014 after they met in The Hamptons (/wiki/The_Hamptons) . [11] (#cite_note-people-11) [1] (#cite_note-belfast-1) On 29 January 2018 Simmons gave birth to a daughter, Violet Elizabeth Mortimer. [12] (#cite_note-12) She and Mortimer were married in an Episcopal (/wiki/Episcopal_Church_USA) service at the Church of the Resurrection (/wiki/Church_of_the_Resurrection_(Manhattan)) on 9 June 2018. [13] (#cite_note-knot-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) A reception was held at The Brook (/wiki/The_Brook) followed by an after party at Dorrian's Red Hand Restaurant (/wiki/Dorrian%27s_Red_Hand_Restaurant) . [3] (#cite_note-Vogue-3) [11] (#cite_note-people-11) Wedding guests included Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) , Dasha Zhukova (/wiki/Dasha_Zhukova) , Hamish Bowles (/wiki/Hamish_Bowles) , Katie Grand (/wiki/Katie_Grand) , Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) , Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) , Lauren Santo Domingo (/wiki/Lauren_Santo_Domingo) , Alejandro Santo Domingo (/wiki/Alejandro_Santo_Domingo) , Lady Charlotte Wellesley (/wiki/Lady_Charlotte_Wellesley) , Fabiola Beracasa Beckman (/wiki/Fabiola_Beracasa_Beckman) , Minnie Mortimer (/wiki/Minnie_Mortimer) , Georgina Chapman (/wiki/Georgina_Chapman) , Liv Tyler (/wiki/Liv_Tyler) , and Sienna Miller (/wiki/Sienna_Miller) . [11] (#cite_note-people-11) [13] (#cite_note-knot-13) [3] (#cite_note-Vogue-3) Her husband had previously been married to socialite and reality television personality Tinsley Mortimer (/wiki/Tinsley_Mortimer) . [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Shoe designer Tabitha Simmons on plotting her next steps" (https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/weekend/shoe-designer-tabitha-simmons-on-plotting-her-next-steps-37242215.html) . Belfasttelegraph – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Inside shoe designer Tabitha Simmons' world" (https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/tabitha-simmons-interview-a3916136.html) . Evening Standard . August 23, 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Macon, Alexandra. "Inside Tabitha Simmons and Topper Mortimer's Simply Stylish Upper East Side Wedding" (https://www.vogue.com/article/tabitha-simmons-topper-mortimer-inside-wedding-upper-east-side) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Staff, Harper's Bazaar (July 23, 2013). "My Prize Possession: Tabitha Simmons" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-designers/my-prize-possesion-tabitha-simmons-072313) . Harper's BAZAAR . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Tabitha Simmons, Paul Andrew Nab CFDA Award Nominations" (https://footwearnews.com/2015/influencers/power-players/paul-andrew-tabitha-simmons-cfda-nominations-18090/) . 16 March 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "GLAMOUR Awards 2017: All the talking points" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/glamour-awards-2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Virgil Abloh and Tabitha Simmons Are Among the CFDA Awards Nominees" (https://footwearnews.com/2019/fashion/awards/cfda-awards-2019-nominees-virgil-abloh-tabitha-simmons-1202762569/) . 20 March 2019. ^ Jump up to: a b "Tabitha Simmons: High Living" (https://www.vogue.com/article/tabitha-simmons-high-living) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-9) McDEAN, CRAIG. "Tabitha Simmons Finds Romance in the Andes" (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/08/25/t-magazine/andes-travel-diary.html) . www.nytimes.com . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Tinsley Mortimer ex-husband marries Vogue designer Tabitha Simmons five months ..." (https://en.mogaznews.com/World-News/930637/Tinsley-Mortimer-ex-husband-marries-Vogue-designer-Tabitha-Simmons-five-months-.html) mogaz news en . June 11, 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Tinsley Mortimer's Ex-Husband Topper Marries Shoe Designer Tabitha Simmons in New York City" (https://people.com/tv/topper-mortimer-marries-tabitha-simmons/) . PEOPLE.com . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Tabitha Simmons & Topper Mortimer Welcome Their Adorable Daughter!" (https://guestofaguest.com/new-york/nyc-society/tabitha-simmons-and-topper-mortimer-welcome-their-adorable-daughter) . Guest of a Guest . ^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Esther (June 11, 2018). "Shoe Designer Tabitha Simmons Marries Topper Mortimer: See Her Statement Wedding Dress" (https://www.theknotnews.com/shoe-designer-tabitha-simmons-marries-topper-mortimer-30682) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "11 Things to Know About Topper Mortimer" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/g10317435/who-is-topper-mortimer-tinsley-mortimer-ex-husband/) . Town & Country . June 11, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Dangremond, Sam (2018-06-11). "Topper Mortimer And Tabitha Simmons New York City Wedding Photos" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/a21269912/topper-mortimer-tabitha-simmons-wedding/) . Town & Country . Retrieved 2020-10-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Topper Mortimer Weds Tabitha Simmons: The Blue Blooded Bash Of The Year" (https://guestofaguest.com/weddings/weddings-101/topper-mortimer-weds-tabitha-simmons-the-blue-blooded-bash-of-the-year) . Guest of a Guest . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Tinsley Mortimer's Ex-Husband Topper Mortimer Got Remarried: See Inside the High-Fashion Wedding" (https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/tinsley-mortimers-ex-husband-topper-mortimer-get-remarried-to-tabitha-simmons) . Bravo TV Official Site . June 12, 2018. 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American businesswoman Maureen Chiquet Born Maureen Cathy Popkin 1963 (age 60–61) St. Louis, Missouri (/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri) , US Occupation Author business woman Education Yale University (/wiki/Yale_University) , John Burroughs School (/wiki/John_Burroughs_School) Maureen Chiquet (born 1963) is an American businesswoman who was CEO of fashion house Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) from 2007 to 2016. [1] (#cite_note-europeanceo-1) She is the author of Beyond the Label: Women, Leadership & Success on Our Own Terms (Harper Business, 2017). [2] (#cite_note-harpercollins.com-2) Early life [ edit ] Chiquet was , in St. Louis, Missouri (/wiki/St.Louis,_Missouri) , where she attended John Burroughs School (/wiki/John_Burroughs_School) . She studied at Yale University (/wiki/Yale_University) in Connecticut (/wiki/Connecticut) , where she graduated with a degree in literature with an emphasis in film. [1] (#cite_note-europeanceo-1) Unsure of what career to pursue after graduation, she reportedly walked out midway through a Law School Admission Test (/wiki/Law_School_Admission_Test) . Chiquet went on to do a marketing internship at L'Oréal Paris (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) , work she later described as "the beginning of my career and love affair with the world of beauty and fashion". [1] (#cite_note-europeanceo-1) Career [ edit ] Chiquet returned to the U.S. in 1988, joining Gap Inc. (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) as an assistant merchandiser in San Francisco. She received praise in 1994 for helping launch the Old Navy brand, which soon became a leading part of the business, worth a total of $5 billion. She went on to become executive vice president of merchandising, planning and production. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2002, she briefly joined another Gap subsidiary, Banana Republic (/wiki/Banana_Republic) . In 2003, Chiquet took a job with Chanel, a decision she has called the most important of her career. [1] (#cite_note-europeanceo-1) A year later, she was appointed president of Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) in the U.S., responsible for fragrance and beauty, fashion, watches, and fine jewellery divisions. When Chanel restructured in 2007, Chiquet became company-wide CEO. Portfolio magazine credited Chiquet with transforming Chanel into "the single most valuable fashion brand", growing it to be worth $6.2 billion. [1] (#cite_note-europeanceo-1) Chiquet left Chanel in January 2016, citing "strategic differences." [4] (#cite_note-4) The company's statement said Chiquet oversaw "successful international expansion of the House of Chanel, enhanced its luxury positioning and timeless image, and grew the business in all categories. She also established a truly global organization and enhanced the culture and leadership of the company." In April 2016, she was invited to give the opening keynote for the New York Times Luxury Conference in Versailles. [5] (#cite_note-5) Her speech traced her own leadership journey, and urged attendees to "start close in" with their own company cultures and leadership initiatives as a way of facing increasing industry disruption and connecting with 21st-century luxury consumers. Chiquet's book, Beyond the Label: Women, Leadership & Success on Our Own Terms , was released by Harper Business on April 18, 2017. [2] (#cite_note-harpercollins.com-2) She said she wrote it to "open up the aperture through which we look at the world. I want us to reconsider what it means to be a woman, a mentor, a wife, a mother." In the book, she emphasizes integrating feminine leadership into existing corporate structures. "Why should we separate art from business, feelings from logic, intuition from judgment? Who decided you can’t be determined and flexible, introspective and attuned, mother and top executive? And where does it state standing unflinchingly in your vulnerability, embracing your femininity, won’t make you stronger?" A Francophile (/wiki/Francophile) , [1] (#cite_note-europeanceo-1) Chiquet said, "I just dreamed about living in Paris and being French" in an interview with Time . [6] (#cite_note-Time-6) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f "Maureen Chiquet" (http://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/2013/10/maureen-chiquet/) . EuropeanCEO.com. 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . ^ a b "Search Results for "9780062655707" – HarperCollins" (https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062655707/beyond-the-label) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Best Advice I Ever Got: Maureen Chiquet, Global CEO, Chanel" (http://hbr.org/2008/11/the-best-advice-i-ever-got-maureen-chiquet-global-ceo-chanel/ar/1) . HBR.org. November 2008 . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Paton, Elizabeth (27 January 2016). "Maureen Chiquet is Leaving as C.E.O. Of Chanel" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/28/business/international/maureen-chiquet-is-leaving-chanel.html?_r=0) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Archived at Ghostarchive (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/2ZoPaw_asrE) and the Wayback Machine (https://web.archive.org/web/20170208052705/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZoPaw_asrE) : New York Times | International Luxury Conference | 2016 | Day 1 | Opening Keynote - Maureen Chiquet . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . ^ (#cite_ref-Time_6-0) Fastenberg, Dan (18 November 2010). "Maureen Chiquet" (http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2031904_2031902_2031894,00.html) . Time . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . 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American fashion industry executive Sebastian Suhl Born ( 1967-12-05 ) December 5, 1967 (age 56) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Nationality American (/wiki/United_States) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) Education Colorado College (/wiki/Colorado_College) , ESADE (/wiki/ESADE_Business_School) Occupation CEO Years active 1997 - present Employer(s) Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) , Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) Sebastian Suhl (born 1967 in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , USA (/wiki/United_States) ) is an American fashion executive who was instrumental in Prada’s (/wiki/Prada) retail expansion and 2011 IPO (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) and who later became CEO of Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) . Suhl was CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) of the Milanese luxury brand Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) from 2020 to 2023. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) Previously he facilitated Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) ’s international brand expansion as the Managing Director of global markets from 2017. He was CEO of the New York-based fashion company Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) from September 2014. Suhl was CEO of French fashion House Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , also part of the LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) Group, from early 2012. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [3] (#cite_note-european-3) From 2001 to 2011 he held various positions in Prada Group (/wiki/Prada) , the latest as Chief Operating Officer (/wiki/Chief_operating_officer) . Education [ edit ] After earning a Bachelor's degree (/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree) in world political economy from Colorado College (/wiki/Colorado_College) (USA) in 1989, Suhl completed his Master's in Business Administration (/wiki/Master%27s_Degree_in_Business_Administration) at Esade (/wiki/ESADE_Business_School) in Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) in 1992. [4] (#cite_note-business-4) [3] (#cite_note-european-3) Career [ edit ] Suhl started his career in 1992 as a senior auditor with Deloitte & Touche (/wiki/Deloitte) in Barcelona, before moving to Paris in 1996 to take up a position as engagement manager at strategy consultancy firm, Solving International. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [5] (#cite_note-5) [3] (#cite_note-european-3) [6] (#cite_note-socha-6) In 1997 Suhl was co-founder (/wiki/Co-founder) and managing director at Thimister, a start up couture house. Two years later, in 1999, he was appointed director of business development at Courreges (/wiki/Courreges) . [6] (#cite_note-socha-6) During the early 2000s Suhl carried on his career at Prada Group (/wiki/Prada) (which incorporates the Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Church’s and Car Shoe brands). In 2001 he was appointed General Manager (/wiki/General_manager) in France. In 2005, he became Chief Executive Officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) Asia Pacific & China for the Prada Group, in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) . [4] (#cite_note-business-4) [6] (#cite_note-socha-6) In 2009 he was appointed Prada Group’s Chief Operating Officer (/wiki/Chief_operating_officer) and moved to Milan (/wiki/Milan) . Suhl was involved in the success of the IPO (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) of the brand on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange) in 2011. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-cpp-9) Suhl joined Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , the LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) -owned label, in 2012. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Suhl had planned to open 24 new stores within the year 2014. [12] (#cite_note-12) In September 2014, he was appointed CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) of Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , [13] (#cite_note-13) coinciding with Jacobs's departure from Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) and announcement that he would concentrate on his own brand. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [4] (#cite_note-business-4) [6] (#cite_note-socha-6) In 2018 Suhl joined Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) as Managing Director (/wiki/Managing_Director) – Global Markets. In this role, Suhl was in charge of the global commercial function – retail (/wiki/Retail) , e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) and sales. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In 2020 Suhl was appointed CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) of Italian house Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Trussardi had recently been acquired by an Italian private equity fund and Suhl was tasked with the revival of the house. He named new creative directors and set out a new brand identity. [17] (#cite_note-17) He also reopened the historic Palazzo Trussardi in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , [18] (#cite_note-18) in a joint venture with Michelin chef (/wiki/Michelin_chef) Giancarlo Perbellini. [19] (#cite_note-19) In 2023, as the brand underwent an internal restructuring, he left the maison together with the resignation of the entire board of directors. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) Public speaking [ edit ] Suhl has spoken at the Financial Times Business of Luxury Summit in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) [20] (#cite_note-20) as well as the Business of Design Week (/wiki/Business_of_Design_Week) Forum in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) . [3] (#cite_note-european-3) References [ edit ] ^ a b Nast, Condé (2023-03-03). "Trussardi board resigns and CEO exits as brand repositions" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/trussardi-board-resigns-ceo-sebastian-suhl-exits) . Vogue Business . Retrieved 2024-04-24 . ^ a b c Zargani, Luisa (2017-11-20). "Exclusive: Sebastian Suhl Is Joining Valentino" (https://wwd.com/feature/sebastian-suhl-joining-valentino-11053405/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ a b c d "Sebastian Suhl," (http://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/sebastian-suhl/) EuropeanCEO.com (http://www.europeanceo.com/) , April 17, 2012. ^ a b c "Sebastian Suhl," (http://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/sebastian-suhl) BusinessOfFashion.com (http://www.businessoffashion.com/) , retrieved November 3, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Givenchy change de patron" (https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/2012/03/08/97002-20120308FILWWW00689-givenchy-change-de-patron.php) . Le Figaro (in French). 2012-03-08 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ a b c d Miles Socha, "Marc Jacobs Appoints New CEO," (http://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/marc-jacobs-appoints-new-ceo-7803928/?src=nl/newsAlert/20140717-2) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , July 18, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Sebastian Suhl | BoF 500 | The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/sebastian-suhl) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Appointment of Sebastian Suhl as CEO of Givenchy Couture" (https://www.lvmh.com/news-documents/press-releases/appointment-of-sebastian-suhl-as-ceo-of-givenchy-couture/) . LVMH . 2012-03-05 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-cpp_9-0) "Sebastian Suhl COO of PRADA Group resigns," (http://www.cpp-luxury.com/sebastian-suhl-coo-of-prada-group-resigns/) CPP-Luxury.com (http://www.cpp-luxury.com/) , December 1, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Third of Prada managers leave after IPO" (https://www.ft.com/content/f0bb5cb2-0bb4-11e2-b8d8-00144feabdc0) . Financial Times . 2012-10-07 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Givenchy nomme à sa tête l'ancien directeur des opérations de Prada" (https://investir.lesechos.fr/actu-des-valeurs/la-vie-des-actions/givenchy-nomme-a-sa-tete-lancien-directeur-des-operations-de-prada-1641337) . Investir (in French). 2012-03-14 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Job moves: Executives aim to deliver the goods" (https://www.ft.com/content/02c5d3be-a33d-11e1-ab98-00144feabdc0) . www.ft.com . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Friedman, Vanessa (2014-07-18). "Marc Jacobs Gets a New C.E.O.: Why It Matters" (https://archive.nytimes.com/runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/18/marc-jacobs-gets-a-new-ceo-why-it-matters/) . On the Runway Blog . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Croft, Claudia (2023-11-16). "Meet the uncompromising designer whose business brings in almost $1bn a year" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/meet-the-uncompromising-designer-whose-business-brings-in-almost-1bn-a-year-f3snqnw9j) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Marc's New Man" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/marc-jacobs-appoints-new-ceo-sebastian-suhl) . British Vogue . 2014-07-17 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Zargani, Martino Carrera,Luisa; Carrera, Martino; Zargani, Luisa (2020-10-09). "Trussardi Names Sebastian Suhl CEO" (https://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/trussardi-names-sebastian-suhl-ceo-1234630601/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Zargani, Luisa (2022-02-07). "Trussardi CEO Sebastian Suhl Reveals New Brand Identity" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/trussardi-ceo-sebastian-suhl-reveals-new-brand-identity-1235062240/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Zargani, Luisa (2022-11-09). "Palazzo Trussardi Reopening as Lifestyle Hub of Fashion, Food, Culture" (https://wwd.com/business-news/retail/palazzo-trussardi-reopening-lifestyle-hub-fashion-food-culture-1235412456/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Veneziani, Maria Teresa (2022-11-13). "Trussardi, riapre il palazzo del lifestyle in Piazza Scala, tra moda e chef stellati" (https://www.corriere.it/moda/22_novembre_13/trussardi-riapre-palazzo-lifestyle-piazza-scala-moda-chef-stellati-bf840c3e-632e-11ed-bcf5-ba13826ce8c8.shtml) . Corriere della Sera (in Italian) . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "ABOUT THE FT" (https://aboutus.ft.com/press_release/madonna-is-luxury-icon-at-financial-times-business-of-luxury-summit-in-los-angeles) . aboutus.ft.com . 2010-06-17 . Retrieved 2023-11-16 . 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Indian annual calendar 2003–2021 Deepika Padukone (/wiki/Deepika_Padukone) , herself a Kingfisher Calendar Girl of 2006, at the launch of the calendar in 2011. The Kingfisher Calendar was an annual calendar featuring models in swimsuits published by the Indian conglomerate United Breweries Group (/wiki/United_Breweries_Group) for 19 years from 2003 to 2021. [1] (#cite_note-1) Described by Rediff (/wiki/Rediff) as "arguably the most prestigious [modelling assignment] in India", it was credited with advancing the careers of models and actresses like Katrina Kaif (/wiki/Katrina_Kaif) , Deepika Padukone (/wiki/Deepika_Padukone) , Yana Gupta (/wiki/Yana_Gupta) , Sonali Raut (/wiki/Sonali_Raut) , Ujjwala Raut (/wiki/Ujjwala_Raut) , Nargis Fakhri (/wiki/Nargis_Fakhri) , Bruna Abdullah (/wiki/Bruna_Abdullah) , Deepti Gujral, Lisa Haydon (/wiki/Lisa_Haydon) , Aishwarya Sushmita and Angela Jonsson (/wiki/Angela_Jonsson) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Photographer Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) has been associated with the calendar since its inception in 2003 till its final issue in 2021. Kasbekar along with Vijay Mallya (/wiki/Vijay_Mallya) are credited with the idea of creating the annual Kingfisher Calendar. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Photographers, locations, models and production [ edit ] Year Photographer Location Models 2003 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Mauritius (/wiki/Mauritius) Shivani Kapur (/w/index.php?title=Shivani_Kapur&action=edit&redlink=1) , Ujjwala Raut (/wiki/Ujjwala_Raut) , Vidisha Pavate (/w/index.php?title=Vidisha_Pavate&action=edit&redlink=1) , Yana Gupta (/wiki/Yana_Gupta) and Katrina Kaif (/wiki/Katrina_Kaif) 2004 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) Yana Gupta (/wiki/Yana_Gupta) , Nifa Hindes (/wiki/Nifa_Hindes) , Pia Trivedi, Vidisha Pavate (/w/index.php?title=Vidisha_Pavate&action=edit&redlink=1) and Rohini Tiwari (/w/index.php?title=Rohini_Tiwari&action=edit&redlink=1) 2005 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) Yana Gupta (/wiki/Yana_Gupta) , Cindy Burbridge (/wiki/Cindy_Burbridge) , Asha Leo (/wiki/Asha_Leo) , Pia Trivedi and Sheetal Menon (/wiki/Sheetal_Menon) 2006 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Australia (/wiki/Australia) Deepika Padukone (/wiki/Deepika_Padukone) , Shruti Agrawal (/wiki/Shruti_Agrawal) , Karishma Kotak (/wiki/Karishma_Kotak) , Neelam Chauhan (/w/index.php?title=Neelam_Chauhan&action=edit&redlink=1) , Shilpa Reddy (/w/index.php?title=Shilpa_Reddy&action=edit&redlink=1) and Mashoom Singha (/w/index.php?title=Mashoom_Singha&action=edit&redlink=1) 2007 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) French Riviera (/wiki/French_Riviera) , France Bruna Abdullah (/wiki/Bruna_Abdullah) , Mia Uyeda (/wiki/Mia_Uyeda) , Nikii Daas (/wiki/Nikii_Daas) , Deepti Gujral (/w/index.php?title=Deepti_Gujral&action=edit&redlink=1) , Shamita Singha (/wiki/Shamita_Singha) and Selma Lasrado (/w/index.php?title=Selma_Lasrado&action=edit&redlink=1) [8] (#cite_note-one-8) 2008 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Goa (/wiki/Goa) , Andaman (/wiki/Andaman_Islands) , Ladakh (/wiki/Ladakh) and Udaipur (/wiki/Udaipur) , India Deepti Gujral (/w/index.php?title=Deepti_Gujral&action=edit&redlink=1) , Preeti Desai (/wiki/Preeti_Desai) , Sheetal Menon (/wiki/Sheetal_Menon) , Monikagana Dutta (/w/index.php?title=Monikagana_Dutta&action=edit&redlink=1) , Shruti Agrawal (/wiki/Shruti_Agrawal) , Melissa Mehra (/w/index.php?title=Melissa_Mehra&action=edit&redlink=1) and Tamara Moss (/wiki/Tamara_Moss) 2009 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Islands on the Andaman Sea (/wiki/Andaman_Sea) Monikana Dutta (/w/index.php?title=Monikana_Dutta&action=edit&redlink=1) , Nargis Fakhri (/wiki/Nargis_Fakhri) , Mimi Blix (/w/index.php?title=Mimi_Blix&action=edit&redlink=1) , Tamara Moss (/wiki/Tamara_Moss) , Katya Melnikova (/w/index.php?title=Katya_Melnikova&action=edit&redlink=1) and Sunisa Jongsawat (/w/index.php?title=Sunisa_Jongsawat&action=edit&redlink=1) 2010 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Maldives (/wiki/Maldives) [9] (#cite_note-9) Esha Gupta (/wiki/Esha_Gupta) , Gia Johnson-Singh (/wiki/Gia_Johnson) , Ashika Pratt (/wiki/Ashika_Pratt) , Himarsha Venkatsamy (/wiki/Himarsha_Venkatsamy) , Anjali Lavania (/wiki/Anjali_Lavania) and Sonali Raut (/wiki/Sonali_Raut) 2011 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Mauritius (/wiki/Mauritius) Fiona Thomas (/w/index.php?title=Fiona_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1) , Angela Jonsson (/wiki/Angela_Jonsson) , Lisa Haydon (/wiki/Lisa_Haydon) , Anjali Lavania (/wiki/Anjali_Lavania) , Cherlotte Lohmann (/w/index.php?title=Cherlotte_Lohmann&action=edit&redlink=1) and Lisa Golden (/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Golden&action=edit&redlink=1) [10] (#cite_note-10) 2012 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Negombo (/wiki/Negombo) , Sri Lanka Tina Desai (/wiki/Tina_Desai) , Angela Jonsson (/wiki/Angela_Jonsson) , Maia Haydon (/w/index.php?title=Maia_Haydon&action=edit&redlink=1) , Mimi Blix (/w/index.php?title=Mimi_Blix&action=edit&redlink=1) , Saiyami Kher (/wiki/Saiyami_Kher) , and Nathalia Kaur (/wiki/Nathalia_Kaur) [11] (#cite_note-11) 2013 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) Kanishtha Dhankar (/wiki/Kanishtha_Dhankar) , Elena Fernandes (/w/index.php?title=Elena_Fernandes&action=edit&redlink=1) , Nevena Pejatovic (/w/index.php?title=Nevena_Pejatovic&action=edit&redlink=1) , Priya Emmanuel (/wiki/Deborah_Priya_Henry) and Kyra Dutt (/wiki/Kyra_Dutt) [12] (#cite_note-12) 2014 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Boracay (/wiki/Boracay) , Philippines Nicole Faria (/wiki/Nicole_Faria) , Rochelle Rao (/wiki/Rochelle_Rao) , Rikee Chatterjee (/w/index.php?title=Rikee_Chatterjee&action=edit&redlink=1) , Ketheleno Kenze (/w/index.php?title=Ketheleno_Kenze&action=edit&redlink=1) , Sobhita Dhulipala (/wiki/Sobhita_Dhulipala) and Sahar Biniaz (/wiki/Sahar_Biniaz) [13] (#cite_note-kingfishercalendar-13) 2015 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) Sarah Jane Dias (/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Dias) , Keisha Lall (/w/index.php?title=Keisha_Lall&action=edit&redlink=1) , Dayana Erappa (/w/index.php?title=Dayana_Erappa&action=edit&redlink=1) , Elena Fernandes (/w/index.php?title=Elena_Fernandes&action=edit&redlink=1) and Aastha Pokharel (/wiki/Aastha_Pokharel) [14] (#cite_note-kingfishercalendar2-14) 2016 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Seychelles (/wiki/Seychelles) Aisha Sharma (/wiki/Aisha_Sharma) , Aishwarya Sushmita (/wiki/Aishwarya_Sushmita) , Maya Hendricks (/w/index.php?title=Maya_Hendricks&action=edit&redlink=1) , Noyonita Lodh (/wiki/Noyonita_Lodh) and Sushrii Shreya Mishraa (/wiki/Sushrii_Shreya_Mishraa) [15] (#cite_note-15) 2017 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Mykonos (/wiki/Mykonos) , Greece Vartika Singh (/wiki/Vartika_Singh) , Meenakshi Rathore (/w/index.php?title=Meenakshi_Rathore&action=edit&redlink=1) , Dayana Erappa (/w/index.php?title=Dayana_Erappa&action=edit&redlink=1) , Kanishtha Dhankar (/wiki/Kanishtha_Dhankar) , Alliny Gomes (/w/index.php?title=Alliny_Gomes&action=edit&redlink=1) , Helena Gomes (/w/index.php?title=Helena_Gomes&action=edit&redlink=1) and Nora Fatehi (/wiki/Nora_Fatehi) [16] (#cite_note-16) 2018 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Croatia (/wiki/Croatia) Priyanka Moodley (/w/index.php?title=Priyanka_Moodley&action=edit&redlink=1) , Ishika Sharma (/w/index.php?title=Ishika_Sharma&action=edit&redlink=1) , Priyanka Karunakaran (/w/index.php?title=Priyanka_Karunakaran&action=edit&redlink=1) and Mitali Rannorey (/w/index.php?title=Mitali_Rannorey&action=edit&redlink=1) [17] (#cite_note-17) 2019 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Sardinia (/wiki/Sardinia) , Italy Sushrii Shreya Mishraa (/wiki/Sushrii_Shreya_Mishraa) , Shubra Aiyappa (/wiki/Shubra_Aiyappa) , Madusha Mayadunne (/w/index.php?title=Madusha_Mayadunne&action=edit&redlink=1) and Diva Dhawan (/w/index.php?title=Diva_Dhawan&action=edit&redlink=1) [18] (#cite_note-18) 2020 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Western Cape (/wiki/Western_Cape) , South Africa Aditi Arya (/wiki/Aditi_Arya) , Zoya Afroz (/wiki/Zoya_Afroz) , Pooja Chopra (/wiki/Pooja_Chopra) and Aishwarya Sushmita (/wiki/Aishwarya_Sushmita) [ citation needed ] 2021 Atul Kasbekar (/wiki/Atul_Kasbekar) Kerala (/wiki/Kerala) , India Gehna Mahiarya (/w/index.php?title=Gehna_Mahiarya&action=edit&redlink=1) , Krithika Babu (/w/index.php?title=Krithika_Babu&action=edit&redlink=1) , Adline Castelino (/wiki/Adline_Castelino) , Sumita Bhandari (/w/index.php?title=Sumita_Bhandari&action=edit&redlink=1) and Anukreethy Vas (/wiki/Anukreethy_Vas) [19] (#cite_note-19) Kingfisher Calendar Model Hunt [ edit ] Nathalia Kaur (/wiki/Nathalia_Kaur) , winner of the Kingfisher Calendar Model Hunt 2012 The Kingfisher Calendar Model Hunt, now known as Kingfisher Supermodels [20] (#cite_note-ndtv-20) is an annual competition to select a model for the annual calendar. Started in 2010, the competition has been televised by NDTV Good Times (/wiki/NDTV_Good_Times) . [21] (#cite_note-herald-21) The format includes competing 10 women in a reality show across 13 episodes. [22] (#cite_note-22) Winners [ edit ] [23] (#cite_note-hindu-23) 2010 – Himarsha Venkatsamy (/wiki/Himarsha_Venkatsamy) [24] (#cite_note-24) 2011 – Angela Jonsson (/wiki/Angela_Jonsson) [25] (#cite_note-ht-25) 2012 – Nathalia Kaur (/wiki/Nathalia_Kaur) [21] (#cite_note-herald-21) [26] (#cite_note-26) 2013 – Nevena Pejatovic (/w/index.php?title=Nevena_Pejatovic&action=edit&redlink=1) 2014 – Ketholeno Kense (/w/index.php?title=Ketholeno_Kense&action=edit&redlink=1) 2015 – Aastha Pokharel (/wiki/Aastha_Pokharel) 2016 – Aishwarya Sushmita (/wiki/Aishwarya_Sushmita) In popular culture [ edit ] There is a 2015 Hindi film called Calendar Girls based on the Kingfisher Calendar phenomenon. See also [ edit ] India's Next Top Model (/wiki/India%27s_Next_Top_Model) Pirelli Calendar (/wiki/Pirelli_Calendar) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Kingfisher Swimsuit Calendar is now a thing of past" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/buzz/kingfisher-swimsuit-calendar-is-now-a-thing-of-past/articleshow/88971034.cms) . Times of India (/wiki/Times_of_India) . 19 January 2022 . Retrieved 9 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Kingfisher Calendar 2012: Bikini beauties battle it out!" (http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-meet-the-kingfisher-calendar-2012-contestants/20111018.htm) . Rediff.com (/wiki/Rediff.com) . 18 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Jakhar, Deepti (10 January 2012). "Sizzling beauties of Kingfisher Calendar 2012" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kingfisher-calendar-2012-sizzles/1/168015.html) . India Today (/wiki/India_Today) . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Sinha, Sanskrity (12 January 2012). "Kingfisher Calendar 2012 Unveiled: Models' Exclusive Bikini Shots (PHOTOS)" (http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/280697/20120112/kingfisher-calendar-2012-unveiled-models-exclusive-bikini.htm) . International Business Times (/wiki/International_Business_Times) . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Kingfisher Bikini babes audition for Kingfisher Calendar 2011" (http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/09/slide-show-1-glamour-kingfisher-calendar-2011-auditions.htm) . Rediff.com (/wiki/Rediff.com) . 12 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Jakhar, Deepti (10 December 2011). "Kingfisher Swimsuit Calendar 2012 to be unveiled soon" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kingfisher-swimsuit-calendar-2012-vijay-mallya/1/163652.html) . India Today (/wiki/India_Today) . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Making of Kingfisher Calendar Girl 2010" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120501090052/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3329686) . MSN.com (/wiki/MSN.com) . 28 October 2009. Archived from the original (https://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3329686) on 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-one_8-0) "Kingfisher Swimsuit Calendar 2007" (http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/2006/kingfisher-calender-2007-291206.html) . Oneindia.in (/wiki/Oneindia.in) . 29 December 2006 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Making 'Kingfisher Calendar 2010' (http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/fashion/indian-models/making-kingfisher-calendar-2010/Making-of-Kingfisher-Calendar-2010/articleshow/5271404.cms) " (http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/fashion/indian-models/making-kingfisher-calendar-2010/Making-of-Kingfisher-Calendar-2010/articleshow/5271404.cms) . The Times of India . 26 November 2009 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Reloaded: Kingfisher Calendar 2011" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111222074123/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery/photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=4760561#image=1) . MSN.com (/wiki/MSN.com) . 12 December 2011. Archived from the original (https://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery/photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=4760561#image=1) on 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Sinha, Sanskrity (12 January 2012). "Kingfisher Calendar 2012 Unveiled: Models' Exclusive Bikini Shots (PHOTOS)" (http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/280697/20120112/kingfisher-calendar-2012-unveiled-models-exclusive-bikini.htm) . International Business Times (/wiki/International_Business_Times) . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Kingfisher Calendar 2013" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130106193926/http://www.kingfishercalendar.com/2013/) . www.kingfishercalendar.com . Archived from the original (http://www.kingfishercalendar.com/2013/) on 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-kingfishercalendar_13-0) "#KFCalendar2014" (http://kingfishercalendar.com/2014/) . kingfishercalendar.com . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-kingfishercalendar2_14-0) "#KFCalendar2015" (http://kingfishercalendar.com/2015/) . kingfishercalendar.com . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "#KFCalendar2016" (http://kingfishercalendar.com/2016/) . kingfishercalendar.com . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "#KFCalendar2017" (http://www.india.com/lifestyle/kingfisher-calendar-2017-say-hello-to-these-sexy-af-bikini-hotties-1714083/) . india.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "#KFCalendar2018" (http://kingfishercalendar.com/2018/) . kingfishercalendar.com . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "#KFCalendar2019" (http://kingfishercalendar.com/2019/) . kingfishercalendar.com . Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Behold! The Kingfisher Calendar 2021" (https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/behold-the-kingfisher-calendar-2021/20201229.htm) . rediff.com . Retrieved 9 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-ndtv_20-0) "Kingfisher Supermodels 3" (http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/kingfisher/) . goodtimes.ndtv.com . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . ^ a b Ahmed, Nafeesah (8 January 2012). "Going for the kill" (http://www.deccanherald.com/content/217424/going-kill.html) . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Kingfisher Calendar Girl 2012: Nathy (http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/kingfisher/default.aspx) , NDTV Good Times (/wiki/NDTV_Good_Times) . Retrieved 13 January 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-hindu_23-0) Shalini Shah, Sees, shoots and leaves (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2740015.ece) , The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) , 23 December 2011, Retrieved 12 January 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "llt" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141024122446/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special.aspx?ID=411) . NDTV Good Times (/wiki/NDTV_Good_Times) . Archived from the original (http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/NDTV-Show-Special.aspx?ID=411) on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-ht_25-0) "Angela Jonsson prefers good story over big names" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120114165602/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Angela-Jonsson-prefers-good-story-over-big-names/Article1-779049.aspx) . Hindustan Times . 7 December 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Angela-Jonsson-prefers-good-story-over-big-names/Article1-779049.aspx) on 14 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Kingfisher Calendar Girl (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/nathalia-pinheiro-kingfisher-calendar-girl-2012-nathalia-pinheiro-kingfisher/1/6070.html) , India Today (/wiki/India_Today) , Retrieved 13 January 2012. 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(Redirected from Handbag collecting (/w/index.php?title=Handbag_collecting&redirect=no) ) Handled bag used to carry personal items This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handbag&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Mi'kmaq porcupine quill handbag A handbag , commonly known as a purse in North American English (/wiki/North_American_English) , is a handled (/wiki/Handle_(grip)) medium-to-large bag (/wiki/Bag) used to carry personal items. It has also been called a pocketbook in parts of the U.S. Terminology [ edit ] The term "purse" originally referred to a small bag for holding coins. In many English-speaking countries, it is still used to refer to a small money bag. A "handbag" is a larger accessory that holds objects beyond currency, such as personal items. American English typically uses the terms purse and handbag interchangeably. The term handbag began appearing in the early 1900s. Initially, it was most often used to refer to men's hand-luggage. Women's bags grew larger and more complex during this period, and the term was attached to the accessory. [1] (#cite_note-1) "Pocketbook" is another term for a woman's handbag that was most commonly used in the United States in the mid-twentieth century. [2] (#cite_note-2) Origin [ edit ] Antiquity [ edit ] During the ancient period bags were utilised to carry various items including flint, tools, supplies, weapons and currency. Early examples of these bags have been uncovered in Egyptian burial sites (/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices) ( c. 2686–2160 BCE) and were made of leather with two straps or handles for carrying or suspending from a stick. [3] (#cite_note-3) The ancient Greeks (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) made use of leather, papyrus and linen purses known as byrsa to store coins, which is the etymological origin of the English word "purse". The emergence of money further inspired the creation of drawstring purses, most commonly hung from a belt or kept in clothing folds. A handbag was discovered with the remains of Ötzi (/wiki/%C3%96tzi) , who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC. [4] (#cite_note-4) Whilst one of the earliest discoveries of an ornate leather purse came from Anglo-Saxon Britain (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain) , dated circa 625 CE, revealed from the burial site of King Roewald in the mounds of Sutton Hoo (/wiki/Sutton_Hoo) in Suffolk (/wiki/Suffolk) . [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Although the leather had deteriorated, its gold ornaments were still intact. Inside the purse was forty gold coins and it was held in place by a gold belt buckle and golden hinged straps. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) These features symbolised a display of opulence, making the purse part of a lavish suite of possessions. Medieval period [ edit ] The Courtauld bag (/wiki/Courtauld_bag) , thought to be the world's oldest surviving handbag The Courtauld bag (/wiki/Courtauld_bag) , tentatively believed to have been made at Mosul (/wiki/Mosul) in the early 1300s, is thought to be the oldest surviving handbag in the world today. It likely belonged to an Ilkhanate (/wiki/Ilkhanate) noblewoman. [7] (#cite_note-Brown_2014-7) Modern Origin [ edit ] Women's fashion from 1830, including a reticule handbag from France [8] (#cite_note-8) Until the late 1700s, both men and women carried bags. [9] (#cite_note-9) Early modern Europeans wore purses for one sole purpose: to carry coins. Purses were made of soft fabric or leather (/wiki/Leather) and were worn by men as often as ladies; the Scottish sporran (/wiki/Sporran) is a survival of this custom. In the 17th century, young girls were taught embroidery as a necessary skill for marriage; this also helped them make very beautiful handbags. [10] (#cite_note-10) By the late 18th century, fashions in Europe were moving towards a slender shape for these accessories, inspired by the silhouettes of Ancient Greece and Rome. Women wanted purses that would not be bulky or untidy in appearance, so reticules were designed. Reticules were made of fine fabrics like silk and velvet, carried with wrist straps. First becoming popular in France, they crossed over into Britain, where they became known as "indispensables". [11] (#cite_note-11) Men, however, did not adopt the trend. They used purses and pockets (/wiki/Pocket) , which became popular in men's trousers. [12] (#cite_note-burman83-12) The modern purse, clutch, pouch, or handbag came about in England during the Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) , in part due to the increase in travel by railway. In 1841 the Doncaster (/wiki/Doncaster) industrialist and confectionery entrepreneur Samuel Parkinson (of butterscotch (/wiki/Butterscotch) fame) ordered a set of traveling cases and trunks and insisted on a traveling case or bag for his wife's particulars after noticing that her purse was too small and made from a material that would not withstand the journey. He stipulated that he wanted various handbags for his wife, varying in size for different occasions, and asked that they be made from the same leather that was being used for his cases and trunks to distinguish them from the then-familiar carpetbag (/wiki/Carpetbag) and other travelers' cloth bags used by members of the popular classes. H. J. Cave (/wiki/H.J._Cave_%26_Sons) (London) obliged and produced the first modern set of luxury handbags, as we would recognize them today, including a clutch and a tote (called a "ladies traveling case"). These are now on display in the Museum of Bags and Purses (/wiki/Museum_of_Bags_and_Purses) in Amsterdam. H. J. Cave did continue to sell and advertise the handbags, but many critics said that women did not need them and that bags of such size and heavy material would "break the backs of ladies". H. J. Cave ceased to promote the bags after 1865, concentrating on trunks instead, although they continued to make the odd handbag for royalty, celebrities or to celebrate special occasions, the Queen's 2012 Diamond Jubilee being the most recent. However, H.J. Cave resumed handbag production in 2010. [13] (#cite_note-13) 20th century [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handbag&action=edit§ion=) . ( November 2011 ) When handbags started to become popularized, they were heavily criticized as it was seen as unfeminine. In the early 20th century, Sigmund Freud argued that purses were sexually suggestive as the structure of the purse symbolized female genitalia and sexuality. Before handbags, pockets were secured inside of a woman's dress which held personal items and retrieving items was done discreetly and modestly. Due to handbags being carried in the open, the accessory exposed a woman's personal items. Freud compared women retrieving items from their purse as a representation of masturbation. According to Freud's argument, women who carried purses openly displayed their sexuality due to the sexual symbolism of the purse. [14] (#cite_note-:0-14) As handbags grew into the mainstream in the 20th century, they began to transform from purely practical items to symbols of the wearer's wealth and worth in society. The styles, materials, prices, and, most importantly, the brand names of purses and handbags became just as (if not more) valuable than the functionality of the bags themselves. Handbags transitioned from being seen as unfeminine, to being seen as specifically feminine and unmasculine. While women's bags served as fashion accessories not meant to hold more than a few personal and beauty items (feminine things), men's bags stayed more in the realm of briefcases: square, hard-edged, plain; containing items pertaining to the "man's world": business-related items, documents, files, stationery and pens. The gendered division between the personal bag and the business bag meets in the middle with the unisex alms purse originating in the Middle Ages meant to carry coins to donate to the church or the poor. The charitable symbolism of the alms purse later carried over to women's handbags in general; a woman carrying a bag was seen as upper class and therefore potentially using the bag to hold her donations. [14] (#cite_note-:0-14) During the 1940s, the rationing of textiles for World War II led to the manufacturing of handbags made in materials like raffia (/wiki/Raffia) or crocheted from yarn. [15] (#cite_note-15) Some women crocheted their own small handbags from commercial patterns during this period. Men's bags [ edit ] A casual messenger bag "Man purse" redirects here. For the JPEGMafia song, see JPEGMafia discography (/wiki/JPEGMafia_discography) . The oldest known purse dates back more than 5000 years, and was a pouch worn by a man, Ötzi the Iceman (/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Men once carried coin purses (/wiki/Coin_purse) . In early modern Europe, when women's fashions moved in the direction of using small ornamental purses, which evolved into handbags, men's fashions were moving in another direction. Men's trousers replaced men's breeches (/wiki/Breeches) during the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, and pockets were incorporated in the loose, heavy material. This enabled men to continue carrying coins, and then paper currency, in small leather wallets. Men's pockets were plentiful in the 19th century and 20th century trousers and coats, to carry possessions, such as pipes, matches, and knives, and they were an item frequently mended by their wives. [12] (#cite_note-burman83-12) Men's purses were revived by designers in the 1970s in Europe. [17] (#cite_note-17) Since the 1990s, designers have marketed a more diverse range of accessory bags for men. The names man bag , man-purse and murse , mini bag have been used. The designs common in the U.S. are typically variations on backpacks or messenger bags (/wiki/Messenger_bag) , and have either a masculine or a more unisex appearance, although they are often more streamlined than a backpack (/wiki/Backpack) and less bulky than a briefcase. These bags are often called messenger bags (/wiki/Messenger_bag) or organizer bags. In many other countries, it is common for men to carry small rectangular shoulder bags, often made of leather. The leather satchel (/wiki/Satchel) is also common. Men's designer bags are produced by well-known companies such as Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Coach (/wiki/Coach,_Inc.) , and Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) in a variety of shapes and sizes. The global men's bag and small leather goods trade is a $4-billion-a-year industry. [18] (#cite_note-18) Sales of men's accessories including "holdall" bags are increasing in North America. [19] (#cite_note-19) Types [ edit ] Varieties of handbags (proportional) Baguette (/wiki/Baguette_(bag)) : a small, narrow, rectangular shape purse, resembling a French loaf of bread (baguette) Bowling bag: a popular 1990s "retro" style for younger women, modeled after American bags used to carry bowling balls; sturdy design with arched top and sides and a zipper closure with two carrying handles, may or may not have feet, usually no strap, no drawstring, no top flap Barrel bag: a cylindrical shape akin to a barrel, larger than a baguette bag, with two short handles, has no flap, and usually does not have shoulder straps. Bucket bag: a cylindrical bag, shaped like a bucket, medium-size or large, with one or two large handles, often shoulder strap(s), and a drawstring closure Clutch: a small firm handbag with a top flap and without handles, often rectangular in shape (soft versions sometimes are shaped like sections of an orange), often an evening bag but used during the day as well; some will feature a strap that can be worn over the shoulder but many will not [20] (#cite_note-20) Crossbody bag: a bag worn across the body from shoulder to hip; this is as opposed to a smaller hand carried bag such as a clutch as well as opposed to a larger bag such as a tote or bowling bag; a baguette, for example, may be worn crossbody, as can a half-moon or a messenger bag, but a tote cannot be worn this way nor can a hobo (some bucket bags are worn crossbody) Doctor's bag: also known as a Gladstone bag (/wiki/Gladstone_bag) , modeled after a Victorian-era doctor's bag for making house calls, medium to large, has two sturdy handles but no straps and no top flap; resembles a bowling bag but may have a different closure, traditionally always in black leather Half-moon bag: shaped like a half-moon, usually smaller and feminine, worn hanging from the shoulder, may or may not have a handle [21] (#cite_note-21) Hobo bag (/wiki/Hobo_bag) : a soft-sided medium-sized crescent-shaped bag with a shoulder- or crossbody-length strap with no handle, no feet, and a top zipper closure with no top flap; a modern, casual silhouette Messenger bag (/wiki/Messenger_bag) : technically a variety of satchel (see below), square or rectangular (wider than tall) with one long strap worn across the body and large flap covering the top opening with no feet; inspired by bags worn by urban messengers to deliver business mail; meant to be carried against the lower back and usually made out of waterproof canvas rather than leather, with a secure front closure Minaudière (/wiki/Minaudi%C3%A8re) : a variety of clutch, usually rigid-bodied with a hinge at the bottom, sometimes with a soft fabric lining, with no handles, straps, or feet, often encrusted with jewels and worn as evening wear Reticule (/wiki/Reticule_(handbag)) : also known as a ridicule or indispensable , is an obscure type of small drawstring (/wiki/Drawstring) handbag or purse, similar to a modern evening bag, used mainly from 1795 to 1820 Saddlebag (/wiki/Saddlebag) : a small to medium size bag shaped like an equestrian saddle bag, always with a top flap and curved sides and bottom along with a shoulder strap but no top handle(s), no drawstring, and no feet Satchel (/wiki/Satchel) : a larger soft-sided case usually of leather, often with a pair of top handles and a shoulder strap, usually has a front flap, similar to a doctor's bag or tote in shape but smaller, worn across the body and resting on the opposite hip; a satchel made of canvas is usually considered a messenger bag Shoulder bag: a bag worn hanging off the shoulder, as opposed to a crossbody bag or a handheld bag; has a shorter strap than a crossbody, but otherwise is not usually distinguished; both shoulder bags and crossbody bags are larger than most clutches or wristlets, but smaller than totes or bucket bags; they may have a top flap, a handle, and feet, or none of these; a hobo bag is a variety of shoulder bag, but because of its distinct shape, it is usually referred to as a hobo specifically Top handle bag: a medium-sized bag with one or two top handles, may or may not have a flap, often rectangular with four feet, may also have a strap; many satchels are also top-handle bags, and some of these may be worn as crossbody bags or as shoulder bags if they also have a strap Tote (/wiki/Tote_bag) : a medium to large bag with two longer straps and an open top (no flap, no zipper closure), similar to a bucket bag but usually less cylindrical and more square, with no feet; the Hermes Birkin bag (/wiki/Birkin_bag) is a tote Wristlet: a small rectangular handbag with a short carrying strap resembling a bracelet that can be worn around the wrist. Similar to a clutch in design, but with the added wrist strap Hardware [ edit ] 1860 Woman's handbag with frame and kissing lock (LACMA) A distinction can also be made between soft-body handbags or frame handbags, where a metal frame supports the textile or leather of the bag. Frame bags often use a kissing lock (/wiki/Lock_and_key) closure, with two interlocking metal beads set on the top of the frame. Kissing locks were popular on handbags during the early- to mid-20th century, and remain popular with vintage collectors and in "retro" designs. These locks are still seen on smaller coin purses (/wiki/Coin_purse) . Coinage as a verb [ edit ] President George H. W. Bush, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and NATO Secretary General Manfred Woerner make statements to the press regarding Iraq's invasion of Kuwait; Thatcher holds her famous handbag The verb "to handbag" [22] (#cite_note-22) and its humorous usage was inspired in the 1980s by UK prime minister Margaret Thatcher (/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher) having "weaponized" the handbag in the opinion of British biographer and historian David Cannadine (/wiki/Sir_David_Cannadine) . [23] (#cite_note-CannadineProps-23) As "her most visible symbol of her power to command" the bag became an emphatic prop that she produced at meetings to show she meant business. She would invariably bring out of the bag a crucial document from which she would quote, her speech notes often being cut to size to fit inside. Because Thatcher was Britain's first female prime minister, former Daily Telegraph (/wiki/Daily_Telegraph) editor Charles Moore (/wiki/Charles_Moore_(journalist)) wrote in his authorised biography of 2013, "her handbag became the sceptre of her rule". [24] (#cite_note-24) The verb's more general meaning of "treating ruthlessly" came to symbolize Thatcher's whole style of government. Victims of her handbaggings, from political leaders to journalists, have testified [25] (#cite_note-25) to what the German chancellor Helmut Kohl (/wiki/Helmut_Kohl) perceived as her "ice-cold pursuit of her interests". US secretary of state James Baker (/wiki/James_Baker) recalled her standby ploy: "When negotiations stall, get out the handbag! The solution is always there." Julian Critchley (/wiki/Julian_Critchley) , one of her biggest Tory (/wiki/Tory) backbench critics, once said, "Margaret Thatcher and her handbag is the same as Winston Churchill (/wiki/Winston_Churchill) and his cigar." [26] (#cite_note-26) Thatcher's bag was almost as newsworthy an item as she was herself and on the day she died, one of her handbag-makers saw a sharp rise in sales of her favorite structured design. The original bag Thatcher asserts on a signed card was the one "used every day in my time at Downing Street" [23] (#cite_note-CannadineProps-23) is archived at Churchill College, Cambridge (/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge) . Made of dark blue leather "in mock-croc style", it was a gift from friends on her birthday in 1984. Handbag collecting [ edit ] Handbag collecting has become increasingly popular in the 2000s. In 2014, the auction house Christie's (/wiki/Christie%27s) started a handbag department, which now has several staff, headed by an "international head of handbags". In June 2017, Christie's had its first sale devoted exclusively to handbags. [27] (#cite_note-theguardian1-27) According to The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) , the most sought-after and valuable brand is Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , followed by others including Céline (/wiki/Celine_(brand)) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) and Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) . [28] (#cite_note-telegraph1-28) World records [ edit ] In June 2015, a Christie's handbag sale in Hong Kong saw a pink crocodile skin Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) Birkin bag (/wiki/Birkin_bag) made only in 2014, sell for a then world record £146,000. [28] (#cite_note-telegraph1-28) In May 2017, Christie's Hong Kong sold a white crocodile skin Hermès Birkin bag with 10.23 carats of diamonds for a world record HK$2.9 million (£293,000). [27] (#cite_note-theguardian1-27) Museums [ edit ] The Museum of Bags and Purses (/wiki/Museum_of_Bags_and_Purses) is in Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) , the Netherlands; the Simone Handbag Museum (/wiki/Simone_Handbag_Museum) is in Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , South Korea; and the ESSE Purse Museum (/wiki/ESSE_Purse_Museum) is in Little Rock, Arkansas (/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas) . Notable collectors [ edit ] Queen Elizabeth II with a Launer London (/wiki/Launer_London) bag in 2015 Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) owned over 200 Launer London (/wiki/Launer_London) bags, and kept all of her mother's Launer bags. [29] (#cite_note-Town_&_Country-29) Other notable collectors include Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) , who has over 100 Birkin bags (/wiki/Birkin_bag) , Katie Holmes (/wiki/Katie_Holmes) , Rita Ora (/wiki/Rita_Ora) and Kelly Brook (/wiki/Kelly_Brook) . [27] (#cite_note-theguardian1-27) Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) , Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) , Lauren Conrad (/wiki/Lauren_Conrad) , Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) , Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , Mary-Kate Olsen (/wiki/Mary-Kate_Olsen) , Ashley Olsen (/wiki/Ashley_Olsen) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Olivia Palermo (/wiki/Olivia_Palermo) , and Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) are also collectors. [30] (#cite_note-whowhatwear-30) Others include Kim Chiu (/wiki/Kim_Chiu) , KC Concepcion (/wiki/KC_Concepcion) , Kris Aquino (/wiki/Kris_Aquino) , Heart Evangelista (/wiki/Heart_Evangelista) , Marian Rivera (/wiki/Marian_Rivera) , Bea Alonzo (/wiki/Bea_Alonzo) , Kathryn Bernardo (/wiki/Kathryn_Bernardo) , Lovi Poe (/wiki/Lovi_Poe) , Megan Young (/wiki/Megan_Young) , Gretchen Barretto (/wiki/Gretchen_Barretto) , Camille Prats (/wiki/Camille_Prats) , Sarah Lahbati (/wiki/Sarah_Lahbati) , and Jeffree Star (/wiki/Jeffree_Star) . [31] (#cite_note-31) Gallery of popular silhouettes [ edit ] Bucket bag with drawstring closure Clutch with fold-over closure, made of red snakeskin (/wiki/Snakeskin) Hobo bag with top zipper, shoulder strap, and characteristic slouch in the middle Collection of kiondo style handbags Messenger bag from old truck tarp with seat belt as strap, made by Freitag, Switzerland (2008) Vintage pocketbook Saddle shape, with equestrian (/wiki/Equestrianism) hardware detail Clutch made from eel skin Vintage evening minaudière, made of ivory satin encrusted with faux pearls and glass bugle beads White leather baguette bag Gallery of traditional types [ edit ] A bilum (/wiki/Bilum) bag, used in Papua New Guinea (/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea) . Bilums are made of "bush rope", cuscus (/wiki/Cuscus) fur or wool, and expand in size A shoulder bag made of baobab (/wiki/Baobab) tree fibres, Zimbabwe (/wiki/Zimbabwe) , 1995 Ojibwa (/wiki/Ojibwa) bag with decorative beadwork; this particular bag was probably made for a child Early 20th century Yoruba (/wiki/Yoruba_people) Diviner's bag, from the Oyo region, Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) A Burmese (/wiki/Burma) Kachin bag or wallet. A Figure from the booklet Burmese Textiles , published in 1917 by Laura E. Start (/wiki/Laura_Emily_Start) A Scandinavian Sámi (/wiki/Sami_people) purse (handbag) with shoulder strap A Betel (/wiki/Betel) bag from West Timor (/wiki/West_Timor) , made around 1921. Called an aluk , such bags are still made A modern handbag in a traditional Hakka Chinese (/wiki/Hakka_people) -style floral fabric design North African (/wiki/North_African) bag with lizard (/wiki/Lizard) head and paws 19th century bags and pouches of the Sioux (/wiki/Sioux) Bags exhibited in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum (/wiki/Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum) , Kunming, Yunnan, China An early 19th-century Mexican Handbag featuring a lamb and crown motif in traditional needlework and a silk dress lining. [32] (#cite_note-32) Gallery of contemporary types [ edit ] Ladies' Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) tote (2005) Tanner Krolle (/wiki/Tanner_Krolle) Eva hobo bag (2006) Longchamp (/wiki/Longchamp_(company)) tote bag Ted Noten (/wiki/Ted_Noten) top handle bag (2009) Chanel 2.55 (/wiki/Chanel_2.55) satchel A satchel from French designer Etienne Aigner (/wiki/Etienne_Aigner) Tote shaped like vintage Volkswagen bus (2007) Crocheted bucket-style handbag by Sak.com Large Handbag See also [ edit ] fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Handbags (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Handbags) . Wikiquote has quotations related to Handbags (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Handbag) . Belen Echandia (/wiki/Belen_Echandia) Chuspas (/wiki/Chuspas_(bag)) ESSE Purse Museum (/wiki/ESSE_Purse_Museum) in Little Rock, Arkansas Fanny pack (/wiki/Fanny_pack) Hervé Chapelier (/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Chapelier) Museum of Bags and Purses (/wiki/Museum_of_Bags_and_Purses) in Amsterdam, Netherlands Party plan (/wiki/Party_plan) Purse hook (/wiki/Purse_hook) Purse organizer (/wiki/Purse_organizer) Shell purse (/wiki/Shell_purse) Hunting bag (/wiki/Hunting_bag) Simone Handbag Museum (/wiki/Simone_Handbag_Museum) in Seoul, South Korea References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Browning, Marie (2006). Purse Pizzazz . Sterling Publishing (/wiki/Sterling_Publishing) . p. 8. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4027-4065-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Wilcox, C. (1997). A Century of Bags: Icons of Style in the 20th Century . Universal International. p. 11. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-876142-36-0 . Retrieved 19 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The History Of Bags" (https://lux-collector.com/blogs/blog/the-history-of-bags) . LuxCollector Vintage . 27 October 2019 . Retrieved 17 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "From when did humans start carrying handbags?" (https://htschool.hindustantimes.com/editorsdesk/knowledge-vine/from-when-did-humans-start-carrying-handbags) . HT School . Retrieved 17 July 2023 . ^ a b "Practical Uses and Fashions of Handbags and Purses" (https://dsfantiquejewelry.com/blogs/time-blog/practical-uses-and-fashions-of-handbags-and-purses) . DSF Antique Jewelry . Retrieved 17 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Johnson, Anna. "Fashions of Handbags and Purses" (https://www.lovetoknow.com/life/style/fashions-handbags-purses) . LoveToKnow . Retrieved 17 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Brown_2014_7-0) Brown, Mark (19 February 2014). "A handbag? Courtauld Gallery opens up identity of 700-year-old treasure" (https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/feb/19/handbag-courtauld-gallery-identity-treasure-fashion) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved 8 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Los Angeles County Museum of Art" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111024071222/http://collectionsonline.lacma.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record) . Collectionsonline.lacma.org. Archived from the original (http://collectionsonline.lacma.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=159955;type=101) on 24 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Handbags and Purses | Encyclopedia.com" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/handbags-and-purses) . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 17 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Timmons, Henrietta. "History of Handbags- From the 14th Century to Present Day Handbag Designers" (https://henriettashandbags.com/index.php?main_page=page&id=4) . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Hagerty, Barbara G. S. (2002). Handbags: a peek inside a woman's most trusted accessory . Running Press Book Publishers (/wiki/Running_Press_Book_Publishers) . pp. 14–5. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7624-1330-1 . ^ a b Burman, Barbara; Turbin, Carole, eds. (2003). Material Strategies: Dress and Gender in Historical Perspective . Wiley-Blackwell (/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell) . pp. 83–4. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4051-0906-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Stockley, Philippa (2 September 2012). "Yes, the contents mean a lot, but it's the bag that matters most" (https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/philippa-stockley-yes-the-contents-mean-a-lot-but-its-the-bag-that-matters-most-8100587.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . ^ a b Hiner, Susan (10 June 2010). "Accessories to Modernity: Fashion and the Feminine in Nineteenth-Century France" (http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhhgk.10) . JSTOR . University of Pennsylvania Press (/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press) : 178–210. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) j.ctt3fhhgk.10 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhhgk.10) . Retrieved 11 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Pedersen, Stephanie (2006). Handbags : what every woman should know . Internet Archive. Cincinnati, OH: David & Charles. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7153-2495-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Gerval, Olivier (2009). Studies in Fashion: Fashion Accessories . A & C Black. p. 44. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4081-1058-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Sarti, Giorgio (2006). Vespa: 1946-2006: 60 Years of the Vespa . St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks (/wiki/Motorbooks) . p. 117. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7603-2577-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Standard & Poor's (2011). Standard & Poor's 500 Guide . Coach Inc.: McGraw-Hill (/wiki/McGraw-Hill) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-07-175491-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Clifford, Stephanie (19 February 2012). "Men Step Out of the Recession, Bag on Hip, Bracelet on Wrist" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/20/business/men-are-buying-fashion-accessories-after-slow-recession-sales.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Similar But Differents: Clutch vs Wristlet" (https://theluxonomist.es/2015/11/02/similar-but-differents-clutch-vs-wristlet/abel-hernandez) . The Luxonomist (in Spanish). 1 November 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Bobila, Maria. "18 Half-Moon Handbags for When You're Tired of Your Bucket Bag" (https://fashionista.com/2019/04/shop-half-moon-handbags) . Fashionista . Retrieved 26 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Handbag | Definition of Handbag by Lexico" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191005223112/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/handbag) . Lexico Dictionaries | English . Archived from the original (https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/handbag) on 5 October 2019. ^ a b Cannadine, David. " (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bgg1d0) Prime Ministers' Props, Series 2, Margaret Thatcher's Handbag " (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bgg1d0) . BBC Radio 4, 2018-08-29 . Retrieved 29 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Charles Moore (2013). Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, Volume One: Not For Turning . Allen Lane: London. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7139-9288-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9288-5) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) " (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-11518330) I was handbagged by Mrs Thatcher " (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-11518330) . BBC News. Ollie Stone-Lee, 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Alexander, Hilary (12 April 2013). " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/8521433/Margaret-Thatcher-style-Aquascutum-and-the-original-power-dresser.html) Margaret Thatcher: style, Aquascutum and the original power dresser " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/8521433/Margaret-Thatcher-style-Aquascutum-and-the-original-power-dresser.html) . Daily Telegraph . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/8521433/Margaret-Thatcher-style-Aquascutum-and-the-original-power-dresser.html) from the original on 12 January 2022. ^ a b c Rupert Neate (1 January 1970). "What am I bid? Prices go through the roof at Christie's handbag auction | Fashion" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/jun/02/what-am-i-bid-prices-go-through-the-roof-at-christies-handbag-auction) . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . ^ a b Ellie Pithers (5 June 2015). "How handbags became a worthy investment" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/brands/handbags-auction-investment/) . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Town_&_Country_29-0) Foussianes, Chloe (9 January 2019). "Queen Elizabeth Has Carried the Same Three Launer Bags for Years, Because Like Her They Improve with Age" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/a25833775/queen-elizabeth-favorite-handbag-launer-traviata-royale/) . Town & Country magazine . Retrieved 22 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-whowhatwear_30-0) "Which Celebrity Has the Best Designer Handbags?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171021235054/http://www.whowhatwear.co.uk/best-celebrity-designer-handbags) . WhoWhatWear UK . Archived from the original (http://www.whowhatwear.co.uk/best-celebrity-designer-handbags) on 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "IN PHOTOS: 13 celebrities and their designer handbag collection | Showbiz News | GMA Entertainment - Online Home of Kapuso Shows and Stars - Photo" (http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/gma/photos/2015-07-25/3782/40748/Bea-Alonzo) . Gmanetwork.com. 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Purse | Mexican | The Met" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/156689?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&deptids=8&when=A.D.+1800-1900&ft=purse&offset=40&rpp=20&pos=52) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Further reading [ edit ] Pedersen, Stephanie (2006). Handbags: What Every Woman Should Know . Cincinnati: David & Charles (/wiki/David_%26_Charles) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780715324950 . v t e Bags (/wiki/Bag) and flexible containers (/wiki/Container) Carried Bayong (/wiki/Bayong) Bindle (/wiki/Bindle) Briefcase (/wiki/Briefcase) Bugout bag (/wiki/Bugout_bag) Dillybag (/wiki/Dillybag) Dromedary bag (/wiki/Dromedary_bag) Flight bag (/wiki/Flight_bag) Gaji bag (/wiki/Gaji_bag) Grocery bag (/wiki/Grocery_bag) Hambiliya (/wiki/Hambiliya) Handbag Haversack (/wiki/Haversack) Laundry bag (/wiki/Red-white-blue_bag) Medical bag (/wiki/Medical_bag) Money bag (/wiki/Money_bag) Nuclear briefcase (/wiki/Nuclear_briefcase) Plastic shopping bag (/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag) Red box (government) (/wiki/Red_box_(government)) Reticule (/wiki/Reticule_(handbag)) Reusable shopping bag (/wiki/Reusable_shopping_bag) Shell purse (/wiki/Shell_purse) Shopping bag (/wiki/Shopping_bag) String bag (/wiki/String_bag) Survival bag (/wiki/Survival_bag) Swag (/wiki/Swag_(bedroll)) Tote bag (/wiki/Tote_bag) Tucker bag (/wiki/Tucker_bag) Worn Backpack (/wiki/Backpack) ( Canoe pack (/wiki/Canoe_pack) , Duluth pack (/wiki/Duluth_pack) ) Bandolier bag (/wiki/Bandolier_bag) Bivouac sack (/wiki/Bivouac_shelter) Book bag (/wiki/Book_bag) Fanny pack (/wiki/Fanny_pack) Golf bag (/wiki/Golf_bag) Lightweight Rucksack (/wiki/Lightweight_Rucksack) Medicine bag (/wiki/Medicine_bag) Messenger bag (/wiki/Messenger_bag) Pack basket (/wiki/Pack_basket) Pasiking (/wiki/Pasiking) Randoseru (/wiki/Randoseru) Sabretache (/wiki/Sabretache) Satchel (/wiki/Satchel) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Takiding (/wiki/Takiding) Luggage (/wiki/Baggage) Bug-out bag (/wiki/Bug-out_bag) Carpet bag (/wiki/Carpet_bag) Diaper bag (/wiki/Diaper_bag) Diplomatic bag / pouch (/wiki/Diplomatic_bag) Duffel bag (/wiki/Duffel_bag) Garment bag (/wiki/Garment_bag) Gig bag (/wiki/Gig_bag) Gladstone bag (/wiki/Gladstone_bag) Hobo bag (/wiki/Hobo_bag) Holdall (/wiki/Holdall) Nomadic bag (/wiki/Nomadic_bag) Norfolk case (/wiki/Norfolk_cases) Portmanteau (/wiki/Portmanteau_(luggage)) Saddlebag (/wiki/Saddlebag) Suitcase (/wiki/Suitcase) Toiletry bag (/wiki/Toiletry_bag) Train case (/wiki/Train_case) Travel pack (/wiki/Travel_pack) Trunk (/wiki/Trunk_(luggage)) Postal Catcher pouch (/wiki/Catcher_pouch) Mail bag (/wiki/Mail_bag) Mail pouch (/wiki/Mail_pouch) Mail sack (/wiki/Mail_sack) Mail satchel (/wiki/Mail_satchel) Mochila (/wiki/Pony_Express_mochila) Padded envelope (/wiki/Padded_envelope) Portmanteau (/wiki/Portmanteau_(mail)) Containers Antistatic bag (/wiki/Antistatic_bag) Bag-in-box (/wiki/Bag-in-box) Bin bag (/wiki/Bin_bag) Biodegradable bag (/wiki/Biodegradable_bag) Bota bag (/wiki/Bota_bag) Coffee bag (/wiki/Coffee_bag) Flexible intermediate bulk container (/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container) Boil-in-bag (/wiki/Boil-in-bag) Fuel bladder (/wiki/Fuel_bladder) Mashk (/wiki/Mashk) Milk bag (/wiki/Milk_bag) Packet (container) (/wiki/Packet_(container)) Paper bag (/wiki/Paper_bag) Paper sack (/wiki/Paper_sack) Parfleche (/wiki/Parfleche) Pastry bag (/wiki/Pastry_bag) Pipe bag (/wiki/Pipe_bag) Plastic bag (/wiki/Plastic_bag) Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags (/wiki/Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags) Reusable shopping bag (/wiki/Reusable_shopping_bag) Sachet (/wiki/Sachet) Security bag (/wiki/Security_bag) Shopping bag (/wiki/Shopping_bag) Stand-up pouch (/wiki/Stand-up_pouch) Thermal bag (/wiki/Thermal_bag) Tobacco pouch (/wiki/Tobacco_pouch) Trash bag (/wiki/Trash_bag) Wineskin (/wiki/Wineskin) Zipper storage bag (/wiki/Zipper_storage_bag) Purses/handbags Bayong (/wiki/Bayong) Birkin bag (/wiki/Birkin_bag) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Evening bag (/wiki/Evening_bag) Gaji bag (/wiki/Gaji_bag) Gucci Diana (/wiki/Gucci_Diana) Handbag It bag (/wiki/It_bag) Kelly bag (/wiki/Kelly_bag) Kinchaku (/wiki/Kinchaku) Lady Dior (/wiki/Lady_Dior) Messenger bag (/wiki/Messenger_bag) Minaudière (/wiki/Minaudi%C3%A8re) Money bag (/wiki/Money_bag) Reticule (/wiki/Reticule_(handbag)) Tote bag (/wiki/Tote_bag) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Wristlet (#Types_of_handbags) Other Body bag (/wiki/Body_bag) Burn bag (/wiki/Burn_bag) Cowboy bedroll (/wiki/Cowboy_bedroll) Doggy bag (/wiki/Doggy_bag) Dry bag (/wiki/Dry_bag) Electronic flight bag (/wiki/Electronic_flight_bag) Feedbag (/wiki/Feedbag) Flour sack (/wiki/Flour_sack) Gamow bag (/wiki/Gamow_bag) Gunny sack (/wiki/Gunny_sack) Poop bag (/wiki/Poop_bag) Sandbag (/wiki/Sandbag) Schultüte (/wiki/Schult%C3%BCte) Showbag (/wiki/Showbag) Sickness bag (/wiki/Sickness_bag) Sleeping bag (/wiki/Sleeping_bag) Stuff sack (/wiki/Stuff_sack) Throw bag (/wiki/Throw_bag) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4159058-2) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548376705171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85058652) Latvia (https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000078439&P_CON_LNG=ENG) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐wrxj2 Cached time: 20240720172111 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.737 seconds Real time usage: 1.136 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2932/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 142108/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1962/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 182537/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.392/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6785225/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 877.053 1 -total 29.68% 260.277 1 Template:Reflist 13.07% 114.668 9 Template:Cite_book 12.58% 110.347 7 Template:Navbox 9.28% 81.381 1 Template:Bags 9.14% 80.166 1 Template:Short_description 7.92% 69.460 17 Template:Cite_web 5.90% 51.723 2 Template:Ambox 5.78% 50.715 1 Template:Commons_category 5.73% 50.290 2 Template:Sister_project Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1168875-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720172111 and revision id 1234262638. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handbag&oldid=1234262638#Handbag_collecting (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handbag&oldid=1234262638#Handbag_collecting) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bags (fashion) (/wiki/Category:Bags_(fashion)) Fashion accessories (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessories) Domestic implements (/wiki/Category:Domestic_implements) Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from September 2015 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2015) Articles that may contain original research from September 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_September_2011) All articles that may contain original research (/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research) Articles to be expanded from November 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_November_2011) All articles to be expanded (/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded) Articles using small message boxes (/wiki/Category:Articles_using_small_message_boxes) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with LNB identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LNB_identifiers)
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