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New Orleans haberdasher and inventor of the seersucker suit Joseph Haspel Born February 18, 1884 [1] (#cite_note-1) New Orleans (/wiki/New_Orleans) , Louisiana (/wiki/Louisiana) Died December 29, 1959 (age 75) [2] (#cite_note-2) New Orleans, Louisiana Occupation Businessman Known for co-founder of Haspel Brothers, best known for seersucker suits Spouse Edith Harriet Leopold (1890-1969) Children Joseph Haspel Jr., Loel Richard Haspel Relatives Grandchildren: Loël Mimi Haspel Gilbert, Edward Haspel, Susan Haspel, Richard Haspel, Jeffrey Haspel. Great-grandchildren: Paul Robert Gilbert Jr., John Haspel Gilbert; Ned Haspel, Tony Haspel, Andrew Haspel; Laurie Haspel Aaronson (nee Lipsey), Wendy Haspel Lipsey; Steven Haspel, Steele Haspel, Sarah Haspel; Meredith Haspel, Laura Haspel Stenslien Joseph Haspel (February 18, 1884 – December 29, 1959) was an American haberdasher in New Orleans, Louisiana (/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana) . He was the inventor of the seersucker (/wiki/Seersucker) suit, first worn by Southern businessmen, followed by Ivy League students and Northern businessmen. Early life [ edit ] Joseph Haspel was born circa 1883. [3] (#cite_note-towntalkobit-3) Career [ edit ] Haspel worked as a haberdasher (/wiki/Haberdasher) in New Orleans. [4] (#cite_note-forbesluxurylineage-4) [5] (#cite_note-ftseersuckerpunch-5) With his brother Harry, [6] (#cite_note-thetimesharrysobit-6) Haspel co-founded Haspel Brothers in 1909. [3] (#cite_note-towntalkobit-3) [4] (#cite_note-forbesluxurylineage-4) [5] (#cite_note-ftseersuckerpunch-5) Within a few years, Haspel started selling seersucker suits to businessmen in the South. [4] (#cite_note-forbesluxurylineage-4) To promote the suits, Haspel once "walked into the sea at a Florida convention and later attended a meeting of the board of directors in the same suit. He convinced the board members that such suits were the wave of the future." [7] (#cite_note-nytimesmensstyle-7) By the 1920s, students at Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League) institutions like Princeton University (/wiki/Princeton_University) began wearing it. [4] (#cite_note-forbesluxurylineage-4) [5] (#cite_note-ftseersuckerpunch-5) It was later adopted by businessmen in the North. [4] (#cite_note-forbesluxurylineage-4) Personal life, death and legacy [ edit ] Haspel was married, and he had two sons. [3] (#cite_note-towntalkobit-3) He died in 1959 in New Orleans, at age 75. [3] (#cite_note-towntalkobit-3) By 2014, the Haspel brand was owned by his great-granddaughter, Laurie Haspel Aronson. [8] (#cite_note-nolahaspelfamily-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) New Orleans, Louisiana, Birth Records Index, 1790-1915 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Louisiana, Statewide Death Index, 1819-1964 ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Joseph Haspel S. Expies At Age 76" (https://www.newspapers.com/image/215889412/?terms=%22joseph%2Bhaspel%22) . The Town Talk . Alexandria, Louisiana. December 30, 1959. p. 9 . Retrieved March 23, 2018 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Solomon, Michael (May 11, 2016). "Luxury Lineage: A Brief History of the Seersucker Suit" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/msolomon/2016/05/11/luxury-lineage-a-brief-history-of-the-seersucker-suit/#5b7689bd3029) . Forbes . Retrieved March 23, 2018 . The seersucker suit was born when Joseph Haspel, a New Orleans haberdasher, reimagined the working-class fabric as a lightweight alternative for southern businessmen. ^ Jump up to: a b c Hopkins, Sam (August 10, 2012). "Seersucker punch" (https://www.ft.com/content/b7caa1a0-da50-11e1-b03b-00144feab49a) . Financial Times . Retrieved March 23, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-thetimesharrysobit_6-0) "Harry S. Haspel, Funeral Services To Be Held Today" (https://www.newspapers.com/image/210249102/?terms=%22harry%2Bhaspel%22) . The Times . Shreveport, Louisiana. April 16, 1939. p. 15 . Retrieved February 15, 2020 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-nytimesmensstyle_7-0) Sustendal, Diane (1985). "MEN'S STYLE; WASH IT, WEAR IT". The New York Times Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-nolahaspelfamily_8-0) Basted, Chelsea (February 4, 2014). "Haspel family wants to make seersucker cool again, relaunches its iconic brand" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140306224158/https://www.nola.com/living/baton-rouge/index.ssf/2014/02/haspel_family_wants_to_make_se.html) . The Times-Picayune . Archived from the original (https://www.nola.com/living/baton-rouge/index.ssf/2014/02/haspel_family_wants_to_make_se.html) on March 6, 2014 – via Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . This article about an American person related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American apparel brand Tommy Hilfiger B.V. Formerly Tommy Hilfiger Corporation Tommy Hilfiger Inc. Company type Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 1985 ; 39 years ago ( 1985 ) Founder Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Headquarters Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) , Netherlands Key people Martijn Hagman ( CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Products Apparel, accessories, fragrances and homewares Revenue US$4.65 billion (2022) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) PVH Corp. (/wiki/PVH_(company)) (2010–present) Website global.tommy.com (https://global.tommy.com/) Footnotes / references [1] (#cite_note-WWD_October_2013-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Tommy Hilfiger B.V. ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) h ɪ l ˈ f ɪ ɡ ər / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ; hil- FIG -ər ), formerly known as Tommy Hilfiger Corporation and Tommy Hilfiger Inc. , is an American clothing brand that manufactures apparel (/wiki/Apparel) and licensed products such as footwear (/wiki/Footwear) , accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) , fragrances (/wiki/Aroma_compound) and home furnishings. [3] (#cite_note-thcorp_n1-3) The company was founded in 1985, [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) and the brand's merchandise is sold in department stores and over 2000 free-standing retail stores in 100 countries. [5] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_btommysocrespons-5) In 2006, private equity firm Apax Partners (/wiki/Apax_Partners) acquired the company for approximately $1.6 billion. [6] (#cite_note-thcorp_o2-6) In March 2010, PVH Corp. (/wiki/PVH_(company)) , then known as Phillips-Van Heusen, bought the company. [7] (#cite_note-thcorp_y23-7) Daniel Grieder was appointed CEO in July 2014, while founder Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) remains the company's principal designer, leading the design teams and overseeing the entire creative process. Global sales in retail through the brand were US$9.1 billion in 2022. [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) History [ edit ] 20th century [ edit ] Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) at Tommy Hilfiger in 2009 Tommy Hilfiger designer glasses Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) ’s career in fashion began in 1968, when he cofounded a clothing and record store named People’s Place in upstate New York (/wiki/Upstate_New_York) . Using $150 [9] (#cite_note-thcorp_r6-9) he had saved from working at a gas station as startup money, [9] (#cite_note-thcorp_r6-9) he oversaw the expansion of the company into a chain [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) of ten stores. Despite meeting with initial success, [9] (#cite_note-thcorp_r6-9) People's Place filed for bankruptcy in 1977. [9] (#cite_note-thcorp_r6-9) In 1979, Hilfiger moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) to pursue a career as a fashion designer, [11] (#cite_note-TCBIO6-11) working on several different labels including Jordache (/wiki/Jordache) Jeans. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) [12] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_gbusinessofashion-12) In the early 1980s, he met Mohan Murjani (/wiki/Mohan_Murjani) , an Indian textile magnate hoping to launch a line of men’s clothing. With Murjani’s backing [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) in 1985, Hilfiger debuted his first signature collection, [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) which featured modernized versions of button-down shirts (/wiki/Button-down_shirt) , chinos (/wiki/Chinos) , and other classic preppy (/wiki/Preppy) styles. The casual and youthful attitude of these first designs would remain a trait of the company's later collections. [3] (#cite_note-thcorp_n1-3) The new clothing line made its debut with a high-profile marketing campaign, which included a large billboard in Times Square (/wiki/Times_Square) [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) by advertiser George Lois (/wiki/George_Lois) . [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) The Tommy Hilfiger brand left Murjani International in 1989, with Silas Chou (/wiki/Silas_Chou) instead providing financial backing. [14] (#cite_note-14) That year, Lawrence Stroll (/wiki/Lawrence_Stroll) and Joel Horowitz, both former executives of Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) , were hired as executives of the newly formed company Tommy Hilfiger, Inc., which had an initial focus on casual male sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) . [15] (#cite_note-15) The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation went public (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) in 1992. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) After licensing Pepe Jeans USA (/wiki/Pepe_Jeans) in 1995, in 1996 Tommy Hilfiger Inc. began distributing women's clothing as well. [16] (#cite_note-:0-16) By the end of the next year, Hilfiger had opened his first store in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills) , which was followed by a store in London in 1998. [16] (#cite_note-:0-16) The company launched its bed and bath line in 1998. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) Throughout the 1990s, the company's marketing division worked in tandem with the popular music (/wiki/Popular_music) industry, and as early as 1993 Hilfiger was an official sponsor for Pete Townshend (/wiki/Pete_Townshend) 's Psychoderelict (/wiki/Psychoderelict) tour. In the early 1990s a baggier, less tailored menswear look came into fashion, and Hilfiger gave his clothes a more relaxed fit. [17] (#cite_note-thcorp_t11-17) As roomier styles with oversized logos became popular with hip-hop artists in the mid-to-late 1990s, [18] (#cite_note-thcorp_u12-18) Hilfiger's style of clothing became both increasingly popular with the American " preppy (/wiki/Preppy) " scene and as hip hop fashion (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) , [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) and when Snoop Dogg (/wiki/Snoop_Dogg) wore a Hilfiger sweatshirt (/wiki/Sweatshirt) during an appearance on Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) in the 1990s; it sold out of New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) stores the next day. Hilfiger courted the new hip hop market, and rappers like Puff Daddy (/wiki/Puff_Daddy) and Coolio (/wiki/Coolio) attended his runway shows. [19] (#cite_note-vibe282-19) The clothes were marketed in connection with the music industry, with collections often influenced by the fashion of music subcultures, [20] (#cite_note-TCBIO15-20) [21] (#cite_note-TCBIO16-21) and American R&B (/wiki/R%26B) singer Aaliyah (/wiki/Aaliyah) became the spokesperson for Tommy Hilfiger Corporation in 1997. [22] (#cite_note-aaliyahspokes-22) In 1997, the company sponsored Sheryl Crow (/wiki/Sheryl_Crow) 's If It Makes You Happy (/wiki/If_It_Makes_You_Happy) tour. [23] (#cite_note-TCBIO18-23) In 1999, it sponsored both Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) ' ...Baby One More Time Tour (/wiki/...Baby_One_More_Time_Tour) . [24] (#cite_note-tommyannounced-24) [25] (#cite_note-TCBIO17-25) and Lenny Kravitz (/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz) 's Freedom tour. [26] (#cite_note-26) 21st century [ edit ] Tommy Hilfiger storefront inside Fairview Mall (/wiki/Fairview_Mall) in Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) in 2014 In 2001, women's intimate apparel was introduced. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) After sales and net income faltered in 2001, [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) the company's sales in 2002 totaled $1.87 billion. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) Overall between 2000 and 2009, sales slipped from around $1.9 billion [27] (#cite_note-thcorp_v13-27) to $700 million. [18] (#cite_note-thcorp_u12-18) During the same time period, however, Hilfiger’s European sales steadily rose to $1.13 billion. In 2003, Hilfiger executive Fred Gehring and Hilfiger decided to further invest in the brand's growing overseas audience by re-focusing on the brand’s original style, “classic American cool,” and designing the clothes out of New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [27] (#cite_note-thcorp_v13-27) Gehring also adapted the business model to suit European retail culture, pursuing partnerships with European department stores and with smaller boutiques, signing 4,500 of them in 15 countries. [27] (#cite_note-thcorp_v13-27) Hilfiger also strove to retain the designer brand exclusivity of the Hilfiger label by signing a deal to distribute the best-selling Hilfiger lines at Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) only. [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) Hilfiger has endorsed products such as True Star (/wiki/True_Star_(perfume)) is a fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) , which was released in 2004 with Beyoncé Knowles (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles) as poster girl. [28] (#cite_note-truestarperfume-28) True Star would go on to win a FiFi Award (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) for Best New Commercial Fragrance. [29] (#cite_note-fifiawards2005-29) By 2004, the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation company had revenues of $1.8 approximately billion and 5,400 employees. [12] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_gbusinessofashion-12) In 2006, Tommy Hilfiger sold Tommy Hilfiger Inc. for $1.6 billion, [6] (#cite_note-thcorp_o2-6) or $16.80 a share, to Apax Partners (/wiki/Apax_Partners) , a private investment company. [30] (#cite_note-apaxfs-30) After the acquisition Gehring assumed control of the American headquarters of Tommy Hilfiger as well as Europe. Gehring and Hilfiger narrowed their focus in the United States to the profitable core sportswear line, and U.S. sales began to rise in 2010. [18] (#cite_note-thcorp_u12-18) In March 2010, Phillips-Van Heusen (/wiki/Phillips-Van_Heusen) (PVH Corp.) bought the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation for $3 billion, [31] (#cite_note-calvinklienovwner-31) [32] (#cite_note-NY_Times_News-32) in a deal that was nearly seven times what PVH had paid for Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) in 2003. [7] (#cite_note-thcorp_y23-7) Fred Gehring, who launched Hilfiger’s European division in 1996, assumed the role of Hilfiger's CEO. [7] (#cite_note-thcorp_y23-7) Daniel Grieder was appointed CEO of Tommy Hilfiger Group in July 2014. Former CEO Gehring was made executive chairman (/wiki/Executive_chairman) of Tommy Hilfiger Group [33] (#cite_note-thcorp_p3-33) and was appointed vice chairman (/wiki/Vice_chairman) of PVH. [33] (#cite_note-thcorp_p3-33) In January 2015, Tommy Hilfiger debuted a digital sales showroom at its New York City headquarters, which the publication WGSN (/wiki/WGSN_(trend_forecasting)) opined would "transform the traditional buying process." [34] (#cite_note-thcorp_z28-34) With plans to open showrooms in other cities, [35] (#cite_note-wwdpotential-35) Hilfiger described the showroom as "an innovation of the order process with cost saving potentials along the whole value chain." [36] (#cite_note-counterparts-36) In August 2015, Gehring stepped down as Tommy Hilfiger Group’s chairman, though he retained his role at PVH. [37] (#cite_note-thcorp_q4-37) Tommy Hilfiger remains the company’s principal designer, leading the design teams and overseeing the entire creative process. [3] (#cite_note-thcorp_n1-3) In 2020, PVH announced that as part of their animal welfare policy, the company does not use exotic skins and would be banning their use in Tommy Hilfiger collections when "our annual update of that policy is released." [38] (#cite_note-38) In 2021, Tommy Hilfiger released their first genderless collection in collaboration with Indya Moore (/wiki/Indya_Moore) . [39] (#cite_note-39) Product lines [ edit ] Tommy Hilfiger delivers its products worldwide under the Tommy Hilfiger and Hilfiger Denim brands, [40] (#cite_note-denimfari-40) and also has a breadth of collections including Hilfiger Collection, Tommy Hilfiger Tailored, men’s, women’s and kid’s sportswear, denim, accessories, and footwear. In addition, the brand is licensed for a range of products such as fragrances, eyewear, watches, and home furnishings. [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) Tommy Hilfiger – the main line of the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation, like the company's other lines it is influenced by classic American fashion, or more specifically what the company dubs "preppy with a twist". It targets customers in the 25 to 40-year-old range. [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) Hilfiger Denim – more casual than the Tommy Hilfiger label, it targets both men and women in the 18 to 30-year-old range. Beyond jeans, the line also includes denim separates, footwear, bags, accessories, eyewear, and fragrances. [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) Hilfiger Collection – intended for women, the clothing line blends classic American influences with contemporary styles. The clothes are marketed towards women age 25 to 40. The designs periodically debut during New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) Tommy Hilfiger Tailored – an American menswear line meant to the 25 to 40-year-old demographic. Styles vary from formal suits to casual wear, with a focus on what the Tommy Hilfiger Group website describes as "precision fit, premium fabrics, updated cuts, rich colors, and luxe details.” [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) Worker conditions [ edit ] In the late 1990s, Tommy Hilfiger and other large American textile companies such as Calvin Klein and Sears were defendants in a class-action lawsuit (/wiki/Economy_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands#Textile_industry) alleging that luxury clothes were being manufactured in sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) conditions in Saipan (/wiki/Saipan) . After a group settlement that admitted no liability, in March 2000, Tommy Hilfiger volunteered to allow independent oversight of their manufacturing on the island. [41] (#cite_note-globalexchange-41) In March 2012, [42] (#cite_note-factorie-42) ABC (/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) aired a report that 29 workers had died in a factory fire in 2011 in Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) , with the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation included among the factory's clients. [43] (#cite_note-thecopglobalpost-43) PVH Corp. issued a press release in response, stating they would commit $1 million to a two-year program to help facilitate safety programs. [43] (#cite_note-thecopglobalpost-43) The company, however, announced they would not abandon their manufacturing in Bangladesh, with PVH CEO Emanuel Chirico stating that the brand was instead "trying for a global solution" and staying at the factories to affect change, as "you need to have a voice at the table to get changes made as you go forward." [44] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_hfashionista-44) Tommy Hilfiger later signed a Bangladeshi safety accord along with eighty other Western retailers, with the goal of protecting unionizers. [45] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_fsaipabengla-45) In 2014, PVH was consulting about investing in Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) in relation to Tommy Hilfiger and Calvin Klein, with labor rights among the key talking points. [46] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_exploreind-46) In 2016, the India Committee of the Netherlands (ICN) reported that textile workers in Bangalore (/wiki/Bangalore) were working in conditions akin to slavery. Clothing companies H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Inditex (/wiki/Inditex) , C&A (/wiki/C%26A) and PVH publicly committed to "improving the lives of workers in Bengaluru" after the report, while PVH also announced it would independently investigate and establish new guidelines for its suppliers. [47] (#cite_note-retirementnyt-47) Research accuses Hilfiger receiving and distributing products out of Chinese forced labour camps for Uyghur (/wiki/Uyghurs) people. The Zhejiang Sunrise Garment Group Co. plays a key role in production by running the business. [48] (#cite_note-48) Advertising [ edit ] In 1985, to help him launch his first collection, Hilfiger hired advertiser and graphic designer George Lois (/wiki/George_Lois) [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) to make a billboard for the center of Times Square (/wiki/Times_Square) in New York City. [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) Instead of models, the ad featured the initials of three well-known fashion designers—"PE" ( Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) ), "RL" ( Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) ), "CK" ( Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) ), and announced that "TH" (Tommy Hilfiger) was the next great menswear designer. The billboard created a stir in the fashion press and succeeded in creating awareness of the Hilfiger name. [7] (#cite_note-thcorp_y23-7) In subsequent years Hilfiger and Lois collaborated again on other ads for the Hilfiger brand. One campaign, in 1990, compared Hilfiger's American style with other "iconic American" classics, such as the 1955 Ford Thunderbird (/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird) and the 1940 Harley-Davidson (/wiki/Harley-Davidson) bike. [17] (#cite_note-thcorp_t11-17) Hilfiger courted the new hip hop market in the 1990s, [19] (#cite_note-vibe282-19) and rappers like Puffy (/wiki/Sean_Combs) and Coolio (/wiki/Coolio) walked during its runways shows. [19] (#cite_note-vibe282-19) From 2002 to 2006, Tommy Hilfiger owned the naming rights to the Tommy Hilfiger at Jones Beach Theatre (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger_at_Jones_Beach_Theatre) amphitheater on Long Island (/wiki/Long_Island) , [49] (#cite_note-promocompany-49) one of the more popular music venues in the United States. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) Starting in 2010, in collaboration with New York advertising firm Laird & Partners, Tommy Hilfiger Corporation launched the advertising campaign "The Hilfigers". The campaign features a fictional family of Hilfigers wearing the brand's clothing in fun preppy venues. The first campaign, for fall 2010, was a photoset of a college football tailgate, followed by photoshoots at a tennis court, a rustic holiday party, a camping trip, an Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League) college, and the beaches of Malibu (/wiki/Malibu,_California) . The brand created the publicity tour "Prep World" in 2011, which featured specialty pop-up shops in Paris, New York, London, Stockholm, Los Angeles, Madrid, Milan, the German island Sylt (/wiki/Sylt) , and the Belgian (/wiki/Belgium) town of Knokke (/wiki/Knokke) . Hilfiger made personal appearances with author and preppy expert Lisa Birnbach (/wiki/Lisa_Birnbach) , as well as designing a special clothing collection to support the initiative. [50] (#cite_note-thcorp_z26-50) The brand's 30th anniversary was in 2015, and the company celebrated the occasion with a fashion tour. Among other events, in Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) in May 2015 the brand recreated their New York Fashion Week runway show internationally for the first time. [51] (#cite_note-thcorp_z29-51) The couple Olivia Palermo (/wiki/Olivia_Palermo) and Johannes Huebl were also brought in as guest editors for the summer 2015 women's and men's collections. [52] (#cite_note-52) For the fall of 2015, Rafael Nadal (/wiki/Rafael_Nadal) is the brand ambassador for Tommy Hilfiger underwear and Tommy Hilfiger Tailored collections. [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) [53] (#cite_note-thcorp_z27-53) 2015 collections included wedding and American football themes. [54] (#cite_note-54) In February 2015, the football collection was displayed in an American football stadium for fall and winter. [55] (#cite_note-55) Zendaya (/wiki/Zendaya) was the global women's ambassador for the spring of 2019. She also designed a Tommy x Zendaya capsule collection. [56] (#cite_note-56) William Chan (/wiki/William_Chan) was the global brand spokesperson for menswear in 2021. [57] (#cite_note-57) In 2024, Léna Situations (/wiki/L%C3%A9na_Situations) became the new Tommy Hilfiger ambassador. [58] (#cite_note-58) The brand has been involved in Formula One (/wiki/Formula_One) , having sponsored Team Lotus (/wiki/Team_Lotus) , Scuderia Ferrari (/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari) and Mercedes (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One) . The brand also has been sponsoring multi-time Formula One World Champion Lewis Hamilton (/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton) . [59] (#cite_note-59) In 2024, the brand signed a partnership deal with F1 Academy (/wiki/F1_Academy) , an all-female Formula 4 (/wiki/Formula_4) -level racing series founded by Formula One aimed to focus on developing and preparing young female drivers to progress to higher levels of competition. The brand will also support Nerea Martí (/wiki/Nerea_Mart%C3%AD) for the 2024 F1 Academy season (/wiki/2024_F1_Academy_season) . [60] (#cite_note-60) Locations [ edit ] A Tommy Hilfiger storefront in Mannheim (/wiki/Mannheim) , Germany With a head office in Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) , the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation has global flagship stores (/wiki/Flagship_store) in the following seven locations: [61] (#cite_note-corpolocations-61) [5] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_btommysocrespons-5) Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) (opened September 2009) Champs-Élysées (/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) (opened November 2010) Brompton Road (/wiki/Brompton_Road) , London (/wiki/London) [9] (#cite_note-thcorp_r6-9) (opened August 2011) Omotesandō (/wiki/Omotesand%C5%8D) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) (opened April 2012) Regent Street (/wiki/Regent_Street) , London (/wiki/London) (opened November 2012) Robertson Boulevard (/wiki/Robertson_Boulevard) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) (opened February 2013) Schadowstraße (/wiki/Schadowstra%C3%9Fe) , Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) (opened August 2013) The company often operates hundreds of stores in the larger countries, and the subsidiary Tommy Hilfiger Japan Corp., for example, operates 170 stores with 1,000 employees as of 2014. [62] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_ejapan-62) In 2015, the brand launched its first store in Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) . [63] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_gthailand-63) In November 2022, the company launched the first flagship store in Latin America in the city of Bogotá, being the 24th store in Colombia (/wiki/Colombia) . [64] (#cite_note-64) [65] (#cite_note-65) [66] (#cite_note-66) Store in the Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) neighborhood of Jiyūgaoka (/wiki/Jiy%C5%ABgaoka,_Meguro,_Tokyo) , Japan (/wiki/Japan) in 2008 Flagship store in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) in 2015 Store pictured in 2011 Store in Livigno (/wiki/Livigno) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) in 2012 Store in Mannheim (/wiki/Mannheim) in 2014 Branch in Leeds (/wiki/Leeds) showing current branding in 2017 Recognition [ edit ] The following is a selected list of awards and recognitions won by the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation: 1997: FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) – Men's Fragrance of the Year - Luxe (/wiki/FiFi_Awards#Men.27s_Fragrance_of_the_Year_-_Luxe) , for the fragrance "Tommy" 1998: Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) – Designer of the Year Award [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 1998: GQ Magazine (/wiki/GQ_Magazine) – Designer of the Year for 'Men of the Year' issue [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 2000: FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) – Best Marketing Innovation of the Year (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) , for Toiletries for Tommy's (American running series) 2002: GQ Germany (/wiki/GQ) – International Designer of the Year [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 2002: Drug Abuse Resistance Education (/wiki/Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education) – Future of America Award, for philanthropic efforts for American youth [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 2006: GQ Spain (/wiki/GQ) – Designer of the Year [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 2008: Women’s Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_Wear_Daily) – No. 1 Designer and No. 16 Brand in annual “100 List” [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 2009: UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) – UNESCO Support Award, for philanthropic efforts [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-WWD_October_2013_1-0) "Tommy Hilfiger CEO Switch: Gehring Makes Way for Grieder" (http://www.wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/tommy-hilfiger-ceo-switch-gehring-makes-way-for-grieder-7254808?src=nl/newsAlert/20131029-4) . WWD. October 29, 2013 . Retrieved October 29, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "PVH Corp. Reports Strong 2022 Fourth Quarter Results Above Guidance; 2023 Outlook Reflects Strong EPS Growth" (https://pvh.com/news/press-releases/PVH-Corp-Reports-Strong-2022-Fourth-Quarter-Results-Above-Guidance-2023-Outlook-Reflects-Strong-EPS) . PVH (/wiki/PVH_(company)) . March 27, 2023 . Retrieved 2023-12-05 . ^ a b c "Company Overview" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150930192414/http://global.tommy.com/int/en/about/overview/13) . Tommy.com. Archived from the original (http://global.tommy.com/int/en/about/overview/13) on September 30, 2015 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ a b c d e f "Tommy Hilfiger" (http://www.biography.com/people/tommy-hilfiger-594098#synopsis) . Biography.com (/wiki/Biography.com) . 2009 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ a b "Social Responsibility" (http://global.tommy.com/int/en/about/social-responsibility/12) . Tommy.com . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ a b "Tommy Hilfiger Corporation announces agreement to be acquired by Funds advised by Apax Partners for $16.80 per share or approximately $1.6 billion" (http://www.apax.com/news/apax-news/2005/december/tommy-hilfiger-corporation-announces-agreement-to-be-acquired-by-funds-advised-by-apax-partners-for-$1680-per-share-or-approximately-$16-billion/) . Apax Partners (/wiki/Apax_Partners) . December 23, 2005 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ a b c d Wilson, Eric (May 2010). "Tommy Returns to America" (http://www.houmatoday.com/article/20100517/ARTICLES/100519501) . New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ a b c d e f g "Tommy Hilfiger" (https://pvh.com/brands/tommy-hilfiger) . PVH (/wiki/PVH_(company)) . Retrieved December 4, 2023 . ^ a b c d e Rosee, Sophie De (November 26, 2011). "Flashback: Tommy Hilfiger remembers his first shops" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032313/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8913801/Flashback-Tommy-Hilfiger-remembers-his-first-shops.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group) . Archived from the original (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8913801/Flashback-Tommy-Hilfiger-remembers-his-first-shops.html) on November 17, 2015 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ a b c d e f g h i "Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Tommy Hilfiger Corporation" (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/1/Tommy-Hilfiger-Corporation.html) . Referenceforbusiness.com. 2002 . 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"Tommy Hilfiger tackles his craft on football field for Fashion Week - The Baylor Lariat" (https://baylorlariat.com/2015/02/17/tommy-hilfiger-tackles-his-craft-on-football-field-for-fashion-week/) . Retrieved 2024-04-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Tommy Hilfiger Taps Zendaya For Next Collaboration" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/zendaya-tommy-hilfiger-collaboration) . Vogue. 16 October 2018 . Retrieved 16 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) "Celebrities call for brand boycotts over Xinjiang Cotton issue" (https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/celebrities-call-brand-boycotts-over-034900733.html) . Yahoo News . 2021-03-26 . Retrieved 2024-04-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "Léna Situations est la nouvelle ambassadrice Tommy Hilfiger" (https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Lena-situations-est-la-nouvelle-ambassadrice-tommy-hilfiger,1640815.html) . Fashion Network . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Kelly, Dylan (2023-04-27). "How American Fashion Met Global Motorsports: The Story of Tommy Hilfiger and Formula 1" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/4/tommy-hilfiger-formula-1-brand-history-team-lotus-ferrari-mercedes-motorsports-fashion-interview) . Hypebeast (/wiki/Hypebeast_(company)) . Retrieved 2024-02-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Jogia, Saajan (2024-02-28). "F1 Academy Teams Up with Iconic Brand Linked to Lewis Hamilton and Michael Schumacher" (https://www.si.com/fannation/racing/f1briefings/news/f1-academy-teams-up-with-iconic-brand-linked-to-lewis-hamilton-and-michael-schumacher-sj4) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Retrieved 2024-02-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-corpolocations_61-0) "Tommy Hilfiger Locations" (http://global.tommy.com/int/en/careers/find-a-job/12) . Tommy.com . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thecoptwo_ejapan_62-0) "Preppy at work: A look at Tommy Hilfiger Japan's intelligent system" (http://blogs.microsoft.com/firehose/2014/03/03/preppy-at-work-a-look-at-tommy-hilfiger-japans-intelligent-system/) . Microsoft.com. March 3, 2014 . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thecoptwo_gthailand_63-0) "Tommy Hilfiger launches first store in Thailand" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/retail/tommy-hilfiger-launches-first-store-in-thailand/2015050416295) . Fashion United . May 4, 2015 . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) SUD, DF; República, Por La República, Colombia / Foto: La. "Tommy Hilfiger apuesta por Colombia e invierte en la primera tienda insignia en Latinoamérica | DF SUD" (https://dfsud.com/colombia/tommy-hilfiger-apuesta-por-colombia-e-invierte-en-la-primera-tienda) . dfsud.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2023-05-31 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-65) Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (2022-10-24). "Tommy Hilfiger renueva tienda en Bogotá con el concepto de su sede en Nueva York" (https://www.eltiempo.com/vida/mujeres/tommy-hilfiger-reforma-su-tienda-en-bogota-712188) . El Tiempo (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2023-05-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) PE, FashionNetwork com. "Tommy Hilfiger inaugura su primera flagship store en Colombia" (https://pe.fashionnetwork.com/news/Tommy-hilfiger-inaugura-su-primera-flagship-store-en-colombia,1459629.html) . FashionNetwork.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2023-05-31 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tommy Hilfiger (company) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)) . tommy.com (https://tommy.com/) usa.tommy.com (https://usa.tommy.com/) global.tommy.com (https://global.tommy.com/) pvh.com/brands/tommy-hilfiger (https://pvh.com/brands/tommy-hilfiger) v t e Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Companies Tommy Hilfiger Group (founder) Sweetface Fashion (/wiki/J.Lo_by_Jennifer_Lopez#Sweetface_Fashion) (co-owner) Related brands True Star (/wiki/True_Star_(perfume)) Shows The Cut (/wiki/The_Cut_(2005_TV_series)) (host) Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) (guest judge) Project Runway: All Stars (/wiki/Project_Runway:_All_Stars) (guest judge) Related topics 1960s fashion (/wiki/1960s_fashion) Category (/wiki/Category:Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)) v t e PVH (/wiki/PVH_(company)) Current Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) Olga (/wiki/Warnaco_Group) Tommy Hilfiger True & Co. 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Cherokee girls dressed in tear dresses for choir concert Not to be confused with the "tears dress" created by designer Elsa Schiaparelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) . A tear dress is a long dress made of calico (/wiki/Calico) worn by Oklahoma Cherokee (/wiki/Cherokee) women. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) The tear dress is the official dress of the Cherokee Nation (/wiki/Cherokee_Nation) . [5] (#cite_note-anadisgoi-5) Based on a historical dress carried to Indian Territory (/wiki/Indian_Territory) over the Trail of Tears (/wiki/Trail_of_Tears) , the tear dress was first designed in 1969 by Wendell Cochran (Cherokee Nation) and sewn by Elizabeth Higgins (Cherokee Nation) for Virginia Stroud (/wiki/Virginia_Stroud) ( Keetoowah Cherokee (/wiki/Keetoowah_Cherokee) / Muscogee (/wiki/Muscogee) ) when she successfully ran for Miss Indian America. [5] (#cite_note-anadisgoi-5) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tear dresses (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tear_dresses) . ^ (#cite_ref-1) Morrison, Janet (2014). The Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina . Arcadia Publishing (/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing) . p. 90. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4396-4689-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Gaines, Richard (2000). The Cherokee . ABDO. p. 12. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-57765-377-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Nelson, Kristen Rajczak (2017). The Trail of Tears: A Journey of Loss . Greenhaven Publishing. p. 85. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5345-6136-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Coleman, Travina (February 4, 2008). "Cherokee tear dresses, a passion" (https://www.muskogeephoenix.com/news/lifestyles/cherokee-tear-dresses-a-passion/article_980ee904-9899-5841-a5bf-b7bcf443bfa6.html) . Muskogee Phoenix (/wiki/Muskogee_Phoenix) . Retrieved 2020-08-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dittman, Whitney. "Traditional dress, iconic symbol" (https://issuu.com/anadisgoi/docs/anadisgoi_summer__fall_final_8-8-18/35) . Anadisgoi . No. Summer/Fall 2018. Cherokee Nation. pp. 35–36 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐msvgk Cached time: 20240720172640 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.175 seconds Real time usage: 0.234 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 434/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11539/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 367/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 21147/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.112/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3795475/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 212.430 1 -total 59.32% 126.009 1 Template:Reflist 42.80% 90.921 3 Template:Cite_book 22.44% 47.668 1 Template:Commonscat 20.96% 44.531 1 Template:Sister_project 20.15% 42.807 1 Template:Side_box 16.63% 35.321 1 Template:Confuse 3.54% 7.510 1 Template:Cite_web 2.62% 5.558 1 Template:Cite_news 2.32% 4.931 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:65067010-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720172640 and revision id 1177370637. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tear_dress&oldid=1177370637 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tear_dress&oldid=1177370637) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cherokee culture (/wiki/Category:Cherokee_culture) Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) Native American clothing (/wiki/Category:Native_American_clothing) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Josephine Augello Chaus (August 25, 1951, Brooklyn - November 25, 2015, Manhattan) was a fashion executive and with her husband, Bernard Chaus (/wiki/Bernard_Chaus) (born 1928 or 1929), co-founded Bernard Chaus Inc (/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Chaus_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1) ; one of the largest producers of women's sportswear and dresses in the world. [1] (#cite_note-obit2-1) [2] (#cite_note-obit1-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-obit2_1-0) Stacey Cowley (November 28, 2015). "Josephine Chaus, Co-Founder and Re-Inventor of Fashion Brand, Dies at 64" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/fashion/josephine-chaus-co-founder-and-re-inventor-of-fashion-brand-dies-at-64.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fobituaries&action=click&contentCollection=obituaries&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=sectionfront) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-obit1_2-0) Isadore Barmash (/w/index.php?title=Isadore_Barmash&action=edit&redlink=1) (June 1, 1991). "Bernard Chaus, 62, Innovator in Selling Women's Sportwear" (https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/01/obituaries/bernard-chaus-62-innovator-in-selling-women-s-sportwear.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5687cfbf8b‐w99jl Cached time: 20240709231402 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.222 seconds Real time usage: 0.333 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 142/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4416/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 79/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8693/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.150/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2993573/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 279.811 1 -total 75.88% 212.324 1 Template:Reflist 62.05% 173.612 2 Template:Cite_news 24.09% 67.393 1 Template:Authority_control 0.72% 2.017 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48682061-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709231402 and revision id 996086689. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Chaus&oldid=996086689 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Chaus&oldid=996086689) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : American chief executives of fashion industry companies (/wiki/Category:American_chief_executives_of_fashion_industry_companies) 1951 births (/wiki/Category:1951_births) 2015 deaths (/wiki/Category:2015_deaths)
Occasions (as opposed to regularly-scheduled specific events) in which fashion and clothing play an important role NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐czd2v Cached time: 20240720144130 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11299696-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720144130 and revision id 1090013347. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. R Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Category:Red_carpet_fashion) ‎ (2 C, 7 P) W Wedding (/wiki/Category:Wedding) ‎ (16 C, 28 P) Pages in category "Fashion-related occasions" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Boutique Week (/wiki/Boutique_Week) N National Day for Truth and Reconciliation (/wiki/National_Day_for_Truth_and_Reconciliation) S Seersucker Thursday (/wiki/Seersucker_Thursday) W White coat ceremony (/wiki/White_coat_ceremony) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion-related_occasions&oldid=1090013347 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion-related_occasions&oldid=1090013347) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Events by topic (/wiki/Category:Events_by_topic)
American fashion designer This article is about the American fashion designer. For the Welsh fashion designer, see Jeff Banks (/wiki/Jeff_Banks) . Jeffrey Banks Born ( 1955-11-03 ) 3 November 1955 (age 68) [1] (#cite_note-tfe-1) Washington D.C. (/wiki/Washington_D.C.) Nationality American Jeffrey Banks (born November 3, 1955) is an American fashion designer and author, who has been described as a major black fashion maker. [2] (#cite_note-jessie-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Early life [ edit ] Banks worked as a design assistant to Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) (1971 to 1973) and Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) (1973 to 1976). [2] (#cite_note-jessie-2) He has claimed credit for Klein's logo garments, stating that he had the logo from a press folder silkscreened (/wiki/Screen_printing) onto the sleeve of a brown T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) as a present for Klein. [4] (#cite_note-manlow-4) The gift was assumed by Barry K. Schwartz (/wiki/Barry_K._Schwartz) to be part of the upcoming line, and similar shirts formed the uniform for the front-of-house staff at Klein's next catwalk show, leading to the buyers asking to purchase them. [4] (#cite_note-manlow-4) Career [ edit ] After leaving Calvin Klein, Banks launched his own-name label in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) in 1977, according to his official website, [5] (#cite_note-5) although some sources state 1978. [2] (#cite_note-jessie-2) By 1996, suits, shirts, eyewear (/wiki/Eyewear) and accessories from Jeffrey Banks Ltd. and Jeffrey Banks International were being sold worldwide with sales of about $20 million. [6] (#cite_note-6) Author [ edit ] As an author, Jeffrey Banks has co-authored three fashion books with Doria de La Chapelle for Rizzoli (/wiki/RCS_MediaGroup) , including a 2007 book on tartan (/wiki/Tartan) , [7] (#cite_note-7) a 2011 book on the preppy (/wiki/Preppy) style, [8] (#cite_note-8) and a 2015 book on the milliner (/wiki/Milliner) Patricia Underwood (/wiki/Patricia_Underwood) . [9] (#cite_note-9) The second book led to Banks and de La Chapelle collaborating with Erica Lennard on Perry Ellis: An American Original , the first in-depth monograph (/wiki/Monograph) on Banks's former friend and colleague, the designer Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) , published in 2013. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-tfe_1-0) Martin, Richard; Diana Idzelis. "Jeffrey Banks - Fashion Designer Encyclopedia" (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/Ba-Bo/Banks-Jeffrey.html) . Fashion Encyclopaedia . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ a b c Carney Smith, Jessie (2006). Encyclopedia of African American Business, Volume 1, A - J. Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. pp. 293–294. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0313331103 . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Deleon, Jian (February 28, 2020). "The Influential Black Fashion Designers You Should Know" (https://www.complex.com/style/2020/02/the-25-greatest-black-fashion-designers/) . Complex . Retrieved 2021-11-23 . ^ a b Manlow, Veronica (2009). Designing clothes : culture and organization of the fashion industry (1st pbk. ed.). New Brunswick, [N.J.]: Transaction Pub. p. 99. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781412810555 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "About Jeffrey Banks" (http://www.jeffreybanksdesign.com/index.html) . Jeffrey Banks . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Gites, Lloyd (June 1997). "Breaking into the Fashion Biz" (https://books.google.com/books?id=bhAOri-bwB8C&pg=PA277) . Black Enterprise : 277. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Banks, Jeffrey; de la Chapelle, Doria (2007). Tartan: Romancing The Plaid . Rizzoli. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0847829828 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Banks, Jeffrey; Chapelle, Doria de la (2011). Preppy : cultivating Ivy style . New York: Rizzoli. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0847836611 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Patricia Underwood: The Way You Wear Your Hat" (https://www.rizzoliusa.com/book/9780847844784/) . Rizzoli New York . Retrieved 9 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) McDermott, Emily (21 October 2013). "Perry Ellis and American Prep" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/perry-ellis-an-american-original#_) . Interview Magazine . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Banks, Jeffrey; Lennard, Erica; de la Chapelle, Doria (2013). Perry Ellis : an American original . Rizzoli. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0847840700 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1689955/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000048035043) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/9638158) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJycJm6Y467ppD8MYgMkjC) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1236698045) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007138607) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐69f74dcdf6‐dpw7c Cached time: 20240722001343 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.391 seconds Real time usage: 0.521 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2120/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26597/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1408/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 47111/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.270/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6813363/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 498.399 1 -total 30.55% 152.277 1 Template:Reflist 28.92% 144.139 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 19.43% 96.848 4 Template:Cite_web 18.57% 92.545 1 Template:Authority_control 13.05% 65.047 1 Template:Short_description 8.35% 41.598 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.43% 37.027 2 Template:Pagetype 6.34% 31.594 17 Template:Main_other 6.24% 31.094 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38462096-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722001343 and revision id 1235933465. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Banks&oldid=1235933465 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Banks&oldid=1235933465) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1955 births (/wiki/Category:1955_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) African-American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:African-American_fashion_designers) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) Businesspeople from Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Washington,_D.C.) 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Rogue Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) Released Fall 2013 Label Parlux Frargances Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Push Boundaries. Be Bold. Go Rogue. Predecessor Nude (/wiki/Nude_by_Rihanna) Successor RiRi Rogue is the fourth fragrance released by Barbadian (/wiki/Barbadians) singer Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) . The fragrance was released in two installments; firstly a women's fragrance and finally a men's cologne. [1] (#cite_note-BET-1) The women's fragrance was officially released on September 4, 2013 under the perfume line, Parlux Fragrances and was made available for purchase on Rihanna's official perfume website and also at Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) , Dillards and Belk stores. [2] (#cite_note-MTV_Style-2) Background [ edit ] In light of her success with her three previous fragrances, Reb'l Fleur (/wiki/Reb%27l_Fleur) , Rebelle (/wiki/Rebelle_(fragrance)) and Nude (/wiki/Nude_by_Rihanna) , Rihanna decided to embark on her fourth fragrance Rogue. The fragrance bottle abandons the previous designs of Rihanna's first three fragrances. Of the fragrance, Rihanna said "People are always changing and evolving, and with Rogue, my new fragrance, I wanted to switch it up to reflect who I am today. It's a personal fragrance that's more self-aware. It's Rogue, it's me." [3] (#cite_note-BET9-19-3) Information [ edit ] Rihanna described the fragrance as being "for all women for every mood". [4] (#cite_note-MTV-4) The top notes of the fragrance include lemon blossom, cyclamen, bergamot and pink peppercorn. The middle notes consist of Jasmine, rose, muget, plum and suede while the base notes are sandalwood, patchouli, golden amber and vanilla. [5] (#cite_note-Perfumes_by_Rihanna-5) Promotion [ edit ] The promotional campaign for Rogue was shot by photographer, Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) , known for his photographs in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . [6] (#cite_note-Fashion_Magazine-6) The first glimpse of the campaign was released by Rihanna herself, on the social media platform, Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . The singer is seen posing seductively next to a large bottle of her fragrance. [7] (#cite_note-Elle-7) Further images of the campaign were later released; as behind the scenes footage of the campaign shoot for the fragrance was released on Rihanna's YouTube page. [8] (#cite_note-E_News-8) Additionally, a large projection of a promotional image for Rogue was displayed on the Marble Arch at central London to promote the fragrance. [9] (#cite_note-Entertainmentwise-9) Rihanna also attended the launch of her fragrance in Barbados [ citation needed ] and in Sephora, Paris on June 4, 2014. [10] (#cite_note-Express._Home_of_the_Daily_and_Sunday_Express-10) Products [ edit ] Rogue For Women By Rihanna Eau De Parfum Spray [5] (#cite_note-Perfumes_by_Rihanna-5) 125 ml/ 4.2 oz 75 ml/ 2.5 oz 30 ml/ 1.0 oz Rogue For Women By Rihanna Eau De Parfum Roller Ball [5] (#cite_note-Perfumes_by_Rihanna-5) 5 ml/ 0.20 oz Rogue For Women By Rihanna Body Lotion [5] (#cite_note-Perfumes_by_Rihanna-5) 200 ml/ 6.7 oz Reception [ edit ] The fragrance was nominated for Celebrity Fragrance of the Year at the 2014 Fragrance Foundation (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) awards, [11] (#cite_note-RihannaNow-11) which was held on June 16, 2014. [12] (#cite_note-TheFragranceFoundation-12) Rogue Man [ edit ] Rogue Man Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) Released October 21, 2014 Label Parlux Fragrances Predecessor Rogue by Rihanna Rogue Man is the fifth overall fragrance and first men's fragrance (/wiki/Fragrance) released by Barbadian (/wiki/Barbadians) singer Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) . The fragrance was first available to purchase from Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) on October 12, 2014. [13] (#cite_note-13) Background [ edit ] The perfume was developed by Frank Voelkl as an oriental – woody. In the top notes there are bergamot, clementine, black pepper and rosemary. The heart consists of cedar, jasmine, vanilla orchid and labdanum, leaning on the base of sandalwood, patchouli, amber, musk and tonka bean. Promotion [ edit ] The advertising campaign for Rogue Man was shot by photographer Mario Sorrenti and shows Rihanna and tattooed model Daniel Ness. In black and white shots, the singer is seen with her face pressed sensually into Ness' neck as she wraps her arms around him from behind. She also posted on Twitter: ""LADIES!!! This September wake up next to your man smelling like this!!! Makes you wanna steal his Tshirts #ROGUEMAN." [14] (#cite_note-14) Rihanna made an appearance at Macy's at Lenox Square Mall on October 25, 2014. The first 500 customers who purchased the fragrance from the store had the opportunity to meet and receive a photo with her. Products [ edit ] Rogue Man by Rihanna Eau de Toilette 100ml / 3.4oz 30ml / 1oz Rogue Man by Rihanna Shower Gel 90ml / 3oz Rogue Man by Rihanna After Shave Balm 90ml / 3oz References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-BET_1-0) "Rihanna Set to Release New Fragrance" (https://www.bet.com/article/341tx2/rihanna-set-to-release-new-fragrance) . BET (/wiki/BET) . May 17, 2013 . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-MTV_Style_2-0) "Rihanna's Rogue Fragrance is Available Now" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130925023858/http://style.mtv.com/2013/09/04/rihanna-rogue-perfume) . MTV. September 4, 2013. Archived from the original (http://style.mtv.com/2013/09/04/rihanna-rogue-perfume/) on September 25, 2013 . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-BET9-19_3-0) "Rihanna Goes Rogue With New Fragrance" (https://www.bet.com/article/o3zae9/rihanna-goes-rogue-with-new-fragrance) . BET (/wiki/BET) . September 19, 2013 . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-MTV_4-0) "Rihanna To Release New Fragrance Called 'Rogue' (https://web.archive.org/web/20140606234015/http://www.mtv.co.uk/music/urban/10730-rihanna-to-release-new-fragrance-called-rogue) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20140606234015/http://www.mtv.co.uk/music/urban/10730-rihanna-to-release-new-fragrance-called-rogue) . MTV. July 18, 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.co.uk/music/urban/10730-rihanna-to-release-new-fragrance-called-rogue) on June 6, 2014 . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ a b c d "Perfumes by Rihanna" (http://www.perfumesbyrihanna.com) . perfumesbyrihanna.com . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fashion_Magazine_6-0) "Rihanna stuns once again the ad for her upcoming fragrance, Rogue" (https://www.fashionmagazine.com/beauty/2013/07/12/rihannas-rogue/) . fashionmagazine.com. July 12, 2013 . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Elle_7-0) "RIHANNA GOES ROGUE" (http://www.elle.co.za/rihanna-goes-rogue/) . elle.co.za . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-E_News_8-0) "Rihanna Sizzles in Behind-the-Scenes Look at Rogue Fragrance Campaign—Watch the Sexy Video!" (http://www.eonline.com/news/458643/rihanna-sizzles-in-behind-the-scenes-look-at-rogue-fragrance-campaign-watch-the-sexy-video) . E! . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Entertainmentwise_9-0) "Rihanna's Semi-Naked Body Projected Onto London's Marble Arch To Promote Rogue Perfume" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140606231458/http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/126082/Rihannas-Semi-Naked-Body-Projected-Onto-Londons-Marble-Arch-To-Promote-Rogue-Perfume) . entertainmentwise.com. Archived from the original (http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/126082/Rihannas-Semi-Naked-Body-Projected-Onto-Londons-Marble-Arch-To-Promote-Rogue-Perfume) on June 6, 2014 . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Express._Home_of_the_Daily_and_Sunday_Express_10-0) "Rihanna wears all-leather outfit as she arrives at Paris perfume launch" (http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/480203/Rihanna-wears-all-leather-outfit-as-she-arrives-at-Rogue-perfume-launch-in-Paris) . Daily Express . June 4, 2014 . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-RihannaNow_11-0) "Vote ROGUE by Rihanna for Celebrity Fragrance of the Year" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211222/http://www.rihannanow.com/news-article/vote-rogue-by-rihanna-for-celebrity-fragrance-of-the-year/) . rihannanow.com. Archived from the original (http://www.rihannanow.com/news-article/vote-rogue-by-rihanna-for-celebrity-fragrance-of-the-year/) on June 6, 2014 . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-TheFragranceFoundation_12-0) "Fragrance Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150629180653/http://fragrance.org/fragrance-awards/) . fragrance.org. Archived from the original (http://fragrance.org/fragrance-awards/) on June 29, 2015 . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Rihanna Rogue Man Eau de Toilette 3.4 oz" (http://www1.macys.com/shop/product/rihanna-rogue-man-eau-de-toilette-34-oz?ID=1746307&LinkshareID=J84DHJLQkR4-JDeixJg_LG9fqeooR2I0aQ&PartnerID=LINKSHARE&cm_mmc=LINKSHARE-_-5-_-63-_-MP563#pdpTabs) . Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Rihanna on Twitter "LADIES!!! This September wake up next to your man smelling like this!!! Makes you wanna steal his Tshirts #ROGUEMAN" (https://mobile.twitter.com/rihanna/status/495267684192628736) " (https://mobile.twitter.com/rihanna/status/495267684192628736) . Twitter. v t e Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) Albums (/wiki/Rihanna_albums_discography) Singles (/wiki/Rihanna_singles_discography) Videography (/wiki/Rihanna_videography) Awards (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Rihanna) Live performances (/wiki/List_of_Rihanna_live_performances) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Rihanna) Studio albums Music of the Sun (/wiki/Music_of_the_Sun) A Girl Like Me (/wiki/A_Girl_Like_Me_(Rihanna_album)) Good Girl Gone Bad (/wiki/Good_Girl_Gone_Bad) Reloaded Rated R (/wiki/Rated_R_(Rihanna_album)) Loud (/wiki/Loud_(Rihanna_album)) Talk That Talk (/wiki/Talk_That_Talk) Unapologetic (/wiki/Unapologetic) Anti (/wiki/Anti_(album)) Soundtrack albums Home (/wiki/Home_(soundtrack)) Black Panther: Wakanda Forever – Music from and Inspired By (/wiki/Black_Panther:_Wakanda_Forever_(soundtrack)#Black_Panther:_Wakanda_Forever_–_Music_from_and_Inspired_By) Remix albums Good Girl Gone Bad: The Remixes (/wiki/Good_Girl_Gone_Bad:_The_Remixes) Rated R: Remixed (/wiki/Rated_R:_Remixed) Video albums Good Girl Gone Bad Live (/wiki/Good_Girl_Gone_Bad_Live) Loud Tour Live at the O2 (/wiki/Loud_Tour_Live_at_the_O2) Rihanna 777 Documentary... 7Countries7Days7Shows (/wiki/Rihanna_777_Documentary..._7Countries7Days7Shows) Performances Rihanna: Live in Concert (/wiki/Rihanna:_Live_in_Concert) Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (/wiki/Good_Girl_Gone_Bad_Tour) A Girl's Night Out (/wiki/A_Girl%27s_Night_Out) Last Girl on Earth (/wiki/Last_Girl_on_Earth) Loud Tour (/wiki/Loud_Tour) Diamonds World Tour (/wiki/Diamonds_World_Tour) The Monster Tour (/wiki/The_Monster_Tour_(Eminem_and_Rihanna)) Anti World Tour (/wiki/Anti_World_Tour) Super Bowl LVII halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVII_halftime_show) Retail Rihanna (book) (/wiki/Rihanna_(book)) Reb'l Fleur (/wiki/Reb%27l_Fleur) Rebelle (/wiki/Rebelle_(fragrance)) Nude (/wiki/Nude_by_Rihanna) Rogue Fenty X Puma (/wiki/Fenty_X_Puma) Fenty Beauty (/wiki/Fenty_Beauty) Fenty (fashion house) (/wiki/Fenty_(fashion_house)) Savage X Fenty (/wiki/Savage_X_Fenty) Savage X Fenty Show (/wiki/Savage_X_Fenty_Show) Related topics Clara Lionel Foundation (/wiki/Clara_Lionel_Foundation) Styled to Rock British TV series (/wiki/Styled_to_Rock_(British_TV_series)) American TV series (/wiki/Styled_to_Rock_(American_TV_series)) Category (/wiki/Category:Rihanna) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐d82ck Cached time: 20240716054341 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.312 seconds Real time usage: 0.415 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1577/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 45054/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3034/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 63813/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.197/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5082669/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 344.386 1 -total 40.11% 138.126 1 Template:Reflist 34.89% 120.149 14 Template:Cite_web 26.12% 89.949 1 Template:Rihanna 25.52% 87.903 1 Template:Navbox_musical_artist 11.95% 41.168 1 Template:Cn 11.56% 39.825 2 Template:Infobox_fragrance 11.00% 37.898 2 Template:Infobox 10.94% 37.674 1 Template:Fix 8.12% 27.954 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:42965507-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716054341 and revision id 1234189725. 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Twill fabric used for overalls Dungaree is typically associated with working clothes, here seen on mechanics working on a North American T-6 Texan (/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan) trainer during the Second World War (/wiki/Second_World_War) Dungaree fabric (used in English since 1605–15, from the Marathi (/wiki/Marathi_language) dongrī ) is a historical term for an Indian coarse thick calico (/wiki/Calico) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) cloth. The word is possibly derived from Dongri (/wiki/Dongri) , a dockside village near Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) . [2] (#cite_note-Oxford-2) Cotton twill with indigo-dyed warp thread is now more commonly referred to as denim (/wiki/Denim) . [3] (#cite_note-3) In American English (/wiki/American_English) , the term is used for hard-wearing work trousers made from such fabric and in British English (/wiki/British_English) for bib overalls (/wiki/Overall) in various fabrics, either for casual or work use. [2] (#cite_note-Oxford-2) By 1891 English author Rudyard Kipling (/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling) was using the word to refer to a kind of garment (in the plural) [4] (#cite_note-4) as well as a fabric. [5] (#cite_note-5) Dungaree vs. denim [ edit ] Although dungaree now also refers to denim, [6] (#cite_note-cmes.uchicago.edu-6) it is unclear whether traditional dungaree was a precursor to denim. In the late 17th century, most dungaree produced was either washed and bleached, or dyed after weaving. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Denim refers to cotton twill which may be warp dyed, undyed, or dyed after weaving. Denim may be 2x1 or 3x1 twill. [7] (#cite_note-7) It is unclear what types of dungaree fabric were available traditionally. Derivatives [ edit ] In the United States, the mill at Shady Lea (/wiki/Shady_Lea_Historic_District) , North Kingstown (/wiki/North_Kingstown,_Rhode_Island) , Rhode Island (/wiki/Rhode_Island) , was built in the late 1820s by Esbon Sanford to manufacture a cotton-wool blend twill fabric called Kentucky Jean, resembling a cross between burlap (/wiki/Burlap) and the dungaree fabric of today. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ a b Textiles : production, trade, and demand . Mazzaoui, Maureen Fennell. Aldershot: Ashgate/Variorum. 1998. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-86078-509-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 36138342 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36138342) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ a b "Dungaree" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160520013350/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/dungaree) . Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/dungaree) on 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Levi's site consistently talks about Denim not Dungaree" (http://www.levi.com) . levi.com . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) 1891, R. Kipling, poem, The City of Dreadful Night (/wiki/City_of_Dreadful_Night) "He's got his dungarees on." ^ (#cite_ref-5) R. Kipling, The Bridge Builders , "Peroo was standing on the topmost coping of the tower, clad in the blue dungaree of his abandoned service ...". ^ (#cite_ref-cmes.uchicago.edu_6-0) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163319/https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Global/New%20Story%20of%20Jeans.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Global/New%20Story%20of%20Jeans.pdf) (PDF) on 2018-04-21 . Retrieved 2018-04-21 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Heddels Know your twills" (http://www.heddels.com/2014/08/know-twills-3x1-2x1-plain-weave/) . heddels.com . 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Mill at Shady Lea origins (http://www.themillatshadylea.com/Content.aspx?CatID=Mill%20History) This article about textiles (/wiki/Textile) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Jewelry Eternity ring An eternity ring , also known as an infinity ring , is a woman's ring (/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)) [1] (#cite_note-1) comprising a band of precious metal (/wiki/Precious_metal) (usually gold (/wiki/Gold) ) set with a continuous line of identically cut gemstones (/wiki/Gemstone) (usually diamonds (/wiki/Diamond) ) [2] (#cite_note-2) to symbolize never-ending love (/wiki/Love) , usually given by a spouse to their wife (/wiki/Wife) on the occasion of a significant anniversary (/wiki/Anniversary) , [ citation needed ] typically after five years of marriage. Because the presence of stones all the way round the eternity ring can make it cumbersome to wear, the alternative is to have the stones across the face of the ring only. This is sometimes referred to as a "half-eternity" ring rather than a "full" eternity ring. [3] (#cite_note-3) Eternity rings featuring paste gems (/wiki/Paste_gem) , white topaz (/wiki/Topaz) or a mix of stones appeared in the 18th century. [4] (#cite_note-taylor88-4) History [ edit ] The concept of a diamond eternity ring was created in the 1960s by diamond merchant De Beers (/wiki/De_Beers) . [5] (#cite_note-Epstein-5) [6] (#cite_note-Kempton-6) American investigative journalist Edward Jay Epstein (/wiki/Edward_Jay_Epstein) stated that at the time the company had a secret agreement with the Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) which, in return for the creation of a "single channel" controlling the world's supply of diamonds, required the purchase of 90–95% of the uncut gem diamonds produced by Russia. [6] (#cite_note-Kempton-6) The prevailing fashion at the time, particularly for engagement rings (/wiki/Engagement_ring) , was for them to be set with a single, large diamond. The Soviet gems were, however, small, often less than 0.25 carats. [5] (#cite_note-Epstein-5) To avoid stockpiling, De Beers embarked on a campaign of promotion of jewelry (/wiki/Jewellery) containing a number of small diamonds, culminating in the eternity ring, which was aimed at older, married women. [5] (#cite_note-Epstein-5) One campaign slogan aimed at husbands was, "She married you for richer or poorer. Let her know how it's going." [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Awesome guide on infinity rings - What are they used for?" (https://thinkengraved.com/blogs/news/awesome-guide-on-infinity-rings-what-are-they-used-for) . Think Engraved . Retrieved 2021-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Primestyle. " Why Eternity Bands Are So Popular – Top 4 Reasons (http://www.primestyle.com/news/diamond-eternity-bands/) " November 1, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Eternity Ring" (https://www.mensjewlery.org/eternity-ring/) . mensjewlery.org . Retrieved 2024-01-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-taylor88_4-0) Taylor, Gerald; Scarisbrick, Diana (1978). Finger Rings From Ancient Egypt to the Present Day . Ashmolean Museum. p. 88. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-900090-54-5 . ^ a b c Edward Jay Epstein (February 1982). "Have you ever tried to sell a Diamond?" (https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/82feb/8202diamond2.htm) . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved October 18, 2010 . ^ a b Kempton, Daniel (1995). "Russia and de beers: Diamond conflict or cartel?". South African Journal of International Affairs . 3 (2): 94–131. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/10220469509545165 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10220469509545165) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Joan McAlpine (March 1, 2009). "Maybe diamonds are a girl's best friend" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141225172605/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/Migration/article153287.ece) . The Times . Archived from the original (http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/Migration/article153287.ece) on December 25, 2014 . Retrieved December 26, 2014 . 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Indian sports shooter and fashion designer Rajeshwari Kumari Personal information Nationality Indian Born ( 1991-12-10 ) 10 December 1991 (age 32) Delhi (/wiki/Delhi) , India Alma mater (/wiki/Alma_mater) Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies (/wiki/Manav_Rachna_International_Institute_of_Research_and_Studies) Occupations Sports shooter fashion designer Spouse Mehtab Singh (m. 2013) Parent(s) Randhir Singh (/wiki/Randhir_Singh_(sports_administrator)) (father) Vinita Singh (mother) Relative Khanna family (/wiki/Khanna_family) (maternal) Medal record Women's shooting (/wiki/Shooting_sports) Representing India (/wiki/India) ISSF World Cup (/wiki/ISSF_World_Cup) 2021 ISSF World Cup (/wiki/2021_ISSF_World_Cup) Women's trap team Asian Games (/wiki/Asian_Games) 2022 Hangzhou (/wiki/2022_Asian_Games) Women's trap team (/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2022_Asian_Games) National Games of India (/wiki/National_Games_of_India) 2023 National Games of India (/wiki/2023_National_Games_of_India) Trap shooting (/wiki/Trap_shooting) Rajeshwari Ria Kumari (born 10 December 1991) is an Indian sports shooter (/wiki/Shooting_sports) and fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) . Kumari is a trap shooter (/wiki/Trap_shooting) and has won medals in both domestic and international competitions. [1] (#cite_note-:5-1) [2] (#cite_note-:3-2) She won the silver medal at the Women's trap team (/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2022_Asian_Games) event in the 2022 Asian Games (/wiki/2022_Asian_Games) in Hangzhou (/wiki/Hangzhou) . [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2024, Kumari qualified for the Women's trap event in the 2024 Summer Olympics (/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [4] (#cite_note-:8-4) As of 2024, she is the 9th ranked women's trap shooter in the world. [5] (#cite_note-:9-5) Kumari is a co-founder of Saurab Rajeshwari, a luxury Indian clothing (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) and embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery_of_India) brand founded in 2021. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Early life and background [ edit ] Rajeshwari Ria Kumari was born on 10 December 1991 in Delhi (/wiki/Delhi) , India. Kumari is the daughter of sports administrator Randhir Singh (/wiki/Randhir_Singh_(sports_administrator)) and Vinita Singh ( née (/wiki/N%C3%A9e) Khanna). [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) Her mother, Vinita, is a businesswoman. [8] (#cite_note-:52-8) [9] (#cite_note-:6-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) She is the paternal granddaughter of sports administrator, Bhalindra Singh (/wiki/Bhalindra_Singh) . [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) Kumari is the maternal granddaughter of businessman Vipin Khanna (/wiki/Vipin_Khanna) , and a member of the Khanna family (/wiki/Khanna_family) through her mother, Vinita, who is Khanna's eldest child and only daughter. [9] (#cite_note-:6-9) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) She is also the great-granddaughter of both Maharaja (/wiki/Maharaja) Bhupinder Singh (/wiki/Bhupinder_Singh_of_Patiala) of Patiala (/wiki/Patiala) and Shanti Lal Khanna (/wiki/Shanti_Lal_Khanna) . [14] (#cite_note-:12-14) [15] (#cite_note-:02-15) [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) She attended university at Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies (/wiki/Manav_Rachna_International_Institute_of_Research_and_Studies) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Shooting career [ edit ] Kumari started her trap shooting (/wiki/Trap_shooting) career sometime before 2014. [2] (#cite_note-:3-2) [17] (#cite_note-:4-17) In November 2014, she won a bronze medal at the National Shotgun Championship in Patiala (/wiki/Patiala) , Punjab (/wiki/Punjab,_India) , beating Shreyasi Singh (/wiki/Shreyasi_Singh) for the medal. [17] (#cite_note-:4-17) In February 2015, she won a silver medal at the National Shooting Championships, held in New Delhi (/wiki/New_Delhi) , India. [2] (#cite_note-:3-2) During the 63rd National Shotgun Shooting Championship in 2019, Kumari shot a national record 118 out of 125 in the qualifications, and eventually won a silver medal. [18] (#cite_note-18) In 2021, she won a gold medal at the Asian Online Shooting Championship in New Delhi. [19] (#cite_note-19) Also in 2021, she won a silver medal in the team trap event at the 2021 ISSF World Cup (/wiki/2021_ISSF_World_Cup) in Cairo (/wiki/Cairo) , Egypt, along with Kirti Gupta (/wiki/Kirti_Gupta) and Manisha Keer (/wiki/Manisha_Keer) . [1] (#cite_note-:5-1) In 2022, Kumari began being coached by David Kostelecký (/wiki/David_Kosteleck%C3%BD) , a Czech shooter who won two Olympic medals. [20] (#cite_note-20) At the National Shooting Championships in 2022, Kumari shot the highest score in the qualification round, shooting 116 out of 125, however she lost in the semifinals of the competition. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) In March 2023, Kumari shot a score of 107 and came 46th in the Doha (/wiki/Doha) , Qatar, stage of the 2023 ISSF World Cup (/wiki/2023_ISSF_World_Cup) . [23] (#cite_note-23) In April 2023, she won the T3 Shotgun National Selection Trials in Delhi. [24] (#cite_note-24) In May 2023, Kumari came 14th in the Cairo stage of the 2023 ISSF World Cup. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) In June 2023, Kumari shot a score of 111 in the finals of the 4th National Shotgun Selection Trials in Bhopal (/wiki/Bhopal) , Madhya Pradesh (/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh) , and qualified for the 2022 Asian Games (/wiki/2022_Asian_Games) in Hangzhou (/wiki/Hangzhou) , which were delayed to 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in China (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_China) . [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) In August 2023, Kumari finished fifth in the ISSF World Championship in Baku (/wiki/Baku) , Azerbaijan, and won a quota place for India in the Women's trap event in the Paris (/wiki/Paris) 2024 Summer Olympics (/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics) . [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) With her quota win, which was the seventh 2024 Summer Olympics quota win in shooting for India, Kumari became the second Indian woman to ever win an Olympic (/wiki/Olympic_Games) quota place in the Women’s trap event. [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) In early October 2023, Kumari won the silver medal in the Women's trap team (/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2022_Asian_Games) event in the 2022 Asian Games. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) In late October 2023, she finished in 7th place at the 2023 Asian Shooting Championships (/wiki/2023_Asian_Shooting_Championships) in Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , South Korea. [35] (#cite_note-35) In November 2023, Kumari won a gold medal in the 2023 National Games of India (/wiki/2023_National_Games_of_India) . [36] (#cite_note-36) In March 2024, Kumari qualified for the Women's trap event in the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris. [4] (#cite_note-:8-4) In April 2024, she was selected for the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (/wiki/Ministry_of_Youth_Affairs_and_Sports) ' (MYAS) Target Olympic Podium Scheme (/wiki/Target_Olympic_Podium_Scheme) (TOPS), which assists athletes in their preparations for Olympic Games competitions. [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) In 2024, Kumari was ranked 9th in the world. [5] (#cite_note-:9-5) In the run-up to the 2024 Summer Olympics, Kumari began to train in Italy with her coach, Kostelecký. [39] (#cite_note-39) In June 2024, Kumari was officially selected to be part of India's shotgun team for the 2024 Summer Olympics. [40] (#cite_note-40) The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (/wiki/Ministry_of_Youth_Affairs_and_Sports) also covered the expenses for Kumari's 2024 Summer Olympics training in the Czech Republic with her coach Kostelecký, as well as in Italy and France. [41] (#cite_note-41) Fashion career [ edit ] In 2021, Kumari co-founded Saurab Rajeshwari, a luxury Indian clothing (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) and embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery_of_India) brand that is based on traditional Patiala style, with Saurabh Aggarwal, her childhood friend. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Saurab Rajeshwari's clothes are handmade. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) The brand's clothing has been worn by Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) actress, Preity Zinta (/wiki/Preity_Zinta) . [42] (#cite_note-42) In December 2022, Kumari was featured on Jasbir Jassi's (/wiki/Jasbir_Jassi) song, 'Lehenga', and the song was also a collaboration between Jassi and Saurab Rajeshwari. [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) Personal life [ edit ] Kumari is married to Mehtab Singh. She and Singh married in 2013. [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) References [ edit ] ^ a b PTI (4 March 2021). "Indian women's trap team settles for silver in ISSF World Cup" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/indian-womens-trap-team-settles-for-silver-in-issf-world-cup/articleshow/81335490.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210305030513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/indian-womens-trap-team-settles-for-silver-in-issf-world-cup/articleshow/81335490.cms) from the original on 5 March 2021 . Retrieved 5 March 2021 . ^ a b c Prasad, Vishnu (3 February 2015). "Like Father, Like Daughter" (https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2015/feb/03/like-father-like-daughter-712737.html) . The New Indian Express . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221123141510/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2015/feb/03/Like-Father-Like-Daughter-712737.html) from the original on 23 November 2022 . Retrieved 23 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Khanna, Bharat (2 October 2023). "Like father, like daughter: Shooter repeats family feat" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/like-father-like-daughter-shooter-repeats-family-feat/articleshow/104097709.cms?from=mdr) . The Times of India . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-8257 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231019044212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/like-father-like-daughter-shooter-repeats-family-feat/articleshow/104097709.cms?from=mdr) from the original on 19 October 2023 . Retrieved 24 October 2023 . ^ a b Olympics.com (4 March 2024). "Paris 2024: All Indian athletes to qualify for the Olympics" (https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-athletes-qualified-paris-2024-olympics-summer-games) . Olympics . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221016022904/https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-athletes-qualified-paris-2024-olympics-summer-games) from the original on 16 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2024 . ^ a b The Bridge Desk (3 April 2024). "Four more players added to TOPS Core group for this Olympic Cycle" (https://thebridge.in/olympics/four-players-added-tops-core-group-for-olympic-cycle-46745) . The Bridge . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240410084039/https://thebridge.in/olympics/four-players-added-tops-core-group-for-olympic-cycle-46745) from the original on 10 April 2024 . Retrieved 10 April 2024 . ^ a b c Khanna, Anshu (2 December 2021). "HANDCRAFTED AND HERITAGE DRIVEN: THIS LABEL FROM THE HOUSE OF PATIALA RECREATES GRANDEUR OF REGAL PUNJAB" (https://thedailyguardian.com/handcrafted-and-heritage-driven-this-label-from-the-house-of-patiala-recreates-grandeur-of-regal-punjab/) . The Daily Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230219111120/https://thedailyguardian.com/handcrafted-and-heritage-driven-this-label-from-the-house-of-patiala-recreates-grandeur-of-regal-punjab/) from the original on 19 February 2023 . 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Fashion and arts publicist This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Gia_Kuan&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Gia+Kuan&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Gia+Kuan) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Gia_Kuan) for suggestions. ( March 2022 ) Gia Kuan ( Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 關歆 ; born September 23, 1986) is a New Zealand-Taiwanese entrepreneur, publicist (/wiki/Publicist) and creative consultant, known for her new wave approach to public relations, as well as the intersection between art and fashion in her work. [1] (#cite_note-maven_voice-1) She is the founder of Gia Kuan Consulting, a boutique communications and public relations (/wiki/Public_relations) agency located in Manhattan, New York City. [2] (#cite_note-2) New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) has called Kuan a "downtown press maven". [3] (#cite_note-3) Early life and education [ edit ] Kuan was born in Taipei, Taiwan, and raised between Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Auckland, New Zealand. [4] (#cite_note-4) After high school, she moved to Australia and studied Law, Communications and Art History at the University of Melbourne (/wiki/University_of_Melbourne) . [5] (#cite_note-lindsey1-5) [6] (#cite_note-powerhouse-6) During college, Kuan juggled various jobs, including a promoter, hostess and an events organizer for nightclubs. She later attributed her communications and events management approach to her formative training in nightlife. [7] (#cite_note-club_kid-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2010, Kuan moved to New York and graduated with a second degree in Fashion Marketing at Parsons the New School for Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) . Career [ edit ] Kuan began her career in New York at Comme des Garcons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) , Dover Street Market (/wiki/Dover_Street_Market) , and public relations agency Nadine Johnson, heading the Arts and Culture department. In 2019, she became independent and established her namesake consultancy. [9] (#cite_note-9) Kuan is recognized for her impact on the fashion industry, through her firm's representation of independent designers and democratization of fashion shows. [10] (#cite_note-10) Kuan has cited that she is heavily influenced by underground subcultures in her various upbringings, [11] (#cite_note-11) her work largely emphasizes on identity, gender and diversity representation in brands. [1] (#cite_note-maven_voice-1) Kuan's portfolio includes her work with Liberian-American designer Telfar Clemens (/wiki/Telfar_Clemens) , Puppets and Puppets (/wiki/Puppets_and_Puppets) by artist Carly Mark (/wiki/Carly_Mark) , PRISCAVera, Fear of God by Jerry Lorenzo (/wiki/Jerry_Lorenzo) , and Barragan, and Kim Shui. [5] (#cite_note-lindsey1-5) Kuan has been noted as a key figure shaping the fashion scene in New York City, through her approachability and unconventional ways of storytelling. [6] (#cite_note-powerhouse-6) New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) described Kuan as "Taking Over The NYC Fashion and Art Scene". [7] (#cite_note-club_kid-7) She was dubbed by Document Journal (/wiki/Document_Journal) as "New York's star publicist" and the "PR powerhouse behind New York's fashion renaissance". [6] (#cite_note-powerhouse-6) [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2020, Kuan was featured as one of the new wave of fashion PR professionals in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) ' s September issue, with subject matters focusing on industry advocacy and change. [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2020, Kuan was spotlighted in Wallet Magazine ' s cover story, which also featured conversations with Pierre Rougier, the founder of PR Consulting. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Personal life [ edit ] In 2019, Kuan was included in PAPER Predictions, Paper (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) magazine's annual list of 100 influential people taking over the creative scene. [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2019, Kuan also co-founded the New York-based art gallery Whaam! alongside her long-time partner Anatoly Kirichenko. [17] (#cite_note-17) In her personal life, Kuan is known for her bold fashion style, [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) hair colors [21] (#cite_note-21) and nail art. [22] (#cite_note-22) She currently lives in Manhattan, New York. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Fashion PR maven Gia Kuan on being human and giving underrepresented brands a voice. | Klarna US" (https://www.klarna.com/us/blog/fashion-pr-maven-gia-kuan-on-being-human-and-giving-underrepresented-brands-a-voice/) . www.klarna.com . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Nguyen, Andrew (2021-04-30). "The Rising Publicist Helping to Shape Fashion PR" (https://www.thecut.com/2021/04/tastemakers-publicist-fiona-luo-of-gia-kuan-consulting.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2022-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Dukovic, Pari (2020-03-04). "1 P.M. at La Grenouille" (https://www.thecut.com/2020/03/la-grenouille-nyc.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2022-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Romero, Connie Wang, Lenne Chai, Yukiko Tajima at See Management using Redken, Yuui Vision, Beth Pakradooni, Michelle Li, Vero. "Meet The People Making NYC's Downtown Exciting Again" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/05/233059/nyc-chinatown-party-scene) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b "STP: Gia Kuan" (http://www.lindseyokubo.com/stp-gia-kuan) . Lindsey Malia Okubo . Retrieved 2022-01-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Gia Kuan, the PR powerhouse behind New York's fashion renaissance" (https://www.documentjournal.com/2019/09/gia-kuan-the-pr-powerhouse-behind-new-yorks-fashion-renaissance/) . Document Journal . 2019-09-09 . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cut, the (2021-01-22). "The Melbourne Club Kid Taking Over The NYC Fashion and Art Scene" (https://www.thecut.com/2021/01/pr-maven-gia-kuan-is-excited-for-the-future.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Gia Kuan - ODDA 16" (https://oddamagazine.com/collaboration/gia-kuan-odda-16/) . ODDA Magazine . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Hernandez, Jasmin (2019-01-26). "In Conversation with Gia Kuan: An Art and Fashion Forward Thinker in New York" (https://gallerygurls.net/art-convos/2019/1/26/in-conversation-with-gia-kuan) . Gallery Gurls . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Here's What It's Really Like Producing a Fashion Show" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/5-people-on-producing-a-fashion-show) . Teen Vogue . 2019-09-19 . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Yu, Eda (2021-05-19). "New York's Asian American creatives on the beauty and resilience of their community" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/pkbb3g/asian-american-artists-new-york-city-chella-man-japanese-breakfast) . i-D . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Gia Kuan's guide to making it through NYFW without losing your mind—or your phone" (https://www.documentjournal.com/2019/09/gia-kuans-guide-to-making-it-through-nyfw-without-losing-your-mind-or-your-phone/) . Document Journal . 2019-09-10 . Retrieved 2022-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Nate Hinton, Cynthia Leung, and Gia Kuan on the Present and Future of Fashion PR" (https://www.vogue.com/article/cynthia-leung-gia-kuan-nate-hinton-future-of-pr) . Vogue . 2020-08-27 . Retrieved 2022-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Magazine, Wallet (2020-03-11). "What will the future of fashion advertising look like?" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/z3bgaj/wallets-magazine-issue-seven-excerpts-fashion-pr) . i-D . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Issues - Wallet" (http://www.wallet-mag.com/issues/) . www.wallet-mag.com . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "100 People Taking Over 2019" (https://www.papermag.com/paper-predictions-2625149547.html?rebelltitem=113#rebelltitem113?rebelltitem=113) . PAPER . 2019-01-29 . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Art in Incubation: WHAAM! Looks at Work Produced Under Quarantine" (http://www.culturedmag.com/article/2020/04/10/whaam-gallery-home) . www.culturedmag.com . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Best Fashion Instagrams of the Week: Nicki Minaj, Grimes, Miley Cyrus, and More" (https://www.vogue.com/article/best-fashion-instagrams-nicki-minaj-grimes) . Vogue . 2021-05-15 . Retrieved 2022-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Gia Kuan" (https://coveteur.com/2015/10/30/gia-kuan/) . Coveteur: Inside Closets, Fashion, Beauty, Health, and Travel . 2015-10-30 . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Fashion Week's Coolest Street Style Stars Are Behind-the-Scenes" (https://www.vogue.com/article/fashion-week-street-style-publicists) . Vogue . 2021-09-02 . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Meet the DIY Hair Star Behind Instagram's Most Fearless Dye Jobs" (https://www.vogue.com/article/best-pale-dye-jobs-pink-blue-gia-kuan) . Vogue . 2016-07-21 . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Chan, Mi-Anne. "I Got A 3-Hour Japanese Manicure For $300" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/japanese-nail-art-3d-manicure-video) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . 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American model Hannah Ferguson Ferguson in February 2015 Born Hannah Emily Rose Ferguson ( 1992-10-11 ) October 11, 1992 (age 31) San Angelo, Texas (/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas) , U.S. [2] (#cite_note-2) Occupation Model Years active 2014–present Spouse Imad Izemrane ​ ( m. 2022) ​ Children 1 Modeling information Height 1.77 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) [1] (#cite_note-clyne-1) Hair color Blonde [1] (#cite_note-clyne-1) Eye color Blue [1] (#cite_note-clyne-1) Agency IMG Worldwide Hannah Emily Rose Ferguson [3] (#cite_note-3) (born October 11, 1992) [4] (#cite_note-4) is an American model. Early life [ edit ] Ferguson's parents met while serving in the U.S. Marine Corps (/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps) . She stated on the show Model Squad (/wiki/Model_Squad) (2018) that her family "had financial struggles". The family went through a phase "without running water for 5 years". After graduating from high school, she won the Kim Dawson Model Search and moved to Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) to start her career. After six months, she moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Ferguson in 2014 Career [ edit ] She has appeared in the 2014, [6] (#cite_note-6) 2015, [7] (#cite_note-7) 2016, [8] (#cite_note-8) and 2017 [9] (#cite_note-9) editions of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) . In her first appearance, she also posed in bodypaint (/wiki/Bodypaint) by Joanne Gair (/wiki/Joanne_Gair) . [10] (#cite_note-10) She has also been featured in magazines such as GQ (/wiki/GQ) . [11] (#cite_note-11) Ferguson appeared in advertising for Triumph International (/wiki/Triumph_International) , [12] (#cite_note-models.com-12) and co-starred with Paris Hilton (/wiki/Paris_Hilton) in a steamy TV commercial for Carl's Jr. (/wiki/Carl%27s_Jr.) [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2017, Ferguson walked for Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) , Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) and Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) at Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) and opening the 2018 Philipp Plein (/wiki/Philipp_Plein) Resort show. In 2018, she walked for designers including Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) and Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) . Ferguson also appeared in campaigns for Chanel Beauty and Jimmy Choo (/wiki/Jimmy_Choo_Ltd) 's Fever fragrance and was featured on the covers of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Thailand, Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) (Brazil, Portugal), Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) Ukraine and Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) Russia. Personal life [ edit ] Hannah Ferguson married in November 2022 the businessman Imad Izemrane. [14] (#cite_note-14) On 4th April 2024, Ferguson gave birth to the couple's first son. [15] (#cite_note-15) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Hannah Ferguson" (http://www.clynemodels.com/portfolios/hannah-ferguson#9) . Clyne Model Management . Retrieved October 18, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Rutherford, Chrissy (August 17, 2015). "Model Minute: Hannah Ferguson Is More Than Just a Bikini Babe" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/news/a11897/hannah-fergusson-interview/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Retrieved October 18, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) VISIONAIRE (August 6, 2018), HANNAH FERGUSON | Message in a Model , retrieved May 5, 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Hannah Ferguson Celebrity Profile" (http://hollywoodlife.com/celeb/hannah-ferguson/) . Hollywood Life (/wiki/Hollywood_Life) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Herskovitz, Jon (February 17, 2014). "U.S. Marines' daughter becomes Sports Illustrated swimsuit pinup" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-people-ferguson-sportsillustrated-idUSBREA1H00R20140218) . Reuters . Retrieved July 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Hannah Ferguson 2014 Swimsuit: St. Lucia" (https://www.si.com/swimsuit-2014/photos/2015/01/19/hannah-ferguson-2014-swimsuit-st-lucia) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Retrieved July 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Hannah Ferguson" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164603/http://www.si.com/swimsuit/2015/models/hannah-ferguson/photos/1) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Archived from the original (https://www.si.com/swimsuit/2015/models/hannah-ferguson/photos/1) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved July 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Hannah Ferguson" (https://www.si.com/swimsuit/model/hannah-ferguson/2016/photos#1) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Retrieved February 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Hannah Ferguson" (https://www.si.com/swimsuit/model/hannah-ferguson/2017/photos#1) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Retrieved April 18, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Hannah Ferguson 2014 Swimsuit: Body Paint" (https://www.si.com/swimsuit-2014/photos/2015/01/19/hannah-ferguson-2014-swimsuit-body-paint) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Retrieved July 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Ball, Sarah. "The Next Big All-American Bombshell: Hannah Ferguson" (https://www.gq.com/story/hannah-ferguson) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Retrieved July 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-models.com_12-0) "Hannah Ferguson" (http://models.com/models/hannah-ferguson) . Models.com . Retrieved July 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Webber, Stephanie (July 31, 2014). "Paris Hilton Returns in Steamy Carl's Jr. Ad With Bikini-Clad Sports Illustrated Model Hannah Ferguson" (https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/paris-hilton-hannah-ferguson-star-in-carls-jr-ad-exclusive-picture-2014317/) . Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Ferguson, Hannah. "Hannah Ferguson Official Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/reel/ClIACVWg7r1/) . Instagram . Retrieved June 8, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Ferguson, Hannah. "Hannah Ferguson Official Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/reel/C72Iuq5Spow/) . Instagram . Retrieved June 8, 2024 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hannah Ferguson (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hannah_Ferguson) . 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American milliners (/wiki/Milliners) , people who designed (/wiki/Fashion_design) , manufactured and sold hats (/wiki/Hat) and other headwear. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐fqp4h Cached time: 20240720062140 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.006 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72770596-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720062140 and revision id 1217369806. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "American milliners" The following 62 pages are in this category, out of 62 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Benjamin Abbott (/wiki/Benjamin_Abbott) Edwin Adams (politician) (/wiki/Edwin_Adams_(politician)) Adolfo (designer) (/wiki/Adolfo_(designer)) B Joseph Bailey (congressman) (/wiki/Joseph_Bailey_(congressman)) Xenobia Bailey (/wiki/Xenobia_Bailey) Vanilla Beane (/wiki/Vanilla_Beane) Anna Ben-Yusuf (/wiki/Anna_Ben-Yusuf) Zaida Ben-Yusuf (/wiki/Zaida_Ben-Yusuf) Zadoc Benedict (/wiki/Zadoc_Benedict) Mildred Blount (/wiki/Mildred_Blount) Erik Braagaard (/wiki/Erik_Braagaard) Jasper Ewing Brady (/wiki/Jasper_Ewing_Brady) Maude Brockway (/wiki/Maude_Brockway) Susan Dart Butler (/wiki/Susan_Dart_Butler) C Hattie Carnegie (/wiki/Hattie_Carnegie) Samuel Cluckston (/wiki/Samuel_Cluckston) Frank Comstock (politician) (/wiki/Frank_Comstock_(politician)) Boston Corbett (/wiki/Boston_Corbett) D Lilly Daché (/wiki/Lilly_Dach%C3%A9) Ellen Louise Demorest (/wiki/Ellen_Louise_Demorest) Almaron Dickinson (/wiki/Almaron_Dickinson) Rehn Dudukgian (/wiki/Rehn_Dudukgian) F Thomas B. Florence (/wiki/Thomas_B._Florence) G John Nicholas Genin (/wiki/John_Nicholas_Genin) Sonia Greene (/wiki/Sonia_Greene) Odessa Warren Grey (/wiki/Odessa_Warren_Grey) Willor Lee Guilford (/wiki/Willor_Lee_Guilford) John A. Gurley (/wiki/John_A._Gurley) H Halston (/wiki/Halston) Susie Schmitt Hanson (/wiki/Susie_Schmitt_Hanson) Lorene Harrison (/wiki/Lorene_Harrison) Jesse Hawley (American football) (/wiki/Jesse_Hawley_(American_football)) Lulu M. Hefner (/wiki/Lulu_M._Hefner) I James Irvine (Pennsylvania politician) (/wiki/James_Irvine_(Pennsylvania_politician)) J Mr. John (/wiki/Mr._John) K Rod Keenan (/wiki/Rod_Keenan) Eugenia Kim (/wiki/Eugenia_Kim) L Heidi Lee (/wiki/Heidi_Lee) Jacob Low (Wisconsin politician) (/wiki/Jacob_Low_(Wisconsin_politician)) M Leigh Magar (/wiki/Leigh_Magar) James P. Maher (/wiki/James_P._Maher) Margaret Manny (/wiki/Margaret_Manny) Henry Lee Morey (/wiki/Henry_Lee_Morey) O Jennifer Ouellette (milliner) (/wiki/Jennifer_Ouellette_(milliner)) R Mae Reeves (/wiki/Mae_Reeves) Wilson Reilly (/wiki/Wilson_Reilly) Alex Rose (labor leader) (/wiki/Alex_Rose_(labor_leader)) S Luke Song (/wiki/Luke_Song) Frank T. Stack (/wiki/Frank_T._Stack) John B. Stetson (/wiki/John_B._Stetson) Timothy Swan (/wiki/Timothy_Swan) T Gladys Tamez (/wiki/Gladys_Tamez) Bonnie Thornton (/wiki/Bonnie_Thornton) Michael C. Trout (/wiki/Michael_C._Trout) Lizabeth A. Turner (/wiki/Lizabeth_A._Turner) V Silas Jones Vail (/wiki/Silas_Jones_Vail) Joshua Van Sant (/wiki/Joshua_Van_Sant) Sally Victor (/wiki/Sally_Victor) W Arthur C. Wheeler (/wiki/Arthur_C._Wheeler) Wyoming Mills (/wiki/Wyoming_Mills) Y Molly Yestadt (/wiki/Molly_Yestadt) Z Max Zaritsky (/wiki/Max_Zaritsky) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_milliners&oldid=1217369806 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_milliners&oldid=1217369806) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Milliners (/wiki/Category:Milliners) American fashion businesspeople (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_businesspeople) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers)
(Redirected from Sandy Liang (fashion designer) (/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Liang_(fashion_designer)&redirect=no) ) Fashion label based in New York City Sandy Liang Industry Fashion design Founded 2014 ; 10 years ago ( 2014 ) Founder Sandy Liang Headquarters New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , United States Website Official website (https://www.sandyliang.info/) Sandy Liang is a fashion label (/wiki/Fashion_label) based in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . Founded in 2014 by Sandy Liang, its designs are inspired by nostalgia, girlhood, and grandmothers in Chinatown (/wiki/Chinatown) . Founder [ edit ] Sandy Liang was born on June 4, 1991, in New York City and grew up in Flushing, Queens (/wiki/Flushing,_Queens) , with a brother and a pet Chihuahua (/wiki/Chihuahua_(dog)) . [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) She briefly studied architecture at the Rhode Island School of Design (/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design) before transferring to Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) to study fashion design. Her father founded a restaurant in Manhattan Chinatown (/wiki/Manhattan_Chinatown) called Congee Village in 1996, when Liang was six. She frequently spent time at the restaurant after school. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) Her family restaurant and Chinatown in general serve as major design inspirations for her brand. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) Liang met Dorian Booth, an architect, in 2016. They married in 2023. [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] A display of shoes at the Sandy Liang flagship store in New York City, 2023 Liang launched her fashion label, Sandy Liang, in 2014, after graduating from Parsons. She was inspired by the style of grandmothers in Chinatown (/wiki/Chinatown) , [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) and engaged her grandmother to model a collection of oversized coats. [6] (#cite_note-6) The brand's first collection was released in fall/winter 2014. [7] (#cite_note-7) In spring/summer 2015, the brand held a runway show at Liang's family restaurant. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) In 2018, Liang was featured in Forbes 30 Under 30 (/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30) in the category of art and design. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2019, the label released a line of leopard-print (/wiki/Leopard_print) fleece jackets inspired by hand-me-downs of Liang's childhood. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) described it as the "hottest jacket at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) ". [9] (#cite_note-9) The success of the jacket led to the label's first fashion show in September 2019. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) In 2020, the brand opened a flagship retail store in the Lower East Side (/wiki/Lower_East_Side) of Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) . [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2022, Sandy Liang released its first footwear line, taking inspiration from the aesthetics of ballet (/wiki/Ballet) to create a cross between a Mary Jane (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) and a pointe shoe (/wiki/Pointe_shoe) . [11] (#cite_note-11) The release was highly successful, even taking pre-orders for restocks. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) In spring 2023, the brand released a version of the shoe in mesh, [12] (#cite_note-12) and their first bridal collection in the same year. [13] (#cite_note-13) Sandy Liang's style has been associated with 2020s design trends like gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) , [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) balletcore (/wiki/Balletcore) , and coquette, and compared with designers such as Simone Rocha (/wiki/Simone_Rocha) and Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) ; Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) compared the brand's cult following to that of the streetwear brand Supreme (/wiki/Supreme_(brand)) . [14] (#cite_note-14) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Its collections often feature ribbon-bow (/wiki/Ribbon) motifs, which was noted as a trend in both fashion and interior design (/wiki/Interior_design) in the spring and summer of 2023. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Several of the brand's collections are inspired by different elements of founder Liang's girlhood such as Hello Kitty (/wiki/Hello_Kitty) and hand-me-down clothing. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) In an interview, Liang cited the film Marie Antoinette and the work of Sofia Coppola (/wiki/Sofia_Coppola) as a major influence. [17] (#cite_note-17) Sandy Liang collaborated with Warby Parker (/wiki/Warby_Parker) in 2019, [18] (#cite_note-18) Away (/wiki/Away_(company)) and Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) in 2021, [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) and Vans (/wiki/Vans) in 2020 [21] (#cite_note-21) and 2022. [22] (#cite_note-22) In 2023, the brand collaborated with Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) to create a line of sneakers. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2023, Sandy Liang collaborated with the dog clothing brand Little Beast on a line of fleeces and knitted sweaters for dogs (/wiki/Dog) . [25] (#cite_note-25) The brand also created its first line of homeware (/wiki/Homewares) that year, including a doormat (/wiki/Door_mat) and a carpet (/wiki/Carpet) runner as well as a variety of underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and loungewear (/wiki/Loungewear) . [26] (#cite_note-26) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Hodin, Rachel (July 8, 2019). "Sandy Liang, Congee Village heiress" (https://theface.com/style/sandy-liang-new-york-congee-village-heiress) . The Face . Retrieved July 28, 2023 . ^ a b Sinclair, Zoe. "Sandy Liang – Grandmas Rock" (https://metalmagazine.eu/en/post/interview/sandy-liang-grandmas-rock) . Metal . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ a b McCann, Allison (September 19, 2019). "The Fashion Week Diary of Sandy Liang, Fleece Phenom" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/19/business/sandy-liang-fashion-week-diary.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Taylor, Elise (August 10, 2023). "Inside Cult Downtown Designer Sandy Liang's Two Weddings in Queens and Coastal Maine" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/sandy-liang-and-dorian-booth-wedding) . Vogue . Retrieved July 28, 2023 . ^ a b c d Gonzalez, Tara (February 22, 2023). "How Sandy Liang Became Supreme for the Downtown Coquette" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a42842431/sandy-liang-downtown-uniform-interview-profile/) . Harper's Bazaar . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Mei, Gina (October 1, 2018). "Fashion Designer Sandy Liang Has an Unexpected Inspiration: Her Chinatown Grandma" (https://www.oprahdaily.com/style/a23553236/fashion-sandy-liang-chinese-culture/) . Oprah Daily . Retrieved September 4, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Francis, Ali (March 7, 2017). "This Designer's the Reason You're Seeing Mangosteens on the Runway" (https://www.bonappetit.com/story/fashion-designer-sandy-liang) . Bon Appétit . Retrieved July 28, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Sandy Liang" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/sandy-liang/) . Forbes . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Schneier, Matthew (February 12, 2019). "This Fleece Is the Hottest Jacket at New York Fashion Week" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/fashion/sandy-liang-fleece.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Abad, Mario (December 16, 2020). "Sandy Liang's First NYC Store Has a Deep Family Connection" (https://www.papermag.com/sandy-liang-nyc-store-opening-2649520688.html) . Paper . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Pauly, Alexandra (November 2023). "Sandy Liang's First Footwear Launch is Totally On Pointe" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/sandy-liang-ballet-flat-mary-jane-shoes/) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Gonzalez, Tara (June 23, 2023). "The Freaky Sexiness of a Mesh Ballet Flat" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/a44178470/mesh-ballet-flats-summer-shoe-trend/) . Harper's Bazaar . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Kim, Daisy (August 13, 2022). "Sandy Liang Debuts First Bridal Collection" (https://vmagazine.com/article/sandy-liang-debuts-first-bridal-collection/) . V Magazine . Retrieved July 28, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Tashjian, Rachel (February 14, 2023). "Inside the Fashion Girl Gangs of New York" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-week/a42862499/the-girl-gang-fashion-fandoms-of-new-york-city/) . Harper's Bazaar . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Gore, Sydney (April 5, 2023). "Why Are Big Bows Suddenly Everywhere?" (https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/big-bows-trend) . Architectural Digest . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Sayej, Nadja (July 23, 2023). "The bows are back in town: brands and stars celebrate feminine fashion" (https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/article/3228430/blackpinks-jennie-jennifer-lopez-paris-hilton-prove-bows-are-back-fashion-thank-tiktoks-balletcore) . South China Morning Post . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Davidson, Emma Elizabeth (March 13, 2024). "Sandy Liang takes a bow" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/62179/1/sandy-liang-takes-a-bow-spring-2024-interview-print) . Dazed . Retrieved May 10, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Bobila, Maria (April 26, 2021). "Warby Parker And Sandy Liang Teamed Up To Create A Short Fashion Film" (https://www.nylon.com/fashion/warby-parker-sandy-liang-made-a-fashion-film-with-new-york-teens) . Nylon . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Hubbard, Lauren (October 14, 2021). "Away Just Launched Its First Designer Luggage Collaboration" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/travel-guide/g37962406/away-designer-luggage-sandy-liang-tia-adeola-ji-won-choi/) . Town & Country . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Goh, Yang-Yi (September 30, 2021). "You Need to Cop a Fleece From This Womenswear Collab at Target" (https://www.gq.com/gallery/sandy-liang-target-collab) . GQ . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Bobb, Brooke (January 21, 2020). " (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/sandy-liang-vans-collaboration) "I Just Got to Play": Sandy Liang on Designing Her First Shoe Collection With Vans" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/sandy-liang-vans-collaboration) . Vogue . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Solá-Santiago, Frances (January 12, 2022). "Sandy Liang & Vans' Newest Collab Is A Joyful Spin On '90s Fashion Trends" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2022/01/10830116/sandy-liang-vans-collection-2022) . Refinery29 . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Dwyer, Ross (April 29, 2023). "Sandy Liang and Her Salomon Collaborations for Hypebeast's Sole Mates" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/4/sandy-liang-salomon-xt-6-expanse-rx-moc-3-0-sole-mates-interview) . Hypebeast . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Halabian, Layla (April 20, 2023). "Sandy Liang's Salomon Capsule Is Fit For An Anime Heroine" (https://www.nylon.com/life/sandy-liang-salomon-capsule) . Nylon . Retrieved July 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Colón, Ana (November 10, 2023). "Now Your Dog Can Be a Sandy Liang Girl, Too" (https://fashionista.com/2023/11/sandy-liang-little-beast-dog-clothes-collaboration) . Fashionista . Retrieved January 19, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Sandy Liang's Debut Home Collection Was Made for the Coquette Princess at Heart" (https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/sandy-liang-debut-home-collection-coquette-princess) . Architectural Digest . October 30, 2023 . Retrieved January 19, 2024 . 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Type of pedicure A Shanghai pedicure is a type of pedicure (/wiki/Pedicure) . The pedicure involves soaking feet (/wiki/Foot) in hot water (/wiki/Water) and using scalpels (/wiki/Scalpel) to remove dead skin (/wiki/Skin) , calluses (/wiki/Callus) , corns (/wiki/Corn_(medicine)) , and ingrown nails (/wiki/Ingrown_nail) from the feet. [1] (#cite_note-NYT1-1) [2] (#cite_note-Maja-2) [3] (#cite_note-Mahon-3) This style of pedicure utilizes Chinese medicine (/wiki/Chinese_medicine) . [2] (#cite_note-Maja-2) [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-NYT1_1-0) "Shanghai pedicure, with sharpened blades" (http://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/04/shanghai-pedicure-with-sharpened-blades/) . In Transit . New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . 4 January 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Olivares-Co, Maja (26 July 2012). "Why I can swear by Shanghainese pedicure" (http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/59223/why-i-can-swear-by-shanghainese-pedicure) . Lifestyle . Inquirer . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mahon_3-0) Mahon, Kate. "A weekend of pure bliss in Hong Kong" (https://archive.today/20130806051230/http://aww.nienmsn.com/blog.aspx?blogentryid=138382&showcomments=true) . Style . Australian Women's Weekly. Archived from the original (http://aww.nienmsn.com/blog.aspx?blogentryid=138382&showcomments=true) on 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Enter the scalpel: how Bruce Lee fought with ingrown toenails" (https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/2134731/toughest-foot-problems-only-shanghai-pedicure-will-do-where) . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2018-08-25 . This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_pedicure&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f564bd77d‐4h8p6 Cached time: 20240718180820 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.245 seconds Real time usage: 0.301 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 418/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10609/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 358/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19826/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.172/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4190068/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 282.763 1 -total 44.16% 124.880 1 Template:Reflist 35.39% 100.077 3 Template:Cite_web 28.83% 81.532 1 Template:Fashion-stub 28.18% 79.672 1 Template:Asbox 25.63% 72.485 1 Template:Short_description 15.50% 43.821 2 Template:Pagetype 5.91% 16.720 3 Template:Main_other 5.08% 14.365 1 Template:SDcat 1.77% 4.991 1 Template:Cite_news Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40164976-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718180820 and revision id 1217518868. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_pedicure&oldid=1217518868 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_pedicure&oldid=1217518868) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Nail care (/wiki/Category:Nail_care) Foot (/wiki/Category:Foot) Traditional Chinese medicine (/wiki/Category:Traditional_Chinese_medicine) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
American television host Jeannie Mai Mai in 2017 Born Jeannie Camtu Mai ( 1979-01-04 ) January 4, 1979 (age 45) San Jose, California (/wiki/San_Jose,_California) , U.S. Other names Jeannie Mai Jenkins [1] (#cite_note-1) Occupations Television host stylist Years active 1998–present Television How Do I Look? (/wiki/How_Do_I_Look%3F) The Real (/wiki/The_Real_(talk_show)) Holey Moley (/wiki/Holey_Moley) Spouses Freddy Harteis ​ ​ ( m. 2007 ; div. 2018 ) ​ Jeezy (/wiki/Jeezy) ​ ​ ( m. 2021 ; div. 2024 ) ​ Children 1 Jeannie Camtu Mai (born January 4, 1979) is an American television personality, best known for her work on the makeover show How Do I Look? (/wiki/How_Do_I_Look%3F) and the syndicated daytime talk show The Real (/wiki/The_Real_(talk_show)) . As a fashion expert, she is frequently featured on television programs such as Today (/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)) , Extra TV (/wiki/Extra_(American_TV_program)) , Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) , and Insider (/wiki/The_Insider_(TV_series)) . She has also appeared as a host for E! (/wiki/E!) and as a red carpet host for the American Music Awards. Mai was a correspondent for the 2011 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2011) , 2012 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2012) , and 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2013) Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) pageants; she co-hosted the 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) and 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2023) editions as well. Early life [ edit ] Jeannie Mai was born and raised in San Jose, California (/wiki/San_Jose,_California) , to a Chinese Vietnamese (/wiki/Hoa_people) father and a Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_people) mother. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-Mercury-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) She attended Milpitas High School (/wiki/Milpitas_High_School) . [3] (#cite_note-Mercury-3) Career [ edit ] 1997–2004 [ edit ] At age 18, Mai launched her career as a makeup artist for MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) while still living in San Jose. [5] (#cite_note-febnbc-5) As a trainer, she worked her way from face to face until she was eventually traveling the world to work for celebrities such as Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) and Alicia Keys (/wiki/Alicia_Keys) . [6] (#cite_note-bus-6) This led her to also serve as a celebrity-makeup stylist for MTV (/wiki/MTV) 's Total Request Live (/wiki/Total_Request_Live) , KCAL (/wiki/KCAL-TV) Los Angeles, and Good Day Sacramento (/wiki/Good_Day_Sacramento) . [6] (#cite_note-bus-6) [7] (#cite_note-thojean-7) In 2003, Mai began auditioning for local television networks with self-written scripts to demonstrate her hosting talents. She was hired to co-host the Asian-American magazine-style show Stir (/wiki/Stir_(TV_series)) on the International Channel (/wiki/AZN_Television) . [7] (#cite_note-thojean-7) Later, the San Francisco-based California Music Channel (/wiki/California_Music_Channel) hired her to host her own music countdown. Mai went on to become an entertainment reporter and producer of the WB's (/wiki/The_WB_Television_Network) The Daily Mixx (/wiki/KOFY-TV#The_Daily_Mixx) . [8] (#cite_note-therealoffi-8) In 2005, Mai landed her first primetime hosting role on Character Fantasy on the USA Network (/wiki/USA_Network) , where she inspired guests each week to live their fantasies. [9] (#cite_note-9) Following this, she moved to Los Angeles to appear on MTV's Granted alongside Frankie Muniz (/wiki/Frankie_Muniz) and hosted segments related to fashion and entertainment news on networks such as E!, Lifetime (/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)) , TLC (/wiki/TLC_(TV_channel)) , and NBC (/wiki/NBC) on the lattermost's talk morning program Today (/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)) . [10] (#cite_note-Mai-10) [11] (#cite_note-Mai2-11) She also started appearing as a member of the beauty squad on TLC's 10 Years Younger . In 2008, Mai hosted TLC's Miss America Reality Check (/wiki/Miss_America_2008#Miss_America_Reality_Check) . She also starred in the makeover special Dude, Where's Your Style , and became spokesperson of the cosmetics Never Accept Ordinary. The following year, Mai became host of the Style Network's fashion makeover show How Do I Look? . [12] (#cite_note-12) She also served as a correspondent and weekend host on NBC's Extra TV (/wiki/Extra_(American_TV_program)) with Mario Lopez (/wiki/Mario_Lopez) . In the digital realm, Mai was the resident contributor to Perez Hilton's fashion site Cocoperez.com. [13] (#cite_note-dicorr-13) In 2011, Mai began hosting the Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) pageant and was a fashion consultant on the NBC weight-loss competition The Biggest Loser (/wiki/The_Biggest_Loser_(U.S._TV_series)) . [8] (#cite_note-therealoffi-8) [14] (#cite_note-14) Furthermore, Mai also hosted the stylist competition The Next Style Star from Maker Studios, and was the digital correspondent for NBC's Fashion Star . [15] (#cite_note-stylestar-15) [16] (#cite_note-nbcdig-16) In 2012, she appeared as a guest judge on Asia's Next Top Model, Cycle 1 (/wiki/Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_1) . 2013–present [ edit ] In 2013, Mai became the host of a live weekly series titled Style Pop on the Style Network (/wiki/Style_Network) . [17] (#cite_note-17) It ran for one season. From 2013 to 2022, Mai served as a co-host of the syndicated daytime talk show The Real (/wiki/The_Real_(talk_show)) , originally alongside Adrienne Bailon (/wiki/Adrienne_Bailon) , Tamar Braxton (/wiki/Tamar_Braxton) , Loni Love (/wiki/Loni_Love) , and Tamera Mowry (/wiki/Tamera_Mowry) . The show premiered on July 15, 2013. [18] (#cite_note-Hosts-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Following a trial summer run during 2013 on the Fox Television Stations (/wiki/Fox_Television_Stations) group, it was picked up to series the following year. [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2018, Mai and her co-hosts won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host (/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Entertainment_Talk_Show_Host) for their work. [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2015, Mai hosted the reality competition Steampunk'd (/wiki/Steampunk%27d) on GSN (/wiki/Game_Show_Network) . She was also a fashion correspondent on Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) . In 2016, Mai brought her show How Do I Look? to Asia's Diva (/wiki/Diva_(Asia_TV_channel)) network. The following year, she portrayed Lady Luck on the American game show The Joker's Wild (/wiki/The_Joker%27s_Wild) . Mai also became an ambassador for ReimagineMyself.com a program encouraging people living with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) to reimagine life with the chronic disease. [22] (#cite_note-ambas1-22) From 2019 to 2022, Mai was a correspondent for Holey Moley (/wiki/Holey_Moley) on ABC (/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) . [23] (#cite_note-23) On September 2, 2020, Mai was announced as one of the celebrities competing on the 29th season (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_season_29)) of Dancing with the Stars (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_TV_series)) . [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) She was forced to exit the show on November 2, 2020, after being diagnosed with epiglottitis (/wiki/Epiglottitis) , an inflammatory condition that can cause swelling and block airflow to the lungs. [26] (#cite_note-26) On October 18, 2022, Mai was announced as the host of America's Test Kitchen: The Next Generation (/wiki/America%27s_Test_Kitchen:_The_Next_Generation) , which premiered on December 9, 2022. [27] (#cite_note-27) On January 4, 2023, Mai and former Miss Universe Olivia Culpo (/wiki/Olivia_Culpo) were announced as hosts for the 71st Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2022) pageant to be held at New Orleans, Louisiana (/wiki/New_Orleans) on January 14. [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Mai, Miss Universe 2022 R'Bonney Gabriel (/wiki/R%27Bonney_Gabriel) and Alden Richards (/wiki/Alden_Richards) were announced as hosts for the Miss Universe Philippines 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Philippines_2024) to be held at the SM Mall of Asia Arena (/wiki/SM_Mall_of_Asia_Arena) in Pasay (/wiki/Pasay) , Metro Manila (/wiki/Metro_Manila) , Philippines, on May 22, 2024. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) Personal life [ edit ] Mai is a Christian (/wiki/Christianity) . [32] (#cite_note-christ-32) She married Freddy Harteis on August 11, 2007; [33] (#cite_note-33) the couple divorced in December 2018. [34] (#cite_note-34) In 2019, Mai announced that she had started dating rapper Jeezy (/wiki/Jeezy) . [35] (#cite_note-35) The couple married in 2021 at their home in Atlanta, Georgia (/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia) . [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) In January 2022, it was announced that Mai had given birth to a daughter. [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) On September 14, 2023, Jenkins filed for divorce from Mai, seeking joint legal custody of their daughter. [40] (#cite_note-40) On June 12, 2024, the divorce was finalized. [41] (#cite_note-41) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref. 2016 (/wiki/43rd_Daytime_Emmy_Awards) Daytime Emmy Awards (/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award) Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host (/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Entertainment_Talk_Show_Host) The Real (/wiki/The_Real_(talk_show)) (shared with Adrienne Houghton (/wiki/Adrienne_Houghton) , Tamar Braxton (/wiki/Tamar_Braxton) , Loni Love (/wiki/Loni_Love) and Tamera Mowry-Housley (/wiki/Tamera_Mowry) ) Nominated [42] (#cite_note-NATAS_2016-42) 2017 (/wiki/44th_Daytime_Emmy_Awards) Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host The Real (shared with Braxton, Houghton, Love and Mowry-Housley) Nominated [43] (#cite_note-NATAS_2017-43) 2018 (/wiki/49th_NAACP_Image_Awards) NAACP Image Awards (/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards) Outstanding Talk Series (/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Talk_Series) The Real (shared with Houghton, Love and Mowry-Housley) Won [44] (#cite_note-44) 2018 (/wiki/45th_Daytime_Emmy_Awards) Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host The Real (shared with Houghton, Love and Mowry-Housley) Won [45] (#cite_note-45) 2019 (/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards) NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Talk Series The Real (shared with Houghton, Love and Mowry-Housley) Won [46] (#cite_note-46) 2019 (/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Awards) Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host The Real (shared with Houghton, Love and Mowry-Housley) Nominated [47] (#cite_note-47) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Jeannie Mai Jenkins Shares Why She Took Jeezy's Last Name After Tying the Knot" (https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/jeannie-mai-jenkins-shares-why-she-took-jeezys-last-name-after-tying-the-knot.html/) . Showbiz Cheatsheet . June 16, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Real Jeannie Mai" (https://beverlyhillsvibe.com/special-profiles/the-real-jeannie-mai/) . Beverly Hills Vibe . Retrieved November 12, 2020 . Hailing from San Jose, Calif., her father, James Mai, is a hardware engineer; her mother, Olivia Duong, is a manager at a laser center. ^ a b Barney, Chuck (February 13, 2020). "San Jose's Jeannie Mai slams jokes about coronavirus and Asians" (https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/02/13/san-joses-jeannie-mai-slams-jokes-about-coronavirus-and-asians/) . The Mercury News (/wiki/The_Mercury_News) . San Jose, California. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200422170108/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/02/13/san-joses-jeannie-mai-slams-jokes-about-coronavirus-and-asians/) from the original on April 22, 2020 . Retrieved July 16, 2020 . Mai was born and raised in San Jose to a Vietnamese mother and a Vietnamese Chinese father. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Mai, Jeannie (March 23, 2020). "Jeannie Mai Condemns Coronavirus Racism: 'Hate Will Get You Sick, Even if the Virus Doesn't' (https://people.com/tv/jeannie-mai-condemns-coronavirus-racism-hate-will-get-you-sick-even-if-the-virus-doesnt/) " (https://people.com/tv/jeannie-mai-condemns-coronavirus-racism-hate-will-get-you-sick-even-if-the-virus-doesnt/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved July 16, 2020 . She is of Vietnamese and Chinese descent. ^ (#cite_ref-febnbc_5-0) Veridiano, Ruby (February 1, 2016). "Jeannie Mai: Embracing My Vietnamese-American Heritage Has 'Made Me Who I Am' (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/jeannie-mai-embracing-my-vietnamese-american-heritage-has-made-me-n502131) " (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/jeannie-mai-embracing-my-vietnamese-american-heritage-has-made-me-n502131) . NBC News (/wiki/NBC_News) . Universal Pictures (/wiki/Universal_Pictures) . Retrieved April 2, 2019 . ^ a b Walker, Jodi (June 8, 2014). "Jeannie Mai Is So Much More Than a Miss USA Host" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/27205-who-is-jeannie-mai-and-what-is-she-doing-at-miss-usa) . Bustle . Retrieved April 2, 2019 . ^ a b Tennant, Thomas (September 27, 2018). "Do You Know How Jeannie Mai Launched Her Career?" (https://www.thoughtco.com/who-is-jeannie-mai-3176758) . ThoughtCo . Retrieved April 2, 2019 . ^ a b "Jeannie Mai" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190402223707/http://thereal.com/page/2013/06/25/jeannie-mai/) . TheReal . Warner Brothers Entertainment. January 1, 2015. Archived from the original (http://thereal.com/page/2013/06/25/jeannie-mai/) on April 2, 2019 . Retrieved April 2, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Recording Artists Evan and Jaron to Host USA Network's Character Road Trip and On-Air Personality and Style Maven Jeannie Mai to Host USA Network's Character Fantasy" (http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2006/09/29/recording-artists-evan-and-jaron-to-host-usa-networks-character-road-trip-and-on-air-personality-and-style-maven-jeannie-mai-to-host-usa-networks-character-fantasy-22398/20060929usa01/) . The Futon Critic. September 29, 2009 . Retrieved August 11, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mai_10-0) Weisman, Jon (August 5, 2009). " (https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118006957.html?categoryid=14&cs=1&nid=2562) 'Today' to give lifestyle tips" (https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118006957.html?categoryid=14&cs=1&nid=2562) . Variety. ^ (#cite_ref-Mai2_11-0) Weprin, Alex (August 5, 2009). "Style Network Repurposing Segments From NBC's 'Today' (http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/326564-Style_Network_Repurposing_Segments_From_NBC_s_Today_.php?rssid=20065) " (http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/326564-Style_Network_Repurposing_Segments_From_NBC_s_Today_.php?rssid=20065) . Broadcasting & Cable. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Gorman, Bill (March 17, 2011). "The Style Network Sets Season 12 Of "How Do I Look?" To Premiere April 2" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121104120611/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/17/the-style-network-sets-season-12-of-how-do-i-look-to-premiere-april-2/86109/) (Press release). TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/17/the-style-network-sets-season-12-of-how-do-i-look-to-premiere-april-2/86109/) on November 4, 2012 . Retrieved August 11, 2013 . , ^ (#cite_ref-dicorr_13-0) Hilton, Perez (February 8, 2011). "Jeannie Mai's Fashion Must Have: Leather Leggings!" (https://perezhilton.com/jeannie-mais-fashion-must-have-leather-leggings/) . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved March 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Lewis, Hilary (July 7, 2015). "Miss USA Co-Host Jeannie Mai Drops Out" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/miss-usa-host-jeannie-mai-807068) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved June 15, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-stylestar_15-0) "Jeannie Mai to Host The Next Style Star" (http://www.rmnstars.com/jeannie-mai-to-host-the-next-style-star/) . RMN Stars Global Entertainment . April 1, 2014 . Retrieved March 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-nbcdig_16-0) Swift, Andy (August 5, 2011). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20190403010025/https://hollywoodlife.com/2011/08/05/style-star-jeannie-mai-elle-macpherson/) 'How Do I Look' Host Jeannie Mai Joins NBC's 'Fashion Star' As Digital Fashionista!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190403010025/https://hollywoodlife.com/2011/08/05/style-star-jeannie-mai-elle-macpherson/) . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original (https://hollywoodlife.com/2011/08/05/style-star-jeannie-mai-elle-macpherson/) on April 3, 2019 . Retrieved March 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Bibel, Sara (May 22, 2013). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20160128235955/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/05/22/style-pop-to-premiere-live-thursday-june-6-on-style/183916/) 'Style Pop' to Premiere Live, Thursday, June 6 on Style" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160128235955/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/05/22/style-pop-to-premiere-live-thursday-june-6-on-style/183916/) . TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/05/22/style-pop-to-premiere-live-thursday-june-6-on-style/183916/) on January 28, 2016 . Retrieved August 11, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hosts_18-0) Andreeva, Nellie (May 31, 2013). "Tamera Mowry & Tamar Braxton Among Hosts Of New Syndicated Talk Show Getting Summer Trial Run On Fox Stations" (https://www.deadline.com/2013/05/tamera-mowry-tamar-braxton-among-hosts-of-new-syndicated-talk-show-getting-summer-trial-run-on-fox-stations/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "It's Official: 'The Real' Talk Show Begins Four-Week Test Run July 15" (https://www.deadline.com/2013/06/real-talk-show-july-15-premiere-test-run-fox/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . June 12, 2013 . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Block, Alex Ben (October 31, 2013). " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/real-gets-national-syndication-cable-652329) 'The Real' Gets National Syndication and Cable Pick Up" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/real-gets-national-syndication-cable-652329) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved June 14, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Kiefer, Halle (April 30, 2018). "Here Are Your 2018 Daytime Emmy Award Winners" (https://www.vulture.com/2018/04/here-are-your-2018-daytime-emmy-award-winners.html) . Vulture (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved June 15, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-ambas1_22-0) Browley, Jasmine (November 1, 2017). "Jeannie Mai Keeps it Real About MS and Confidence" (https://www.made-magazine.com/jeannie-mai-keeps-real-ms-confidence/) . Made . Made Magazine . Retrieved March 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Jeannie Mai | Holey Moley" (https://abc.com/shows/holey-moley/cast/jeannie-mai) . American Broadcasting Company (/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Peter White (September 2, 2020). " (https://deadline.com/2020/09/dancing-with-the-stars-abc-unveils-season-29-cast-carole-baskin-nelly-1234568545/) Dancing With The Stars : ABC Unveils Season 29 Cast Including (https://deadline.com/2020/09/dancing-with-the-stars-abc-unveils-season-29-cast-carole-baskin-nelly-1234568545/) Tiger King ' s Carole Baskin & Rapper Nelly" (https://deadline.com/2020/09/dancing-with-the-stars-abc-unveils-season-29-cast-carole-baskin-nelly-1234568545/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Retrieved October 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) " (http://thefutoncritic.com/news/2020/09/02/dancing-with-the-stars-heads-back-into-the-ballroom-for-its-2020-season-with-some-cha-cha-changes-and-a-brand-new-celebrity-cast-374204/20200902abc02/) Dancing with the Stars Heads Back Into the Ballroom for Its 2020 Season with Some Cha-Cha-Changes and a Brand-New Celebrity Cast" (http://thefutoncritic.com/news/2020/09/02/dancing-with-the-stars-heads-back-into-the-ballroom-for-its-2020-season-with-some-cha-cha-changes-and-a-brand-new-celebrity-cast-374204/20200902abc02/) (Press release). ABC (/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) . September 2, 2020 . Retrieved October 7, 2020 – via The Futon Critic (/wiki/The_Futon_Critic) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Atad, Corey (November 2, 2020). "Jeannie Mai Forced Off 'Dancing With The Stars' After Being Hospitalized For Rare Condition" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201102144725/https://etcanada.com/news/709050/jeannie-mai-forced-off-dancing-with-the-stars-after-being-hospitalized-for-rare-condition/) . Entertainment Tonight Canada (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight_Canada) . Archived from the original (https://etcanada.com/news/709050/jeannie-mai-forced-off-dancing-with-the-stars-after-being-hospitalized-for-rare-condition/) on November 2, 2020 . Retrieved November 2, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Petski, Denise (October 18, 2022). "Jeannie Mai Jenkins Tapped To Host 'America's Test Kitchen: The Next Generation' On Amazon Freevee" (https://deadline.com/2022/10/jeannie-mai-jenkins-host-americas-test-kitchen-the-next-generation-amazon-freevee-premiere-date-1235147536/) . Deadline . Retrieved December 21, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Purnell, Kristofer. "Olivia Culpo, Jeannie Mai Jenkins to host Miss Universe 2022; Catriona Gray serving as backstage commentator" (https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2023/01/05/2235520/olivia-culpo-jeannie-mai-jenkins-host-miss-universe-2022-catriona-gray-serving-backstage-commentator) . Philstar.com . Retrieved January 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Schneider, Michael (January 4, 2023). "Olivia Culpo, Jeannie Mai Jenkins to Host 71st Miss Universe Telecast (EXCLUSIVE)" (https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/miss-universe-olivia-culpo-jeannie-mai-jenkins-host-2023-1235478461/) . Variety . Retrieved January 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Adina, Armin (May 7, 2024). "Jeannie Mai to host Miss Universe Philippines 2024 coronation" (https://entertainment.inquirer.net/555243/jeannie-mai-to-host-miss-universe-philippines-2024-coronation) . Philippine Daily Inquirer (/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer) . Retrieved May 8, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Purnell, Kristofer (May 2, 2024). "Alden Richards returning to host Miss Universe Philippines 2024 coronation night" (https://qa.philstar.com/entertainment/2024/05/02/2352060/alden-richards-returning-host-miss-universe-philippines-2024-coronation-night) . Retrieved May 2, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-christ_32-0) Christine Thomasos (2015). " (http://www.christianpost.com/news/the-real-co-host-jeannie-mai-shares-how-a-missions-trip-strengthened-her-relationship-with-god-137090/) 'The Real' Co-Host Jeannie Mai Shares How a Missions Trip Strengthened Her Relationship With God" (http://www.christianpost.com/news/the-real-co-host-jeannie-mai-shares-how-a-missions-trip-strengthened-her-relationship-with-god-137090/) . Christian Post (/wiki/Christian_Post) . Retrieved May 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Hatmaker, Julia (June 28, 2011). "Linglestown native becomes reality TV star in 'Hollywood Hunter' (http://blog.pennlive.com/life/2011/06/linglestown_native_becomes_rea.html) " (http://blog.pennlive.com/life/2011/06/linglestown_native_becomes_rea.html) . The Patriot-News (/wiki/The_Patriot-News) . Retrieved August 11, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Naumann, Ryan; Walters, Liz (January 4, 2019). "Jeannie Mai Settles Divorce, Keeps $1.2 Million L.A. Mansion" (https://theblast.com/jeannie-mai-divorce-settlement/) . The Blast . Retrieved January 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "The Real's Jeannie Mai Opens up About Dating Rapper Jeezy: "I Found My Equal" (https://www.oprahmag.com/entertainment/a29070486/jeannie-mai-opens-up-jeezy/) " (https://www.oprahmag.com/entertainment/a29070486/jeannie-mai-opens-up-jeezy/) . September 16, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Jeannie Mai and Jeezy Are Engaged! Inside Their 'Quarantine Date Night' Proposal" (https://people.com/tv/jeannie-mai-jeezy-engaged/?amp=true) . People . April 4, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-37) Macon, Alexandra (April 2021). "Inside Jeezy and Jeannie Mai's Intimate Wedding Ceremony at Their Home in Atlanta" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/jeezy-and-jeannie-mai-intimate-wedding-ceremony) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved April 1, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Jeannie Mai Jenkins Introduces Baby Monaco for the First Time 5 Months After Her Birth" (https://people.com/parents/jeannie-mai-jenkins-introduces-baby-monaco-for-first-time-5-months-after-birth/) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Etienne, Vanessa (January 11, 2022). "Jeannie Mai Welcomes First Child with Husband Jeezy a daughter named Monaco Mai Jenkins: 'Baby Jenkins Is Here' (https://people.com/parents/jeannie-mai-welcomes-first-baby-with-husband-jeezy/) " (https://people.com/parents/jeannie-mai-welcomes-first-baby-with-husband-jeezy/) . people.com . Retrieved January 12, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Rapper Jeezy Files for Divorce From 'The Real' Host Jeannie Mai Jenkins" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/jeezy-jeannie-mai-jenkins-divorce-split-daughter-1235592282/) . The Hollywood Reporter . September 17, 2023 . Retrieved September 23, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Jeezy and Jeannie Mai Jenkins' Relationship Timeline" (https://people.com/jeezy-jeannie-mai-jenkins-relationship-timeline-7970410) . Peoplemag . Retrieved June 13, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-NATAS_2016_42-0) "The 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations" (http://cdn.emmyonline.org/day_43rd_nominations.pdf) (PDF) . New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (/wiki/National_Academy_of_Television_Arts_and_Sciences) . March 24, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160417042422/http://cdn.emmyonline.org/day_43rd_nominations.pdf) (PDF) from the original on April 17, 2016 . Retrieved March 24, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-NATAS_2017_43-0) "The 44th Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170701115452/http://cdn.emmyonline.org/day_44th_nominations_v02.pdf) (PDF) . New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (/wiki/National_Academy_of_Television_Arts_and_Sciences) . March 22, 2017. Archived from the original (http://cdn.emmyonline.org/day_44th_nominations_v02.pdf) (PDF) on July 1, 2017 . Retrieved March 22, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "NAACP Image Awards: 'Marshall,' 'Get Out,' 'Girls Trip' Dominate Film Nominations" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-naacp-image-award-nominations-complete-list-1057758) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . November 20, 2017 . 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Retrieved June 5, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Bueno, Antoinette (March 20, 2019). "2019 Daytime Emmy Awards Nominations: The Complete List!" (https://www.etonline.com/2019-daytime-emmy-awards-nominations-the-complete-list-121763) . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved June 5, 2019 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Jeannie Mai (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jeannie_Mai) at Wikimedia Commons Jeannie Mai (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2353490/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Media offices Preceded by Steve Harvey (/wiki/Steve_Harvey) Hosts of Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) 2022 – present With: Olivia Culpo (/wiki/Olivia_Culpo) Incumbent v t e Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host (/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Entertainment_Talk_Show_Host) Kelly Ripa (/wiki/Kelly_Ripa) and Michael Strahan (/wiki/Michael_Strahan) (2015) Kelly Ripa (/wiki/Kelly_Ripa) and Michael Strahan (/wiki/Michael_Strahan) (2016) Julie Chen (/wiki/Julie_Chen_Moonves) , Sara Gilbert (/wiki/Sara_Gilbert) , Sharon Osbourne (/wiki/Sharon_Osbourne) , Aisha Tyler (/wiki/Aisha_Tyler) and Sheryl Underwood (/wiki/Sheryl_Underwood) (2017) Adrienne Bailon (/wiki/Adrienne_Bailon) , Loni Love (/wiki/Loni_Love) , Jeannie Mai and Tamera Mowry (/wiki/Tamera_Mowry) (2018) Kelly Ripa (/wiki/Kelly_Ripa) and Ryan Seacrest (/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest) (2019) Kelly Clarkson (/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson) (2020) Kelly Clarkson (/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson) (2021) Kelly Clarkson (/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson) (2022) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐824b7 Cached time: 20240719205150 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.727 seconds Real time usage: 0.957 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5942/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 118161/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 13084/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 28/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 190870/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.411/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8484266/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 888.433 1 -total 34.20% 303.829 1 Template:Reflist 33.52% 297.801 1 Template:Infobox_person 25.93% 230.399 38 Template:Cite_web 18.24% 162.010 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 12.07% 107.208 2 Template:Plainlist 11.42% 101.441 2 Template:Marriage 8.18% 72.682 1 Template:Short_description 6.57% 58.405 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 5.91% 52.538 1 Template:Daytime_Emmy_Award_Outstanding_Entertainment_Talk_Show_Host Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23970626-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719205150 and revision id 1230881639. 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Japanese company Sankyo Seiko Co., Ltd. (三共生興株式会社) is a Japanese (/wiki/Economy_of_Japan) company which wholesales apparel, textiles (/wiki/Textile) , suit (/wiki/Men%E2%80%99s_suit) materials, silk (/wiki/Silk) clothing, and accessories. [1] (#cite_note-1) The company also has real estate (/wiki/Real_estate) interests. [2] (#cite_note-2) It owns DAKS (/wiki/DAKS) as of 1991. [3] (#cite_note-3) Kenzo Kawasaki is its President. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Sankyo Seiko Co Ltd, profile" (https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/profile?s=8018:TYO) . ft.com . Retrieved 2020-03-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Sankyo Seiko Co., Ltd" (https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/8018:JP) . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2020-03-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "DAKS ダックス｜ブランド紹介｜三共生興グループ SANKYO SEIKO GROUP" (http://www.sankyoseiko.co.jp/brand/daks.html) . www.sankyoseiko.co.jp . Retrieved 2020-03-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "SANKYO SEIKO CO., LTD Profile" (https://www.reuters.comundefined/) . Reuters . Retrieved 2020-03-10 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.sankyoseiko.co.jp/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/253983005) National Japan (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01177731) This article about a Japanese corporation- or company-related topic is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sankyo_Seiko_Co.,_Ltd.&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐6r77s Cached time: 20240713043231 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.265 seconds Real time usage: 0.363 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 456/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13578/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 453/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23352/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.198/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4234715/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 345.839 1 -total 33.04% 114.259 1 Template:Reflist 28.13% 97.284 4 Template:Cite_web 26.53% 91.746 1 Template:Authority_control 22.64% 78.309 1 Template:Short_description 11.57% 40.022 2 Template:Pagetype 9.42% 32.568 1 Template:Japan-company-stub 8.61% 29.791 1 Template:Asbox 7.98% 27.615 4 Template:Main_other 7.49% 25.911 1 Template:Official_website Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63340917-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713043231 and revision id 1020937228. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sankyo_Seiko_Co.,_Ltd.&oldid=1020937228 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sankyo_Seiko_Co.,_Ltd.&oldid=1020937228) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Economy of Japan (/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Japan) Japanese companies established in 1938 (/wiki/Category:Japanese_companies_established_in_1938) Japanese company stubs (/wiki/Category:Japanese_company_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with NDL identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NDL_identifiers) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Walthamstow_College_of_Art) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Walthamstow College of Art" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Walthamstow+College+of+Art%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Walthamstow+College+of+Art%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Walthamstow+College+of+Art%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Walthamstow+College+of+Art%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Walthamstow+College+of+Art%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Walthamstow+College+of+Art%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Former art school in Walthamstow, England The college building, now Waltham Forest College (/wiki/Waltham_Forest_College) Walthamstow College of Art was an art school based in Walthamstow (/wiki/Walthamstow) , north-east London. In the 1970s, it was merged into North East London Polytechnic (/wiki/North_East_London_Polytechnic) and is now part of the University of East London (/wiki/University_of_East_London) (UEL). [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-UEL-2) UEL's School of Architecture and the Visual Arts, is based at its Docklands Campus. [2] (#cite_note-UEL-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2017, The William Morris Gallery (/wiki/William_Morris_Gallery) hosted an exhibition, 'Be Magnificent', documenting some of its most famous alumni. [4] (#cite_note-4) Notable alumni [ edit ] Audrey Barker (/wiki/Audrey_Barker) , artist Ian Dury (/wiki/Ian_Dury) , musician [5] (#cite_note-ODNB-5) Marion Foale (/wiki/Marion_Foale) , fashion designer [6] (#cite_note-V&A-6) Peter Greenaway (/wiki/Peter_Greenaway) , film director, studied 1962-65 [2] (#cite_note-UEL-2) John Lloyd (graphic designer) (/wiki/John_Lloyd_(graphic_designer)) Ken Russell (/wiki/Ken_Russell) , film director Vivian Stanshall (/wiki/Vivian_Stanshall) , musician [5] (#cite_note-ODNB-5) Sally Tuffin (/wiki/Sally_Tuffin) , fashion designer and ceramicist [6] (#cite_note-V&A-6) Valerie Wiffen (/wiki/Valerie_Wiffen) , painter Notable staff [ edit ] Peter Blake (/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)) , artist [5] (#cite_note-ODNB-5) Daphne Brooker (/wiki/Daphne_Brooker) Margaret Green (/wiki/Margaret_Green) , painter [7] (#cite_note-Indep-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Walthamstow School of Art" (https://www.artbiogs.co.uk/2/schools/walthamstow-school-art) . www.artbiogs.co.uk . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Walthamstow College of Art alumnus Peter Greenaway awarded CBE" (http://www.uel.ac.uk/news/press-releases/2007/01/greenaway.htm) . UEL . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Walthamstow School of Art | Artist Biographies" (https://www.artbiogs.co.uk/2/schools/walthamstow-school-art) . www.artbiogs.co.uk . Retrieved 21 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) William Morris Gallery. Be Magnificent (https://www.wmgallery.org.uk/whats-on/exhibitions-43/be-magnificent) ^ Jump up to: a b c "Dury, Ian Robins (1942–2000)" (http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=73862&back=) . ODNB . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Marion Foale & Sally Tuffin" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/m/marion-foale-and-sally-tuffin/) . V&A . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Indep_7-0) Buckman, David (1 December 2003). "Margaret Green: Painter inspired by coastal Suffolk" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/margaret-green-37555.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 5 May 2019 . 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New Zealand fashion designer (1931–2020) Bruce Papas Born Stephanos Bruce Papas Auckland (/wiki/Auckland) , New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) Education Ponsonby Primary School Occupation Fashion designer Parent Steven Papas (Staevros Papadopoulos) Relatives Jessie (sister) Bruce Papas (31 March 1931 - March 2020) was a New Zealand fashion designer. Education and early life [ edit ] Papas' mother’s family emigrated from Scotland to Hokianga (/wiki/Hokianga) , and his father came from Greece (/wiki/Greece) . His parents met when his father traveled to Northland to work on the gum fields. Papas' parents moved to Auckland after they married. Papas trained as a cabinet maker at Seddon Memorial Technical College in Auckland when the fashion designer Flora MacKenzie (/wiki/Flora_MacKenzie) came across an example of his glass work. She offered the then 15-year-old a job in her fashion boutique, Ninette Gowns (/wiki/Ninette_Gowns) . [1] (#cite_note-New_Zealand_Fashion_Museum-1) In 1950, Papas settled at Titirangi (/wiki/Titirangi) in West Auckland (/wiki/West_Auckland,_New_Zealand) . [2] (#cite_note-West-Cloth-2) Career [ edit ] During his five-year apprenticeship, Papas learnt about fabrics, design, drafting, pattern making, hand cording and embroidery. He left Ninette Gowns to start his own business named Staevros Gowns after his father who had recently passed away. [3] (#cite_note-3) He worked from a room in his mother's house that had fitting rooms on one side and a work space on the other. Bruce continued to specialise in haute couture for a small number of clients, some of whom followed him from Ninette Gowns. His wedding and bridesmaids gowns, in particular, received much acclaim. However, he was soon called up for compulsory training with the RAF. [4] (#cite_note-4) On his return, Papas was headhunted by the department store Milne & Choyce (/wiki/Milne_%26_Choyce) . They were looking for a full-time designer to create three ranges a year – approximately 500 styles – and manage a workroom of 50 staff. [5] (#cite_note-5) Papas was the head designer for Milne & Choyce, overseeing a staff of 50. [2] (#cite_note-West-Cloth-2) A gown produced by Papas was worn by the Queen of Tonga (/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga) , Sālote Tupou III (/wiki/S%C4%81lote_Tupou_III) , at the Coronation of Elizabeth II (/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II) . [2] (#cite_note-West-Cloth-2) Later in life, he established a salon on Queen Street, working until he retired in the early 1980s. [2] (#cite_note-West-Cloth-2) Awards and recognition [ edit ] In 1961, Papas won the inaugural Golden Shears Awards (/w/index.php?title=Golden_Shears_Award_(fashion_award)&action=edit&redlink=1) with his Golden Peacock gown. [6] (#cite_note-6) A large collection of his garments and design sketches are held at the Auckland War Memorial Museum (/wiki/Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Exhibitions [ edit ] In 2018, the New Zealand Fashion Museum (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Museum) celebrated Papas' legacy with an exhibition "A Certain Style: Bruce Papas. [8] (#cite_note-spinoff-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-New_Zealand_Fashion_Museum_1-0) Dix, Kelly. "Bruce Papas" (http://www.nzfashionmuseum.org.nz/b/bruce-papas/) . www.nzfashionmuseum.org.nz . New Zealand Fashion Museum . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . ^ a b c d Schamroth, Helen (2009). "Shaping the Cloth". In Macdonald, Finlay (/wiki/Finlay_Macdonald_(editor)) ; Kerr, Ruth (eds.). West: The History of Waitakere . Random House. pp. 405–407. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781869790080 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hammonds, Lucy; Lloyd Jenkins, Douglas; Regnault, Claire (2010). The Dress Circle . New Zealand: Random House. pp. 78–79. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781869621810 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Dix, Kelly. "Bruce Papas: Advocate of elegance" (http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/discover/collections/topics/bruce-papas-advocate-of-elegance) . Auckland War Memorial Museum . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Pollock, Kerryn (22 October 2014). "[Bruce Papas advertisement, 1958]" (https://teara.govt.nz/en/ephemera/44291/bruce-papas-advertisement-1958) . Fashion and textile design - Firmer footing, 1950s and 1960s . Retrieved 27 March 2018 – via Te Ara (/wiki/Te_Ara) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Hammonds, Lucy; Lloyd Jenkins, Douglas; Regnault, Claire (2010). The Dress Circle . New Zealand: Random House. p. 113. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781869621810 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Groufsky, Jane. "Tailoring Perfection" (http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/discover/collections/topics/a-certain-style-bruce-papas) . Auckland War Memorial Museum . ^ (#cite_ref-spinoff_8-0) de Pont, Doris (16 March 2018). "A certain style: moving fashion forward by looking back" (https://thespinoff.co.nz/auckland/4-days-of-fashion/16-03-2018/a-certain-style-moving-fashion-forward-by-looking-back/) . The Spinoff . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . 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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hairstyles_in_the_1980s&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) , or create a new article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard) , as appropriate. ( October 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Permed hair on a young woman in the 1980s Hairstyles in the 1980s included the mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(hairstyle)) , tall mohawk hairstyles (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) , jheri curls (/wiki/Jheri_curl) , flattops (/wiki/Flattop) , and hi-top fades (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) , which became popular styles. [1] (#cite_note-BatemanBenyahia2012-1) [2] (#cite_note-SteinbergKehler2010-2) [3] (#cite_note-Brubaker2003-3) Amongst women, large hair-dos, puffed-up styles, permanent waves, and softer cuts typified the decade. [4] (#cite_note-BrowneBrowne2001-4) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) that was "often permed to achieve the desired volume" is especially associated with women of the mid 1980s as well as male rockstars of that era, especially of the glam metal (/wiki/Glam_metal) genre. [5] (#cite_note-Willett2010-5) [6] (#cite_note-Mansour2005-6) Television shows such as Dynasty (/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)) helped popularize the high volume bouffant and glamorous image associated with it. [7] (#cite_note-WeltersCunningham2005-7) Categories [ edit ] Cuts [ edit ] Liberty spikes (left) and crimson (/wiki/Crimson) Mohawk (right) Totally shaved heads gained popularity among men. [8] (#cite_note-Blume-PeytaviWhiting2008-8) The sideburns of the 1960s and 1970s saw a massive decline in fashion in late 1970s. Big and eccentric hair styles were popularized by film and music stars, in particular amongst teenagers. Although straight hair was the norm at the beginning of the decade, as many late 1970s styles were still relevant, by around 1982 the perm had come into fashion. This was in large part due to many movies released at the time, as well as possibly being a rebellious movement against the 1970s. In 1984, sideburns made a comeback but were slightly thinner and shorter, and better groomed than those of the 1970s, lasting until the end of 1986. These sideburns were usually (but not always) used as an add-on to the mullet haircut (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) . [ citation needed ] Spiked hair (/wiki/Spiked_hair) , teased hair, brightly colored hair, and shaved hair sections were popularized in the 1980s by the punk movement (/wiki/Punk_subculture) , [7] (#cite_note-WeltersCunningham2005-7) as were the Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle#Classic_(1970s–1980s)_mohawks) and its twisted variant, Liberty spikes (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) . [9] (#cite_note-Hannon2010-9) The Mullet haircut existed in several different styles, all characterized by hair short on the sides and long in the back. [10] (#cite_note-KerrGibson2004-10) Mullets were popular in suburban and rural areas among working class men. This contrasted with a conservative look favored by business professionals, with neatly groomed short hair and very short sideburns for men and sleekly straight hair for women. White collar men's haircuts were often shaved at the nape of the neck to create an artificially even hairline. Women's hairstyles became increasingly long in the latter part of the decade and blunt cuts dominated. Blunt cuts of the late 1980s brought long hair to an equal length across the back. Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) were popular, with "mall bangs", attributed to teenage girls who frequented shopping malls (/wiki/Shopping_mall) , were styled by ratting bangs into peaks or mounds, and then using hairspray to keep them in place. Chemical treatments [ edit ] Michael Jackson with Jheri curl in 1988 Many young women in Europe and North America dyed their hair a rich burgundy or plum-red in the last half of the decade. Auburns and reds were favored by those who aspired to emulate Molly Ringwald (/wiki/Molly_Ringwald) . [11] (#cite_note-Communications2002-11) But non-traditional haircolors, such as bright blue, crimson (/wiki/Crimson) , green, and shocking pink gained favor from the punk subculture. [7] (#cite_note-WeltersCunningham2005-7) Chemical hair treatment was popularized by the perm hairstyle (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) , which resulted in soft, full curls. [4] (#cite_note-BrowneBrowne2001-4) By the late 1980s, the permed bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) had become highly fashionable among women of all walks of life, notably Princess Diana (/wiki/Princess_Diana) . The long, permed hair look was particularly popular amongst male rock stars of this period, associated with heavy metal and glam metal (/wiki/Glam_metal) bands of this era such as Mötley Crüe (/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe) , Bon Jovi (/wiki/Bon_Jovi) , and Whitesnake (/wiki/Whitesnake) . Styling techniques [ edit ] During the middle and late 1980s it was unfashionable to part either men's or women's hair as the perm made the center parting look unattractive. Mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) was used in styling an individual's hair to attain a desired shiny look and greater volume; some mousse even contained glitter. Hairsprays such as Aqua Net (/wiki/Aqua_Net) were also used in quantity. Artificial dreadlock extensions were inspired by the Rastafari movement (/wiki/Rastafari_movement) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) wore his hair in Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) style in the 1980s; [13] (#cite_note-Henderson2008-13) it was popular among African Americans (/wiki/African_American) in the early decade, but its popularity waned by the end of the decade, [14] (#cite_note-Silverman2000-14) with the hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) partly replacing it. Hair gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) was used by young men to effect the preppy (/wiki/Preppy) look of a well groomed, short hair style. Crimped hair (/wiki/Hair_crimping) was as fashionable as the large wave. [15] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-15) Accessories [ edit ] Scrunchies hair bands Scrunchies (/wiki/Scrunchie) and headbands (/wiki/Headband) made of elastic and cloth were popular in all different colors, styles, and patterns. Scrunchies were very popular in the side ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) hair style. [15] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-15) "Banana clips" were another favorite, pulling hair back into a fanned out style. [16] (#cite_note-DoustSadokierski2012-16) Other accessories include barrettes and bows. Sweatbands were also major, usually worn with sweatband on the wrist and legwarmers on the legs. Facial [ edit ] The trend in moustaches and full beards carried over from the late-1970s and into the early-1980s but waned as the decade progressed. From the mid to late-1980s, clean-shaven faces with short or no sideburns (/wiki/Sideburns) was the norm. However, the success of Miami Vice (/wiki/Miami_Vice) did spark a trend in the facial hair style called designer stubble (/wiki/Designer_stubble) . [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) References [ edit ] 1980s portal (/wiki/Portal:1980s) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) ^ (#cite_ref-BatemanBenyahia2012_1-0) Bateman, Antony; Benyahia, Sarah Casey Casey; Mortimer, Claire (23 May 2012). AS Media Studies: The Essential Introduction for WJEC . Routledge. p. 111. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-415-61334-7 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-SteinbergKehler2010_2-0) Steinberg, Shirley R.; Kehler, Michael; Cornish, Lindsay (17 June 2010). Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 95. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-35080-1 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Brubaker2003_3-0) Brubaker, Ken (9 October 2003). Monster Trucks . MotorBooks International. p. 64. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7603-1544-6 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ a b Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat (15 June 2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture . Popular Press. pp. 357–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-87972-821-2 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Willett2010_5-0) Willett, Julie (11 May 2010). The American Beauty Industry Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 233. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-35949-1 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mansour2005_6-0) Mansour, David (1 June 2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 41. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7407-5118-9 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ a b c Welters, Linda; Cunningham, Patricia A. (20 May 2005). Twentieth-Century American Fashion . Berg. pp. 223, 337. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84520-073-2 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Blume-PeytaviWhiting2008_8-0) Blume-Peytavi, Ulrike; Whiting, David A.; Trüeb, Ralph M. (27 August 2008). Hair Growth and Disorders . Springer. pp. 534–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-540-46908-7 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hannon2010_9-0) Hannon, Sharon M. (2010). Punks: A Guide to an American Subculture . ABC-CLIO. pp. 53–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-36456-3 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-KerrGibson2004_10-0) Kerr, Joe; Gibson, Andrew (4 January 2004). London from Punk to Blair . Reaktion Books. p. 78. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-86189-171-6 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Communications2002_11-0) Los Angeles Magazine . Emmis Communications. August 2002. pp. 36–. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1522-9149 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1522-9149) . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Kerr, Joe; Gibson, Andrew (4 January 2004). London from Punk to Blair . Reaktion Books. pp. 76–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-86189-171-6 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Henderson2008_13-0) Henderson, Laretta (15 July 2008). Ebony Jr!: The Rise, Fall, and Return of a Black Children's Magazine . Scarecrow Press. pp. 128–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8108-6134-3 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Silverman2000_14-0) Silverman, Rober (19 April 2000). Doing Business in Minority Markets: Black and Korean Entrepreneurs in Chicago's Ethnic Beauty Aids Industry . Psychology Press. pp. 191–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8153-3798-0 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ a b Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History . Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 4 (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/4) , 193, 356. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33145-9 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-DoustSadokierski2012_16-0) Doust, Kelly; Sadokierski, Zoe; Cromer, Amanda (1 June 2012). A Life in Frocks: A Memoir . Pier 9. pp. 186–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-74196-844-6 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . External links [ edit ] The dictionary definition of hairstyles in the 1980s at Wiktionary v t e Human hair (/wiki/Hair) Classification by type Lanugo (/wiki/Lanugo) Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Terminal (/wiki/Terminal_hair) Vellus (/wiki/Vellus_hair) by location Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Ear (/wiki/Ear_hair) Nose (/wiki/Nasal_hair) Eyebrow (/wiki/Eyebrow) unibrow (/wiki/Unibrow) Eyelash (/wiki/Eyelash) Underarm (/wiki/Underarm_hair) Chest (/wiki/Chest_hair) Abdominal (/wiki/Abdominal_hair) Pubic (/wiki/Pubic_hair) Leg (/wiki/Leg_hair) Head hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) ( list (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) ) Afro (/wiki/Afro) Afro puffs (/wiki/Afro_puffs) Asymmetric cut (/wiki/Asymmetric_cut) Bald (/wiki/Hair_loss) Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) Beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) Blowout (/wiki/Long_hair) Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) Bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) Bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) Brush, butch, burr cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( odango (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ) Bunches (/wiki/Bunches) Businessman cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Butterfly haircut (/wiki/Butterfly_haircut) Buzz cut (/wiki/Buzz_cut) Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) Chignon (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) Chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) Comb over (/wiki/Comb_over) Conk (/wiki/Conk) Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) Crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) Crochet braids (/wiki/Crochet_braids) Croydon facelift (/wiki/Croydon_facelift) Curly hair (/wiki/Curly_hair) Curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) Czupryna (/wiki/Czupryna) Devilock (/wiki/Devilock) Dido flip (/wiki/Dido_flip) Digital perm (/wiki/Digital_perm) Dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) Ducktail (/wiki/Ducktail) Edgar cut (/wiki/Edgar_cut) Eton crop (/wiki/Eton_crop) Extensions (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) Fauxhawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Feathered hair (/wiki/Feathered_hair) Finger wave (/wiki/Finger_wave) Flattop (/wiki/Flattop) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) French braid (/wiki/French_braid) French twist (/wiki/French_twist_(hairstyle)) Fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) Frosted tips (/wiki/Frosted_tips) Hair crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Hair twists (/wiki/Hair_twists) High and tight (/wiki/High_and_tight) Hime cut (/wiki/Hime_cut) Historical Christian hairstyles (/wiki/Historical_Christian_hairstyles) Hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) Induction cut (/wiki/Induction_cut) Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) Japanese women (/wiki/Hairstyles_of_Japanese_women) Jewfro (/wiki/Jewfro) Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) Kinky hair (/wiki/Kinky_hair) Kiss curl (/wiki/Kiss_curl) Laid edges (/wiki/Laid_edges) Layered hair (/wiki/Layered_hair) Liberty spikes (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Long hair (/wiki/Long_hair) Lob cut (/wiki/Lob_(haircut)) Lovelock (/wiki/Lovelock_(hair)) Marcelling (/wiki/Marcelling) Mod cut (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) 1950s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) 1980s Pageboy (/wiki/Pageboy) Part (/wiki/Part_(haircut)) Payot (/wiki/Payot) Pigtail (/wiki/Pigtail) Pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) Pompadour (/wiki/Pompadour_(hairstyle)) Ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) Punch perm (/wiki/Punch_perm) Professional cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Queue (/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)) Quiff (/wiki/Quiff) Rattail (/wiki/Rattail_(hairstyle)) Razor cut (/wiki/Razor_cut) Regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Ringlets (/wiki/Ringlet_(haircut)) Shag (/wiki/Shag_(haircut)) Shape-up (/wiki/Shape-up) Shikha (/wiki/Shikha_(hairstyle)) Shimada (/wiki/Shimada_(hairstyle)) Short back and sides (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Short brush cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Short hair (/wiki/Short_hair) Spiky hair (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Straight hair (/wiki/Straight_hair) Standard haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Step cut (/wiki/Step_cutting) Surfer hair (/wiki/Surfer_hair) Taper cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Temple fade (/wiki/Temple_fade_(hairstyle)) Titus cut (/wiki/Titus_cut) Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Updo (/wiki/Updo) Undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)) Victory rolls (/wiki/Victory_rolls) Waves (/wiki/Waves_(hairstyle)) Widow's peak (/wiki/Widow%27s_peak) Wings (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Facial hair (/wiki/Facial_hair) ( list (/wiki/List_of_facial_hairstyles) ) Beard (/wiki/Beard) Chinstrap (/wiki/Chinstrap_beard) Goatee (/wiki/Goatee) Ned Kelly (/wiki/Ned_Kelly_beard) Shenandoah (/wiki/Shenandoah_(beard)) Soul patch (/wiki/Soul_patch) Van Dyke (/wiki/Van_Dyke_beard) Moustache (/wiki/Moustache) Fu Manchu (/wiki/Fu_Manchu_moustache) handlebar (/wiki/Handlebar_moustache) horseshoe (/wiki/Horseshoe_moustache) pencil (/wiki/Pencil_moustache) toothbrush (/wiki/Toothbrush_moustache) walrus (/wiki/Walrus_moustache) Designer stubble (/wiki/Designer_stubble) Sideburns (/wiki/Sideburns) Hair subtraction cosmetic Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) Shaving (/wiki/Shaving) head (/wiki/Head_shaving) leg (/wiki/Leg_shaving) cream (/wiki/Shaving_cream) brush (/wiki/Shaving_brush) soap (/wiki/Shaving_soap) Razor (/wiki/Razor) electric (/wiki/Electric_shaver) safety (/wiki/Safety_razor) straight (/wiki/Straight_razor) disorders Alopecia (/wiki/Hair_loss) areata (/wiki/Alopecia_areata) totalis (/wiki/Alopecia_totalis) universalis (/wiki/Alopecia_universalis) Frictional alopecia (/wiki/Frictional_alopecia) Pattern hair loss (/wiki/Pattern_hair_loss) Hypertrichosis (/wiki/Hypertrichosis) Management (/wiki/Management_of_hair_loss) Trichophilia (/wiki/Trichophilia) Trichotillomania (/wiki/Trichotillomania) Pogonophobia (/wiki/Pogonophobia) Haircare products Brush (/wiki/Hairbrush) Clay (/wiki/Hair_clay) Clipper (/wiki/Hair_clipper) Comb (/wiki/Comb) Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Dryer (/wiki/Hair_dryer) Gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) Hairstyling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) Hot comb (/wiki/Hot_comb) Iron (/wiki/Hair_iron) Mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) Pomade (/wiki/Pomade) Relaxer (/wiki/Relaxer) Rollers (/wiki/Hair_roller) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) Volumizer (/wiki/Hair_volumizer) Wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Haircare techniques Backcombing (/wiki/Backcombing) Hair coloring (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Curly Girl Method (/wiki/Curly_Girl_Method) Hair cutting (/wiki/Hair_cutting) Perm (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) Shampoo and set (/wiki/Shampoo_and_set) Straightening (/wiki/Hair_straightening) Health and medical Greying of hair (/wiki/Greying_of_hair) Hair follicle (/wiki/Hair_follicle) Hair growth (/wiki/Human_hair_growth) Trichology (/wiki/Trichology) Related Andre Walker Hair Typing System (/wiki/Andre_Walker_Hair_Typing_System) Beard and haircut laws by country (/wiki/Beard_and_haircut_laws_by_country) Bearded lady (/wiki/Bearded_lady) Barber (/wiki/Barber) ( pole (/wiki/Barber%27s_pole) ) Eponymous hairstyle (/wiki/Eponymous_hairstyle) Frizz (/wiki/Frizz) Good hair (/wiki/Good_hair) Hairdresser (/wiki/Hairdresser) list (/wiki/List_of_hairdressers) Hair fetishism (/wiki/Hair_fetishism) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐vvrlm Cached time: 20240719032849 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.434 seconds Real time usage: 0.547 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1782/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 73892/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1577/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 74859/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.279/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6389348/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 448.915 1 -total 41.13% 184.628 1 Template:Reflist 35.68% 160.161 16 Template:Cite_book 18.41% 82.665 3 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Clothing worn by the Tocharians Tocharian royal family of the Kingdom of Kucha (/wiki/Kucha) (king, wearing a close-fitting, belted caftan (/wiki/Kaftan) with chequered (/wiki/Check_(pattern)) lozenge pattern, queen in a green robe, and fair-haired young princes), Kizil (/wiki/Kizil_Caves) Cave 17 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cave_of_the_Bodhisattva_Vault_(Cave_17)) . Circa 500 AD . Tocharian clothing refers to clothing (/wiki/Clothing) worn by the Tocharians (/wiki/Tocharians) . A series of murals from Kizil (/wiki/Kizil_Caves) , Kizilgaha (/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves) and Kumtura (/wiki/Kumtura_Caves) caves depicting Kuchean (/wiki/Kucha) royalties, knights, swordsmen and donors (/wiki/Donor_portrait) have provided the best source of information on Tocharian costume. Their clothes were made of colourful, richly patterned fabric; a single- or double-lapel, belted caftan (/wiki/Kaftan) was very popular. This type of clothing was referred to as East Sassanid costume ( ostsassanidischer Tracht ) by Albert von Le Coq (/wiki/Albert_von_Le_Coq) . [1] (#cite_note-1) However, Mariachiara Gasparini argued that the style was under various influences, which can not be easily categorised as being strictly " Sasanian (/wiki/Sasanian_dress) ". [2] (#cite_note-2) According to Mariachiara Gasparini: [3] (#cite_note-3) The so-called Tocharian donors portrayed in the Kucha caves wear outfits that are commonly recognized as " Iranian (/wiki/Persian_clothing) ". Nonetheless, their clothing's tailoring patterns and textiles present local adaptations of imported materials and styles, which have been often confused as "Sasanian". Except for the article on Queen Svayaṃprabhā's dress by Jorinde Ebert ("The Dress of Queen Svayamprabha from Kuča, Sasanian and Other Influences in the Robes of Royal Donors Depicted in Wall Paintings of the Tarim Basin", Riggisberger Berichte 9, 2006), who has provided some insights on the topic, to date, a systematic study on Tocharian clothing has not yet been published. The single- or double-lapel robes worn respectively by the sword-bearers and other upper-class people depicted in the caves are similar to Turkic (/wiki/Turkic_peoples) models widely used in Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) at the time. Nonetheless, the royal female and male outfits seem to be local creations. Plaid textiles (/wiki/Tartan) recovered from the Taklamakan Desert (/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert) are of similar appearance to and are made with similar weaving techniques as textiles discovered at the Celtic (/wiki/Celts) sites of Hallstatt (/wiki/Hallstatt) and Hallein (/wiki/Hallein_Salt_Mine) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Gallery [ edit ] Tocharian donors, Kizil (/wiki/Kizil_Caves) Cave 189 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cave_189_(Kizil)) King Tottika (/wiki/Tottika) of Kucha with his wife Svayaṃprabhā, accompanied by two monks, Maya Cave (group II), Kizil 205 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maya_Cave_(Cave_205)) Princes of Kucha, Cave of the Devil, Kizil 199 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cave_of_the_Devil_(Cave_199)) Sixteen swordsmen, Cave of the Sixteen Sword-Bearers, Kizil 8 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cave_of_the_Sixteen_Sword-Bearers) Tocharian prince, Maya Cave (group III), Kizil 224 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maya_Cave,_Kizil) Painters wearing the so-called "East Sassanid costume", Cave of the Painters, Kizil 207 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cave_of_the_Painters,_Kizil_Caves) One of the sword-bearers, in right-lapelled caftan, Kizil. Man with a turban, from the side wall of the main cella, Kizil. Tocharian donors, Kizilgaha Cave (/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves) 14 Tocharian donors, Kumtura Caves (/wiki/Kumtura_Caves) See also [ edit ] Byzantine dress (/wiki/Byzantine_dress) Central Asian clothing (/wiki/Central_Asian_clothing) Clothing in ancient Shu (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Shu) Parthian dress (/wiki/Parthian_dress) Saka clothing (/wiki/Saka#Clothing) Scythian clothing (/wiki/Scythian_clothing) Sogdian clothing (/wiki/Sogdia#Clothing) Uyghur clothing (/wiki/Uyghurs#Clothing) Sampul tapestry (/wiki/Sampul_tapestry) Tocharian mummies (/wiki/Tarim_mummies) Hephthalites (/wiki/Hephthalites#Origins_and_characteristics) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Le Coq, Albert von (1926). Auf Hellas Spuren in Ostturkistan (in German). Leipzig: Hinrichs. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210514085352/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-B-31/V-1/page-hr/0164.html.en) from the original on 2021-05-14 . Retrieved 2022-03-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Gasparini, Mariachiara. "A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin" (https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711) . Transcultural Studies . No 1 (2014). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.11588/ts.2014.1.12313 (https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fts.2014.1.12313) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211115084607/https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711) from the original on 15 November 2021 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : |volume= has extra text ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#extra_text_volume) ) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Gasparini, Mariachiara (4 November 2021). "Kucha and Beyond: Divine and Human Landscapes from Central Asia to the Himalayas — Tailoring Tocharian Clothing: A Structural and Textile Analysis" (https://seechac.org/kucha-and-beyond-divine-and-human-landscapes-from-central-asia-to-the-himalayas/) . seechac.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220316114308/https://seechac.org/kucha-and-beyond-divine-and-human-landscapes-from-central-asia-to-the-himalayas/) from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1999). The Mummies of Ürümchi . New York/London: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780393320190 . 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Iranian-American writer and activist For American journalist and television personality, see Hoda Kotb (/wiki/Hoda_Kotb) . This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "Hoda Katebi" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hoda+Katebi%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hoda+Katebi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hoda+Katebi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hoda+Katebi%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hoda+Katebi%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hoda+Katebi%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Hoda Katebi Born ( 1995-01-27 ) January 27, 1995 (age 29) Oklahoma City (/wiki/Oklahoma_City) , Oklahoma (/wiki/Oklahoma) , U.S. Nationality Iranian American Alma mater University of Chicago (/wiki/University_of_Chicago) Occupations Writer activist Hoda Katebi ( Persian (/wiki/Persian_language) : هدی کاتبی ) is an American writer and activist whose work focuses on garment workers' rights, labor in fashion supply chains, Muslim (/wiki/Muslim) identity, politics and clothing in Iran, and fighting surveillance programs and militarism. She is the founder of Blue Tin Production, the first apparel manufacturing worker co-operative in the United States entirely run by working-class women of color. (/wiki/Liberal_feminism) [1] (#cite_note-1) Early life [ edit ] Katebi was born and raised in Oklahoma (/wiki/Oklahoma) by her Iranian (/wiki/Iranian_peoples) immigrant parents. She has discussed the challenges she faced wearing a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) to her Oklahoma school when classmates would assault her and try to take off her scarf. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2016, she graduated from the University of Chicago (/wiki/University_of_Chicago) with a degree in Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. [3] (#cite_note-3) Politics and writing [ edit ] Katebi began her writing career in 2013 by publishing essays and fashion critiques on her own platform called JooJoo Azad, meaning "free bird" in Persian (/wiki/Persian_language) . [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Katebi's early writing discussed Muslim (/wiki/Muslims) identity, politics and fashion, garment workers (/wiki/Garment_workers) , fashion in Iran (/wiki/Iran) , and racial politics in the United States. Katebi maintained a "Boycott List" of fashion companies engaged in human rights violations. Katebi is the author of a photography book entitled Tehran Streetstyle (2016). [5] (#cite_note-5) She has published essays in Vogue.com (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) , Columbia Journalism Review (/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review) and others. [6] (#cite_note-6) Katebi is a contributing author to I Refuse to Condemn: Resisting racism in times of national security , published in 2020 by Manchester University Press (/wiki/Manchester_University_Press) . [7] (#cite_note-7) In October 2016, Katebi was arrested for protesting the annual Illinois Tactical Officers Association Conference and Weapons Expo. [8] (#cite_note-8) She has been a vocal activist against police militarization (/wiki/Militarization_of_police) and surveillance programs such as Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) and has conducted trainings on the War on Terror (/wiki/War_on_Terror) and anti-Muslim racism around the world. [9] (#cite_note-9) Katebi identifies as an abolitionist (/wiki/Abolitionist) . [10] (#cite_note-10) In February 2018, Katebi was interviewed on WGN (/wiki/WGN-TV) about her book, Tehran Streetstyle , and fashion in Iran. When the discussion turned to the question of America's military presence in the Middle East and Iran's supposed nuclear weapons (/wiki/Nuclear_weapons) , the interviewer suggested that Katebi's criticism of American imperialism did not "sound like an American." Katebi defended herself by saying "that's because I've read." [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Global book club #BecauseWeveRead [ edit ] Since its creation after the WGN interview, Katebi's radical book club #BecauseWeveRead has launched chapters around the world that host discussion sessions and mobilize communities in various social justice efforts. [13] (#cite_note-13) Katebi says the book club is working toward "doing what our institutions have systematically failed to do: educate us on reality." [14] (#cite_note-14) Topics covered through the readings include anti-Blackness, Orientalism (/wiki/Orientalism) , and capitalism, among other issues. #BecauseWeveRead also has launched 'Emergency Reads' on urgent, unfolding issues such as the Sudanese revolution (/wiki/Sudanese_revolution) in January 2019 or the Indian communications blackout and military escalation on Kashmir (/wiki/Kashmir) in October 2019. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) #Global book club #BecauseWeveRead (#Global_book_club_#BecauseWeveRead) chapters have organized community events, prison book drives, poetry slams, protests, and other events on topics related to readings. Katebi works with publishers to provide free ebooks of each reading, and ends each unit with a global conversation on YouTube Live with different guests. Past guests have included Naomi Klein (/wiki/Naomi_Klein) and Arundhati Roy (/wiki/Arundhati_Roy) . [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Katebi's #BecauseWeveRead has been featured in media outlets including Dazed Magazine (/w/index.php?title=Dazed_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) and Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) . [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Clothing co-operative and garment labor activism [ edit ] Blue Tin Production [ edit ] Katebi supports ethical fashion and advocates for the abolition of fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) . [21] (#cite_note-21) She argues that fast fashion subjects garment workers to "systemic gender-based violence" including sexual and verbal abuse by their employers as well as dangerous working conditions in sweatshops. [22] (#cite_note-:1-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) In early 2019, Katebi launched a clothing co-operative, Blue Tin Production, which is run by refugee (/wiki/Refugee) and immigrant women and promotes ethical garment production and is the first of its kind in the United States. [22] (#cite_note-:1-22) In an interview with Vogue, Katebi stated "her overall goal is to offer designers in the U.S.—and abroad—a no-brainer alternative to sweatshops (/wiki/Sweatshop) with "radical transparent production." [24] (#cite_note-24) In December 2019 Blue Tin Production published its first annual report. [25] (#cite_note-25) Katebi's activism and Blue Tin Production has garnered attention from international fashion and journalism outlets, including Vogue , The Chicago Tribune , The New York Times , The Guardian , and Medium . [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) 'Revolution-Washing' [ edit ] In 2017 Katebi coined the term 'Revolution Washing' which has since been used to describe the ways in which fast-fashion brands attempt to brand themselves as progressive to appeal to conscious consumers while using sweatshop labor. [30] (#cite_note-30) In August 2019 Katebi went on a delegation to Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) to meet with garment workers working in Nike, H&M, GAP, and other fast-fashion sweatshops. [31] (#cite_note-31) Acknowledgements and awards [ edit ] The Pioneer Award given by the Chicago Foundation for Women [32] (#cite_note-32) 20 In Their 20s by Crain's magazine [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Leaders for a New Chicago given by the Field Foundation [33] (#cite_note-33) 40 under 40 honored by the National Iranian-American Council [34] (#cite_note-34) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Hoda Katebi Is Launching a Fashion Production Co-Op for Immigrant and Refugee Women in Chicago" (https://www.vogue.com/article/hoda-katebi-fashion-production-womens-cooperative-chicago) . Vogue . January 25, 2019 . Retrieved June 26, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hoda Katebi (February 9, 2018), WGN Interview with Hoda Katebi on JooJoo Azad & Tehran Streetstyle , retrieved April 16, 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hoda Katebi Featured in Mother Jones Magazine , February 5, 2017 , retrieved November 25, 2021 ^ a b "See why @hodakatebi of JooJoo Azad & @becauseweveread is one of @crainschicago #Crain20s" (https://www.chicagobusiness.com/static/section/20-in-their-20s-2018@recipient=katebi.html) . Crain's Chicago Business . Retrieved April 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد: TEHRAN STREETSTYLE: A PROJECT OF IDENTITY AND PERSONAL NARRATIVE" (http://www.joojooazad.com/2016/01/tehran-streetstyle-project-of-identity.html) . JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد . Retrieved April 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Writer, Entrepreneur, and Activist Hoda Katebi on France's Proposed Hijab Ban" (https://www.vogue.com/article/france-hijab-ban-hoda-katebi-personal-essay) . Vogue . April 15, 2021 . Retrieved June 26, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Manchester University Press – I Refuse to Condemn" (https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526151476) . Manchester University Press . Retrieved June 26, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد: 4 Things You Need to Know about Police, Militarization, and Islamophobia" (http://www.joojooazad.com/2016/10/police-militarization-islamophobia.html) . JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد . Retrieved January 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "PRESS + EVENTS" (http://www.joojooazad.com/p/press.html) . JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Tank Magazine" (https://tankmagazine.com/?cat=issue&articleUrl=issue-81/talks/hoda-katebi/) . Tank Magazine . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Schoenberg, Nara (February 21, 2018). "WGN anchor told a Muslim blogger that she didn't 'sound like an American.' Her response went viral" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-life-muslim-blogger-viral-02212018-story.html) . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved April 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Suryajaya, Leonard. "Fashion Blogger and Activist Hoda Katebi is Changing More Than Clothes" (http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/May-2018/Hoda-Katebi/) . Chicago magazine . Retrieved April 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Because We've Read 📖 (@becauseweveread) • Instagram photos and videos" (https://www.instagram.com/becauseweveread/) . www.instagram.com . Retrieved January 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Gil, Natalie (April 7, 2018). "This Radical Book Club Has Your Summer Reading Sorted" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2018/07/205511/book-club-because-weve-read) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved January 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد: #BECAUSEWEVEREAD EMERGENCY READ: ON SUDAN" (http://www.joojooazad.com/2018/12/becauseweveread-emergency-read-on-sudan.html) . JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد . Retrieved January 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد: BECAUSEWEVEREAD x STANDWITHKASHMIR: Emergency Read on Kashmir" (http://www.joojooazad.com/2019/10/becauseweveread-x-standwithkashmir.html) . JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد . September 22, 2019 . Retrieved January 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد: #BECAUSEWEVEREAD SEPTEMBER: THE SHOCK DOCTRINE" (http://www.joojooazad.com/2018/09/becauseweveread-september-shock-doctrine.html) . JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد . Retrieved January 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد: #BECAUSEWEVEREAD FEB/MARCH: ARUNDHATI ROY ON EMPIRE & CORPORATE POWER" (http://www.joojooazad.com/2019/02/becauseweveread-arundhati-roy-empire-power.html) . JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد . Retrieved January 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Dazed (July 18, 2018). "The online book club all about real history and radical politics" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/40726/1/book-club-hoda-kotebi-because-weve-read) . Dazed . Retrieved January 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Gil, Natalie (April 7, 2018). "This Radical Book Club Has Your Summer Reading Sorted" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2018/07/205511/book-club-because-weve-read) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved January 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "BOYCOTT LIST" (http://www.joojooazad.com/p/boycott-list.html) . JOOJOO AZAD | جوجو آزاد . Retrieved April 16, 2019 . ^ a b "Hoda Katebi Is Launching a Fashion Production Co-Op for Immigrant and Refugee Women in Chicago" (https://www.vogue.com/article/hoda-katebi-fashion-production-womens-cooperative-chicago) . Vogue . January 25, 2019 . Retrieved April 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Fashion production co-op run by refugee, immigrant women to open in Chicago" (https://chicago.suntimes.com/business/blue-tin-production-refugee-immigrant-fashion-cooperative-chicago/) . Chicago Sun-Times . February 2019 . Retrieved April 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Farra, Emily (January 25, 2019). "Hoda Katebi Is Launching a Fashion Production Co-Op for Immigrant and Refugee Women in Chicago" (https://www.vogue.com/article/hoda-katebi-fashion-production-womens-cooperative-chicago) . Vogue . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "BLUE TIN PRODUCTION CO-OP on Instagram: "Though our social media might not have shown it (we've been too busy on the ground!) we just wrapped up our FIRST OFFICIAL YEAR OF…" (https://www.instagram.com/p/B6GssjnFEA_/) " (https://www.instagram.com/p/B6GssjnFEA_/) . Instagram . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Voices, 90 Days, 90 (January 25, 2019). "US's first refugee-owned sewing group launches" (https://90days90voices.com/first-of-its-kind-refugee-owned-sewing-group-launches-in-chicago-c24b0ddec54e) . 90 Days, 90 Voices . Retrieved April 16, 2019 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-27) Hawgood, Alex (March 7, 2018). "A Muslim Fashion Blogger With a Fierce Message" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/07/fashion/muslim-fashion-blogger-hoda-katebi.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved May 17, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Schoenberg, Nara (February 21, 2018). "WGN anchor told a Muslim blogger that she didn't 'sound like an American.' Her response went viral" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-life-muslim-blogger-viral-02212018-story.html) . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 17, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (February 14, 2018). " (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/feb/14/muslim-blogger-hoda-katebi-chicago-wgn-news) 'You don't sound American', TV host tells Muslim blogger from Oklahoma" (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/feb/14/muslim-blogger-hoda-katebi-chicago-wgn-news) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved May 17, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "The BoF Podcast: Iran — A Fashion Industry Operating in the Underground" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/podcasts/the-bof-podcast-iran-a-fashion-industry-operating-in-the-underground) . The Business of Fashion . January 10, 2020 . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "HODA KATEBI | هدی کاتبی on Instagram: "HI THIS IS WHERE YOUR NIKES (and underarmour, and GAP, and Levis, & others...) are made. This sweatshop. The one with the barbed wire fence…" (https://www.instagram.com/p/B5_J9ZCHhld/) " (https://www.instagram.com/p/B5_J9ZCHhld/) . Instagram . Retrieved January 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "2019 Impact Awards – Hoda Katebi" (https://www.cfw.org/2019-impact-awards/hodakatebi/) . Chicago Foundation for Women . Retrieved April 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "2020 Leaders For A New Chicago Awardees" (https://fieldfoundation.org/2020-leaders-for-a-new-chicago-awardees/) . The Field Foundation of Illinois . Retrieved June 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "40 Under 40" (https://www.niacouncil.org/40-under-40/) . NIAC . Retrieved June 28, 2021 . 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Japanese_youth_culture) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Japanese youth culture" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Japanese+youth+culture%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Japanese+youth+culture%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Japanese+youth+culture%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Japanese+youth+culture%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Japanese+youth+culture%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Japanese+youth+culture%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Japanese society hosts a number of popular youth cultures (/wiki/Youth_culture) . Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) subcultures among children and teenagers include Japanese idol (/wiki/Japanese_idol) , visual kei (/wiki/Visual_kei) , Gothic Lolita (/wiki/Gothic_Lolita) , Nagoya kei (/wiki/Nagoya_kei) and gyaru (/wiki/Gyaru) . History [ edit ] A distinct youth culture began in the mid-1980s with the style visual kei (/wiki/Visual_kei) with bands such as D'erlanger (/wiki/D%27erlanger) , X Japan (/wiki/X_Japan) and Buck-Tick (/wiki/Buck-Tick) . In the 1990s the idol began with idol group Morning Musume (/wiki/Morning_Musume) . Other cultures for youth was Nagoya kei (/wiki/Nagoya_kei) and Gothic Lolita (/wiki/Gothic_Lolita) . The youth culture in Japan began in the 1980s with cultures such as Japanese idol (/wiki/Japanese_idol) and visual kei (/wiki/Visual_kei) . Japanese idol groups such as Cute (/wiki/Cute_(Japanese_idol_group)) , Morning Musume (/wiki/Morning_Musume) and Arashi (/wiki/Arashi) began in the youth fans and teen fans. Visual kei bands such as An Cafe (/wiki/An_Cafe) , Ayabie (/wiki/Ayabie) and Lynch. (/wiki/Lynch.) began with more fans of youth and teen and girl groups AKB48 (/wiki/AKB48) and Berryz Kobo (/wiki/Berryz_Kobo) sing at more concerts in the Asia, USA and Europe. The gyaru began in the 2000s as youth culture and gyaru began in the song "Watchin' Girl" from alternative rock band Shonen Knife (/wiki/Shonen_Knife) and Gothic Lolita (/wiki/Gothic_Lolita) began as youth culture in the 1990s and in the 2000s with Japanese visual kei rock musician Mana (/wiki/Mana_(Japanese_musician)) from visual kei bands Malice Mizer (/wiki/Malice_Mizer) and Moi dix Mois (/wiki/Moi_dix_Mois) . Youth cultures [ edit ] Visual kei (/wiki/Visual_kei) Nagoya kei (/wiki/Nagoya_kei) , a subgenre of visual kei Japanese idol (/wiki/Japanese_idol) Gothic Lolita (/wiki/Gothic_Lolita) Gyaru (/wiki/Gyaru) Gyaru-oh (/wiki/Gyaru-oh) Para Para (/wiki/Para_Para) Cosplay (/wiki/Cosplay) Otaku (/wiki/Otaku) Jendāresu (/wiki/Jend%C4%81resu) References [ edit ] This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American menswear company This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Alton_Lane&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Alton+Lane&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Alton+Lane) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Alton_Lane) for suggestions. ( June 2016 ) Alton Lane is an American menswear company founded in 2009 by Colin Hunter and Peyton Jenkins, [1] (#cite_note-1) graduates of the University of Virginia (/wiki/University_of_Virginia) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Alton Lane offers modern bespoke (/wiki/Bespoke_tailoring) suits, blazers, trousers, tuxedos, and shirts. The company is headquartered in Richmond, Virginia (/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia) , [4] (#cite_note-4) and its suits are produced in Germany, Italy, and Thailand. Alton lane uses a combination of 3D body scanners (/wiki/3D_scanner) and hand measurements to produce fully custom clothing. [5] (#cite_note-5) History [ edit ] Hunter and Jenkins quit their jobs as a management consultant (/wiki/Management_consultant) and a history teacher/commercial realtor, respectively, and cashed in their life savings to fund the business. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2015, Alton Lane raised $7.5 million to fund expansion. [7] (#cite_note-7) Showrooms [ edit ] Alton Lane has showrooms in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Boston (/wiki/Boston) , [8] (#cite_note-8) Washington D.C. (/wiki/Washington_D.C.) , Richmond, Virginia (/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia) [9] (#cite_note-9) Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) , Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , and San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) , [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) with future locations being built in Nashville (/wiki/Nashville) , Savannah, Georgia (/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia) , and Charlottesville, Virginia (/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia) . Alton Lane operates on an appointment-only basis. Each client is measured using a 3D scanner. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Clients select a style and fabric for their garment, and the measurements are sent to the manufacturer in Massachusetts where the clothing is made. [14] (#cite_note-14) In approximately 4–6 weeks, the garments are delivered directly to the showroom and the client is invited back to the showroom for a personal fitting. [15] (#cite_note-15) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "STAGE TUBE: Actor Frankie Faison Chats Creative Process, Church, Theatre & More on STAY REGULAR" (http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/STAGE-TUBE-Actor-Frankie-Faison-Chats-Creative-Process-Church-Theatre-More-on-STAY-REGULAR-20151216) . Broadway World , December 16, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Shop aims to show customers a new lane" (http://richmondbizsense.com/2014/02/13/shop-aims-to-show-customers-a-new-lane/) . Michael Thompson February 13, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Kim Bhasin, "Custom Suit Startup Indochino Wants More Physical Stores" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/custom-suit-startup-indochino-wants-more-physical-stores) . Bloomberg Business , December 8, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Peter Chang headed for Scott’s Addition" (http://richmondbizsense.com/2015/05/05/peter-chang-headed-for-scotts-addition/) . Richmond Biz Sense , Michael Thompson May 5, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Chicago-based tailor embraces craft of 'fully bespoke' suits" (http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-bespoke-0426-biz-20150424-story.html) . Chicago Tribune Apr 24, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Pilkington, Taylor (February 16, 2015). "Suit Yourself" (http://www.virginialiving.com/suit-yourself/) . Virginia Living (/wiki/Virginia_Living) . Cape Fear Publishing . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Custom clothes maker pockets $7.5M in capital raise" (http://richmondbizsense.com/2015/12/09/custom-clothes-maker-pockets-7-5m-in-capital-raise/) . Richmond BizSense . Michael Thompson December 9, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Haute Spots: Shopping Boston’s Stylish Newbury Street" (http://hauteliving.com/2015/05/haute-spots-shopping-bostons-stylish-newbury-street/569646/) . Haute Living , by Kellie Speed | May 13, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Body Hug: Alton Lane takes a high-tech approach to designing the right fit for men." (http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/body-hug/Content?oid=2173425) . Style Weekly . By Ned Oliver ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Are these the best-dressed men in San Francisco?" (http://www.sfgate.com/style/article/Are-these-the-best-dressed-men-in-San-Francisco-5891929.php) By Maghan McDowell, November 14, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-11) "A Fashion Hub Emerges At Nexus Of Jackson Square, FiDi And Chinatown" (http://hoodline.com/2015/05/a-fashion-hub-emerges-at-crux-of-jackson-square-fidi-and-chinatown) . Hoodline ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Here's What It's Like To Step Into A 3-D Body Scanner For A Custom-Made Suit" (http://www.fastcompany.com/3035092/heres-what-its-like-to-step-into-a-3d-body-scanner-for-a-custom-made-suit) . Fast Company . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Alton Lane: Savile Row Comes to Connecticut Avenue" (http://www.borderstan.com/12/alton-lane-savile-row-comes-to-connecticut-avenue/) . Borderstan , December 7, 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-14) "A Fashion Hub Emerges At Nexus Of Jackson Square, FiDi And Chinatown" (http://hoodline.com/2015/05/a-fashion-hub-emerges-at-crux-of-jackson-square-fidi-and-chinatown) . Hoodline . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Alton Lane's Unique Approach To Suits & Tips On How To Look Great in One [VIDEO, EXCLUSIVE]" (http://www.enstarz.com/articles/49002/20141020/mens-fashion-tips-alton-lanes-unique-approach-to-suits-how-to-look-great-in-one-video-exclusive.htm) . By Anna Halkidis, EnStars on Oct 20, 2014 External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.altonlane.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐b7d4d997‐z7fdv Cached time: 20240701003902 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.222 seconds Real time usage: 0.323 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 566/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9613/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1547/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12749/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.139/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3531288/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 300.340 1 -total 35.74% 107.331 1 Template:Reflist 29.43% 88.375 1 Template:Cite_web 25.23% 75.764 1 Template:Orphan 24.38% 73.221 1 Template:Short_description 23.21% 69.718 1 Template:Draft_other 22.54% 67.701 1 Template:Ambox 13.36% 40.113 2 Template:Pagetype 12.07% 36.249 1 Template:Official_website 7.07% 21.248 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:42711592-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701003902 and revision id 1194629586. 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2008 play by Nora and Delia Ephron Love, Loss, and What I Wore United States national tour artwork Written by Nora (/wiki/Nora_Ephron) and Delia Ephron (/wiki/Delia_Ephron) (playwrights) Ilene Beckerman (/wiki/Ilene_Beckerman) (material) Characters 5 women Date premiered August 2, 2008 Place premiered Bridgehampton Community House (/wiki/Bridgehampton_Community_House) Original language English Genre Monologues Official site (http://www.lovelossonstage.com) Love, Loss, and What I Wore is a play written by Nora (/wiki/Nora_Ephron) and Delia Ephron (/wiki/Delia_Ephron) based on the 1995 book of the same name by Ilene Beckerman (/wiki/Ilene_Beckerman) . It is organized as a series of monologues and uses a rotating cast of five principal women. The subject matter of the monologues includes women's relationships and wardrobes and at times the interaction of the two, using the female wardrobe as a time capsule of a woman's life. The show was initially presented as a part of the 2008 summer series at Guild Hall in East Hampton, New York (/wiki/East_Hampton,_New_York) , and then as a benefit series at the DR2 Theatre in New York in early 2009. Later the same year, the show was produced Off-Broadway (/wiki/Off-Broadway) as an ongoing commercial theatrical production at the Westside Theatre (/wiki/Westside_Theatre) in New York, where it became the second-longest running show in the theatre's history. The production and its cast received positive critical attention. The production won the 2010 Drama Desk Award for Unique Theatrical Experience (/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Unique_Theatrical_Experience) as well as the 2010 Broadway.com (/wiki/Broadway.com) Audience Award for Favorite New Off-Broadway Play. The show has been produced on six continents and more than eight countries. It began a national tour in the United States in September 2011 in Chicago. It played an encore performance in Paris in January 2012. Background and development [ edit ] Nora Ephron (/wiki/Nora_Ephron) was a writer, director and producer best known for writing the screenplays of romantic comedy (/wiki/Romantic_comedy) films. She received three Academy Award (/wiki/Academy_Award) nominations for Original Screenplay (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Writing_Original_Screenplay) , for Silkwood (/wiki/Silkwood) (1983), When Harry Met Sally... (/wiki/When_Harry_Met_Sally...) (1989) and Sleepless in Seattle (/wiki/Sleepless_in_Seattle) (1993). [1] (#cite_note-Eic-1) She wrote five best-selling books [1] (#cite_note-Eic-1) and the 2002 play Imaginary Friends (/wiki/Imaginary_Friends_(play)) , which fictionalized the antagonistic relationship between Lillian Hellman (/wiki/Lillian_Hellman) and Mary McCarthy (/wiki/Mary_McCarthy_(author)) . Ephron sometimes co-authored screenplays with her sister, writer-producer Delia Ephron (/wiki/Delia_Ephron) , including You've Got Mail (/wiki/You%27ve_Got_Mail) (1998), Hanging Up (/wiki/Hanging_Up) (2000), and Bewitched (/wiki/Bewitched_(2005_film)) (2005). [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Nora Ephron wrote the introduction to Beckerman's eponymous 1995 book, which she immediately thought had dramatic possibilities. [4] (#cite_note-NEBLTMA-4) She identified with the stories in Love, Loss, and What I Wore because the book "is not about fashion; it is about what clothes really are to us, those moments when we are constantly trying to find our identity through them." [4] (#cite_note-NEBLTMA-4) Soon after its publication, Ephron gave the book to eight of her friends for Christmas. She became interested in writing her own version of the book. [4] (#cite_note-NEBLTMA-4) Once she decided to adapt Love, Loss, and What I Wore into a play, she and her sister emailed 100 women for stories. [4] (#cite_note-NEBLTMA-4) The show's monologues were sourced largely from Beckerman's book. [5] (#cite_note-KCtDJLLaWIWDtI-5) The Ephrons wove together a collection of stories adapted from the book with recollections of friends, including Rosie O'Donnell (/wiki/Rosie_O%27Donnell) . [6] (#cite_note-LLaWIW-6) [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) One of the monologues that became a highlight of the original production was based on Nora Ephron's 2006 best-seller (/wiki/New_York_Times_Non-Fiction_Bestsellers_of_2006) , I Feel Bad About My Neck (/wiki/I_Feel_Bad_About_My_Neck) . [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) Plot [ edit ] A character called "Gingy" acts as the narrator. [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) The show opens with her sketching various parts of her wardrobe that stir the most poignant memories. [6] (#cite_note-LLaWIW-6) She weaves her life story among the other tales, describing her three marriages, "motherhood and the death of a child, each turning point marked by a particular item of clothing." [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) Her life is represented beginning with experiences in a Brownies (/wiki/Brownie_(Girl_Guides)) uniform and extending through her full life. [9] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTR-9) Another character serves as the vixen, another plays a vulnerable gang member from Chicago, a third portrays a brave cancer patient, and the last serves as a mature woman pierced by vivid memories. [6] (#cite_note-LLaWIW-6) One character named Heather chooses conservative "think" shoes over high heels (/wiki/High_heels) in her youth, but at a later stage in life shows a preference for high heels. [9] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTR-9) A gang member likes insignias that are prominent on sweaters and their creator. [9] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTR-9) Among the 28 stories, other notable tales revolve around the influence of Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) ("any American woman under 40 who says she's never dressed as Madonna is either lying or Amish (/wiki/Amish) "), dressing room anxiety ("I'm an 8. I've always been an 8"), and mothers' taste in clothes ("I don't understand, you could look so good if you tried"). [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) [9] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTR-9) Three of the characters sometimes work as a trio and all characters have monologues. [10] (#cite_note-LLAWIWTMdc-10) The Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) spent a full paragraph on a vignette (/wiki/Vignette_(literature)) about two high school prom (/wiki/High_school_prom) dresses. The junior prom dress was a conservative powder blue gown to wear with a nerdy date. The senior prom dress was a sexy black mini dress (/wiki/Mini_dress) that was befitting of her more desirable date. The dresses presented an identity crisis to one character: "Here's the thing – I've never really known for sure which of those two people I am – the girl who almost doesn't get asked to the prom at all or the girl who gets to go with the really cute guy. Every time I thought I knew which one I was, I turned out to be the other. Which is one reason I think I got married, to, like, end the confusion." [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) presented three stories that it felt were particularly emotional: the first about a woman who removed miniskirts (/wiki/Miniskirt) from her college wardrobe after being raped, but continued wearing her favorite boots; another about wedding attire anxieties; and the third about the choice of adorning a newly reconstructed breast with a tattoo. [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) The same article also noted a humorous ode to black as a part of a wardrobe or in fact as a wardrobe, as one character notes: "Sometimes I buy something that isn't black, and I put it on and I am so sorry." [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) Other stories include recollections about the dress purchased for the date with a guy who subsequently married someone else; the foibles of spandex (/wiki/Spandex) bras that result in a look known as the monoboob; issues involving toe cleavage; the Juicy Couture (/wiki/Juicy_Couture) tracksuit that is a prominent staple of California wardrobes; wardrobe choice on the wrong day of the month; and the story about an incarcerated lover and the strategic hole in a certain pair of pants. [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) Production history [ edit ] Main article: Cast lists for Love, Loss, and What I Wore (/wiki/Cast_lists_for_Love,_Loss,_and_What_I_Wore) Initial benefit productions [ edit ] Love, Loss, and What I Wore was first presented on August 2, 2008 at the Bridgehampton Community House as a benefit for the renovation of the John Drew Theatre/Guild Hall in East Hampton, New York. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) The production, directed by Karen Lynn Carpenter, starred Linda Lavin (/wiki/Linda_Lavin) , Karyn Quackenbush, Leslie Kritzer (/wiki/Leslie_Kritzer) , Kathy Najimy (/wiki/Kathy_Najimy) , and Sara Chase (/wiki/Sara_Chase) . Then Daryl Roth produced the play in a Monday night series of benefit performances for 'Dress for Success', a charity organization (/wiki/Charity_organization) that serves low-income women by enabling them to afford work clothing and providing job support, [5] (#cite_note-KCtDJLLaWIWDtI-5) again under the direction of Karen Lynn Carpenter. [13] (#cite_note-CDOWaMSfLLaWIWO-13) [14] (#cite_note-LLaWIWtPAFBM-14) The set of seven Monday night readings were presented from February 2 through March 9, 2009 at the Off-off-Broadway DR2 Theatre. [15] (#cite_note-15) The first seven performances had seven different casts. [16] (#cite_note-Utywiw-16) The first cast at DR2 Theatre was Marian Seldes (/wiki/Marian_Seldes) , Joy Behar (/wiki/Joy_Behar) , Katie Finneran (/wiki/Katie_Finneran) , Heather Burns (/wiki/Heather_Burns) and Lucy DeVito (/wiki/Lucy_DeVito) . [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Other participants in the original readings included Tyne Daly (/wiki/Tyne_Daly) (who created the narrator character, Gingy, for the New York Production), [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) Rosie O'Donnell (/wiki/Rosie_O%27Donnell) , Samantha Bee (/wiki/Samantha_Bee) , Rondi Reed (/wiki/Rondi_Reed) , America Ferrera (/wiki/America_Ferrera) , Debi Mazar (/wiki/Debi_Mazar) , Marlo Thomas (/wiki/Marlo_Thomas) , Blythe Danner (/wiki/Blythe_Danner) , Christine Lahti (/wiki/Christine_Lahti) , Parker Posey (/wiki/Parker_Posey) , Julie White (/wiki/Julie_White) , Kelly Bishop (/wiki/Kelly_Bishop) , Sarah Jones (/wiki/Sarah_Jones_(stage_actress)) , Veanne Cox (/wiki/Veanne_Cox) and Kristen Wiig (/wiki/Kristen_Wiig) . [13] (#cite_note-CDOWaMSfLLaWIWO-13) Off-Broadway [ edit ] Rosie O'Donnell (/wiki/Rosie_O%27Donnell) (left in 2008) and Tyne Daly (/wiki/Tyne_Daly) (right in 2009) were nominated for 2010 Drama League Awards (/wiki/Drama_League_Award) for Distinguished Performance The play was then performed Off-Broadway, beginning on September 21, 2009, with 3 consecutive runs each lasting 4 weeks and having an entirely new 5-person cast. [13] (#cite_note-CDOWaMSfLLaWIWO-13) The production officially opened on October 1, 2009 at the Westside Theatre (/wiki/Westside_Theatre) . [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) The cast originally included Daly, O'Donnell, Bee, Katie Finneran (/wiki/Katie_Finneran) and Natasha Lyonne (/wiki/Natasha_Lyonne) . The rotating cast also included Mary Birdsong (/wiki/Mary_Birdsong) , Kristin Chenoweth (/wiki/Kristin_Chenoweth) , Lucy DeVito, Jane Lynch (/wiki/Jane_Lynch) , Rhea Perlman (/wiki/Rhea_Perlman) , Mary Louise Wilson (/wiki/Mary_Louise_Wilson) and Rita Wilson (/wiki/Rita_Wilson) . [6] (#cite_note-LLaWIW-6) Chenoweth was replaced in the last of the initial three 4-week runs by Finneran. [20] (#cite_note-20) The production benefited 'Dress for Success'. Karen Lynn Carpenter directed, with scenic design (/wiki/Scenic_design) by Jo Winiarski, costume design (/wiki/Costume_design) by Jessica Jahn, lighting design (/wiki/Lighting_design) by Jeff Croiter, sound design (/wiki/Sound_design) by Walter Trarbach and make-up (/wiki/Make-up) design by Maria Verel. [14] (#cite_note-LLaWIWtPAFBM-14) Daryl Roth was the producer and Alexander Fraser was the co-producer. [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) The production was staged with the five women seated, all dressed in black, at the lip of the stage, consulting scripts on music stands (/wiki/Music_stand) as needed. [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) Ilene Beckerman's original drawings were presented on placards, hung on clothes hangers on a clothes rack, stage right of the Gingy actress. The production continued at the Westside Theatre with an open-ended commercial run with the casting strategy of rotating 4-week casts because it enabled the production to pursue higher-caliber actors. Nora Ephron stated at one question and answer session: "We keep re-casting it so we can get really great actresses to come for four weeks. It is really hard to get really good people to work Off-Broadway for six months because it does not pay much, but you can get them for four weeks." [4] (#cite_note-NEBLTMA-4) Other well-known actresses who have performed in the Off-Broadway production include the following: Carol Kane (/wiki/Carol_Kane) , Debra Monk (/wiki/Debra_Monk) , Janeane Garofalo (/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo) , Fran Drescher (/wiki/Fran_Drescher) , Melissa Joan Hart (/wiki/Melissa_Joan_Hart) , Brooke Shields (/wiki/Brooke_Shields) , Victoria Clark (/wiki/Victoria_Clark) , Alison Fraser (/wiki/Alison_Fraser) , Tovah Feldshuh (/wiki/Tovah_Feldshuh) , Loretta Swit (/wiki/Loretta_Swit) , Mary Testa (/wiki/Mary_Testa) , Nikki Blonsky (/wiki/Nikki_Blonsky) , Donna McKechnie (/wiki/Donna_McKechnie) , B. Smith (/wiki/B._Smith) and Marla Maples (/wiki/Marla_Maples) . [21] (#cite_note-LLaWIWofficial-21) As of October 2011 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love,_Loss,_and_What_I_Wore&action=edit) , it was the second-longest running show in the history of Westside Theatre. [22] (#cite_note-LLAWIWCTYOB-22) The show won the 2010 Drama Desk Award for Unique Theatrical Experience (/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Unique_Theatrical_Experience) as well as the 2010 Broadway.com (/wiki/Broadway.com) Audience Award for Favorite New Off-Broadway Play. Daly and O'Donnell were nominated for 2010 Drama League Awards (/wiki/Drama_League_Award) for Distinguished Performance. [23] (#cite_note-LLaWIWLLF-23) Tara Rubin, Merri Sugarman, Eric Woodall, and Lauran Schtuzel were nominated for the 2010 Casting Society of America (/wiki/Casting_Society_of_America) Artios Awards for NY Off-Broadway Comedy/Musical Excellence in Casting. [23] (#cite_note-LLaWIWLLF-23) The show's 1,000th performance played on March 15, 2012. [24] (#cite_note-LLaWIWCIaW-24) The production closed on March 25, 2012 after 1,013 performances. Thirty-two rotating casts and 120 actresses participated in the production over its entire run. The final cast was Sierra Boggess (/wiki/Sierra_Boggess) , Joyce Van Patten (/wiki/Joyce_Van_Patten) , Karyn Quackenbush, Erica Watson and Ally Walker (/wiki/Ally_Walker) . [25] (#cite_note-25) The production officially opened on October 1, 2009 at the Westside Theatre (/wiki/Westside_Theatre) (top); Later productions of the show included runs at the Geffen Playhouse (/wiki/Geffen_Playhouse) (middle) and the Sydney Opera House (/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House) (bottom) US National Tour [ edit ] Carpenter directed a US national tour that began in Chicago in September 2011 with an engagement at the Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place (/wiki/Broadway_Playhouse_at_Water_Tower_Place) . [26] (#cite_note-LLaWIWWLTiC-26) Roth produced the Chicago production. [26] (#cite_note-LLaWIWWLTiC-26) The Chicago cast included Nora Dunn (/wiki/Nora_Dunn) , Felicia Fields, Roni Geva, Katie O'Brien and Barbara Robertson (/wiki/Barbara_Robertson) as Gingy. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) Although the show was originally scheduled to run through October 23, 2011, [26] (#cite_note-LLaWIWWLTiC-26) it was extended to December 4 before opening [29] (#cite_note-29) and later extended again to January 1, 2012. [30] (#cite_note-DELSeaSfOLLaWIWPtNT-30) The post-Chicago national tour performances were set to be headlined by the December 7–30 Off-Broadway cast that included Daisy Eagan (/wiki/Daisy_Eagan) , Sonia Manzano (/wiki/Sonia_Manzano) and Loretta Swit (/wiki/Loretta_Swit) . [30] (#cite_note-DELSeaSfOLLaWIWPtNT-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) Other productions [ edit ] The play was next produced at the Geffen Playhouse (/wiki/Geffen_Playhouse) in Los Angeles. [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) The Geffen production ran from May 12 through November 19, 2010, [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) breaking box office records. [22] (#cite_note-LLAWIWCTYOB-22) The Geffen casts also rotated. Actresses there included Daly, Kane, DeVito, Perlman, Nancy Travis (/wiki/Nancy_Travis) , [34] (#cite_note-34) Bonnie Franklin (/wiki/Bonnie_Franklin) , Meredith Baxter (/wiki/Meredith_Baxter) , Florence Henderson (/wiki/Florence_Henderson) , Marissa Jaret Winokur (/wiki/Marissa_Jaret_Winokur) , [35] (#cite_note-MBPCFHGTMJWSfGLLaWIW-35) María Conchita Alonso (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Conchita_Alonso) , Christine Lahti (/wiki/Christine_Lahti) , [36] (#cite_note-36) Jenny O'Hara (/wiki/Jenny_O%27Hara) , Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) , [37] (#cite_note-TGSTLMPMRSStBFLLaWIWCaGP-37) Harriet Harris (/wiki/Harriet_Harris) , Teri Garr (/wiki/Teri_Garr) , Mimi Rogers (/wiki/Mimi_Rogers) and Sally Struthers (/wiki/Sally_Struthers) . [37] (#cite_note-TGSTLMPMRSStBFLLaWIWCaGP-37) Most of the initial Geffen cast had performed in the Off-Broadway run. [9] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTR-9) At the Geffen Playhouse, the show was directed by Jenny Sullivan (/wiki/Jenny_Sullivan) . Kane played "Gingy" when it debuted in Los Angeles. [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) By the end of 2010, the play had been staged in New York, Los Angeles, Toronto and Buenos Aires, and numerous other productions around the world have run since then. [14] (#cite_note-LLaWIWtPAFBM-14) [22] (#cite_note-LLAWIWCTYOB-22) Carpenter directed the international production that has run in many countries. [14] (#cite_note-LLaWIWtPAFBM-14) The Toronto production ran from July 16 to October 2, 2010 at the Panasonic Theater. [38] (#cite_note-38) The play was presented in Sydney from January 3 through January 30, 2011 at the Sydney Opera House (/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House) with an opening cast of Natalie Bassingthwaighte (/wiki/Natalie_Bassingthwaighte) , Judi Farr (/wiki/Judi_Farr) , Amanda Muggleton (/wiki/Amanda_Muggleton) , Magda Szubanski (/wiki/Magda_Szubanski) and Mirrah Foulkes (/wiki/Mirrah_Foulkes) , under the direction of Wayne Harrison (/wiki/Wayne_Harrison_(director)) , with some minor modifications to localize some of the Americanisms. [39] (#cite_note-39) In South Africa, the show was performed from April 8 through June 12, 2011 at Studio Theatre, Montecasino near Johannesburg (/wiki/Johannesburg) and at the Theatre on the Bay in Cape Town (/wiki/Cape_Town) from June 15 through July 2 under the direction of Moira Blumenthal. [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) It made its Asian premiere in Manila from July 14 through July 17, 2011 at RCBC Plaza (/wiki/RCBC_Plaza) with a cast that included Bituin Escalante (/wiki/Bituin_Escalante) ; the production was directed by Michael Williams and Azanza-Dy. [42] (#cite_note-42) Themes [ edit ] The show, with a running time of about 90 minutes, [6] (#cite_note-LLaWIW-6) consists of 28 different stories that seek to illuminate the female identity. [9] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTR-9) Generally consisting of humorous incidents, the show often addresses sad, bitter or sentimental issues. [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) [43] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTO-43) Beckerman's memoir takes as its departure the clothing worn at pivotal times of her life and serves as the play's. The Ephrons augmented this with a collection of similarly themed stories presented by four additional characters. [6] (#cite_note-LLaWIW-6) [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) The show is staged in an "unapologetically low-tech" manner, [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) using clothing as a metaphor for women's experiences. [6] (#cite_note-LLaWIW-6) In addition to clothing, accessories such as a purse (/wiki/Handbag) are important, and Charles Isherwood (/wiki/Charles_Isherwood) of The New York Times noted that when Nora Ephron viewed a purse: "In the chaos of its interior she sees a symbol of herself, as in a dark mirror smudged with old lipstick and smelling of spilled perfume." [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) The show consists of five women's monologues about wardrobe malfunctions (/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction) , puberty (/wiki/Puberty) 's relationship with personal wardrobe, first date outfits, lucky underwear, prom (/wiki/Prom) dresses, favorite boots, irreplaceable shirts, the detested, disorganized purse, and experiences in the dressing room. The recollections about the clothing prompt the women's memories about their mothers, boyfriends, husbands, ex-husbands, sisters and grandchildren. [6] (#cite_note-LLaWIW-6) [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) Critical reaction [ edit ] Broadway.com (/wiki/Broadway.com) described the original benefit series as "intimate and starry". [44] (#cite_note-44) New York Times reviewer Isherwood described the Off-Broadway play as a "show about matters of the heart and matters of the closet". [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) In Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) , Marilyn Stasio (/wiki/Marilyn_Stasio) called it "a bittersweet meditation on the joys and tribulations of women's lives, reflected through the prism of their clothes." [6] (#cite_note-LLaWIW-6) In Bloomberg News (/wiki/Bloomberg_News) , the critics commented that the playwrights were "literary alchemists expert at mixing the sentimental and the satirical and turning out something poignant" and noted that the clothing and accessories dominated the memories while the "men are extras." [45] (#cite_note-45) The Los Angeles Times described the show as a cross between The Vagina Monologues (/wiki/The_Vagina_Monologues) and What Not to Wear (/wiki/What_Not_to_Wear_(UK_TV_series)) . [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) Helen Shaw, writing for Time Out (/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)) , also described the Ephrons' style as similar to The Vagina Monologue s' Eve Ensler (/wiki/Eve_Ensler) . [43] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTO-43) Jay Reiner of The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) noted that from the work "a tapestry of the collective female psyche emerges that is tender and insightful without being sentimental." [9] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTR-9) A highlight from Ephron's book that was consistently praised was O'Donnell's portrayal the purse in the scene "I Hate My Purse!". [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) [9] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTR-9) While Reiner said, "There's an amusing 'I hate my purse' segment," [9] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTR-9) Isherwood noted that the "smartest and shapeliest piece of writing in the show is that acerbic essay by Nora Ephron about her troublesome relationship with purses... Entrusted to Ms. O'Donnell, who does it proud, the essay is a defiant denunciation of the tyranny of the pocketbook, a 'j'accuse' for the era of the 'it' bag." [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) Shaw described O'Donnell's purse performance as an aria (/wiki/Aria) , [43] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTO-43) and Jerry Tallmer of The Villager called it "one of the pillars of the show." [16] (#cite_note-Utywiw-16) This scene is sometimes performed alone outside of the theater. [46] (#cite_note-46) Isherwood has noted that this serves a female audience. "If there are chick flicks and chick lit – derogatory though some might find those terms to be – Love, Loss, and What I Wore should clearly be classified as chick legit... for the women who can share deeply in the particulars of experience dissected and discussed." [8] (#cite_note-SA-8) The Los Angeles Times notes the light nature of the subject matter: "... isn't out to reclaim female sexuality from centuries of oppression; it wittily celebrates wardrobe malfunctions..." [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) According to Reiner, the show points out that "... if there is one thing the females of the species have in common, it's a deep and abiding love/hate relationship with their wardrobe... this wonderfully witty show illustrates, what one wears to the party is sometimes more memorable than the party itself." He also notes that the entire performance has meaning as it is "jam-packed and resonant" throughout. [9] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTR-9) Shaw notes that "The cozy humor strikes many women's funnybones with a mighty whack, perhaps because it reaffirms so perfectly their own preoccupations." [43] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTO-43) Certain monologues on subjects such as weight, status bags and high heels did not achieve their full potential according to The Los Angeles Times reviewer. [7] (#cite_note-TR-7) Time Out magazine described certain lines as oversalted, but forgivably so. [43] (#cite_note-LLaWIWTO-43) Major awards and nominations [ edit ] Off-Broadway and Los Angeles production artwork The original Off-Broadway production earned several recognitions: Award Outcome 2010 Drama Desk Awards (/wiki/Drama_Desk_Awards) [47] (#cite_note-47) Unique Theatrical Experience Won 2010 Drama League Awards (/wiki/Drama_League_Award) [48] (#cite_note-48) Distinguished Performance: Tyne Daly Nominated Distinguished Performance: Rosie O'Donnell Nominated At the November 2009 Casting Society of America Artios Awards, the Ephrons earned the New York Big Apple Award. [49] (#cite_note-49) Notes [ edit ] ^ a b Brockes, Emma (March 3, 2007). "Everything is copy" (https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/mar/03/fiction) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved August 13, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hal Erickson (/wiki/Hal_Erickson_(author)) (2011). "Nora Ephron" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110306154551/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/530551/Nora-Ephron/biography) . Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived from the original (https://movies.nytimes.com/person/530551/Nora-Ephron/biography) on March 6, 2011 . Retrieved October 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Delia Ephron" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091005074821/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/167232/Delia-Ephron) . Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . 2009. Archived from the original (https://movies.nytimes.com/person/167232/Delia-Ephron) on October 5, 2009 . Retrieved October 23, 2011 . ^ a b c d e Harrington, Douglas (December 21, 2009). "Nora Ephron Brings Laughs To Madison Avenue" (http://www.hamptons.com/Out-And-About/Top-Stories/9633/Nora-Ephron-Brings-Laughs-To-Madison-Avenue.html) . Hamptons (/wiki/Hamptons_(magazine)) . Retrieved August 12, 2011 . ^ a b Lipton, Brian Scott (November 18, 2009). "Kristin Chenoweth to Delay Joining Love, Loss, and What I Wore Due to Illness" (http://www.theatermania.com/off-broadway/news/11-2009/kristin-chenoweth-to-delay-joining-love-loss-and-w_19814.html) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Stasio, Marilyn (October 1, 2009). "Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117941288?refcatid=33) . Variety . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Stoudt, Charlotte (May 14, 2010). "Theater review: 'Love, Loss, and What I Wore' at the Geffen Playhouse" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/05/theater-review-love-loss-and-what-i-wore-at-the-geffen-playhouse.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Isherwood, Charles (October 2, 2009). "Spandex Agonistes: Why Don't You Try It On?" (http://theater.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/theater/reviews/02love.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Reiner, Jay (October 15, 2010). "Love, Loss, and What I Wore – Theater Review" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/love-loss-and-what-i-29593) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-LLAWIWTMdc_10-0) MacDonald, Sandy (October 2, 2009). "Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (http://www.theatermania.com/off-broadway/news/10-2009/love-loss-and-what-i-wore_21583.html) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Gans, Andrew (July 17, 2008). "Lavin and Najimy to Star in Reading of Nora and Delia Ephron's Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121021234327/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/119579-Lavin-and-Najimy-to-Star-in-Reading-of-Nora-and-Delia-Ephrons-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore) . Playbill (/wiki/Playbill) . Archived from the original (http://www.playbill.com/news/article/119579-Lavin-and-Najimy-to-Star-in-Reading-of-Nora-and-Delia-Ephrons-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore) on October 21, 2012 . Retrieved August 12, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Guild Hall Summer 2008 Tickets and Information" (http://www.theatermania.com/long-island/shows/guild-hall-summer-2008_144254/) . TheaterMania.com, Inc. 2008 . Retrieved August 12, 2011 . ^ a b c Hetrick, Adam (June 24, 2009). "Chenoweth, Daly, O'Donnell, Wilson and More Set for Love, Loss, and What I Wore Off-Broadway" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121020221701/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/130529-Chenoweth-Daly-ODonnell-Wilson-and-More-Set-for-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Off-Broadway) . Playbill . Archived from the original (http://www.playbill.com/news/article/130529-Chenoweth-Daly-ODonnell-Wilson-and-More-Set-for-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Off-Broadway) on October 20, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ a b c d Gans, Andrew and Adam Hetrick (December 23, 2010). "Love, Loss, and What I Wore to Play Australia, France, Brazil, Mexico" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101225025633/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/146087-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-to-Play-Australia-France-Brazil-Mexico) . Playbill (/wiki/Playbill) . Archived from the original (http://www.playbill.com/news/article/146087-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-to-Play-Australia-France-Brazil-Mexico) on December 25, 2010 . Retrieved July 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (http://theater.nytimes.com/show/23125/Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore/overview) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved August 21, 2011 . ^ a b Tallmer, Jerry (November 4, 2011). "Universal truths yield 'weirdly interactive' work: Sisterly collaboration combines book content, e-mail recollections" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120805194952/http://www.thevillager.com/villager_340/universaltruths.html) . The Villager (/wiki/The_Villager_(Manhattan)) . Archived from the original (http://www.thevillager.com/villager_340/universaltruths.html) on August 5, 2012 . Retrieved August 12, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Gans, Andrew (February 2, 2009). "Love, Loss, and What I Wore Reading, with Seldes, Behar, Finneran, Presented Feb. 2" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100905160430/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/125816-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Reading-with-Seldes-Behar-Finneran-Presented-Feb-2) . Playbill . Archived from the original (http://www.playbill.com/news/article/125816-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Reading-with-Seldes-Behar-Finneran-Presented-Feb-2) on September 5, 2010 . Retrieved August 12, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Gans, Andrew (March 2, 2009). "Love, Loss, and What I Wore Reading, with Danner, Baranski, White, Posey, Presented March 2" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121021234635/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/126776-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Reading-with-Danner-Baranski-White-Posey-Presented-March-2) . Playbill . Archived from the original (http://www.playbill.com/news/article/126776-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Reading-with-Danner-Baranski-White-Posey-Presented-March-2) on October 21, 2012 . Retrieved August 12, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Gans, Andrew (March 9, 2009). "Love, Loss, and What I Wore Reading, with Bishop, Essman, Wiig, Jones, Presented March 9" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121021234457/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/127014-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Reading-with-Bishop-Essman-Wiig-Jones-Presented-March-9) . Playbill . Archived from the original (http://www.playbill.com/news/article/127014-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Reading-with-Bishop-Essman-Wiig-Jones-Presented-March-9) on October 21, 2012 . Retrieved August 12, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Itkzoff, Dave (November 18, 2009). "Katie Finneran Will Fill In for Kristin Chenoweth in 'Love, Loss' (http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/18/katie-finneran-will-fill-in-for-kristin-chenoweth-in-love-loss/) " (http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/18/katie-finneran-will-fill-in-for-kristin-chenoweth-in-love-loss/) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-LLaWIWofficial_21-0) "Cast Schedule" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110807235306/http://www.lovelossonstage.com/) . Love, Loss, and What I Wore. Archived from the original (http://www.lovelossonstage.com/) on August 7, 2011 . Retrieved August 5, 2011 . ^ a b c "Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (https://archive.today/20130118115244/http://philippines.broadwayworld.com/regional/LoveLoss-And-What-I-Wore--21377/) . Broadwayworld.com. Archived from the original (http://philippines.broadwayworld.com/regional/LoveLoss-And-What-I-Wore--21377/) on January 18, 2013 . Retrieved June 27, 2012 . ^ a b "Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120729052159/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=5377) . Internet Off-broadway database . Lucille Lortel Foundation. Archived from the original (http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=5377) on July 29, 2012 . Retrieved July 15, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-LLaWIWCIaW_24-0) "Love, Loss, and What I Wore Calls It a Wrap" (https://archive.today/20130209185621/http://www.womanaroundtown.com/sections/playing-around/love-loss-and-what-i-wore-calls-it-a-wrap) . Women Around Town . February 17, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.womanaroundtown.com/sections/playing-around/love-loss-and-what-i-wore-calls-it-a-wrap) on February 9, 2013 . Retrieved March 1, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Hetrick, Adam (March 25, 2012). "Love, Loss, and What I Wore Folds Its Tale Off-Broadway March 25" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120326163653/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/161052-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Folds-Its-Tale-Off-Broadway-March-25) . Playbill.com. Archived from the original (http://www.playbill.com/news/article/161052-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Folds-Its-Tale-Off-Broadway-March-25) on March 26, 2012 . Retrieved June 27, 2012 . ^ a b c Hetrick, Adam (March 16, 2011). "Love, Loss, and What I Wore Will Launch Tour in Chicago" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121020222029/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/148853-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Will-Launch-Tour-in-Chicago) . Playbill . Archived from the original (http://www.playbill.com/news/article/148853-Love-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-Will-Launch-Tour-in-Chicago) on October 20, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Weiss, Hedy (September 19, 2011). "Great premise squandered in 'Love, Loss, and What I Wore' (http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/7735855-452/great-premise-squandered-in-love-loss-and-what-i-wore.html) " (http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/7735855-452/great-premise-squandered-in-love-loss-and-what-i-wore.html) . Chicago Sun-Times (/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times) . Retrieved September 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Jones, Chris (September 20, 2011). "Trying on 'Love, Loss' for size at the Broadway Playhouse" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-09-20/entertainment/ct-ent-0920-love-loss-review-20110920_1_karen-carpenter-life-events-delia-ephron) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Retrieved September 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Bacalzo, Dan (August 30, 2011). "Taylor Miller, Loretta Swit to Join Chicago's Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (http://www.theatermania.com/chicago/news/08-2011/taylor-miller-loretta-swit-to-join-chicagos-love-l_40325.html) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved September 23, 2011 . ^ a b Propst, Andy (November 30, 2011). "Daisy Eagan, Loretta Swit, et al. Set for Off-Broadway's Love, Loss, and What I Wore Prior to National Tour" (http://www.theatermania.com/detroit/news/11-2011/daisy-eagan-loretta-swit-et-al-set-for-off-broadwa_45702.html) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Bacalzo, Dan (December 16, 2011). "Veanne Cox, Nancy Dussault, Lillias White Set for Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (http://www.theatermania.com/off-broadway/news/12-2011/veanne-cox-nancy-dussault-lillias-white-set-for-lo_46835.html) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (http://www.geffenplayhouse.com/more_info.php?show_id=3) . Geffen Playhouse (/wiki/Geffen_Playhouse) . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Love, Loss, and What I Wore Tickets and Information" (http://www.theatermania.com/los-angeles/shows/love-loss-and-what-i-wore_167688/) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Propst, Andy (June 15, 2010). "Tyne Daly, Bonnie Franklin, Justina Machado, Rhea Perlman, et al. Now Set for Love, Loss and What I Wore at Geffen" (http://www.theatermania.com/los-angeles/news/06-2010/tyne-daly-bonnie-franklin-justina-machado-rhea-per_27885.html) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-MBPCFHGTMJWSfGLLaWIW_35-0) Bacalzo, Dan (July 30, 2010). "Meredith Baxter, Paula Christensen, Florence Henderson, Gina Torres, Marissa Jaret Winokur Set for Geffen's Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (http://www.theatermania.com/los-angeles/news/07-2010/meredith-baxter-paula-christensen-florence-henders_28968.html) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Bacalzo, Dan (August 25, 2010). "Maria Conchita Alonso, Jami Gertz, Harriet Harris, Christine Lahti, Jenny O'Hara Set for LA Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (http://www.theatermania.com/los-angeles/news/08-2010/maria-conchita-alonso-jami-gertz-harriet-harris-ch_29960.html) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ a b Bacalzo, Dan (October 19, 2010). "Teri Garr, Sandra Tsing Loh, Marianna Palka, Mimi Rogers, Sally Struthers to Be Final Love, Loss and What I Wore Cast at Geffen Playhouse" (http://www.theatermania.com/los-angeles/news/10-2010/terri-garr-sandra-tsing-loh-marianna-palka-mimi-ro_31428.html) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Love, Loss, and What I Wore Tickets and Information" (http://www.theatermania.com/canada/shows/love-loss-and-what-i-wore_168753/) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Simmonds, Diana (January 6, 2011). "Love, Loss, and What I Wore" (https://archive.today/20120911185855/http://www.stagenoise.com/reviewsdisplay.php?id=499) . stagenoise.com. Archived from the original (http://www.stagenoise.com/reviewsdisplay.php?id=499) on September 11, 2012 . Retrieved October 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Love, Loss and What I Wore" (http://www.expressoshow.com/articles/What-is-on---Love,-Loss-and-What-I-Wore-?articleID=1375) . Expresso. June 20, 2011 . Retrieved October 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Love, Loss and What I Wore" (http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=26634) . Artslink.co.za. March 7, 2011 . Retrieved October 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Santos, Aileen (14 July 2011). "Asian Premiere of "Love, Loss, and What I Wore"Runs at the RCBC Plaza Until July 17" (http://www.wheninmanila.com/asian-premiere-of-love-loss-and-what-i-wore/) . wheninmanila.com . Retrieved October 23, 2011 . ^ a b c d e Shaw, Helen (October 5, 2009). "Love, Loss and What I Wore" (http://newyork.timeout.com/arts-culture/theater/51463/love-loss-and-what-i-wore) . Time Out (/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)) . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Love, Loss, and What I Wore to Play Off-Broadway's Westside Theatre" (http://www.broadway.com/shows/love-loss-and-what-i-wore/buzz/131990/love-loss-and-what-i-wore-to-play-off-broadways-westside-theatre/) . Broadway.com. June 24, 2009 . Retrieved August 12, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) John Simon and Jeremy Gerard (October 3, 2009). "Letts's 'Donuts' Is Splendid; Ephrons Cast Spell: N.Y. Theater" (https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=azQrlpnof5uE) . Bloomberg News (/wiki/Bloomberg_News) . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Bacalzo, Dan (April 29, 2010). "Joanna Gleason, Jill Zarin Set for New York Bag Ladies Luncheon" (http://www.theatermania.com/off-broadway/news/04-2010/joanna-gleason-jill-zarin-set-for-new-york-bag-lad_27007.html) . TheaterMania.com, Inc . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Gans, Andrew (May 3, 2010). "Drama Desk Award Nominations Announced; Ragtime and Scottsboro Top List" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100506054651/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/139212-Drama-Desk-Award-Nominations-Announced-Ragtime-and-Scottsboro-Top-List) . Playbill . Archived from the original (http://www.playbill.com/news/article/139212-Drama-Desk-Award-Nominations-Announced-Ragtime-and-Scottsboro-Top-List) on May 6, 2010 . Retrieved June 13, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Gans, Andrew (May 21, 2010). "Sondheim, Red, Bridge, La Cage and Molina Win Drama League Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100726021342/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/139723-Sondheim-Red-Bridge-La-Cage-and-Molina-Win-Drama-League-Awards) . Playbill . Archived from the original (http://www.playbill.com/news/article/139723-Sondheim-Red-Bridge-La-Cage-and-Molina-Win-Drama-League-Awards) on July 26, 2010 . 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(/wiki/When_Harry_Met_Sally...) (1989) Cookie (/wiki/Cookie_(film)) (1989) My Blue Heaven (/wiki/My_Blue_Heaven_(1990_American_film)) (1990) Hanging Up (/wiki/Hanging_Up) (2000) Plays Imaginary Friends (/wiki/Imaginary_Friends_(play)) (2002) Love, Loss, and What I Wore (2008) Lucky Guy (/wiki/Lucky_Guy_(play)) (2013) Books Wallflower at the Orgy (1970) Crazy Salad (1975) Scribble, Scribble (1978) Heartburn (/wiki/Heartburn_(novel)) (1983) I Feel Bad About My Neck (/wiki/I_Feel_Bad_About_My_Neck) (2006) I Remember Nothing (/w/index.php?title=I_Remember_Nothing_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1) (2010) Essays " A Few Words About Breasts (/wiki/A_Few_Words_About_Breasts) " (1972) "The Boston Photographs" (1975) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐d9hks Cached time: 20240712171835 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.693 seconds Real time usage: 0.881 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3868/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 129869/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2605/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 216919/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.394/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6098635/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 748.008 1 -total 50.98% 381.314 1 Template:Reflist 44.20% 330.653 48 Template:Cite_web 10.82% 80.957 1 Template:DramaDesk_UniqueTheatricalExperience_2001–2025 10.82% 80.910 2 Template:Navbox 9.70% 72.561 1 Template:Short_description 6.01% 44.931 8 Template:Main_other 5.87% 43.878 1 Template:Infobox_play 5.83% 43.601 2 Template:Pagetype 5.38% 40.226 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31554431-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712171835 and revision id 1227936482. 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IRFĒ Industry Fashion Founded 1924 ; 100 years ago ( 1924 ) Founder Felix Yussoupov (/wiki/Felix_Yussoupov) , Irina Romanova (/wiki/Princess_Irina_Alexandrovna_of_Russia) Headquarters 4 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, Paris , France Key people Olga Sorokina (/wiki/Olga_Sorokina) Products Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) , accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Website www (http://www.irfe.com) .irfe (http://www.irfe.com) .com (http://www.irfe.com) IRFĒ is a French fashion house from the beginning of the 20th century. The name comes from the first letters of the founders - Felix Yussoupov (/wiki/Felix_Yussoupov) and Irina Romanova (/wiki/Princess_Irina_Alexandrovna_of_Russia) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) History [ edit ] Husband and wife Felix Yussoupov and Irina Romanova, co-founders This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/IRF%C4%92) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( April 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Founded in Paris in 1924, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) IRFĒ occupied the entire ground floor, and later the first floor, of a house located at 10 rue Duphot. Almost the entire staff consisted of a couple of friends of the Yussoupov and other Russian immigrants. As models, there were not only girls especially hired for this purpose, but also Irina Alexandrovna with some of her friends. The presentation of the first collection was held at the Hôtel Ritz (/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Ritz_Paris) on Place Vendôme (/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me) and impressed the high society of Paris. Over the first weeks after the opening, Maison IRFĒ rapidly gained famed, mainly due to the public interest of Felix Yussoupov and rumors concerning his person. In his memoirs, he mentions that the client "came out of curiosity and for the excitement". Another requested a tea from a samovar (/wiki/Samovar) and one American lady wanted to see "the Prince, which is rumored to have phosphorescent eyes, like a predator!" This first successful business experience encouraged Felix Yussoupov to open a porcelain shop, together with Baron Edmond de Zyuilanom, in 1925 on rue Richepanse, nearby Maison IRFĒ. Later, the prince took part in decorating the Parisian restaurant Maisonette on rue du Mont-Thabor, in a "Russian style", and opened the restaurant Lido; the maker of the interiors was painter Shukhaiev. In 1925, Maison IRFĒ opened a first branch in Le Touquet (/wiki/Le_Touquet) , where Irina Alexandrovna's cousin – Prince Gabriel Constantinovich (/wiki/Prince_Gabriel_Constantinovich_of_Russia) and his wife, Antonina Rafailovna Nesterovskaya, former ballerina of the Imperial Ballet (/wiki/Imperial_Ballet) – took care of the business. Then, it subsequently opened two more branches in London on Berkeley Street (/wiki/Berkeley_Street) , under the leadership of a certain Mrs Ensil and in Berlin, in a house on Parizerplatts Radziwill. In 1926, IRFĒ launched its own perfume line. It was limited and conceived in four flavors: Blonde for blondes, Brunette for brunettes, Titiane for red-haired women and Grey Silver for women of an elegant age. In 1931, Maison IRFĒ and all its branches closed down for economic reasons. The perfume venture remained for a few years longer in the atelier. Present day [ edit ] After a 90-year break, IRFĒ fashion house was restored [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) to life by its new owner Olga Sorokina (/wiki/Olga_Sorokina) . The latter had read the book Beauty in Exile about artists who had fled the Russian Revolution (/wiki/Russian_Revolution) , and then arranged a meeting with the granddaughter of the founders to talk about reviving the brand. [3] (#cite_note-3) Maison IRFĒ's design studio and headquarters are currently located in Paris on rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré. The House offers high-end ready-to-wear clothing garments and accessories, made in French and Italian ateliers. Maison IRFĒ made its debut fashion show during Paris Fashion Week in September 2013, also as this year celebrates the 400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Suzy Menkes (/wiki/Suzy_Menkes) (2008-07-01). "Russian revival at Irfe" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/01/style/01iht-rirfe.html?_r=2&) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 2013-11-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Fashion Scoops: Right Royal Gems... Russian Fever... Winning Wool Designer" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/fashion-scoops-right-royal-gems-russian-fever-winning-wool-designer-1611180) . Women’s Wear Daily. 2008-07-07 . Retrieved 2013-11-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Paris Fashion Week spring/summer 2014 blog: days one to five - Telegraph" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10343894/Paris-Fashion-Week-springsummer-2014-blog-days-one-to-five.html) . fashion.telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2022-07-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Lauren Milligan (2013-09-19). "Couture House Maison Irfé Relaunched" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2013/09/19/maison-irfe-couture-house-relaunched-olga-sorokina) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2013-11-18 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.irfe.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐56c6548766‐rzrml Cached time: 20240708135707 Cache expiry: 2023374 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.269 seconds Real time usage: 0.459 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1499/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21657/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1190/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18961/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.169/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4219785/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 326.425 1 -total 43.83% 143.067 1 Template:Infobox_company 40.35% 131.725 1 Template:Infobox 34.98% 114.184 1 Template:Reflist 30.37% 99.143 4 Template:Cite_web 18.22% 59.486 1 Template:Unreferenced_section 16.72% 54.585 1 Template:Unreferenced 15.88% 51.848 1 Template:Ambox 3.30% 10.784 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 3.07% 10.037 1 Template:URL Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41238737-0!canonical and timestamp 20240708135707 and revision id 1233326496. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IRFĒ&oldid=1233326496 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IRFĒ&oldid=1233326496) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies of France (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_France) Haute couture (/wiki/Category:Haute_couture) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) French brands (/wiki/Category:French_brands) Companies based in Paris (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Paris) Clothing companies established in 1924 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1924) French companies established in 1924 (/wiki/Category:French_companies_established_in_1924) Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from April 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2020) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
Chinese beauty influencer For other people with the same name, see Li Jiaqi (disambiguation) (/wiki/Li_Jiaqi_(disambiguation)) . Li Jiaqi Li Jiaqi in 2020 Born Li Jiaqi ( 1992-06-07 ) June 7, 1992 (age 32) Li Jiaqi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 李佳琦 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Lǐ Jiāqí ; born 7 June 1992), [1] (#cite_note-Xinhua2020-1) also known by his English name, Austin Li , is a Chinese streamer (/wiki/Online_streamer) , social media influencer, and entrepreneur focusing on beauty and cosmetics. He is often referred to as the "Lipstick King" ( Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 口红一哥 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Kǒuhóng yīgē ). [2] (#cite_note-BI2021b-2) Li is known for the large volume of sales his streams generate. Early life and education [ edit ] Li was born in Yueyang (/wiki/Yueyang) , Hunan province. [3] (#cite_note-3) Li attended Nanchang University (/wiki/Nanchang_University) , studying dance, but left before earning his degree. [4] (#cite_note-LHZB-4) Career [ edit ] Li began his career as a L’Oréal (/wiki/L%E2%80%99Or%C3%A9al) shop assistant in Nanchang (/wiki/Nanchang) , Jiangxi province. [5] (#cite_note-BI2021a-5) [6] (#cite_note-SCMP2020-6) Li began streaming on Taobao (/wiki/Taobao) in 2017, [6] (#cite_note-SCMP2020-6) and by the end of the year had earned an estimated $1.53 million. [7] (#cite_note-CD2018-7) Li gained fame for his marathon streams, wherein he would apply several hundred different brands of lipstick to his lips over the course of several hours. [7] (#cite_note-CD2018-7) (As of 2018, Li holds the Guinness World Record (/wiki/Guinness_World_Record) for most lipstick applications within 30 seconds — four.) [8] (#cite_note-8) On Singles' Day (/wiki/Singles%27_Day) in 2021, Li's 12-hour livestream on Taobao generated $1.7 billion in collective sales. [2] (#cite_note-BI2021b-2) During one livestream, he sold 15,000 lipsticks in the space of five minutes in a competition against Alibaba (/wiki/Alibaba_Group) CEO Jack Ma (/wiki/Jack_Ma) . [5] (#cite_note-BI2021a-5) Li's streams are noted for his florid descriptions of products and his colorful wording and catchphrases. He states his time at the L'Oréal shop allowed him to hone his ability to describe beauty products, and is noted for using terminology like "a colour that is tender like water" and "crystal-like stars". [6] (#cite_note-SCMP2020-6) A signature catchphrase of his is "OMG sisters, buy this!" ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : OMG姐妹们买它 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : OMG jiěmèimen mǎi tā! ) for products he is particularly fond of. [9] (#cite_note-Jiemian-9) [5] (#cite_note-BI2021a-5) By March 2021, he had over 35 million followers on TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) and seven million on Sina Weibo (/wiki/Sina_Weibo) , earning an estimated $10–20 million per month. [5] (#cite_note-BI2021a-5) By June 2022, he had 170 million followers. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) He was listed on the 2021 Time 100 Next (/wiki/Time_100_Next) list by American magazine Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . [11] (#cite_note-11) During a livestream on 3 June 2022, Li presented an ice cream cake (/wiki/Ice_cream_cake) that resembled a tank (/wiki/Tank) on air, and the show abruptly went offline, prompting speculation from viewers and fans. The prevailing explanation on Chinese social media, echoed in The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) , was that the tank-like cake was considered reminiscent of Tank Man (/wiki/Tank_Man) , a figure from the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre (/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre) of 4 June 1989 subject to censorship in China (/wiki/Censorship_in_China) . Li stated on Weibo that the stream had ended due to a technical glitch. His next scheduled livestream was not aired. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) Bloomberg News (/wiki/Bloomberg_News) noted that Li had refrained from livestream on 4 June in previous years, seemingly to avoid offending censors. [12] (#cite_note-12) Following the incident, queries for Li's name on e-commerce sites and search engines return blank results. [13] (#cite_note-13) The BBC reported on the incident that many of Li Jiaqi's fans did not understand why his stream cut off when the tank ice cream appeared as they lacked awareness of the Tiananmen Square events and were subsequently making queries on social media to try to understand. Sina Tech quoted some relevant persons that products on Taobao associated with Li Jiaqi had been adjusted by the host and sellers without input from Taobao. [14] (#cite_note-14) On September 20, Li resumed his livestreaming on Taobao. [15] (#cite_note-15) Personal life [ edit ] Li is known to keep details of his personal life to himself. [5] (#cite_note-BI2021a-5) Li has not expressed any political views. [16] (#cite_note-16) Li has five Bichons Frisés (/wiki/Bichon_Fris%C3%A9) , who are also managed under the pet lifestyle brand Never's Family. [17] (#cite_note-SCMP21-17) Li lives in Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) . In 2020, he obtained a Shanghai hukou (/wiki/Hukou) under a city government program designed to attract skilled residents. [18] (#cite_note-Chen-18) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Xinhua2020_1-0) "李佳琦的下半场" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211217234456/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fashion/2020-07/06/c_1126197402.htm) . Xinhua . 7 June 2020. Archived from the original (http://www.xinhuanet.com/fashion/2020-07/06/c_1126197402.htm) on 17 December 2021 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tan, Huileng. "China's Lipstick King sold an astonishing $1.7 billion in goods in 12 hours — and that was just in a promotion for the country's biggest shopping day" (https://www.businessinsider.com/china-lipstick-king-sold-17-billion-stuff-in-12-hours-2021-10) . Business Insider . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211217234859/https://www.businessinsider.com/china-lipstick-king-sold-17-billion-stuff-in-12-hours-2021-10) from the original on 17 December 2021 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) He, Qi (18 May 2021). "Celebrity livestreamer reaps benefits of inclusivity - Chinadaily.com.cn" (http://epaper.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202105/18/WS60a2ee98a31099a234356293.html) . China Daily . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211224233030/http://epaper.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202105/18/WS60a2ee98a31099a234356293.html) from the original on 24 December 2021 . Retrieved 24 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-LHZB_4-0) "南昌大学回应李佳琦学历风波：提前离校 予以结业" (https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20211111-1212350) . Lianhe Zaobao . 11 November 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211125130300/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20211111-1212350) from the original on 25 November 2021 . Retrieved 24 December 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Teh, Cheryl. "Meet China's 'Lipstick King,' an outspoken 28-year-old e-commerce streamer who fans adore and brands fear" (https://www.businessinsider.com/austin-li-jiaqi-chinas-lipstick-king-online-shopping-taobao-2021-3) . Business Insider . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211217235057/https://www.businessinsider.com/austin-li-jiaqi-chinas-lipstick-king-online-shopping-taobao-2021-3) from the original on 17 December 2021 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Huang, Alice (9 March 2020). "Who is Li Jiaqi, China's millionaire 'Lipstick King'?" (https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/news-trends/article/3074253/who-millionaire-li-jiaqi-chinas-lipstick-king-who) . South China Morning Post . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211217185406/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/news-trends/article/3074253/who-millionaire-li-jiaqi-chinas-lipstick-king-who) from the original on 17 December 2021 . Retrieved 24 December 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Male beauty blogger finds road to wealth on Taobao" (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201801/10/WS5a55b328a3102e5b17371e20_1.html) . China Daily . 10 January 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200806083901/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201801/10/WS5a55b328a3102e5b17371e20_1.html) from the original on 6 August 2020 . Retrieved 24 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Most lipstick applications in 30 seconds" (https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/458635-most-lipstick-applications-in-30-seconds) . Guinness World Records . 6 September 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210306081127/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/458635-most-lipstick-applications-in-30-seconds) from the original on 6 March 2021 . Retrieved 24 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Jiemian_9-0) Liu, Yujing (12 December 2020). "李佳琦申请"OMG买它"作为声音商标，为什么被驳回了？" (https://www.jiemian.com/article/5386950.html) . Jiemian (界面新闻) (in Chinese) . Retrieved 31 December 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Fan, Wenxin (5 June 2022). "Chinese Influencer's Ice-Cream Pitch Inadvertently Introduces Fans to Tiananmen Square Massacre" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-influencers-ice-cream-pitch-inadvertently-introduces-fans-to-tiananmen-square-massacre-11654442707) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 7 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "2021 TIME100 Next: Li Jiaqi" (https://time.com/collection/time100-next-2021/5937724/li-jiaqi/) . Time . Retrieved 9 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Top China Livestreamer Goes Offline Before Tiananmen Anniversary" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-06/top-china-livestreamer-goes-offline-before-tiananmen-anniversary) . Bloomberg News . 6 June 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Palmer, James (8 June 2022). "Why a Top Chinese Influencer Got Taken Offline" (https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/06/08/china-influencer-censorship-li-jiaqi-lipstick-king-tiananmen/) . Foreign Policy . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Li Jiaqi: China Lipstick King sparks Tiananmen questions" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-61715843) . BBC News. 7 June 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-15) " (https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/internet/2022-09-20/doc-imqmmtha8077227.shtml) "消失"109天后，李佳琦突然低调回归直播间" (https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/internet/2022-09-20/doc-imqmmtha8077227.shtml) . 每日经济新闻. 20 September 2022 – via 新浪网. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Li Jiaqi: China Lipstick King sparks Tiananmen questions" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-61715843) . BBC News . 7 June 2022 . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-SCMP21_17-0) "Why luxury brands are smart to target China's booming pet economy" (https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/luxury/article/3117088/chinese-lipstick-king-li-jiaqis-dogs-getting-signed-agency) . South China Morning Post . 10 January 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211217185403/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/luxury/article/3117088/chinese-lipstick-king-li-jiaqis-dogs-getting-signed-agency) from the original on 17 December 2021 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Chen_18-0) Chen, Yilin (6 July 2020). "Trending in China: 'Lipstick King' Li Jiaqi Settles in Shanghai, Prompting a Rethink of 'Talent' (https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-07-06/trending-in-china-lipstick-king-li-jiaqi-settles-in-shanghai-prompting-a-rethink-of-talent-101576178.html) " (https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-07-06/trending-in-china-lipstick-king-li-jiaqi-settles-in-shanghai-prompting-a-rethink-of-talent-101576178.html) . Caixin Global . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211116015627/https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-07-06/trending-in-china-lipstick-king-li-jiaqi-settles-in-shanghai-prompting-a-rethink-of-talent-101576178.html) from the original on 16 November 2021 . Retrieved 16 November 2021 . 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American fashion and lifestyle brand KITH Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Founded 2011 ; 13 years ago ( 2011 ) Founder Ronnie Fieg (/wiki/Ronnie_Fieg) (Founder & CEO) Headquarters New York City , United States Number of locations 13 SoHo (/wiki/SoHo) Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) (3) West Hollywood (/wiki/West_Hollywood) Miami (/wiki/Miami) Miami Beach (/wiki/Miami_Beach) Honolulu (/wiki/Honolulu) Aspen (/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado) Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills) Paris (/wiki/Paris) London (/wiki/London) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) [1] (#cite_note-1) Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) Products Clothing, shoes, accessories Website kith (http://kith.com) .com (http://kith.com) Kith (sometimes stylized as KITH ) is an American fashion and lifestyle brand established in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) in 2011 by Ronnie Fieg (/wiki/Ronnie_Fieg) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The brand began as a footwear retailer, and later expanded to streetwear and fashion. Kith operates twelve locations worldwide, and three store-within-a-store (/wiki/Store-within-a-store) locations in Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , Hirshleifers, and Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges) . [3] (#cite_note-3) History [ edit ] On November 11, 2011, Ronnie Fieg opened up an apparel and footwear boutique called Kith NYC. Kith carries brands including Yeezy (/wiki/Adidas_Yeezy) , Stampd, Timberland (/wiki/The_Timberland_Company) , Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Red Wing (/wiki/Red_Wing_Shoes) , Clarks (/wiki/C._%26_J._Clark) , Asics (/wiki/Asics) , Danner (/wiki/Danner_Boots) , New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) , Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , Gourmet, and Native Footwear. As of October 2022, it has twelve locations; the first location opened was in Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) , and the second in Manhattan. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In December 2015, the brand opened its first women's retail location in Manhattan. In August 2015, Fieg updated his Brooklyn store. The renovated space featured the new Kith Treats cereal (/wiki/Breakfast_cereal) bar business, 750 cast white Air Jordan 2s hanging from the ceiling and overall design by Daniel Arsham and Alex Mustonen of Snarkitecture (/wiki/Snarkitecture) , who would go on to design the store's other locations as well. [4] (#cite_note-4) Kith Treats is a bar offering 23 varieties of breakfast cereal (/wiki/Breakfast_cereal) with assorted toppings and milk selections, as well as ice cream. [5] (#cite_note-5) In July 2016, Kith opened a co-branded six month pop-up shop (/wiki/Pop-up_shop) in collaboration with Nike also containing a custom Kith Treats, adjacent to the brand's Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) location. [6] (#cite_note-6) The design included white cast air Jordan 4s in reference to it being the company's fourth location. That year's "90's look" collection at drew attention at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) and involved 25 other brands. [7] (#cite_note-7) The company then opened a pop-up store in Aspen, Colorado (/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado) and a permanent location in Miami. Participating brands included A Bathing Ape (/wiki/A_Bathing_Ape) , Nike, Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) , Power Rangers (/wiki/Power_Rangers) and Rugrats . In 2017, Kith added an Aimé Leon Dore (/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Leon_Dore) x KITH collaboration to its line. [8] (#cite_note-8) Fieg also expanded the Kith treats business, including a collaboration with Cap'n Crunch (/wiki/Cap%27n_Crunch) , new pop-up shops (/wiki/Pop-up_shop) and an accessories and apparel line. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2018, Kith collaborated with Coca-Cola (/wiki/Coca-Cola) , Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)) , and The Jetsons (/wiki/The_Jetsons) . Upcoming Kith collaborations with Versace (/wiki/Versace) and Greg Lauren (/wiki/Greg_Lauren) were teased by Fieg via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . During 2017, Kith added a collaboration with Nike and LeBron James (/wiki/LeBron_James) and also an art/apparel project with visual artist Daniel Arsham (/wiki/Daniel_Arsham) . [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Together with BMW (/wiki/BMW) , Kith has designed a version of the BMW M4 Competition (G82) (/wiki/BMW_M4#M4_x_KITH) and BMW i4 M50 (G26) (/wiki/BMW_i4) , constructing exclusive modifications to the interior and exterior. 150 M4's and 7 i4's are available in this limited-edition model, across three color selections and optional equipment for the M4, [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) and only 1 color option with all-Individual equipment for the i4. In 2024 KITH collaborated with TAG Heuer (/wiki/TAG_Heuer) on a set of reissued Formula 1 watches. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) https://kith.com/blogs/kith/kith-toronto-flagship (https://kith.com/blogs/kith/kith-toronto-flagship) ^ a b "About" (https://kith.com/pages/about) . Kith . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Locations" (https://kith.com/pages/locations) . Kith . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The Hustle Behind Kith, Ronnie Fieg's Self-Made Sneaker Empire" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/retail/the-hustle-behind-kith-ronnie-fiegs-self-made-sneaker-empire/) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Kravitz, Melissa (2015-08-31). "Mini marshmallows, hemp milk and more at NYC's first cereal bar! | amNewYork" (https://www.amny.com/lifestyle/eat-and-drink/kith-treats-is-brooklyn-s-first-official-cereal-bar-1-10792638/) . www.amny.com . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "A Closer Look at the KITH and Nike Pop-Up Store in New York" (https://hypebeast.com/2016/8/kith-nike-pop-up-closer-look) . Hypebeast . 2016-08-04 . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "This NY-Based Brand Is About to Be Everywhere" (https://www.esquire.com/style/news/a48667/kith-kithland-fashion-show/) . Esquire . 2016-09-16 . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Ronnie Fieg Teases Aimé Leon Dore x KITH Collaboration" (https://hypebeast.com/2017/3/kith-aime-leon-dore-collaboration-ronnie-fieg-teaser) . Hypebeast . 2017-03-20 . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Kith Has Two Pop-Up Shops and a Cereal Collaboration on the Way" (https://www.complex.com/style/2016/10/kith-two-pop-up-shops-cereal-collaboration) . Complex . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Safronova, Valeriya (2017-11-25). "Kith's Ronnie Fieg Knows Exactly What You Want" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/25/style/kith-ronnie-fieg-nike-lebron-james.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "KITH to Exclusively Release an Arsham Studio Standard Issue Collection" (https://hypebeast.com/2017/12/kith-daniel-arsham-studio-standard-issue) . Hypebeast . 2017-12-05 . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "BMW M4 Competition x Kith – Limited Edition | BMW USA" (https://www.bmwusa.com/limited-edition-vehicles/kith-m4.html) . www.bmwusa.com . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Ronnie Fieg's Passion for BMW Goes Beyond His KITH Collaboration: It's True Love" (https://hypebeast.com/2020/11/ronnie-fieg-kith-bmw-m4-competition-2021-collaboration-clothing-collection-exclusive-interview-video) . Hypebeast . 2020-11-11 . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "2022 BMW M4 Competition Gets Stylish Kith Special Edition" (https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a34453347/2022-bmw-kith-m4-competition/) . Car and Driver . 2020-10-23 . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) To Buy the Tag Heuer x Kith Formula 1 Limited Edition Watchmula-1-kith Introducing The TAG Heuer Formula 1 | Kith: A '90s Icon Revived (https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/the-tag-heuer-forWhere) DANNY MILTON, Hodinkee (/wiki/Hodinkee) , May 1, 2024 ^ (#cite_ref-16) Where To Buy the Tag Heuer x Kith Formula 1 Limited Edition Watch (https://www.esquire.com/uk/watches/a60656128/where-to-buy-the-tag-heuer-x-kith-formula-1-limited-edition-watch-plus-prices-and-numbers/) Esquire, Johnny David, 1 May 2024 External links [ edit ] Official website (https://kith.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐99859cd5‐wfwr8 Cached time: 20240722011342 Cache expiry: 859580 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.269 seconds Real time usage: 0.344 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1831/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 28568/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1818/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 49118/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.167/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6361466/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 312.732 1 -total 37.72% 117.966 12 Template:Cite_web 32.02% 100.141 1 Template:Infobox_company 28.69% 89.725 1 Template:Infobox 20.12% 62.907 1 Template:Short_description 12.35% 38.627 2 Template:Pagetype 4.43% 13.839 7 Template:Main_other 3.48% 10.877 1 Template:Official_website 3.47% 10.837 1 Template:SDcat 2.38% 7.435 1 Template:Start_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73456691-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722011342 and revision id 1226515706. 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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2000s portal (/wiki/Portal:2000s) This category is for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) in the year 2007 (/wiki/2007) . 2002 (/wiki/Category:2002_in_fashion) 2003 (/wiki/Category:2003_in_fashion) 2004 (/wiki/Category:2004_in_fashion) 2005 (/wiki/Category:2005_in_fashion) 2006 (/wiki/Category:2006_in_fashion) 2007 2008 (/wiki/Category:2008_in_fashion) 2009 (/wiki/Category:2009_in_fashion) 2010 (/wiki/Category:2010_in_fashion) 2011 (/wiki/Category:2011_in_fashion) 2012 (/wiki/Category:2012_in_fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5fdc497c9b‐ztwz2 Cached time: 20240718001911 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.129 seconds Real time usage: 0.235 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 161/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4887/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 112/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.086/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1355864/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 221.424 1 Template:YYYY_in_fashion_category_header 100.00% 221.424 1 -total 58.97% 130.581 1 Template:Category_series_navigation 26.40% 58.454 1 Template:Portal 11.89% 26.335 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 9.75% 21.596 1 Template:Category_other 9.06% 20.062 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 4.81% 10.644 1 Template:FindYDCportal 2.41% 5.337 6 Template:Title_year 0.83% 1.836 1 Template:DECADE Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39096660-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718001911 and revision id 949562907. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "2007 in fashion" The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 2007 in red carpet fashion (/wiki/2007_in_red_carpet_fashion) C Costume Designers Guild Awards 2007 (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Awards_2007) D Deep Blue Sea (hat) (/wiki/Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)) Designerspirene (/wiki/Designerspirene) G Green dress of Keira Knightley (/wiki/Green_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) P Project Catwalk (Dutch TV series) (/wiki/Project_Catwalk_(Dutch_TV_series)) Project Runway season 4 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_4) Project Runway Canada season 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Canada_season_1) Project Runway Malaysia season 1 (/wiki/Project_Runway_Malaysia_season_1) S Spring 2008 New York Fashion Week (/wiki/Spring_2008_New_York_Fashion_Week) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani Privé gown (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) T Tim Gunn's Guide to Style (/wiki/Tim_Gunn%27s_Guide_to_Style) Trinny & Susannah Undress... (/wiki/Trinny_%26_Susannah_Undress...) U Useless (film) (/wiki/Useless_(film)) V Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2007 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2007) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2007_in_fashion&oldid=949562907 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2007_in_fashion&oldid=949562907) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2007 (/wiki/Category:2007) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Fashion by year (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_year) Hidden categories: Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
Danish fashion model (born 1999) Olivia Vinten Born Olivia Ohrt Vinten [2] (#cite_note-alt-2) ( 1999-04-07 ) 7 April 1999 (age 25) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) , Denmark Years active 2018–present Modeling information Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Hair color Blonde Eye color Green Agency DNA Models (New York) Select Model Management (/wiki/Select_Model_Management) (London) Oui Management (Paris) Fabbrica Milano Management (Milan) A Management (Hamburg) 2pm Management (Copenhagen) [1] (#cite_note-1) Olivia Ohrt Vinten is a Danish fashion model. Early life [ edit ] Vinten was born in Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) , Denmark. Her father is half- Guyanese (/wiki/Guyanese_people) and her mother is Danish; she has two sisters and two brothers. She graduated from Rysensteen Gymnasium (/wiki/Rysensteen_Gymnasium) . [2] (#cite_note-alt-2) Career [ edit ] Vinten was initially discovered at age 12, but began modeling full-time in 2018, [3] (#cite_note-crfb-3) when she debuted on the runway as a Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) exclusive. [4] (#cite_note-4) The next season, Vinten walked for Etro (/wiki/Etro) , Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) , Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) , Off-White (/wiki/Off-White) , Blumarine (/wiki/Blumarine) , and Giambattista Valli (/wiki/Giambattista_Valli) . [3] (#cite_note-crfb-3) In the S/S 2020 season, Vinten walked for Oscar de la Renta (/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta) (which she opened), Zimmermann (/wiki/Zimmermann_(fashion_label)) , and Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) among others. [5] (#cite_note-5) In December 2019, Vinten appeared in a Vogue editorial with an ensemble of models including Selena Forrest (/wiki/Selena_Forrest) , Adesuwa Aighewi (/wiki/Adesuwa_Aighewi) , Paloma Elsesser (/wiki/Paloma_Elsesser) , Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) , Hyun Ji Shin (/wiki/Hyun_Ji_Shin) , Imaan Hammam (/wiki/Imaan_Hammam) , Sara Grace Wallerstedt (/wiki/Sara_Grace_Wallerstedt) , Eniola Abioro (/wiki/Eniola_Abioro) , Indira Scott (/wiki/Indira_Scott) , Ugbad (/wiki/Ugbad) , Cara Taylor (/wiki/Cara_Taylor) , Jill Kortleve (/wiki/Jill_Kortleve) , Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) , and Adut Akech (/wiki/Adut_Akech) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In January 2020, she appeared on an illustrated cover of Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , [7] (#cite_note-7) and she appeared in British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) , for the first time, in March 2020. [8] (#cite_note-8) In November 2021, Vinten appeared on the cover of Russh (/wiki/Russh) magazine. [9] (#cite_note-9) Off duty, Vinten is known for her tomboy (/wiki/Tomboy) style. [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Olivia Vinten - Model" (https://models.com/models/olivia-vinten) . MODELS.com . ^ a b Hindø-Lings, Kristian (1 May 2017). "Er dette Danmarks nye (unge) modelhåb?" (https://www.alt.dk/mode/olivia-vinten-2pm-er-dette-danmarks-nye-unge-modelhab) . Alt for Damerne (/wiki/Alt_for_Damerne) (in Danish). ^ a b "Now Casting: Olivia Vinten" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/now-casting-olivia-vinten-210000936.html) . CR Fashion Book (/wiki/CR_Fashion_Book) . 18 June 2019 – via Yahoo!. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fendi S/S 2019" (https://models.com/work/fendi-fendi-ss-19-show) . models.com . 20 September 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Top Newcomers S/S 2020" (https://models.com/mdx/top-newcomers-s-s-2020/?sec=breakout-season&sl=12) . models.com . 4 October 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "It's Time to Fashion the Future" (https://www.vogue.com/article/fashion-the-future-vogue-values) . Vogue . Condé Nast. 11 December 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Testa, Jessica (2 January 2020). "Italian Vogue Won't Publish Photos This Month" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/style/italian-vogue-sustainability-illustrated.html) . New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Vogel-Eades, Rosie. "Vogue's Bookings Director Picks Her Models To Watch For AW20" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/gallery/new-faces-models) . British Vogue . Condé Nast. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Kotsopoulos, Elyssa (21 November 2021). "A sanctuary of dreams, meet our 'Oasis' cover star, Olivia Vinten" (https://www.russh.com/olivia-vinten-cover-star/) . Russh . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Wong, Samantha (8 December 2019). "The ELLE Spotlight: An Ode To The Ultimate Tomboy Muse, Olivia Vinten" (https://www.elle.com.au/fashion/fashion-news/olivia-vinten-22723/) . Elle Australia . 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Clothing brand Big Dog Holdings, Inc. Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Industry Clothing Predecessor Sierra West Founded 1983 ; 41 years ago ( 1983 ) in Santa Barbara (/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California) , US Founder Richard Kelty and Rick Scott Headquarters Santa Barbara, California , United States Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) The Walking Company Holdings, Inc. Website www (http://www.bigdogs.com) .bigdogs (http://www.bigdogs.com) .com (http://www.bigdogs.com) Big Dog , or Big Dogs, is a sports clothing (/wiki/Sports_clothing) company founded in 1983. The company is famous for its logo of a Saint Bernard (/wiki/Saint_Bernard_(dog)) appearing on their merchandise. History [ edit ] In 1971, Richard Kelty and Rick Scott founded a camping-gear company called Sierra West. They became the first manufacturer to wholesale products made with Gore-Tex (/wiki/Gore-Tex) fabric. In their first run, the 1000 jackets Sierra West sold to L.L. Bean contained delaminated Gore-Tex. This resulted in Gore-Tex needing to change their formula. After W.L. Gore corrected the problem, Sierra West's waterproof clothing became a success. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) By 1985, Sierra West was one of the top ten backpacking gear companies in the US. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Big Dog Mascot at Parade According to company lore, in 1983, a group of white water rafters were gifted oversized shorts before launching into the water. One of the recipients remarked "Man, these puppies are big !" This later inspired the name "Big Dog" for the brand. [3] (#cite_note-3) However, an alternate version of the story describes Gib Mann, a designer at the company, using the term "Big Dog" throughout conversation when he first joined Sierra West. Mann and Joy Moran designed skirt-like soccer shorts for Patagonia employee and soccer fan, Roger McDivitt. When Kelty and his team saw the shorts they repeatedly said "Man those puppies are big." [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 1990, Sierra West declared bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) . It was reported that new ownership that pivoted the business model to selling in outlet malls negatively impacted the reputation of the brand and led to Sierra West's bankruptcy. [4] (#cite_note-4) The brand's IPO (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) raised $39.2 million in 1997, [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) although it initially hoped for $49 million. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2004, The Walking Company (/wiki/The_Walking_Company) (TWC) was acquired as a subsidiary by Big Dogs. At the time of acquisition, TWC operated 72 stores in 28 states. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2009, TWC filed for bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) but emerged a year later with support from landlords and key vendors. [7] (#cite_note-bankrupt-7) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Industry Trailblazers: Richard Kelty / Rick Scott, lifelong friends launch Sierra West and Big Dogs" (https://www.outsidebusinessjournal.com/brands/industry-trailblazers-richard-kelty-rick-scott-lifelong-friends-launch-sierra-west-and-big-dogs/) . Outside Business Journal (/wiki/Outside_Business_Journal) . 2008-11-12 . Retrieved 2023-09-28 . ^ a b Ronan, Alex (2016-08-27). "How a big dog became a symbol for white, male America" (https://theoutline.com/post/1921/how-a-big-dog-became-a-symbol-for-white-male-america) . The Outline (/wiki/The_Outline_(website)) . Retrieved 2023-09-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Our Story" (https://www.bigdogs.com/pages/our-story) . Big Dogs . Retrieved 2023-09-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "How Big Dogs' Big Progressive Rebrand Went Wrong" (https://www.gq.com/story/big-dogs-rebrand-efforts) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . 2021-03-29 . Retrieved 2023-09-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Vrana, Debora (1997-08-09). "Big Dog Chases IPO, Hoping to Fetch $49 Million" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-aug-09-fi-20709-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved 2023-09-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Plunkett, Jack (2006). Plunkett's Retail Industry Almanac 2006 . Plunkett Research, Ltd. p. 597. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781593920555 . Retrieved 2018-07-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-bankrupt_7-0) "The Walking Company Returns To Bankruptcy Court" (https://sgbonline.com/the-walking-company-returns-to-bankruptcy-court/) . SGB Media . 2018-03-06 . Retrieved 2018-07-12 . 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This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clothing_in_the_ragtime_era&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The ragtime (/wiki/Ragtime) era helped to define not only new music but also new clothing (/wiki/Clothing) . [ citation needed ] Clothing style and class [ edit ] The ragtime era began in the late 19th century and transitioned into the early 20th century (approximately 1897–1918), [1] (#cite_note-1) a period of class conflict (/wiki/Class_conflict) in Western society (/wiki/Western_culture) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The difference between the upper (/wiki/Upper_class) and lower classes (/wiki/Social_class#Lower_class) could clearly be seen. Much of this had to do with their clothing and how they carried themselves in public. [3] (#cite_note-3) Upper class [ edit ] The upper class could afford to dress well. Women often appeared in long white gowns (/wiki/Gown) , which were in fashion at the time. On these dresses were white collars and usually a brooch (/wiki/Brooch) that kept the collar closed. Women often wore large white hats and carried parasols (/wiki/Parasol) as accessories. Bustles (/wiki/Bustle) were commonplace for women as well. Men often wore light, form-fitting suits and wore bow ties (/wiki/Bow_tie) as accessories. It was not rare to see men wearing handlebar mustaches (/wiki/Handlebar_moustache) . Lower class and immigrant population [ edit ] Whereas the upper class was put together and proper, and everything was crisp, clean, and uniformed, the immigrant (/wiki/Immigrant) population was quite the opposite. This was the very beginning of immigrants being allowed to enter the United States via Ellis Island (/wiki/Ellis_Island) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Because they were able to carry very little over to the New World, they had little clothing and little money to buy more when their clothes started to wear out. They would, therefore, mismatch their clothing or reuse the fabric from an old article of clothing so that they could get multiple uses out of each garment. African American population [ edit ] Many African Americans (/wiki/African_American) enjoyed popular music from the ragtime era. Their sense of style in clothing seemed to reflect this. Whereas the mostly Caucasian American upper class dressed in clean and light-colored fabric (often cream or white), the African Americans dressed in bright and vibrant clothing when they attended clubs that played ragtime music. Whereas the upper-class clothing was form-fitting, their clothes were loose, which allowed for free and easy movement. Women often adorned their hair with colorful flowers as accessories, and men often wore vests and bowler hats (/wiki/Bowler_hat) as their accessories. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Berlin, Edward. "Ragtime" (http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/22825?q=Ragtime&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1) . The Grove Music Dictionary . Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Montgomery, David (2005). The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4-7 (https://archive.org/details/fallofhouseoflab0000mont/page/4) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-521-22579-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 774822810 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/774822810) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Shehan, Patricia K. (1 January 1986). "The Riches of Ragtime". Music Educators Journal . 73 (3): 22–25. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/3401293 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3401293) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 3401293 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3401293) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 145112748 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145112748) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Ellis Island – FREE Port of New York Passenger Records Search." Ellis Island – FREE Port of New York Passenger Records Search. N.p., n.d. 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Slick Chicks Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_Held_Company) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founder Helya Mohammadian Headquarters New York, New York (/wiki/New_York,_New_York) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Area served Worldwide Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Website slickchicksonline (http://slickchicksonline.com) .com (http://slickchicksonline.com) Slick Chicks is a patented [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) adaptive underwear that is designed to empower people with a disability or physical challenge. They feature hook-and-eye fasteners at the waistband, so anyone can seamlessly transition in and out of their clothing, regardless of their physical situation. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] In 2012, Mohammadian applied for a patent (/wiki/Patent) on 'Underwear with refastenable side attachments', the fastening technology used in Slick Chicks products. [3] (#cite_note-patents.google.com-3) The patent was granted on April 9, 2019. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) After two years of research, design, and testing, Slick Chicks came to market in 2014. [4] (#cite_note-4) By 2015, Slick Chicks launched an e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) site, selling their three styles: bikini brief, thong (/wiki/Thong) and boy short (/wiki/Boy_Shorts) . [5] (#cite_note-5) In August of that same year, Slick Chicks filed for a trademark (/wiki/Trademark) . This trademark was granted in August 2017 for use in commerce (/wiki/Commerce) , specifically lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In June 2016, Slick Chicks launched on Kickstarter (/wiki/Kickstarter) , seeking $15,000. The project was successfully funded and raised a total of $17,672. [7] (#cite_note-7) In June 2017, Mohammadian appeared on Steve Harvey (/wiki/Steve_Harvey) 's FUNDERDOME (/wiki/Steve_Harvey%27s_Funderdome) to pitch Slick Chicks to the studio audience. She won over the audience and the prize of $6,500. [8] (#cite_note-8) In April 2019, Slick Chicks founder Mohammadian was granted a patent for the undergarments. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "US Patent for Undergarment Patent (Patent # D 844,933 issued April 9, 2019) - Justia Patents Search" (https://patents.justia.com/patent/D844933) . patents.justia.com . Retrieved 2020-04-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Slick Chicks Conquers World's Biggest Problem: Taking Off Underwear Without Removing Clothes" (http://newscult.com/slick-chicks-conquers-worlds-biggest-problem-taking-off-underwear-without-removing-clothes/) . Newscult . 2015-08-12 . Retrieved 2018-04-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-patents.google.com_3-0) Underwear with refastenable side attachments , 2013-12-05 , retrieved 2018-04-12 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Countdown to Curve: Nov 26, 2014 | The Lingerie Journal" (https://thelingeriejournal.com/countdown-curve-nov-26-2014/) . The Lingerie Journal . 2014-11-26 . Retrieved 2018-04-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Yi, David. "Women can now change their undies sitting down, with pants on" (https://mashable.com/2015/08/05/slick-chicks/#63DsRmjWZkqQ) . Mashable . Retrieved 2018-04-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "SLICK CHICKS Trademark of SLICK CHICKS INC. - Registration Number 5266557 - Serial Number 86736331 :: Justia Trademarks" (https://trademarks.justia.com/867/36/slick-86736331.html) . trademarks.justia.com . Retrieved 2018-04-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "SLICK CHICKS: THE PANTY SOLUTION FOR ALL WOMEN" (https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/2069128542/slick-chicks-underwear-to-empower-women) . Kickstarter . Retrieved 2018-04-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Steve Harvey's FUNDERDOME Episode 3 Recap | Steve Harvey's FUNDERDOME" (http://abc.go.com/shows/steve-harveys-funderdome/news/updates/steve-harveys-funderdome-episode-3-recap) . ABC . Retrieved 2018-04-12 . 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Ghanaian model Kate Tachie-Menson Nationality Ghanaian Kate Tachie-Menson is a Ghanaian model. [1] (#cite_note-1) In 2008, she became the seventh and first Ghanaian to win M-Net (/wiki/M-Net) 's Face of Africa competition in South Africa. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] In 2006, she auditioned for M-Net's Face of Africa but did not qualify. However, in 2008, she qualified and was crowned the winner, becoming the seventh M-Net Face of Africa. [9] (#cite_note-9) Subsequently, Tachie-Menson has starred in fashion shows including Ready to wear – Autumn/Winter 2009, Ready to wear – Autumn/Winter 2011, Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week) in South Africa, New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) and New Delhi (/wiki/New_Delhi) fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) . [10] (#cite_note-10) She has been on magazine covers including Mimi Magazine in Ghana and Canoe Magazine in UK. She as well shot editorials for Elle , Glamour and Cosmopolitan . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Danyels, Kwasy (2018-08-09). "5 Ghanaian female models ruling the world of fashion" (https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/fashion/pulse-fashion-5-ghanaian-female-models-ruling-the-world-of-fashion/mh16rrw) . www.pulse.com.gh . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Ghana Triumphs: Kate Menson is the 2008 Face of Africa" (https://www.modernghana.com/news/274817/ghana-triumphs-kate-menson-is-the-2008-face-of.html) . Modern Ghana . 2008-12-12 . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "New Face of Africa crowned" (https://www.news24.com/Entertainment/SouthAfrica/New-Face-of-Africa-crowned-20081201) . News24 . 2008-12-01 . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Ghana Triumphs: Kate Menson is the 2008 Face of Africa" (https://www.bellanaija.com/2008/12/ghana-triumphs-kate-menson-is-the-2008-face-of-africa/) . BellaNaija . 2008-12-04 . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Kate Menson Enters Big Brother House" (https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/radiotv/200910/28396.php) . www.peacefmonline.com . 2009-10-06 . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Odubeng, Maureen (2008-12-03). "Africa: Ghanaian Crowned M-Net Face of Africa Queen" (https://allafrica.com/stories/200812030934.html) . All Africa . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Debrah, Ameyaw (2010-08-18). "Oohlalaa! Kate looking red hot!" (https://ameyawdebrah.com/oohlalaa-kate-looking-red-hot/) . AmeyawDebrah.com . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Ghanaian beauty is the new "Face of Africa" (https://en.trend.az/world/other/1359162.html) " (https://en.trend.az/world/other/1359162.html) . Trend.Az . 2008-11-30 . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "GhanaWeb Blog: Kate Menson Wins Face Of Africa" (https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/blog.article.php?blog=1603&ID=1000002109) . www.ghanaweb.com . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Kate Menson makes Ghana proud in SA" (https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Kate-Menson-makes-Ghana-proud-in-SA-290746) . www.ghanaweb.com . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Kate Tachie-Menson: The MNet Face of Africa makes strides in South Africa" (https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/9066/kate-tachie-menson-the-mnet-face-of-africa-makes.html) . Modern Ghana . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Mensah, Ernestina (2019-01-14). "Model of the Week – Kate Tachie-Menson" (http://www.georgebritton.com/model-of-the-week-kate-tachie-menson/) . Georgebritton . Retrieved 2019-10-09 . External links [ edit ] Kate Tachie-Menson at Wikipedia's sister projects Quotations (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kate_Tachie-Menson) from Wikiquote Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70203102) from Wikidata This Ghanaian biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate_Tachie-Menson&action=edit) . v t e This biographical article about a model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American model Barbara Cheeseborough (née Bowman) (March 14, 1946 – October 24, 2013) [1] (#cite_note-Essence-1) was an American fashion model of the 1960s and 1970s, known for promoting an Afrocentric (/wiki/Afrocentrism) style. Biography [ edit ] Cheeseborough was born March 14, 1946, in Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) . After her marriage to William Edward Cheeseborough, a fashion photographer, she moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) to begin a career in fashion modelling. [1] (#cite_note-Essence-1) Her career spanned 20+ years and she appeared in Essence , Bazaar , Redbook , Vogue and Cosmopolitan magazines. [1] (#cite_note-Essence-1) She famously appeared on the cover of the first issue of Essence Magazine (/wiki/Essence_Magazine) in 1970. [2] (#cite_note-HillRabig2012-2) Her appearance on the cover of Essence was described by NPR (/wiki/NPR) (National Public Radio) of as "the first to show an Afrocentric beauty standard when millions of young women were casting about for a kind of beauty they could identify with and replicate." [3] (#cite_note-3) Cheeseborough also appeared on the 1970 debut album of the band Funkadelic (/wiki/Funkadelic) , as well as the iconic cover of their third release Maggot Brain (/wiki/Maggot_Brain) in 1971. Cheeseborough died on October 24, 2013, of colon cancer (/wiki/Colon_cancer) at the age of 67. References [ edit ] ^ a b c "Barbara Cheeseborough, 67, high-fashion model - Philly.com" (http://articles.philly.com/2013-11-13/news/43985598_1_major-designers-essence-fashion) . Articles.philly.com. 2013-11-13 . Retrieved 2015-02-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-HillRabig2012_2-0) Laura Warren Hill; Julia Rabig (2012). The Business of Black Power: Community Development, Capitalism, and Corporate Responsibility in Postwar America . University Rochester Press. pp. 145–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58046-403-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Karen Grigsby Bates (2013-11-19). "An Appreciation: 'Essence' Cover Girl Barbara Cheeseborough: Code Switch" (https://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2013/11/18/246049802/an-appreciation-essences-cover-girl-barbara-cheeseborough) . NPR . Retrieved 2015-02-10 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐zr64x Cached time: 20240623070939 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.138 seconds Real time usage: 0.182 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 342/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6683/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 350/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12568/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.087/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3443429/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 172.654 1 -total 62.51% 107.934 1 Template:Reflist 48.34% 83.462 2 Template:Cite_web 35.70% 61.637 1 Template:Short_description 21.34% 36.837 2 Template:Pagetype 8.22% 14.200 3 Template:Main_other 7.05% 12.168 1 Template:SDcat 3.54% 6.109 1 Template:Cite_book 1.21% 2.085 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45360027-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623070939 and revision id 1188689711. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Cheeseborough&oldid=1188689711 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Cheeseborough&oldid=1188689711) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1946 births (/wiki/Category:1946_births) 2013 deaths (/wiki/Category:2013_deaths) 20th-century African-American people (/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_people) 21st-century African-American people (/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_people) 20th-century African-American women (/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_women) 21st-century African-American women (/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_women) African-American female models (/wiki/Category:African-American_female_models) Female models from Philadelphia (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Philadelphia) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
(Redirected from L'Oréal Paris (/w/index.php?title=L%27Or%C3%A9al_Paris&redirect=no) ) French multinational cosmetics and beauty company "Loreal" redirects here. For its use as an adjective (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loreal) , see Lore (anatomy) (/wiki/Lore_(anatomy)) and Folklore (/wiki/Folklore) . L'Oréal Company type Société Anonyme (/wiki/S.A._(corporation)) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) Euronext Paris (/wiki/Euronext_Paris) : OR (https://euronext.com/products/equities/FR0000120321-XPAR) CAC 40 (/wiki/CAC_40) component ISIN (/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number) FR0000120321 (https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=FR0000120321) Industry Consumer goods (/wiki/Fast-moving_consumer_goods) Founded 30 July 1909 ; 114 years ago ( 1909-07-30 ) Founder Eugène Schueller (/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schueller) Headquarters Clichy (/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seine) , France (/wiki/France) Area served Worldwide Key people Eugene Kwok (/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Kwok&action=edit&redlink=1) Jean-Paul Agon (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Agon) (Chairman) Françoise Bettencourt Meyers (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Bettencourt_Meyers) (Vice Chairman) Nicolas Hieronimus (/wiki/Nicolas_Hieronimus) (CEO) Products Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) skin care (/wiki/Skin_care) perfume (/wiki/Perfume) hair color (/wiki/Hair_coloring) hair care (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) Revenue € (/wiki/Euro) 41.18 billion (2023) [1] (#cite_note-AR2015-1) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) €8.14 billion (2023) [1] (#cite_note-AR2015-1) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) €6.18 billion (2023) [1] (#cite_note-AR2015-1) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) €51.85 billion (2023) [1] (#cite_note-AR2015-1) Total equity (/wiki/Equity_(finance)) €29.08 billion (2023) [1] (#cite_note-AR2015-1) Number of employees 88,000 (2019) [1] (#cite_note-AR2015-1) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Garnier (/wiki/Garnier) Kiehl's (/wiki/Kiehl%27s) Lancôme (/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me) Maybelline (/wiki/Maybelline) NYX Cosmetics (/wiki/NYX_Cosmetics) CeraVe (/wiki/CeraVe) AcneFree (/wiki/AcneFree) Ambi Matrix Essentials Aesop (/wiki/Aesop_(brand)) Website www (https://www.loreal.com/) .loreal (https://www.loreal.com/) .com (https://www.loreal.com/) L'Oréal S.A. ( French: [lɔʁe.al] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ) is a French multinational personal care (/wiki/Personal_care) company headquartered in Clichy (/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seine) , Hauts-de-Seine (/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine) , [2] (#cite_note-2) with a registered office in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) As of 2018, it was the world's largest cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) company and has developed activities in the field, concentrating on hair color (/wiki/Hair_coloring) , skin care (/wiki/Cosmetics) , sun protection (/wiki/Sunscreen) , make-up (/wiki/Make-up) , perfume (/wiki/Perfume) , and hair care (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) . [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] Founding [ edit ] In the early 20th century, Eugène Paul Louis Schueller (/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schueller) (1881–1957), a young French (/wiki/French_people) chemist (/wiki/Chemist) , developed a hair dye (/wiki/Hair_coloring) formula called Oréale . Schueller formulated and manufactured his own products, which he sold to Parisian (/wiki/Paris) hairdressers. [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) [6] (#cite_note-:6-6) On 31 July 1909, Schueller registered his company, [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) the Société Française de Teintures Inoffensives pour Cheveux (Safe Hair Dye Company of France). The company eventually became L'Oréal. In 1920, the company employed three chemists; the number of employees continued to grow with 100 by the year 1950, and 1,000 by the year 1984; as recently as 2021, there was an estimated total of 85,252 worldwide. [8] (#cite_note-8) L'Oréal got its start in the hair-color business, but the company soon branched out into other cleansing and beauty products. As of 2020, L'Oréal markets in all sectors of the beauty business: hair color, permanents, hair styling (/wiki/Hairstyle) , body and skincare, cleansers, makeup, and fragrance. The company's products are found in a wide variety of outlets, from hair salons and perfumeries to supermarkets, health/beauty outlets, pharmacies, and direct mail. [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) [6] (#cite_note-:6-6) Recent History [ edit ] In 2017, Liliane Bettencourt (/wiki/Liliane_Bettencourt) the daughter of the founder of L'Oréal, died and left the business to her daughter, Françoise Bettencourt Meyers (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Bettencourt_Meyers) . [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) Media [ edit ] In 1988–89, L'Oréal controlled the film company Paravision International (/wiki/Paravision_International) , whose properties included the Filmation (/wiki/Filmation) and De Laurentiis (/wiki/De_Laurentiis_Entertainment_Group) libraries. StudioCanal (/wiki/StudioCanal) acquired the Paravision properties in 1994. [ citation needed ] Acquisitions [ edit ] As of 2022, L'Oréal owned 36 brands. As of October 4, 2021, the company registered 497 patents. [9] (#cite_note-9) L'Oréal purchased Synthélabo in 1973 to pursue its ambitions in the pharmaceutical field. Synthélabo merged with Sanofi (/wiki/Sanofi) in 1999 to become Sanofi-Synthélabo (/wiki/Sanofi-Synth%C3%A9labo) . Sanofi-Synthélabo merged with Aventis (/wiki/Aventis) in 2004 to become Sanofi-Aventis (/wiki/Sanofi-Aventis) . [10] (#cite_note-10) On 17 March 2006, L'Oréal purchased cosmetics company The Body Shop (/wiki/The_Body_Shop) for £ (/wiki/Pound_sterling) 562 million. [11] (#cite_note-11) In May 2008, L'Oréal acquired YSL Beauté for $1.8 billion. [12] (#cite_note-12) In January 2014, L'Oréal finalized the acquisition of major Chinese (/wiki/China) beauty brand Magic Holdings for $840 million. [13] (#cite_note-13) In February 2014, L'Oréal agreed to buy back 8% of its shares for €3.4bn from Nestlé (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9) . As a result, Nestlé's stake in L'Oréal was reduced from 29.4% to 23.29%, while the Bettencourt Meyers family's stake increased from 30.6% to 33.2%. Nestlé has owned a stake in L'Oréal since 1974, when it bought into the company at the request of Liliane Bettencourt (/wiki/Liliane_Bettencourt) , the daughter of the founder of L'Oréal, who was trying to prevent French state intervention. [14] (#cite_note-14) In February 2014, Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) agreed to sell its Carita and Decléor brands to L'Oréal for €227.5 million (US$312.93 million (2014)). [15] (#cite_note-Shiseido_Sells_Carita,_Decléor_to_L'Oréal-15) In June 2014, L'Oréal agreed to acquire NYX Cosmetics (/wiki/NYX_Cosmetics) for an undisclosed price, bolstering its makeup offerings in North America (/wiki/North_America) , where its consumer-products unit has faltered. [16] (#cite_note-16) In September 2014, L'Oréal announced it had agreed to purchase Brazilian hair care company Niely Cosmeticos Group for an undisclosed amount. [17] (#cite_note-17) In September 2014, L'Oréal acquired the multi-cultural brand Carol's Daughter. [18] (#cite_note-18) In July 2016, L'Oréal agreed to acquire IT Cosmetics for $1.2 billion. [19] (#cite_note-19) In March 2018, L'Oréal acquired the beauty augmented reality company ModiFace. [20] (#cite_note-20) In May 2018, L'Oréal announced a new beauty and fragrance partnership with Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) . [21] (#cite_note-21) In December 2020, L'Oréal announced signing of an agreement for the acquisition of Takami Co, a Japanese company that markets the premium skincare brand Takami, particularly famous for its iconic product, the Skin Peel pre-serum. [22] (#cite_note-22) In December 2021, L'Oréal announced the acquisition of the vegan skincare brand Youth to the People. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) In April 2023, L'Oréal purchased Australian luxury cosmetics brand Aesop (/wiki/Aesop_(brand)) for US$2.53 billion . [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) In August 2023, it was announced the acquisition had been completed. [28] (#cite_note-28) In December 2023, L'Oréal announced its acquisition of the Danish research company Lactobio. [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) In January 2024, L’Oréal announced its acquisition of Gjosa, a Swiss Pioneering Water Conservation Tech Startup. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) In February 2024, L’Oréal announced its signing of a long-term global licensing agreement for the creation, development and distribution of luxury beauty products by the Italian brand Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) . [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) Marketing [ edit ] In Kosovo, during the growth years of the mail-order business, L'Oréal and 3 Suisses (/wiki/3_Suisses) founded Le Club des Créateurs de Beauté for mail-order sales of cosmetic products, with brands including Agnès b., Commence and Professeur Christine Poelman among others. In March 2008, L'Oréal acquired 3 Suisse's stake, taking sole control of the company. [35] (#cite_note-35) In November 2013, L'Oréal announced that Le Club des Créateurs de Beauté would cease activity in the first half of 2014. [36] (#cite_note-36) Since 1997, L'Oréal has been an official partner of The Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/The_Cannes_Film_Festival) . [37] (#cite_note-37) In the years of L'Oréal sponsorship, many L'Oréal beauty ambassadors walked the red carpet of the Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) . In 2017, L'Oréal beauty ambassadors, including Julianne Moore (/wiki/Julianne_Moore) , Susan Sarandon (/wiki/Susan_Sarandon) , Andie MacDowell (/wiki/Andie_MacDowell) , and Eva Longoria (/wiki/Eva_Longoria) , were responsible for the film selection for the outdoor cinema during the Cannes Film Festival. [38] (#cite_note-38) L'Oréal's advertising slogan (/wiki/Advertising_slogan) , "Because I'm worth it", was created by a 23-year-old English art director and introduced in 1973 by the model and actress Joanne Dusseau. [39] (#cite_note-39) In the mid-2000s, this was replaced by "Because you're worth it". In late-2009, the slogan was changed again to "Because we're worth it". [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) In November 2012, L'Oréal inaugurated the largest factory in the Jababeka Industrial Park, Cikarang (/wiki/Cikarang) , Indonesia, with a total investment of US$100 million. [42] (#cite_note-42) The production will be absorbed 25 percent by the domestic market and the rest will be exported. In 2010, significant growth occurred in Indonesia with a 61 percent increase of unit sales or 28 percent of net sales. [43] (#cite_note-43) In November 2020, chief digital officer (/wiki/Chief_digital_officer) Lubomira Rochet reported in a video conference of the growing importance of e-commerce for the company, remarking that e-commerce makes 24% of their turnover in the third quarter of the year. Rochet stated as well that this 24% of the turnover "made it possible to offset 50% of the losses due to the closing of physical stores this year". [44] (#cite_note-44) Corporate affairs [ edit ] Head office [ edit ] L'Oréal Group has its head office in the Centre Eugène Schueller (/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schueller) in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine (/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seine) , close to Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [45] (#cite_note-45) The building, constructed in the 1970s from brick and steel, replaced the former Monsavon factory, and employees moved into the facility in 1978. 1,400 employees work in the building. [46] (#cite_note-46) In 2005, Nils Klawitter of Der Spiegel (/wiki/Der_Spiegel) said "the building, with its brown glazed façade of windows, is every bit as ugly as its neighbourhood." Klawitter added that the facility "gives the impression of a high-security zone" due to the CCTV (/wiki/Closed-circuit_television) cameras and security equipment. [47] (#cite_note-47) International units include: L'Oréal USA, changed from Cosmair in 2000 [48] (#cite_note-48) - has its headquarters in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , and is responsible for operations in the Americas (/wiki/Americas) . [49] (#cite_note-L'Oréal_USA-49) L'Oréal Canada Incorporated - Canadian operations, based in Montreal (/wiki/Montreal) L'Oréal Australia - head office is in Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) L'Oréal Nordic - head office is in Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) , Denmark L'ORÉAL Deutschland GmbH - legal seat is in Karlsruhe (/wiki/Karlsruhe) , head office is in Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) [50] (#cite_note-50) Research and development facilities [ edit ] L'Oréal has 21 worldwide research and development centers: three global centers in France (/wiki/France) : Aulnay (/wiki/Aulnay-sous-Bois) , Chevilly (/wiki/Chevilly-Larue) and Saint-Ouen. Six regional poles include one in the United States (/wiki/United_States) : Clark (/wiki/Clark,_New_Jersey) , New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) ; one in Japan (/wiki/Japan) : Kawasaki (/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa) , Kanagawa Prefecture (/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture) ; in 2005, one was established in Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) , China (/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China) , another in India (/wiki/India) : Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) , one other regional pole in Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) : Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro) and, lastly, another was established in South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) : Johannesburg (/wiki/Johannesburg) . [51] (#cite_note-51) Corporate governance [ edit ] Jean-Paul Agon (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Agon) is the chairman (/wiki/Chairman) and Nicolas Hieronimus (/wiki/Nicolas_Hieronimus) the chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) of L'Oréal. [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-governance-53) Françoise Bettencourt Meyers (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Bettencourt_Meyers) and Paul Bulcke (/wiki/Paul_Bulcke) are vice chairmen of the board of directors (/wiki/Board_of_directors) . [53] (#cite_note-governance-53) Stockholders [ edit ] As of 31 December 2023: [54] (#cite_note-54) Breakdown of share ownership: 34.73% by the Bettencourt (/wiki/Liliane_Bettencourt) family, 30.7% by international institutional investors, 20.13% by Nestlé (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9) , 6.63% by French institutional investors, 5.92% by individual shareholders, 1.89% by employees. Business figures [ edit ] Countries with L'Oréal products available Financial data in € billions [55] (#cite_note-55) Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Revenue (/wiki/Revenue) 22.977 22.532 25.257 25.837 26.024 26.937 29.874 27.992 32.288 38.261 41.183 Net Income (/wiki/Net_Income) 2.958 4.910 3.297 3.106 3.586 3.895 3.750 3.563 4.597 5.707 6.184 Assets (/wiki/Assets) 31.298 32.063 33.711 35.630 35.339 38.458 43.810 43.607 43.013 46.844 51.855 Employees 77,452 78,611 82,881 89,331 82,606 86,030 87,974 85,392 85,412 87,264 Joint ventures and minority interests [ edit ] L'Oréal holds 10.41% of the shares of Sanofi-Aventis (/wiki/Sanofi-Aventis) , the world's number three and Europe's number one pharmaceutical company. The Laboratoires Innéov is a joint venture (/wiki/Joint_venture) in nutritional cosmetics between L'Oréal and Nestlé (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9) ; they draw on Nestlé's knowledge in the fields of nutrition (/wiki/Nutrition) and food safety (/wiki/Food_safety) . Corporate social responsibility [ edit ] Position on animal testing [ edit ] L'Oréal has many products which are tested on animals. Since the 1980s, L'Oréal has invested €900 million in researching alternatives to animal testing (/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing) for product safety, using methods such as reconstructed skin models, such as the Episkin model [56] (#cite_note-56) at their research centres in Gerland, France, and Pudong (/wiki/Pudong) , China. [57] (#cite_note-57) Nevertheless, this is complicated by markets such as China, [58] (#cite_note-bweekchina-58) where it is difficult to sell a beauty product without animal testing. [59] (#cite_note-59) Cosmetics by brands such as The Body Shop (/wiki/The_Body_Shop) , which refuse to do animal testing (/wiki/Animal_testing) , are thus not sold in China. In 2013, L'Oréal was part of a consortium calling on the EU to invest more in research on alternatives to animal testing. [60] (#cite_note-60) Promoting new methods for plastic recycling [ edit ] In 2020, L'Oreal announced a cooperation with French biochemistry pioneer Carbios (/wiki/Carbios) , aiming to establish a method of dissolving plastic waste by using enzymes. [61] (#cite_note-61) Ukraine war [ edit ] In 2022, L’Oréal Paris donated €1 million ($1.09 million) to charities supporting refugees from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine (/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) . [62] (#cite_note-62) L’Oréal Paris also suspended all commercial activity in Russia, both retail and wholesale. [63] (#cite_note-63) After the suspension, L'Oreal increased cooperation with other sites, including sanctioned ones. The company officially works in Crimea. Advertising expenses were not stopped - all investments were suspended for only 2-3 months. Now everything has been restored and even increased. The delivery of goods through Turkey and Kazakhstan was arranged. [64] (#cite_note-64) The company also supplies hygiene products to hospitals, maternity homes, centers with forcibly displaced persons, homes for the elderly, the military, etc. [65] (#cite_note-65) L’Oréal Paris financially support employees in Ukraine, guaranteeing the payment of wages and providing additional financial assistance, and provide accommodation for employees who are abroad and assist with temporary employment in other L'Oréal branches. [66] (#cite_note-66) Controversy [ edit ] Involvement in fascism by L'Oréal key figures [ edit ] L'Oréal has conceded that its founder, Eugène Schueller (/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schueller) , was a Nazi (/wiki/Nazi) sympathizer and antisemitic (/wiki/Antisemitism) fascist (/wiki/Fascist) . [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-Business_Notes_Scandal_L'Oreal's-68) He was also a member of La Cagoule (/wiki/La_Cagoule) , which supported the Vichy regime (/wiki/Vichy_France) , and was a violent, pro-fascist and anti-communist organisation. Eugène bankrolled La Cagoule and some meetings of La Cagoule were held at L'Oréal headquarters. Some of the criminal activities perpetrated by La Cagoule include firearms transportation, assassinating a former minister, and firebombing six synagogues. [69] (#cite_note-André_Bettencourt-69) [70] (#cite_note-Pascal-70) Schueller provided financial support and held meetings for La Cagoule (/wiki/La_Cagoule) at L'Oréal headquarters. La Cagoule was a violent French fascist (/wiki/Fascist) -leaning and anti- communist (/wiki/Communist) group whose leader formed a political party Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire (/wiki/Mouvement_Social_R%C3%A9volutionnaire) (MSR, Social Revolutionary Movement), which in Occupied France supported the Vichy collaboration with the Germans. [71] (#cite_note-71) L'Oréal hired several members of the group as executives after World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , such as Jacques Corrèze (/wiki/Jacques_Corr%C3%A8ze) , who served as CEO of the United States operation. [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) Other controversy arose when Jean Frydman (/wiki/Jean_Frydman) , a shareholder and board member of Paravision, a film subsidiary of L'Oréal, was fired. He claims that he was let go because L'Oréal wanted to avoid an Arab boycott of businesses associated with Jews. In turn, Frydman decided to expose the past of L'Oréal executives. André Bettencourt (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bettencourt) who married Schueller's daughter, Liliane Bettencourt (/wiki/Liliane_Bettencourt) , and became deputy chairman for L'Oréal, wrote 60 articles for La Terre Française. La Terre Française was an antisemitic Nazi propaganda sheet. André has admitted ownership of the propaganda (/wiki/Propaganda) but claimed he was poisoned by the Vichy regime and said, "I have repeatedly expressed my regrets concerning them in public and will always beg the Jewish community to forgive me for them." [69] (#cite_note-André_Bettencourt-69) André Bettencourt also sheltered Schueller and several collaborators from the French Resistance (/wiki/French_Resistance) after Liberation. [70] (#cite_note-Pascal-70) It was also revealed that Eugène Schueller hired Jacques Correze (/wiki/Jacques_Correze) , who was the honorary head of L'Oréal's U.S. affiliate, Cosmair, and was involved with La Cagoule. [68] (#cite_note-Business_Notes_Scandal_L'Oreal's-68) Further controversy arose when it was revealed that L'Oréal had its German headquarters for over 30 years, before being sold in 1991, on land confiscated from a Jewish family during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . The Jewish family has been battling for restitution from the company for three generations, the latest of which is Edith Rosenfelder, a Holocaust (/wiki/The_Holocaust) survivor. Fritz Rosenfelder was forced to sell the house to a Nazi official, of which the family never received the proceeds of the sale. Instead, the family was deported. The Allies passed Jewish restitution legislation which states that transactions with Nazis, even if appearing to be with the owner's consent, can be considered invalid. As the land was sold to an offshoot of L'Oréal, which was later bought out in 1961 by L'Oréal, the company claims that it is not responsible for anything that happened before then. The basis for Rosenfelder's argument is that since the original sale was illegal, all subsequent sales are equally unlawful. There was restitution paid in 1951 to the Jewish Restitution Successor Organization (/wiki/Jewish_Restitution_Successor_Organization) , though this was done without the family's consent and none of the money ever reached the family. A book by Monica Waitzfelder, daughter of Edith Rosenfelder, published in French as L'Oréal a pris ma maison and in English as L'Oréal stole my house! , details how L'Oréal took over the Waitzfelder home in the German (/wiki/Germany) city of Karlsruhe (after the Nazis had engineered the removal of the family) to make it its German headquarters. [74] (#cite_note-Gentleman-74) Monica Waitzfelder is quoted as saying, "All the other businesses which took Jewish property have since returned it, without any great debate. I don't understand why L'Oréal should be any different from the others." A case was brought before the Supreme Court in France, but the public prosecutor ruled that there could be no trial. As of 2007, she is bringing the case to the European Court of Human Rights (/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights) . [70] (#cite_note-Pascal-70) [74] (#cite_note-Gentleman-74) Garnier boycott [ edit ] On 31 July 2014 during Operation Protective Edge (/wiki/Operation_Protective_Edge) launched by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in the Gaza Strip, the Israel advocacy organisation StandWithUs (/wiki/StandWithUs) posted several Facebook photos of care packages, which they said were donated by Garnier Israel to female IDF soldiers. [75] (#cite_note-75) [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) This sparked several calls to boycott Garnier and L'Oréal worldwide. [78] (#cite_note-78) Garnier disavowed the giveaway and stated on their Facebook page, “Garnier USA is aware of recent activity in social media. It is very important to us that our fans know that Garnier worldwide promotes peace and harmony and has a strict policy of not getting involved in any conflict or political matter. Garnier was astonished to discover this in social media. After investigation, the hand-out of about 500 products appeared to be part of a one-time local retailer initiative. Garnier disapproves of this initiative managed strictly at local level and is very sorry to have offended some of its fans.” [79] (#cite_note-79) Animal testing [ edit ] L'Oréal began in vitro (/wiki/In_vitro) tissue testing in 1979, and does not test any of its products or ingredients on animals anywhere in the world since 1989–14 years before it was required by regulation. [80] (#cite_note-80) Controversy came from the fact that L'Oréal sells products in China, whose regulators conduct animal testing on cosmetics to be sold within its territory. Even though a ban on animal testing in China came into effect in January 2020, Chinese authorities still perform this practice for imported "ordinary" cosmetics. [81] (#cite_note-81) [82] (#cite_note-82) Following L'Oréal's 2006 purchase of The Body Shop (/wiki/The_Body_Shop) , which does not support animal testing (/wiki/Animal_testing) , The Body Shop's founder Anita Roddick (/wiki/Anita_Roddick) was forced to defend herself against allegations of "abandoning her principles" over L'Oréal's involvement on animal testing. Calls were made for shoppers to boycott The Body Shop. [83] (#cite_note-83) L'Oréal sold The Body Shop to Brazilian group Natura Cosméticos in 2017. [84] (#cite_note-84) Racist discrimination lawsuits [ edit ] On 11 August 2005, the Supreme Court of California (/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California) ruled that former L'Oréal sales manager Elyse Yanowitz had adequately pleaded a cause of action for retaliatory termination under the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (/wiki/California_Fair_Employment_and_Housing_Act) , and remanded the case for trial. [85] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-85) The case arose out of a 1997 incident in which Jack Wiswall, then the general manager for designer fragrances, allegedly told Yanowitz to fire a dark-skinned (/wiki/Person_of_color) sales associate despite the associate's good performance. When Yanowitz refused, Wiswall pointed to a "sexy" blonde-haired woman and said, "God damn it, get me one that looks like that." Wiswall retired as president of the luxury products division of L'Oréal USA at the end of 2006. [85] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-85) The company has recently faced discrimination lawsuits in France related to the hiring of spokesmodels and institutional racism (/wiki/Institutional_racism) . In July 2007, the Garnier (/wiki/Garnier) division and an external employment agency were fined €30,000 for recruitment practices that intentionally excluded women of color from promoting its hair wash, "Fructis Style". [86] (#cite_note-86) L'Oréal continues to sell skin whitening products, which have been criticized as "capitalising on women's insecurities due to colourism (/wiki/Colourism) ." They advertise these controversial products, which have been criticised for promoting a colonial attitude as well as having safety concerns, [87] (#cite_note-87) on their website by claiming; "Achieve clear, translucent and radiant skin. Our skin whitening products work to fade dark spots and brighten skin to give you the fair, flawless complexion you desire." [88] (#cite_note-88) False advertising [ edit ] In May 2007, L'Oréal was one of several cosmetic manufacturers (along with Clinique, Estee Lauder, Payot, Lancôme) [89] (#cite_note-89) ordered by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration) in Australia to withdraw advertising regarding the wrinkle (/wiki/Wrinkle_(skin)) removal capabilities of their products. [90] (#cite_note-90) In the UK, L'Oréal has faced criticism from OFCOM (/wiki/OFCOM) regarding the truth of their advertising and marketing campaigns concerning the product performance of one of their mascara brands. In July 2007, the British Advertising Standards Authority (/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)) attacked L'Oréal for a television advert on its "Telescopic" mascara (/wiki/Mascara) , featuring Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , stating, "it will make your eyelashes (/wiki/Eyelash) 60% longer." In fact, it only made the lashes look 60% bigger, by separating and thickening at the roots and by thickening the tips of the lashes. They also failed to state that the model was wearing false eyelashes (/wiki/Eyelash_extensions) . [91] (#cite_note-91) In July 2011, the British Advertising Standards Authority took action against L'Oréal, banning two airbrushed Lancôme (/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me) advertisements in the UK featuring actress Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) and supermodel Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) . The agency issued the ban after British politician Jo Swinson (/wiki/Jo_Swinson) argued that the two ads misrepresented reality and added to the self-image problem amongst females in the UK. L'Oréal acknowledged that the photos had been airbrushed but argued that the two cosmetic products could actually produce the results depicted in the ads and that the results of the products had been scientifically proven. [92] (#cite_note-92) In June 2014, the company reached an agreement with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission) not to make claims about its anti-aging products unless it had credible scientific evidence supporting the claims. The settlement followed an investigation by the commission into claims being made in relation to two products, which the commission described as "false and unsubstantiated". L'Oréal has a team of 400 members of staff who post content to Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) every day, according to Marc Menesguen, the company's chief marketing officer. [93] (#cite_note-93) Patent lawsuit [ edit ] In July 2017, the University of Massachusetts (/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts) Medical filed a patent lawsuit against L'Oréal. In August 2017, Dennis Wyrzykowski and his company, Carmel Laboratories LLC, joined the lawsuit. The two parties claimed that L'Oréal's brands used UMass' patented technology for skin creams with the chemical adenosine (/wiki/Adenosine) . [94] (#cite_note-94) In 2021, a judge found the patents invalid. In 2022, the U.S. Appeals Court (/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals) reversed the decision, stating that UMass could continue to purse its lawsuit. [95] (#cite_note-95) Corporate misconduct [ edit ] L'Oréal was fined by Autorité de la concurrence (/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_de_la_concurrence) in France in 2016 for price-fixing on personal hygiene products. [96] (#cite_note-96) Munroe Bergdorf [ edit ] Main article: Munroe Bergdorf race row incident (/wiki/Munroe_Bergdorf_race_row_incident) In August 2017, L'Oréal dismissed Munroe Bergdorf (/wiki/Munroe_Bergdorf) , a mixed-race (/wiki/Mixed-race) transgender (/wiki/Transgender) model, after she responded to the Unite the Right rally (/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally) in Charlottesville, Virginia (/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia) , by stating in a Facebook post: "Honestly I don't have the energy to talk about the racial violence of white people any more. Yes ALL white people"; the post was also quoted as saying that "[white people's] existence, privilege and success as a race is built on the backs, blood and death of people of colour", "racism isn't learned, it's inherited and ... passed down through privilege" and that "white people" ought to "begin to admit that their race is the most violent and oppressive force of nature on Earth". [97] (#cite_note-97) Shortly after terminating Bergdorf, L'Oréal released a statement claiming their commitment to "[support] diversity and tolerance towards all people irrespective of their race, background, gender and religion" and had terminated their partnership with Bergdorf because her comments were "at odds with those values". [98] (#cite_note-theguardianonthelorealcismrow-98) [99] (#cite_note-nytimeslorealdropstransgendermodel-99) Amber Heard [ edit ] In 2018, L'Oréal Paris hired Amber Heard (/wiki/Amber_Heard) as a Global Ambassador (/wiki/Brand_ambassador) , also giving a special tribute to her. [100] (#cite_note-100) [101] (#cite_note-101) In 2020, after a tape leaked of Heard admitting to having hit her ex-husband Johnny Depp (/wiki/Johnny_Depp) , several petitions were filed requesting L'Oreal to fire her. [102] (#cite_note-102) [103] (#cite_note-103) [104] (#cite_note-104) As of June 2021, L'Oreal continued to include Heard among a team of "ambassadors" that also includes Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , Jane Fonda (/wiki/Jane_Fonda) , Elle Fanning (/wiki/Elle_Fanning) , and French singer-songwriter Yseult (/wiki/Yseult_(singer)) . [105] (#cite_note-2021WWD_Paris-105) Heard was being sued in a defamation trial (/wiki/Depp_v._Heard) by her ex-husband, Johnny Depp in which he accused her of domestic abuse. She was found to have defamed her ex-husband with malice on June 2, 2022, by a jury; Heard is currently appealing her case. [106] (#cite_note-106) Brand portfolio [ edit ] L'Oréal lipsticks (/wiki/Lipstick) L'Oréal skincare product Brands are generally categorized by their targeted markets, such as the mass, professional, luxury, and active cosmetics markets. Galderma is directly attached to the head office. L'Oréal also owns interests in various activities such as fine chemicals, health, finance, design, advertising, and insurance. [107] (#cite_note-107) [ better source needed ] Consumer products division [ edit ] Essie (/wiki/Essie_Weingarten) Garnier (/wiki/Garnier_Fructis) Maybelline (/wiki/Maybelline) NYX Cosmetics (/wiki/NYX_Cosmetics) L'Oréal luxe division [ edit ] Aesop (/wiki/Aesop_(brand)) Biotherm (/wiki/Biotherm) Cacharel (/wiki/Cacharel) Clarisonic (/wiki/Clarisonic) (Discontinued September 30, 2020) [108] (#cite_note-108) Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) Giorgio Armani Beauty (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) Guy Laroche (/wiki/Guy_Laroche) Helena Rubinstein (/wiki/Helena_Rubinstein) Kiehl's (/wiki/Kiehl%27s) Lancôme (/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me) MUGLER (/wiki/Mugler) Paloma Picasso (/wiki/Paloma_Picasso) Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) Ralph Lauren Fragrances (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) Shu Uemura (/wiki/Shu_Uemura) Urban Decay (/wiki/Urban_Decay_(cosmetics)) Valentino Beauty (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) Yves Saint Laurent Beauté (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) Prada (/wiki/Prada) Professional products division [ edit ] Kérastase (/wiki/K%C3%A9rastase) (created by L'Oreal in 1964) PureOlogy Research (/wiki/Pureology) , founded in 2001 and acquired by L'Oreal in 2007 Redken (/wiki/Redken) 5th Avenue NYC, founded by Paula Kent (/wiki/Paula_Kent) and Jheri Redding (/wiki/Jheri_Redding) in 1960 and acquired by L'Oreal in 1993 Shu Uemura (/wiki/Shu_Uemura) Art of Hair Carol's Daughter (/wiki/Carol%27s_Daughter) Essie (/wiki/Essie) , founded in 1981 and acquired by L'Oreal in 2010 [109] (#cite_note-109) Active cosmetics division [ edit ] Vichy (/w/index.php?title=Vichy_cosmetics&action=edit&redlink=1) La Roche-Posay (/w/index.php?title=La_Roche-Posay_(cosmetics_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Skinceuticals Roger&Gallet (/wiki/Roger_%26_Gallet) - sold in 2020 Sanoflore (/w/index.php?title=Sanoflore&action=edit&redlink=1) Dermablend (/w/index.php?title=Dermablend&action=edit&redlink=1) AcneFree (/wiki/AcneFree) Ambi CeraVe Logocos (/w/index.php?title=Logocos&action=edit&redlink=1) since 2018 List of spokespeople [ edit ] L'Oréal Paris has a group of ambassadors, artists, actresses, and activists referred to as the L'Oréal Paris "Dream Team". [110] (#cite_note-110) Laetitia Casta (/wiki/Laetitia_Casta) (1998–present) [111] (#cite_note-111) Eva Longoria (/wiki/Eva_Longoria) (2005–present) [112] (#cite_note-112) Aishwarya Rai (/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai_Bachchan) (2004–present) Blake Lively (/wiki/Blake_Lively) (2013-present) [113] (#cite_note-113) [114] (#cite_note-114) Helen Mirren (/wiki/Helen_Mirren) (2014–present) [115] (#cite_note-115) [116] (#cite_note-116) Luma Grothe (/wiki/Luma_Grothe) (2015–present) [117] (#cite_note-117) Soo Joo (/wiki/Soo_Joo_Park) (2015–present) [118] (#cite_note-118) Aja Naomi King (/wiki/Aja_Naomi_King) (2017–present) [119] (#cite_note-119) Camilla Cabello (/wiki/Camila_Cabello) (2017–present) [120] (#cite_note-120) Elle Fanning (/wiki/Elle_Fanning) (2017–present) [121] (#cite_note-121) Amber Heard (/wiki/Amber_Heard) (2018–present) [122] (#cite_note-122) Andie MacDowell (/wiki/Andie_MacDowell) (2018–present) [123] (#cite_note-123) Duckie Thot (/wiki/Duckie_Thot) (2018–present) [124] (#cite_note-124) Jaha Dukureh (/wiki/Jaha_Dukureh) (2018–present) [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Céline Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) (2019–present) [125] (#cite_note-125) Cindy Bruna (/wiki/Cindy_Bruna) (2020–present) [126] (#cite_note-126) Katherine Langford (/wiki/Katherine_Langford) (2020–present) [127] (#cite_note-127) Viola Davis (/wiki/Viola_Davis) (2021–present) [128] (#cite_note-128) Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) (2021–present) [129] (#cite_note-129) [130] (#cite_note-130) Yseult (/wiki/Yseult_(singer)) (2021–present) [131] (#cite_note-131) [132] (#cite_note-132) H.E.R. (/wiki/H.E.R.) (2022–present) [133] (#cite_note-133) Anushka Sharma (/wiki/Anushka_Sharma) (2022–present) [134] (#cite_note-134) [135] (#cite_note-135) [136] (#cite_note-136) Thuso Mbedu (/wiki/Thuso_Mbedu) (2023–present) [137] (#cite_note-137) [138] (#cite_note-138) Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) (2023–present) [139] (#cite_note-139) [140] (#cite_note-140) [141] (#cite_note-141) Cody Simpson (/wiki/Cody_Simpson) (2023–present) [142] (#cite_note-142) [143] (#cite_note-143) Mary Fowler (/wiki/Mary_Fowler_(soccer)) (2024–present) [144] (#cite_note-144) [145] (#cite_note-145) Simone Ashley (/wiki/Simone_Ashley) (2024-present) [146] (#cite_note-146) Temi Otedola (/wiki/Temi_Otedola) (2024-present) [147] (#cite_note-147) [148] (#cite_note-148) Community involvement [ edit ] In 2014, L'Oreal was listed 61st among 1200 of India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory, a brand analytics company. [149] (#cite_note-149) In 2008, L'Oréal was named Europe's top business employer by the European Student Barometer, [150] (#cite_note-150) a survey conducted by Trendence that covers 20 European countries and incorporates the responses of over 91,000 students. The L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al-UNESCO_Awards_for_Women_in_Science) was established to improve the position of women in science by recognizing outstanding women researchers who have contributed to scientific progress. [151] (#cite_note-151) The awards are a result of a partnership between the French cosmetics company L'Oréal and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) ) and carry a grant of US$100,000 for each laureate. The same partnership awards the UNESCO-L'Oréal International Fellowships, providing up to US$40,000 in funding over two years to fifteen young women scientists engaged in exemplary and promising research projects. [152] (#cite_note-152) L'Oréal organises the yearly L'Oréal Brandstorm, a business game for students in 46 countries. The game is related to marketing and has a first prize of $10,000, the second prize of $5,000 and the third prize of $2500. L'Oréal is also a founding member of the "Look Good ... Feel Better" project, a charity which was formed over 16 years ago to help women combat the visible side effects of cancer treatment. [ citation needed ] L'Oréal also holds a global competition known as "L'Oréal Brandstorm" each year to invite students from around the world to be creative, innovative, and build their own business plans based around different topics. [ citation needed ] In 2015, Standard Ethics Aei (/wiki/Standard_Ethics_Aei) gave a rating to L'Oreal in order to include it in its Standard Ethics French Index. [153] (#cite_note-153) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f "2023 Annual Results" (https://www.loreal-finance.com/system/files/2024-02/CP_FY_2023_AnnualResults_EN.pdf) (PDF) . L'Oréal. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Jones, David (26 January 2010). "Nestlé waits for market pressures to soften Hershey" (https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60P31A20100126) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . ^ a b " Statuts (http://www.loreal-finance.com/_docs/fichiers_contenu/0000000346/Statuts_LOreal_FR.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20091230012849/http://www.loreal-finance.com/_docs/fichiers_contenu/0000000346/Statuts_LOreal_FR.pdf) 30 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ." L'Oréal. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Review: L'Oreal Men Expert Hydra Energetic" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181122051730/http://imthemoisturizer.com/review-loreal-men-expert-hydra-energetic) . The Moisturizer. 16 November 2018. Archived from the original (http://imthemoisturizer.com/review-loreal-men-expert-hydra-energetic) on 22 November 2018 . Retrieved 21 November 2018 . ^ a b c Lamare, Amy (22 September 2020). "A brief history of L'Oréal: A cosmetics dynasty with far-right origins" (https://www.businessofbusiness.com/articles/history-of-loreal-far-right-cosmetics/) . www.businessofbusiness.com . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ a b Magazine, Smithsonian. "The Titan Who Founded L'Oréal Prospered Under the Nazis" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/titan-who-founded-loreal-built-his-brand-shoulders-nazis-180964805/) . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ a b Corporate financial reporting by Amberr Aslamm on Prezi (https://prezi.com/a2vt6eplmrmn/corporate-financial-reporting/) . Prezi.com. Retrieved on 12 April 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Number of employees of L'Oréal worldwide 2021, by geographic zone" (https://www.statista.com/statistics/259259/number-of-employees-of-loreal-worldwide-by-geographic-zone/) . Statista . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Top 5 Companies Owned by L'Oréal" (https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/011416/top-5-companies-owned-loral.asp) . Investopedia . Retrieved 27 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Raghavan, Anita; Carreyrou, John (26 April 2004). "Sanofi to Swallow Aventis in a Deal Set at $65 Billion" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108291923112092711) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 26 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "L'Oréal buys Body Shop" (https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/17/business/worldbusiness/loral-buys-body-shop.html) . The New York Times . 17 March 2006. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 1 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Born, Pete (15 December 2008). "L'Oreal Gains YSL Beaute" (https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/loreal-gains-ysl-beaute-1892463/) . WWD . Retrieved 21 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "L'Oréal Acquires Major Chinese Beauty Brand" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-01-16/lor-al-acquires-chinese-beauty-brand-magic-holdings-for-840-million) . Bloomberg . 16 January 2014 – via www.bloomberg.com. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Robehmed, Natalie. "L'Oréal Buys Back Nestlé Stake, Bettencourt Fortune Gains $4 Billion" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2014/07/10/loreal-buys-back-nestle-stake-bettencourt-fortune-gains-4-billion/) . Forbes . Retrieved 1 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Shiseido_Sells_Carita,_Decléor_to_L'Oréal_15-0) Kaiser, Amanda (19 February 2014). 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Vanity Fair . 30 June 2021 . Retrieved 26 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-132) "Yseult au Festival de Cannes : "être égérie de L'Oréal, c'est montrer que la beauté est complexe et plurielle" (https://www.cosmopolitan.fr/yseult-au-festival-de-cannes-etre-egerie-de-l-oreal-c-est-montrer-que-la-beaute-est-complexe-et-plurielle,2080650.asp) " (https://www.cosmopolitan.fr/yseult-au-festival-de-cannes-etre-egerie-de-l-oreal-c-est-montrer-que-la-beaute-est-complexe-et-plurielle,2080650.asp) . Cosmopolitan . 25 May 2023 . Retrieved 26 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-133) "H.E.R. on Becoming the New Global Face of L'Oréal Paris, Her Hair-Care Routine, and How She Self-Soothes" (https://www.vogue.com/article/her-gabriella-wilson-loreal-global-ambassador-beauty-routine-hair-care) . Vogue . 27 January 2022 . Retrieved 19 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-134) "Anushka Sharma appointed brand ambassador for L'Oréal Paris" (https://www.campaignindia.in/article/anushka-sharma-appointed-brand-ambassador-for-l8217or233al-paris/481074) . Campaign India . Retrieved 19 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-135) "L'Oréal Paris names Anushka Sharma as latest brand ambassador in India" (https://www.globalcosmeticsnews.com/loreal-paris-names-anushka-sharma-as-latest-brand-ambassador-in-india/) . Global Cosmetics News . 15 September 2022 . Retrieved 19 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-136) "L'Oréal Paris brings Anushka Sharma as brand ambassador" (https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-span-iddocs-internal-guid-4faa18c2-7fff-99ac-0d72-fbbfe956f4cd-stylefont-weightnormalspan-stylefont-size-11pt-font-family-georgia-background-color-transparent-font-variant-numeric-normal-font-variant-2658341/) . The Financial Express . 7 September 2022 . Retrieved 19 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-137) "Thuso Mbedu named L'Oréal Paris brand ambassador" (https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/celebrities/thuso-mbedu-named-loreal-paris-brand-ambassador-20230529) . News24 . Retrieved 23 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-138) "The Woman King star Thuso Mbedu named L'Oréal Paris Brand Ambassador" (https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/The_Woman_King_star_Thuso_Mbedu_named_LOreal_Paris_Brand_Ambassador/209187) . Cosmetics Business . Retrieved 23 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-139) "L'Oréal Paris choisit Kendall Jenner comme nouvelle ambassadrice internationale" (https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/L-oreal-paris-choisit-kendall-jenner-comme-nouvelle-ambassadrice-internationale,1537814.html) . Fashion Network . Retrieved 27 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-140) "Kendall Jenner : le nouveau visage de l'Oréal" (https://luxus-plus.com/kendall-jenner-nouveau-visage-loreal/) . Luxus Plus . 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Panna (/wiki/Acqua_Panna) Perrier (/wiki/Perrier) Princes Gate (/wiki/Princes_Gate_Spring_Water) Pure Life (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Pure_Life) S.Pellegrino (/wiki/S.Pellegrino) Vittel (/wiki/Vittel_(water)) Cereals Cheerios (/wiki/Cheerios) 1 Chocapic (/wiki/Chocapic) Cinnamon Toast Crunch (/wiki/Cinnamon_Toast_Crunch) Cookie Crisp (/wiki/Cookie_Crisp) 1 Corn Flakes (/wiki/Corn_flakes) Fitness (/wiki/Fitness_(cereal)) Golden Grahams (/wiki/Golden_Grahams) 1 Golden Nuggets (/wiki/Golden_Nuggets) Lion Cereal (/wiki/Lion_Cereal) Lucky Charms (/wiki/Lucky_Charms) 1 Milo Cereal (/wiki/Milo_(drink)) Nesquik (cereal) (/wiki/Nesquik_(cereal)) 6,7 Trix (/wiki/Trix_(cereal)) 1 Shreddies (/wiki/Shreddies) 7 Shredded Wheat (/wiki/Shredded_wheat) 7 Chocolate and desserts Animal Bar (/wiki/Animal_Bar_(chocolate_bar)) Abuelita (/wiki/Abuelita) Aero (/wiki/Aero_(chocolate_bar)) Aero Biscuits (/wiki/Aero_Biscuits) After Eight (/wiki/After_Eight) Allen's (/wiki/Allen%27s) Bar One (/wiki/Bar_One) Bertie Beetle (/wiki/Bertie_Beetle) Big Turk (/wiki/Big_Turk) Blue Riband (/wiki/Blue_Riband_(biscuits)) Black Magic (/wiki/Black_Magic_(chocolates)) Bono (/w/index.php?title=Bono_(cookie)&action=edit&redlink=1) Breakaway (/wiki/Breakaway_(biscuit)) Cailler (/wiki/Cailler) Caramac (/wiki/Caramac) Carlos V (/wiki/Carlos_V_(chocolate_bar)) Cheekies (/wiki/Cheekies) Chokito (/wiki/Chokito) Coffee Crisp (/wiki/Coffee_Crisp) Crisp (/wiki/Crisp_(chocolate_bar)) Crunch (/wiki/Crunch_(chocolate_bar)) 12 Drifter (/wiki/Drifter_(chocolate_bar)) Fox's (/wiki/Fox%27s_Confectionery) Garoto (/wiki/Garoto) Goobers (/wiki/Chocolate-coated_peanut) Kit Kat (/wiki/Kit_Kat) 3 Kit Kats in Japan (/wiki/Kit_Kats_in_Japan) Kohler (/wiki/Chocolat_Kohler) Life Savers (/wiki/Life_Savers) 14 Lion (/wiki/Lion_(chocolate_bar)) Mackintosh's Toffee (/wiki/Mackintosh%27s_Toffee) Matchmakers (/wiki/Matchmakers) Menier Chocolate (/wiki/Menier_Chocolate) Milkybar (/wiki/Milkybar) Milo (/wiki/Milo_(drink)) Mirage (/wiki/Mirage_(chocolate_bar)) Munchies (/wiki/Munchies_(confectionery)) Negresco (/wiki/Negresco) Nestlé Milk Chocolate (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Milk_Chocolate) Passatempo (/wiki/Passatempo) Peppermint Crisp (/wiki/Peppermint_Crisp) Perugina (/wiki/Perugina) Polo (/wiki/Polo_(confectionery)) Quality Street (/wiki/Quality_Street_(confectionery)) Red Ripperz (/wiki/Red_Ripperz) Rolo (/wiki/Rolo) 3 Rowntree's (/wiki/Rowntree%27s) Rowntree's Fruit Gums (/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Gums) Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles (/wiki/Rowntree%27s_Fruit_Pastilles) Sin Parar (/wiki/Sin_Parar) Smarties (/wiki/Smarties) 4 Svitoch (/wiki/Svitoch) TEX (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Tex) Walnut Whip (/wiki/Walnut_Whip) White Knight (/wiki/White_Knight_(chocolate_bar)) Yorkie (/wiki/Yorkie_(chocolate_bar)) Zvečevo (/wiki/Zve%C4%8Devo) Coffee and beverages Abuelita (/wiki/Abuelita) Alpine (/wiki/Alaska_Milk_Corporation#Alpine) 8 Acticor BabyNes (/wiki/BabyNes) Blue Bottle Coffee (/wiki/Blue_Bottle_Coffee) Boost (/wiki/Boost_(drink)) Carnation (/wiki/Carnation_(brand)) 8,9 Caro (/wiki/Caro_(drink)) Chameleon Cold-Brew (/wiki/Chameleon_Cold-Brew) Chuckie Coffee-Mate (/wiki/Coffee-Mate) Dolce Gusto (/wiki/Dolce_Gusto) Huesitos Klim (/wiki/Klim_(powdered_milk)) La Lechera (/wiki/La_Lechera) Menier (/wiki/Menier_Chocolate) Milo cocoa (/wiki/Milo_(drink)) Nescafé (/wiki/Nescaf%C3%A9) Nescafé Azera Nescafé Gold Nescau (/wiki/Nescau) Nesfruta (/wiki/Nesfruta) Nespresso (/wiki/Nespresso) Nesquik (/wiki/Nesquik) Nestea (/wiki/Nestea) Ovaltine (/wiki/Ovaltine) 4 Ricoré (/wiki/Ricor%C3%A9) Seattle's Best Coffee (/wiki/Seattle%27s_Best_Coffee) Starbucks (/wiki/Starbucks) 13 Supligen (/wiki/Supligen) Sweet Leaf (/wiki/Sweet_Leaf_Tea_Company) Zoégas Dairy products Alpine (/wiki/Alaska_Milk_Corporation#Alpine) 8 Bear Brand (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Bear_Brand) 10,11 Carnation (/wiki/Carnation_(brand)) 8,9 Coffee-Mate (/wiki/Coffee-Mate) La Lechera (/wiki/La_Lechera) Nesquik (/wiki/Nesquik) Ice cream D'Onofrio (/wiki/D%27Onofrio_(brand)) Drumstick (/wiki/Drumstick_(frozen_dairy_dessert)) 15 Eskimo Pie (/wiki/Edy%27s_Pie) 15 Fab (/wiki/Fab_(brand)) Frosty Paws (/wiki/Frosty_Paws) 15 Häagen-Dazs (/wiki/H%C3%A4agen-Dazs) 2,15 Hjem-IS (/wiki/Hjem-IS) Ice Screamers (/wiki/Ice_Screamers) Kit Kat (/wiki/Kit_Kat) 15 Maxibon (/wiki/Maxibon) Mövenpick (/wiki/M%C3%B6venpick_Ice_Cream) Parlour (/wiki/Parlour_(ice_cream)) Savory (/wiki/Savory_(ice_cream)) Smarties (/wiki/Smarties) Prepared and packaged food and snacks Buitoni (/wiki/Buitoni) California Pizza Kitchen (/wiki/California_Pizza_Kitchen) DiGiorno (/wiki/DiGiorno) Herta (/wiki/Herta_Foods) Hot Pockets (/wiki/Hot_Pockets) Lean Cuisine (/wiki/Lean_Cuisine) Libby's (/wiki/Libby%27s) Lean Pockets (/wiki/Hot_Pockets) Maggi (/wiki/Maggi) Stouffer's (/wiki/Stouffer%27s) Thomy (/wiki/Thomy) Tombstone (/wiki/Tombstone_(pizza)) Uncle Tobys (/wiki/Uncle_Tobys) Winiary (/wiki/Winiary_(company)) Wagner (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Wagner) Yinlu Foods (/wiki/Yinlu_Foods) Purina PetCare (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Purina_PetCare) Alpo (/wiki/Alpo_(pet_food)) Bakers Complete (/wiki/Bakers_Complete) Beggin' Strips (/wiki/Beggin%27_Strips) Beneful (/wiki/Beneful) Bonio (/wiki/Bonio) Dog Chow (/wiki/Dog_Chow) Fancy Feast (/wiki/Fancy_Feast) Felix (/wiki/Felix_(cat_food)) Friskies (/wiki/Friskies) Frosty Paws (/wiki/Frosty_Paws) ONE (/wiki/Purina_One) Winalot (/wiki/Winalot) Uncle Tobys (/wiki/Uncle_Tobys) Cheerios (/wiki/Cheerios) 1 PLUS (/wiki/Plus_(cereal)) Weeties (/wiki/Wheaties) Former brands and (/wiki/List_of_Nestl%C3%A9_brands#Former_brands) subsidiaries (/wiki/List_of_Nestl%C3%A9_brands#Former_brands) Alcon (/wiki/Alcon) Alfasigma (/wiki/Pamlab) Arrowhead (/wiki/Arrowhead_Water) Butterfinger (/wiki/Butterfinger) Baby Ruth (/wiki/Baby_Ruth) Chocolate Surpresa (/wiki/Chocolate_Surpresa) Deer Park (/wiki/Deer_Park_Spring_Water) Dreyer's (/wiki/Dreyer%27s) 15 Enviga (/wiki/Enviga) Gale's (/wiki/Gale%27s) Galderma Laboratories (/wiki/Galderma) Cetaphil (/wiki/Cetaphil) Epiduo (/wiki/Adapalene/benzoyl_peroxide) Restylane (/wiki/Restylane) Hoadley's (/wiki/Hoadley%27s_Chocolates) Ice Mountain (/wiki/Ice_Mountain_(water)) Jenny Craig (/wiki/Jenny_Craig,_Inc.) Ozarka (/wiki/Ozarka) Peter's Chocolate (/wiki/Peter%27s_Chocolate) Poland Spring (/wiki/Poland_Spring) Polly Waffle (/wiki/Polly_Waffle) PowerBar (/wiki/PowerBar) Powwow Water (/wiki/Powwow_Water) Rowntree Mackintosh (/wiki/Rowntree_Mackintosh_Confectionery) Violet Crumble (/wiki/Violet_Crumble) Wonder Ball (/wiki/Wonder_Ball) Zephyrhills (/wiki/Zephyrhills_(water)) People Günter Blobel (/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel) Paul Bulcke (/wiki/Paul_Bulcke) Peter Brabeck-Letmathe (/wiki/Peter_Brabeck-Letmathe) Nobuyuki Idei (/wiki/Nobuyuki_Idei) Henri Nestlé (/wiki/Henri_Nestl%C3%A9) Kaspar Villiger (/wiki/Kaspar_Villiger) Related Nestea European Championship Tour (/wiki/Nestea_European_Championship_Tour) 1977 Nestlé boycott (/wiki/1977_Nestl%C3%A9_boycott) Nestlé Invitational (/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_Invitational) Nestlé Rowntree F.C. (/wiki/Rowntrees_F.C.) Nestlé Smarties Book Prize (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Smarties_Book_Prize) Nestlé Tower (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Tower) Toll House cookies (/wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookie) International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (/wiki/International_Code_of_Marketing_of_Breast-milk_Substitutes) Nescafé Basement (/wiki/Nescaf%C3%A9_Basement) Maggi noodles safety concerns in India (/wiki/Maggi_noodles_safety_concerns_in_India) Freshly (/wiki/Freshly) Related articles List of Nestlé brands (/wiki/List_of_Nestl%C3%A9_brands) Controversies of Nestlé (/wiki/Controversies_of_Nestl%C3%A9) 1 Currently manufactured by General Mills (/wiki/General_Mills) in the U.S. and Canada. Produced by Cereal Partners (/wiki/Cereal_Partners_Worldwide) under the Nestlé brand elsewhere. 2 Brand owned by General Mills (/wiki/General_Mills) ; U.S. and Canadian production rights controlled by Nestlé under license. 3 U.S. production rights owned by The Hershey Company (/wiki/The_Hershey_Company) . 4 U.S. rights and production owned by the Smarties Candy Company (/wiki/Smarties_Candy_Company) with a different product. 5 U.S. rights and specific trade dress owned by Nestlé; rights elsewhere owned by Associated British Foods (/wiki/Associated_British_Foods) . 6 Produced by Cereal Partners, branded as Nestlé. 7 Produced by Cereal Partners and branded as Nestlé in the U.K. and Ireland. Produced by Post Foods (/wiki/Post_Foods) elsewhere. 8 Philippine production rights owned by Alaska Milk Corporation (/wiki/Alaska_Milk_Corporation) . 9 Singaporean, Malaysian and Thai production rights owned by Fraser and Neave (/wiki/Fraser_and_Neave) . 10 Used only in Indonesia, Thailand, and Cambodia. 11 Used only in the Philippines. 12 U.S. production rights owned by the Ferrara Candy Company (/wiki/Ferrara_Candy_Company) . 13 NA (/wiki/North_America) rights and specific trade dress to all packaged coffee and other products under the Starbucks brand owned by Nestlé since 2019. 14 Brand owned by Mars (/wiki/Mars_Inc.) , sold by Nestlé in Canada. 15 Produced by Froneri (/wiki/Froneri) in the U.S. since 2020. Category (/wiki/Category:Nestl%C3%A9) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nestl%C3%A9) v t e Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Face Anti-aging cream (/wiki/Anti-aging_cream) BB cream (/wiki/BB_cream) Botulinum toxin (Botox) (/wiki/Botulinum_toxin) CC cream (/wiki/CC_cream) Concealer (/wiki/Concealer) Cotton pad (/wiki/Cotton_pad) Cleanser (/wiki/Cleanser) DD cream (/wiki/DD_cream) Facial (/wiki/Facial) Facial toning (/wiki/Facial_toning) Foundation (/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)) Highlighter (/wiki/Highlighter_(cosmetics)) Moist towelette (/wiki/Moist_towelette) Moisturizer (/wiki/Moisturizer) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Primer (/wiki/Primer_(cosmetics)) Powder (/wiki/Face_powder) Rouge (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) Toner (/wiki/Toner_(skin_care)) Venetian ceruse (/wiki/Venetian_ceruse) Lips Lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) Balm (/wiki/Lip_balm) Gloss (/wiki/Lip_gloss) Liner (/wiki/Lip_liner) Stain (/wiki/Lip_stain) Eyes Blepharoplasty (/wiki/Blepharoplasty) Circle contact lens (/wiki/Circle_contact_lens) Eyelash extensions (/wiki/Eyelash_extensions) Eyelid glue (/wiki/Eyelid_glue) Eye liner (/wiki/Eye_liner) Eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) Kohl (/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)) Mascara (/wiki/Mascara) Hair Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Hair coloring and bleaching (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) shaving (/wiki/Shaving) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Sindoor (/wiki/Sindoor) Styling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) pomade (/wiki/Pomade) spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Nails Artificial nails (/wiki/Artificial_nails) Buffing (/wiki/Nail_buffing) Manicure (/wiki/Manicure) Nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) Pedicure (/wiki/Pedicure) Body Cold cream (/wiki/Cold_cream) Lotion (/wiki/Lotion) Peeling (/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)) Plastic surgery (/wiki/Plastic_surgery) Skin whitening (/wiki/Skin_whitening) Sunless tanning (/wiki/Sunless_tanning) Related Cosmetic electrotherapy (/wiki/Electrotherapy_(cosmetic)) Cosmetic ingredients (/wiki/Ingredients_of_cosmetics) Cosmetics advertising (/wiki/Cosmetics_advertising) Cosmetic packaging (/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging) Cosmetology (/wiki/Cosmetology) History of cosmetics (/wiki/History_of_cosmetics) Cosmetic industry (/wiki/Cosmetic_industry) Male cosmetics (/wiki/Male_cosmetics) Major cosmetic brands Ahava (/wiki/Ahava) Almay (/wiki/Almay) Amorepacific (/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation) Anastasia Beverly Hills (/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills) Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) Aqua Net (/wiki/Aqua_Net) Artistry (/wiki/Artistry_(cosmetics)) Aveda (/wiki/Aveda) Avon (/wiki/Avon_Products) Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) Benefit (/wiki/Benefit_Cosmetics) Biotherm (/wiki/Biotherm) Bite Beauty (/wiki/BITE_Beauty) Bobbi Brown (/wiki/Bobbi_Brown) Bonne Bell (/wiki/Bonne_Bell) Bumble and bumble (/wiki/Bumble_and_bumble) Burt's Bees (/wiki/Burt%27s_Bees) Carol's Daughter (/wiki/Carol%27s_Daughter) Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) Clinique (/wiki/Clinique) Coty (/wiki/Coty) ColourPop Cosmetics (/wiki/ColourPop_Cosmetics) CoverGirl (/wiki/CoverGirl) Creme 21 (/wiki/Creme_21) Cutex (/wiki/Cutex) Daigaku Honyaku Center (/wiki/Daigaku_Honyaku_Center) Dermacol (/wiki/Dermacol) Douglas (/wiki/Douglas_(cosmetics)) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc.) 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Irish women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Ireland portal (/wiki/Portal:Ireland) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Irish fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Irish_fashion_designers) . It includes Irish fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐67d4b74ff6‐l62fz Cached time: 20240722141957 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.076 seconds Real time usage: 0.105 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3968/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 300/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.045/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 937631/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 92.065 1 -total 48.16% 44.340 1 Template:Portal 39.98% 36.810 1 Template:Non-diffusing 32.93% 30.316 1 Template:Cmbox 11.67% 10.744 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 9.00% 8.285 2 Template:Category_other 6.93% 6.379 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 3.87% 3.561 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.64% 1.510 1 Template:Template_other 1.34% 1.237 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72300444-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722141957 and revision id 1177798387. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Irish women fashion designers" The following 14 pages are in this category, out of 14 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Sinéad Burke (/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_Burke) C Pauline Clotworthy (/wiki/Pauline_Clotworthy) Sybil Connolly (/wiki/Sybil_Connolly) D Catherine Donovan (/wiki/Catherine_Donovan) G Irene Gilbert (fashion designer) (/wiki/Irene_Gilbert_(fashion_designer)) K Louise Kennedy (/wiki/Louise_Kennedy) Lainey Keogh (/wiki/Lainey_Keogh) Daryl Kerrigan (/wiki/Daryl_Kerrigan) Orla Kiely (/wiki/Orla_Kiely) M Miriam Mone (/wiki/Miriam_Mone) Neillí Mulcahy (/wiki/Neill%C3%AD_Mulcahy) Q Jacqueline Quinn (/wiki/Jacqueline_Quinn) R Simone Rocha (/wiki/Simone_Rocha) W Sharon Wauchob (/wiki/Sharon_Wauchob) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Irish_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798387 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Irish_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798387) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Irish fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Irish_fashion_designers) Irish women artists (/wiki/Category:Irish_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
American fashion designer Jahleel Weaver Born 1987 (age 36–37) Nationality American Panamanian Occupation Stylist Known for Fashion styling Jahleel Weaver (born 1987) is an American fashion designer, stylist, and deputy creative director of Rihanna's (/wiki/Rihanna) fashion house, Fenty (/wiki/Fenty_(fashion_house)) . [1] (#cite_note-Akel-1) [2] (#cite_note-coveteur.com-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Career [ edit ] Weaver's first styling job was for Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , where he assisted with styling Usher (/wiki/Usher_(musician)) . He then worked as assistant stylist alongside Mel Ottenberg, who has been styling singer Rihanna since 2005. In 2014, when Rihanna launched fashion house Fenty (/wiki/Fenty_(fashion_house)) , she asked Weaver to work for her directly. Since then, he has been Rihanna's full-time stylist and the official creative director at Fenty. [6] (#cite_note-6) [1] (#cite_note-Akel-1) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Personal life [ edit ] The designer grew up in the suburbs of Maryland to Jamaican-Panamanian immigrants. His mother worked for a law firm and his dad owns a funeral home. [9] (#cite_note-9) Weaver lives in East Village, New York. He is gay. [10] (#cite_note-10) [2] (#cite_note-coveteur.com-2) References [ edit ] ^ a b Akel, Joseph (2019-12-29). "That Fenty Gent: Rihanna's 'Right Hand,' Jahleel Weaver" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/29/fashion/rihanna-stylist.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2021-07-01 . ^ a b "Jahleel Weaver's Closet Is Bursting with Silk and, of Course, Puma" (https://coveteur.com/2018/07/18/jahleel-weaver-closet-fenty-corp-creative-director/) . Coveteur: Inside Closets, Fashion, Beauty, Health, and Travel . 2018-07-18 . Retrieved 2021-07-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hyland, Véronique (2017-03-06). "Fenty Creative Director Jahleel Weaver Styles the Collection on 3 Muses" (https://www.thecut.com/2017/03/jahleel-weaver-interview-fenty-puma-rihanna-fashion-shoot.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2021-07-01 . ^ a b "Jahleel Weaver On The "No Rules" Mentality Of Working With Rihanna At Fenty" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/jahleel-weaver-rihanna-fenty-savage) . British Vogue . 31 October 2019 . Retrieved 2021-07-01 . ^ a b hermes (2020-01-03). "Rihanna's right-hand man" (https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/rihannas-right-hand-man) . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2021-07-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Robinson, Roxanne. "Why Rihanna's Fenty Clothing Line Has Been Put To An End" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/roxannerobinson/2021/02/11/why-rihannas-fenty-clothing-line-has-been-put-to-an-end/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2021-07-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Amina Muaddi and Rihanna Stylist Jahleel Weaver On What Makes Their Fenty Shoe Collaboration Great" (https://news.yahoo.com/amina-muaddi-rihanna-stylist-jahleel-222146696.html) . news.yahoo.com . 7 December 2020 . Retrieved 2021-07-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Bailey, Alyssa (2019-06-20). "Rihanna's Response to Being Named the World's Richest Female Musician? It's Weird, But Nice" (https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a28115718/rihanna-forbes-richest-female-musician-response/) . ELLE . Retrieved 2021-07-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "JAHLEEL WEAVER ON HOW HE SPLIT FROM THE PACK" (https://www.reebok.ca/en/blog/307262) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Jahleel Weaver" (https://www.stylectory.net/jahleel-weaver/) . Stylectory . 18 January 2021 . Retrieved 2021-07-01 . This United States biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American retail clothing company For other uses, see Tilly (disambiguation) (/wiki/Tilly_(disambiguation)) . Tillys, Inc. Tillys store at the King of Prussia (/wiki/King_of_Prussia_(shopping_mall)) shopping mall in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_Pennsylvania) Formerly World of Jeans and Tops (1982–1985) Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) NYSE (/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange) : TLYS (https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:TLYS) (Class A) Russell 2000 Component (/wiki/Russell_2000_Index) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1982 ; 42 years ago ( 1982 ) Founders Hezy Shaked Headquarters Irvine, California (/wiki/Irvine,_California) , U.S. Number of locations 240 (2021) [1] (#cite_note-about-1) Area served United States Key people Hezy Shaked (Founder) Mike Henry (CFO) Products Athletic footwear (/wiki/Footwear) & apparel Athletic & recreational products Revenue US$ (/wiki/United_States_dollar) 775.8 million [2] (#cite_note-yahoo-2) (2021) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) US$87.6 million (2021) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) US$64.2 million (2021) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) US$505 million (2021) Number of employees 4,000 (2021) Website tillys.com (https://www.tillys.com/) Footnotes / references [3] (#cite_note-10K2020-3) Tillys (originally known as World of Jeans and Tops and Tilly's ) is an American retail clothing company that sells an assortment of branded apparel, accessories, shoes, and more. Tillys is headquartered and operated from Irvine (/wiki/Irvine,_California) , California (/wiki/California) . History [ edit ] Tillys is a leading destination specialty retailer of casual apparel, footwear, accessories, and hardgoods for young men, young women, boys and girls with an extensive assortment of iconic global, emerging, and proprietary brands rooted in an active, outdoor and social lifestyle. Tillys is headquartered in Irvine, California and operated 248 stores in 33 states as of February 3, 2024. The Tillys concept began in 1982 when co-founders, Hezy Shaked and Tilly Levine, opened their first store in Orange County, California. Since 1984, the business has been conducted through World of Jeans & Tops ("WOJT"), a California corporation, which operates under the name "Tillys". In May 2011, Tilly's, Inc., a Delaware corporation, was formed solely for the purpose of reorganizing the corporate structure of WOJT in preparation for an initial public offering. As part of the initial public offering in May 2012, WOJT became a wholly owned subsidiary of Tilly's, Inc. (Source: Tilly's, Inc. 10-K) Stores [ edit ] Tillys stores are located in a variety of retail centers, including malls, lifestyle centers, "power" centers, community centers, outlet centers, and street-front locations. The average store size is approximately 7,300 square feet. As of February 3, 2024, Tillys operates 248 stores in 33 states and its website at www.tillys.com. Brands [ edit ] Tillys is a leading destination specialty retailer of casual apparel, footwear, accessories, and hardgoods for young men, young women, boys and girls with an extensive assortment of iconic global, emerging, and proprietary brands rooted in an active, outdoor and social lifestyle. It sells a combination of its own proprietary brands such as RSQ, Full Tilt, tillys and West of Melrose, as well as well-known brands such as Vans, Nike and Nike SB, Jansport, The North Face, Converse, Billabong, among many others. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-about_1-0) "About Us" (https://www.tillys.com/about-tillys/about-us.html) . Tilly's . Retrieved January 9, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-yahoo_2-0) "TLYS Income Statement" (https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/TLYS/financials/) . Yahoo! Finance (/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance) . January 4, 2013 . Retrieved January 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10K2020_3-0) "US SEC: 2020 Form 10-K NIKE, Inc" (https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/320187/000032018720000047/nke-531202010k.htm) . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission) . July 24, 2020 . Retrieved July 25, 2020 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tilly's (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tilly%27s) . 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(Redirected from Dominican habit (/w/index.php?title=Dominican_habit&redirect=no) ) Distinctive set of garments worn by members of a religious order This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Religious_habit) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Religious habit" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Religious+habit%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Religious+habit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Religious+habit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Religious+habit%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Religious+habit%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Religious+habit%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) St. Anthony the Great (/wiki/Anthony_the_Great) , wearing the habit of a Coptic (/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria) monk. Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) on Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) and corresponding attires (/wiki/Clothing) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) ( full dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) Full dress uniform (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) ( half dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Mess dress uniform (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) ( undress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) , "dress clothes") Suit (/wiki/Suit) Service dress uniform (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) (anything not above) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Casual Friday (/wiki/Casual_Friday) Combat uniform (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) known as Sportswear (fashion) (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) and Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Supplementary alternatives Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) law courts (/wiki/Court_dress) royal courts (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) , etc. Religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) , habit , etc. Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) Distinctions Orders (/wiki/Order_(distinction)) medals (/wiki/Medal) , etc. Legend: = Day (before 6 p.m.) = Evening (after 6 p.m.) = Bow tie (/wiki/Bow_tie) colour = Ladies = Gentlemen Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e A religious habit is a distinctive set of religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) worn by members of a religious order (/wiki/Religious_order) . Traditionally some plain garb recognizable as a religious habit has also been worn by those leading the religious eremitic (/wiki/Hermit) and anchoritic (/wiki/Anchorite) life, although in their case without conformity to a particular uniform style. Uniformity and distinctiveness by order often evolved and changed over time. Interpretation of terms for clothes in religious rules could change over centuries. Furthermore, every time new communities gained importance in a cultural area the need for visual separation increased for new as well as old communities. Thus, modern habits are rooted in historic forms, but do not necessarily resemble them in cut, colour, material, detail or use. In Christian monastic (/wiki/Christian_monasticism) orders of the Catholic (/wiki/Catholic_church) , Lutheran (/wiki/Lutheranism) and Anglican (/wiki/Anglicanism) Churches, the habit often consists of a tunic (/wiki/Tunic) covered by a scapular (/wiki/Scapular) and cowl (/wiki/Cowl) , with a hood for monks (/wiki/Monk) or friars (/wiki/Friar) and a veil (/wiki/Veil) for nuns (/wiki/Nun) ; in apostolic orders it may be a distinctive form of cassock (/wiki/Cassock) for men, or a distinctive habit and veil for women. Catholic Canon Law (/wiki/Canon_Law) requires only that the garb of their members be in some way identifiable so that the person may serve as a witness of the Evangelical counsels (/wiki/Evangelical_counsels) . In many orders, the conclusion of postulancy (/wiki/Postulant) and the beginning of the novitiate (/wiki/Novitiate) is marked by a ceremony, in which the new novice is accepted as a novice and then clothed in the community's habit by the superior (/wiki/General_superior) . In some cases the novice's habit will be somewhat different from the customary habit: for instance, in certain orders of women that use the veil (/wiki/Veil) , it is common for novices to wear a white veil while professed members wear black, or if the order generally wears white, the novice wears a grey veil. Among some Franciscan (/wiki/Franciscan) communities of men, novices wear a sort of overshirt over their tunic; Carthusian (/wiki/Carthusian) novices wear a black cloak over their white habit. Buddhism [ edit ] Monks from Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) and China (/wiki/China) wearing traditional kāṣāya; Bezeklik (/wiki/Bezeklik) , Eastern Tarim Basin (/wiki/Tarim_Basin) , China, 9th–10th century Kāṣāya ( Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit_language) : काषाय , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit) : kāṣāya ; Pali (/wiki/Pali) : kasāva; Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 袈裟 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : jiāshā ; Cantonese Jyutping (/wiki/Jyutping) : gaa 1 saa 1 ; Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_language) : 袈裟 kesa ; Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 袈裟 가사 gasa ; Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_language) : cà-sa ), "chougu" ( Tibetan (/wiki/Standard_Tibetan) ) are the robes of Buddhist (/wiki/Buddhism) monks (/wiki/Bhikkhu) and nuns (/wiki/Bhikkhuni) , named after a brown or saffron dye. In Sanskrit and Pali, these robes are also given the more general term cīvara , which references the robes without regard to color. Origin and construction [ edit ] An early representation of the Buddha (/wiki/Gautama_Buddha) wearing kāṣāya robes, in the Hellenistic (/wiki/Hellenistic) style Buddhist kāṣāya are said to have originated in India (/wiki/India) as set of robes for the devotees of Gautama Buddha (/wiki/Gautama_Buddha) . A notable variant has a pattern reminiscent of an Asian rice field. Original kāṣāya were constructed of discarded fabric (/wiki/Textile) . These were stitched together to form three rectangular pieces of cloth, which were then fitted over the body in a specific manner. The three main pieces of cloth are the antarvāsa , the uttarāsaṅga , and the saṃghāti . [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200390-1) Together they form the "triple robe", or tricīvara . The tricīvara is described more fully in the Theravāda (/wiki/Therav%C4%81da) Vinaya (/wiki/Vinaya) (Vin 1:94 289). Uttarāsaṅga [ edit ] A robe covering the upper body. It is worn over the undergarment, or antarvāsa. In representations of the Buddha, the uttarāsaṅga rarely appears as the uppermost garment, since it is often covered by the outer robe, or saṃghāti. Saṃghāti [ edit ] The saṃghāti is an outer robe used for various occasions. It comes over the upper robe ( uttarāsaṅga ), and the undergarment ( antarvāsa ). In representations of the Buddha, the saṃghāti is usually the most visible garment, with the undergarment or uttarāsaṅga protruding at the bottom. It is quite similar in shape to the Greek himation (/wiki/Himation) , and its shape and folds have been treated in Greek style in the Greco-Buddhist art (/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art) of Gandhāra (/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ra) . Additions [ edit ] Other items that may have been worn with the triple robe were: a waist cloth, the kushalaka a buckled belt, the samakaksika Indian depiction of the Buddha wearing red robes; Sanskrit manuscript, Nālandā (/wiki/N%C4%81land%C4%81) , Bihar (/wiki/Bihar) , India, Pāla period Kāṣāya in Indian Buddhism [ edit ] In India, variations of the kāṣāya robe distinguished different types of monastics. These represented the different schools that they belonged to, and their robes ranged widely from red and ochre, to blue and black. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200389-2) Between 148 and 170 CE, the Parthian (/wiki/Parthia) monk An Shigao (/wiki/An_Shigao) came to China and translated a work which describes the color of monastic robes utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called Dà Bǐqiū Sānqiān Wēiyí (Ch. 大比丘三千威儀). [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHino200455-3) Another text translated at a later date, the Śariputraparipṛcchā , contains a very similar passage corroborating this information, but the colors for the Sarvāstivāda and Dharmaguptaka sects are reversed. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHino200455–56-4) [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESujato2012i-5) Nikāya Dà Bǐqiū Sānqiān Wēiyí Śariputraparipṛcchā Sarvāstivāda (/wiki/Sarvastivada) Deep Red Black Dharmaguptaka (/wiki/Dharmaguptaka) Black Deep Red Mahāsāṃghika (/wiki/Mahasamghika) Yellow Yellow Mahīśāsaka (/wiki/Mahisasaka) Blue Blue Kaśyapīya (/wiki/Kasyapiya) Magnolia Magnolia In traditions of Tibetan Buddhism (/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism) , which follow the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, red robes are regarded as characteristic of the Mūlasarvāstivādins. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohrTsedroen2010266-6) According to Dudjom Rinpoche from the tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, the robes of fully ordained Mahāsāṃghika monastics were to be sewn out of more than seven sections, but no more than twenty-three sections. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinpoche199916-7) The symbols sewn on the robes were the endless knot (/wiki/Endless_knot) (Skt. śrīvatsa ) and the conch shell (Skt. śaṅkha ), two of the Eight Auspicious Signs (/wiki/Ashtamangala) in Buddhism. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinpoche199916-7) Jiāshā in Chinese Buddhism [ edit ] In Chinese Buddhism (/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism) , the kāṣāya is called gāsā (Ch. 袈裟). During the early period of Chinese Buddhism (/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism) , the most common color was red. Later, the color of the robes came to serve as a way to distinguish monastics, just as they did in India. However, the colors of a Chinese Buddhist monastic's robes often corresponded to their geographical region rather than to any specific schools. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200389-2) By the maturation of Chinese Buddhism, only the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage was still in use, and therefore the color of robes served no useful purpose as a designation for sects, the way that it had in India. Kesa in Japanese Buddhism [ edit ] Japanese Buddhist priest's mantle ( kesa ), 1775–1825, LACMA (/wiki/LACMA) textile collections In Japanese Buddhism (/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism) , the kāṣāya is known as the kesa ( 袈裟 ) . In Japan, during the Edo (/wiki/Edo_period) and Meiji periods (/wiki/Meiji_period) , kesa were sometimes pieced together from the theatrical kimono (/wiki/Kimono) used in Noh theatre (/wiki/Noh_theatre) . Christianity [ edit ] Religious clothing includes habits Catholicism [ edit ] Pope John Paul II (/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II) in his post-apostolic Exhortation Vita consecrata (1996) says concerning the religious habit of consecrated (/wiki/Consecrated_life) persons: §25 [...] The Church must always seek to make her presence visible in everyday life, especially in contemporary culture, which is often very secularized and yet sensitive to the language of signs. In this regard the Church has a right to expect a significant contribution from consecrated persons, called as they are in every situation to bear clear witness that they belong to Christ. Since the habit is a sign of consecration, poverty and membership in a particular Religious family, I join the Fathers of the Synod in strongly recommending to men and women religious that they wear their proper habit, suitably adapted to the conditions of time and place. Where valid reasons of their apostolate call for it, Religious, in conformity with the norms of their Institute, may also dress in a simple and modest manner, with an appropriate symbol, in such a way that their consecration is recognizable. Institutes which from their origin or by provision of their Constitutions do not have a specific habit should ensure that the dress of their members corresponds in dignity and simplicity to the nature of their vocation. Nuns [ edit ] A nun of the Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration (/wiki/Poor_Clares_of_Perpetual_Adoration) in her cloister Traditional Catholic nuns The religious habits of Catholic nuns typically consist of the following elements: Tunic : This is the central piece of the habit. It is a loose dress made of serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) fabric pleated at the neck and draping to the ground. It can be worn pinned up in the front or in the back to allow the nun to work. Scapular (/wiki/Scapular) : This symbolic apron hangs from both front and back; it is worn over the tunic, and Benedictine (/wiki/Benedictine) nuns also wear it over the belt, whereas some other orders wear it tied under the belt. Cincture : The habit is often secured around the waist with a belt of leather, wool or a lanyard. The cincture of the Franciscan orders has three (or four) knots standing for the vows. Coif (/wiki/Coif) : This is the garment's headpiece and includes the white cotton cap secured by a bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) and a white wimple (/wiki/Wimple) (to cover the neck and cheeks) and guimpe (/wiki/Guimpe) (to cover the chest, similar to a short cape) of starched linen, cotton, or (today) polyester. It is sometimes covered by a thin layer of black crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) . Veil (/wiki/Black_veil) : This element is worn pinned over the coif head coverings. Some veils can be worn down to cover the face or up to expose it. The veil sometimes includes a white underveil as well. The colour of the veil depends as well from the habit of the order and the status of the sister or nun (novices or postulants wear differently coloured veils than the professed sisters and nuns). The coif and veil were common items of clothing for married women in medieval Europe. [ citation needed ] Different orders adhere to different styles of dress; these styles have changed over time. Sisters [ edit ] Sisters of the Daughters of Mary in traditional habit Missionaries of Charity (/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity) sisters in Haiti, wearing the order's traditional white sari with blue stripes This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( February 2021 ) Historically, the religious habit of Catholic sisters (/wiki/Religious_sister) was a visible sign of a woman's consecration to God. [8] (#cite_note-8) Different orders adhere to different styles of dress; these styles have changed over time. For example, in former times, the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul (/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul) wore a cornette (/wiki/Cornette) instead of a veil. Due the ecclesiastical document Perfectae caritatis (/wiki/Perfectae_caritatis) , many congregations decided to simplify their habits, to conform to the attire of the culture they are working in, or to even discard their use entirely. While styles vary, for those wearing the traditional habit, three pieces are consistently worn: tunic (robe), belt/cincture, veil. The habit of some Dominican Sisters (/wiki/Dominican_Sisters) consists of a tunic, belt (cincture), scapular, veil, rosary, and on formal occasions a cappa (mantle). [9] (#cite_note-9) Even for orders that have chosen not to wear a habit, these sisters often share a common appearance: calf-length skirt, blouse or sweater, visible cross necklace. Monks [ edit ] Carthusian monks of the Chartreuse de Portes Monks in the Catholic church wear a tunic, a cincture (/wiki/Cincture) , a hooded scapular, and, for the Liturgy of the Hours (/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours) , a mantle (novices) or a cowl (professed monks). [ citation needed ] Friars [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( February 2021 ) Canons regular [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( February 2021 ) Owing to the different traditions and origins that exist, there is no singular common habit worn by the Canons Regular (/wiki/Canons_Regular) . Historically the common habit was the distinctive white cassock, with white fascia, over time some communities of Canons have changed to wearing the black cassock with black fascia. The only item of the habit that is common to all Canons is the linen rochet (/wiki/Rochet) a mark of the canonical status. In the Netherlands, some wore a cacullae (a small asymmetrical black cope (/wiki/Cope) of cloth or sheepskin.) Some communities of canons, notably in Austria and Switzerland wear a sarotium, coming from the Latin sacrum rochettum , 'the sacred rochet'. It is a thin band of linen worn over the cassock when not in choir. As part of their choir dress, some communities of Canons wear a mozzetta, either black or purple over the rochet. Outdoors Canons wear a black cloak and hood, but again adaptations have been made to this in some of the communities. Canons also traditionally wore a biretta (/wiki/Biretta) . Clergy [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( March 2017 ) Usually, secular priests (/wiki/Secular_clergy) wear either a black cassock (/wiki/Cassock) or an ordinary men's garb in black or another dark color along with a white clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) . White cassocks or clothes may be worn in hot climates. Also, a ferraiolo (a kind of cope) could be worn along with the cassock. Priests also traditionally wore a biretta (/wiki/Biretta) along with the cassock. Deacons, priests, and bishops belonging to religious institutes (/wiki/Religious_institute) wear the habit of their institute. Abbot or cardinal [ edit ] Main article: Pontifical vestments (/wiki/Pontifical_vestments) Latin Church (/wiki/Latin_Church) clergy other than bishops, in particular any who are abbots (/wiki/Abbot) or apostolic prefects (/wiki/Apostolic_prefect) or ordinary of a personal ordinariate, may wear pontifical items. Mitre, crosier and ring are bestowed on an abbot at his blessing and the pectoral cross is a customary part of an abbatial habit. [ citation needed ] Catholic habits gallery [ edit ] The religious habit of the Carmelite Order (/wiki/Carmelites) is brown and includes the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel) (also known as Brown Scapular) The religious habit of the Hieronymite enclosed monks and nuns (/wiki/Hieronymites) is white and includes a brown scapular The religious habit of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd (/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd) (and also of the Sisters from the Order of Our Lady of Charity) is white, with a white scapular, a black veil and a large silver heart on the breast The religious habit of the Sisters of Mary Reparatrix (/wiki/Sisters_of_Mary_Reparatrix) is white, with a blue scapular, a white and blue veil and a large golden heart on the breast The religious habit of the Franciscan (/wiki/Franciscan) Order of Friars Minor (/wiki/Friars_Minor) and Friars Minor Capuchin (/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin) is usually brown or gray; the habit of the Order of Friars Minor Conventual (/wiki/Conventual_Franciscans) and Third Order Regular is black, although the Order of Friars Minor Conventual is returning to the grey habit worldwide The religious habit of the Benedictines (/wiki/Benedictines) is black (the style varies depending upon the monastery) The religious habit of the Carthusians (/wiki/Carthusians) is white. A similar habit is used by the Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno (/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno) The religious habit of the Dominicans (/wiki/Dominican_Order) is black and white Cistercians (/wiki/Cistercians) in their religious habit (with the black scapular (/wiki/Scapular) ) The religious habit of the Clarisses (/wiki/Clarisses) (also known as Poor Clares (/wiki/Poor_Clares) ) is brown, with a black veil The religious habit of the Sisters of the Annunciation (/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary) is white, with a red scapular and a black veil The religious habit (based on the Indian sari (/wiki/Sari) ) of the Missionaries of Charity (/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity) , founded by Mother Teresa of Calcutta (/wiki/Mother_Teresa) The religious habit of the Trinitarian Order (/wiki/Trinitarian_Order) is white with a distinctive cross with a blue horizontal bar and a red vertical bar The religious habit of the Sisters of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament (/wiki/Order_of_the_Incarnate_Word_and_Blessed_Sacrament) is white, with a red scapular and a black veil Oratorians (/wiki/Oratory_of_Jesus) wear roughly the same vestments as parish priests (/wiki/Priest) . The distinctive Oratorian clerical collar consists of white cloth that folds over the collar all around the neck. Sisters belonging to the Daughters of Charity (/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul) with the cornette which used to be common Religious habit of a Trappist (/wiki/Trappists) monk Religious habit of a Premonstratensian (/wiki/Premonstratensian) canon Pauline (/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit) Pius Przeździecki The Mercedarians (/wiki/Mercedarian_Order) wear white The religious habit of a Minims (/wiki/Minims_(religious_order)) friar; it consists of a black tunic, a scapular with a capuche and a black cincture with four knots (four vows) Lutheranism [ edit ] In Lutheranism (/wiki/Lutheranism) , various religious orders (/wiki/Religious_order) have a habit of a different colour. The Daughters of Mary (/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_(Lutheran)) wear a blue habit. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois201790-10) Anglicanism [ edit ] Further information: Anglican religious order (/wiki/Anglican_religious_order) Eastern Orthodoxy [ edit ] The Analavos , worn by Orthodox monks and nuns of the Great Schema The Eastern Orthodox Church (/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) does not have distinct religious orders such as those in the Catholic Church. The habit ( Greek (/wiki/Greek_language) : Σχήμα , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek) : Schēma ) is essentially the same throughout the world. The normal monastic color is black, symbolic of repentance and simplicity. The habits of monks and nuns are identical; additionally, nuns wear a scarf, called an apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) . The habit is bestowed in degrees, as the monk or nun advances in the spiritual life. There are three degrees: (1) the beginner, known as the Rassaphore ('robe bearer') (2) the intermediate, known as the Stavrophore ('cross bearer'), and (3) the Great Schema worn by Great Schema Monks or Nuns. Only the last, the Schemamonk or Schemanun, the monastic of the highest degree, wears the full habit. The habit is formally bestowed upon monks and nuns at the ceremony known as the tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) (Greek κουρά ). The parts of the Eastern Orthodox habit are: Inner Rason ( Greek (/wiki/Greek_language) : Έσώρασον , Ζωστικὸν or Ἀντερί , Esórason ; Slavonic (/wiki/Church_Slavonic) : Podryásnik ): The inner rason (/wiki/Cassock#Eastern_practice_.28Orthodox_and_Eastern_Catholic.29) (cassock) is the innermost garment. It is a long, collared garment coming to the feet, with narrow, tapered sleeves. Unlike the Roman cassock, it is double-breasted. The inner rason is the basic garment and is worn at all times, even when working. It is often given to novices (/wiki/Novice) and seminarians (/wiki/Seminarian) , though this differs from community to community. The inner rason is also worn by chanters (/wiki/Chanter) , readers (/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)) , and the married clergy. For monks and nuns, it symbolizes the vow (/wiki/Religious_vows) of poverty (/wiki/Poverty#Relative_poverty) . Belt (Greek: Ζώνη , Zone ; Slavonic: Poyas ): The belt worn by Orthodox monks and nuns is normally leather, though sometimes it is of cloth. In the Russian tradition, married clergy, as well as the higher monastic clergy, may wear a cloth belt that is finely embroidered (/wiki/Embroidery) , especially on feast days (/wiki/Great_Feasts) . The belt is symbolic of the vow of chastity (/wiki/Chastity) . Paramand (Greek: Παραμανδύας , Paramandýas ; Slavonic: Paraman ): The Paramand is a piece of cloth, approximately 5 inches (130 mm) square which is attached by ribbons to a wooden cross. The cloth is embroidered with a cross and the Instruments of the Passion (/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)#Instruments_of_the_Passion) . The wooden cross is worn over the chest, then the ribbons pass over and under the arms, like a yoke (/wiki/Yoke) , and hold the square cloth centered on the back. The paramand is symbolic of the yoke of Christ (Matthew 11:29–30). [11] (#cite_note-11) Outer Rason ( a.k.a. , Greek: εξώρασον, exorason or simply ράσο, raso ; Slavonic: ryasa ): Among the Greeks it is worn by readers and all higher clerics; among the Russians it is worn only by monks, deacons, priests, and bishops. Analavos (Greek: Άνάλαβος; Slavonic: Analav ): The distinctive dress of the Great Schema is the analavos, and it is worn only by Schemamonks and Schemanuns. Traditionally made of either leather or wool, the analavos covers the shoulders, and then comes down in the front and back, forming a cross (see illustration, above right). Polystavrion (Greek: Πολυσταύριον, lit. "many crosses"): The polystavrion is a long cord that has been plaited with numerous crosses forming a yoke that is worn over the analavos to hold it in place. Mantle (Greek: Μανδύας, Mandías ; Slavonic: Mantíya ): The Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(vesture)) is a long, full cape, joined at the neck which the monastic wears over the other parts of the habit. St. Tikhon of Moscow (/wiki/Tikhon_of_Moscow) wearing the patriarchal white koukoulion Kalymafki (a.k.a. Kalimavkion (/wiki/Kalimavkion) , Greek: καλυμαύκι; Slavonic: klobuk): The distinctive headdress (/wiki/Headdress) of Eastern Orthodox monks and nuns is the kalymafki, a stiffened hat, something like a fez (/wiki/Fez_(clothing)) , only black and with straight sides, covered with a veil (/wiki/Veil) . The veil has lappets which hang down on each side of the head and a stylized hood falling down the back. For monastics of the Great Schema, the kalymafki takes a very distinctive shape, known as a koukoulion (/wiki/Cowl) (cowl), and is embroidered with the Instruments of the Passion. The koukoulion is also worn by the Patriarchs of several local churches, regardless of whether or not he has been tonsured to that degree. In the Slavic tradition, the koukoulion will be in the form of a cloth hood, similar to that worn on the Western cowl. Outside church, monastics wear a soft hat known as a Skufia (/wiki/Skufia) . Again, for Schemamonks and Schemanuns it is embroidered with the Instruments of the Passion. The portions of the habit worn by the various degrees of monastics is as follows: Rasophore Stavrophore Great Schema Inner Rason Inner Rason Inner Rason Belt Belt Belt Paramand Paramand Outer Rason Outer Rason Outer Rason Analavos Mantle (Russian use only) Mantle Polystavrion Kalymafki Kalymafki Koukoulion Eastern Orthodox habits gallery [ edit ] Inner Rason worn by Polish Orthodox Church (/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church) cleric Monk at the Mount Athos, 1850s Hinduism [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_habit&action=edit&section=) . ( March 2017 ) In Hinduism, religious clothing is a huge element of an individual’s life. [ citation needed ] Most Hindus are known to wear a religious pendant in their daily life to show their faith in God. Hindu women cover their heads with scarf as a sign of respect for not only religion but also their husbands. [ citation needed ] In India, most devoted Hindus are seen wearing a tilak and orange clothing depicting devotion to their religion. [ citation needed ] Most Hindu Pandits (/wiki/Pandit) are either seen in a white or orange (kesari) religious clothing in India. [ citation needed ] Brahmin Hindus are most known for their devotion to the religion among all Hindus. They are seen wearing religious habits at various important moments in their life. [ citation needed ] Islam [ edit ] See also: Islamic clothing (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) Islam does not have religious habits or monastic orders. Muslim ascetics do not have particular uniforms, but rather dress in humble clothing appropriate to their era and region. [ citation needed ] Jainism [ edit ] Female ascetics and Śvetāmbara (/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara) male monks always wear un-stitched or minimally stitched white clothes. Digambara (/wiki/Digambara) Jain monks do not wear clothes. A loin cloth which reaches up to the shins is called a Cholapattak. Another cloth to cover the upper part of the body is called Pangarani (Uttariya Vastra). A cloth that passes over the left shoulder and covers the body up to a little above the ankle is called a Kïmli. Kïmli is a woolen shawl. They also carry a woolen bed sheet and a woolen mat to sit on. Those who wear clothes have a muhapati (/wiki/Muhapati) , which is a square or rectangular piece of cloth of a prescribed measurement, either in their hand or tied on their face covering the mouth. Śvetāmbara ascetics have an Ogho or Rajoharan (a broom of woolen threads) to clean insects around their sitting place or while they are walking. Digambara ascetics have a Morpichhi and a Kamandal in their hands. This practice may vary among different sects of Jains but essential principle remains the same to limit needs. Shinto [ edit ] In Japan, various types of very traditional dress are worn by Shinto (/wiki/Shinto) priests, often dating to styles worn by nobles during the Nara period (/wiki/Nara_period) or Heian period (/wiki/Heian_period) . Hakama (/wiki/Hakama) ( 袴 ) are a type of traditional Japanese clothing (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) , originally worn only by men, but today they are worn by both sexes. There are two types, divided umanori ( 馬乗り , "horse-riding hakama ") and undivided andon bakama ( 行灯袴 , "lantern hakama ") . The umanori type have divided legs, similar to trousers (/wiki/Trousers) , but both types appear similar. Hakama are tied at the waist and fall approximately to the ankles, and are worn over a kimono (/wiki/Kimono) (hakamashita), with the kimono then appearing like a shirt. A Jōe (/wiki/J%C5%8De) ( 浄衣 ) is a garment worn in Japan by people attending religious ceremonies and activities, including Buddhist and Shinto related occasions. Not only Shinto (/wiki/Shinto) and Buddhist priests can be found wearing Jōe at rituals, but laymen as well, for example when participating in pilgrimage such as the Shikoku Pilgrimage (/wiki/Shikoku_Pilgrimage) . The garment is usually white or yellow and is made of linen or silk depending on its kind and use. The Shinto priest who wears the jōe is attired in a peaked cap (/wiki/Cap) called tate-eboshi , an outer tunic called the jōe proper, an outer robe called jōe no sodegukuri no o , an undergarment called hitoe , ballooning trousers called sashinuki or nubakama , and a girdle called jōe no ate-obi . See also [ edit ] Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism (/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism) Religious dress (/wiki/Religious_dress) Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Zucchetto (/wiki/Zucchetto) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieschnick200390_1-0) Kieschnick 2003 (#CITEREFKieschnick2003) , p. 90. ^ a b Kieschnick 2003 (#CITEREFKieschnick2003) , p. 89. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHino200455_3-0) Hino 2004 (#CITEREFHino2004) , p. 55. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHino200455–56_4-0) Hino 2004 (#CITEREFHino2004) , pp. 55–56. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESujato2012i_5-0) Sujato 2012 (#CITEREFSujato2012) , p. i. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohrTsedroen2010266_6-0) Mohr & Tsedroen 2010 (#CITEREFMohrTsedroen2010) , p. 266. ^ a b Rinpoche 1999 (#CITEREFRinpoche1999) , p. 16. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Why do nuns (and monks) wear habits?" (https://aleteia.org/2020/07/09/why-do-nuns-and-others-in-religious-life-wear-habits/) . Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture . 2020-07-09 . Retrieved 2024-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Our Religious Habit" (https://houstondominicans.org/our-religious-habit) . Dominican Sisters . Retrieved 2021-02-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois201790_10-0) DuBois 2017 (#CITEREFDuBois2017) , p. 90. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Matthew 11:29–30 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2011:29–30&version=nrsv) Bibliography [ edit ] DuBois, Thomas A. (12 December 2017). Sacred to the Touch: Nordic and Baltic Religious Wood Carving . University of Washington Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-295-74242-7 . Hino, Shoun (2004). Three Mountains and Seven Rivers . Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-208-2468-3 . Kieschnick, John (2003). The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture . Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. Rinpoche, Dudjom (1999). Perfect Conduct: Ascertaining the Three Vows . Wisdom Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0861710836 . Sujato, Bhante (/wiki/Bhante_Sujato) (2012). Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools . Santipada. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781921842085 . Mohr, Thea; Tsedroen, Jampa, eds. (2010). Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns . Simon and Schuster. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0861715886 . Further reading [ edit ] Dwyer-McNulty, Sally (2014). Common Threads: A Cultural History of Clothing in American Catholicism . Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4696-1409-0 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religious habits (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_habits) . New Catholic Dictionary (https://web.archive.org/web/20070107022157/https://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/ncd03798.htm) Images of medieval monks and nuns in the dress of their Orders (http://www.historyfish.net/monastics/monasticorders.html) (Public Domain images and text) Many photographs of nuns and sisters in the dress of their respective orders (http://www.nunsandsisters.com/Photographs.html) Catholic Sisters International Collection, University of Dayton Special Collections (http://digital.udayton.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/nuns) (photographs of reproductions of over 130 religious habits) v t e Consecrated life (/wiki/Consecrated_life) in the Catholic Church (/wiki/Catholic_Church) Types (/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life) Consecrated virgin (/wiki/Consecrated_virgin) Hermit (/wiki/Hermit) Religious institute (/wiki/Religious_institute) Orders (/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)) Monastic (/wiki/Christian_monasticism) Cenobitic (/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism) Chapter 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English shoe designer (1938-2019) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Terry_de_Havilland) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Terry_de_Havilland) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article reads like a press release (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#PROMO) or a news article (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NEWS) and may be largely based on routine coverage (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(events)#Routine_coverage) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terry_de_Havilland&action=edit) and add independent sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) . ( December 2013 ) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) for suggestions. ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Terry de Havilland Born Terrence Higgins ( 1938-03-21 ) 21 March 1938 Barking (/wiki/Barking,_London) , England Died 27 November 2019 (2019-11-27) (aged 81) Hastings (/wiki/Hastings) , England (/wiki/England) Nationality British Occupation Shoe designer Label Terry de Havilland Spouse Liz de Havilland Terrence Higgins (21 March 1938 – 27 November 2019 [1] (#cite_note-1) ), professionally known as Terry de Havilland , was an English shoe designer. Known as the 'Rock n Roll Cobbler of the 1970s', he is most famed for his key part in the ‘Swinging London’ fashion scene, with clients including Marianne Faithfull (/wiki/Marianne_Faithfull) , Led Zeppelin (/wiki/Led_Zeppelin) , Bianca Jagger (/wiki/Bianca_Jagger) and David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) . His platforms are still worn today by British model Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life [ edit ] Terry de Havilland was born in London into a family of cobblers and was young when his parents started their own company, Waverley Shoes. [3] (#cite_note-3) He was already assisting in the workshop at the age of five. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Their company catered to West End clientele and showgirls from the city’s busy theatres, producing winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepicker) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Career [ edit ] In the 1960s he found a pair of three-tiered wedges in his father’s attic. He made up new pairs in psychedelic snakeskin colours. The Jolly Boy stall sold the shoes, and as quickly as they were picked up from the factory they were sold. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) On 4 May 1970, his father was killed after being accidentally electrocuted in his factory. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) de Havilland did not abandon the brand, but went on to open his own store ‘Cobblers to the World’ on the Kings Road in 1972, with the company doing fourteen trade shows a year. He was making shoes for everyone from Tim Curry in The Rocky Horror Picture Show (/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show) to leather thigh high boots for Jackie O. [7] (#cite_note-7) After the dissolution of ‘Kamikaze’ in 1988, Terry de Havilland's name transitioned to ‘Magic Shoes,’ introducing popular platform styles and latex boots that gained popularity among the clubgoers of the 1990s. In 1990, de Havilland met his future wife Liz, a textile designer, who played a pivotal role in elevating the brand. By the mid-1990s, major UK retailers began stocking the brand. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Subsequently, the de Havillands established ‘Cobblers to the World’ at Camden Stables Market. [8] (#cite_note-8) During this period, the company's shoes were featured in international fashion publications and prominent film productions. However, Terry de Havilland experienced a minor heart attack on Christmas Eve in 2001. As a result, the shop closed in February of the following year, allowing him to concentrate on editorial work and revitalizing the de Havilland brand. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) In 2013, Terry de Havilland launched a temporary flagship store in London. He passed away at the age of 81 on November 27, 2019. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Awards [ edit ] In 2006, Terry de Havilland was nominated as Accessory Designer of the Year at the British Fashion Awards and in 2010 was awarded a Drapers Lifetime Achievement Award for his contribution to footwear design over the last fifty years. [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Terry de Havilland, the 'rock'n'roll cobbler', dies aged 81" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/nov/29/terry-de-havilland-the-rocknroll-cobbler-dies-aged-81) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . 29 November 2019 . Retrieved 27 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Terry de Havilland arrives in Carnaby" (http://www.carnaby.co.uk/news/news_item.cfm?id=362) . Carnaby News . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Betts, Hannah (11 July 2011). "Terry de Havilland interview" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8625829/Terry-de-Havilland-interview.html) . Telegraph . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wiseman, Eva (28 April 2013). "High society: shoe designer Terry de Havilland" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2013/apr/28/shoe-designer-terry-de-havilland) . the Guardian . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Boucher, Caroline (7 October 2006). "What I know about women: Terry de Havilland, shoe designer" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2006/oct/08/familyandrelationships) . the Guardian . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Horwell, Veronica (1 December 2019). "Terry de Havilland obituary" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/dec/01/terry-de-havilland-obituary) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 6 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Who's Who: Terry de Havilland" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/terry-de-havilland-biography/) . Vogue . 11 May 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Davies, Katie (12 December 2014). "Terry de Havilland looks back at glittering career after opening Newcastle store" (http://www.thejournal.co.uk/north-east-analysis/analysis-news/terry-de-havilland-looks-back-8279391) . The Journal . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Terry de Havilland Interview" (http://www.drapersonline.com/news/footwear/the-drapers-interview/terry-de-havilland/5013451.article) . Drapers . 29 May 2010. External links [ edit ] Official Website (http://terrydehavilland.com/) Terry de Havilland (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1728165/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) BBC Documentary on Vimeo (https://vimeo.com/23080625/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐8rpld Cached time: 20240712133358 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.416 seconds Real time usage: 0.552 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2545/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 43623/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7672/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 41357/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.257/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6363890/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 522.203 1 -total 33.51% 174.988 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 25.83% 134.905 1 Template:Reflist 20.80% 108.628 3 Template:Ambox 19.59% 102.296 6 Template:Cite_news 16.99% 88.731 1 Template:Multiple_issues 13.62% 71.112 1 Template:Short_description 11.12% 58.054 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.75% 40.480 2 Template:Pagetype 7.27% 37.979 19 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40730842-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712133358 and revision id 1190029782. 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Carlo Capasa Born ( 1958-01-21 ) January 21, 1958 (age 66) Lecce (/wiki/Lecce) , Puglia (/wiki/Puglia) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Occupation Fashion executive Title President of Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana (/wiki/Camera_Nazionale_della_Moda_Italiana) (since 2015) Cofounder, CoSTUME NATIONAL (/wiki/CoSTUME_NATIONAL) (1986-2016) Carlo Capasa is an Italian (/wiki/Italy) fashion executive who has been the president of Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana (/wiki/Camera_Nazionale_della_Moda_Italiana) since June 2015. His leadership has been marked by controversy over his perceived lack of action against racism in the industry and protests from designers of color against his leadership. Prior to taking over the leadership of Camera della Moda, he cofounded CoSTUME NATIONAL (/wiki/Costume_National) where he supported his brother Ennio Capasa (/wiki/Ennio_Capasa) , the creative director. Personal life [ edit ] Capasa was born in Lecce (/wiki/Lecce) in Italy's Puglia (/wiki/Apulia) region. [1] (#cite_note-1) He is the older brother of Ennio Capasa (/wiki/Ennio_Capasa) and is married to Stefania Rocca (/wiki/Stefania_Rocca) . [2] (#cite_note-2) CoSTUME NATIONAL [ edit ] Capasa cofounded CoSTUME NATIONAL with his brother in 1986 presenting their first collection at Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) becoming its CEO. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) The brand received favorable reviews globally. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) He and his brother exited the brand in 2016. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Camera della Moda [ edit ] In 2015, Capasa was selected as president of Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana (/wiki/Camera_Nazionale_della_Moda_Italiana) succeeding Mario Boselli (/w/index.php?title=Mario_Boselli&action=edit&redlink=1) , who stepped down and took on a role as honorary president. [6] (#cite_note-6) He was most recently reelected in June 2022 for his fifth two-year term atop the chamber. [7] (#cite_note-7) Racism controversy [ edit ] Capasa's term encountered controversy starting in 2020 when a member of Camera della Nova, Stella Novarino (/wiki/Stella_Novarino) , took the stage at a Black Lives Matter protest (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter) to decry racial discrimination in Italy including within the fashion industry. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) She founded an initiative to promote BIPOC designers which Capasa initially expressed support for. [10] (#cite_note-10) He later withdrew his support for the anti-racism initiative after Novarino continued her public criticism of racial discrimination and lack of inclusion in the industry. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) [12] (#cite_note-Lefigaro-12) In 2023, Novarino withdrew from Camera della Moda under Capasa's leadership and began a hunger strike (/wiki/Hunger_strike) due to the lack of diversity and inclusion of designers of color. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Carlo Capasa - MAM-e" (https://fashion.mam-e.it/carlo-capasa/) . fashion.mam-e.it . 2022-09-22 . Retrieved 2024-03-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Chi è Carlo Capasa, marito di Stefania Rocca ospite Oggi è un altro giorno" (https://www.tpi.it/spettacoli/tv/carlo-capasa-marito-stefania-rocca-oggi-e-un-altro-giorno-chi-e-20230321994313/) . TPI (in Italian). 2023-03-21 . Retrieved 2024-03-14 . ^ a b Phelps, Nicole (2016-03-15). " (https://www.vogue.com/article/costume-national-founders-exit-brand) "Costume National Is Me": Ennio Capasa and His Business Partner Brother Exit the Brand" (https://www.vogue.com/article/costume-national-founders-exit-brand) . Vogue . Retrieved 2024-03-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) [ Financial Times , July 2004] ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Fault Line of a New Generation" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE7DF113EF934A25751C1A960958260) , The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , Amy M. Spindler, 17 December 1996 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Muret, Dominique. "Carlo Capasa named head of Camera della Moda" (https://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/carlo-capasa-named-head-of-camera-della-moda,534409.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-03-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Zargani, Luisa (2022-06-30). "Carlo Capasa Confirmed as Chairman of Italy's Camera della Moda" (https://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/carlo-capasa-confirmed-chairman-italy-camera-della-moda-1235238688/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-03-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Stella Jean Doesn't Feel Supported by Italian Fashion Chamber in #BLM Battle" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/stella-jean-doesnt-feel-supported-by-italian-fashion-chamber-in-blm-battle-1203695643/) . 7 August 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The BoF Podcast: Stella Jean Asks 'Do Black Lives Matter in Italian Fashion?' (https://www.businessoffashion.com/podcasts/workplace-talent/the-bof-podcast-stella-jean-camera-della-moda-italian-fashion-industry-racism) " (https://www.businessoffashion.com/podcasts/workplace-talent/the-bof-podcast-stella-jean-camera-della-moda-italian-fashion-industry-racism) . 27 August 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "We Are Made in Italy Fall 2021 Initiative" (https://www.vogue.com/article/we-are-made-in-italy-initiative-fall-2021) . Vogue . Retrieved 25 August 2021 . ^ a b "Stella Jean quits Milan Fashion Week over lack of inclusion" (https://apnews.com/article/stella-jean-italy-business-15ce3f519ca156ae8a4ecdde5123df5d) . AP NEWS . 2023-02-08 . Retrieved 2023-02-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lefigaro_12-0) "Où en est la mode en matière de diversité ?" (https://madame.lefigaro.fr/style/mode-diversite-defiles-createurs-enquete-110321-195685) . Madame Figaro (in French). 11 April 2021 . Retrieved 25 August 2021 . 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bikinis (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bikinis) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐xj4x6 Cached time: 20240721043802 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.068 seconds Real time usage: 0.104 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 151/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2823/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 238/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.040/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1180144/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 91.759 1 -total 59.12% 54.249 1 Template:Commons_category 56.35% 51.708 1 Template:Sister_project 54.45% 49.963 1 Template:Side_box 40.67% 37.320 1 Template:Cat_main 32.75% 30.055 2 Template:If_then_show Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31873680-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721043802 and revision id 929181845. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. I Individual bikinis (/wiki/Category:Individual_bikinis) ‎ (4 P) Pages in category "Bikinis" The following 30 pages are in this category, out of 30 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) B Micheline Bernardini (/wiki/Micheline_Bernardini) Bikini barista (/wiki/Bikini_barista) Bikini Basketball Association (/wiki/Bikini_Basketball_Association) Bikini Beach (/wiki/Bikini_Beach) Bikini Bloodbath (/wiki/Bikini_Bloodbath) Bikini bridge (/wiki/Bikini_bridge) Bikini car wash (/wiki/Bikini_car_wash) Bikini Cavegirl (/wiki/Bikini_Cavegirl) Bikini in popular culture (/wiki/Bikini_in_popular_culture) Bikini Karate Babes (/wiki/Bikini_Karate_Babes) Bikini model (/wiki/Bikini_model) Bikini variants (/wiki/Bikini_variants) Bikini waxing (/wiki/Bikini_waxing) D Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine (/wiki/Dr._Goldfoot_and_the_Bikini_Machine) G The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini (/wiki/The_Ghost_in_the_Invisible_Bikini) H History of the bikini (/wiki/History_of_the_bikini) How to Stuff a Wild Bikini (/wiki/How_to_Stuff_a_Wild_Bikini) I It's a Bikini World (/wiki/It%27s_a_Bikini_World) Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polkadot Bikini (/wiki/Itsy_Bitsy_Teenie_Weenie_Yellow_Polkadot_Bikini) M Miss Bikini of the Universe (/wiki/Miss_Bikini_of_the_Universe) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) N Never Say Never Mind: The Swedish Bikini Team (/wiki/Never_Say_Never_Mind:_The_Swedish_Bikini_Team) R Louis Réard (/wiki/Louis_R%C3%A9ard) S Six4Three (/wiki/Six4Three) Paula Stafford (/wiki/Paula_Stafford) Swedish Bikini Team (/wiki/Swedish_Bikini_Team) T Tankini (/wiki/Tankini) Trikini (/wiki/Trikini) U Urbe Bikini (/wiki/Urbe_Bikini) Media in category "Bikinis" The following 13 files are in this category, out of 13 total. Bikini Cavegirl.jpg (/wiki/File:Bikini_Cavegirl.jpg) 200 × 281; 16 KB Bikini Karate Babes logo.jpg (/wiki/File:Bikini_Karate_Babes_logo.jpg) 250 × 118; 18 KB BikiniBeachposter.jpg (/wiki/File:BikiniBeachposter.jpg) 255 × 390; 32 KB Bikiniworld.jpeg (/wiki/File:Bikiniworld.jpeg) 253 × 392; 34 KB First SI Swimsuit Issue.jpg (/wiki/File:First_SI_Swimsuit_Issue.jpg) 277 × 360; 20 KB Ghostinvisiblebikini.jpg (/wiki/File:Ghostinvisiblebikini.jpg) 256 × 388; 30 KB Goldfootbikinimachine.jpg (/wiki/File:Goldfootbikinimachine.jpg) 259 × 383; 25 KB How to stuff a wild bikini.jpg (/wiki/File:How_to_stuff_a_wild_bikini.jpg) 258 × 387; 35 KB Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini (cover art).jpg (/wiki/File:Itsy_Bitsy_Teenie_Weenie_Yellow_Polka_Dot_Bikini_(cover_art).jpg) 316 × 316; 28 KB MichelineBernardini.jpg (/wiki/File:MichelineBernardini.jpg) 271 × 368; 16 KB Onechanbara Bikini Samurai Squad.jpg (/wiki/File:Onechanbara_Bikini_Samurai_Squad.jpg) 265 × 375; 27 KB OneChanbara Bikini Zombie Slayers.jpg (/wiki/File:OneChanbara_Bikini_Zombie_Slayers.jpg) 256 × 364; 53 KB The Bikini Carwash Company (DVD cover art).jpg (/wiki/File:The_Bikini_Carwash_Company_(DVD_cover_art).jpg) 264 × 377; 21 KB esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bikinis&oldid=929181845 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bikinis&oldid=929181845) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Swimsuits (/wiki/Category:Swimsuits) Lingerie (/wiki/Category:Lingerie) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
British director Tabitha Denholm (born 14 January 1975) is a British director of music videos (/wiki/Music_video) , documentary shorts and commercials. Denholm was a member of DJ duo Queens of Noize (/wiki/Queens_of_Noize) and later became art director for Florence and the Machine (/wiki/Florence_and_the_Machine) . Her work has been nominated for MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards) . She currently lives in Los Angeles. Life and career [ edit ] At age 14, Denholm signed with Storm Model Management (/wiki/Storm_Model_Management) . [1] (#cite_note-times-1) As a model, she appeared in videos by Pulp (/wiki/Pulp_(band)) and Ace of Base (/wiki/Ace_of_Base) . [2] (#cite_note-stylist-2) Denholm later got a degree in cultural studies from the University of North London (/wiki/University_of_North_London) . [1] (#cite_note-times-1) After meeting DJ Mairead Nash at a party, Denholm formed the DJ duo Queens of Noize (/wiki/Queens_of_Noize) and, with Nash, presented on MTV2 (/wiki/MTV2) and BBC 6 Music (/wiki/BBC_6_Music) and worked with The Libertines (/wiki/The_Libertines) . After Queens of Noize disbanded, Mairead Nash became the manager for Florence and the Machine (/wiki/Florence_and_the_Machine) and Denholm became art director, after meeting vocalist Florence Welch and booking her for Queens of Noize's Christmas party. [3] (#cite_note-3) Denholm co-directed with Tom Beard several singles from Lungs (/w/index.php?title=Lungs_(Florence_and_the_Machine)&action=edit&redlink=1) including "Dog Days Are Over," "Rabbit Heart (Raise it Up)" and "You've Got the Love." These videos were nominated for several 2009 VMAs. She has since directed videos for artists including Haim (/wiki/Haim_(band)) , Julia Michaels (/wiki/Julia_Michaels) , Of Monsters and Men (/wiki/Of_Monsters_and_Men) and Ladyhawke (/wiki/Ladyhawke_(musician)) . In 2015, Denholm's video for Jennifer Hudson (/wiki/Jennifer_Hudson) 's "I Still Love You" was nominated for the Video with a Social Message VMA. In 2016, after watching a documentary about director and screenwriter Frances Marion (/wiki/Frances_Marion) , Denholm started the Women Under The Influence collective to support female directors. [4] (#cite_note-4) Personal life [ edit ] Denholm dated Pete Doherty (/wiki/Pete_Doherty) during the Libertines' early years. [5] (#cite_note-5) Filmography [ edit ] Music videos [ edit ] 2009 [ edit ] " Dog Days Are Over (/wiki/Dog_Days_Are_Over) " - Florence and the Machine (/wiki/Florence_and_the_Machine) " Rabbit Heart (Raise It Up) (/wiki/Rabbit_Heart_(Raise_It_Up)) " - Florence and the Machine " You've Got the Love (/wiki/You%27ve_Got_the_Love) " - Florence and the Machine 2010 [ edit ] " Cosmic Love (/wiki/Cosmic_Love) " - Florence and the Machine 2011 [ edit ] "Not Fade Away" - Florence and the Machine 2012 [ edit ] "Black White & Blue" - Ladyhawke (/wiki/Ladyhawke_(musician)) "Breaking Down" - Florence and the Machine "Never Let Me Go" - Florence and the Machine 2013 [ edit ] "Solemn Skies" - Childhood (/wiki/Childhood_(band)) " Falling (/wiki/Falling_(Haim_song)) " - Haim (/wiki/Haim_(band)) "From a Window Seat" - Dawes (/wiki/Dawes_(band)) "Wild Child" - Juliet Simms (/wiki/Juliet_Simms) 2014 [ edit ] " Masterpiece (/wiki/Masterpiece_(Jessie_J_song)) - Jessie J (/wiki/Jessie_J) " Wasted (/wiki/Wasted_(Ti%C3%ABsto_song)) " - Tiësto (/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto) feat. Matthew Koma (/wiki/Matthew_Koma) " Wasted Love (/wiki/Wasted_Love_(Matt_McAndrew_song)) " - Matt McAndrew (/wiki/Matt_McAndrew) 2015 [ edit ] "Empire" - Of Monsters and Men (/wiki/Of_Monsters_and_Men) "How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful" - Florence and the Machine " I Still Love You (/wiki/I_Still_Love_You_(Jennifer_Hudson_song)) " - Jennifer Hudson (/wiki/Jennifer_Hudson) 2017 [ edit ] "I Know A Place" - MUNA (/wiki/Muna_(band)) " Issues (/wiki/Issues_(Julia_Michaels_song)) " - Julia Michaels (/wiki/Julia_Michaels) "Wearing Nothing" - Dagny (/wiki/Dagny_(singer)) Documentary shorts [ edit ] 2010 [ edit ] "Florence Welch: Letter from LA" 2013 [ edit ] "Haim: Desert Days" 2014 [ edit ] "Dickie Landry: New York Stories" 2018 [ edit ] "Camila Cabello: Made in Miami (Artist Spotlight Story)" References [ edit ] ^ a b Hornak, Francesca (10 June 2012). "How I make it work: Tabitha Denholm" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-i-make-it-work-tabitha-denholm-j9cvl0tqqq3) . The Times . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-stylist_2-0) "Work Life: Tabitha Denholm" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170804052705/http://www.stylist.co.uk/stylist-network/work-life/work-life-tabitha-denholm-video-director) . Stylist . Archived from the original (http://www.stylist.co.uk/stylist-network/work-life/work-life-tabitha-denholm-video-director) on 4 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Howe, Zoe (1 November 2012). Florence + the Machine: An Almighty Sound . Omnibus Press. p. 256. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1780385136 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Roselle, Sarah (19 June 2017). "Women Under the Influence" (https://thefifthsense.i-d.co/en_gb/article/women-under-the-influence/) . i-D . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Macrae, Madeleine (30 July 2010). "The Libertines - their comeback in pictures" (https://www.nme.com/photos/the-libertines-their-comeback-in-pictures-1431267) . NME . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . External links [ edit ] [1] (https://vimeo.com/tabithadenholm) Tabitha Denholm on Vimeo Tabitha Denholm (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1117889/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐24hwp Cached time: 20240712140841 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.246 seconds Real time usage: 0.379 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 613/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8993/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 511/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18974/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.140/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4148562/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 328.510 1 -total 50.97% 167.441 1 Template:Reflist 34.94% 114.778 3 Template:Cite_news 25.11% 82.482 1 Template:Short_description 16.21% 53.236 1 Template:IMDb_name 14.67% 48.205 2 Template:Pagetype 6.67% 21.912 4 Template:Main_other 6.00% 19.704 1 Template:Cite_web 5.94% 19.501 1 Template:Authority_control 5.90% 19.391 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:6797624-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712140841 and revision id 1173074587. 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(Redirected from American fashion (/w/index.php?title=American_fashion&redirect=no) ) Overview of fashion in the United States of America This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States Society History (/wiki/History_of_the_United_States) Language (/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States) People (/wiki/Americans) race and ethnicity (/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States) Arts and literature Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States) Art (/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States) Dance (/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States) Fashion Literature (/wiki/American_literature) comics (/wiki/American_comic_book) poetry (/wiki/American_poetry) Music (/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States) Sculpture (/wiki/Sculpture_of_the_United_States) Theater (/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States) Other Cuisine (/wiki/American_cuisine) Festivals (/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States) Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States) Media (/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States) newspapers (/wiki/Newspapers_in_the_United_States) radio (/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States) cinema (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) TV (/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States) Internet (/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States) Americana (/wiki/Americana_(culture)) Mythology (/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) Sports (/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States) Symbols Flag (/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States) Great Seal (/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States) Monuments (/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)) Motto (/wiki/In_God_We_Trust) Anthem (/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner) Bird (/wiki/Bald_eagle) World Heritage Sites (/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States) United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) v t e The United States is the leading country in the fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) industry, followed by France (/wiki/French_fashion) , Italy (/wiki/Italian_fashion) , the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , Germany (/wiki/German_fashion) , and Japan (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) . Apart from professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. While Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing, particularly those of recent immigrants, cowboy hats (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) , boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) , jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , and leather motorcycle jackets (/wiki/Motorcycle_jackets) are emblematic of specifically American styles. New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , and to a lesser extent Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , are the centers of America's fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) . They are considered leading fashion capitals (/wiki/Fashion_capital) . New York City is considered to be one of the "big four" global fashion capitals, along with Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) , and London (/wiki/London) . A study demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) 's Garment District (/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan) was important to participate in the American fashion ecosystem. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) style icon and first lady. French colonists (/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas) in the Colonial United States (/wiki/Colonial_United_States) wore European fashions from the land of their origin. The pilgrims (/wiki/Pilgrims) of Plymouth colony (/wiki/Plymouth_colony) adopted the new English fashion of King Charles I (/wiki/Charles_I_of_England) , the falling band collar (/wiki/Falling_band_collar) made of lace (/wiki/Lace) or linen (/wiki/Linen) . Men's attire consisted of a linen undergarment, a padded button-down doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) with long sleeves, sometimes worn with cloth collars and white cuffs (/wiki/Cuffs) that contrasted with dark colored garments, baggy knee length breeches, and knee-length stockings of cotton or wool. Felt (/wiki/Felt) hats were worn at all times, even indoors. This was a standard set by the men at that time because, in those days, the men were extremely embarrassed of balding. Women wore a short-sleeved linen undergarment tied with ribbons, stays (/wiki/Bone_(corsetry)) , ankle length petticoats (/wiki/Petticoats) (sometimes multiple layers), a fitted gown or fitted button down bodice (sleeves could be sewn on or attached at the shoulder with a ribbon) with an ankle length skirt, stockings, and aprons (/wiki/Aprons) . Pilgrim women always wore their hair pulled back and covered with a cap called a coif (/wiki/Coif) . [2] (#cite_note-weber45-2) Sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_laws) in colonial Massachusetts forbade lace, embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) , ruffs (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) and gold thread in 1634. Perfumed gloves, decorative shoe ornaments, beaver fur (/wiki/Beaver_fur) hats, and multiple pearl necklaces and rings were also not allowed. Additional restrictions were added in 1639 requiring poorer colonists to dress according to their station, forbidding silk scarves and other finery. Loose hair and short sleeves were banned. During the Salem Witch Trials (/wiki/Salem_Witch_Trials) , Bridget Bishop (/wiki/Bridget_Bishop) was accused of witchcraft (/wiki/Witchcraft) for her "showy costume". Her dress, black with a red bodice, and decorated with multi-colored threads, was admitted as evidence against her. Further evidence revealed that she had asked the town dyer (/wiki/Dyer_(occupation)) to dye "sundry pieces of lace" that were said to be of "long and immodest shapes". [3] (#cite_note-weber47-3) Fashion norms have changed greatly between decades. The United States of America has generally followed, and in some cases led, trends in the history of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) . It has some unique regional clothing styles, such as western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) . Blue jeans (/wiki/Jeans) were popularized as work clothes in the 1850s by Levi Strauss (/wiki/Levi_Strauss) , an American merchant of German origin in San Francisco, and were adopted by many American teenagers a century later. They are now widely worn on every continent by people of all ages and social classes. Along with mass-marketed informal wear in general, blue jeans are perhaps American culture's primary contribution to global fashion. [4] (#cite_note-4) Other fashion trends started in the US include sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) as fashion along with athletic shoe (/wiki/Athletic_shoe) wear like Converse (/wiki/Converse_(brand)) or Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) . Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) was also popularized in the US in the 2010s, and has dominated the US market because of its ability to fill a gap in the market, as clothing was not usually both comfortable, stylish, and functional. [5] (#cite_note-5) Fashion industry [ edit ] See also: Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) fashion models (/wiki/Fashion_model) walk the runway (/wiki/Catwalk) during New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . The headquarters of many leading designer labels (/wiki/Designer_label) such as Ralph Lauren Corporation (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) , J.Crew (/wiki/J.Crew) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) , Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Oscar de la Renta (/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta) , Diane von Furstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_Furstenberg) , Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) , and Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , and Shein reside in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) . Labels such as Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) and Eckō Unltd. (/wiki/Eck%C5%8D_Unltd.) cater to various niche markets (/wiki/Niche_market) , such as pre teens. A new trend in the United States towards sustainable clothing (/wiki/Sustainable_clothing) has led to the emergence of organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) T-shirts from labels such as BeGood Clothing (/wiki/BeGood_Clothing) . New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) is also one of the most influential fashion weeks in the world, and occurs twice a year. [6] (#cite_note-6) The annual Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) ceremony in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) is widely regarded as the world's most prestigious fashion event and is a venue where fashion designers and their creations are celebrated. Social media (/wiki/Social_media) is also a place where fashion is presented most often. Some influencers are paid huge amounts of money to promote a product or clothing item, where the business hopes many viewers will buy the product off the back of the advertisement. Instagram is the most popular platform for advertising, but Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter and other platforms are also used. [7] (#cite_note-7) In New York, the LGBT fashion design community (/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City#Fashion) contributes very significantly to promulgating fashion trends, and drag celebrities (/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City#Drag) have developed a profound influence upon New York Fashion Week. [8] (#cite_note-DragQueensNewYorkFashionWeek-8) Regional and cultural variation [ edit ] Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) featured in a spread for Modern Screen magazine in 1954 Dress (/wiki/Clothing) norms in the United States are generally consistent with those of post-industrial Western nations and have become largely informal since the mid-20th century. Clothing in the United States also depends on a variety of factors including location, climate, venue, and demographic factors such as ethnicity. Jeans are a consistent fashion trend among all classes, with variations being vast in both price and style. The western states are commonly noted for being more informal in their manner of dress than those on the Atlantic seaboard. Conspicuous consumption (/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption) and a desire for quality have also led to a strong preference for designer label clothing among many in the middle and upper classes. American actor James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) 's character, Jim Stark, famously wore a red windbreaker jacket throughout the film. The tolerance of body expression that deviates from the mainstream, such as complete body tattoos or nudism, is strongly linked to the sub-culture and location in which an individual may find themself. The tolerance shown for personal expression such as cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) and piercings varies greatly with location and sub-culture, and may be completely appropriate in one venue while being taboo (/wiki/Taboo) in another. [9] (#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-9) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , and Miami (/wiki/Miami) are known for their fashion and cosmetics markets. Smaller, but nonetheless prominent fashion destinations include Boston (/wiki/Boston) , New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) , Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) , Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) , San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) , Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , and Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) , as well as Aspen (/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado) , Charleston (/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina) , Las Vegas (/wiki/Las_Vegas) , Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) , Portland (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) , and Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) . Some cities and regions specialize in certain areas of fashion. For example, Miami for swimwear, Boston and the general New England (/wiki/New_England) area for formal menswear, Los Angeles for casual attire and womenswear, and cities like Seattle and Portland for eco-conscious fashion. Chicago is known for its sportswear, and is the premier fashion destination in the middle American market. Dallas, Houston (/wiki/Houston) , Austin (/wiki/Austin,_Texas) , Nashville (/wiki/Nashville) , and Atlanta are big markets for the fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) and cosmetics industries, alongside having their own distinct fashion sense that mainly incorporates cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boots) and workwear, greater usage of makeup, lighter colors and pastels, “college prep” style, sandals, bigger hairstyles, and thinner, airier fabrics due to the heat and humidity of the region. See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Subway shirt (/wiki/Subway_shirt) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Elizabeth Currid-Halkett and Sarah Williams (February 10, 2014). "New York's Fashion Industry Reveals a New Truth About Economic Clusters" (https://hbr.org/2014/02/new-yorks-fashion-industry-reveals-a-new-truth-about-economic-clusters) . Harvard Business Review (/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review) . Retrieved May 8, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-weber45_2-0) Paige Weber (2005). A History of Fashion and Costume: Early America . p. 45. ^ (#cite_ref-weber47_3-0) Paige Weber (2005). A History of Fashion and Costume: Early America . p. 47. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Davis, Fred (1992). Fashion, Culture, and Identity . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 69. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-226-13809-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-13809-7) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Team, Trefis. "The Athleisure Trend Is Here To Stay" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2016/10/06/the-athleisure-trend-is-here-to-stay/#266c8cf728bd) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Guzman, Jacqueline. "The secrets of going sustainable" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/20/secrets-going-sustainable-business) . The Guardian . Retrieved March 15, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Wetzler, Tiahn (2020). "Social media influencer marketing". Adjust . ^ (#cite_ref-DragQueensNewYorkFashionWeek_8-0) Tyler McCall (September 15, 2022). "Drag Queens Are the New VIPs of Fashion Week" (https://www.thecut.com/2022/09/nyfw-spring-2023-drag-queens-symone-aquaria-ct-hedden-fashion.html) . The CUT, New York magazine (/wiki/New_York_magazine) . Retrieved September 19, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_9-0) Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey (1995). Society in Focus . Boston, MA: Pearson. 0-205-41365-X. Further reading [ edit ] Bolton, Andrew (/wiki/Andrew_Bolton_(curator)) ; Garfinkel, Amanda; Regan, Jessica; Kramer, Stephanie (2022). In America: A Lexicon of Fashion . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . 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American designer Bonnie Erickson Born ( 1941-09-20 ) September 20, 1941 (age 82) Anoka, Minnesota Education University of Minnesota, Art Students League of New York Occupation(s) designer of puppets (/wiki/Puppet_designer) , costumes (/wiki/Costume_designer) , toys, and graphics (/wiki/Graphic_designer) Spouses Leslie Lewis ​ ( m. 1963⁠–⁠1975) ​ Wayde Harrison ​ ( m. 1977) ​ Bonnie Erickson (born September 20, 1941) is an American designer of puppets, costumes, toys, and graphics, best known for her work with Jim Henson (/wiki/Jim_Henson) and The Muppets (/wiki/The_Muppets) , where her most notable creations include Miss Piggy (/wiki/Miss_Piggy) , Statler and Waldorf (/wiki/Statler_and_Waldorf) , and as a partner in Harrison/Erickson, the Major League Baseball (/wiki/Major_League_Baseball) mascot the Phillie Phanatic (/wiki/Phillie_Phanatic) . Biography [ edit ] Jim Henson Company and The Muppets [ edit ] Erickson began her career with a background in theater and art, having studied at the University of Minnesota (/wiki/University_of_Minnesota) and the Art Students League of New York (/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York) . After working in legitimate theater as assistant to costume designer Patricia Quinn Stewart, she was hired by Jim Henson (/wiki/Jim_Henson) in 1970 to provide costumes for the Muppet characters in The Frog Prince (/wiki/The_Frog_Prince_(Muppets)) . She continued with the company, specializing in puppets made from carved foam like Miss Piggy (/wiki/Miss_Piggy) and Statler and Waldorf (/wiki/Statler_and_Waldorf) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Erickson served as Head of the Muppet Workshop for Jim Henson Associates, and set up the original London workshop for The Muppet Show (/wiki/The_Muppet_Show) . [3] (#cite_note-3) In 1983, Erickson served as Design Consultant and Workshop Director for the Jim Henson series Fraggle Rock (/wiki/Fraggle_Rock) . In 1986, Erickson became Vice President of Creative Projects for The Jim Henson Company (/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Company) in which she worked on productions such as The Tale of the Bunny Picnic (/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Bunny_Picnic) and The Christmas Toy (/wiki/The_Christmas_Toy) . Erickson served as a Creative Director for the product division of The Jim Henson Company and Children's Television Workshop (/wiki/Sesame_Workshop) from 1987 to 2000, in which time she art directed the creation of the popular children's toy Tickle Me Elmo (/wiki/Tickle_Me_Elmo) . [4] (#cite_note-An_Interview_with_Bonnie_Erickson-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Harrison/Erickson, Inc. [ edit ] In 1977, she and Wayde Harrison established Harrison/Erickson, Inc., a design and marketing resource for national sports teams, television production and the advertising and toy industries, with Jim Henson Associates as their first client. [6] (#cite_note-6) Erickson designed many professional sports mascots, including the Phillie Phanatic (/wiki/Phillie_Phanatic) and Youppi! (/wiki/Youppi!) , now in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) The Jim Henson Legacy [ edit ] In 1994, Erickson became a trustee of the Jim Henson Legacy, a nonprofit organization (/wiki/Nonprofit_organization) dedicated to preserving and perpetuating Jim Henson's contributions to the worlds of puppetry, television, motion pictures, special effects and media technology. From 2007 to 2010, she served as president, and then Executive Director until 2014. During her tenure, she oversaw the Henson Family collection of objects from Henson productions at the Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) , Center for Puppetry Arts (/wiki/Center_for_Puppetry_Arts) , Museum of the Moving Image (/wiki/Museum_of_the_Moving_Image_(New_York_City)) , The Strong (/wiki/The_Strong) , and Museum of Pop Culture (/wiki/Museum_of_Pop_Culture) . [9] (#cite_note-9) Erickson was also instrumental in the installation of a statue of Jim Henson and Kermit the Frog (/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog) at the University of Maryland (/wiki/University_of_Maryland) . The caricature Muppet of Jim Henson she created inspired the action figure by Palisades Toys (/wiki/Palisades_Toys) . [4] (#cite_note-An_Interview_with_Bonnie_Erickson-4) Erickson's notable credits [ edit ] The Muppets [ edit ] The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (/wiki/The_Muppet_Musicians_of_Bremen) , Puppet Designer/Builder for Caleb Siles, Mean Floyd, Mordecai Sledge, and Lardpork. (1972) [10] (#cite_note-10) Designer/Builder of caricature puppets of Jim Henson (/wiki/Jim_Henson) and Frank Oz (/wiki/Frank_Oz) , and Designer of Jerry Nelson (/wiki/Jerry_Nelson) , first seen on The Dick Cavett Show (/wiki/The_Dick_Cavett_Show) (1973) [11] (#cite_note-Chronicle_Books-11) The Muppets Valentine Show (/wiki/The_Muppets_Valentine_Show) , Puppet Designer/Builder for George the Janitor, Designer of Mildred Huxtetter (1974) [12] (#cite_note-CFinch-12) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (/wiki/The_Muppet_Show:_Sex_and_Violence) , Puppet Costume Designer. Designed and built Miss Piggy (/wiki/Miss_Piggy) , Statler and Waldorf (/wiki/Statler_and_Waldorf) , the Muppet Newsman, Dr. Nauga (eventually became Dr. Julius Strangepork), and the Gene Shallit (/wiki/Gene_Shallit) caricature puppet. Designer of Zoot (/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem#Zoot) . Co-designed Animal (/wiki/Animal_(Muppet)) . Built Janice (/wiki/Dr._Teeth_and_the_Electric_Mayhem#Janice) . Co-built The Swedish Chef (/wiki/Swedish_Chef) . (1974) [11] (#cite_note-Chronicle_Books-11) Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) The Land of Gorch (/wiki/The_Land_of_Gorch) sketches, built Vazh. (1975) The Muppet Show (/wiki/The_Muppet_Show) , Builder of Fozzie Bear (/wiki/Fozzie_Bear) (1976) [4] (#cite_note-An_Interview_with_Bonnie_Erickson-4) [13] (#cite_note-13) [12] (#cite_note-CFinch-12) Mascots [ edit ] Phillie Phanatic (/wiki/Phillie_Phanatic) , originally designed by Bonnie Erickson in 1978 Phillie Phanatic (/wiki/Phillie_Phanatic) , mascot for Philadelphia Phillies (/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies) (1978–present) Youppi! (/wiki/Youppi!) , mascot for Montreal Expos (/wiki/Montreal_Expos) (1979-2004)/ Canadiens (/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens) (2005-present) Sharpo, mascot for Sharp Electronics (/wiki/Sharp_Electronics) (1979-1982) Big Shot, mascot for Philadelphia 76ers (/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers) (1979-1996) Hoops, mascot for Philadelphia 76ers (/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers) (1979-1983) Dandy (/wiki/Dandy_(mascot)) , mascot for New York Yankees (1979-1981) Ribbie and Roobarb (/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_mascots#Ribbie_and_Roobarb) , mascot for Chicago White Sox (/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox) (1981-1990) Duncan the Dragon (/wiki/Brooklyn_Nets#Mascot) , mascot for New Jersey Nets (/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets) (1982-1991) Hugo (/wiki/Hugo_(mascot)) , mascot for Charlotte Hornets (/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets) (1988–present) K.C. Wolf (/wiki/K.C._Wolf) , mascot for Kansas City Chiefs (/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs) (1989–present) Booster (/wiki/Houston_Rockets#Mascots) , mascot for Houston Rockets (/wiki/Houston_Rockets) (1989-1993) Stuff the Magic Dragon (/wiki/Stuff_the_Magic_Dragon) , mascot for Orlando Magic (/wiki/Orlando_Magic) (1989–present) Pirate Pete, mascot for Delaware River & Bridge Authority (1995–present) Slyly (/wiki/Hiroshima_Toyo_Carp#Mascots_and_characters) , mascot for Hiroshima Toyo Carp (/wiki/Hiroshima_Toyo_Carp) (1995–present) Jaxson de Ville (/wiki/Jaxson_de_Ville) , mascot for Jacksonville Jaguars (/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars) (1996–present) G-Whiz, mascot for Washington Wizards (/wiki/Washington_Wizards) (1997–present) Phred (/wiki/Phillie_Phanatic#Performance) , mascot for Philadelphia Phillies (/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies) (2000–present) [14] (#cite_note-JHennes-14) Advertising clients [ edit ] Burger King (/wiki/Burger_King) Cadbury (/wiki/Cadbury) Budweiser (/wiki/Budweiser) McDonald's (/wiki/McDonald%27s) AT&T (/wiki/AT%26T) Nutella (/wiki/Nutella) American Dairy Association (/wiki/American_Dairy_Association) Lysol (/wiki/Lysol) Sharp Corporation (/wiki/Sharp_Corporation) Bell Atlantic (/wiki/Bell_Atlantic) Bette Midler (/wiki/Bette_Midler) 's The Divine Miss Millennium Tour [14] (#cite_note-JHennes-14) Notable toy and product manufacturer clients [ edit ] Applause, Inc. (/wiki/Applause_(toy_company)) Axlon (/wiki/Catalyst_Technologies#Axlon) Enesco (/wiki/Enesco) Fisher-Price (/wiki/Fisher-Price) Hasbro (/wiki/Hasbro) Knickerbocker Toy Company Colorforms (/wiki/Colorforms) for Maurice Sendak (/wiki/Maurice_Sendak) Mattel (/wiki/Mattel) Kurt S. Adler (/wiki/Kurt_S._Adler) [14] (#cite_note-JHennes-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Jones, Brian Jay (September 24, 2013). Jim Henson: The Biography . Ballantine Books. pp. 186–187. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-345-52611-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Traubman, Eleanor (February 24, 2010). "From Muppets to Mascots: The Incredible Journey of Bonnie Erickson" (http://creativetimes.blogspot.com/2010/02/from-muppets-to-mascots-incredible_24.html) . Creative Times . Retrieved July 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Jones, Brian Jay (September 24, 2013). Jim Henson: The Biography . Ballantine Books. p. 238. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-345-52611-3 . ^ a b c Roe, Ryan (January 17, 2012). "An Interview with Bonnie Erickson" (http://www.toughpigs.com/bonnie-erickson/) . ToughPigs.com . Retrieved July 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Jones, Brian Jay (September 24, 2013). Jim Henson: The Biography . Ballantine Books. pp. 208–209. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-345-52611-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Jones, Brian Jay (September 24, 2013). Jim Henson: The Biography . Ballantine Books. p. 276. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-345-52611-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Rubin, Mike (December 17, 2015). "Master of Puppets" (https://victoryjournal.com/stories/master-of-puppets/) . Victory Journal . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Jarvis, Robert M. (May 23, 2002). "Hi-Jinks at the Ballpark: Costumed Mascots in the Major Leagues". Cardozo Law Review . 23 (5). ^ (#cite_ref-9) Gupta, Anika. "The Woman Behind Miss Piggy" (http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-woman-behind-miss-piggy-11290861/) . Smithsonian.com . Retrieved July 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Falk, Karen (October 26, 2012). Imagination Illustrated: The Jim Henson Journal . Chronicle Books. p. 82. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4521-0582-6 . ^ a b Falk, Karen (October 26, 2012). Imagination Illustrated: The Jim Henson Journal . Chronicle Books. p. 88. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4521-0582-6 . ^ a b Finch, Christopher (1981). Of Muppets & Men . Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-394-52085-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Falk, Karen (October 26, 2012). Imagination Illustrated: The Jim Henson Journal . Chronicle Books. p. 98. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4521-0582-6 . ^ a b c Hennes, Joe (January 17, 2012). "Bonnie Erickson - Career timeline" (http://www.toughpigs.com/bonnie-erickson-timeline/) . ToughPigs.com . Retrieved July 7, 2017 . External links [ edit ] Bonnie Erickson (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0259017/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) The Jim Henson Legacy (http://www.jimhensonlegacy.org/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐nv9nn Cached time: 20240719231657 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.448 seconds Real time usage: 0.605 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3273/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30278/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5961/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 25/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 53677/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.251/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7934257/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 553.427 1 -total 42.89% 237.339 1 Template:Infobox_person 32.08% 177.512 1 Template:Reflist 21.57% 119.382 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 20.48% 113.329 8 Template:Cite_book 17.26% 95.501 1 Template:Plainlist 15.86% 87.790 2 Template:Marriage 14.09% 77.999 1 Template:Short_description 7.81% 43.240 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.56% 41.847 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52657574-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719231657 and revision id 1230254056. 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Morocco-born, British fashion designer (1936–2010) Joseph Ettedgui Born ( 1936-02-22 ) February 22, 1936 Casablanca (/wiki/Casablanca) , Morocco Died 18 March 2010 (2010-03-18) (aged 74) London Other names Joseph Occupation(s) Entrepreneur and founder of Joseph (/wiki/Joseph_(fashion_brand)) brand Joseph Ettedgui (22 February 1936 – 18 March 2010), usually known simply as Joseph , was an influential London-based retailer and founder of the Joseph (/wiki/Joseph_(fashion_brand)) retail empire. After his death, the chair of the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) Harold Tillman (/wiki/Harold_Tillman) described him as: "a great designer, retailer and entrepreneur". Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) fashion editor Godfrey Deeny has described him as: "one of the half dozen greatest fashion retailers in the past half-century". [1] (#cite_note-LondonFashRev-1) [2] (#cite_note-FWD-2) Early life and career [ edit ] Born in Casablanca (/wiki/Casablanca) on February 22, 1936, Joseph Ettedgui was the son of a Moroccan Jewish (/wiki/Moroccan_Jews) furniture retailer. Joseph’s father considered retailing to be a degrading profession and hoped his son would become a doctor or lawyer. [3] (#cite_note-telegraph-3) [4] (#cite_note-thejc-4) Joseph had no such ambitions and moved to London with his brother Maurice in 1960 to train as a hairdresser. Two years later the brothers opened a hairdressing salon (Salon 33) in King's Road (/wiki/King%27s_Road) , Chelsea (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) – one of the epicentres of Swinging London (/wiki/Swinging_London) . In 1964, their brother Franklin joined them. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-guardian-6) In an interview in 1989 with the Jewish Chronicle (/wiki/Jewish_Chronicle) , Joseph said: "I really wanted to be an architect but I'm terribly impatient. I decided to take a course in hairdressing and I loved it; I loved the way you could transform someone in two hours". [4] (#cite_note-thejc-4) Move into fashion retail [ edit ] Joseph Ettedgui began travelling to Paris to see the ready-to-wear collections. This led to a meeting and early business association with Japanese designer Kenzo Takada (/wiki/Kenzo_Takada) . He began to sell Kenzo sweaters in Salon 33, and in 1972 the first Joseph clothes store opened underneath the hairdressing premises. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Kenzo sweaters in the store’s window were spotted by then Sunday Times (/wiki/The_Sunday_Times) fashion editor Michael Roberts (/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(fashion_journalist)) and used in a photo shoot (/wiki/Photo_shoot) – a move credited with simultaneously launching both minimalist European fashion and the Joseph retail name to a wider UK audience. [9] (#cite_note-9) A high-tech Norman Foster (/wiki/Norman_Foster) -designed flagship store opened in Sloane Street (/wiki/Sloane_Street) , Knightsbridge (/wiki/Knightsbridge) in 1979, after which Joseph Ettedgui’s place as a retail pioneer was cemented. During the 1980s, own-brand knitwear and clothing were introduced. The Joseph brand expanded into restaurants (Joe’s Café) and homeware (Joseph Pour la Maison). Stores opened across London and other major fashion centres, including New York, Paris and Tokyo. [1] (#cite_note-LondonFashRev-1) [3] (#cite_note-telegraph-3) Influence and legacy [ edit ] Joseph Ettedgui assisted emerging fashion designers, including Margaret Howell (/wiki/Margaret_Howell) , Katharine Hamnett (/wiki/Katharine_Hamnett) , John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) and Azzedine Alaïa (/wiki/Azzedine_Ala%C3%AFa) . [6] (#cite_note-guardian-6) He also championed architects and interior designers, working with names such as David Chipperfield (/wiki/David_Chipperfield) and Eva Jiricna (/wiki/Eva_Jiricna) . British fashion designer John Richmond (/wiki/John_Richmond_(fashion_designer)) called him: "the creator of modern retail" and Italian designer and entrepreneur Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) commented that Joseph's shops were: "among the most beautiful in the world". [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) London-based Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) merchandise director Gail Sackloff recalled how her visiting American fashion buyers always wanted to visit Joseph stores in the 1980s because of the way he merchandised (/wiki/Merchandising) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Later ventures [ edit ] After selling the Joseph brand outright to its Japanese licensee in 2005, Joseph Ettedgui turned his attention and fortune to Connolly Luxury Goods, an offshoot of Connolly Leather (/wiki/Connolly_Leather) , and the Belgravia (/wiki/Belgravia) Italian restaurant Il Vaporetto. [6] (#cite_note-guardian-6) [13] (#cite_note-13) As of November 2020, the Connolly retail business remains in the ownership of his widow, Isabel. [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Joseph Fashion Label – Designer London Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120614193113/http://www.fashionreview.co.uk/joseph-fashion/) . London Fashion Review . 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.fashionreview.co.uk/joseph-fashion/) on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-FWD_2-0) Deeny, Godfrey (22 March 2010). "Joseph Ettedgui Dead at 74" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100607051437/http://www.fashionwiredaily.com/first_word/news/article.weml?id=3140) . Fashion Wire Daily . New York. Archived from the original (http://www.fashionwiredaily.com/first_word/news/article.weml?id=3140) on 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ a b "Joseph Ettedgui - obituary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130113065334/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/7483180/Joseph-Ettedgui.html) . The Telegraph . London. 19 March 2010. Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/7483180/Joseph-Ettedgui.html) on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . ^ a b Elgot, Jessica (22 March 2010). "Fashion designer 'Joseph' dies" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211114205613/https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/fashion-designer-joseph-dies-1.14652) . Jewish Chronicle . London. Archived from the original (https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/fashion-designer-joseph-dies-1.14652) on 14 November 2021 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Childs, Martin (23 March 2010). "Joseph Ettedgui: Fashion designer and entrepreneur who made his name selling clean-cut styles at affordable prices" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151214204348/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/joseph-ettedgui-fashion-designer-and-entrepreneur-who-made-his-name-selling-clean-cut-styles-at-1925444.html) . The Independent . London. Archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/joseph-ettedgui-fashion-designer-and-entrepreneur-who-made-his-name-selling-cleancut-styles-at-affordable-prices-1925444.html) on 14 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ a b c Wade, Valerie (23 March 2010). "Joseph Ettedgui obituary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131216202248/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/mar/23/joseph-ettedgui-obituary) . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/mar/23/joseph-ettedgui-obituary) on 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Craik, Laura (12 April 2012). "Fashion designer Joseph Ettedgui, paragon of good taste, dies at 71" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211114213317/https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/fashion-designer-joseph-ettedgui-paragon-of-good-taste-dies-at-71-6721527.html) . Evening Standard . London. Archived from the original (https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/fashion-designer-joseph-ettedgui-paragon-of-good-taste-dies-at-71-6721527.html) on 14 November 2021 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Fashion designer Joseph Ettedgui, paragon of good taste, dies at 71" (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/fashion-designer-joseph-ettedgui-paragon-of-good-taste-dies-at-71-6721527.html) . www.standard.co.uk . 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) http://www.style.com/stylefile/2010/03/joseph-ettedgui-rip/ (http://www.style.com/stylefile/2010/03/joseph-ettedgui-rip/) . Retrieved 3 February 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121127090859/http://www.style.com/stylefile/2010/03/joseph-ettedgui-rip/) 27 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Winston, Anna (1 April 2010). "Joseph Ettedgui 1938-2010" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305102052/http://www.bdonline.co.uk/joseph-ettedgui-1938-2010/3160965.article) . Building Design . London. Archived from the original (https://www.bdonline.co.uk/joseph-ettedgui-1938-2010/3160965.article) on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Pearse, Damien (20 March 2010). "Fashion's Joseph dies aged 74" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160420182919/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/mar/20/joseph-ettedgui-dies-fashion) . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/mar/20/joseph-ettedgui-dies-fashion) on 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) O'Byrne, Robert; Worsley-Taylor, Annette (2009). Style city: how London became a fashion capital . London: Frances Lincoln. p. 117. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780711228955 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Joseph Ettedgui" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160306095533/http://www.bloomberg.com/ss/05/11/agenda_personnel/source/1.htm) . Business Week . Archived from the original (http://www.bloomberg.com/ss/05/11/agenda_personnel/source/1.htm) on 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Foulkes, Nick (6 November 2020). "Inside Isabel Ettedgui's 15th-century 'playground' (https://web.archive.org/web/20211031125018/https://www.ft.com/content/769572d7-c57e-4c52-a5e1-b4acd78c2ac1) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20211031125018/https://www.ft.com/content/769572d7-c57e-4c52-a5e1-b4acd78c2ac1) . Financial Times . London. Archived from the original (https://www.ft.com/content/769572d7-c57e-4c52-a5e1-b4acd78c2ac1) on 31 October 2021 . Retrieved 14 November 2021 . External links [ edit ] Santi, Anna (9 August 2008). "The Drapers Interview: Joseph Ettedgui" (https://www.drapersonline.com/news/the-drapers-interview-joseph-ettedgui) . Drapers (subscription required) . Brentford . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . "Retail design: Profile of architect Eva Jiricna, designer of Joseph stores" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130827102346/http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/about-design/Types-of-design/Retail-design/) . London: Design Council (/wiki/Design_Council) . Archived from the original (http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/about-design/Types-of-design/Retail-design/) on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2021 . 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Christian fashion show Christian Fashion Week Status Inactive Genre Fashion Frequency Annual Location(s) Tampa, Florida Country United States Inaugurated 2013 Founders Jose Gomez, Mayra Brignoni, Wil Lugo, and Tamy Lugo Most recent 2015 Christian Fashion Week was an annual fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) that celebrated fashion from a Christian worldview (/wiki/Christian_worldview) . It is the first fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) to claim faith as a basis. The organization and event was founded by entrepreneurs Jose Gomez, Mayra Brignoni, Wil Lugo, and Tamy Lugo, [1] (#cite_note-1) all from Tampa, Florida (/wiki/Tampa,_Florida) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The first annual event, Christian Fashion Week 2013, was held on February 8, 2013, and featured 8 designers from around the US. [3] (#cite_note-3) The event attracted over 300 attendees and over 2,000 online viewers. The event attracted an international audience after a syndicated story by the Associated Press (/wiki/Ap.org) was published on February 7, 2013. [4] (#cite_note-4) The article cast a spotlight on designers debuting at the show such as Julia Chew and Alma Vidovic. Executive Director, Jose Gomez, stated: "Modesty is the right thing to do.... The fashion industry operates under certain assumptions, but there is an alternative." Author and speaker Shari Braendel was a featured guest and speaker. Expansion [ edit ] In 2014, the organization expanded the event from two days to an entire week. [5] (#cite_note-5) The event started with the first International Day of Prayer for Art and Fashion. [6] (#cite_note-6) The week continued with various workshops and shopping days, culminating in two days of fashion shows in Tampa, Florida (/wiki/Tampa,_Florida) . The event was covered by over 40 media outlets, including: BuzzFeed (/wiki/BuzzFeed) .com [7] (#cite_note-7) PerezHilton (/wiki/Perez_Hilton) .com [8] (#cite_note-8) ChristianPost.com [9] (#cite_note-9) The Tampa Tribune (/wiki/The_Tampa_Tribune) [10] (#cite_note-10) The event attracted over 10,000 online viewers and, according to the organization's Facebook page, led to a retail edition of the show in Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) during the 2014 International Christian Retail Show, held by the Christian Booksellers Association (/wiki/CBA_(Christian_trade_association)) (CBA) [11] (#cite_note-11) in partnership with Christians In Fashion. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2015, the fashion event was covered by the New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . [13] (#cite_note-13) At the time, Christian Fashion Week issued a statement saying that 2015 would be its last season. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Jacobs, Alexandra (2015-04-01). "At Christian Fashion Week, Modesty Is One Policy" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/style/at-christian-fashion-week-modesty-is-their-policy.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-06-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "About Christian Fashion Week" (http://www.christianfashionweek.com/About-Christian-Fashion-Week) . Christianfashionweek.com . Retrieved 3 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Christian Fashion Week 2013" (http://www.christianfashionweek.com/Christian-Fashion-Week-2013) . Christianfashionweek.com . Retrieved 3 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Christian fashion show to be held in Tampa" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140328093902/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/christian-fashion-show-be-held-tampa) . Archived from the original (http://bigstory.ap.org/article/christian-fashion-show-be-held-tampa) on 2014-03-28 . Retrieved 2014-03-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Christian Fashion Week 2014" (http://www.christianfashionweek.com/Christian-Fashion-Week-2014) . Christianfashionweek.com . Retrieved 3 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "International Day of Prayer for Art and Fashion" (http://www.christianfashionweek.com/Prayer) . Christianfashionweek.com . Retrieved 3 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "61 Things I Saw At Christian Fashion Week" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/jessicamisener/61-things-i-saw-at-christian-fashion-week) . Buzzfeed.com . Retrieved 3 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "If You Didn't Know Christian Fashion Week Was A Thing, You Do Now! - Perez Hilton" (http://perezhilton.com/cocoperez/2014-02-26-christian-fashion-week-2014-tampa-florida-2nd-annual-show) . Perezhilton.com . 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Christian Fashion Week 2014 Kicks Off in Tampa; A Celebration of Modesty and Christ (LIVE STREAM)" (http://www.christianpost.com/news/christian-fashion-week-2014-kicks-off-in-tampa-a-celebration-of-modesty-and-christ-live-stream-113801/) . Christianpost.com . Retrieved 3 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Christian Fashion Week returns" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181204103541/https://tbo.com/faith/christian-fashion-week-returns-20140202/) . Tbo.com . 2 February 2014. Archived from the original (http://tbo.com/faith/christian-fashion-week-returns-20140202/) on 4 December 2018 . Retrieved 3 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Christian Fashion Week" (https://www.facebook.com/ChristianFashionWeek) . Facebook.com . Retrieved 3 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140328085255/http://www.christiansinfashion.com/) . Archived from the original (http://www.christiansinfashion.com/) on 2014-03-28 . Retrieved 2014-03-28 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-13) Jacobs, Alexandra (2015-04-01). "At Christian Fashion Week, Modesty Is One Policy" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/style/at-christian-fashion-week-modesty-is-their-policy.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-06-08 . 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vests (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vests) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐2nqjn Cached time: 20240721005609 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.041 seconds Real time usage: 0.062 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2365/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 230/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.023/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946100/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 56.365 1 Template:Commons_cat 100.00% 56.365 1 -total 95.01% 53.555 1 Template:Sister_project 92.28% 52.012 1 Template:Side_box 8.09% 4.561 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13789904-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721005609 and revision id 894463068. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Vests" The following 9 pages are in this category, out of 9 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Air bag vest (/wiki/Air_bag_vest) C Cooling vest (/wiki/Cooling_vest) G Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) S Scrimmage vest (/wiki/Scrimmage_vest) Sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) W Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Weighted vests for children (/wiki/Weighted_vests_for_children) X Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Y Yelek (/wiki/Yelek) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Vests&oldid=894463068 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Vests&oldid=894463068) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Tops (clothing) (/wiki/Category:Tops_(clothing)) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Canadian activist and fashion designer (born 2001) Nia Faith Betty Born Nia Faith Betty ( 2001-10-06 ) October 6, 2001 (age 22) Toronto, Ontario (/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario) , Canada Education Howard University (/wiki/Howard_University) Occupation(s) Fashion designer, activist Years active 2019–present Website www (http://www.revolutionnaire.co/) .revolutionnaire (http://www.revolutionnaire.co/) .co (http://www.revolutionnaire.co/) Nia Faith Betty (born October 6, 2001) is a Canadian activist, fashion designer, and the co-founder of Révolutionnaire, a digital social network for changemakers and a clothing line to celebrate diversity. [1] (#cite_note-1) In November 2019, in her first year at Howard University (/wiki/Howard_University) , Betty founded Révolutionnaire as a dance wear line catering to dancers of color, the first in Canada. [2] (#cite_note-2) Betty grew up in the professional ballet world and was considered a prodigy who moved to the United States to train at New York City's Joffrey Ballet School (/wiki/Joffrey_Ballet_School) at the age of 14. [3] (#cite_note-Dance_Spirit_Magazine-3) During her time at Joffrey, Betty was featured in Awesomeness TV (/wiki/Awesomeness_(company)) 's Joffrey Elite. Two years later, in 2017, Betty suffered from a nearly career-ending injury that left her on bed rest for several months. [4] (#cite_note-etalk-4) During her time on bed rest, Betty began sketching and designing a dancewear line catering to dancers of color, inspired by her own journey of growing up as a Black ballerina and never having access to apparel that matched her skin tone and having to dye her dancewear for the majority of her career. [4] (#cite_note-etalk-4) When Betty met Misty Copeland (/wiki/Misty_Copeland) in 2014 and learned that Copeland also dyed her apparel and accessories due to a lack of diversity in dancewear, Betty became inspired to create her own. [5] (#cite_note-Dance_Magazine-5) In 2019, Betty began her first semester at historically black (/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities) Howard University, in Washington, D.C. [6] (#cite_note-6) At Howard, Betty launched Révolutionnaire several weeks later at the age of 17 with a line of branded tee shirts which later expanded into Canada's first skin-toned dancewear and accessories for people of color. [5] (#cite_note-Dance_Magazine-5) In the summer of 2020, Betty entered a unique partnership with the Canadian Heritage brand Roots (/wiki/Roots_Canada) which included a two-part collaboration between Roots and Révolutionnaire taking part over eight months. [7] (#cite_note-7) The first phase of the collaboration launched on February 5, 2021, with Betty's sister being announced as co-founder of the company the same week. The collaboration featured a t-shirt with the phrase "Dreams Fuel Revolutions" on it and sold out in under 24 hours. [8] (#cite_note-WWD-8) Proceeds from the collection were donated to Canada's Black Academy (/wiki/The_Black_Academy_(Canada)) to amplify young Black talent across the country. [9] (#cite_note-9) The second collaboration launched on October 19, 2021, with a leather jacket, leather bag, two statement t-shirts and six co-branded hoodies and sweatpants. [8] (#cite_note-WWD-8) In the midst of this, Betty launched an online platform for young people to engage in social change. [10] (#cite_note-Forbes-10) Activism [ edit ] As someone with a lifelong involvement in activism (/wiki/Activism) , Betty decided to expand her organization to be more social justice-focused. [11] (#cite_note-11) Betty worked with her sister (/wiki/Sister) and co-founder of Révolutionnaire, Justice Faith Betty to evolve Révolutionnaire with a social justice arm, creating a social network (/wiki/Social_network) for activists. The sisters onboarded a team of over 30 young North American activists. [12] (#cite_note-12) The sisters along with their team worked to build out a dedicated platform for young people to learn about causes of interest, connect with like-minded citizens, and take action across social causes. Since launching in June 2021, the social network has gained members from Ghana, Uganda, Mexico, Turkey, Jordan, Canada, and the United States. [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Wilson, Kimberly (3 June 2021). "Meet The 19-Year-Old Howard Student Behind Révolutionnaire, An Education And Action Platform For Young Activists" (https://www.essence.com/news/money-career/entrepreneurship/19-year-old-howard-student-founds-revolutionnaire-education-and-action-platform/) . Essence Magazine . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Harvey, Lex (23 March 2021). "These Toronto sisters created a platform for young activists to turn their dreams into action" (https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2021/03/23/these-toronto-sisters-created-a-platform-for-young-activists-to-turn-their-dreams-into-action.html) . The Toronto Star . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dance_Spirit_Magazine_3-0) Ford, Thomas (November 2021). "Dance Spirit Magazine" (https://dancespirit.com/nia-betty-revolutionnaire/) . Dance Spirit . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ a b Beeksmat, Sonia (18 February 2021). "Young dancers Nia and Justice Faith launched Révolutionnaire to battle discrimination in dance" (https://www.etalk.ca/celebrity/2021/2/young-dancers-nia-and-justice-faith-launched-revolutionnaire-to-battle-discrimination-in-dance.html) . etalk . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ a b Spears, Celeste (21 December 2021). "Révolutionnaire Has Gone From Inclusive Dancewear to a Social Justice Platform" (https://www.dancemagazine.com/revolutionnaire/) . Dance Magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Burrel, Joshua. "Revolutionnaire: An Organizing Platform For Young Activists To Make The Impact They Want" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesfellows/2021/06/17/revolutionnaire-an-organizing-platform-for-young-activists-to-make-the-impact-they-want/) . Forbes . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Roots x Révolutionnaire For Black History Month" (https://vitadaily.ca/2021/02/09/roots-x-revolutionnaire-for-black-history-month/) . Vita Daily . ^ a b Lockwood, Lisa (19 October 2021). "Révolutionnaire by Roots Looks to Empower Individuals to Take Action" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/sportswear/revolutionnaire-by-roots-looks-to-empower-individuals-to-take-action-1234965964/) . WWD . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Zanon, Elysa (3 February 2021). "Roots Is Celebrating Black History Month With A Limited Edition Collab" (https://www.styledemocracy.com/roots-is-celebrating-black-history-month-with-a-limited-edition-collab/) . Style Democracy . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Forbes_10-0) Burrel, Joshua. "Revolutionnaire: An Organizing Platform For Young Activists To Make The Impact They Want" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesfellows/2021/06/17/revolutionnaire-an-organizing-platform-for-young-activists-to-make-the-impact-they-want/?sh=45087c978a7a) . Forbes . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Révolutionnaire Helps Activists Get Educated and Connect" (https://cheddar.com/media/revolutionnaire-helps-activists-get-educated-and-connect) . Cheddar News . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Battle, Tatiana. "Gen-Z social activists making a difference through their online platform" (https://www.yourbasin.com/news/gen-z-social-activists-making-a-difference-through-their-online-platform/) . Your Basin . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Caplan, Ilyana. "The search for inclusive dancewear is over thanks to young Revolutionnaire changemakers" (https://www.kget.com/studio17live/the-search-for-inclusive-dancewear-is-over-thanks-to-young-revolutionnaire-changemakers/) . KGET TV . "Meet The 19-Year-Old Howard Student Behind Révolutionnaire, An Education And Action Platform For Young Activists" Essence. 3 June 2021. "Toronto sisters launch digital platform to help young activists make an impact" CBC. 8 July 2021. "These Toronto sisters created a platform for young activists to turn their dreams into action" Toronto Star. 23 March 2021. "The search for inclusive dancewear is over thanks to young Revolutionnaire changemakers" KGET. 23 June 2021. "HBCU STUDENT CREATES PLATFORM FOR YOUNG ACTIVISTS" YR Media. 4 June 2021. "Revolutionnaire: An Organizing Platform For Young Activists To Make The Impact They Want" Forbes. 17 June 2021 "Révolutionnaire Helps Activists Get Educated and Connect" Cheddar. 2 June 2021. "Gen-Z social activists making a difference through their online platform" Your Basin. 31, July 2021. 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Tadas Karosas Tadas Karosas (born 1963 in Vilnius (/wiki/Vilnius) ) is a serial entrepreneur, owner of “LTk Capital” (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTk_Capital) , founder of dozens of businesses in various fields. The majority of his companies were successfully developed to take up leading positions in their respective markets and sold profitably. Currently, Tadas Karosas is mostly focusing on developing two of his leading businesses – restaurant chain “Čili Holdings” (https://www.cili.lt/) and online retail store chain pigu.lt (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigu.lt) . Over the last years, he has also taken up the roles of business angel, active investor, and founded and developed several e-commerce startups, and is currently awaiting the results of investments made. Education and early life [ edit ] Tadas Karosas graduated from Vilnius University and acquired a degree of law. He started working at Public Prosecutor's Office in 1986 and stayed there until 1992. Current business development [ edit ] “LTk Capital” (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTk_Capital) , founded by Tadas Karosas, is currently developing and selling the enterprises described below. In 2008, an investment was made into pigu.lt (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigu.lt) , which became a leading online retail store in Lithuania. In 2011, the oldest online store in Latvia – “220.lv” (https://220.lv/lv/) – has been acquired, followed by “kaup24.ee” (https://kaup24.ee/et/) in Estonia. “Pigu.lt” has been proliferating and is often called “Amazon of the Baltics”. [1] (#cite_note-1) “LTk Capital” (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTk_Capital) , founded by Tadas Karosas, owns restaurant chain “Čili Holdings“. Since its founding, the holding has opened over 100 of restaurants – a few in Ukraine, Poland, and Romania, yet the main focus has remained on operations in the Baltics. Since 2014, a division has been opened in Madrid, Spain. Currently, the rapid development of “Čili holdings” has been slowed down, yet it remains the biggest restaurant chain in Lithuania with a continually growing turnover – it is estimated to increase by 25% in 2019 compared to 2018. Developed and sold businesses [ edit ] In 2009, companies run by Tadas Karosas began implementing e-commerce platform “Amazingsales.com” [2] (#cite_note-2) in Belgium, Holland, and Germany. The enterprise was sold in 2012. In 2004, Tadas Karosas founded a cosmetics and perfumery import and wholesale company “Kruzas Nordic Cosmetics Distribution”. A year later, he opened a SPA and massage center chain “East Island”, which was subsequently sold successfully. “Kruzas Nordic Cosmetics Distribution” expanded to Latvia and Estonia in 2007 and 2009 and sold to a Finland-based “Berner Ltd”. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2007, the entrepreneur founded an entertainment website and web TV “ctv.lt”, which was sold in 2011. In 2001, Tadas Karosas founded “Gelvoros saugos konsultacijos” – debt collection and management company, providing information about companies' risk level. In 2008, the enterprise was sold to a Swedish company. In 2000, he founded, developed, and sold “Gelvora” (https://www.gelvora.lt/) – a physical security service company, which became the basis for the operations of “G4S” in Lithuania. From 1992 to 2000, Tadas Karosas founded and directly developed “Mineraliniai vandenys, UAB”. The business is expanding rapidly and takes up the leading position in the market. From 1991, Tadas Karosas developed and, in 2004, successfully sold cosmetics and perfumery chain “SARMA”, [5] (#cite_note-5) which became the basis for the operations of “Douglas” (/wiki/Douglas_Holding) chain store in Lithuania. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Lenkams parduodamo "Pigu.lt" savininkas Tadas Karosas: tai bus Baltijos šalių "amazon'as" (https://www.15min.lt/verslas/naujiena/bendroves/lenkams-parduodamo-pigu-lt-savininkas-tadas-karosas-tai-bus-baltijos-saliu-amazon-as-663-506038) " (https://www.15min.lt/verslas/naujiena/bendroves/lenkams-parduodamo-pigu-lt-savininkas-tadas-karosas-tai-bus-baltijos-saliu-amazon-as-663-506038) . 15min.lt/verslas (in Lithuanian) . Retrieved 2019-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Baubinas, Linas, Kmieliauskas, Kostas. " (https://www.vz.lt/archive/article/2012/10/25/priceon-gavo-tado-karoso-bendroves-investiciju) "PriceOn" gavo Tado Karoso bendrovės investicijų" (https://www.vz.lt/archive/article/2012/10/25/priceon-gavo-tado-karoso-bendroves-investiciju) . vz.lt (in Lithuanian) . Retrieved 2019-07-29 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Šerėnaitė, Asta. "Suomių "Berner" į rinką žengia įsigydama Tado Karoso valdomą "Kruzas NCD" (https://www.vz.lt/archive/article/2014/2/7/suomiu-berner-i-baltijos-saliu-rinka-zengia-isigydama-kruzas-ncd) " (https://www.vz.lt/archive/article/2014/2/7/suomiu-berner-i-baltijos-saliu-rinka-zengia-isigydama-kruzas-ncd) . vz.lt (in Lithuanian) . Retrieved 2019-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Company – Berner Lietuva" (http://bernerbaltic.com/en/company/) . Retrieved 2019-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) " (https://www.delfi.lt/a/5378641) "Sarmos" akcijos parduotos už 15 mln. litų - Naujienos" (https://www.delfi.lt/a/5378641) . www.delfi.lt (in Lithuanian) . Retrieved 2019-07-29 . External links [ edit ] cili.lt (http://www.cili.lt/index.php?lang=2) pigu.lt (http://www.pigu.lt) (in Lithuanian) Tadas Karosas (https://www.linkedin.com/in/tadaskarosas) on LinkedIn (/wiki/LinkedIn) Tadas Karosas (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linas_Tadas_Karosas) (in Lithuanian) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59d4f5b5d9‐jzcp2 Cached time: 20240710204558 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.236 seconds Real time usage: 0.299 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 366/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11784/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1057/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19243/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.169/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15100337/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 267.863 1 -total 50.46% 135.176 1 Template:Reflist 41.09% 110.060 6 Template:Cite_web 39.56% 105.975 2 Template:In_lang 9.85% 26.397 1 Template:LinkedIn_URL 1.80% 4.826 1 Template:PAGENAMEBASE 1.55% 4.152 1 Template:EditAtWikidata 0.63% 1.695 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39642245-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710204558 and revision id 1146197954. 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British fashion designer Thea Porter, photographed by Joe Gaffney (/wiki/Joe_Gaffney) in 1973. Dorothea Noelle Naomi "Thea" Porter (24 December 1927 – 24 July 2000) [1] (#cite_note-Guardian-1) was a British artist, fashion designer and retailer who in the 1960s brought opulent Middle East fashions to London. Early life [ edit ] She was born Dorothea Noelle Naomi Seale , on 24 December 1927, in Jerusalem (/wiki/Jerusalem) , [2] (#cite_note-VFG-2) and raised in Damascus (/wiki/Damascus) . [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) She was the daughter of Morris S. Seale (/wiki/Morris_S._Seale) , the Arabist (/wiki/Arabist) and theologian, who was a Christian missionary in Syria (/wiki/Syria) , and his French wife, who was also a missionary. [1] (#cite_note-Guardian-1) Her brother was the journalist Patrick Seale (/wiki/Patrick_Seale) , and her sister Barbara "Bobbie" Seale married the yacht designer Beecher Moore (/wiki/Beecher_Moore) . Porter was educated at the Lycée Français in Damascus, Fernhill Manor, then for a short time studying French and Old English (/wiki/Old_English) at Royal Holloway College (/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London) , London, before being expelled. [1] (#cite_note-Guardian-1) [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) Following her studies in England, she worked in the library of the British embassy in Beirut, where she met her future husband, Robert Porter. Together they travelled to Jordan and Iran, and had holidays in France and Italy. She studied painting during the day, and "went to nightclubs every night and had millions of clothes." [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) In June 1961 Porter had her first solo painting exhibition at the Alecco Saab Gallery, Beirut (/wiki/Beirut) . Career [ edit ] After she separated from her husband, Porter moved to London in May 1964. Her first job was in interior design, working for Elizabeth Eaton. [1] (#cite_note-Guardian-1) She opened her first shop, an interior decorating business offering imported cushions, fabrics and hangings called Thea Porter Decorations Ltd , in Soho at 8 Greek Street (/wiki/Greek_Street) on 27 July 1966. [1] (#cite_note-Guardian-1) She realised that rather than just cutting up her imported kaftans (/wiki/Kaftan) to use the fabric for cushion covers, they were fashionable in their own right, and began making up her own in mixed fabrics and antique trimmings. [1] (#cite_note-Guardian-1) From 1967, she expanded internationally; her first wholesale client was Henri Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Bendel) in New York in 1968. Her customers, some of whom also became her friends, included Baby Jane Holzer (/wiki/Jane_Holzer) , Lauren Bacall (/wiki/Lauren_Bacall) , Talitha Getty (/wiki/Talitha_Getty) , Bianca Jagger (/wiki/Bianca_Jagger) , Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) , Inaara Aga Khan (/wiki/Inaara_Aga_Khan) , Jutta Laing (/w/index.php?title=Jutta_Laing&action=edit&redlink=1) (the wife of R D Laing (/wiki/R_D_Laing) ), Pamela, Lady Harlech (/w/index.php?title=Pamela,_Lady_Harlech&action=edit&redlink=1) , Veronique Peck (/wiki/Veronique_Peck) , Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon) , Edna O'Brien (/wiki/Edna_O%27Brien) , Sharon Tate (/wiki/Sharon_Tate) , Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) , and Pete Townshend (/wiki/Pete_Townshend) . [1] (#cite_note-Guardian-1) [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) In 1971, Porter opened a store in New York financed by Michael Butler (/wiki/Michael_Butler_(producer)) , the producer of the hit Broadway musical Hair (/wiki/Hair_(musical)) . It closed after six months, but she continued to sell very successfully at high-end boutiques across the United States; Giorgio Beverly Hills (/wiki/Giorgio_Beverly_Hills) sold approximately $300,000 worth of Thea Porter designs per year in the mid-1970s. [4] (#cite_note-4) On 1 April 1977 she opened a store in Paris, on the Rue de Tournon (/w/index.php?title=Rue_de_Tournon&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_Tournon) ] ; this closed in 1979. Thea Porter Decorations Ltd went into receivership in February 1981; she subsequently worked from ateliers on Avery Row and Beauchamp Place. In 1986 Porter had a short business partnership with Princess Dina of Jordan (/wiki/Dina_bint_%27Abdu%27l-Hamid) in a smaller shop, Arabesque, on Motcomb Street (/wiki/Motcomb_Street) . Zandra Rhodes (/wiki/Zandra_Rhodes) has stated, "Sadly, one didn't hear of her after that". [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) In her obituary, The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) noted that Porter had little interest in marketing and was generally poor at business. [1] (#cite_note-Guardian-1) Personal life [ edit ] In 1952, she married Robert "Bob" Porter, an economist with the British Embassy in Beirut (/wiki/Beirut) . [1] (#cite_note-Guardian-1) They divorced in 1964 or 1967. [1] (#cite_note-Guardian-1) [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) They had one daughter, Venetia. [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) In 1994 she was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease) and died in London on 24 July 2000. [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barr, Ann (26 July 2000). "Thea Porter" (https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/jul/26/guardianobituaries) . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-VFG_2-0) "Porter, Thea" (http://vintagefashionguild.org/label-resource/porter-thea/) . Vintage Fashion Guild . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ a b c d e f g h Trebay, Guy (27 July 2000). "Thea Porter, 72; Dressed the Elite of the 60's in Hippie Chic" (https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/27/arts/thea-porter-72-dressed-the-elite-of-the-60-s-in-hippie-chic.html) . New York Times . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Thea Porter: Bohemian Chic Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1970500/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000448804665) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/315944387) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8GCxfDxBqdGpcjjHDMP) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1072481324) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015052404) Artists RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/213417) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/227796438) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐qtf4z Cached time: 20240714070855 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.292 seconds Real time usage: 0.490 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 724/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12716/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 652/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18980/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.189/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4176936/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 455.556 1 -total 32.15% 146.464 1 Template:Authority_control 31.52% 143.604 1 Template:Reflist 27.21% 123.939 1 Template:Short_description 25.97% 118.300 2 Template:Cite_news 13.98% 63.667 5 Template:Main_other 13.34% 60.781 1 Template:SDcat 10.01% 45.614 2 Template:Pagetype 3.97% 18.075 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 3.17% 14.421 1 Template:Ill Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:42957991-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714070855 and revision id 1204318533. 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Type of cape or sleeveless over-gown worn by European women in the 16th and 17th centuries Portrait of Aletta Hanemans (/wiki/Aletta_Hanemans) wearing a black vlieger with attached sleeves, by Frans Hals (/wiki/Frans_Hals) A vlieger is a type of sleeveless over-gown or cape worn by women in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. [1] (#cite_note-Winkel-1) Variations with short sleeves or high shoulder rolls are known. [2] (#cite_note-2) Sometimes sleeves were attached with aiglets, and often slits were made to allow belts or the hands to pass through. [3] (#cite_note-3) In the Netherlands the vlieger was often worn with a millstone collar (a wide starched ruff (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) ). [1] (#cite_note-Winkel-1) The vlieger was always worn with a skirt with a fardegalijn (/wiki/Farthingale) . In cold weather it could be buttoned shut, though the Spanish version, called a "ropa" could only be closed at the neck. The Spanish version was called a "ropa" and the French version was called a "marlotte". [4] (#cite_note-4) Margaret of Parma with ropa, c 1559 Infanta Caterina with ropa, c. 1552 A woman aged 24 with vlieger, 1587 French Noblewoman with marlotte, 1560-9 References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b de Winkel, Marieke (2006). Fashion and fancy : dress and meaning in Rembrandt's paintings . Amsterdam University Press. pp. 77, 353. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789053569177 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 56806897 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56806897) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Vlieger" (http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=MNW&id=66717) . Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal . Retrieved 2016-12-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Cultuurwijs - Kleding in de Barok: 1600 - 1625" (http://www.cultuurwijs.nl/nwc.rijksmuseumamsterdam/cultuurwijs.nl/i000697.html) . www.cultuurwijs.nl . Retrieved 2016-12-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) 20,000 Years of Fashion (/wiki/20,000_Years_of_Fashion) : The History of Costume and Personal Adornment, by Francois Boucher (art historian) (/wiki/Francois_Boucher_(art_historian)) & Yvonne Deslandres (/wiki/Yvonne_Deslandres) , 1987, pp. 224-225 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vlieger (cape) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vlieger_(cape)) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐42kzd Cached time: 20240720171713 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.335 seconds Real time usage: 0.492 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 465/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8418/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1245/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17951/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.223/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3966396/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 457.629 1 -total 47.44% 217.109 1 Template:Reflist 36.41% 166.616 1 Template:Cite_book 21.32% 97.585 1 Template:Short_description 18.49% 84.613 1 Template:Commons_category 17.91% 81.955 1 Template:Sister_project 17.41% 79.651 1 Template:Side_box 11.81% 54.056 2 Template:Pagetype 6.01% 27.501 3 Template:Main_other 5.43% 24.845 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52573463-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720171713 and revision id 1098599831. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vlieger_(cape)&oldid=1098599831 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vlieger_(cape)&oldid=1098599831) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Robes and cloaks (/wiki/Category:Robes_and_cloaks) 16th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:16th-century_fashion) 17th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:17th-century_fashion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Saltwater sandals being worn Saltwater sandals are a popular type of footwear (/wiki/Footwear) sold mainly in western and southern markets of the United States. Saltwater sandals are made of specially treated natural leathers are distinguished by their interlink strap design with an adjustable buckle strap around the ankle. History [ edit ] Saltwater sandals originated in the early 1940s as an alternative to traditional children's leather sandals as a way to cope with leather shortages in World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . The sandals were made primarily from scrap leather left over from making men's shoes. Manufacturing [ edit ] The original saltwater sandals were made by the Hoy Shoe Company of St. Louis, MO (/wiki/St._Louis,_MO) , the Hoy Shoe Company continues to produce them. Trends [ edit ] Saltwater sandals have been a summer staple in the children's footwear category for more than 60 years. More recently, the Hoy Shoe Company introduced Sun-San Salt-Water Sandals for women. In the November 4, 2007 issue of New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) , fashion editor Sarah Bernard compared saltwater sandals to Crocs and UGG boots (/wiki/UGG_Australia) and identified saltwater sandals as the emerging Ugly Shoe Trend for 2008. [1] (#cite_note-1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ugly Shoes: A Brief History (http://nymag.com/shopping/features/40266/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐747b7b7d96‐776hr Cached time: 20240626130658 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.048 seconds Real time usage: 0.076 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 92/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 338/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 81/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1328/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.003/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 575850/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 40.965 1 -total 100.00% 40.965 1 Template:Reflist 12.01% 4.921 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17065969-0!canonical and timestamp 20240626130658 and revision id 1116589695. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saltwater_sandals&oldid=1116589695 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saltwater_sandals&oldid=1116589695) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sandals (/wiki/Category:Sandals)
American fashion designer (born 1978) Stacey Bendet Bendet in 2023 Born Stacey Bendet Weiner 1977 (age 46–47) Nationality American (/wiki/Americans) Education University of Pennsylvania (/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania) ( BA (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts) ) Occupation Fashion designer Spouse Eric Eisner (/wiki/Eric_Eisner_(producer)) ​ ( m. 2008) ​ Children 3 Family Michael Eisner (/wiki/Michael_Eisner) (father-in-law) Breck Eisner (/wiki/Breck_Eisner) (brother-in-law) Stacey Bendet Eisner (born October 1977) [1] (https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/_3kZnlhSn_ToMMJFfRZRtwm0bmo/appointments) is an American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) , founder, CEO, and creative director of Alice + Olivia (/wiki/Alice_%2B_Olivia) , [1] (#cite_note-1) a contemporary clothing company based in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . She is also the founder of Creatively, [2] (#cite_note-wwd.com-2) a networking platform for the creative industry, co-Founder of BIGFEELINGS, a sleep-to-streetwear concept, and co-founder of the #ShareTheMicNow movement. [2] (#cite_note-wwd.com-2) [3] (#cite_note-voguebusiness.com-3) Early life and education [ edit ] Bendet was born in 1978 to Olivia (née Bendet) and Joseph Daniel Wiener. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-Shafir-6) Bendet is of Jewish heritage [7] (#cite_note-7) and had a traditional bat mitzvah (/wiki/Bat_mitzvah) celebration. [8] (#cite_note-8) Bendet's father ran a textile import business [9] (#cite_note-ElleNewPad-9) and was "involved in one of the country's leading lace-manufacturing companies", [10] (#cite_note-10) while she herself was interested in fashion and clothing from a young age. [9] (#cite_note-ElleNewPad-9) [11] (#cite_note-PhillySkinny-11) Bendet graduated from Horace Greeley High School (/wiki/Horace_Greeley_High_School) in Chappaqua, New York (/wiki/Chappaqua,_New_York) [6] (#cite_note-Shafir-6) and studied international relations and French at the University of Pennsylvania (/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania) , graduating in 1999. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Stacey Bendet is the CEO and Creative Director of the brand alice + olivia and the co-Founder of BIGFEELINGS, a sleep-to-streetwear concept. [3] (#cite_note-voguebusiness.com-3) [15] (#cite_note-15) Career [ edit ] alice + olivia [ edit ] In 2002, Bendet founded Alice + Olivia (/wiki/Alice_%2B_Olivia) . [16] (#cite_note-BusinessInsider-16) Bendet proposed a jeans-style cut slim at the hip to create the illusion of elongated legs and a lean silhouette. [17] (#cite_note-InterviewMag-17) Designer Lisa Kline (/wiki/Lisa_Kline) noticed her walking by and ordered 20 sets of pairs, [9] (#cite_note-ElleNewPad-9) which provided an opportunity for Bendet to launch a collection based around that concept at the Russian Tea Room (/wiki/Russian_Tea_Room) . [17] (#cite_note-InterviewMag-17) Soon after, the department store Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) placed an order, and Andrew Rosen (/wiki/Andrew_Rosen_(retail_executive)) , developer of the Theory fashion line, offered to finance Bendet's new business. [9] (#cite_note-ElleNewPad-9) The brand has since grown into a full collection that features ready-to-wear gowns, shoes, tech accessories, and handbags. [18] (#cite_note-18) In March 2022, Stacey Bendet and tech entrepreneur Randi Zuckerberg teamed up to make the NFT (/wiki/Non-fungible_token) and the Web3 (/wiki/Web3) economy accessible to all women. Alice + olivia is offering a limited edition NFT — an animated digital avatar of the Stace Face 20th Anniversary rainbow print, which gives priority access to an exclusive online course from Zuckerberg, taught on the Creatively website. [19] (#cite_note-19) In April 2022, Stacey Bendet transformed several of the prints from Alice + Olivia’s Spring 2022 collection into the line for Tempaper (a brand of removable wallpaper). [20] (#cite_note-:0-20) Creatively [ edit ] In 2020, she founded and launched Creatively, [2] (#cite_note-wwd.com-2) a networking platform for the creative industry. [21] (#cite_note-21) In April 2021, Creatively raised in $5 million. [22] (#cite_note-22) In March 2022, Creatively raised $8M in funding. The round was led by Thirty-Five Ventures, Rich Kleiman (/wiki/Rich_Kleiman) , Link Ventures, Tornante Company (/wiki/Tornante_Company) , and entertainment lawyer Kevin Yorn (/wiki/Kevin_Yorn) . [23] (#cite_note-23) In 2023, In partnership with CULTURED, Creatively announces plans to launch its inaugural digital and experiential event, CreativelyCultured, honoring over 100 creatives discovered on the platform. [24] (#cite_note-24) #ShareTheMicNow [ edit ] Also, in 2020, Bendet co-founded an Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) campaign called #ShareTheMicNow [25] (#cite_note-vanityfair.com-25) to bring African-American women's voices to the forefronts of predominately white women's Instagram accounts in an "account takeover" format. [26] (#cite_note-26) Incidents [ edit ] In 2018 Stacey Bendet’s company filed a lawsuit against the Steve Madden (/wiki/Steve_Madden) -owned Betsey Johnson label for copyright and trademark infringement. Alice + Olivia accused Betsey Johnson (/wiki/Betsey_Johnson) of using Bendet’s signature face, the "StaceFace," on its bags. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) Personal life [ edit ] She married film producer Eric Eisner (/wiki/Eric_Eisner_(producer)) , a son of former Walt Disney Company (/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) executive Michael Eisner (/wiki/Michael_Eisner) , on the Caribbean island of Anguilla (/wiki/Anguilla) in 2008. [9] (#cite_note-ElleNewPad-9) The couple have three children: Eloise Breckenridge Eisner, [29] (#cite_note-29) Scarlet Haven Eisner, [30] (#cite_note-30) and Athena Belle Eisner. [31] (#cite_note-People-Daughter3-Athena-2015-31) Bendet practices Ashtanga Vinyasa yoga (/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga) . [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Bendet has appeared on the Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) Best-Dressed list four years in a row and is in the Best-Dressed Hall of Fame. [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) She is a member of the board of trustees of the New York-based GOOD+ Foundation (/wiki/Good%2BFoundation) , a foundation that provides essentials for children of families in need. She supports Ronald McDonald House (/wiki/Ronald_McDonald_House_Charities) , which offers assistance to the families of children suffering from life-threatening illnesses, and she is also a member of the board of the Jay H. Baker Retailing Center of The Wharton School (/wiki/The_Wharton_School) at the University of Pennsylvania (/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania) , her alma mater. [36] (#cite_note-36) Bendet is an Advisory Board member at her alma mater’s Baker Retailing Center within its Wharton School (/wiki/Wharton_School) . [37] (#cite_note-37) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Market Wired: "alice + olivia and ImagineX Partner for Greater China Expansion" (http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/alice-olivia-and-imaginex-partner-for-greater-china-expansion-1791005.htm) May 15, 2013 ^ a b c WWD: "Stacey Bendet Launches Creatively, a Networking Platform for Creative Industries" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/stacey-bendet-creatively-networking-platform-1203627335/) May 5, 2020 ^ a b "Andrew Rosen and Stacey Bendet launch new brand, Big Feelings" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/fashion/andrew-rosen-and-stacey-bendet-launch-new-brand-big-feelings) . Vogue Business . 2023-11-02 . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Salt Lake Tribune: "Just like the rest of us, designers look to mom and dad for inspiration, advice" by Francine Parnes (http://archive.sltrib.com/printfriendly.php?id=6848282&itype=ngpsid) September 10, 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Jewcy: "Stacey Bendet on Clothes, Ashtanga, and Trying to Blow Up Soho House" by Deb Schoeneman (http://www.jewcy.com/post/stacey_bendet_on_clothes_ashtanga_and_trying_to_blow_up_soho_house) March 16, 2007 ^ a b Shafir, Doree (January 8, 2007). "Before They Were Sorta Famous: Stacey Bendet" (http://gawker.com/226985/before-they-were-sorta-famous-stacey-bendet) . Gawker (/wiki/Gawker) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) James, Mimi (August 16, 2012). "The Luxe Starts Here" (http://www.jewishexponent.com/luxe-starts-here) . Jewish Exponent (/wiki/Jewish_Exponent) . here was another flavor of "new pant," this one from Alice + Olivia's designer Stacey Bendet Eisner, the nice Jewish girl and Penn grad. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Adrianne Pasquarelli (2011). "Stacey Bendet, 33" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150618075845/http://mycrains.crainsnewyork.com/40under40/profiles/2011/stacey-bendet/) . Crain's New York Business (/wiki/Crain%27s_New_York_Business) . Archived from the original (http://mycrains.crainsnewyork.com/40under40/profiles/2011/stacey-bendet) on June 18, 2015 . Retrieved December 27, 2011 . ^ a b c d e Elle: "Alice + Olivia Designer Stacey Bendet Eisner's New Pad – Being a grown-up doesn't mean you have to forsake fun" by Miranda Purves (http://www.elle.com/life-love/entertaining-design/alice-olivia-designer-stacey-bendet-eisners-new-pad-439138) March 31, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Penn grad's connected fashion collection" (https://www.inquirer.com/philly/phillywomen/20070729_A_connected_collection.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-PhillySkinny_11-0) Wellington, Elizabeth (July 29, 2007). "A connected collection The skinny on designer Stacey Bendet? She's fast-forward fashion with the slim and tiny pants, shoes up next, and well-heeled friends" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051247/http://articles.philly.com/2007-07-29/news/25240790_1_stacey-bendet-olivia-dress-line-of-cashmere-sweaters) . The Philadelphia Inquirer (/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer) . Archived from the original (http://articles.philly.com/2007-07-29/news/25240790_1_stacey-bendet-olivia-dress-line-of-cashmere-sweaters) on March 4, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "In the Mag: Q&A with Stacey Bendet" (https://www.bocamag.com/mag-qa-stacey-bendet/) . Boca Mag . October 21, 2014. She studied international relations and French at the University of Pennsylvania. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Sarah Bernard (February 23, 2004). "Flash Pants" (http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/columns/intelligencer/newyorkminute/n_9900/) . New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_Magazine) . Retrieved February 10, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Power Play" (https://thepenngazette.com/18946/) . The Pennsylvania Gazette . 2018-12-20 . Retrieved 2021-10-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Spruch-Feiner, Sara (2023-11-02). "With Big Feelings, Stacey Bendet offers pajamas and community to trendy Gen Zers" (https://www.glossy.co/pop/with-big-feelings-stacey-bendet-offers-pajamas-and-community-to-trendy-gen-zers/) . Glossy . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-BusinessInsider_16-0) Weisman, Aly. "How Alice + Olivia Founder Stacey Bendet Created A $150 Million Brand" (https://www.businessinsider.com/designer-stacey-bendet-on-alice--olivia-2012-9) . Business Insider . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ a b Interview Magazine: "Introducing: Stacey Bendet of Alice + Olivia" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/introducing-stacey-bendet-alice-and-olivia) retrieved May 13, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-18) "SNEAK PEEK: ALICE AND OLIVIA'S NEW HANDBAG LINE" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190402084217/http://www.luxandconcord.com/alice-olivia-new-handbag-line/) . www.luxandconcord.com . January 22, 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.luxandconcord.com/alice-olivia-new-handbag-line/) on 2 April 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Stacey Bendet & Randi Zuckerberg Collaborate On NFT" (https://hauteliving.com/2022/03/stacey-bendet-randi-zuckerberg-collaborate-on-nft/709846/) . Haute Living . 2022-03-11 . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_20-0) Lauren, Amanda. "Alice + Olivia And Tempaper Launch An Iconic Wallpaper Collaboration" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/amandalauren/2022/04/22/alice--olivia-and-tempaper-launch-an-iconic-wallpaper-collaboration/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Alice + Olivia CEO Stacey Bendet on #ShareTheMicNow, 'the most emotional' project of her career" (https://www.glossy.co/fashion/alice-olivia-ceo-stacey-bendet-on-sharethemicnow/) . Glossy . 2020-12-02 . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Ha, Anthony (2021-04-14). "Creatively raises $5M to help creative professionals showcase and find work" (https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/14/creatively-seed-funding/) . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Creatively Raises $8M in Funding" (https://www.finsmes.com/2022/03/creatively-raises-8m-in-funding.html) . FinSMEs . 2022-03-11 . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Finally, a Jobs Platform Designed for Creatives" (https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2023/02/15/creatively-job-searching-social-media-stacey-bendet) . culturedmag.com . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-vanityfair.com_25-0) Vanity Fair: "White Celebrities Will Hand Off Instagram Accounts to Amplify Black Women’s Voices" (https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2020/06/share-the-mic-now-instagram-campaign) June 9, 2020 ^ (#cite_ref-26) "The Important Reason Why White Celebrities Are 'Sharing The Mic' Today" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/what-is-share-the-mic-now-campaign) . British Vogue . 2020-06-10 . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Butler-Young, Sheena (2020-02-19). "Steve Madden Issues Public Apology to Stacey Bendet — Now, She's Asking for a $1 Million Donation" (https://footwearnews.com/business/legal-news/steve-madden-apology-stacey-bendet-1-million-1202929065/) . Footwear News . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Steve Madden Goes Off on Rival CEO Stacey Bendet Over Lawsuit Claims" (https://www.tmz.com/2020/02/17/steve-madden-go-f-yourself-loses-it-stacey-bendet/) . TMZ . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Staff writer (/wiki/Staff_writer) (May 6, 2008). "Alice + Olivia's Stacey Bendet expecting first child" (http://celebritybabies.people.com/2008/05/06/alice-olivias-s/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved December 27, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Sarah Michaud (April 10, 2011). "Stacey Bendet Welcomes Daughter Scarlet Haven" (http://celebritybabies.people.com/2011/04/10/stacey-bendet-welcomes-daughter-scarlet-haven/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved December 27, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-People-Daughter3-Athena-2015_31-0) Leon, Anya (22 September 2015). "Stacey Bendet Welcomes Daughter Athena Belle" (http://celebritybabies.people.com/2015/09/22/stacey-bendet-welcomes-daughter-athena-belle/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Staff writer (/wiki/Staff_writer) (May 23, 2011). "From 9 to 5: Stacey Bendet" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120524164339/http://fashion.elle.com/fashion/insider/2011/05/23/from-9-to-5-stacey-bendet/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://fashion.elle.com/fashion/insider/2011/05/23/from-9-to-5-stacey-bendet/) on May 24, 2012 . Retrieved December 27, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Shanelle Rein-Olowokere and Asher Fogle Paul (February 16, 2011). "Alice + Olivia's Stacey Bendet Debuts Bump at Fashion Week" (http://celebritybabies.people.com/2011/02/16/alice-olivias-stacey-bendet-debuts-bump-at-fashion-week/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved December 27, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Amy Fine Collins Stands Out Amid the Met Gala's Couture Creations" (http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2011/05/the-met-galas-couture-creations) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . May 3, 2011 . Retrieved December 27, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Introducing the International Best-Dressed List 2017 Hall of Fame" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/09/international-best-dressed-list-hall-of-fame-2017) . Vanity Fair . September 7, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Inside Stacey Bendet's 13th Annual Toy Drive for the Good+ Foundation" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/alice-olivia-good-foundation-toy-drive-2021) . Vogue . 2021-12-13 . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Suhrawardi, Rebecca. "Meet Stacey Bendet, A Female Founder In Fashion" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccasuhrawardi/2023/02/10/meet-stacey-bendet-a-female-founder-in-fashion/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2024-02-26 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stacey_Bendet&oldid=1235052039 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stacey_Bendet&oldid=1235052039) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) American women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_women_fashion_designers) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) 20th-century American Jews (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_Jews) 1978 births (/wiki/Category:1978_births) Jewish fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Jewish_fashion_designers) Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni (/wiki/Category:Schools_of_the_Sacred_Heart_alumni) University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences alumni (/wiki/Category:University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences_alumni) People from Chappaqua, New York (/wiki/Category:People_from_Chappaqua,_New_York) Horace Greeley High School alumni (/wiki/Category:Horace_Greeley_High_School_alumni) 21st-century American Jews (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_Jews) 20th-century American women artists (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_artists) 21st-century American women (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Place of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
American TV series or program The Face Genre Competition Presented by Current Nigel Barker (/wiki/Nigel_Barker_(photographer)) (1–2) Judges Current Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) (1–2) Anne Vyalitsyna (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) (2) Lydia Hearst (/wiki/Lydia_Hearst) (2) Former Coco Rocha (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) (1) Karolina Kurkova (/wiki/Karolina_Kurkova) (1) Country of origin United States Original language English No. of seasons 2 No. of episodes 18 Production Executive producers Eden Gaha Paul Franklin Matt Westmore Naomi Campbell Running time 40 to 44 minutes Production company Shine America (/wiki/Endemol_Shine_North_America) Original release Network Oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_channel)) Release February 12, 2013 ( 2013-02-12 ) – May 7, 2014 ( 2014-05-07 ) Related The Face (U.K.) (/wiki/The_Face_(British_TV_series)) The Face (Australia) (/wiki/The_Face_(Australian_TV_series)) The Face is an American reality television (/wiki/Reality_television) modeling (/wiki/Model_(person)) competition series. The show is hosted by Nigel Barker (/wiki/Nigel_Barker_(photographer)) , who was a previous judge on America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) . The Face follows three supermodel coaches as they compete with each other to find 'the face' of a make-up brand. It premiered February 12, 2013, on Oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_channel)) . [1] (#cite_note-Premiere-1) [2] (#cite_note-First-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The series was renewed in April 2013 for a ten-episode second season, [4] (#cite_note-season2count-4) which premiered on March 5, 2014. [5] (#cite_note-season2premiere-5) While Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) reappears in two seasons, Anne Vyalitsyna (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) and Lydia Hearst (/wiki/Lydia_Hearst) replaced Coco Rocha (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) and Karolina Kurkova (/wiki/Karolina_Kurkova) as supermodel coaches for season two. [6] (#cite_note-season2-6) In late 2014, Oxygen announced that they had no plans for a third season. Hosts and mentors [ edit ] Mentors Seasons 1 (/wiki/The_Face_(American_season_1)) 2 (/wiki/The_Face_(American_season_2)) Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) ✔ Coco Rocha (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) ✔ Karolina Kurkova (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) ✔ Anne V (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) ✔ Lydia Hearst (/wiki/Lydia_Hearst) ✔ Hosts Seasons 1 (/wiki/The_Face_(American_season_1)) 2 (/wiki/The_Face_(American_season_2)) Nigel Barker (/wiki/Nigel_Barker_(photographer)) ✔ Seasons [ edit ] Seasons Premiere date Winner Runners-up Other contestants in order of elimination Number of contestants 1 (/wiki/The_Face_(American_season_1)) February 12, 2013 Devyn Abdullah Margaux Brooke Luo Zilin (/wiki/Luo_Zilin) Aleksandra Dubrovskaya, Christy Nelson, Marlee Nichols (quit), Brittany Mason (/wiki/Brittany_Mason) , Madeleine Armstrong, Sandra Woodley, Stephanie Lalanne, Jocelyn Chew, Ebony Olivia Smith 12 2 (/wiki/The_Face_(American_season_2)) March 5, 2014 Tiana Zarlin Ray Clanton Afiya Bennett Isabelle Bianchi, Nakisha Bromfield, Kira Dikhtyar (/wiki/Kira_Dikhtyar_(model)) , Alana Duval, Allison Millar, Khadisha Gaye, Sharon Gallardo, Amanda Gullickson, Felisa Wiley (quit) 12 Mentor's color symbols Team Naomi (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) ( season 1–2 ) Team Coco (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) ( season 1 ) Team Karolina (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) ( season 1 ) Team Anne (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) ( season 2 ) Team Lydia (/wiki/Lydia_Hearst) ( season 2 ) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Premiere_1-0) Soo Hoo, Fawnia. " (http://the-face.oxygen.com/The-Face-Premiere-Dates-Guest-Stars) 'The Face: The Fight To Make The Final 12' Airs On February 12 And More Exciting Details, Like Guest Stars" (http://the-face.oxygen.com/The-Face-Premiere-Dates-Guest-Stars) . Oxygen Media . Retrieved December 13, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-First_2-0) BG8, Elease. "ABOUT THE SHOW — Find out all about Oxygen's SO new series The Face!" (http://the-face.oxygen.com/face/blog/about-the-show) . Oxygen Media . Retrieved October 1, 2012 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Patten, Dominic. "Oxygen Launches 'The Face' Model Reality Series With Naomi Campbell" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120505175544/http://www.deadline.com/2012/05/oxygen-launches-%e2%80%98the-face%e2%80%99-model-reality-series-with-naomi-campbell/) . Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original (https://www.deadline.com/2012/05/oxygen-launches-%E2%80%98the-face%E2%80%99-model-reality-series-with-naomi-campbell/) on May 5, 2012 . Retrieved May 1, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-season2count_4-0) "Oxygen Media Greenlights Second Season of Critically Acclaimed Modeling Competition Series "The Face" Produced by Shine America" (http://thefutoncritic.com/news/2013/04/08/oxygen-media-greenlights-second-season-of-critically-acclaimed-modeling-competition-series-the-face-produced-by-shine-america-982400/20130408oxygen01/) . The Futon Critic. April 8, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-season2premiere_5-0) Bibel, Sara (January 5, 2014). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20140106221933/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/06/the-face-season-2-to-premiere-wednesday-march-5-on-oxygen/226928/) 'The Face' Season 2 to Premiere Wednesday, March 5 on Oxygen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140106221933/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/06/the-face-season-2-to-premiere-wednesday-march-5-on-oxygen/226928/) . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/06/the-face-season-2-to-premiere-wednesday-march-5-on-oxygen/226928/) on January 6, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-season2_6-0) Bibel, Sara (September 3, 2013). "Anne V & Lydia Hearst Join Naomi Campbell as Supermodel Coaches on Season 2 of Oxygen's 'The Face' (https://web.archive.org/web/20130906052305/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/09/03/anne-v-lydia-hearst-join-naomi-campbell-as-supermodel-coaches-on-season-2-of-oxygens-the-face/200440/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20130906052305/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/09/03/anne-v-lydia-hearst-join-naomi-campbell-as-supermodel-coaches-on-season-2-of-oxygens-the-face/200440/) . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/09/03/anne-v-lydia-hearst-join-naomi-campbell-as-supermodel-coaches-on-season-2-of-oxygens-the-face/200440/) on September 6, 2013. 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Any coat for horseback riding This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Riding_coat) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Riding_coat) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_coat&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may be unbalanced (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight) toward certain viewpoints . Please improve the article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_coat&action=edit) by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Riding_coat) . ( January 2018 ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Riding_coat) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Riding coat" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Riding+coat%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Riding+coat%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Riding+coat%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Riding+coat%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Riding+coat%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Riding+coat%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A riding coat or jacket is a garment initially designed as outerwear for horseback riding (/wiki/Equestrianism) . It protects the wearer's upper clothes from dirt and wear, and may provide additional protection in case of falls. It is very helpful to the riders. History [ edit ] East Asia [ edit ] Main article: Magua (/wiki/Magua_(clothing)) The Manchu (/wiki/Manchu_people) " horse jacket (/wiki/Magua_(clothing)) " ( magua ) was a dark blue riding coat worn by Manchurian (/wiki/Manchuria) horsemen before becoming a staple item of menswear (/wiki/Menswear) across the Qing Empire (/wiki/Qing_Empire) . It subsequently developed into the Burmese (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Taikpon (/wiki/Taikpon) and the Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) . Britain [ edit ] Woman wearing a traditional riding mac at a parade in Coldstream (/wiki/Coldstream) Riding coat , 18th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Riding_coat_MET_1976.147.1_1976.147.2.jpeg) Main article: Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Original waterproof designs – similar to a Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) – generally comprised a full-length coat with a wide skirt and leg straps to keep it in place. Other typical features included a belted waist, large patch pockets with protective flap, raglan sleeves (/wiki/Raglan_sleeve) with tab, and wind cuff, fly front, throat tab and a broad collar. In 1823, Charles Macintosh (/wiki/Charles_Macintosh) (1766–1843) patented his invention for waterproof rubberized cloth, pressing together two sheets of cotton material with dissolved Indian rubber placed in between. It was a brilliant idea for making any fabric waterproof, and the first Macintosh coats were made at the family's dyestuffs factory, Charles Macintosh and Co. of Glasgow. The rubber processing pioneer Thomas Hancock (/wiki/Thomas_Hancock_(inventor)) (1786–1865) was aware of Macintosh’s work, and in 1825 he took out a license to manufacture the patented "waterproof double textures". Hancock's solutions for using masticated scrap rubber instead had a higher rubber content than Macintosh's. It gave a uniform film to the cloth while minimizing water penetration and odor. In 1831, John Hancock joined Charles Macintosh & Co. as a partner, leading to the merging of the two companies. This collaboration brought about the development of an automated spreading machine, which replaced the use of paint brushes in Macintosh's original designs. A significant setback for Hancock occurred in 1834 when his London factory was destroyed in a fire. It forced Macintosh to close his Glasgow factory, relocating all operations to Manchester (/wiki/Manchester) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) From then on, the manufacturing of "proper" raincoats or macs impervious to all weathers – constructed of two layers of rubber-coated cotton fabric or "double textured" – was concentrated, with all necessary expertise and experience, in Manchester or the Lancastrian (/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire) cotton towns. Such rubber or rubberized products amounted to a "cottage industry", as confirmed by the abundance of company records in the National Archives at Kew, Surrey. Classic, belted, double-textured trench coats in off-white or fawn for riding or walking were fashionable before World War 2. They lasted until the end of the century as a specifically British fashion, flattering the human form and enhancing its magnetism. Typical wartime usage can be seen in Danger UXB (/wiki/Danger_UXB) ( Anthony Andrews (/wiki/Anthony_Andrews) ), first broadcast in the late 1970s, or the 1976 movie The Eagle Has Landed (film) (/wiki/The_Eagle_Has_Landed_(film)) by Donald Sutherland (/wiki/Donald_Sutherland) . The military flavor of rubberized raincoats continued with the 1997 tv program Bodyguards (/wiki/Bodyguards_(TV_series)) (as sported by John Shrapnel (/wiki/John_Shrapnel) playing Commander MacIntyre of the elite protection team). A model pictured in the December 1944 issue of Vogue (magazine) (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) showed the attractiveness and practicality of these garments for the fashion-conscious, while they appeared in favorite 1950s and 1960s feature films such as Genevieve (/wiki/Genevieve_(film)) (1953) (worn by Dinah Sheridan (/wiki/Dinah_Sheridan) ), Me and the Colonel (/wiki/Me_and_the_Colonel) (1958) ( Nicole Maurey (/wiki/Nicole_Maurey) ) and Twice Round the Daffodils (/wiki/Twice_Round_the_Daffodils) (1962) ( Sheila Hancock (/wiki/Sheila_Hancock) ), always sharp, clean, rustling and making a bold statement. Meanwhile, traditional gentlemen's outfitters, such as Cordings, Hackett (/wiki/Hackett_London) , and Gieves & Hawkes (/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes) , continued to sell plenty of the popular walking coats in thick rubberized cotton. Around 1960, zippered jackets with a cinched waist were ordinary for young and old in Britain. Dark green hooded anoraks were fashioned with the same materials. The anoraks were typically made in dark green for scouting, hiking, climbing, canoeing, and other outdoor activities. In 1970, double-textured "gangster" macs were the must-have, trendy outerwear for girls, originating from the Valstar "Gangster" brand designed by Maurice Attwood. The styles featuring a signature yoke in front and back, a belt and peplum, and wrist straps with buckles were sold in a range of colors, lengths, and either cotton or viscose at major high street stores like Debenhams (under their Debroyal brand) and C&A (Vivienne style) at prices from £10 to £20. The yoked design was all the rage, even appearing in small sizes for children. This style, together with a similar style of rainwear, graced the foremost actors and actresses of the time. Cinema films included Country Dance (/wiki/Country_Dance_(film)) (1970) ( Susannah York (/wiki/Susannah_York) ), Hoffman (/wiki/Hoffman_(film)) (1970) ( Sinéad Cusack (/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_Cusack) ), No Blade of Grass (/wiki/No_Blade_of_Grass_(film)) (1970) ( Nigel Davenport (/wiki/Nigel_Davenport) , Jean Wallace (/wiki/Jean_Wallace) , Lynne Frederick (/wiki/Lynne_Frederick) ), The Ragman's Daughter (/wiki/The_Ragman%27s_Daughter) (1972) ( Victoria Tennant (/wiki/Victoria_Tennant) ) and All Creatures Great and Small (film) (/wiki/All_Creatures_Great_and_Small_(film)) (1974) ( Lisa Harrow (/wiki/Lisa_Harrow) , Simon Ward (/wiki/Simon_Ward) ). Examples of the many TV series in that period containing Valstar “Gangster” type double-textured rainwear were Take Three Girls (/wiki/Take_Three_Girls) ( Liza Goddard (/wiki/Liza_Goddard) ), The Lotus Eaters (/wiki/The_Lotus_Eaters_(TV_series)) ( Wanda Ventham (/wiki/Wanda_Ventham) ), and Man About the House (/wiki/Man_About_the_House) ( Paula Wilcox (/wiki/Paula_Wilcox) ). Since they provided effective insulation against the cold, the garments were later called “winter macs” by females, who would wear them buttoned, with short upturned collars and - to complete the look - a neckerchief giving a bright, contrasting slash of color. The retro "gangster" style has been revived as the "Chorlton" in a choice of five colors by Lakeland Elements of Lancaster since Chorlton-upon-Medlock, now part of Greater Manchester, was the location of one of the early Macintosh factories. Over the years, other design initiatives and variants included the introduction of colorful, light double-textured, and single-textured rubberized macs. There were ponchos, military-style capes, and, more recently the short, navy blue Margaret Howell (/wiki/Margaret_Howell) hoody. On the Continent of Europe, the green hooded anorak or slicker, with yellow rubber lining, retained its popularity. This can be seen in the classic French relationship movie The Aviator's Wife (/wiki/The_Aviator%27s_Wife) (1981). The similarly unisex Friesennerz reversible hooded anorak in yellow rubber with blue or sometimes fawn lining, was sold on Germany’s high streets and sported by Glenda Jackson (/wiki/Glenda_Jackson) in her 1978 film The Class of Miss MacMichael. Certainly, the latter mac was beloved by young tourists of German nationality making a pilgrimage to the fashion mecca of the Swinging Sixties, Carnaby Street in London WW1. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Papillon Graphics' Virtual Encyclopedia of Greater Manchester" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100809145051/http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/scientists4.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/scientists4.html) on 2010-08-09 . Retrieved 2010-04-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Suit jacket styles" (https://www.suitsexpert.com/blog/mens-coat-types-and-jacket-styles) . 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Hungarian-American fashion designer and furrier Emeric Imre Partos (1905–1975) was a Hungarian-born fashion designer who worked in Paris and New York. He was mainly known for his work with fur for Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) . Early life [ edit ] Emeric Imre Partos was born in Budapest on 18 May 1905, where he studied art. [1] (#cite_note-elbook-1) He then went to the Sorbonne (/wiki/University_of_Paris) , Paris, to further study art, before moving to Switzerland to study jewelry design. [1] (#cite_note-elbook-1) He then returned to Paris, where in 1939 he joined the French Army, and then became involved in the French Resistance (/wiki/French_Resistance) . [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) [3] (#cite_note-el-3) While in Paris, Partos met the theatre costume designer and couturier Alex Maguy (born Sender Glahs). [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) [4] (#cite_note-hf-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Introduced by their mutual friend Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , Maguy and Partos became close friends, and for a while during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , as two Eastern European Jews and members of the French underground, they hid from the Nazis in the attic of a farmhouse in Saint-Gervais-d'Auvergne (/wiki/Saint-Gervais-d%27Auvergne) . [4] (#cite_note-hf-4) Maguy's great-niece, Hadley Freeman (/wiki/Hadley_Freeman) , has suggested that Partos, who was openly gay, may have been in a relationship with her great-uncle. [4] (#cite_note-hf-4) After the war, Partos joined Dior at his fashion house (/wiki/Dior) when it opened in 1947. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) He was credited with helping develop the crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) under-structures strong enough to support Dior's immensely full 'New Look' skirts. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) He stayed with Dior until 1950, when he was invited to be a guest designer for the New York furriers Maximilian (/wiki/Anna_Potok) and subsequently chose not to return to Paris, terminating his Dior contract. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) Fur design career [ edit ] Partos worked with Maximilian unil 1955, when he was employed by Bergdorf Goodman and rapidly became known for his innovative, original and unexpected work with expensive pelts for that department store. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) [3] (#cite_note-el-3) Sally Kirkland (/wiki/Sally_Kirkland_(editor)) commented that Partos "took the awe out of furs" and that while it appeared as if he treated fur like cheap burlap (/wiki/Burlap) , his expertise and knowledge of the material allowed him to produce outstanding work. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) Among his designs were a towelling bathrobe lined in mink fur (/wiki/Mink_fur) , white mink jackets inlaid with coloured flowers in an intarsia (/wiki/Intarsia) technique, hand-painted furs and unexpected garments such as jumpsuits (/wiki/Jumpsuit) , knee breeches (/wiki/Knee_breeches) and even a man's kilt (/wiki/Kilt) in mink colored and pieced to resemble plaid (/wiki/Tartan) . [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) One of his most widely copied ideas was to make a separate raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) shell to be worn over mink coats. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) He also designed clothing and accessories to accompany the furs. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) He was particularly noted for his work for Barbra Streisand (/wiki/Barbra_Streisand) , who he supplied with furs for her first television appearance in 1965 which was partially filmed on-site at Bergdorf's. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) Streisand, previously known for wearing second-hand clothing, immediately added the furs to her wardrobe including white mink knickers and a white riding habit (/wiki/Riding_habit) made from broadtail (/wiki/Broadtail) . [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) Other regular clients included Babe Paley (/wiki/Babe_Paley) , Gloria Vanderbilt (/wiki/Gloria_Vanderbilt) and Jane Engelhard (/wiki/Jane_Engelhard) . [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) Partos won a Special Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) in 1957, alongside his colleague, Leslie Morris (/wiki/Leslie_Morris_(designer)) who won a main award for her couture work in Bergdorf's made-to-order department. [3] (#cite_note-el-3) Eleanor Lambert (/wiki/Eleanor_Lambert) wrote of Partos's show at the awards ceremony as being "a testimonial of his mastery of furrier's technique expressed in couturier terms," noting coats combining two furs or materials (such as nutria (/wiki/Nutria) and badger (/wiki/Badger) fur; or ranch-farmed mink with velvet (/wiki/Velvet) ) and an informal middy top (/wiki/Sailor_dress) made from ermine (/wiki/Stoat#Fur_use) designed for apres-ski (/wiki/Apres-ski) or at-home wear. [3] (#cite_note-el-3) Death [ edit ] Partos died of a cerebral haemorrhage (/wiki/Cerebral_haemorrhage) at Mount Sinai Hospital (/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital_(Manhattan)) on 2 December 1975. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) He was 70 years old and living in New York on East 65th Street. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) The executive vice president of Bergdorf's told The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) that Partos was a "small man of great stature", referring to his height of 5'3 inches. [2] (#cite_note-nyobit-2) Unusually for Alex Maguy, he and Partos had remained friends all their lives despite having drifted apart, and Partos's death brought Maguy "great sadness." [4] (#cite_note-hf-4) References [ edit ] ^ a b Lambert, Eleanor (/wiki/Eleanor_Lambert) (1976). World of Fashion: People, Places, Resources . R. R. Bowker Company. p. 242. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8352-0627-3 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Taylor, Angela (3 December 1975). "Emeric Partos, 70, Fur Designer Noted for Innovative Flair, Dead" (https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/03/archives/emeric-partos-70-fur-designer-noted-for-innovative-flair-dead.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 June 2022 . ^ a b c d Lambert, Eleanor (4 October 1957). "Coty 'Winnie' Awards go to Three Top Designers" (https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-oct-04-1957-3287067/) . Corpus Christi Times . Retrieved 26 June 2022 . ^ a b c d Freeman, Hadley (/wiki/Hadley_Freeman) (24 March 2020). House of Glass: The Story and Secrets of a Twentieth-Century Jewish Family . Simon and Schuster. pp. 210–212. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5011-9915-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Klein, Julia M. (23 April 2020). "After the Holocaust, incalculable losses and jaw-dropping discoveries" (https://forward.com/culture/444340/after-the-holocaust-incalculable-losses-and-jaw-dropping-discoveries/) . The Forward . Retrieved 27 June 2022 . v t e Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) Parent Broadway-Hale Stores (/wiki/Broadway_Stores) (1972–1987) Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) (since 1987) Key people Current Linda Fargo (/wiki/Linda_Fargo) Betty Halbreich (/wiki/Betty_Halbreich) David Hoey (/wiki/David_Hoey_(window_dresser)) Katia Kuethe (/wiki/Katia_Kuethe) Former Executives Michael Bastian (/wiki/Michael_Bastian) Mitchell B. Fox (/wiki/Mitchell_B._Fox) Nena Goodman (/wiki/Nena_Goodman) Michael Gross (/wiki/Michael_Gross_(American_writer)) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Dawn Mello (/wiki/Dawn_Mello) Ira Neimark (/wiki/Ira_Neimark) Bernard Newman (/wiki/Bernard_Newman_(designer)) Burton Tansky (/wiki/Burton_Tansky) Buyers Robert Duffy (/wiki/Robert_Duffy_(businessman)) Fran Horowitz (/wiki/Fran_Horowitz) Soon-Yi Previn (/wiki/Soon-Yi_Previn) Models Celia Ammerman (/wiki/Celia_Ammerman) Luciana Curtis (/wiki/Luciana_Curtis) Ingūna Butāne (/wiki/Ing%C5%ABna_But%C4%81ne) Kate Dillon Levin (/wiki/Kate_Dillon_Levin) Tiiu Kuik (/wiki/Tiiu_Kuik) Michela Maggioni (/wiki/Michela_Maggioni) Lakshmi Menon (/wiki/Lakshmi_Menon_(model)) Keto Mikeladze (/wiki/Keto_Mikeladze) Jean Patchett (/wiki/Jean_Patchett) Kelly Piquet (/wiki/Kelly_Piquet) Katya Shchekina (/wiki/Katya_Shchekina) Ali Stephens (/wiki/Ali_Stephens) Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) Inna Zobova (/wiki/Inna_Zobova) Hairstylists Julien Farel (/wiki/Julien_Farel) Ara Gallant (/wiki/Ara_Gallant) Designers Charles Creed (/wiki/Charles_Creed) Mark Mooring (/wiki/Mark_Mooring) Leslie Morris (/wiki/Leslie_Morris_(designer)) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Bernard Newman (/wiki/Bernard_Newman_(designer)) Emeric Partos Maria Pavlovna (/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Pavlovna_of_Russia_(1890%E2%80%931958)) Others Susan Cianciolo (/wiki/Susan_Cianciolo) Cher Coulter (/wiki/Cher_Coulter) R. Couri Hay (/wiki/R._Couri_Hay) Robert Isabell (/wiki/Robert_Isabell) Peter D. Gerakaris (/wiki/Peter_D._Gerakaris) Elizabeth Hawes (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawes) Emile Norman (/wiki/Emile_Norman) Gregg Renfrew (/wiki/Gregg_Renfrew) Donald Robertson (/wiki/Donald_Robertson_(artist)) Emad Salem (/wiki/Emad_Salem) Benjamin Sonnenberg (/wiki/Benjamin_Sonnenberg) George Stavrinos (/wiki/George_Stavrinos) Ellen Stewart (/wiki/Ellen_Stewart) Shawn Stewart Ruff (/wiki/Shawn_Stewart_Ruff) Maya Tiwari (/wiki/Maya_Tiwari) Neecy Twinem (/wiki/Neecy_Twinem) Andrew W.K. (/wiki/Andrew_W.K.) 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Watch (/wiki/Watch) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Watches (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Watches) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 8 subcategories, out of 8 total. 0–9 24-hour clocks and watches (/wiki/Category:24-hour_clocks_and_watches) ‎ (2 P) B Watch brands (/wiki/Category:Watch_brands) ‎ (9 C, 143 P) I Individual watches (/wiki/Category:Individual_watches) ‎ (5 P) M Watch models (/wiki/Category:Watch_models) ‎ (4 C, 34 P) P Watch phones (/wiki/Category:Watch_phones) ‎ (3 P) S Smartwatches (/wiki/Category:Smartwatches) ‎ (4 C, 64 P) W Watchmakers (/wiki/Category:Watchmakers) ‎ (4 C, 9 P) Watchmaking (/wiki/Category:Watchmaking) ‎ (5 P) Pages in category "Watches" The following 65 pages are in this category, out of 65 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Watch (/wiki/Watch) A American system of watch manufacturing (/wiki/American_system_of_watch_manufacturing) Analog watch (/wiki/Analog_watch) Antimagnetic watch (/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch) Assay office (/wiki/Assay_office) Automatic quartz (/wiki/Automatic_quartz) Automatic watch (/wiki/Automatic_watch) B Boule de Genève (/wiki/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve) Braille watch (/wiki/Braille_watch) C Calculator watch (/wiki/Calculator_watch) Chinese standard movement (/wiki/Chinese_standard_movement) Chronograph (/wiki/Chronograph) Chronometer watch (/wiki/Chronometer_watch) Cigar cutter watch fob (/wiki/Cigar_cutter_watch_fob) Coin watch (/wiki/Coin_watch) Complication (horology) (/wiki/Complication_(horology)) Computus clock (/wiki/Computus_clock) COSC (/wiki/COSC) Counterfeit watch (/wiki/Counterfeit_watch) D Damaskeening (/wiki/Damaskeening) Diving watch (/wiki/Diving_watch) Dollar watch (/wiki/Dollar_watch) Double chronograph (/wiki/Double_chronograph) E Eco-Drive (/wiki/Eco-Drive) Electric watch (/wiki/Electric_watch) Eleven James (/wiki/Eleven_James) F Flyback chronograph (/wiki/Flyback_chronograph) G Geneva drive (/wiki/Geneva_drive) Geneva Seal (/wiki/Geneva_Seal) H History of watches (/wiki/History_of_watches) I Incabloc shock protection system (/wiki/Incabloc_shock_protection_system) J Jewellery store (/wiki/Jewellery_store) L L'impermeable (/wiki/L%27impermeable) List of most expensive watches sold at auction (/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_watches_sold_at_auction) Lume (/wiki/Lume) M Manufacture d'horlogerie (/wiki/Manufacture_d%27horlogerie) List of German watch manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_German_watch_manufacturers) List of Swiss watch manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_Swiss_watch_manufacturers) MB&F (/wiki/MB%26F) Mechanical watch (/wiki/Mechanical_watch) Micro (watches) (/wiki/Micro_(watches)) Microbrand watches (/wiki/Microbrand_watches) Military watches (/wiki/Military_watches) Mystery watch (/wiki/Mystery_watch) O O'Hara Waltham Dial factory (/wiki/O%27Hara_Waltham_Dial_factory) P Pin-pallet escapement (/wiki/Pin-pallet_escapement) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Pulse watch (/wiki/Pulse_watch) Q Quartz crisis (/wiki/Quartz_crisis) R Radio clock (/wiki/Radio_clock) Railroad chronometer (/wiki/Railroad_chronometer) Rodina watch I (/wiki/Rodina_watch_I) S Shock-resistant watch (/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch) Skeleton watch (/wiki/Skeleton_watch) Slow watch (/wiki/Slow_watch) Solar-powered watch (/wiki/Solar-powered_watch) Spring Drive (/wiki/Spring_Drive) Swiss made (/wiki/Swiss_made) T Tachymeter (watch) (/wiki/Tachymeter_(watch)) Trench watch (/wiki/Trench_watch) W Watch strap (/wiki/Watch_strap) Watch timing machine (/wiki/Watch_timing_machine) Watchcase (/wiki/Watchcase) List of watch manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_watch_manufacturers) Water Resistant mark (/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark) Media in category "Watches" This category contains only the following file. Figure 6.tif (/wiki/File:Figure_6.tif) 1,220 × 908; 1.68 MB esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Watches&oldid=1127520354 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Watches&oldid=1127520354) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clocks (/wiki/Category:Clocks) Fashion accessories (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessories) Portable tools (/wiki/Category:Portable_tools) Types of jewellery (/wiki/Category:Types_of_jewellery) Handwear (/wiki/Category:Handwear) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Vietnamese singer In this Vietnamese name (/wiki/Vietnamese_name) , the surname (/wiki/Surname) is Nguyễn , but is often simplified to Nguyen (/wiki/Nguyen) in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name (/wiki/Given_name) , Tùng . Sơn Tùng M-TP Sơn Tùng M-TP in a promotional video for Viettel (/wiki/Viettel) 2017 Born Nguyễn Thanh Tùng ( 1994-07-05 ) 5 July 1994 (age 30) Thái Bình (/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh) , Thái Bình province (/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_province) , Vietnam Alma mater Conservatory of Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Conservatory_of_Ho_Chi_Minh_City) Occupations Singer songwriter actor businessman Years active 2009–present Relatives Mono (brother) Awards Full list (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_S%C6%A1n_T%C3%B9ng_M-TP) Musical career Genres Pop R&B (/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) EDM (/wiki/Electronic_dance_music) Instrument(s) Vocals piano electronic keyboard Labels WePro Entertainment M-TP Entertainment Musical artist Website mtpentertainment (https://mtpentertainment.com/) .com (https://mtpentertainment.com/) Nguyễn Thanh Tùng (born 5 July 1994), known professionally as Sơn Tùng M-TP ( [s̪əːn˧ (/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese) tuŋ˨˩ (/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese) ɛm˧ (/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese) ti:˧ (/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese) pi:˧] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese) ), is a Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_people) singer-songwriter and actor. Born and raised in Thái Bình (/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh) , Thái Bình province (/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_province) , his family discovered his singing ability when he was two years old. His self-written 2012 and 2013 singles, " Cơn mưa ngang qua " and " Em của ngày hôm qua " launched his career. These were followed by successful singles "Chắc ai đó sẽ về", " Lạc trôi (/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_tr%C3%B4i) " and "Nơi này có anh". In 2017, Tùng released the compilation album M-tp M-TP (/wiki/M-tp_M-TP) and published his autobiography, Chạm tới giấc mơ . Tùng spent four years as part of Văn Production and WePro Entertainment before founding his own record label, M-TP Entertainment, in 2016. His other ventures include the M-TP Ambition Tour (2015–2016), the Sky Tour (2019), a starring role in the 2014 film Dandelion (/wiki/Dandelion_(2014_film)) (which earned him a Golden Kite Prize (/wiki/Kite_Awards_(Vietnam)) for Young Prominent Actor) and an appearance as a contestant on the television series The Remix . Called a "Prince of V-pop (/wiki/V-pop) " for his popularity, Tùng has received many accolades (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_S%C6%A1n_T%C3%B9ng_M-TP) which include a MTV Europe Music Award (/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards) , a Dedication Music Award (/wiki/Dedication_Music_Award) , a Mnet Asian Music Award (/wiki/2017_Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards) , seven Green Wave Awards (/wiki/Green_Wave_(radio_show)) and an inclusion on Forbes Vietnam (/wiki/Forbes) 's 2018 30 Under 30 (/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30) list. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Life and career [ edit ] 1994–2010: Early life and career [ edit ] Nguyễn Thanh Tùng was born on 5 July 1994 in Thái Bình (/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh) , Thái Bình province (/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_province) , to parents Nguyễn Đức Thiện and Phạm Thị Thanh Bình. [2] (#cite_note-chichi-2) [3] (#cite_note-suthat-3) Bình was a traditional dancer (/wiki/Dance_in_Vietnam) in the city's official performing group and a performer in Thái Bình's chèo (/wiki/Ch%C3%A8o) theatre. [4] (#cite_note-autobiography-4) [3] (#cite_note-suthat-3) She met Thiện when he was working as a transport driver. [4] (#cite_note-autobiography-4) After becoming pregnant with Tùng, Bình opened a barbershop (/wiki/Barber) at home which later became a clothing store (/wiki/Clothes_shop) . [4] (#cite_note-autobiography-4) [3] (#cite_note-suthat-3) She also used to work as a bridal make-up artist (/wiki/Make-up_artist) . [5] (#cite_note-part1-5) The singer described his early life as "peaceful." [6] (#cite_note-chamtoigiacmo-6) He has a younger brother, Nguyễn Việt Hoàng ( b. 2000), who later starts his own music career in 2022 under the stage name Mono. [3] (#cite_note-suthat-3) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) He was two years old when the family discovered his singing abilities. [3] (#cite_note-suthat-3) At the age of eight, he joined Thái Bình's Children's Arts and Culture Palace and learned to play the electronic keyboard (/wiki/Electronic_keyboard) . [3] (#cite_note-suthat-3) Tùng's mother plays guitar, and her husband plays seven instruments. [3] (#cite_note-suthat-3) However, they disapproved of their son's pursuit of a singing career and wanted him to focus on education; [3] (#cite_note-suthat-3) [10] (#cite_note-part2-10) his father wanted him to study business (/wiki/Business_studies) in college. [10] (#cite_note-part2-10) Despite this, Tùng frequently participated in talent shows at school. [11] (#cite_note-school-11) In 2009, he and his classmates formed a group, Over Band, and began writing and uploading songs on the independent-music website LadyKillah. [5] (#cite_note-part1-5) [10] (#cite_note-part2-10) Rap artist Hoàng Kê, one of the site's participants, invited the singer to join his Young Pilots hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) group in 2010. Young Pilots recorded and performed across Thái Bình, successful in their hometown and online. [10] (#cite_note-part2-10) At this time, Tùng adopted the stage name M-TP, which was an acronym for Mr. Tùng Pình, a nickname bestowed by fellow LadyKillah member Mr. J. [4] (#cite_note-autobiography-4) [12] (#cite_note-12) According to the singer, it now stands for "music," "tài năng" ("talent"), and "phong cách" ("style"). [13] (#cite_note-13) 2011–2015: Breakthrough and Dandelion [ edit ] Tùng originally wrote "Cơn mưa ngang qua" for Over Band and Young Pilots before deciding to record the song himself. [4] (#cite_note-autobiography-4) [10] (#cite_note-part2-10) He published it on the music website Zing MP3 in August 2011, and within two months of release, it had 1.7 million streams. [14] (#cite_note-vietnampost-14) "Cơn mưa ngang qua " 's success exceeded Tùng's expectations. [14] (#cite_note-vietnampost-14) It received the Song of the Month award from the music-chart TV program Favorite Song (/wiki/Favorite_Song_(TV_series)) in October 2012, and a Zing Music Award for R&B Song of the Year. [15] (#cite_note-copycat-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Two revised versions of the song were released in February 2012. [17] (#cite_note-17) That year, he was admitted to the Conservatory of Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Conservatory_of_Ho_Chi_Minh_City) with one of its highest entrance scores. [2] (#cite_note-chichi-2) He took a leave of absence in June 2014, while filming Dandelion (/wiki/Dandelion_(2014_film)) , due to scheduling conflicts and a desire to focus on his future career. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-dandelion-19) [20] (#cite_note-management-20) In July 2012, he auditioned for Vietnam Idol (/wiki/Vietnam_Idol) 's fourth season (/wiki/Vietnam_Idol_(season_4)) and was eliminated in the first round. [21] (#cite_note-21) He signed a five-year contract with Văn Production in November 2012 and changed his stage name from M-TP to Sơn Tùng M-TP after a suggestion came from the company's music director, Huy Tuấn, and musician Hà Quang Minh. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) [a] (#cite_note-initial-25) Tùng released three singles between August and December 2013: "Nắng ấm xa dần", [25] (#cite_note-facebook-26) "Đừng về trễ" [26] (#cite_note-dungvetre-27) and "Em của ngày hôm qua". [27] (#cite_note-hitmaker-28) The latter launched Tùng's mainstream career and successfully gained over 100 million streams in three months on Zing MP3. [28] (#cite_note-150million-29) [29] (#cite_note-forbes-30) [30] (#cite_note-cungtuy-31) Favorite Song made it its Song of the Month in February 2014. [15] (#cite_note-copycat-15) Tùng wrote "Gió cuốn em đi", which was performed and released by Quốc Thiên (/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_Thi%C3%AAn) in April 2014. [31] (#cite_note-32) The following month, Tùng contributed vocals to a charity cover (/wiki/Charity_record) of Tạ Quang Thắng's "Sống như những đóa hoa" and canceled a number of performances for surgery to remove a tumor (/wiki/Neoplasm) from his leg. [32] (#cite_note-tamgiao-33) [33] (#cite_note-34) Tùng at the premiere of Dandelion in December 2014 In June of that year, it was announced that the singer would star in Dandelion , a semi-biographical film loosely based on the life of the late singer WanBi Tuấn Anh (/wiki/WanBi_Tu%E1%BA%A5n_Anh) . [19] (#cite_note-dandelion-19) The film was directed by Quang Huy, founder of WePro Entertainment. [34] (#cite_note-quanghuy-35) [19] (#cite_note-dandelion-19) Dandelion was released in December 2014 and went on to gross over ₫ (/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng) 60 billion (US$2.8 million) at the box office, making it one of the highest-grossing Vietnamese films of all time. [35] (#cite_note-36) [36] (#cite_note-post-37) [37] (#cite_note-38) Tùng's performance in the film earned him the prestigious Golden Kite Prize (/wiki/Kite_Awards_(Vietnam)) for Young Prominent Actor. [38] (#cite_note-39) [39] (#cite_note-goldenkite-40) He contributed two hit singles to the soundtrack: "Chắc ai đó sẽ về" and "Không phải dạng vừa đâu". [36] (#cite_note-post-37) The former won a WeChoice Award (/wiki/WeChoice_Awards) for Song of the Year. [40] (#cite_note-Home_page-41) It was reported in early 2015 that Tùng had signed with WePro while still being managed by his former company. [41] (#cite_note-lawsuit-42) 2015–2017: The Remix and concerts [ edit ] In January 2015, Tùng joined a team with disc jockey Trang Moon and music producer (/wiki/Record_producer) SlimV for the first season of the television competition series The Remix . [42] (#cite_note-theremix-43) [43] (#cite_note-44) His team competed against other notable acts, such as Đông Nhi (/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Nhi) and Tóc Tiên (/wiki/T%C3%B3c_Ti%C3%AAn) , to create the best remixes (/wiki/Remix) on the program. [42] (#cite_note-theremix-43) Tùng's performance each week received considerable media coverage but he quit after six episodes, citing health issues. [44] (#cite_note-cuahiem-45) [45] (#cite_note-thaibinh-46) [46] (#cite_note-quit-47) Two songs he introduced on the show, "Thái Bình mồ hôi rơi" and "Khuôn mặt đáng thương", were released as singles the following February and March. [45] (#cite_note-thaibinh-46) [47] (#cite_note-thaibinh2-48) [48] (#cite_note-khuonmat-49) In June, Tùng recorded "Tiến lên Việt Nam ơi!" in support of Vietnam's team (/wiki/Vietnam_at_the_2015_SEA_Games) at the Southeast Asian Games (/wiki/2015_SEA_Games) . [49] (#cite_note-supporting-50) Three of his other singles, "Ấn nút nhớ... Thả giấc mơ" (written for an advertising campaign for Omo (/wiki/Surf_(detergent)) ), [50] (#cite_note-omo-51) "Âm thầm bên em" [51] (#cite_note-WePro-52) and "Buông đôi tay nhau ra", [52] (#cite_note-buongdoitay-53) were released between June and December 2015. Although they were modest commercial successes compared to their predecessors, "Âm thầm bên em" received a Green Wave Award for Single of the Year. [53] (#cite_note-54) [54] (#cite_note-greenwave2015-55) In July, eight thousand tickets for Tùng's first major concert in Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) , M-TP & Friends, sold out in two weeks. [51] (#cite_note-WePro-52) His Dandelion castmates, including Hari Won (/wiki/Hari_Won) and Phạm Quỳnh Anh (/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Qu%E1%BB%B3nh_Anh) , were the show's opening acts (/wiki/Opening_act) . [55] (#cite_note-56) At the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards (/wiki/2015_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards) , Tùng received the Best Southeast Asian Act award and was nominated for Best Asian Act (/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_Asian_Act) . [56] (#cite_note-ema-57) [57] (#cite_note-emanom-58) In December 2015 and January 2016, Tùng's M-TP Ambition concert tour (/wiki/Concert_tour) was held in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi (/wiki/Hanoi) . [58] (#cite_note-mtpambition-59) [59] (#cite_note-mtpambition2-60) In his autobiography, Chạm tới giấc mơ , he described the tour as an unforgettable failure. [6] (#cite_note-chamtoigiacmo-6) Reports indicated low ticket sales. [60] (#cite_note-61) While some critics praised Tùng's stage presence, others felt the show was lacking. [58] (#cite_note-mtpambition-59) [59] (#cite_note-mtpambition2-60) During the tour, he introduced two songs, "Remember Me" and "Như ngày hôm qua," which were released as singles in December 2015. [61] (#cite_note-rememberme-62) [62] (#cite_note-nhungayhomqua-63) In January 2016, he guest judged (/wiki/Adjudicator) an episode of The Remix 's second season and endorsed Oppo (/wiki/Oppo) 's Tết (/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt) campaign with the song "Một năm mới bình an". [63] (#cite_note-guestjudge-64) [64] (#cite_note-tet-65) [65] (#cite_note-oppovideo-66) At the 11th Dedication Music Award (/wiki/Dedication_Music_Award) in April, Tùng became the youngest recipient of the Singer of the Year award. [2] (#cite_note-chichi-2) He also won the Favorite Male Artist category at that year's Zing Music Awards. [66] (#cite_note-67) Tùng released his single "Chúng ta không thuộc về nhau" in August 2016. [67] (#cite_note-chungtakhong-68) It was Google Vietnam (/wiki/Google) 's most-searched song of 2016, YouTube's 11th-most- disliked (/wiki/Like_button) video of the year and WebTVAsia Awards' Most Popular Video in Vietnam. [68] (#cite_note-69) [69] (#cite_note-70) [70] (#cite_note-webtv-71) Due to his creative conflicts with WePro since the M-TP Ambition tour, Tùng announced that he had parted ways with the company in December 2016. [71] (#cite_note-72) [34] (#cite_note-quanghuy-35) He established M-TP Entertainment, and released three singles in early 2017: " Lạc trôi (/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_tr%C3%B4i) ", [72] (#cite_note-path-73) "Nơi này có anh" [73] (#cite_note-noinaycoanh-74) and "Bình yên những phút giây". [74] (#cite_note-binhyen-75) The music video for "Lạc trôi" was described as a "play on Asian stereotypes (/wiki/Stereotypes_of_South_Asians) ," such as gold thrones and statues of dragons. [75] (#cite_note-lactroi-76) [76] (#cite_note-eurovision-77) It and "Nơi này có anh" were two of the fastest Asian music videos to receive 100 million views on YouTube, and were two of the year's top streaming tracks in Vietnam. [73] (#cite_note-noinaycoanh-74) [77] (#cite_note-78) Green Wave and WeChoice Awards later gave the former track the Single of the Year and Favorite Music Video awards, respectively. [78] (#cite_note-wechoice2018-79) [79] (#cite_note-greenwave2018-80) Tùng's last solo release for WePro, "Bình yên những phút giây", was a single written as part of a promotion for Không Độ green tea. [74] (#cite_note-binhyen-75) 2017–present: Sky Tour and Chúng ta [ edit ] Tùng performing in July 2017 In April 2017, Tùng celebrated his fifth year in the music industry by releasing the compilation album (/wiki/Compilation_album) M-tp M-TP (/wiki/M-tp_M-TP) . [80] (#cite_note-thegioidienanh-81) The album, which featured revamped versions of his previous tracks, was distributed on a USB flash drive (/wiki/USB_flash_drive) and sold one thousand copies. [81] (#cite_note-vtv2-82) [82] (#cite_note-vtcnews-83) [83] (#cite_note-hanoisigning-84) In June, Tùng took the stage at the Viral Fest Asia event held in Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) . [84] (#cite_note-85) The subsequent month, he organized a second M-TP & Friends concert in Hanoi. [85] (#cite_note-mtp&friendshanoi-86) In August, he joined in on "Gia đình tôi chọn", a single celebrating WePro's fifteen years in the industry. [86] (#cite_note-amban-87) [87] (#cite_note-reunite-88) In September 2017, the singer's memoir, titled Chạm tới giấc mơ , was released. [88] (#cite_note-autobiographyrelease-89) The biography covers Tùng's early life, as well as his experiences with Văn Production and WePro Entertainment, while deliberately omitting any mention of the controversies surrounding his career. [4] (#cite_note-autobiography-4) [89] (#cite_note-90) [a] (#cite_note-initial-25) Ten thousand copies were sold in the first two days. [88] (#cite_note-autobiographyrelease-89) Tùng was subsequently honored with a variety of awards, including the Mnet Asian Music Award (/wiki/2017_Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards) for Vietnamese Breakout Artist (/wiki/MAMA_Award_for_Best_Asian_Artist) , [90] (#cite_note-91) [91] (#cite_note-92) the Keeng Young Award for Favorite Male Artist, [92] (#cite_note-93) the V Live Award for Best V Star, [93] (#cite_note-94) and the WeChoice Award for Breakout Artist. [78] (#cite_note-wechoice2018-79) In May 2018, his single "Run Now" was released with a music video featuring Thai actress Davika Hoorne (/wiki/Davika_Hoorne) . [94] (#cite_note-chayngaydi-95) Many Catholic (/wiki/Catholicity) viewers condemned its usage of William-Adolphe Bouguereau (/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau) 's 1876 painting Pietà (/wiki/Piet%C3%A0#Paintings) , as it was seen burning in the video. [95] (#cite_note-96) "Run Now" was awarded two Zing Music Awards for Music Video of the Year and Most Favorite Dance/Electronic Song, and a WeChoice Award for Most Favorite Music Video. Later in July, the singer played a fictionalized version of himself in Chuyến đi của thanh xuân , a short film sponsored by Biti's and directed by Nguyễn Quang Dũng. [96] (#cite_note-97) [97] (#cite_note-chuyendi-98) Tùng's collaboration with rapper Snoop Dogg (/wiki/Snoop_Dogg) , "Give It to Me", was released in July 2019. [98] (#cite_note-99) The accompanied video features an appearance by singer Madison Beer (/wiki/Madison_Beer) and set a 24-hour record for Vietnamese music videos with 25.8 million YouTube views on the first day. This record was previously held by "Chạy ngay đi" (17.6 million views). [99] (#cite_note-100) The singer embarked on his second nationwide concert tour, Sky Tour, from July to August 2019. The show was divided into two sets. The first half featured performances by guest acts such as Tiên Tiên, Rhymastic and Kimmese, while the other half was Tùng's solo set. Tickets to the Hồ Chí Minh and Hà Nội dates sold out. Despite many panning strict security measures at the concerts, critics still praised the performances and Tùng's audience interaction. The tour was chronicled in the documentary film, Sơn Tùng M-TP: Sky Tour Movie , which debuted in June 2020. Dubbed as Vietnam's first musical documentary, it grossed ₫ (/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng) 5.5 billion (US$238.700) after the first three days of release even with mixed reviews. [100] (#cite_note-101) Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) went on to distribute the film globally. [101] (#cite_note-dangkhoa-102) An accompanying live album was also released. [102] (#cite_note-skytouralbum-103) Plagiarism allegations [ edit ] Tùng faced accusations of plagiarism (/wiki/Plagiarism) in 2014 regarding several of his songs, including "Em của ngày hôm qua" and "Cơn mưa ngang qua". [103] (#cite_note-thienhuong-104) Despite initially refuting the claims in 2012, he later admitted to using unauthorized backing tracks, leading to the removal of these songs from the music program Favorite Song (/wiki/Favorite_Song_(TV_series)) and their disqualification from the Green Wave Awards (/wiki/Green_Wave_(radio_show)) . [104] (#cite_note-105) [105] (#cite_note-106) [106] (#cite_note-107) [107] (#cite_note-108) Later that year, Tùng's song "Chắc ai đó sẽ về" was deemed similar to Jung Yong-hwa (/wiki/Jung_Yong-hwa) 's 2011 track "Because I Miss You". Despite this, Jung's company, FNC Entertainment (/wiki/FNC_Entertainment) , determined that there was no violation of copyright. However, Vietnam's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism_(Vietnam)) requested alterations to Tùng's single and postponed the premiere of the accompanying film Dandelion . [108] (#cite_note-jung-109) A revised version of the song was promptly released. [109] (#cite_note-110) The song "Chúng ta không thuộc về nhau" also received backlash in 2016 for its similarities to Charlie Puth (/wiki/Charlie_Puth) 's " We Don't Talk Anymore (/wiki/We_Don%27t_Talk_Anymore_(Charlie_Puth_song)) " and BTS (/wiki/BTS) ' " Fire (/wiki/Fire_(BTS_song)) ". [67] (#cite_note-chungtakhong-68) Robin Wesley and GC, both music producers, accused Tùng in 2021 of using their work without permission for his singles, "Có chắc yêu là đây" and "Chúng ta của hiện tại", respectively. [110] (#cite_note-111) GC and Tùng's management ultimately resolved their dispute. [111] (#cite_note-112) Tùng's history of plagiarism has drawn criticism from numerous musicians, such as Phó Đức Phương, Dương Khắc Linh, Tùng Dương (/wiki/T%C3%B9ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) and Vũ Cát Tường (/wiki/V%C5%A9_C%C3%A1t_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng) . [112] (#cite_note-113) [113] (#cite_note-withdraw-114) In response, Tùng sarcastically depicted the former two in his music video "Không phải dạng vừa đâu", which was deemed disrespectful. His former management company, WePro, apologized and clarified that the concept was meant to symbolize the generational divide (/wiki/Generation_gap) in music. [113] (#cite_note-withdraw-114) Artistry [ edit ] "Lạc trôi" (2017) (/wiki/File:Son_Tung_M-TP_%E2%80%93_Lac_troi_(sample).ogg) Duration: 31 seconds. 0:31 "Lạc trôi" incorporates Vietnamese traditional musical instruments (/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam#Traditional_musical_instruments) , including the đàn tranh and sáo. Problems playing this file? See media help (/wiki/Help:Media) . In his autobiography Chạm tới giấc mơ , Tùng reminisces about frequently listening to his grandparents sing Quan họ (/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D) , a traditional Vietnamese (/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam) folk music (/wiki/Folk_music) style originating in Bắc Ninh (/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh) , as a child. This distinctive vocal style significantly influenced his own approach to singing slur (/wiki/Slur_(music)) notes. Additionally, Vietnamese folk music as a whole has been a source of inspiration in his work. [6] (#cite_note-chamtoigiacmo-6) The singer later grew up listening to artists such as Quang Vinh (/wiki/Quang_Vinh_(singer)) , whom he idolized, Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) , Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) and Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) . [5] (#cite_note-part1-5) Tùng has also been influenced by the Vietnamese underground hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) scene and K-pop acts, including Big Bang (/wiki/BigBang_(South_Korean_band)) , Super Junior (/wiki/Super_Junior) and TVXQ (/wiki/TVXQ) . [5] (#cite_note-part1-5) After the death of Thái Bình-born composer An Thuyên in 2015, he said that Thuyên was the biggest influence on his artistry, and expressed appreciation when the composer defended him during the controversy surrounding "Chắc ai đó sẽ về" in 2014. [114] (#cite_note-115) [115] (#cite_note-116) His early releases contain pop, contemporary R&B (/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) and hip-hop elements. [116] (#cite_note-prince-117) [117] (#cite_note-decoding-118) Tùng followed electronic dance music (/wiki/Electronic_dance_music) later in his career, with the tropical house (/wiki/Tropical_house) -oriented "Chúng ta không thuộc về nhau" (2016) being one of his first releases in the genre. [116] (#cite_note-prince-117) [75] (#cite_note-lactroi-76) Some of his productions also incorporated Vietnamese traditional musical instruments (/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam#Traditional_musical_instruments) —most notably "Lạc trôi" (2017), which is a future bass (/wiki/Future_bass) track featuring the đàn tranh (/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tranh) and sáo (/wiki/S%C3%A1o) . [49] (#cite_note-supporting-50) [64] (#cite_note-tet-65) [75] (#cite_note-lactroi-76) Many of his early songs referred to rain, and so he was nicknamed "the Rain Prince" by the early press. [118] (#cite_note-119) [119] (#cite_note-120) [120] (#cite_note-121) "Không phải dạng vừa đâu" and "Remember Me" were 2015 tracks Tùng wrote in response to the backlash against his career. [121] (#cite_note-122) [122] (#cite_note-idiot2-123) He performed them with his signature rap vocals, which over the years were often described as being unclear and divided public reception. [123] (#cite_note-iOne-124) [124] (#cite_note-daonhai-125) [122] (#cite_note-idiot2-123) Also in addition to electronic keyboards, Tùng plays the piano. [3] (#cite_note-suthat-3) [125] (#cite_note-126) Public image and achievements [ edit ] See also: List of awards and nominations received by Sơn Tùng M-TP (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_S%C6%A1n_T%C3%B9ng_M-TP) Tùng performing at An Thuyên's tribute concert in July 2016 Tùng, as one of the most successful Vietnamese contemporary music artists, has been called the "Prince of V-pop (/wiki/V-pop) ". [116] (#cite_note-prince-117) [126] (#cite_note-bingomusic-127) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Forbes Vietnam (/wiki/Forbes) and Thể thao & Văn hóa described the singer "a phenomenon of Vietnamese pop". [29] (#cite_note-forbes-30) [30] (#cite_note-cungtuy-31) According to Thể thao & Văn hóa 's Cung Ly, Tùng's knack for "smoothly" blending originality with mainstream K-pop was the reason for his success. [30] (#cite_note-cungtuy-31) However, public reception during his early career was polarized. [127] (#cite_note-128) Due to Tùng's past copyright issues, his work was frequently compared to other foreign songs. [15] (#cite_note-copycat-15) [29] (#cite_note-forbes-30) Forbes Vietnam 's contributor Phan T. Trang wrote that although the public has been more "generous and open" towards the singer since the releases of "Lạc trôi" and "Nơi này có anh", the Vietnamese industry at large still doubts his creativity. [29] (#cite_note-forbes-30) In 2015, the WeChoice Awards named Tùng one of its five Inspiration Ambassadors (the awards show's top honor). [40] (#cite_note-Home_page-41) It also voted him one of the ten most influential people in Vietnam in 2014 and 2017, and one of 2015's five most influential artists. [128] (#cite_note-129) [129] (#cite_note-wechoice.vn-130) [78] (#cite_note-wechoice2018-79) In May 2016, U.S. President Barack Obama (/wiki/Barack_Obama) mentioned Tùng during a speech examining the impact of social media on young Vietnamese. The speech was part of Obama's town-hall meeting with members of the Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative in Ho Chi Minh City. [130] (#cite_note-131) In 2018, Forbes Vietnam included Tùng in its annual 30 Under 30 (/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30) list. [131] (#cite_note-132) He has also been included on the Green Wave Awards (/wiki/Green_Wave_(radio_show)) ' top-five Favorite Singers (Top Hit board) list three consecutive times since 2015. [b] (#cite_note-134) [54] (#cite_note-greenwave2015-55) [132] (#cite_note-greenwave2017-133) [79] (#cite_note-greenwave2018-80) Tùng has been described as a fashion icon, despite his fashion and music being repeatedly compared to South Korean musician G-Dragon (/wiki/G-Dragon) and members of BigBang. [133] (#cite_note-135) [2] (#cite_note-chichi-2) In 2017, Vietnamese Elle gave him a Style Award for Most Stylish Male Singer. [134] (#cite_note-esa2017-136) His fan base, Sky, has a large following in the country. [28] (#cite_note-150million-29) Tùng has endorsed a number of brands and companies, including Oppo, [135] (#cite_note-f3-137) Yamaha (/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company) [136] (#cite_note-138) and Jollibee (/wiki/Jollibee) . [137] (#cite_note-139) Oppo launched the singer's phone line, Sơn Tùng M-TP Limited Edition F3, in June 2017. [135] (#cite_note-f3-137) A pair of shoes from Biti's Hunter collection sold out after its product placement (/wiki/Product_placement) in the "Lạc trôi" music video. Biti's recognized it as a factor in its 300-percent increase in sales, which helped revive the brand. [138] (#cite_note-140) Tùng's red-carpet interview in September 2016 gained widespread attention, leading to the creation of memes (/wiki/Meme) , remixes, popular songs, and ultimately earning a WeChoice Award for Catchphrase of the Year. [139] (#cite_note-memes-141) [140] (#cite_note-viral-142) [141] (#cite_note-143) [129] (#cite_note-wechoice.vn-130) He became the first Vietnamese artist to receive YouTube Diamond Play Button on July, 2022. [142] (#cite_note-144) Discography [ edit ] Extended plays [ edit ] Title Album details Sky Decade Released: 6 October 2022 Label: M-TP Entertainment Format: Digital download (/wiki/Music_download) Chúng ta Released: TBA [143] (#cite_note-145) Label: M-TP Entertainment Format: Digital download Compilation albums [ edit ] Title Album details Sales M-tp M-TP (/wiki/M-tp_M-TP) Released: 1 April 2017 Label: M-TP Entertainment Formats: USB flash drive (/wiki/USB_flash_drive) , digital download VN: 1,000 [82] (#cite_note-vtcnews-83) [83] (#cite_note-hanoisigning-84) Live albums [ edit ] Title Album details Sky Tour (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Released: 12 June 2020 [102] (#cite_note-skytouralbum-103) Label: M-TP Entertainment Format: Digital download Singles [ edit ] As lead artist Title Year Peak chart positions VIE (/wiki/Billboard_Vietnam_Hot_100) [c] (#cite_note-billboardvietnam-146) VIE (/wiki/Billboard_Vietnam_Hot_100#Billboard_Vietnam_Top_Vietnamese_Songs) Top Vie. (/wiki/Billboard_Vietnam_Hot_100#Billboard_Vietnam_Top_Vietnamese_Songs) [c] (#cite_note-billboardvietnam-146) [67] (#cite_note-chungtakhong-68) WW Excl. US (/wiki/Billboard_Global_200) "Cơn mưa ngang qua" [14] (#cite_note-vietnampost-14) 2012 — — — "Nắng ấm xa dần" [25] (#cite_note-facebook-26) 2013 — — — "Đừng về trễ" [26] (#cite_note-dungvetre-27) — — — "Em của ngày hôm qua" [27] (#cite_note-hitmaker-28) — — — "Chắc ai đó sẽ về" [36] (#cite_note-post-37) 2014 — — — "Không phải dạng vừa đâu" [36] (#cite_note-post-37) 2015 — — — "Thái Bình mồ hôi rơi" [47] (#cite_note-thaibinh2-48) — — — "Khuôn mặt đáng thương" [48] (#cite_note-khuonmat-49) — — — "Tiến lên Việt Nam ơi" [49] (#cite_note-supporting-50) — — — "Âm thầm bên em" [51] (#cite_note-WePro-52) — 67 — "Buông đôi tay nhau ra" [52] (#cite_note-buongdoitay-53) — — — "Remember Me" [61] (#cite_note-rememberme-62) — — — "Như ngày hôm qua" [62] (#cite_note-nhungayhomqua-63) — — — "Chúng ta không thuộc về nhau" 2016 — — — " Lạc trôi (/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_tr%C3%B4i) " [72] (#cite_note-path-73) — 95 — "Nơi này có anh" [73] (#cite_note-noinaycoanh-74) 2017 69 44 — "Run Now" [94] (#cite_note-chayngaydi-95) 2018 92 60 — "Give It to Me" (featuring Snoop Dogg (/wiki/Snoop_Dogg) ) [144] (#cite_note-herman-147) 2019 53 32 — "Có chắc yêu là đây" [145] (#cite_note-dangkhoa2-148) 2020 44 26 — "Chúng ta của hiện tại" 12 9 — "Muộn rồi mà sao còn" 2021 6 5 126 " There's No One at All (/wiki/There%27s_No_One_at_All) " [146] (#cite_note-149) 2022 1 1 — "Making My Way" 2023 1 1 — "Chúng ta của tương lai" 2024 — — — "Đừng làm trái tim anh đau" — — 162 As featured artist Title Year "Sống như những đóa hoa" (with various artists) [32] (#cite_note-tamgiao-33) 2014 "Gia đình tôi chọn" (with various artists) [87] (#cite_note-reunite-88) 2017 Promotional singles Title Year Peak chart positions VIE VIE Top Vie. "Ấn nút nhớ... Thả giấc mơ" [50] (#cite_note-omo-51) 2015 — — "Một năm mới bình an" [64] (#cite_note-tet-65) 2016 15 13 "Bình yên những phút giây" [74] (#cite_note-binhyen-75) 2017 — — "Skyler" 2021 — — Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2014 Dandelion (/wiki/Dandelion_(2014_film)) Đình Phong [19] (#cite_note-dandelion-19) 2017 Âm bản Angel Short film [86] (#cite_note-amban-87) 2018 Chuyến đi của thanh xuân Idol Short film [97] (#cite_note-chuyendi-98) 2020 Sơn Tùng M-TP: Sky Tour Movie Himself Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2015–2016 The Remix Contestant / Guest judge 6 episodes (season 1–2) [46] (#cite_note-quit-47) [63] (#cite_note-guestjudge-64) 2016 M-TP Ambition Himself 4 episodes [147] (#cite_note-150) Books [ edit ] Title Year Chạm tới giấc mơ 2017 Lạc trôi 2021 Notes [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Văn Production, WePro Entertainment, Huy Tuấn, Quang Huy and Hà Quang Minh were referred to in Chạm tới giấc mơ as their initials. [6] (#cite_note-chamtoigiacmo-6) ^ (#cite_ref-134) The 18th Green Wave Awards ceremony was held on 18 December 2015, but the 19th edition was held on 3 January 2017. [54] (#cite_note-greenwave2015-55) [132] (#cite_note-greenwave2017-133) ^ Jump up to: a b The Billboard China Top 100 (/wiki/Billboard_China_Top_100) was launched in January 2019 by Billboard China (/wiki/Billboard_China) . It was last published on 6 September 2019. See also [ edit ] Honorific nicknames in popular music (/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Why Sơn Tùng M-TP is called the 'Prince of V-pop' (https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3140740/why-son-tung-m-tp-called-prince-v-pop-hiring-blackpinks) " (https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3140740/why-son-tung-m-tp-called-prince-v-pop-hiring-blackpinks) . South China Morning Post . 12 July 2021 . Retrieved 28 March 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Chi Chi. "Ở tuổi 23, Sơn Tùng M-TP sẽ viết những gì trong cuốn tự truyện đầu tiên?" (https://ione.vnexpress.net/projects/son-tung-5-nam-vap-nga-ton-thuong-thanh-cong-va-that-bai-o-showbiz-3650066/index.html) [At 23, what will Sơn Tùng M-TP write in his first autobiography?]. iOne (/wiki/VnExpress) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Thúy Hằng (1 December 2015). "Những sự thật chưa từng tiết lộ về Sơn Tùng M-TP" (https://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/nhung-su-that-chua-tung-tiet-lo-ve-son-tung-mtp-640841.html) [Things you didn't know about Sơn Tùng M-TP]. Thanh Niên (/wiki/Thanh_Ni%C3%AAn) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Thanh Huyền; Như Hà (18 October 2017). "Tự truyện của nghệ sĩ Việt (Kỳ 3): Sơn Tùng M-TP 'vừa lập nghiệp vừa lập ngôn' (https://thethaovanhoa.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/tu-truyen-cua-nghe-si-viet-ky-3-son-tung-mtp-vua-lap-nghiep-vua-lap-ngon-n20171018063954831.htm) " (https://thethaovanhoa.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/tu-truyen-cua-nghe-si-viet-ky-3-son-tung-mtp-vua-lap-nghiep-vua-lap-ngon-n20171018063954831.htm) [Autobiographies of Vietnamese artists (Part 3): Sơn Tùng M-TP tells stories about his on-going career]. Thể thao & Văn hóa (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Sơn Tùng M-TP (29 November 2015). "Tập 1: Giấc mơ Underground" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbsRkMIu3-4) [Part 1: The Underground Dream]. Lần đầu tôi kể (Interview) (in Vietnamese). Interviewed by Bờ Vai. HTV2 (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Television) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Nguyễn, Thanh Tùng (30 September 2017). Chạm tới giấc mơ . Hanoi Publishing House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9786045523926 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) M.C (30 September 2015). "Em trai Sơn Tùng M-TP sớm lộ tài năng hát và sáng tác nhạc" (http://dantri.com.vn/nhip-song-tre/em-trai-son-tung-m-tp-som-lo-tai-nang-hat-va-sang-tac-nhac-20150930072328405.htm) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's younger brother shows his singing and songwriting talent early]. Dân Trí (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Mai Nhật (7 August 2022). "Em trai Sơn Tùng M-TP làm ca sĩ" (https://vnexpress.net/em-trai-son-tung-m-tp-lam-ca-si-4496728.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's younger brother becomes a singer]. VnExpress (/wiki/VnExpress) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Sơn Tùng MTP's younger sibling sparked controversy following his debut" (https://vietnamnews.vn/life-style/1298269/son-tung-mtp-s-younger-sibling-sparked-controversy-following-his-debut.html) . vietnamnews.vn . Retrieved 28 March 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sơn Tùng M-TP (6 December 2015). "Tập 2: Từ một bài hit gây bão" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P13TYCD_Fy8) [Part 2: The aftermath of a successful hit]. Lần đầu tôi kể (Interview) (in Vietnamese). Interviewed by Bờ Vai. HTV2. ^ (#cite_ref-school_11-0) Tuấn Phong (11 September 2015). "Bài văn 9 điểm và danh hiệu thủ khoa của Sơn Tùng M-TP" (https://news.zing.vn/bai-van-9-diem-va-danh-hieu-thu-khoa-cua-son-tung-m-tp-post578450.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's 9-point essay and his valedictorian title]. Zing.vn (/wiki/Zing.vn) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) L.H (13 November 2014). "Bức tâm thư của 'người thầy đầu tiên' gửi Sơn Tùng M-TP" (https://news.zing.vn/buc-tam-thu-cua-nguoi-thay-dau-tien-gui-son-tung-m-tp-post479184.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's "first teacher" writes him a personal letter]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ngọc Anh (24 July 2020). "Sự thật nghệ danh Chi Pu, Sơn Tùng, Jack, Erik: Đặt theo thần tượng, kỉ niệm" (https://laodong.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/su-that-nghe-danh-chi-pu-son-tung-jack-erikdat-theo-than-tuong-ki-niem-821927.ldo) [The stories behind the stage names of Chi Pu, Sơn Tùng, Jack and Erik]. Lao Động (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 19 December 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Quỳnh Anh (20 October 2011). "Chàng ca sĩ tay ngang 'bỗng dưng' nổi tiếng" (http://news.zing.vn/chang-ca-si-tay-ngang-bong-dung-noi-tieng-post130526.html) [Amateur singer suddenly becomes famous]. Vietnam Post (in Vietnamese). Zing . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Binh Minh (12 November 2014). "When is copycat phenomenon in Vietnamese music going to end?" (http://tuoitrenews.vn/lifestyle/23983/when-is-copycat-phenomenon-in-vietnamese-music-going-to-end) . Tuổi Trẻ News (/wiki/Tu%E1%BB%95i_Tr%E1%BA%BB) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Thiên Hương (21 January 2013). "Zing Music Awards 2012: Hồ Ngọc Hà nhận giải nghệ sĩ của năm" (http://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/zing-music-awards-2012-ho-ngoc-ha-nhan-giai-nghe-si-cua-nam-801785.html) [2012 Zing Music Awards: Hồ Ngọc Hà wins Artist of the Year]. Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Sơn Tùng M-TP – Cơn Mưa Ngang Qua (Single)" (https://mp3.zing.vn/album/Con-Mua-Ngang-Qua-Single-Son-Tung-M-TP/ZWZ9ECAF.html?st=2) (in Vietnamese). Zing MP3 (/wiki/Zing.vn) . 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Cường Ngô (6 August 2015). "Ca sĩ Việt tạm gác nghiệp bút nghiên để tập trung ca hát" (https://news.zing.vn/ca-si-viet-tam-gac-nghiep-but-nghien-de-tap-trung-ca-hat-post566326.html) [Vietnamese singers who dropped out of school to focus on careers]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hàn Quốc Việt (12 June 2014). "Sơn Tùng M-TP đóng Wanbi Tuấn Anh trong phim đầu tay" (http://ngoisao.net/tin-tuc/hau-truong/showbiz-viet/son-tung-m-tp-dong-wanbi-tuan-anh-trong-phim-dau-tay-3003529.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP to play Wanbi Tuấn Anh in his debut feature film]. Ngôi Sao (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-management_20-0) Vân An (8 November 2014). "Sơn Tùng 'phản pháo' trước lệnh cấm diễn của công ty quản lý" (https://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/gioi-sao/trong-nuoc/son-tung-phan-phao-truoc-lenh-cam-dien-cua-cong-ty-quan-ly-3104341.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP responds to his management's ban]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Yến Anh (10 December 2015). "Sơn Tùng kể chuyện bị loại khỏi Vietnam Idol từ vòng gửi xe" (https://news.zing.vn/son-tung-ke-chuyen-bi-loai-khoi-vietnam-idol-tu-vong-gui-xe-post609368.html) [Sơn Tùng recalls his failed audition for Vietnam Idol ]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Thanh Ngọc (7 December 2014). "Sơn Tùng M-TP bị cấm diễn show truyền hình trực tiếp" (https://news.zing.vn/son-tung-m-tp-bi-cam-dien-show-truyen-hinh-truc-tiep-post488459.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP banned from performing live]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) VTC News staff(s) (31 July 2016). "9h sáng 31/7, Sơn Tùng M-TP giao lưu với độc giả Báo điện tử Tổ Quốc" (https://vtc.vn/9h-sang-31-7-son-tung-m-tp-giao-luu-voi-doc-gia-bao-dien-tu-to-quoc-d268917.html) [9 a.m., July 31, Sơn Tùng M-TP will answer questions from Tổ Quốc Online 's readers]. VTC News (/wiki/Vietnam_Multimedia_Corporation) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) HTV2 staff(s) (11 December 2015). "Sơn Tùng M-TP: "Biết ơn nhạc sĩ Huy Tuấn và Hà Quang Minh" (https://htv2channel.vn/tin-tuc-giai-tri/showbiz-viet-nam/son-tung-m-tp-biet-on-nhac-si-huy-tuan-va-ha-quang-minh-11619) " (https://htv2channel.vn/tin-tuc-giai-tri/showbiz-viet-nam/son-tung-m-tp-biet-on-nhac-si-huy-tuan-va-ha-quang-minh-11619) [Sơn Tùng M-TP: "I'm grateful for Huy Tuấn and Hà Quang Minh"] (in Vietnamese). HTV2 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Sơn Tùng M-TP (25 August 2013). "Post of August 25, 2013" (https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=403070079794128&set=a.132692660165206.18417.100002734181466&type=3) (in Vietnamese). Facebook . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . "Nắng ấm xa dần" has been released for two weeks and music listeners' reception toward the song have been quite enthusiastic. ^ Jump up to: a b Hà (24 August 2013). "Sơn Tùng M-TP gây bão với MV mới" (https://news.zing.vn/son-tung-m-tp-gay-bao-voi-mv-moi-post346765.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP gains attention with his new music video]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tạ Ban (23 January 2015). "Những 'hit-maker' đình đám nhất làng nhạc Việt" (https://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/nhung-hitmaker-dinh-dam-nhat-lang-nhac-viet-811944.html) [Famous hitmakers of V-pop]. Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Nam Giang (30 May 2014). " (https://news.zing.vn/em-cua-ngay-hom-qua-xac-lap-ky-luc-150-trieu-luot-nghe-post421358.html) 'Em của ngày hôm qua' xác lập kỷ lục 150 triệu lượt nghe" (https://news.zing.vn/em-cua-ngay-hom-qua-xac-lap-ky-luc-150-trieu-luot-nghe-post421358.html) ["Em của ngày hôm qua" gains record-breaking 150 million streams]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Phan T. Trang (4 February 2018). "Sáng tạo trong kỉ nguyên số" (http://forbesvietnam.com.vn/loi-song/sang-tao-trong-ki-nguyen-so-2024.html) [Creativity in the digital age]. Forbes Vietnam (/wiki/Forbes) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Cung Tuy (2 January 2015). "Vì sao Sơn Tùng M-TP?" (https://thethaovanhoa.vn/bong-da/vi-sao-son-tung-mtp-n20141224135933670.htm) [Why Sơn Tùng M-TP?]. Thể thao & Văn hóa (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) VTC News staff(s) (8 March 2014). "Sơn Tùng M-TP viết ca khúc tặng Quốc Thiên" (https://vtc.vn/son-tung-m-tp-viet-ca-khuc-tang-quoc-thien-d148662.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP writes a song for Quốc Thiên]. VTC News (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tâm Giao (14 May 2014). "10 nghệ sĩ Việt mặc áo trắng, cầm hoa sen quay MV" (https://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/nhac/lang-nhac/10-nghe-si-viet-mac-ao-trang-cam-hoa-sen-quay-mv-2990344.html) [Ten Vietnamese singers in white blouses, holding lotus flowers for a music video shooting]. VnExpress (/wiki/VnExpress) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Đời sống & Pháp luật staff(s) (21 May 2014). "Sơn Tùng MTP lên tiếng về việc hủy show hàng loạt" (http://www.doisongphapluat.com/giai-tri/ngoi-sao/son-tung-mtp-len-tieng-ve-viec-huy-show-hang-loat-a33778.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP explains his series of cancelled gigs]. Đời sống & Pháp luật (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Thiên Hương (12 December 2016). "Sơn Tùng M-TP xác nhận chia tay ông bầu Quang Huy" (http://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/son-tung-mtp-xac-nhan-chia-tay-ong-bau-quang-huy-773258.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP confirms split from his manager Quang Huy]. Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Kim Minh (8 December 2014). " (http://vtv.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/chang-trai-nam-ay-se-ra-rap-tu-ngay-31122014-20141208094924378.htm) "Chàng trai năm ấy" sẽ ra rạp từ ngày 31/12/2014" (http://vtv.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/chang-trai-nam-ay-se-ra-rap-tu-ngay-31122014-20141208094924378.htm) [ Dandelion premieres on December 31, 2014]. VTV News (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Đời sống & Pháp luật staff(s) (25 January 2015). "Hậu Chàng trai năm ấy: Những ca khúc trong phim trở thành hit" (http://www.doisongphapluat.com/giai-tri/am-nhac/hau-chang-trai-nam-ay-nhung-ca-khuc-trong-phim-tro-thanh-hit-a80861.html) [Post- Dandelion : Soundtracks from the movie that became hits]. Đời sống & Pháp luật (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Nguyên Minh; Thoại Hà (5 January 2015). " (https://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/phim/sau-man-anh/chang-trai-nam-ay-thu-hon-30-ty-dong-sau-5-ngay-ra-rap-3129380.html) 'Chàng trai năm ấy' thu hơn 30 tỷ đồng sau 5 ngày ra rạp" (https://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/phim/sau-man-anh/chang-trai-nam-ay-thu-hon-30-ty-dong-sau-5-ngay-ra-rap-3129380.html) [ Dandelion made 30 billion VND after five days premiering]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Vietnamnet staff(s) (21 April 2016). " (http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/art-entertainment/155310/-vietnamese-oscar--film-winners-announced.html) 'Vietnamese Oscar' film winners announced" (http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/art-entertainment/155310/-vietnamese-oscar--film-winners-announced.html) . Vietnamnet . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-goldenkite_40-0) Cát Khuê (13 March 2015). "Giải Cánh Diều 2014: Thế là cả làng đều vui" (http://tuoitre.vn/giai-canh-dieu-2014-the-la-ca-lang-deu-vui-719855.htm) [2014 Golden Kite Prizes: Everyone's happy]. Tuổi Trẻ Online (/wiki/Tu%E1%BB%95i_Tr%E1%BA%BB) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Home page" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150717075726/http://wechoice.vn/) (in Vietnamese). 2014 We Choice Awards. Archived from the original (http://wechoice.vn/) on 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-lawsuit_42-0) Thanh Ngọc (20 January 2015). "Công ty cũ chính thức kiện Sơn Tùng M-TP ra tòa" (https://news.zing.vn/cong-ty-cu-chinh-thuc-kien-son-tung-m-tp-ra-toa-post504424.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's former company sues him]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Q.N. (25 December 2014). "Sơn Tùng M-TP nhập cuộc, Hoàng Thùy Linh rời The Remix" (http://tuoitre.vn/tin/van-hoa-giai-tri/20150125/hoang-thuy-linh-bat-ngo-roi-the-remix-truoc-gio-len-song/703362.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP joins in as Hoàng Thùy Linh leaves The Remix ]. Tuổi Trẻ Online (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) T.H (26 February 2015). "DJ SlimV: "Làm việc với Sơn Tùng M-TP không khó khăn" (http://vtv.vn/truyen-hinh/dj-slimv-lam-viec-voi-son-tung-m-tp-khong-kho-khan-2015022614110239.htm) " (http://vtv.vn/truyen-hinh/dj-slimv-lam-viec-voi-son-tung-m-tp-khong-kho-khan-2015022614110239.htm) [SlimV: "Working with Sơn Tùng M-TP wasn't hard"]. VTV News (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-cuahiem_45-0) Hân Quy (8 February 2015). " (https://ngoisao.net/tin-tuc/hau-truong/showbiz-viet/son-tung-m-tp-la-cua-hiem-cua-am-nhac-viet-nam-3145098.html) 'Sơn Tùng M-TP là của hiếm của âm nhạc Việt Nam' (https://ngoisao.net/tin-tuc/hau-truong/showbiz-viet/son-tung-m-tp-la-cua-hiem-cua-am-nhac-viet-nam-3145098.html) " (https://ngoisao.net/tin-tuc/hau-truong/showbiz-viet/son-tung-m-tp-la-cua-hiem-cua-am-nhac-viet-nam-3145098.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP is a rare gem of Vietnamese music]. Ngôi Sao (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kim Chi; Quý Sáng (2 February 2015). "Sơn Tùng M-TP, Isaac tiếp tục cạnh tranh gay gắt ở The Remix" (https://news.zing.vn/son-tung-m-tp-isaac-tiep-tuc-canh-tranh-gay-gat-o-the-remix-post508888.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP, Isaac compete aggressively on The Remix ]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Thất Sơn (29 March 2015). "Sơn Tùng xin rời cuộc thi 'The Remix' (https://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/truyen-hinh/son-tung-xin-roi-cuoc-thi-the-remix-3174640.html) " (https://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/truyen-hinh/son-tung-xin-roi-cuoc-thi-the-remix-3174640.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP quits The Remix ]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Phong Vũ (3 February 2015). "Sơn Tùng MTP tung bản "Thái Bình, mồ hôi rơi" hoàn chỉnh" (http://video.vietnamnet.vn/son-tung-mtp-tung-ban-thai-binh-mo-hoi-roi-hoan-chinh-a-25843.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP releases the full version of "Thái Bình mồ hôi rơi"]. Vietnamnet (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hải Khôi (18 March 2015). " (http://dep.com.vn/khuon-mat-dang-thuong-cua-son-tung-tao-hit/) "Khuôn mặt đáng thương" của Sơn Tùng tạo hit" (http://dep.com.vn/khuon-mat-dang-thuong-cua-son-tung-tao-hit/) [Sơn Tùng's "Khuôn mặt đáng thương" becomes a hit]. Đẹp (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hoàng Ca (13 June 2015). "Sơn Tùng M-TP viết ca khúc cổ vũ tuyển Việt Nam" (http://news.zing.vn/son-tung-m-tp-viet-ca-khuc-co-vu-tuyen-viet-nam-post548983.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP writes a new track to support Vietnam's team]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sơn Tùng M-TP (22 November 2016). Ấn nút nhớ... Thả giấc mơ (Music video) (in Vietnamese). Omo (/wiki/Surf_(detergent)) . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Sơn Tùng M-TP's biography" (http://wepro.com.vn/we-talent/son-tung-m-tp-2/) . WePro Entertainment . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Q.N. (20 November 2015). "Sơn Tùng tung ca khúc mới toanh "Buông đôi tay nhau ra" (https://tuoitre.vn/son-tung-mtp-he-lo-ca-khuc-buong-doi-tay-nhau-ra-1006438.htm) " (https://tuoitre.vn/son-tung-mtp-he-lo-ca-khuc-buong-doi-tay-nhau-ra-1006438.htm) [Sơn Tùng M-TP releases new song, "Buông đôi tay nhau ra"]. Tuổi Trẻ Online (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Phúc Du (12 July 2016). "Sơn Tùng M-TP đang mất vị trí ca sỹ hot nhất Việt Nam?" (http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/nhac/son-tung-m-tp-dang-mat-vi-tri-ca-sy-hot-nhat-viet-nam-314128.html) [Is Sơn Tùng M-TP losing the 'Vietnamese hottest singer' title?]. Vietnamnet (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Thiên Hương (18 December 2015). "Sơn Tùng 'lập hattrick' tại Làn sóng xanh 2015" (http://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/son-tung-lap-hattrick-tai-lan-song-xanh-2015-648287.html) [Sơn Tùng "takes hat-trick" at the 2015 Green Wave Awards]. Thanh Niên Online (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Hân Quy (25 May 2017). "Sơn Tùng M-TP làm đại tiệc âm nhạc cho 8.000 fan" (https://ngoisao.net/tin-tuc/hau-truong/showbiz-viet/son-tung-m-tp-lam-dai-tiec-am-nhac-cho-8-000-fan-3223580.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP organizes a big music night for 8,000 fans]. Ngôi Sao (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-ema_57-0) Vietnamnet staff(s) (21 October 2015). "Son Tung M-TP to take on MTV at Italy awards" (http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/art-entertainment/144445/son-tung-m-tp-to-take-on-mtv-at-italy-awards.html) . Vietnamnet . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-emanom_58-0) Vincent, Alice (26 October 2015). "MTV EMAs 2015: Five things we learned" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/news/mtv-emas-2015-justin-bieber-ed-sheeran/) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Phi Phi (6 December 2015). "Live show Sơn Tùng M-TP: Khán giả chỉ đạt 50% kỳ vọng" (https://news.zing.vn/live-show-son-tung-m-tp-khan-gia-chi-dat-50-ky-vong-post607835.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's concert only achieved 50% of audience expectation]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Phi Phi (10 January 2016). "Sơn Tùng M-TP: Chàng trai năm ấy giờ đã... lớn" (https://laodong.vn/van-hoa/mtp-ambition-chuyen-bay-dau-tien-chang-trai-nam-ay-gio-da-lon-414307.bld) [Sơn Tùng M-TP: The boy of the past has... grown up]. Lao Động (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Gia Khang (12 July 2016). "Liveshow ca nhạc và nỗi lo bán vé" (https://doanhnhansaigon.vn/doi-song-van-hoa/liveshow-ca-nhac-va-noi-lo-ban-ve-1072243.html) [Music concerts and the fear of selling tickets]. Doanh Nhân Sài Gòn Online (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Minh Nhựt (18 December 2015). "Bài hát Remember Me – Sơn Tùng M-TP muồn truyền cảm hứng nổ lực" (http://thegioigiadinh.com.vn/giai-tri/san-khau-ca-nhac/bai-hat-remember-me--son-tung-mtp-muon-truyen-cam-hung-no-luc-31854) ["Remember Me" – Sơn Tùng M-TP wants to inspire]. Thế Giới Gia Đình (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b TR.N. (26 December 2015). "Nửa khuya, Sơn Tùng tung ca khúc Như ngày hôm qua tặng Sky" (https://tuoitre.vn/nua-khuya-son-tung-tung-ca-khuc-nhu-ngay-hom-qua-tang-sky-1027732.htm) [Sơn Tùng releases "Như ngày hôm qua" at midnight for Sky]. Tuổi Trẻ Online (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Quang Định (17 January 2016). "The Remix: Sơn Tùng làm giám khảo, Maya hát Sài Gòn đẹp lắm" (https://tuoitre.vn/the-remix-son-tung-lam-giam-khao-maya-hat-sai-gon-dep-lam-1039906.htm) [ The Remix : Sơn Tùng guest judges, Maya sings "Sài Gòn đẹp lắm"]. Tuổi Trẻ (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Ngát Ngọc (25 January 2016). "Sơn Tùng 'rủ rê' Chi Pu quay clip tết" (http://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/son-tung-ru-re-chi-pu-quay-clip-tet-661502.html) [Sơn Tùng and Chi Pu shoot new music video for Tết]. Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-oppovideo_66-0) Sơn Tùng M-TP (22 January 2016). Một năm mới bình an (Music video) (in Vietnamese). Oppo (/wiki/Oppo) . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) "2015 Zing Music Awards winners list" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160609074315/http://awards.zing.vn/ket_qua/ket-qua-zing-music-awards-2015/) (in Vietnamese). 2015 Zing Music Awards. Archived from the original (http://awards.zing.vn:80/ket_qua/ket-qua-zing-music-awards-2015/) on 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hà Anh (3 August 2016). "Sơn Tùng M-TP lại bị tố đạo nhạc Charlie Puth, BTS" (https://laodong.vn/video/son-tung-mtp-lai-bi-to-dao-nhac-charlie-puth-bts-579515.bld) [Sơn Tùng M-TP accused of plagiarising Charlie Puth and BTS]. Lao Động (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-69) N.M (16 December 2016). "Vì sao 'Chúng ta không thuộc về nhau' là bài hát được tìm kiếm nhiều nhất 2016?" (https://thethaovanhoa.vn/video/van-hoa-giai-tri/vi-sao-chung-ta-khong-thuoc-ve-nhau-la-bai-hat-duoc-tim-kiem-nhieu-nhat-2016-n20161216121318385.htm) [Why was "Chúng ta không thuộc về nhau" the most searched song of 2016?]. Thể thao & Văn hóa (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) VTC News staff(s) (14 December 2016). "MV của Sơn Tùng M-TP lọt top 11 MV bị ghét nhất Youtube năm 2016" (https://vtc.vn/mv-cua-son-tung-m-tp-lot-top-11-mv-bi-ghet-nhat-youtube-nam-2016-d292679.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's music video became YouTube's eleventh most disliked video of the year]. VTC News (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-webtv_71-0) VTV News staff(s) (28 November 2016). "Sơn Tùng M-TP, ST.319 được vinh danh tại WebTVAsia Awards 2016" (http://vtv.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/son-tung-m-tp-st319-duoc-vinh-danh-tai-webtvasia-awards-2016-20161128013824977.htm) [Sơn Tùng M-TP and ST.319 honored at 2016 WebTVAsia Awards]. VTV News (/wiki/Vietnam_Television) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) Sơn Tùng M-TP (21 October 2017). "Sách 'Chạm tới giấc mơ' Sơn Tùng (phần hai): hụt hẫng sau liveshow đầu tiên" (https://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/sach/lang-van/sach-cham-toi-giac-mo-son-tung-phan-hai-hut-hang-sau-liveshow-dau-tien-3658978.html) [ Chạm tới giấc mơ by Sơn Tùng M-TP (part 2): Disappointing first concert tour]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sơn Tùng M-TP (4 January 2017). "Sơn Tùng M-TP: 'Tôi chọn sự khác biệt...' (http://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/son-tung-mtp-toi-chon-su-khac-biet-780544.html) " (http://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/son-tung-mtp-toi-chon-su-khac-biet-780544.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP: "I chose a different path..."]. Thanh Niên (Interview) (in Vietnamese). Interviewed by Thùy Linh . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Bảo Trâm (13 April 2017). " (https://news.zing.vn/noi-nay-co-anh-la-mv-thu-3-cua-son-tung-m-tp-can-moc-100-trieu-view-post737003.html) 'Nơi này có anh' là MV thứ 3 của Sơn Tùng M-TP cán mốc 100 triệu view" (https://news.zing.vn/noi-nay-co-anh-la-mv-thu-3-cua-son-tung-m-tp-can-moc-100-trieu-view-post737003.html) ["Nơi này có anh" is Sơn Tùng M-TP's third music video to reach a hundred million views]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sơn Tùng M-TP (21 April 2017). Bình yên những phút giây (Music video) (in Vietnamese). WePro Entertainment . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Vĩ Thanh (5 January 2017). "Lý do MV 'Lạc trôi' của Sơn Tùng lập kỷ lục người xem" (http://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/nhac/lang-nhac/ly-do-mv-lac-troi-cua-son-tung-lap-ky-luc-nguoi-xem-3523027.html) [The reason Sơn Tùng's "Lạc trôi" music video attracted record-breaking views]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-eurovision_77-0) "Music in Asia" (https://eurovisionasia.tv/music-in-asia/) . Eurovision Asia Song Contest. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171014034810/https://eurovisionasia.tv/music-in-asia/) from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-78) Duy Vũ (7 December 2017). "Kỷ lục nhạc Việt năm 2017: Hương Tràm hay Sơn Tùng lên ngôi?" (https://news.zing.vn/ky-luc-nhac-viet-nam-2017-huong-tram-hay-son-tung-len-ngoi-post802091.html) [Records in Vietnamese music of 2017: Is Hương Tràm or Sơn Tùng on top?]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c VTV News staff(s) (5 February 2018). "WeChoice Awards 2017: Bố con ông trùm Phan Quân nhận giải Phim truyền hình được yêu thích nhất cho Người phán xử" (http://vtv.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/wechoice-awards-2017-bo-con-ong-trum-phan-quan-nhan-giai-phim-truyen-hinh-duoc-yeu-thich-nhat-cho-nguoi-phan-xu-20180205141711889.htm) [2017 WeChoice Awards: Phan Quân's father-and-son mafias receive Most Favorite TV Series award for Người phán xử ]. VTV News (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b VOH Online staff(s) (12 January 2018). "Trực tiếp Làn sóng xanh 2017: Hành trình 20 năm của những tên tuổi trong làng nhạc Việt" (http://voh.com.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/truc-tiep-lan-song-xanh-2017-hanh-trinh-20-nam-cua-nhung-ten-tuoi-trong-lang-nhac-viet-259237.html) [Live from 2018 Green Wave Awards: A 20-year journey for Vietnamese singers]. VOH Online (/wiki/Voice_of_Ho_Chi_Minh_City) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-thegioidienanh_81-0) Mi Ty (20 March 2017). "Sơn Tùng M-TP ra album đầu tay kỷ niệm 5 năm ca hát" (http://www.thegioidienanh.vn/son-tung-m-tp-ra-album-dau-tay-ky-niem-5-nam-ca-hat-12131.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP to release his first album to commemorate five years in music]. Thế giới Điện ảnh (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-vtv2_82-0) VTV News staff(s) (30 March 2017). "Đập hộp album đầu tay của Sơn Tùng M-TP" (http://vtv.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/dap-hop-album-dau-tay-cua-son-tung-m-tp-20170330191930569.htm) [Unboxing Sơn Tùng M-TP's first album]. VTV News (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chu Nguyên (2 April 2017). "Album của Sơn Tùng M-TP 'cháy hàng' trong thời gian ngắn" (http://vtc.vn/album-cua-son-tung-m-tp-chay-hang-trong-thoi-gian-ngan-d313248.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's albums sold out in a short time]. VTC News (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Việt Hùng; Lan Phương (8 April 2017). "Fan nữ khóc nức nở sau khi được ôm Sơn Tùng" (http://news.zing.vn/hai-ba-chau-cho-10-tieng-de-gap-son-tung-m-tp-post735674.html) [A female fan cries after hugging Sơn Tùng]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-85) Ngọc Hà (5 June 2017). "Tham dự Viral Fest Asia Sơn Tùng càng khẳng định 'đẳng cấp' của mình với bè bạn quốc tế?" (http://nguoihanoi.com.vn/tham-du-viral-fest-asia-son-tung-cang-khang-dinh--e2-80-98dang-cap-e2-80-99-cua-minh-voi-be-ban-quoc-te_232908.html) [Thanks to gig at Viral Fest Asia, is Sơn Tùng M-TP proving himself to international audiences?]. Người Hà Nội (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-mtp&friendshanoi_86-0) Ngọc Hà (9 July 2017). "Những khoảnh khắc không thể quên của Sơn Tùng trên sân khấu "M-TP & Friend" (http://anninhthudo.vn/giai-tri/nhung-khoanh-khac-khong-the-quen-cua-son-tung-tren-san-khau-mtp-friend/734036.antd) " (http://anninhthudo.vn/giai-tri/nhung-khoanh-khac-khong-the-quen-cua-son-tung-tren-san-khau-mtp-friend/734036.antd) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's unforgettable moments at M-TP & Friends]. An Ninh Thủ Đô (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Giang, Hoàng Nhơn (27 June 2017). "Sơn Tùng M-TP đóng phim mới của đạo diễn 'Em chưa 18' (https://news.zing.vn/son-tung-m-tp-dong-phim-moi-cua-dao-dien-em-chua-18-post758024.html) " (https://news.zing.vn/son-tung-m-tp-dong-phim-moi-cua-dao-dien-em-chua-18-post758024.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP stars in a new film by Em chưa 18 's director]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Ngát Ngọc (29 August 2017). "H.A.T, Ưng Hoàng Phúc, Sơn Tùng hội ngộ trong MV kỷ niệm 15 năm Wepro" (https://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/hat-ung-hoang-phuc-son-tung-hoi-ngo-trong-mv-ky-niem-15-nam-wepro-870337.html) [H.A.T, Ưng Hoàng Phúc and Sơn Tùng M-TP reunite in new music video celebrating WePro's 15th anniversary]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hòa An (4 October 2017). " (https://thethaovanhoa.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/cham-toi-giac-mo-cua-son-tung-mtp-chinh-thuc-ra-mat-khi-nao-o-dau-n20171004135305311.htm) 'Chạm tới giấc mơ' của Sơn Tùng MT-P chính thức ra mắt khi nào, ở đâu?" (https://thethaovanhoa.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/cham-toi-giac-mo-cua-son-tung-mtp-chinh-thuc-ra-mat-khi-nao-o-dau-n20171004135305311.htm) [When and where will Sơn Tùng M-TP's Chạm tới giấc mơ be released?]. Thể thao & Văn hóa (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-90) Phương Giang (5 October 2017). "Sơn Tùng lý giải việc không chia sẻ chuyện tình cảm trong tự truyện" (https://news.zing.vn/son-tung-ly-giai-viec-khong-chia-se-chuyen-tinh-cam-trong-tu-truyen-post785083.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP explains why he didn't write about his relationship in his autobiography]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-91) Thanh Tú (25 November 2017). "Sơn Tùng M-TP, Tóc Tiên được vinh danh tại MAMA 2017" (https://thethaovanhoa.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/son-tung-mtp-toc-tien-duoc-vinh-danh-tai-mama-2017-n20171125211837300.htm) [Sơn Tùng M-TP and Tóc Tiên honored at the 2017 MAMA]. Thể thao & Văn hóa (in Vietnamese). Vietnam News Agency . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-92) "The Complete List of '2017 MAMA' Winners" (https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/22174479) . 중앙일보 (in Korean). 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-93) Quỳnh Nguyễn (17 January 2018). "Soobin Hoàng Sơn lập hattrick tại Keeng Young Awards 2017" (https://tuoitre.vn/soobin-hoang-son-lap-hattrick-tai-keeng-young-awards-2017-20180116235930928.htm) [Soobin Hoàng Sơn takes hattrick at the 2017 Keeng Young Awards]. Tuổi Trẻ Online (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-94) Lan Phương (19 January 2018). "GOT7 nổi bật tại lễ trao giải V Live Year End Party" (https://news.zing.vn/got7-noi-bat-tai-le-trao-giai-v-live-year-end-party-post813159.html) [GOT7 stand out while attending the V Live Year End Party]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b VnExpress. "Young Vietnamese pop star breaks YouTube record in Asia – VnExpress International" (https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/young-vietnamese-pop-star-breaks-youtube-record-in-asia-3749276.html) . VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam . Retrieved 28 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-96) VN, V. T. C. (14 May 2018). "Sơn Tùng 'đốt' tranh Đức Mẹ sầu bi gây tranh cãi, Giáo phận Sài Gòn nói gì?" (https://vtc.vn/son-tung-dot-tranh-duc-me-sau-bi-gay-tranh-cai-giao-phan-sai-gon-noi-gi-ar398980.html) . Báo điện tử VTC News (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 28 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-97) Nguyên Linh (2 August 2018). " (https://laodong.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/chuyen-di-cua-thanh-xuan-son-tung-mtp-bi-chi-trich-vi-pha-hoai-da-lat-622727.ldo) "Chuyến đi của thanh xuân" Sơn Tùng MTP bị chỉ trích vì "phá hoại" Đà Lạt" (https://laodong.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/chuyen-di-cua-thanh-xuan-son-tung-mtp-bi-chi-trich-vi-pha-hoai-da-lat-622727.ldo) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's Chuyến đi của thanh xuân criticized for vandalism in Da Lat]. Lao Động (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tân Cao (29 July 2018). "Phim ngắn có Sơn Tùng M-TP góp mặt vừa ra mắt đã gây sốt" (https://ione.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/phim/vietnam/phim-ngan-co-son-tung-m-tp-gop-mat-vua-ra-mat-da-gay-sot-3784651.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's new short film release gains attention]. iOne (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-99) Herman, Tamar (3 July 2019). "Sơn Tùng M-TP Teams Up With Snoop Dogg For 'Give It to Me (Hãy Trao Cho Anh)': Watch" (https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/son-tung-m-tp-give-it-to-me-hay-trao-cho-anh-video-snoop-dogg-8518606/) . Billboard . Retrieved 28 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-100) T.N (17 May 2018). "Sơn Tùng M-TP lập nhiều kỷ lục với 'Chạy ngay đi' trên YouTube" (https://thethaovanhoa.vn/giai-tri/son-tung-mtp-lap-nhieu-ky-luc-voi-chay-ngay-di-tren-youtube-n20180517215101207.htm) [Sơn Tùng M-TP broke many records with "Run Now" on YouTube]. Thể thao & Văn hóa (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-101) VnExpress. "V-pop prince's new documentary breaks record – VnExpress International" (https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/culture/v-pop-prince-s-new-documentary-breaks-record-4116250.html) . VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam . Retrieved 12 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-dangkhoa_102-0) Dang Khoa (28 August 2020). "Documentary on V-pop prince to hit Netflix" (https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/culture/documentary-on-v-pop-prince-to-hit-netflix-4153679.html) . VnExpress . Retrieved 20 December 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Sky Tour (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Sơn Tùng M-TP on Apple Music" (https://music.apple.com/ca/album/sky-tour-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1517346717) . Apple Music . Retrieved 19 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-thienhuong_104-0) Thiên Hương (26 August 2015). "Sơn Tùng M-TP và những nghi án 'đạo ý tưởng, mượn nhạc' gây xôn xao" (https://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/son-tung-mtp-va-nhung-nghi-an-dao-gay-xon-xao-601218.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP and his many controversial plagiarism allegations]. Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-105) Sơn Tùng M-TP (8 November 2012). "Ca sỹ M-TP: "Sáng tác để thỏa mãn tâm hồn" (http://vtv.vn/am-nhac/ca-sy-m-tp-sang-tac-de-thoa-man-tam-hon-66521.htm) " (http://vtv.vn/am-nhac/ca-sy-m-tp-sang-tac-de-thoa-man-tam-hon-66521.htm) [M-TP: "I write songs to satisfy my soul"]. VTV News (/wiki/Vietnam_Television) (Interview) (in Vietnamese). Interviewed by Ngọc Tuyết . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-106) Sơn Tùng M-TP (5 June 2014). "Sơn Tùng M-TP: Tôi chưa thấy mình cần phải "mọc sừng" (http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/son-tung-m-tp-toi-chua-thay-minh-can-phai-moc-sung-179299.html) " (http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/son-tung-m-tp-toi-chua-thay-minh-can-phai-moc-sung-179299.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP: "I don't feel like I have to act older yet"]. Vietnamnet (Interview) (in Vietnamese). Interviewed by Sơn Hà . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-107) Thiếu Anh (13 June 2014). "Sơn Tùng bị phạt gỡ 3 ca khúc khỏi "Bài hát yêu thích" (https://vov.vn/van-hoa/am-nhac/son-tung-bi-phat-go-3-ca-khuc-khoi-bai-hat-yeu-thich-332150.vov) " (https://vov.vn/van-hoa/am-nhac/son-tung-bi-phat-go-3-ca-khuc-khoi-bai-hat-yeu-thich-332150.vov) [Three of Sơn Tùng M-TP's tracks removed from Favorite Song ]. VOV (/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-108) Phương Giang (5 November 2014). "Sơn Tùng M-TP bị loại khỏi Làn Sóng Xanh vì đạo nhạc" (https://news.zing.vn/son-tung-m-tp-bi-loai-khoi-lan-song-xanh-vi-dao-nhac-post476295.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP removed from Green Wave due to plagiarism controversies]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-jung_109-0) Đức Trí (5 December 2014). "Ca khúc của Sơn Tùng bị kết luận 'ảnh hưởng nhạc Hàn về hòa âm' (http://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/nhac/lang-nhac/ca-khuc-cua-son-tung-bi-ket-luan-anh-huong-nhac-han-ve-hoa-am-3116588.html) " (http://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/nhac/lang-nhac/ca-khuc-cua-son-tung-bi-ket-luan-anh-huong-nhac-han-ve-hoa-am-3116588.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's song is concluded to be "influenced by Korean track in production"]. VnExpress (/wiki/VnExpress) (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-110) Thiên Hương (20 December 2014). "Sơn Tùng M-TP phát hành MV 'Chắc ai đó sẽ về' với bản phối mới" (http://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/son-tung-mtp-phat-hanh-mv-chac-ai-do-se-ve-voi-ban-phoi-moi-518817.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP releases the new mix of "Chắc ai đó sẽ về"]. Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-111) Thuỳ Trang (2 March 2021). "Muốn chơi nhạc phải học luật" (https://nld.com.vn/van-nghe/muon-choi-nhac-phai-hoc-luat-20210301211904654.htm) [Musicians need to know copyright laws]. Người Lao Động (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 21 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-112) Băng Châu (24 February 2021). "Producer GC đã làm việc với công ty Sơn Tùng M-TP về ồn ào đạo nhạc" (https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/producer-gc-da-lam-viec-voi-cong-ty-son-tung-mtp-ve-on-ao-dao-nhac-20210224150122733.htm) [Music producer GC resolves copyright dispute with Sơn Tùng M-TP's record label]. Dân Trí (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 21 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-113) Lâm, Vĩnh Thái (4 August 2016). "Tùng Dương ám chỉ Sơn Tùng không xứng 'nghệ sĩ của năm' (https://news.zing.vn/tung-duong-am-chi-son-tung-khong-xung-nghe-si-cua-nam-post671221.html) " (https://news.zing.vn/tung-duong-am-chi-son-tung-khong-xung-nghe-si-cua-nam-post671221.html) [Tùng Dương implies that Sơn Tùng M-TP didn't deserve to win Artist of the Year]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Thuỳ Trang (7 April 2015). "Sơn Tùng M-TP xin lỗi và thu hồi MV "Không phải dạng vừa đâu" (https://nld.com.vn/van-hoa-van-nghe/son-tung-m-tp-xin-loi-va-thu-hoi-mv-khong-phai-dang-vua-dau-2015040716180322.htm) " (https://nld.com.vn/van-hoa-van-nghe/son-tung-m-tp-xin-loi-va-thu-hoi-mv-khong-phai-dang-vua-dau-2015040716180322.htm) [Sơn Tùng M-TP apologizes and withdraws his music video for "Không phải dạng vừa đâu"]. Người Lao Động (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-115) Kim Chi (6 July 2015). "Sơn Tùng M-TP khóc như mưa trong tiệc sinh nhật" (https://news.zing.vn/son-tung-m-tp-khoc-nhu-mua-trong-tiec-sinh-nhat-post556109.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP cries on his birthday stage]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-116) Hà Thu (9 July 2015). "Sơn Tùng M-TP gửi tâm thư cho cố nhạc sỹ An Thuyên" (http://congly.vn/giai-tri/nhac/son-tung-m-tp-gui-tam-thu-cho-co-nhac-sy-an-thuyen-106828.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP writes a personal letter to composer An Thuyên]. Công Lý (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hương Hồ (5 August 2016). " (http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/nhac/son-tung-mtp-vua-dao-nhac-hay-hoang-tu-v-pop-319453.html) 'Vua đạo nhạc' hay 'Hoàng tử V-pop'?" (http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/nhac/son-tung-mtp-vua-dao-nhac-hay-hoang-tu-v-pop-319453.html) ["King of plagiarism" or "V-pop prince"?]. Vietnamnet (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-decoding_118-0) Tùng Lâm (7 March 2014). "Giải mã cơn sốt Sơn Tùng M-TP mang đến làng nhạc Việt" (http://news.zing.vn/giai-ma-con-sot-son-tung-m-tp-mang-den-lang-nhac-viet-post397414.html) [Decoding the syndrome Sơn Tùng M-TP brought into Vietnamese music]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-119) Tân Cao (16 January 2018). "3 phát hiện về Sơn Tùng M-TP chỉ hội sky mới thấy" (https://ione.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/sao/viet-nam/3-phat-hien-ve-son-tung-m-tp-chi-hoi-sky-moi-thay-3699631.html) [Three things about Sơn Tùng M-TP that only Sky knew]. iOne (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-120) C.N (15 May 2017). "Sơn Tùng "bắt cóc" fan lên hát chung, Tóc Tiên hòa giọng cùng hơn 5000 khán giả trẻ" (http://hoahoctro.vn/tin-tuc/son-tung-bat-coc-fan-len-hat-chung-toc-tien-hoa-giong-cung-hon-5000-khan-gia-tre) [Sơn Tùng "kidnaps" and brings fan to sing on stage, Tóc Tiên harmonizes with 5000 audiences]. Hoa Học Trò (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-121) Quang Huy (14 July 2013). "M-TP đổi nghệ danh nhân sinh nhật tuổi 19" (http://thegioivanhoa.com.vn/m-tp-doi-nghe-danh-nhan-sinh-nhat-tuoi-19/) [M-TP changes his stage name on his 19th birthday]. Thế Giới Văn Hóa (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-122) M.C. (24 January 2015). "Bản hit "Không phải dạng vừa đâu" khuấy đảo cộng đồng mạng" (http://dantri.com.vn/nhip-song-tre/ban-hit-khong-phai-dang-vua-dau-khuay-dao-cong-dong-mang-1422717614.htm) [Hit song "Không phải dạng vừa đâu" shakes up the Internet]. Dân Trí (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Gia Bảo (15 December 2015). "Sơn Tùng tự nhận mình là thằng ngu" (http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/son-tung-tu-nhan-minh-la-thang-ngu-276282.html) [Sơn Tùng admitted he was an "idiot"]. Vietnamnet (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-iOne_124-0) Mây Trắng (3 March 2014). "Sơn Tùng M-TP hát live 'Em của ngày hôm qua' khiến fan chao đảo" (http://ione.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/sao/son-tung-m-tp-hat-live-em-cua-ngay-hom-qua-khien-fan-chao-dao-2958729.html) [Sơn Tùng M-TP's live rendition of "Em của ngày hôm qua" made fans excited]. iOne (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-daonhai_125-0) Lục Hoàng (8 August 2016). "Vừa ra mắt, bài mới của Sơn Tùng đã bị tố đạo nhái" (http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/facebook/son-tung-m-tp-dao-nhac-son-tung-mtp-dao-nhai-319120.html) [Despite having just been released, Sơn Tùng's new song received plagiarism accusations]. Vietnamnet (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-126) Hồng Qúy (20 February 2017). "Ăn mừng MV 100 triệu view, Sơn Tùng M-TP chơi piano "Nơi này có anh" tặng fan" (https://laodong.vn/giai-tri/an-mung-mv-100-trieu-view-son-tung-mtp-choi-piano-noi-nay-co-anh-tang-fan-639605.bld) [Sơn Tùng M-TP performed a piano rendition of "Nơi này có anh" for fans, celebrating its music video gaining a hundred views]. Lao Động (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-bingomusic_127-0) Van An (18 May 2018). "V-pop star signs deal with top Korean music platform, praised across Asia" (https://e.vnexpress.net/news/travel-life/culture-arts/v-pop-star-signs-deal-with-top-korean-music-platform-praised-across-asia-3751557.html) . VnExpress . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-128) Hoàng Lê (15 January 2016). "Sơn Tùng M-TP: Giữa tận cùng Yêu & Ghét" (https://thethaovanhoa.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/son-tung-mtp-giua-tan-cung-yeu-ghet-n20160113142633668.htm) [Sơn Tùng M-TP: A thin line between love and hate]. Thể thao & Văn hóa (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-129) "Home page" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160911152445/http://wechoice.vn/) (in Vietnamese). 2015 WeChoice Awards. Archived from the original (http://wechoice.vn/) on 11 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Home page" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170423045438/http://wechoice.vn/) (in Vietnamese). 2016 WeChoice Awards. Archived from the original (http://wechoice.vn/) on 23 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-131) Obama, Barack (/wiki/Barack_Obama) (25 May 2016). Remarks by President Obama at YSEALI Town Hall (Speech). Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative. Ho Chi Minh City: U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Vietnam . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . You're streaming the latest Son Tung MTP hit. ^ (#cite_ref-132) VOV staff(s) (2 January 2018). "Forbes Vietnam announces 30 Under 30 list" (http://english.vov.vn/economy/forbes-vietnam-announces-30-under-30-list-367942.vov) . VOV (/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam) . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b N.M (4 January 2017). "Làn sóng xanh 2016: Sơn Tùng M-TP nổi bật, Hari Won trắng tay" (http://thethaovanhoa.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/lan-song-xanh-2016-son-tung-mtp-noi-bat-hari-won-trang-tay-n20170104064825068.htm) [2016 Green Wave Awards: Sơn Tùng M-TP stands out, Hari Won gets snubbed]. Thể thao & Văn hóa (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-135) The Saigon Times staff(s) (3 February 2017). "Son Tung M-TP listed among top Asian fashion icons" (http://english.thesaigontimes.vn/52122/Son-Tung-M-TP-listed-among-top-Asian-fashion-icons.html) . The Saigon Times (/wiki/Saigon_Times) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-esa2017_136-0) Elle Vietnam staff(s) (28 June 2017). "Sơn Tùng MTP – Nam ca sĩ phong cách nhất tại ELLE Style Awards 2017" (http://www.elle.vn/thoi-trang/son-tung-mtp-thang-giai-nam-ca-si-phong-cach-nhat-cua-nam) [Sơn Tùng M-TP – Most Stylish Male Singer at 2017 Elle Style Awards]. Elle Vietnam (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Huy Đức (8 July 2017). "Oppo thêm bản F3 có chữ ký Sơn Tùng M-TP" (https://sohoa.vnexpress.net/photo/san-pham/oppo-them-ban-f3-co-chu-ky-son-tung-m-tp-3606195.html) [Oppo releases a new edition of F3 with Sơn Tùng M-TP's signature]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-138) Nhật Đăng (3 April 2015). "Giá xe máy tay ga: Dòng xe được ca sĩ Sơn Tùng M-TP làm đại sứ giá bao nhiêu?" (http://antt.vn/gia-xe-may-tay-ga-dong-xe-duoc-ca-si-son-tung-m-tp-lam-dai-su-gia-bao-nhieu-7894.htm) [Scooter's price: How much is Sơn Tùng M-TP-endorsed scooter?]. An Ninh Tiền Tệ & Truyền Thông (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-139) D.Thu (29 December 2015). " (http://vnmoney.nld.com.vn/tieu-dung/yeu-thuong-gia-dinh-nuoi-duong-dam-me-20160415235420241.htm) "Yêu thương gia đình nuôi dưỡng đam mê" (http://vnmoney.nld.com.vn/tieu-dung/yeu-thuong-gia-dinh-nuoi-duong-dam-me-20160415235420241.htm) " (http://vnmoney.nld.com.vn/tieu-dung/yeu-thuong-gia-dinh-nuoi-duong-dam-me-20160415235420241.htm) [Love your family, nurture your passion]. Người Lao Động (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-140) Thái Nguyễn (21 August 2017). "Ba giây trong MV 'Lạc trôi' của Sơn Tùng và sự 'hồi sinh' một thương hiệu" (http://phunuonline.com.vn/thi-truong/ba-giay-trong-mv-lac-troi-cua-son-tung-va-su-hoi-sinh-mot-thuong-hieu-107982/) [Three seconds appearing in Sơn Tùng's "Lạc trôi" music video and the revival of a brand]. Phụ Nữ Online (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-memes_141-0) Hoàng Anh (7 September 2016). "Phát âm 'Tattoo' thành 'tha thu', Sơn Tùng bị chế ảnh ầm ĩ" (https://ione.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/quiz/phat-am-tattoo-thanh-tha-thu-son-tung-bi-che-anh-am-i-3464329.html) [Misspelling "Tattoo" to "tha thu", Sơn Tùng sparked many memes]. iOne (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-viral_142-0) "Cụm từ – Câu nói Viral của năm: "Mình thích thì mình làm thôi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170422013125/http://wechoice.vn/cum-tu-cau-noi-viral-cua-nam-5/minh-thich-thi-minh-lam-thoi-57.htm) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20170422013125/http://wechoice.vn/cum-tu-cau-noi-viral-cua-nam-5/minh-thich-thi-minh-lam-thoi-57.htm) [Viral Word or Catchphrase of the Year: "Mình thích thì mình làm thôi"] (in Vietnamese). 2016 WeChoice Awards. Archived from the original (http://wechoice.vn:80/cum-tu-cau-noi-viral-cua-nam-5/minh-thich-thi-minh-lam-thoi-57.htm) on April 22, 2017 . Retrieved September 10, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-143) Phương Giang (18 November 2016). "Tranh cãi ca từ trong 'Mình thích thì mình yêu thôi' (https://news.zing.vn/tranh-cai-ca-tu-trong-minh-thich-thi-minh-yeu-thoi-post698765.html) " (https://news.zing.vn/tranh-cai-ca-tu-trong-minh-thich-thi-minh-yeu-thoi-post698765.html) [Controversial lyrics in "Mình thích thì mình yêu thôi"]. Zing (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-144) VnExpress. "Son Tung M-TP first Vietnamese artist to receive YouTube Diamond Play Button – VnExpress International" (https://e.vnexpress.net/news/culture/son-tung-m-tp-first-vietnamese-artist-to-receive-youtube-diamond-play-button-4484455.html) . VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam . Retrieved 28 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-145) "Chúng Ta - Single by Sơn Tùng M-TP on Apple Music" (https://music.apple.com/ca/album/ch%C3%BAng-ta-single/1545549965) . Apple Music (/wiki/Apple_Music) . Retrieved 19 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-herman_147-0) Herman, Tamar (3 July 2019). "Sơn Tùng M-TP Teams Up With Snoop Dogg For 'Give It to Me (Hãy Trao Cho Anh)': Watch" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/international/8518606/son-tung-m-tp-give-it-to-me-hay-trao-cho-anh-video-snoop-dogg) . Billboard . Retrieved 5 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-dangkhoa2_148-0) Dang Khoa (17 July 2020). "V-pop prince scales Billboard's Social 50 chart" (https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/culture/v-pop-prince-scales-billboard-s-social-50-chart-4131413.html) . VnExpress . Retrieved 20 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-149) "Sơn Tùng M-TP comeback: Fan để tâm chuyện gì?" (https://thethaovanhoa.vn/giai-tri/son-tung-mtp-comeback-fan-de-tam-chuyen-gi-n20220420203247753.htm) . 20 April 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-150) Sơn Tùng M-TP (16 November 2016). M-TP Ambition (Part 1) (Concert film) (in Vietnamese). YouTube . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sơn Tùng M-TP (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:S%C6%A1n_T%C3%B9ng_M-TP) . Sơn Tùng M-TP (https://www.youtube.com/@Sontungmtp) on Youtube (/wiki/YouTube) v t e MTV Europe Music Award for Best Southeast Asian Act (/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_Southeast_Asian_Act) Mỹ Tâm (/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_T%C3%A2m) (2013) Sarah Geronimo (/wiki/Sarah_Geronimo) (2014) Sơn Tùng M-TP (2015) Đông Nhi (/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Nhi) (2016) James Reid (/wiki/James_Reid_(actor)) (2017) Joe Flizzow (/wiki/Joe_Flizzow) (2018) Jasmine Sokko (/wiki/Jasmine_Sokko) (2019) Jack (J97) (/wiki/Jack_(J97)) (2020) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/2598158309890606690000) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2020009848) Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/52e64dbf-bb4a-497b-944b-c762301606b6) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fwztx Cached time: 20240720165137 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.863 seconds Real time usage: 2.067 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9799/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 346923/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5818/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 615166/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.248/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16485830/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 400 ms 30.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 180 ms 13.8% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 100 ms 7.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate 100 ms 7.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 80 ms 6.2% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 80 ms 6.2% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments 40 ms 3.1% insert 40 ms 3.1% makeMessage <mw.message.lua:76> 40 ms 3.1% is_set <Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities:23> 20 ms 1.5% [others] 220 ms 16.9% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1869.051 1 -total 55.91% 1044.921 2 Template:Reflist 44.03% 823.015 134 Template:Cite_web 13.19% 246.438 1 Template:Infobox_person 7.97% 149.055 1 Template:IPA-vi 7.89% 147.550 1 Template:IPA 4.76% 88.986 2 Template:Short_description 3.77% 70.464 1 Template:Infobox_musical_artist 3.45% 64.574 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 3.18% 59.373 4 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48297732-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165137 and revision id 1234381247. 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George Kotsiopoulos Kotsiopoulos in 2016 Born ( 1968-11-18 ) November 18, 1968 (age 55) Skokie, Illinois (/wiki/Skokie,_Illinois) , U.S. Occupation(s) Style Expert, Fashion Editor, Television personality Height 5 ft 5 in (165 cm) Partner Kevin Williamson (/wiki/Kevin_Williamson_(screenwriter)) George Kotsiopoulos (born November 18, 1968) is an American magazine editor, fashion consultant, stylist and television personality. He is style editor at large for C (/wiki/Cardinal_Courier_Media) magazine and was a fashion associate at The New York Times Magazine (/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine) . He was a co-host of Fashion Police (/wiki/Fashion_Police_(TV_series)) . [1] (#cite_note-Eonline_host_bio-1) Early life [ edit ] Kotsiopoulos was born on November 18, 1968, in Skokie, Illinois (/wiki/Skokie,_Illinois) , where he was raised. He attended Niles West High School. [2] (#cite_note-Windy_City-2) He holds a Bachelor's in Accountancy [3] (#cite_note-acc-3) from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign) . [4] (#cite_note-NBC_Universal-4) Of his formative years, Kotsiopoulos recalled, "I was always interested in arts but my parents were Greek immigrants and to them it was important to be a doctor, lawyer or businessman. But I got my fashion fix from old movies and looking at archival issues of Vogue at the public library. I also used to secretly go shopping with my older sister because she trusted my opinion. But for the most part I pushed art and fashion aside and went to the University of Illinois and got my bachelor's degree in accountancy. [3] (#cite_note-acc-3) I graduated but never took the CPA exam because I was bored to death. Immediately after college I skipped town and moved to Los Angeles." [5] (#cite_note-Scribd-5) Career [ edit ] Kotsiopoulos began his career in Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) as a publicist (/wiki/Publicist) in the entertainment division of Bragman Nyman Cafarelli. He spent eight years in the style department at T: The New York Times Magazine (/wiki/T_(New_York_Times)) , based on the West Coast, and ultimately became a Fashion Associate and Market Editor while also producing shoots in Los Angeles and New York, among other places. Said Kotsiopoulos, "I learned everything about fashion during my time at the New York Times." [6] (#cite_note-The_Fashion_Revolution-6) In 2005 he co-hosted the "Sephora" television pilot for E! Entertainment (/wiki/E!_Entertainment) /Style Networks and was a fashion and style correspondent for MSNBC (/wiki/MSNBC) 's "Entertainment Hot List". He has also made television appearances as a fashion expert and stylist on Good Morning America (/wiki/Good_Morning_America) , E! News Daily , KTLA News , Access Hollywood (/wiki/Access_Hollywood) , YourLA , Good Day LA," "American Inventor , House of Boateng , Style Star , How Do I Look , CW Now and Style Her Famous among others. [4] (#cite_note-NBC_Universal-4) In 2008, Kotsiopoulos worked with the now defunct RestlessStyle.com, an online fashion and lifestyle magazine launched by the daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless (/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless) . [7] (#cite_note-RestlessStyle-7) He has appeared as himself several times on the show, most recently in episodes that aired in August 2012. In September 2010, Kotsiopoulos joined Joan Rivers (/wiki/Joan_Rivers) , Giuliana Rancic (/wiki/Giuliana_Rancic) and Kelly Osbourne (/wiki/Kelly_Osbourne) as co-host of Fashion Police (/wiki/Fashion_Police_(TV_series)) airing on E! Entertainment Television (/wiki/E!) . On his casting, Kotsiopoulos said, "It's my first television show as a series regular. I've done pilots before, I've done a bunch of various shows. When I was approached for this show, I was slightly hesitant for a second because I was worried - I was thinking, how am I gonna criticize all of these people that I'm gonna work with, and my friends, who are stylists. How am I gonna do that? Ultimately, you have to take a different direction in your life, in your career. I very quickly realized this was not an opportunity I could let pass by." [8] (#cite_note-30_Minutes_with_GK-8) In March, 2011, The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) ranked Kotsiopoulos 19th out of The 25 Most Powerful Stylists in Hollywood . [9] (#cite_note-25_Powerful_Stylists-9) In June 2012, in a red-carpet interview, Kotsiopoulos confirmed he was working on an untitled clothing line. [10] (#cite_note-George_Kotsiopoulos_Tells_Us_How_He_Judges-10) In May 2013, Kotsiopoulos made a cameo appearance with comedian Joan Rivers (/wiki/Joan_Rivers) in the film Iron Man 3 (/wiki/Iron_Man_3) . In January 2014, Kotsiopoulos published his first book Glamorous by George . The illustrated tome offers straightforward tips and advice for looking and feeling like a movie star by helping readers find and wear their ideal style on a reasonable budget. [11] (#cite_note-George_Kotsiopoulos_Publishing_First_Book-11) Personal life [ edit ] In 2011, Kotsiopoulos was included in the OUT100, Out's (/wiki/Out_Magazine) 17th annual list of the 100 most influential gay men and women. [12] (#cite_note-17th_Annual_Out10-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Charity work [ edit ] In 2003, Kotsiopoulos co-founded the annual "Bag Lunch" charity event for P.S. ARTS, a non-profit organization dedicated to restoring arts education to the public school system of which he is on the Board of Directors. More than 200 designer handbags are donated to and auctioned at this event, which Kostiopoulos co-hosts, with one hundred percent of the proceeds going to P.S. ARTS. [14] (#cite_note-P.S._Arts-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Eonline_host_bio_1-0) "Eonline Host Bio" (https://archive.today/20110925181549/http://uk.eonline.com/news/bio/fashion) . Eonline . Archived from the original (http://uk.eonline.com/news/bio/fashion) on September 25, 2011 . Retrieved November 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Windy_City_2-0) "George Kotsiopoulos is always in Fashion" (http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/NUNN-ON-ONE-TELEVISION-George-Kotsiopoulos-is-always-in-Fashion/36394.html) . Windy City Times . 29 February 2012 . Retrieved March 1, 2012 . ^ a b College of Business at Illinois, Dept. of Accountancy (http://www.business.illinois.edu/accountancy/programs/index.html) ^ a b "George Kotsiopoulos bio" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120616091003/http://www.nbcumv.com/mediavillage/networks/eentertainment/fashionpolice/biographies?bio=contents%2Fbiographies%2FTalent%20Bios%2FEEntertainment%2FFashionPolice%2FKotsiopoulos_George.xml) . NBC Universal . Archived from the original (http://www.nbcumv.com/mediavillage/networks/eentertainment/fashionpolice/biographies?bio=contents/biographies/Talent%20Bios/EEntertainment/FashionPolice/Kotsiopoulos_George.xml) on June 16, 2012 . Retrieved November 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Scribd_5-0) "A Distinctive Style" (https://www.scribd.com/doc/52774552/Interview-with-E-s-Fashion-Police-George-Kotsiopoulos-Pg-1) . Scribd . Retrieved November 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Fashion_Revolution_6-0) "Interview with E! Fashion Police Host: GEORGE KOTSIOPOULOS" (http://thefashionrevolucion.blogspot.com/2011/10/interview-with-e-fashion-police-host.html) . The Fashion Revolution . Retrieved November 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-RestlessStyle_7-0) "The 'Young and the Restless' Launches Online Fashion and Lifestyle Magazine RestlessStyle.com" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-young-and-the-restless-launches-online-fashion-and-lifestyle-magazine-restlessstylecom-57257787.html) . PR Newswire . Retrieved November 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-30_Minutes_with_GK_8-0) "30 Minutes with George Kotsiopoulos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120425232301/http://lifestyle.malaysia.msn.com/Fashion/News/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5393012&page=0) . MSN Life & Style Malaysia . Archived from the original (https://lifestyle.malaysia.msn.com/Fashion/News/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5393012&page=0) on April 25, 2012 . Retrieved November 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-25_Powerful_Stylists_9-0) "The 25 Most Powerful Stylists in Hollywood" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/web-25-powerful-stylists-hollywood-166236) . The Hollywood Reporter . 10 March 2011 . Retrieved November 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-George_Kotsiopoulos_Tells_Us_How_He_Judges_10-0) "George Kotsiopoulos Tells Us How He Judges" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mF7a8IrLW9g) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Retrieved August 15, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-George_Kotsiopoulos_Publishing_First_Book_11-0) "George Kotsiopoulos Publishing First Book" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/george-kotsiopoulos-publishing-first-book-6529060) . 7 December 2012 . Retrieved December 10, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-17th_Annual_Out10_12-0) "17th Annual Out100" (http://www.out.com/out-exclusives/out100/2011/12/11/17th-annual-out100#slide-1) . Out Magazine . Retrieved November 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) " (http://www.eonline.com/videos/227432/fashion-police-cohost-hints-at-marriage) "Fashion Police" Cohost Hints at Marriage - E! Online" (http://www.eonline.com/videos/227432/fashion-police-cohost-hints-at-marriage) . ^ (#cite_ref-P.S._Arts_14-0) "P.S. Arts Directors" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111118034551/http://www.psarts.org/directors.html) . P.S. Arts . Archived from the original (http://www.psarts.org/directors.html) on November 18, 2011 . Retrieved November 20, 2011 . External links [ edit ] Official Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/pages/George-Kotsiopoulos/152283171550383?sk=wall) Official Twitter page (https://twitter.com/georgekotsi/) George Kotsiopoulos (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3227451/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐895674c4f‐ctrpr Cached time: 20240717003549 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.338 seconds Real time usage: 0.430 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2064/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25069/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1340/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 50622/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.216/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7761596/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 400.248 1 -total 51.86% 207.573 1 Template:Infobox_person 37.07% 148.365 1 Template:Reflist 32.00% 128.075 13 Template:Cite_web 14.81% 59.296 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 11.93% 47.767 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 8.14% 32.577 1 Template:Infobox_person/height 6.49% 25.977 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 4.75% 18.997 1 Template:IMDb_name 4.38% 17.529 16 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33814763-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717003549 and revision id 1218919535. 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South African-born British businessman Michael Lewis Born 1959 (age 64–65) South Africa Nationality South African and British Education University of Cape Town (/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town) Occupation Businessman Title Chairman, Foschini Group (/wiki/Foschini_Group) Spouses Leola Lewis ​ ​ ( m. 1985, divorced) ​ Lady Kitty Spencer (/wiki/Lady_Kitty_Spencer) ​ ( m. 2021) ​ Children 4 Relatives Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer (/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_9th_Earl_Spencer) (father-in-law) Victoria Aitken (/wiki/Victoria_Aitken) (mother-in-law) Louis Spencer, Viscount Althorp (/wiki/Louis_Spencer,_Viscount_Althorp) (brother-in-law) Michael Lewis (born 1959) is a South African-born British businessman in the fashion industry, and chairman of Foschini Group (/wiki/Foschini_Group) . Early life [ edit ] Lewis earned bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Cape Town (/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town) . [1] (#cite_note-WSJ-1) In the 1930s, his grandfather Meyer Lewis founded the Lewis furniture retail chain, and in the 1980s, his father Stanley Lewis acquired a controlling stake in Foschini Group (/wiki/Foschini_Group) . [2] (#cite_note-Business_Insider-2) Career [ edit ] Lewis has been chairman of Foschini Group (/wiki/Foschini_Group) since 2015. [1] (#cite_note-WSJ-1) [2] (#cite_note-Business_Insider-2) He is an independent director at Histogenics Corporation, a partner at Oceana Investment Partners LLP, chairman at Oceana Investment Corp Ltd, and chairman at Strandbags Holdings Pty Ltd. He is on the board of directors at Histogenics Corp, Oceana Capital Partners LLP, Oceana Fund Managers (Jersey) Ltd., United Trust Bank Ltd., and Oceana Concentrated Opportunities Fund Ltd. [1] (#cite_note-WSJ-1) Personal life [ edit ] Lewis moved to London in the 1980s. [2] (#cite_note-Business_Insider-2) In 1985, he married Leola. [3] (#cite_note-NZ_Herald-3) They have three adult children, and are now divorced. [2] (#cite_note-Business_Insider-2) [4] (#cite_note-Tatler-4) [3] (#cite_note-NZ_Herald-3) Lewis is Jewish, and in 2011, his family donated £3 million to the University of Oxford (/wiki/University_of_Oxford) to fund the appointment of a Professor of Israel Studies. [2] (#cite_note-Business_Insider-2) In January 2020, his engagement to English fashion model, Lady Kitty Spencer (/wiki/Lady_Kitty_Spencer) , was announced. [4] (#cite_note-Tatler-4) They married on 24 July 2021 at the Villa Aldobrandini (/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini) in Rome. [5] (#cite_note-5) Lewis and Spencer have one daughter, Athena, together. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Foschini Group Ltd. TFG (South Africa)" (https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/ZA/XJSE/TFG/company-people/executive-profile/130915) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 January 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Princess Diana's 29–year old niece is marrying the 60-year old chairperson of Foschini - here's what you need to know about Michael Lewis' career" (https://www.businessinsider.co.za/princess-diana-niece-kitty-spencer-engaged-foschini-chairperson-michael-lewis-2020-1) . Business Insider . 6 January 2020 . Retrieved 7 January 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Lady Kitty Spencer, 29, is to wed fashion tycoon Michael Lewis, 60" (https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=12298012) . The New Zealand Herald (/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald) . 4 January 2020 . Retrieved 7 January 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cope, Rebecca (6 January 2020). "Lady Kitty Spencer is engaged to her fashion tycoon boyfriend" (https://www.tatler.com/article/lady-kitty-spencer-engaged-michael-lewis) . Tatler . Retrieved 7 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Tregaskes, Chandler (25 July 2021). "Dolce & Gabbana on creating Lady Kitty Spencer's stunning wedding dress" (https://www.tatler.com/article/lady-kitty-spencer-wedding-dress-designer-dolce-and-gabbana) . Tatler . Retrieved 25 July 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Johnston, Harriet (10 March 2024). " (https://www.tatler.com/article/lady-kitty-spencer-announces-baby) 'It's a joy to be your mummy': Lady Kitty Spencer, Princess Diana's niece, surprises fans by revealing she has had a baby in gushing Mother's Day post" (https://www.tatler.com/article/lady-kitty-spencer-announces-baby) . Tatler . Retrieved 10 March 2024 . 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Austrian jeweller (1814) This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "A. E. Köchert" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22A.+E.+K%C3%B6chert%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22A.+E.+K%C3%B6chert%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22A.+E.+K%C3%B6chert%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22A.+E.+K%C3%B6chert%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22A.+E.+K%C3%B6chert%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22A.+E.+K%C3%B6chert%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A. E. Köchert Native name A.E. Köchert Juweliere Industry Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Founded 1814 Headquarters Neuer Markt 15, 1010 Wien (/wiki/Wien) , Austria (/wiki/Austria) Key people Mag. Christoph Köchert Website www (http://www.koechert.com) .koechert (http://www.koechert.com) .com (http://www.koechert.com) A. E. Köchert shop in Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) A. E. Köchert (sometimes spelled Koechert ) is one of the oldest jewellers (/wiki/Jeweller) in Austria (/wiki/Austria) , founded by Jakob Heinrich Köchert in 1814. It is a family business known as the "Jeweler of the Emperors and Kings". [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) History [ edit ] The Frenchman Emmanuel Pioté (or Peyote [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) ) opened a goldsmith (/wiki/Goldsmith) shop in Vienna in 1814, the same year the Congress of Vienna (/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna) took place, giving a great visibility to the newly-founded shop. In 1819, Heinrich Köchert joined in as an associate (he was from a German family of carpenters [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) ), and married Pioté's step-sister. By 1827, the Prince Metternich (/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich) was the most prestigious client of the goldsmith shop Pioté and Köchert. When the emperor Francis II (/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor) contracted Pioté and Köchert to create a golden box for the ambassador, the shop became the first official jeweler to the King («Kaiserlich-Königlicher Hofjuwelier»). The goldsmiths also made the 27-star crown for Empress Elisabeth of Austria (/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria) (the «Sisi Sterne») that launched a new fashion in Europe. Alexander Emmanuel Köchert was tasked in 1844 with adding pearls to the Imperial Crown of Austria (/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria) . The shop was located in the Palais Pallavicini (/wiki/Palais_Pallavicini) before it moved to Hoher Markt 15 in 1873 in a shop designed by Theophil Hansen (/wiki/Theophil_Hansen) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Pioté retired in 1848 and Köchert became the sole owner. [5] (#cite_note-5) The royal crown of the Empress Elisabeth made by Köchert was stolen in 1998 by Gerald Blanchard (/wiki/Gerald_Blanchard) , and recovered 9 years later in Winnipeg, Canada. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2005 the company opened a new branch in Salzburg (/wiki/Salzburg) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2014, the Köchert family became a Henokiens (/wiki/Henokiens) association member. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) In 2014, the company celebrated its 200th anniversary. [9] (#cite_note-9) Governance [ edit ] A. E. Köchert is headed by Christoph and Florian Köchert. The founders of the dynasty have set up a rule that only two heirs could own the family business at any given time. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Le joaillier confidentiel des dynasties couronnées" (https://www.bilan.ch/luxe/le-joaillier-confidentiel-des-dynasties-couronnees) . Bilan (in French). 6 April 2019 . Retrieved 2020-04-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Ikon TV | Koechert JEWELS" (http://www.exero.com/dvd/JEWELLERY_S3E3_Wolfgang_Florian_Kochert_Koechert.html) . www.exero.com . Retrieved 2020-04-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b "A. E. Köchert, ein Nobeljuwelier auf Tradition bedacht - derStandard.de" (https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000069881025/nobeljuwelier-auf-tradition-bedacht) . DER STANDARD (in Austrian German) . Retrieved 2020-04-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Shopping in Vienna" (https://secretvienna.org/the-story-of-the-jewelry-a-e-kochert/) . Secret Vienna Tours . Retrieved 2020-04-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "A. E. Köchert | artnet" (http://www.artnet.com/artists/a-e-k%C3%B6chert/) . www.artnet.com . Retrieved 2020-04-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Stolen royal jewel found in Winnipeg" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/stolen-royal-jewel-found-in-winnipeg-1.654916) . CBC . 1 June 2007 . Retrieved 22 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bearman, Joshuah (2010-03-22). "Art of the Steal: On the Trail of World's Most Ingenious Thief" (https://www.wired.com/2010/03/ff-masterthief-blanchard/) . Wired . Vol. 18, no. 4. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1059-1028 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028) . Retrieved 2020-04-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Köchert - 200 years" (https://www.meisterstrasse.com/koechert-juweliere) . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "200 Jahre Juweliere A.E. Köchert: Prinz Ernst August bei Feier in Wien" (https://www.vienna.at/200-jahre-juweliere-a-e-koechert-prinz-ernst-august-bei-feier-in-wien/4124845) . vienna.at . 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 2020-04-22 . This article contains translated text from A. E. Köchert (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._K%C3%B6chert) on the German Wikipedia (/wiki/German_Wikipedia) retrieved on 1 May 2017. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to A. E. Köchert (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:A._E._K%C3%B6chert) . Homepage (http://www.koechert.com) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/239619088) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91118123) This article on an Austrian company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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See also: Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Andhra_Pradesh) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐687d5b87c4‐tfn9b Cached time: 20240709220008 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.026 seconds Real time usage: 0.041 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 24/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 377/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.011/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 626426/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 35.032 1 -total 100.00% 35.032 1 Template:See_also_cat 15.61% 5.468 1 Template:Category_see_also/Category_pair_check Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55837918-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709220008 and revision id 827796493. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. + Female models from Hyderabad, India (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Hyderabad,_India) ‎ (23 P) Pages in category "Female models from Andhra Pradesh" The following 11 pages are in this category, out of 11 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Soumya Bollapragada (/wiki/Soumya_Bollapragada) D Sobhita Dhulipala (/wiki/Sobhita_Dhulipala) G Sindhura Gadde (/wiki/Sindhura_Gadde) Serin George (/wiki/Serin_George) M Bindu Madhavi (/wiki/Bindu_Madhavi) N Leela Naidu (/wiki/Leela_Naidu) P Ipsita Pati (/wiki/Ipsita_Pati) Pujita Ponnada (/wiki/Pujita_Ponnada) R Elizabeth Anita Reddi (/wiki/Elizabeth_Anita_Reddi) V Sunitha Varma (/wiki/Sunitha_Varma) W Zarina Wahab (/wiki/Zarina_Wahab) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Female_models_from_Andhra_Pradesh&oldid=827796493 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Female_models_from_Andhra_Pradesh&oldid=827796493) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Indian female models by state or union territory (/wiki/Category:Indian_female_models_by_state_or_union_territory) Models from Andhra Pradesh (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Andhra_Pradesh) Women from Andhra Pradesh by occupation (/wiki/Category:Women_from_Andhra_Pradesh_by_occupation)
Fashion collection by Alexander McQueen Look 51, a gold bodysuit (/wiki/Bodysuit) with extreme cutouts, styled with a loose, open, marble-patterned blouse and gold sandals, worn by Valentina Zelyaeva (/wiki/Valentina_Zelyaeva) [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) Neptune (Spring/Summer 2006) is the twenty-seventh collection by British designer Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) for his eponymous fashion house (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) . It took inspiration from classical Greek clothing (/wiki/Classical_Greek_clothing) , 1980s fashion (/wiki/1980s_fashion) , and the work of artists influential in that decade. The runway show was staged during Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) on 7 October 2005 at the industrial warehouse of the Imprimerie Nationale (/wiki/Imprimerie_Nationale) . Two main phases were presented, with 56 looks total: the first phase comprised monochrome black clothing, while the second featured a white, green, and gold palette. The collection's clothing and runway show both lacked McQueen's signature theatricality, and critical reception at launch and in retrospect was negative. Items from Neptune appeared in the 2022 exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse (/w/index.php?title=Lee_Alexander_McQueen:_Mind,_Mythos,_Muse&action=edit&redlink=1) . Background [ edit ] British fashion designer Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) was known for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel201113–14-2) [3] (#cite_note-:172-3) [4] (#cite_note-:182-4) During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism (/wiki/Historicism_(art)) , romanticism (/wiki/Romanticism) , femininity, sexuality, and death. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel201113–14-2) [5] (#cite_note-:17-5) [6] (#cite_note-:18-6) His fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) were theatrical to the point of verging on performance art (/wiki/Performance_art) . [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason201210-7) [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox201613-8) Sarah Burton (/wiki/Sarah_Burton) , his assistant during much of his career, later recalled that he "just didn't like doing normal catwalk shows". [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton2011227-9) In the years preceding Neptune (Spring/Summer 2006), however, McQueen had reached a point of exhaustion with his career and the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) , at one point saying, "I go in, I do my business, do the parties, and leave." [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015333-10) Some critics felt that his work – particularly The Man Who Knew Too Much (/w/index.php?title=The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)&action=edit&redlink=1) (Autumn/Winter 2005), which immediately preceded Neptune – had become increasingly conventional, prompting concerns that he was losing his touch for showmanship. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015333-10) [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) Others, believing that McQueen tended to alternate between low-key and spectacular shows, anticipated that Neptune would be a return to extravagance. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason2012141-12) [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015317-13) Concept and collection [ edit ] Sketch of women wearing clothing in the style of ancient Greece (/wiki/Ancient_Greek_clothing) First Lady Nancy Reagan (/wiki/Nancy_Reagan) wearing a suit with shoulder pads (/wiki/Shoulder_pad_(fashion)) , 1986 Greek-inspired Gianni Versace (/wiki/Gianni_Versace) mini shift dress (/wiki/Shift_dress) in gold chain mail with belts, unknown year The collection was named for Neptune (/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)) , the sea god (/wiki/Sea_god) of Roman mythology (/wiki/Roman_mythology) . The theming was loose, with elements drawn from the clothing of ancient Greece (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) and fashion of the 1980s (/wiki/1980s_fashion) . [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015333-10) [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) There was a notable influence from power dressing (/wiki/Power_dressing) , a trend in which women embraced business wear (/wiki/Business_wear) – especially tailored suits (/wiki/Suit) and shoulder pads (/wiki/Shoulder_pad_(fashion)) – in order to project a powerful or successful presence in the workplace (/wiki/Workplace) . [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) In his pre-show statement, McQueen said "I'm bringing sex back to the market. Women want to be excited again". [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) He called Neptune a transitional collection, as he was "trying to find my niche. What do I do best? Sexy tailoring, sexy clothes." [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) Accordingly, many designs were cut to be revealing, with short hemlines, sheer panels, and skin otherwise exposed. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015317-13) [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016206-17) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen202231-18) Draped garments and column dresses referenced ancient Greek clothing. Look 55 from the runway show referenced the chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(garment)) , an ancient Greek garment, but substituted the traditional belt with a panel of beaded mesh, and had a modern miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) hemline. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen202231-18) Looks 28 and 29, both long slim white dresses, bore similarities to classical caryatid (/wiki/Caryatid) columns as well as dresses from the classical revival (/wiki/Classical_revival) of the 19th century. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen202231-18) Some garments had decorative elements that displayed creatures from Greek mythology (/wiki/Greek_mythology) , such as the hippocampus (/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)) and the phoenix (/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)) . [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen202231-18) The clothing in Neptune had clear references to designers whose work helped define the look of the 1980s: Tunisian designer Azzedine Alaïa (/wiki/Azzedine_Ala%C3%AFa) , who was known for his body-conscious designs, and Italian designer Gianni Versace (/wiki/Gianni_Versace) , whose work has been described as walking a thin line between seductive and tawdry. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason2012141-12) [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015317-13) Critics also saw inspiration from Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) in the tightly pleated skirts of some ensembles, including Look 13. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015317-13) [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox201068-19) McQueen cited additional inspiration from fashion photographer Guy Bourdin (/wiki/Guy_Bourdin) , artist Jean-Paul Goude (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Goude) , both French, and Jamaican performer Grace Jones (/wiki/Grace_Jones) , all of whom contributed to the hard, high-glamour look of the 1980s. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason2012141-12) [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015317-13) Runway show [ edit ] Look 13 (left) and Look 55 (right), presented at the exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse (2023 staging) The runway show for Neptune was staged during Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) on 7 October 2005 at the industrial warehouse of the Imprimerie Nationale (/wiki/Imprimerie_Nationale) in Paris. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason2012141-12) [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016345-20) The invitation was a black and white photo of a model in a bubble bath (/wiki/Bubble_bath) whose nude form was only partially obscured by bubbles. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015317-13) McQueen's longtime collaborator Shaun Leane (/wiki/Shaun_Leane_(jeweller)) provided jewellery. [21] (#cite_note-:3-21) Joseph Bennett, who had designed all of McQueen's runways since No. 13 (Spring/Summer 1999), returned to handle set design (/wiki/Set_design) . [22] (#cite_note-22) The show's simplicity was an extreme departure from the over-the-top spectacles reviewers had come to expect from McQueen: models walked down an unadorned 30-foot (9 m) concrete runway with stark lighting, posed briefly, then returned without fanfare. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015317-13) [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason2012142-23) It was closer in style to the budget-strapped shows from his early days, such as Nihilism (Spring/Summer 1994). [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015317-13) The soundtrack was built from female artists known for their self-confidence: primarily 1980s rock music (/wiki/Rock_music) , represented by songs from Siouxsie and the Banshees (/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees) and Suzi Quatro (/wiki/Suzi_Quatro) , as well as tracks from Ike and Tina Turner (/wiki/Ike_%26_Tina_Turner) , Missy Elliott (/wiki/Missy_Elliott) , and Aretha Franklin (/wiki/Aretha_Franklin) . [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015317-13) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen202231-18) All models were at least 5'11", echoing the trend for Amazonian supermodels (/wiki/Supermodel) of the 1980s. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason2012141-12) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen202231-18) Bare legs and gladiator sandals (/wiki/Gladiator_sandal) with stiletto heels (/wiki/Stiletto_heel) further emphasised their stature. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016206-17) Eugene Souleiman (/wiki/Eugene_Souleiman) styled hair, which was slicked back on top and left to flow in waves across the shoulders. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016345-20) [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) Charlotte Tilbury (/wiki/Charlotte_Tilbury) styled makeup in a "simple and glamorous" style. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason2012141-12) [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016345-20) Some models carried handbags (/wiki/Handbag) , which McQueen had debuted in the previous season. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason2012145-25) At the show's end, after the models took their final turn, McQueen appeared to take his bow. He wore a shirt reading "We Love You Kate" as a gesture of public support toward his friend, English supermodel Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , who at the time of the show was embroiled in a scandal over alleged drug use. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason2012145-25) [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012227–228-26) Two main phases were presented, with 56 looks total. The first half comprised monochrome black ensembles with white, silver, and grey accents and a focus on tailoring, while the second half involved outfits in a palette of white, green, and gold with a draped "Greek goddess" look. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015333-10) [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015317-13) Looks 33, 51, and 54 from the second phase featured metallic bodysuits (/wiki/Bodysuit) with extreme cut-outs, suggestive of swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) . [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason2012142-23) [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox201069-27) Some reviewers found that the second phase bore similarities to Search for the Golden Fleece (/w/index.php?title=Search_for_the_Golden_Fleece&action=edit&redlink=1) , McQueen's 1997 debut as head designer at Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) – that collection also took inspiration from Greek mythology and had a gold and white palette. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015333-10) [28] (#cite_note-28) Reception [ edit ] Looks 28 and 29 at Mind, Mythos, Muse Lacking McQueen's signature theatricality, Neptune was poorly received at launch. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen202231-18) Reviewers who expected the return of his bombastic runway shows were disappointed by the minimalist experience. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen202231-18) [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) Jess Cartner-Morley (/wiki/Jess_Cartner-Morley) of The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) noted that aside from McQueen's appearance in the Kate Moss shirt, the collection lacked his customary runway "shock tactics". [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) The presentation forced the focus onto the clothing, not necessarily to its benefit. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) Sarah Mower's review for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) was uniformly negative: she found both show and clothing dull. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) Both the staff writer for Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) and Cathy Horyn (/wiki/Cathy_Horyn) of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) commented on the aggressive aesthetic of the collection. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) Horyn wrote that McQueen had "grasped the notion of sexiness technically but not with feeling or belief". [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) The overly commercial designs led to the assumption that McQueen was designing for sales and producing clothes that lacked his usual artistic flair. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) Mower stated that she was not criticising McQueen for wanting to sell clothing, but felt that Neptune did not live up to his artistic capabilities. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) The staff writer for Women's Wear Daily agreed that McQueen might have been designing with sales numbers in mind, suggesting that McQueen was "stifling his brilliance". [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) Horyn compared McQueen and fellow British designer John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) – a common occurrence due to their roughly parallel career arcs and similarly maximalist styles – noting that both seemed to be reining in their creativity in favour of commercial appeal that season. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) [29] (#cite_note-29) Several critics drew unflattering comparisons to costumes from genre fiction (/wiki/Genre_fiction) . [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) Mower's review reserved particular scorn for the metallic bodysuits, which she wrote had "all the finesse of something left over from an eighties sci-fi TV series". [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) The staff writer for Women's Wear Daily found the collection had failed to achieve the Greek goddess look McQueen was going for, and called it "a meeting of Xena (/wiki/Xena) and a well-turned-out sci-fi high priestess". [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) Cartner-Morley described the collection as an "ill-matched" mix between 1970s rock and roll fashion (/wiki/1970s_fashion) and a Greek goddess look, with a result that looked more like comic book superheroine Wonder Woman (/wiki/Wonder_Woman) . [24] (#cite_note-:0-24) Some reviewers found positive aspects amid their criticism. Women's Wear Daily found the clothing in Neptune "more refined" than in Golden Fleece and called out Look 29, a long white column dress, as potential red carpet wear (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) , saying it should "prove hyper telegenic". [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) Horyn found Look 35, a tailored white trouser suit (/wiki/Trouser_suit) , to be the "smartest" and "subtlest" in the collection. [11] (#cite_note-:2-11) Legacy [ edit ] The exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, and Muse compared the collection's long white dresses to Caryatids of the Four Continents ( Aimé Jules Dalou (/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Jules_Dalou) , c. 1867 ). [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen202231-18) The collection is viewed with little enthusiasm in retrospect. In her 2012 biography of McQueen, Judith Watt wrote that it "screamed Cinecittà kitsch (/wiki/Kitsch) ", referring to the Cinecittà (/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0) film studio in Rome. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2012227-30) In her 2015 book Gods and Kings , Dana Thomas (/wiki/Dana_Thomas) called it a "soulless exercise" indicative of McQueen's late-career malaise, and wrote that the "only thing notable about that show" was the Kate Moss T-shirt. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015333-10) Andrew Wilson (/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(author)) does not even discuss the clothing in Blood Beneath the Skin , his 2015 biography of McQueen, mentioning the collection only to note the supportive gesture for Moss. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015299–300-31) Introducing the collection in Alexander McQueen: Unseen (2016), fashion theorist Claire Wilcox (/wiki/Claire_Wilcox) remarked that it was "perhaps the closest McQueen ever got to staging a beauty contest, albeit for superwomen." [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016206-17) The retrospective exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen:_Savage_Beauty) did not include any clothing from Neptune in either its 2011 staging at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) or its 2015 staging at London's Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton2011232–235-32) Items from Neptune owned by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art) appeared in Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse (/w/index.php?title=Lee_Alexander_McQueen:_Mind,_Mythos,_Muse&action=edit&redlink=1) , a 2022 exhibition that explored McQueen's work as it related to art history (/wiki/Art_history) . Neptune was placed in the "Mythos" section of the exhibition, which examined collections inspired by religion and mythology. [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen2022170–171-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) The exhibition compared the collection's long white dresses to Caryatids of the Four Continents (/w/index.php?title=Caryatids_of_the_Four_Continents&action=edit&redlink=1) ( c. 1867 ) by French sculptor Aimé Jules Dalou (/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Jules_Dalou) , noting that both evoked the idea of women as "pillars of strength". [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen202231-18) In 2017, Shaun Leane auctioned a number of pieces he had created for the house at Sotheby's (/wiki/Sotheby%27s) in New York, including three arm cuffs and a torc (/wiki/Torc) necklace from Neptune . The arm cuffs sold for an average of approximately $2900, and the necklace for $3,750. [21] (#cite_note-:3-21) Fashion collector Jennifer Zuiker auctioned her McQueen collection in 2020, including at least two pieces from Neptune . A nude bodysuit with severe cut-outs (Look 54) sold for a reported $3,437, while a green minidress (/wiki/Minidress) with jewelled accents (Look 56) sold for a reported $6,875. [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mower, Sarah (7 October 2005). "Alexander McQueen Spring 2006 ready-to-wear collection" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2006-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230419213741/https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2006-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen) from the original on 19 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ a b Frankel 2011 (#CITEREFFrankel2011) , pp. 13–14. ^ (#cite_ref-:172_3-0) "Alexander McQueen – an introduction" (https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/alexander-mcqueen-an-introduction) . Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:182_4-0) Mora, Juliana Luna; Berry, Jess (2 September 2022). "Creative Direction Succession in Luxury Fashion: The Illusion of Immortality at Chanel and Alexander McQueen" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039) . Luxury . 9 (2–3): 126, 128, 132. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20511817.2022.2194039) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2051-1817 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2051-1817) . ^ (#cite_ref-:17_5-0) "Alexander McQueen – an introduction" (https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/alexander-mcqueen-an-introduction) . Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210317231608/https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/alexander-mcqueen-an-introduction) from the original on 17 March 2021 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:18_6-0) Mora, Juliana Luna; Berry, Jess (2 September 2022). "Creative Direction Succession in Luxury Fashion: The Illusion of Immortality at Chanel and Alexander McQueen" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039) . Luxury . 9 (2–3): 126, 128, 132. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20511817.2022.2194039) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2051-1817 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2051-1817) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231124035643/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039) from the original on 24 November 2023 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleason201210_7-0) Gleason 2012 (#CITEREFGleason2012) , p. 10. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox201613_8-0) Fairer & Wilcox 2016 (#CITEREFFairerWilcox2016) , p. 13. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolton2011227_9-0) Bolton 2011 (#CITEREFBolton2011) , p. 227. ^ a b c d e f Thomas 2015 (#CITEREFThomas2015) , p. 333. ^ a b c d e f Horyn, Cathy (/wiki/Cathy_Horyn) (10 October 2005). "Galliano, still the master showman" (https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA137338375&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-ITOF&asid=7b0e3178) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230420170938/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA137338375&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-ITOF&asid=7b0e3178) from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ a b c d e f Gleason 2012 (#CITEREFGleason2012) , p. 141. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bethune 2015 (#CITEREFBethune2015) , p. 317. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Sweet and sexy; certain designers favored romantic, even rose-covered pieces, while others transmitted racier messages with stripped-down, eighties-style looks or souped-up, sci-fi styles" (https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA137409890&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-ITOF&asid=27ae392e) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . 10 October 2005. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230420170935/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA137409890&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-ITOF&asid=27ae392e) from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) d'Avignon, Angella (26 December 2017). "The power suit's subversive legacy" (https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/12/the-power-suits-subversive-legacy/549200/) . The Atlantic (/wiki/The_Atlantic) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230622144547/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/12/the-power-suits-subversive-legacy/549200/) from the original on 22 June 2023 . Retrieved 22 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Jana, Rosalind (9 June 2022). "The unsung fashion designer that defined 80s power dressing" (https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/ake7eb/claude-montana-80s-power-dressing-designer) . i-D (/wiki/I-D) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230622144546/https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/ake7eb/claude-montana-80s-power-dressing-designer) from the original on 22 June 2023 . Retrieved 22 June 2023 . ^ a b c Fairer & Wilcox 2016 (#CITEREFFairerWilcox2016) , p. 206. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Esguerra & Hansen 2022 (#CITEREFEsguerraHansen2022) , p. 31. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox201068_19-0) Knox 2010 (#CITEREFKnox2010) , p. 68. ^ a b c Fairer & Wilcox 2016 (#CITEREFFairerWilcox2016) , p. 345. ^ a b "Couture Fashion Jewellery: The Personal Archive of Shaun Leane - N09794" (https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/2017/couture-fashion-jewellery-personal-archive-shaun-leane-n09794.html) . Sotheby's (/wiki/Sotheby%27s) . 2017 . Retrieved 31 March 2024 . Items 1–4; must be logged in to see actual selling price. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Interview: Joseph Bennett on Lee McQueen" (https://www.showstudio.com/projects/unseen_mcqueen/interview_joseph_bennett?autoplay=1) . SHOWstudio (/wiki/SHOWstudio) . 16 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ a b Gleason 2012 (#CITEREFGleason2012) , p. 142. ^ a b c d e f Cartner-Morley, Jess (/wiki/Jess_Cartner-Morley) (8 October 2005). "Model behaviour: McQueen's clothes do the talking" (https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA137303991&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-ITOF&asid=329f91ae) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230420224125/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA137303991&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-ITOF&asid=329f91ae) from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ a b Gleason 2012 (#CITEREFGleason2012) , p. 145. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2012227–228_26-0) Watt 2012 (#CITEREFWatt2012) , pp. 227–228. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox201069_27-0) Knox 2010 (#CITEREFKnox2010) , p. 69. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Borrelli-Persson, Laird (18 June 2020). "Givenchy Spring 1997 couture collection" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-1997-couture/givenchy) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230420151208/https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-1997-couture/givenchy) from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Mower, Sarah (22 February 2015). "Gods and Kings by Dana Thomas and Alexander McQueen by Andrew Wilson review – brutally unsympathetic lives" (https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/feb/22/gods-and-kings-alexander-mcqueen-john-galliano-dana-thomas-beneath-the-skin-andrew-wilson-brutal-bio) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220921213128/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/feb/22/gods-and-kings-alexander-mcqueen-john-galliano-dana-thomas-beneath-the-skin-andrew-wilson-brutal-bio) from the original on 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 18 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2012227_30-0) Watt 2012 (#CITEREFWatt2012) , p. 227. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2015299–300_31-0) Wilson 2015 (#CITEREFWilson2015) , pp. 299–300. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolton2011232–235_32-0) Bolton 2011 (#CITEREFBolton2011) , pp. 232–235. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen2022170–171_33-0) Esguerra & Hansen 2022 (#CITEREFEsguerraHansen2022) , pp. 170–171. ^ (#cite_ref-34) Chou, Chloe (17 March 2023). "Behind the seams: Inside the NGV's breathtaking Alexander McQueen exhibition" (https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/inside-the-ngvs-breathtaking-alexander-mcqueen-exhibition) . Vogue India (/wiki/Vogue_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230420151209/https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/inside-the-ngvs-breathtaking-alexander-mcqueen-exhibition) from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Yotka, Steff (25 August 2020). "A treasure trove of Alexander McQueen pieces will go up for auction this September" (https://www.vogue.com/article/alexander-mcqueen-auction-jennifer-zuiker-doyle) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220811125023/https://www.vogue.com/article/alexander-mcqueen-auction-jennifer-zuiker-doyle) from the original on 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 13 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Nude cut-out body suit, (https://doyle.com/auctions/20mq01-art-alexander-mcqueen-jennifer-zuiker-collection/catalogue/29-nude-cut-out-body) Neptune , Spring-Summer 2006" (https://doyle.com/auctions/20mq01-art-alexander-mcqueen-jennifer-zuiker-collection/catalogue/29-nude-cut-out-body) . Doyle New York (/wiki/Doyle_New_York) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230420151209/https://doyle.com/auctions/20mq01-art-alexander-mcqueen-jennifer-zuiker-collection/catalogue/29-nude-cut-out-body) from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Green and gold strap dress, (https://doyle.com/auctions/20mq01-art-alexander-mcqueen-jennifer-zuiker-collection/catalogue/7-green-and-gold-strap) Neptune , Spring/Summer 2006" (https://doyle.com/auctions/20mq01-art-alexander-mcqueen-jennifer-zuiker-collection/catalogue/7-green-and-gold-strap) . Doyle New York (/wiki/Doyle_New_York) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230420151208/https://doyle.com/auctions/20mq01-art-alexander-mcqueen-jennifer-zuiker-collection/catalogue/7-green-and-gold-strap) from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . Bibliography [ edit ] Bethune, Kate (2015). "Encyclopedia of Collections". In Wilcox, Claire (ed.). Alexander McQueen . New York City: Abrams Books (/wiki/Abrams_Books) . pp. 303–326. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4197-1723-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 891618596 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/891618596) . Bolton, Andrew (/wiki/Andrew_Bolton_(curator)) (2011). Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty . New York City: Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58839-412-5 . Frankel, Susannah (/wiki/Susannah_Frankel) . Introduction. In Bolton (2011) (#CITEREFBolton2011) , pp. 17–27. Esguerra, Clarissa M.; Hansen, Michaela (2022). Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse . New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) : Delmonico Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-63681-018-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1289986708 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1289986708) . Fairer, Robert (/wiki/Robert_Fairer) ; Wilcox, Claire (/wiki/Claire_Wilcox) (2016). Alexander McQueen: Unseen . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press (/wiki/Yale_University_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-22267-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 946216643 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/946216643) . Gleason, Katherine (2012). Alexander McQueen: Evolution . New York City: Race Point Publishing (/wiki/Race_Point_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61058-837-9 . Knox, Kristin (2010). Alexander McQueen: Genius of a Generation . London: A&C Black (/wiki/A%26C_Black) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4081-3223-4 . Thomas, Dana (/wiki/Dana_Thomas) (2015). Gods and Kings: The Rise and Fall of Alexander McQueen and John Galliano . New York City: Penguin Publishing (/wiki/Penguin_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-101-61795-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 951153602 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951153602) . Watt, Judith (2012). Alexander McQueen: The Life and the Legacy . New York City: Harper Design (/wiki/Harper_Design) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84796-085-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 892706946 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/892706946) . Wilson, Andrew (/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(author)) (2015). Alexander McQueen: Blood Beneath the Skin . New York City: Simon and Schuster (/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4767-7674-3 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neptune (Alexander McQueen collection) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neptune_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) . "Women's Spring / Summer 06: "Neptune" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101025084401/http://alexandermcqueen.com/int/en/corporate/archive2006.aspx) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20101025084401/http://alexandermcqueen.com/int/en/corporate/archive2006.aspx) . Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) . Archived from the original (http://www.alexandermcqueen.com/int/en/corporate/archive2006.aspx) on 25 October 2010 . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . Alexander McQueen | Women's Spring/Summer 2006 on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)) v t e Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) Label Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(fashion_house)) Sarah Burton (/wiki/Sarah_Burton) (former creative director) Collections (/wiki/List_of_Alexander_McQueen_collections) Early years Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims (/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_Stalks_His_Victims) (1992 graduation collection) Taxi Driver (/wiki/Taxi_Driver_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1993)† Nihilism (/wiki/Nihilism_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 1994)‡ The Birds (/wiki/The_Birds_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 1995) Highland Rape (/wiki/Highland_Rape) (A/W 1995) The Hunger (/wiki/The_Hunger_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 1996) Dante (/wiki/Dante_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1996) It's a Jungle Out There (/wiki/It%27s_a_Jungle_Out_There_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1997) Joan (/wiki/Joan_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1998) Mid-career The Overlook (/wiki/The_Overlook_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1999) Eye (/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 2000) The Dance of the Twisted Bull (/wiki/The_Dance_of_the_Twisted_Bull) (S/S 2002) Irere (/wiki/Irere_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 2003) Pantheon ad Lucem (/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem) (A/W 2004) Final works Neptune (S/S 2006) The Widows of Culloden (/wiki/The_Widows_of_Culloden) (A/W 2006) The Girl Who Lived in the Tree (/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree) (A/W 2008) Designs Armadillo shoe (/wiki/Armadillo_shoe) Bumster (/wiki/Bumster) Illusion of Kate Moss (/wiki/Illusion_of_Kate_Moss) Oyster dress (/wiki/Oyster_dress) No. 13 finale (/wiki/No._13_Finale) Union Jack coat (/wiki/Earthling_(album)) In media Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen:_Savage_Beauty) Gods and Kings: The Rise and Fall of Alexander McQueen and John Galliano (/wiki/Gods_and_Kings:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Alexander_McQueen_and_John_Galliano) McQueen (/wiki/McQueen_(play)) (2015 play) McQueen (/wiki/McQueen_(film)) (2018 documentary film) Related articles Isabella Blow (/wiki/Isabella_Blow) Shaun Leane (/wiki/Shaun_Leane_(jeweller)) Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy) ‡S/S = Spring/Summer †A/W = Autumn/Winter NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐nfxtd Cached time: 20240721042630 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.758 seconds Real time usage: 0.924 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5731/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 105708/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7528/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 131209/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.476/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9250310/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 812.594 1 -total 26.02% 211.446 1 Template:Reflist 19.84% 161.193 54 Template:Sfn 12.28% 99.763 3 Template:Cite_magazine 10.84% 88.104 1 Template:Alexander_McQueen 10.81% 87.826 2 Template:Navbox 7.70% 62.609 1 Template:Short_description 6.70% 54.429 62 Template:Main_other 6.30% 51.223 11 Template:Cite_web 6.10% 49.582 9 Template:Cite_book Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73593844-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721042630 and revision id 1231943185. 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Danish fashion designer Bitte Kai Rand (born 1956) is a Danish fashion designer who established her own firm in 1981. Catering to mature women, her winter designs frequently consist of knitwear, while her elegant summer clothes are based mainly on cotton. She has successfully produced items that are considered timeless. With sales outlets in most of Europe, her shops can be found in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. [1] (#cite_note-dsd-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Biography [ edit ] Born in 1956, Bitte Kai was the youngest of the five children of a Copenhagen dealer in sand and gravel. Brought up in the Copenhagen suburb of Charlottenlund (/wiki/Charlottenlund) , she showed an interest in sewing from an early age, cutting her mother's cloth to pieces while her siblings followed their academic development. [4] (#cite_note-main-4) After attending the Scandinavian Academy of Fashion Design (/wiki/Scandinavian_Academy_of_Fashion_Design) (1973–1975) and the School of Design at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts) (1975–1979), she began to design clothing for teenagers. [1] (#cite_note-dsd-1) Despite all expectations, Bitte Kai proved to be a successful designer, opening her own firm in 1981 when she was only 25. [4] (#cite_note-main-4) In 1983, she married the businessman Michael Rand, who fully supported her own business goals. They have two children, Carl and Oscar, both of whom are now involved in the family business. [5] (#cite_note-5) Rand has become one of the leading Danish fashion designers. She brings out six new collections a year, focusing on quality and functionality. They are sold at some 450 outlets in most of Europe. In Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, the firm has its own shops, but there are also showrooms in London and Paris. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ a b Thomsen, Bodil Marie. "Bitte Kai Rand" (http://denstoredanske.dk/Livsstil,_sport_og_fritid/Bekl%C3%A6dning_og_stil/Mode/Bitte_Kai_Rand) (in Danish). Gyldendal: Den Store Danske . Retrieved 22 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Omi. "Bitte Kai Rand and the Trapeze of Ethno-Techno" (https://www.deuxmag.com/fashion-week-coverage/bittekairand) . Deux Magazine . Retrieved 22 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Axholm, Anne (21 January 2019). "Jeg torde ikke tro på meg selv" (https://www.kk.no/mote/jeg-torde-ikke-tro-pa-meg-selv/70668707) (in Danish). Aller Media: KK . Retrieved 22 November 2019 . ^ a b Axholm, Anne (17 September 2018). "3 Højdepunkter i Bitte Kai Raids Karriere" (https://www.mainlifestyle.dk/livsstil/interviews/3-hoejdepunkter-i-bitte-kai-rands-karriere) (in Danish). Main . Retrieved 22 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Bitte Kai Rand" (https://nordjyske.dk/nyheder/bitte-kai-rand/811fbc35-0c56-4b43-bc6f-811cc053afa6) (in Danish). NordJyske. 23 August 2009 . Retrieved 22 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Bitte Kai Rand" (https://safd.dk/en/team/bitte-kai-rand/) (in Danish). Scandinavian Academy of Fashion Design . Retrieved 22 November 2019 . External links [ edit ] Bitte Kai Rand's website (https://www.bittekairand.com/en/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐769f687954‐fh4kv Cached time: 20240709122006 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.376 seconds Real time usage: 0.455 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 473/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10503/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 408/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22497/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.260/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4185570/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 436.478 1 -total 60.19% 262.728 1 Template:Reflist 51.18% 223.383 6 Template:Cite_web 29.08% 126.940 1 Template:Short_description 15.55% 67.877 2 Template:Pagetype 9.00% 39.276 1 Template:Authority_control_(arts) 7.50% 32.716 3 Template:Main_other 6.66% 29.064 1 Template:SDcat 0.94% 4.122 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62406876-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709122006 and revision id 1213453447. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitte_Kai_Rand&oldid=1213453447 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitte_Kai_Rand&oldid=1213453447) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1956 births (/wiki/Category:1956_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Danish fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Danish_fashion_designers) 20th-century Danish businesspeople (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Danish_businesspeople) 21st-century Danish businesspeople (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Danish_businesspeople) Danish women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Danish_women_fashion_designers) 20th-century Danish businesswomen (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Danish_businesswomen) 21st-century Danish businesswomen (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Danish_businesswomen) People from Gentofte Municipality (/wiki/Category:People_from_Gentofte_Municipality) Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni (/wiki/Category:Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_alumni) Hidden categories: CS1 Danish-language sources (da) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
Fashion stylist Brittany Diego Born 1994 (age 29–30) Belize (/wiki/Belize) Education Downtown Magnets High School (/wiki/Downtown_Magnets_High_School) Alma mater Woodbury University (/wiki/Woodbury_University) ( BFA (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts) ) Occupation Fashion stylist (/wiki/Fashion_stylist) Years active 2011–present Title Founder of Fashion Mentor Brittany Diego (born 1994) is an American fashion stylist (/wiki/Fashion_stylist) and founder of Fashion Mentor based in Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) . [1] (#cite_note-1) She has worked for Trevor Jackson (/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(performer)) , Draya Michele (/wiki/Draya_Michele) , [2] (#cite_note-2) Karen Civil (/wiki/Karen_Civil) , DaniLeigh (/wiki/DaniLeigh) [3] (#cite_note-3) and companies including TechStyle Fashion Group (/wiki/TechStyle_Fashion_Group) , MTV (/wiki/MTV) and The CW (/wiki/The_CW) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-queensessions-5) Biography [ edit ] Early life and education [ edit ] Diego was born in Belize (/wiki/Belize) before moving to Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) in the early 2000's. [6] (#cite_note-kultura-6) Diego wanted to be in the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) since the age of ten and set her sights on becoming a fashion designer. [7] (#cite_note-7) She attended Downtown Magnets High School (/wiki/Downtown_Magnets_High_School) in the Academy of Fashion Design & Merchandising, and attended Woodbury University (/wiki/Woodbury_University) where she majored in fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) and worked on various internships (/wiki/Internship) . [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-strut-9) Career [ edit ] After graduating college, she was disappointed because of her only landing internships but also because of the "toxic mindset in the industry that needed to be corrected." [6] (#cite_note-kultura-6) She then landed a job with an employer who, shortly after, laid her off. After that, she spent her time on creating a new company called Fashion Mentor. She struggled when opening the business, saying in an interview, "burnt myself out. I quickly realized, if I wanted Fashion Mentor to grow, I would need help from others who supported my vision, and it was the best decision I ever made." [9] (#cite_note-strut-9) She then started being independent, documenting her works on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) where she also gave advice to others like her. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2021, she was featured on Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) ' s Next 1000. [11] (#cite_note-11) Fashion Mentor [ edit ] Fashion Mentor Founded April 2018 ; 6 years ago ( 2018 -04 ) in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California Founder Brittney Diego Website www (https://www.fashionmentor.co/) .fashionmentor (https://www.fashionmentor.co/) .co (https://www.fashionmentor.co/) Fashion Mentor is described as a "career development platform that provides millennials with the tools, resources, and knowledge to lead successful careers in the fashion industry through digital products, workshops, and virtual classes." Diego started the company as a way to have up-and-coming stylists have a successful career with the right resources. [9] (#cite_note-strut-9) It was originally a blog (/wiki/Blog) that documented things she learned before expanding into a digital platform with a podcast (/wiki/Podcast) , YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) channel and an online community. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) It has started classes since March 2019. [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Meet Brittany Diego in Inglewood" (http://voyagela.com/interview/meet-brittany-diego-brittany-diego-inglewood/) . VoyageLA . March 20, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Brown, Shalaeya (January 24, 2018). "EXCLUSIVE: Draya Michele Flexes Her Boss Muscles In A Shoot She Creative Directed And Modeled In" (https://www.bet.com/article/q45q43/exclusive-see-draya-michele-s-70s-inspired-shoot) . BET (/wiki/BET) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Rivas, Mekita (February 11, 2020). "CELEBRITIES AND THEIR STYLISTS ARE USING THE RED CARPET TO LIFT UP DESIGNERS OF COLOR" (https://fashionista.com/2020/02/celebrities-stylists-red-carpet-designers-of-color) . Fashionista (/wiki/Fashionista_(website)) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "About" (https://www.fashionmentor.co/about) . Fashion Mentor . ^ (#cite_ref-queensessions_5-0) Arroyo, Xiara (February 6, 2020). "Brittany Diego: The Stylist Turned Fashion Mentor" (https://thequeensessions.com/2020/02/06/brittany-diego-the-stylist-turned-fashion-mentor/) . The Queen Sessions . ^ Jump up to: a b "BRITTANY DIEGO IS BUILDING BLACK AND BROWN REPRESENTATION IN THE FASHION INDUSTRY" (https://www.kulturamag.com/article/brittany-diego) . Kultura Magazine . March 1, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Vo, Thao (November 15, 2020). "Celebrity Fashion Stylist, Brittany Diego on Passing Down Her Knowledge of Fashion Through 'Fashion Mentor' (http://www.sheenmagazine.com/celebrity-fashion-stylist-brittany-diego-on-passing-down-her-knowledge-of-fashion-through-fashion-mentor/) " (http://www.sheenmagazine.com/celebrity-fashion-stylist-brittany-diego-on-passing-down-her-knowledge-of-fashion-through-fashion-mentor/) . Sheen Magazine (/wiki/Sheen_Magazine) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "DMHS Suns making their mark!" (https://www.downtownmagnets.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=1039909&type=d&pREC_ID=2261586) . Downtown Magnets High School (/wiki/Downtown_Magnets_High_School) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Behind HER Brand: Brittany Diego" (https://strutinhershoes.org/2021/10/brittany-diego/) . Strut in HER Shoes . October 7, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Brittany Diego of Fashion Mentor on making self-care a priority as an entrepreneur, and why she wants her team to feel like they are making a difference" (https://entreprenista.com/brittany-diego-of-fashion-mentor-on-making-self-care-a-priority-as-an-entrepreneur-and-why-she-wants-her-team-to-feel-like-they-are-making-a-difference/) . Entreprenista . May 27, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Brittany Diego" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/brittany-diego/?sh=43c516e943c8) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Meet The 26 Year Old Stylist Mentoring Fashions Future" (https://billionsuccess.com/brittany-diego/) . Billion Success . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Meet Brittany Diego of Fashion Mentor" (http://voyagela.com/interview/meet-brittany-diego-fashion-mentor-inglewood/) . VoyageLA . June 22, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Meet Brittany Diego — Celebrity Fashion Stylist & Founder" (https://shoutoutla.com/meet-brittany-diego-celebrity-fashion-stylist-founder/) . Shoutout LA . October 5, 2020. 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Manuel Mota Cerrillo [1] (#cite_note-1) (9 July 1966 ‒ 8 January 2013) was a Spanish dress designer and creative director of Spanish fashion company, Pronovias (/wiki/Pronovias) , for 23 years. Mota was born in Reus (/wiki/Reus) , Tarragona (/wiki/Province_of_Tarragona) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) . He created dresses for some of the world's top models including Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) from Australia (/wiki/Australia) , Bar Refaeli (/wiki/Bar_Refaeli) from Israel (/wiki/Israel) , and Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) from the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) . [2] (#cite_note-2) On 8 January 2013 Mota was found dead at his home in Sitges (/wiki/Sitges) , Barcelona (/wiki/Province_of_Barcelona) , Spain. [3] (#cite_note-3) He was 46. Various press reports have listed the cause of death as suicide, though the official cause has yet [ when? ] to be confirmed by Spanish authorities. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Full name (https://romarin.es/marca/manuel-mota/) (in Spanish) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Spanish fashion designer Manuel Mota dies" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130109195003/http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/world/spanish-fashion-designer-manuel-mota-dies/story-e6frfkui-1226550805500) . news.com.au. 2013-01-10. Archived from the original (http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/world/spanish-fashion-designer-manuel-mota-dies/story-e6frfkui-1226550805500) on 2013-01-09 . Retrieved 2013-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Fallece el diseñador de Pronovias, el catalán Manuel Mota" (http://www.eleconomista.es/noticias/noticias/4516186/01/13/Fallece-el-disenador-catalan-Manuel-Mota.html) . eleconomista.es. 2013-01-09 . Retrieved 2013-01-10 . (in Spanish) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Celebrity wedding dress designer Manuel Mota in apparent suicide; Designer from Spain created gown for Rod Stewart's bride Penny Lancaster, among others - NY Daily News" (http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/fashion/celebrity-wedding-dress-designer-apparent-suicide-article-1.1236609) . nydailynews.com . Retrieved 2018-07-25 . External links [ edit ] Ella Alexander, "Pronovias Creative Director Manuel Mota Dies", (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2013/01/09/pronovias-creative-director-manuel-mota-dies) Vogue UK (January 9, 2013) (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2013/01/09/pronovias-creative-director-manuel-mota-dies) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/87957785) National Spain (http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX962785) This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Mota_(fashion_designer)&action=edit) . v t e This Spanish biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Submission declined on 30 January 2024 by Aviram7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Aviram7) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Aviram7) ). This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:RS) . Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) and Citing sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) . This submission's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) —that is, they do not show significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in published , reliable , secondary sources that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the subject (see the guidelines on the notability of people (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) ). 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Add tags to your draft show Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kasmere+Trice%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kasmere+Trice%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kasmere+Trice%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kasmere+Trice%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Kasmere+Trice%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Kasmere+Trice%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kasmere+Trice%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Kasmere+Trice%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Kasmere_Trice) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Kasmere_Trice&defaults=y) Declined by Aviram7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Aviram7) 5 months ago. Last edited by Citation bot (/wiki/User:Citation_bot) 5 months ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:WikiBosses&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. American model and actress Kasmere Trice (born December 30th, 1993) is an American model and actress. After modeling for several popular brands and viral campaigns, Trice was launched to international fame in the modeling industry following her 2022 Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) campaign [1] (#cite_note-1) . She rose to prominence through her appearance in several Ralph Lauren campaigns and in modeling ads and collaborations with major fashion houses (2023) Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(fashion_house)) [2] (#cite_note-2) , (2023) Fear of God by Jerry Lorenzo (/wiki/Jerry_Lorenzo) [3] (#cite_note-3) , (2024) Prada (/wiki/Prada) and most recently (2024) Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) . After modeling throughout her childhood, she made a reappearance in 2019 with Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) x Giada (/wiki/Giada_(brand)) . Personal Life [ edit ] Kasmere Trice is married to LaKeith Stanfield (/wiki/LaKeith_Stanfield) [4] (#cite_note-4) , an Oscar-nominated American actor and musician. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Nast, Condé (2022-03-15). "A New Collection From Ralph Lauren Salutes the Stylish Legacy of Two HBCUs" (https://www.vogue.com/article/ralph-lauren-morehouse-spelman-collection) . Vogue . Retrieved 2024-01-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Inside W Magazine and Saint Laurent's Directors Dinner in Los Angeles" (https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/jennifer-coolidge-zoe-kravitz-w-saint-laurent-directors-dinner-photos) . W Magazine . 2023-03-10 . Retrieved 2024-01-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Article / News, Barrons. "Martin Scorsese, Kylie Jenner, and SZA Among Honorees at the WSJ. Innovator Awards" (https://www.barrons.com/articles/martin-scorsese-kylie-jenner-and-sza-among-honorees-at-the-wsj-innovator-awards-61eda0bd) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "LaKeith Stanfield Reveals He and Kasmere Trice Are Married — with a New Baby! (Exclusive)" (https://people.com/lakeith-stanfield-reveals-married-and-new-baby-exclusive-7565569) . Peoplemag . Retrieved 2024-01-30 . 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Overview of the process or technique of tattooing This article needs more reliable medical references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) or relies too heavily on primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources) , specifically: Several sections concern medical aspects of tattooing and should have more thorough sourcing for that information. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Process_of_tattooing&action=edit) if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Process of tattooing" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Process+of+tattooing%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Process+of+tattooing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Process+of+tattooing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Process+of+tattooing%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Process+of+tattooing%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Process+of+tattooing%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2022 ) Modern tattoo machine in use: here outfitted with a 5-needle setup, but number of needles depends on size and shading desired. The process or technique of tattooing , creating a tattoo (/wiki/Tattoo) , involves the insertion of pigment (/wiki/Pigment) (via tattoo ink (/wiki/Tattoo_ink) ) into the skin's dermis (/wiki/Dermis) . Traditionally, tattooing often involved rubbing pigment into cuts. Modern tattooing almost always requires the use of a tattoo machine (/wiki/Tattoo_machine) and often procedures and accessories to reduce the risk to human health. Physiological process of tattooing [ edit ] Man getting a tattoo Tattooing involves the placement of pigment into the skin's dermis (/wiki/Dermis) , the layer of dermal tissue underlying the epidermis (/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)) . After initial injection, pigment is dispersed throughout a homogenized (/wiki/Homogenization_(biology)) damaged layer down through the epidermis and upper dermis, in both of which the presence of foreign material activates the immune system (/wiki/Immune_system) 's phagocytes (/wiki/Phagocyte) to engulf the pigment particles. As healing proceeds, the damaged epidermis flakes away (eliminating surface pigment) while deeper in the skin granulation tissue (/wiki/Granulation_tissue) forms, which is later converted to connective tissue by collagen (/wiki/Collagen) growth. This mends the upper dermis, where pigment remains trapped within fibroblasts (/wiki/Fibroblast) , ultimately concentrating in a layer just below the dermis/epidermis boundary. Its presence there is stable, but in the long term (decades) the pigment tends to migrate deeper into the dermis, accounting for the degraded detail of old tattoos. [1] (#cite_note-kilmer-1) Traditional tattooing [ edit ] Main article: History of tattooing (/wiki/History_of_tattooing) Traditional tattooing among the Dayak people (/wiki/Dayak_people) of West Borneo (/wiki/West_Borneo) , c. 1927 Some tribal cultures traditionally created tattoos by cutting designs into the skin and rubbing the resulting wound with ink, ashes or other agents; some cultures continue this practice, which may be an adjunct to scarification (/wiki/Scarification) . Some cultures create tattooed marks by hand-tapping the ink into the skin using sharpened sticks or animal bones (made like needles) with clay formed disks or, in modern times, needles. Traditional Japanese tattoos ( irezumi (/wiki/Irezumi) ) are still "hand-poked", that is, the ink is inserted beneath the skin using non-electrical, hand-made and hand held tools with needles of sharpened bamboo or steel. This method is known as tebori . Similarly, Sak Yant (/wiki/Sak_Yant) tattoos from Southeast Asia (mostly Thailand) are traditionally hand-poked using steel or (now rarely) bamboo rod finished with a needle, called Khem Sak. Traditional Hawaiian hand-tapped tattoos are experiencing a renaissance, after the practice was nearly extinguished in the years following Western contact. The process involves lengthy protocols and prayers and is considered a sacred rite more than an application of artwork. The tattooist chooses the design, rather than the wearer, based on genealogical information. Each design is symbolic of the wearer's personal responsibility and role in the community. Tools are hand-carved from bone or tusk without the use of metal. [2] (#cite_note-Marked-2) Modern tattooing [ edit ] Pen rotary style tattoo machine wrapped in plastic for sanitary practice and tape wrapped around tattoo machine to increase hand stability and ergonomic health Traditional two coil tattoo machine The most common method of tattooing in modern times is the electric tattoo machine (/wiki/Tattoo_machine) , which inserts ink into the skin via a single needle or a group of needles that are soldered (/wiki/Solder) onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin, usually 80 to 150 times a second. This modern procedure is ordinarily sanitary. The needles are single-use needles that come packaged individually. The tattoo artist must wash his or her hands and must also wash the area that will be tattooed. Gloves must be worn at all times and the wound must be wiped frequently with a wet disposable towel of some kind. The equipment must be sterilized in a certified autoclave before and after every use. Prices for this service vary widely globally and locally, depending on the complexity of the tattoo, the skill and expertise of the artist, the attitude of the customer, the costs of running a business, the economics of supply and demand, etc. The time it takes to get a tattoo is in proportion with its size and complexity. A small one of simple design might take 15 minutes, whereas an elaborate sleeve tattoo (/wiki/Sleeve_tattoo) or back piece requires multiple sessions that may consist of several hours at a time ranging over months or even years. In 1891 the first electric tattoo needle was patented in New York City by Samuel O'Reilly (/wiki/Samuel_O%27Reilly) , who modified Thomas Edison's electric engraving pen (/wiki/Electric_pen) . [3] (#cite_note-:02-3) O'Reilly's machine was based on the rotary technology of the electric engraving (/wiki/Engraving) device invented by Thomas Edison (/wiki/Thomas_Edison) . [4] (#cite_note-Abington_2010-4) Modern tattoo machines use electromagnetic coils (/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil) . Another early tattoo machine, with an electromagnetic coil, was patented by Sutherland MacDonald (/wiki/Sutherland_Macdonald) in 1894. [3] (#cite_note-:02-3) The first twin-coil machine, the predecessor of the modern configuration, was invented by another Englishman, Alfred Charles South of London, in 1899. The rotary tattoo machine was developed from 1974 to 1978 by the German tattoo artists Horst Streckenbach (/wiki/Horst_Streckenbach) (1929–2001) and Manfred Kohrs (/wiki/Manfred_Kohrs) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Permanent makeup [ edit ] Main article: Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Permanent makeup or semi-permanent makeup tattoos are cosmetic tattoos that are meant to alter pigmentation in the facial features. Some types of permanent makeup are used for medical conditions, such as to cover up scars or vitiligo (/wiki/Vitiligo) , [6] (#cite_note-6) while other types are simply for aesthetic reasons like tattooing eyeliner, lip color or eyebrows. The pigment is inserted into the surface of the skin in patterns to be able to cover the desired areas. Permanent makeup is typically done with some form of tattoo machine. There are machines now that are needle-less which should result in less painful procedures. These needle-free devices are considered safer and more sterile to use than traditional tattoo machines. They are designed to create a more comforting experience during the application process and eliminate the possibility of spreading disease like HIV (/wiki/HIV) , hepatitis (/wiki/Hepatitis) and other healthcare issues. [7] (#cite_note-:1-7) The needle-less device is also capable of inserting the pigment deeper into the skin than machines that use needles. There are several different ways to get rid of these tattoos, the most common being laser removals. It is suggested that different color pigments should be removed with different lasers in order to reduce the risk of scarring and ink retention. The needle-free machines also have the capability of removing or lightening the pigment from the skin as well by adding in a removal solution into the skin. [7] (#cite_note-:1-7) Permanent makeup or micropigmentation is much like any tattoo and can have side effects over time. Infections, fading, scarring, inflammation, and allergic reactions are just a few of the side effects that have been reported from patients who received permanent makeup procedures. [8] (#cite_note-8) Nipple-areola Tattoos [ edit ] Main article: Medical tattoo (/wiki/Medical_tattoo) Tattoos have also made an entrance into the medical field. Nipple-areola tattoos are a form of medical tattoos that can be done for those who lost their nipple during a mastectomy and had breast reconstruction surgery. The tattoo artist tries to recreate the same pigment and shape as the original nipple and areola, although it may not always result in an exact replica as the patient's old nipple. The tattoo may not be the exact or desired shade of the nipple that the patient originally had because the artist may make the tattoo a bit darker in order for the tattoo to lighten up over time, ultimately resulting in the correct shade. [9] (#cite_note-9) The machine that is used during the procedure will also affect the color that the tattoo has and how the pigment will react with the skin. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) Not all nipple-areola tattoos are successful. There is a chance that the tattoo could get infected just as any tattoo can. In a study from 1988—1993 of 103 patients who received nipple-areola tattoos, 5 patients reported getting an infection, 1 patient reported getting a rash, one reported getting slough, and 19 patients had to have their tattoo touched up due to the pigment diminishing from the tattoo through the healing process. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) Nipple-areola tattoos tend to be one of the final steps to breast reconstruction surgery. In the study of those who received the tattoos, 86% said that they would get the procedure done again if they needed to. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) Dyes and pigments [ edit ] Main article: Tattoo ink (/wiki/Tattoo_ink) A variety of inks at a station in a tattoo shop Early tattoo inks were obtained directly from nature and were extremely limited in pigment variety. In ancient Hawaii, for example, kukui (/wiki/Kukui) nut ash was blended with coconut oil to produce an ebony ink. [2] (#cite_note-Marked-2) Today, an almost unlimited number of colors and shades of tattoo ink are mass-produced and sold to parlors worldwide. Tattoo artists commonly mix these inks to create their own unique pigments. [ citation needed ] A wide range of dyes (/wiki/Dye) and pigments (/wiki/Pigment) can be used in tattoos, from inorganic materials like titanium dioxide (/wiki/Titanium_dioxide) and iron oxides (/wiki/Iron_oxide) to carbon black (/wiki/Carbon_black) , azo dyes (/wiki/Azo_dye) , and acridine (/wiki/Acridine) , quinoline (/wiki/Quinoline) , phthalocyanine (/wiki/Phthalocyanine) and naphthol (/wiki/Naphthol_(disambiguation)) derivatives, dyes made from ash, and other mixtures. Iron oxide pigments are used in greater extent in cosmetic tattooing (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) . [ citation needed ] Modern tattooing inks are carbon-based pigments that have uses outside of commercial tattoo applications. Concern has been expressed [11] (#cite_note-11) over the interaction between magnetic resonance imaging (/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging) (MRI) procedures and tattoo pigments, some of which contain trace metals (/wiki/Trace_metal) . The magnetic fields (/wiki/Magnetic_field) produced by MRI machines interact with these metals, including nonferrous (/wiki/Nonferrous) metal particles, and while rare, are capable of causing first-degree or second-degree burns [12] (#cite_note-12) or distortions in the image. The type and density of the ink as well as shape of the tattoo may increase the risk, particularly if the shape approximates an RF pick-up loop. [13] (#cite_note-13) The television show MythBusters (/wiki/MythBusters) tested the hypothesis, and found a slight interaction between commonly used tattoo inks and MRI. The interaction was stronger with inks containing high levels of iron oxide. [14] (#cite_note-14) Studio hygiene [ edit ] Procedures [ edit ] Tattoo artist wearing disposable nitrile gloves during tattooing procedure for hygiene The properly equipped tattoo studio (/wiki/Tattoo_studio) will use biohazard (/wiki/Biological_hazard) containers for objects that have come into contact with blood or bodily fluids (/wiki/Bodily_fluid) , sharps containers (/wiki/Sharps_container) for old needles (/wiki/Tattoo_needle) , and an autoclave (/wiki/Autoclave) for sterilizing tools. Certain jurisdictions also require studios by law to have a sink in the work area supplied with both hot and cold water. Proper hygiene requires a body modification artist to wash his or her hands before starting to prepare a client for the stencil, between clients, and at any other time when cross contamination (/wiki/Cross_contamination) can occur. The use of single use gloves is also mandatory and disposed after each stage of tattooing. The same gloves should not be used to clean the tattoo station, tattoo the client, and clean the tattoo. In some states and countries it is illegal to tattoo a minor (/wiki/Minor_(law)) even with parental consent, and (except in the case of medical tattoos (/wiki/Medical_tattoo) ) it is forbidden to tattoo impaired persons, people with contraindicated skin conditions, those who are pregnant or nursing, those incapable of consent due to mental incapacity, or those under the influence of alcohol (/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)) or other drugs (/wiki/Drug) . Before the tattooing begins the client is asked to approve the final position of the applied stencil. After approval is given the artist will open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile, or sterile disposable instruments and supplies, and fresh ink for each session (loaded into disposable ink caps which are discarded after each client). Also, all areas which may be touched with contaminated gloves will be wrapped in clear plastic to prevent cross-contamination. Equipment that cannot be autoclaved (such as counter tops, machines, and furniture) will be wiped with an approved disinfectant. [15] (#cite_note-kottenhahn-15) Incentives for continuing education [ edit ] Membership in professional organizations or certificates of appreciation/achievement generally help artists to be aware of the latest trends. Most tattooists do not belong to any association. [ citation needed ] Training and certification requirements [ edit ] While specific requirements to become a tattooist vary between jurisdictions, many mandate only formal training in blood borne pathogens and cross contamination. The local department of health regulates tattoo studios in many jurisdictions. [ citation needed ] For example, according to the health departments in Oregon (/wiki/Oregon) and Hawaii (/wiki/Hawaii) , tattoo artists in these states are required to take and pass a test ascertaining their knowledge of health and safety precautions as well as the current state regulations. Performing a tattoo in Oregon without a proper and current license or in an unlicensed facility is a felony (/wiki/Felony) offense. Tattooing was legalized in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) in 1997, [16] (#cite_note-16) in Massachusetts in 2000 [17] (#cite_note-17) and Oklahoma between 2002 and 2006. [ citation needed ] Aftercare [ edit ] Tattoo specific salves have become widespread in recent years. Tattoo artists and people with tattoos vary widely in their preferred methods of caring for new tattoos. Some artists recommend keeping a new tattoo wrapped for the first 24 hours while others suggest removing temporary bandaging after two hours or less to allow the skin to breathe. Many tattooists advise against allowing too much contact with hot tub, pool water or soaking in a tub for the first two weeks to prevent the tattoo ink from washing out. In contrast other artists suggest that a new tattoo be bathed in very hot water early. General consensus for care advises against removing the flakes or scab that may form on a new tattoo, and avoiding exposing a new tattoo to the sun for extended periods for at least three weeks; both of these can contribute to fading of the image. It is agreed that a new tattoo needs to be kept clean. Various products may be recommended for application to the skin, ranging from those intended for the treatment of cuts, burns and scrapes, to panthenol (/wiki/Panthenol) , cocoa butter (/wiki/Cocoa_butter) , A&D (/wiki/Fish_oil) , hemp (/wiki/Hemp) , lanolin (/wiki/Lanolin) , or salves (/wiki/Salves) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Oil based ointments are almost always recommended for use on very thin layers due to their inability to evaporate and therefore over-hydrate the already perforated skin. Recent scientific studies have demonstrated that wounds that are kept moist heal faster than wounds healing under dry conditions. [19] (#cite_note-the_definitive_tattoo_aftercare_guide-19) In recent years specific commercial products have been developed for tattoo aftercare. Although opinions about these products vary, soap and warm water work well to keep a tattoo clean and free from infection. [20] (#cite_note-tattoo_post_operative_care-20) It is advised that fragrance-free soaps and soaps that contain alcohol not be used to clean the tattoo to avoid burning or drying out the tattoo too quickly. Try to avoid loofahs and unwashed clothes which both can contain bacteria that could get into the tattoo and cause an infection. The best way to dry your tattoo is to use a paper towel as regular towels may also contain bacteria, even if they are just washed. [21] (#cite_note-21) The amount of ink that remains in the skin throughout the healing process determines how the final tattoo will look. If a tattoo becomes infected or the flakes fall off too soon (e.g., if it absorbs too much water and sloughs off early or is picked or scraped off) then the ink will not be properly fixed in the skin and the final image will be negatively affected. [22] (#cite_note-22) Regulations [ edit ] France has had hygiene regulations for tattooing and piercing since 2008. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) On March 6, 2013, France banned the use of nine common color tattoo inks, including red, orange, and yellow pigments. The ban took effect on January 1, 2014. [25] (#cite_note-25) Tattoo artists in France (/wiki/France) must comply with the hygiene and safety regulations of the National Health Security Agency (ANSM). If they violate the regulations, they can be fined up to €1,500. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) The European Union (/wiki/European_Union) banned the use of 25 red, orange, and yellow color tattoo inks on January 4, 2022. [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) The ban on the Blue 15:3 and Green 7 pigments is scheduled to take effect in 2023. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [ needs update ] Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) still considers tattoos to be a sensitive issue and has many restrictive regulations. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) According to Vietnamese law, tattoos are not completely banned. [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) However, there are some cases in which tattoos are not allowed, including: People under the age of 18, people with mental illness or other conditions that could affect the tattoo, people who are currently serving a prison sentence. In the United States (/wiki/United_States) there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing (/wiki/Tattooing) . [37] (#cite_note-FarleyHooverRademeyer2019-37) However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia (/wiki/District_of_Columbia) have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be at least 18 years old. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent (/wiki/Informed_consent) for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy (/wiki/Radiation_therapy) ). References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-kilmer_1-0) Tattoo lasers / Histology (http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic563.htm#section~histology) , Suzanne Kilmer, eMedicine (/wiki/EMedicine) ^ a b "Marked" (http://www.mauimagazine.net/Maui-Magazine/July-August-2011/Marked/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110712031242/http://www.mauimagazine.net/Maui-Magazine/July-August-2011/Marked/) 2011-07-12 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Article by Shannon Wianecki in Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine (/wiki/Maui_No_Ka_%27Oi_Magazine) , Vol.15 No. 4 July 2011 ^ a b Nyssen, Carmen Forquer (October 5, 2015). "Early Tinkerers of Electric Tattooing" (https://buzzworthytattoo.com/tattoo-history-research-articles/early-tinkerers-of-electric-tattooing/) . Buzzworthy Tattoo History . Retrieved 2022-06-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-Abington_2010_4-0) "Tattoo". The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide (Credo Reference. Web. ed.). Helicon: Abington. 17 September 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Vgl. Marcel Feige, Das Tattoo-und Piercing Lexikon, S. 282, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-89602-209-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89602-209-1) ^ (#cite_ref-6) De Cuyper, Christa (2008). "Permanent Makeup: Indications and Complications". Clinics in Dermatology . 26 (1): 30–34. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.10.009 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clindermatol.2007.10.009) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0738-081X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-081X) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 18280902 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18280902) . ^ a b US 6689095 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6689095) , Garitano, Gilbert & Garitano, Linda, "Needleless permanent makeup and tattoo device", published 2004-02-10 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Wollina, U.; Goldman, A. (2014). "Severe unexpected adverse effects after permanent eye makeup and their management by Q-switched Nd:YAG laser" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4136952) . Clinical Interventions in Aging . 9 : 1305–1309. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2147/CIA.S67167 (https://doi.org/10.2147%2FCIA.S67167) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1178-1998 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1178-1998) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 4136952 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4136952) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 25143716 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25143716) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Spear, Scott L.; Convit, Rafael; Little, John W. III (1989). "Intradermal Tattoo as an Adjunct to Nipple-Areola Reconstruction". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . 83 (5): 907–11. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1097/00006534-198905000-00027 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-198905000-00027) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0032-1052 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-1052) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 2710843 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2710843) . ^ a b c Spear, Scott; Arias, Joanna (1995-09-01). "Long-Term Experience with Nipple-Areola Tattooing". Annals of Plastic Surgery . 35 (3): 232–236. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1097/00000637-199509000-00002 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000637-199509000-00002) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0148-7043 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0148-7043) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 7503514 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7503514) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 38198746 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38198746) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Glenn D. Braunstein, M.D. (31 October 2011). "Tattos: Inks Raise New Health Concerns About Age-Old Designs" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/glenn-d-braunstein-md/tattoos-inks-health-concerns_b_1067514.html) . huffingtonpost.com. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Franiel T, Schmidt S, Kligebiel R (November 2006). "First-Degree Burns on MRI due to Nonferrous Tattoos". AJR Am J Roentgenol . 187 (5): W556. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2214/AJR.06.5082 (https://doi.org/10.2214%2FAJR.06.5082) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 17056894 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17056894) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Wagle William A; Smith Martin (2000). "Tattoo-induced skin burn during MR imaging". AJR Am J Roentgenol . 174 (6): 1795. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2214/ajr.174.6.1741795 (https://doi.org/10.2214%2Fajr.174.6.1741795) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 10845532 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10845532) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Karen L. Hudson. "Tattoos and MRI Scans" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130515001638/http://tattoo.about.com/cs/tatfaq/a/mri_scan.htm) . about.com. Archived from the original (http://tattoo.about.com/cs/tatfaq/a/mri_scan.htm) on 2013-05-15 . Retrieved 2013-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-kottenhahn_15-0) Renee Kottenhahn. "Tattoos: Safe Tattooing" (http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/skin_stuff/safe_tattooing.html) . TeensHealth . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Legalizing Tattoos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100620194033/http://www.nyc24.org/2003/issue4/story4/page2.html) . NYC24. 2003-04-04. Archived from the original (http://www.nyc24.org/2003/issue4/story4/page2.html) on 2010-06-20 . Retrieved 2012-08-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Massachusetts Tattooing Ban Declared Unconstitutional" (https://www.aclu.org/news/massachusetts-tattooing-ban-declared-unconstitutional) . ACLU. 2000-10-23 . Retrieved 2015-09-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Tattoo Aftercare - How to Care for Your New Tattoo - Detailed Instructions and Product Information" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120419150547/http://tattoo.about.com/cs/beginners/a/blaftercare.htm) . Tattoo.about.com. 2012-03-27. Archived from the original (http://tattoo.about.com/cs/beginners/a/blaftercare.htm) on 2012-04-19 . Retrieved 2012-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-the_definitive_tattoo_aftercare_guide_19-0) "The Definitive Tattoo Aftercare Guide" (http://www.tattooaftercareguide.com/) . Dr. Jason K. Rivers, MD, FRCPC, DABD, FAAD (Dermatologist) . 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"Tatouage: des encres interdites dès 2022 par l'Union européenne, les professionnels voient rouge" (https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/3192903-20211209-encres-tatouage-interdites-partir-janvier-2022-prudence) . 20 Minutes (/wiki/20_Minutes_(France)) . . ^ (#cite_ref-29) VTV, BAO DIEN TU (2022-01-05). "EU cấm sử dụng mực màu xăm có nguy cơ gây bệnh ung thư" (https://vtv.vn/news-20220105115115726.htm) . BAO DIEN TU VTV (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 2024-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) baotintuc.vn (2022-01-05). "EU cấm sử dụng mực màu xăm có nguy cơ gây bệnh ung thư" (https://baotintuc.vn/the-gioi/eu-cam-su-dung-muc-mau-xam-co-nguy-co-gay-benh-ung-thu-20220104225526345.htm) . baotintuc.vn (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 2024-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Dominique Guillot (29 September 2021). "Tatouage: des encres interdites dès 2022 par l'Union européenne, les professionnels voient rouge" (https://www.ouest-france.fr/sante/tatouage-des-encres-interdites-des-2022-par-l-union-europeenne-les-professionnels-voient-rouge-2d0f1ece-20f5-11ec-8998-56362f09f2a2) . Ouest-France (/wiki/Ouest-France) . . ^ (#cite_ref-32) ONLINE, TUOI TRE (2022-01-05). "Tiệm xăm châu Âu náo loạn vì hết mực" (https://tuoitre.vn/tiem-xam-chau-au-nao-loan-vi-het-muc-2022010515412908.htm) . TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 2024-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Hình xăm dưới góc nhìn văn hóa: Lựa chọn nào cũng có sự đánh đổi" (https://tienphong.vn/post-1381415.tpo) . Báo điện tử Tiền Phong (in Vietnamese). 2021-10-02 . Retrieved 2024-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Dân chơi Hà Thành đổ xô đi xăm trổ (kỳ 2)" (https://giaoduc.net.vn/post-48971.gd) . Giáo dục Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). 2012-04-05 . Retrieved 2024-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Nghiên cứu quy định cụ thể về hình xăm trên cơ thể, chống lợi dụng để trốn tránh nghĩa vụ quân sự | Tạp chí Điện tử Luật sư Việt Nam" (https://lsvn.vn/nghien-cuu-quy-dinh-cu-the-ve-hinh-xam-tren-co-the-chong-loi-dung-de-tron-tranh-nghia-vu-quan-su-1689439306.html) . lsvn.vn (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 2024-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Xăm hình có được miễn tham gia nghĩa vụ quân sự không?" (https://www.qdnd.vn/ban-doc/thu-ban-doc/cong-dan-co-hinh-xam-co-duoc-tham-gia-nghia-vu-quan-su-khong-676785) . qdnd.vn . Retrieved 2024-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-FarleyHooverRademeyer2019_37-0) Farley, Cindy L.; Hoover, Cheri; Rademeyer, Carol-Ann (26 February 2019). "Women and Tattoos: Fashion, Meaning, and Implications for Health". Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health . 64 (2): 154–169. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/jmwh.12932 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjmwh.12932) . eISSN (/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)) 1542-2011 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1542-2011) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1526-9523 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1526-9523) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30806488 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30806488) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 73502073 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73502073) . 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This is the latest accepted revision (/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes) , reviewed (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Transgender_history) on 22 July 2024 . History of trans people and cultures This article is about the history of transgender people worldwide. For the book, see Transgender History (book) (/wiki/Transgender_History_(book)) . Part of a series (/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics) on Transgender topics (/wiki/Transgender) Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics) History Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history) Gender identities (/wiki/Gender_identity) Androgyne (/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity) Bissu, Calabai, Calalai (/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society) Burrnesha (/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins) Cisgender (/wiki/Cisgender) Gender bender (/wiki/Gender_bender) Hijra (/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)) Non-binary or genderqueer (/wiki/Non-binary_gender) Gender fluidity (/wiki/Gender_fluidity) Kathoey (/wiki/Kathoey) Koekchuch (/wiki/Koekchuch) Third gender (/wiki/Third_gender) Bakla (/wiki/Bakla) Faʻafafine (/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine) Femminiello (/wiki/Femminiello) Khanith (/wiki/Khanith) Māhū (/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB) Mudoko dako (/wiki/Mudoko_dako) Mukhannath (/wiki/Mukhannath) Muxe (/wiki/Muxe) Travesti (/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)) Two-spirit (/wiki/Two-spirit) Winkte (/wiki/Winkte) X-gender (/wiki/X-gender) Trans man (/wiki/Trans_man) Trans woman (/wiki/Trans_woman) Fakaleitī (/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB) Mak nyah (/wiki/Mak_nyah) Rae-rae (/wiki/Rae-rae) Transgender (/wiki/Transgender) Youth (/wiki/Transgender_youth) Akava'ine (/wiki/Akava%27ine) Transsexual (/wiki/Transsexual) Health care (/wiki/Transgender_health_care) practices Gender clinic (/wiki/Gender_identity_clinic) Gender dysphoria (/wiki/Gender_dysphoria) in children (/wiki/Gender_dysphoria_in_children) Sex assignment (/wiki/Sex_assignment) Hormone therapy (/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy) feminizing (/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy) masculinizing (/wiki/Masculinizing_hormone_therapy) Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy (/wiki/Puberty_blocker) Gender-affirming surgery (/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery) female-to-male (/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(female-to-male)) male-to-female (/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(male-to-female)) Facial feminization surgery (/wiki/Facial_feminization_surgery) Facial masculinization surgery (/wiki/Facial_masculinization_surgery) Hair removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) Pregnancy (/wiki/Transgender_pregnancy) Assisted reproductive technology (/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people) Voice therapy (/wiki/Transgender_voice_therapy) WPATH (/wiki/World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health) Standards of Care (/wiki/Standards_of_Care_for_the_Health_of_Transgender_and_Gender_Diverse_People) Rights and legal status (/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people) Gender self-identification (/wiki/Gender_self-identification) Legal gender (/wiki/Legal_gender) Non-binary gender (/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender) Rights movement (/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement) Organizations (/wiki/List_of_transgender-rights_organizations) Political office-holders (/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders) Asylum (/wiki/Transgender_asylum_seekers) Healthcare (/wiki/Legal_status_of_gender-affirming_healthcare) Military service (/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service) South Korea (/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_South_Korean_military) United States (/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military) Prisons (/wiki/LGBT_people_in_prison#Transgender_issues) Toilets Bathroom bills (/wiki/Bathroom_bill) Unisex (/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet) Anti-gender movement (/wiki/Anti-gender_movement) Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism (/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism) Discrimination (/wiki/Transphobia) Non-binary (/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people) Parental rights movement (/wiki/Parental_rights_movement) Transgender men (/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men) Transmisogyny (/wiki/Transmisogyny) Genocide (/wiki/Transgender_genocide) Inequality (/wiki/Transgender_inequality) Violence (/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people) Murders (/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender) Trans panic defense (/wiki/Trans_panic_defense) Yogyakarta Principles (/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles) Society and culture Events and awareness Awareness Week (/wiki/Transgender_Awareness_Week) Beauty pageants (/wiki/Category:Transgender_beauty_pageants) Day of Remembrance (/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance) Day of Visibility (/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility) Flag (/wiki/Transgender_flag) March (/wiki/Trans_march) more (/wiki/Category:Transgender_events) Culture Fictional characters (/wiki/List_of_fictional_trans_characters) Film (/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters) Literature (/wiki/Transgender_literature) Media portrayals (/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people) People (/wiki/List_of_transgender_people) Non-binary (/wiki/List_of_people_with_non-binary_gender_identities) Publications (/wiki/List_of_transgender_publications) Religion (/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion) Sports (/wiki/Transgender_people_in_sports) Television (/wiki/List_of_transgender_characters_in_television) Theory and concepts Androphilia and gynephilia (/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia) Blanchard's typology (/wiki/Blanchard%27s_transsexualism_typology) Childhood gender nonconformity (/wiki/Childhood_gender_nonconformity) Cisgender / cissexual (/wiki/Cisgender) Cisnormativity (/wiki/Cisnormativity) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Deadnaming (/wiki/Deadnaming) Gender binary (/wiki/Gender_binary) Gender detransitioning (/wiki/Detransition) Gender expression (/wiki/Gender_expression) Gender transitioning (/wiki/Gender_transition) Gender identity (/wiki/Gender_identity) Gender-sexuality questioning (/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)) Gender variance (/wiki/Gender_variance) Postgenderism (/wiki/Postgenderism) Rapid-onset dysphoria (/wiki/Rapid-onset_gender_dysphoria_controversy) Studies (/wiki/Transgender_studies) Transfeminism (/wiki/Transfeminism) views (/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics) Transmedicalism (/wiki/Transmedicalism) Transmisogyny (/wiki/Transmisogyny) By country (/wiki/Category:Transgender_by_continent) Rights Argentina (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina) 2012 law (/wiki/Gender_Identity_Law_(Argentina)) 2021 law (/wiki/Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n_%E2%80%93_Lohana_Berkins_Law) Australia (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia) Brazil (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil) Canada (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada) 2016 bill (/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code) China (/wiki/Transgender_people_in_China) Finland (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland) France (/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France) ] Germany (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany) India 2014 bill (/wiki/Rights_of_Transgender_Persons_Bill,_2014) 2019 act (/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2019) Tamil Nadu (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu) Iran (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran) Ireland (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Ireland) Pakistan 2017 bill (/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Bill,_2017) 2018 act (/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2018) New Zealand (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand) Norway 2016 act (/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_(Norway)) Singapore (/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Singapore) South Africa 2003 act (/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act,_2003) South Korea (/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea) Spain 2022 law (/wiki/Ley_Trans) United Kingdom (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom) 2004 act (/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004) United States (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States) Disenfranchisement (/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States) Title IX (/wiki/Gender_identity_under_Title_IX) Transphobia (/wiki/Transphobia_in_the_United_States) History Argentina (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Argentina) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_transg%C3%A9nero_en_Argentina) ] Australia (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia) Re Kevin (/wiki/Re_Kevin_%E2%80%93_validity_of_marriage_of_transsexual) Brazil (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil) China (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_China) Finland (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland) Nazi Germany (/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany) Singapore (/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_Singapore) United Kingdom (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom) United States (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States) Legality (/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States) elected officials (/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States) Cafeteria riot (/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot) Stonewall (/wiki/Stonewall_riots) See also Gender (/wiki/Gender) Gender studies (/wiki/Gender_studies) Intersex (/wiki/Intersex) Queer heterosexuality (/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality) LGBT (/wiki/LGBT) Sex (/wiki/Sex) Sex–gender distinction (/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction) Sexual orientation (/wiki/Sexual_orientation) Social construction of gender (/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender) Transgender portal (/wiki/Portal:Transgender) LGBT portal (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) Category (/wiki/Category:Transgender) v t e Accounts of transgender (/wiki/Transgender) people (including non-binary (/wiki/Non-binary) and third gender (/wiki/Third_gender) people) have been claimed to go back to ancient times in cultures worldwide. The modern terms and meanings of transgender , gender (/wiki/Gender) , gender identity (/wiki/Gender_identity) , and gender role (/wiki/Gender_role) only emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. As a result, opinions vary (/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)) on how to categorize historical accounts of gender-variant people and identities. The galli (/wiki/Galli) eunuch (/wiki/Eunuch) priests of classical antiquity (/wiki/Classical_antiquity) have been interpreted by some scholars as transgender or third-gender. The trans-feminine kathoey (/wiki/Kathoey) and hijra (/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)) gender roles have persisted for thousands of years in Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) and the Indian subcontinent (/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) , respectively. In Arabia, khanith (/wiki/Khanith) (like earlier mukhannathun (/wiki/Mukhannathun) ) have occupied a third gender role attested since the 7th century CE. Traditional roles for transgender women and transgender men have existed in many African societies, with some persisting to the modern day. North American Indigenous (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America) fluid and third gender (/wiki/Third_gender) roles, including the Navajo (/wiki/Navajo) nádleehi (/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi) and the Zuni (/wiki/Zuni_people) lhamana (/wiki/Lhamana) , have existed since pre-colonial times (/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era) . Some Medieval European documents have been studied as possible accounts of transgender persons. Kalonymus ben Kalonymus (/wiki/Kalonymus_ben_Kalonymus) 's lament for being born a man instead of a woman has been seen as an early account of gender dysphoria (/wiki/Gender_dysphoria) . John/Eleanor Rykener (/wiki/Eleanor_Rykener) , a male-bodied Briton arrested in 1394 while living and doing sex work dressed as a woman, has been interpreted by some contemporary scholars as transgender. In Japan, accounts of transgender people go back to the Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) . In Indonesia, there are millions of trans-/third-gender waria , and the extant pre-Islamic Bugis (/wiki/Bugis) society of Sulawesi (/wiki/Sulawesi) recognizes five gender roles (/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society) . In the United States in 1776, the genderless Public Universal Friend (/wiki/Public_Universal_Friend) refused both birth name and gendered pronouns. Transgender American men and women are documented in accounts from throughout the 19th century. The first known informal transgender (/wiki/Transgender) advocacy organisation in the United States, Cercle Hermaphroditos (/wiki/Cercle_Hermaphroditos) , was founded in 1895. Early sexual reassignment surgeries, including an ovary and uterus transplant (/wiki/Uterus_transplant) , were performed in the early 20th century at a German clinic (/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft) that was later destroyed in the Third Reich (/wiki/Nazi_Germany) . The respective transitions of transgender women Christine Jorgensen (/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen) and Coccinelle (/wiki/Coccinelle) in the 1950s brought wider awareness of sex reassignment surgery to North America and Europe, respectively. The grassroots political struggle for transgender rights in the United States produced several riots against police, including the 1959 Cooper Donuts Riot (/wiki/Cooper_Donuts_Riot) , 1966 Compton's Cafeteria Riot (/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_Riot) , and the multi-day Stonewall Riots (/wiki/Stonewall_Riots) of 1969. In the 1970s, Lou Sullivan (/wiki/Lou_Sullivan) became the first publicly self-identified gay trans man (/wiki/Gay_men) and founded the first organization for transgender men (/wiki/FTM_International) . At the same time, some feminists opposed construals of womanhood inclusive of transgender women, creating what would later be known as gender-critical feminism (/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism) . In the 1990s and 2000s, the Transgender Day of Remembrance (/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance) was established in the United States, and transgender politicians were elected to various public offices. Legislative and court actions began recognizing transgender people's rights in some countries, while some countries and societies have continued to abridge the rights of transgender people (/wiki/Rights_of_transgender_people) . Historiography [ edit ] A precise history of the global occurrence of transgender people is difficult to compose because the modern concept of being transgender, and of gender in general as relevant to transgender identity, did not develop until the mid-20th century. Historical understandings are thus inherently filtered through modern principles, and were largely viewed through a medical lens until the late 20th century. [1] (#cite_note-Janssen-2020-1) [2] (#cite_note-Stryker-2008h-2) Writer Genny Beemyn points out: [3] (#cite_note-Beemyn-2020-3) : 1 Can there be said to be a "transgender history," when "transgender" is a contemporary term and when individuals in past centuries who would perhaps appear to be transgender from our vantage point might not have conceptualized their lives in such a way? And what about individuals today who have the ability to describe themselves as transgender, but choose not to for a variety of reasons, including the perception that it is a White, middle-class Western term and the belief that it implies transitioning from one gender to another? Should they be left out of "transgender history" because they do not specifically identify as transgender? Genny Beemyn argues that transgender history has also been filtered through gay history, identifying Billy Tipton (/wiki/Billy_Tipton) as an example of a historical figure misrepresented by scholars as gay when a transgender reading of his life would be more appropriate. [3] (#cite_note-Beemyn-2020-3) : 3 Absence of autobiographical accounts has resulted in historians assigning identities to historical figures, which of course may be inaccurate. [3] (#cite_note-Beemyn-2020-3) : 3 Author Jason Cromwell assesses that if a person of the female sex indicated that they were a man, modified their body to look more traditionally male, and lived their life as a man, then he was a trans man; the same approach has been used to identify trans women. Genny Beemyn distinguishes trans people from crossdressers in the historical record by assessing that a person who crossdressed only in public did not mind exposing their dual life as a crossdresser, while those who crossdressed consistently (also in private) and sought to keep their sex a secret were more likely trans. [3] (#cite_note-Beemyn-2020-3) : 4 Beemyn also distinguishes non-binary people in the historical record. They note Indigenous societies in the "New World" who historically had non-binary gender roles enshrined in their society, which enraged European explorers. For example, in 1513 Vasco Núñez de Balboa (/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa) killed 40 natives on the Panama Isthmus (/wiki/Panama_Isthmus) for being sodomites, as they had been assigned male at birth but were practicing female gender roles. Not all Europeans were as judgmental: a matter-of-fact 1564 narrative describes "hermaphrodites" as "quite common". An account from Edwin Thompson Denig (/wiki/Edwin_Thompson_Denig) in the first half of the 19th century describes a "neuter" gender among the Crow people (/wiki/Crow_people) . Denig said of it: "Strange country this, where males assume the dress and perform the duties of females, while women turn men and mate with their own sex!" Beemyn concludes that European writers lacked the language or cultural understanding to adequately describe the practices they were witnessing. Overall, they caution not to make generalizations about native practices, since third gender roles were extremely diverse and ranged from exalted positions who were believed to have supernatural power, to denigrated underlings. [3] (#cite_note-Beemyn-2020-3) : 5–7 Africa [ edit ] See also: LGBT rights in Africa (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa) Ancient Egypt [ edit ] Ancient Egypt had third gender categories, including for eunuchs. [4] (#cite_note-Wilfong_2007-4) In the Tale of Two Brothers (/wiki/Tale_of_Two_Brothers) (from 3,200 years ago), Bata removes his penis and tells his wife "I am a woman just like you"; one modern scholar called him temporarily (before his body is restored) " transgendered (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transgender#Verb) ". [4] (#cite_note-Wilfong_2007-4) [5] (#cite_note-Crowhurt-2017-5) [ page needed ] [6] (#cite_note-6) [ page needed ] North Africa [ edit ] The Nuba peoples (/wiki/Nuba_peoples) of Sudan (/wiki/Sudan) (including the Otoro Nuba (/wiki/Otoro_Nuba) , Nyima (/wiki/Nyimang_people) , Tira (/wiki/Tira_people) , Krongo (/wiki/Krongo_Nuba_people) , and Mesakin (/wiki/Mesakin) ), have traditional roles for male-assigned people who dress and live as women and may marry men, which have been seen as transgender roles. [7] (#cite_note-Feinberg_2006-7) [8] (#cite_note-Nadel-1947-8) [ page needed ] [9] (#cite_note-Sparks_2014-9) Trans people face discrimination in the modern Sudanese state, and cross-dressing is illegal. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-SudanTrib-2010-11) For the history of Roman and Byzantine Africa, see § Rome and Byzantium (#Byzantium) ; for Ottoman Africa, see § Ottoman Empire (#Ottoman_Empire) . West Africa [ edit ] By the modern period, the Igbo (/wiki/Igbo_people) had third-gender and transgender roles, [7] (#cite_note-Feinberg_2006-7) [12] (#cite_note-McCall_2000-12) including for females who take on male status and marry women, a practice which also exists among the Dahomey ( Fon (/wiki/Fon_people) ) of Benin (/wiki/Benin) and has been viewed through both transgender and homosexual lenses. [13] (#cite_note-13) Anthropologist John McCall documented a female-assigned Ohafia (/wiki/Ohafia) Igbo named Nne Uko Uma Awa, who dressed and behaved as a boy since childhood, joined men's groups, and was a husband to two wives; in 1991, Awa stated "by creation I was meant to be a man. But as it happened, when coming into this world I came with a woman's body. That is why I dressed [as a man]." [12] (#cite_note-McCall_2000-12) [14] (#cite_note-Faola-2002-14) East Africa [ edit ] Among some Kenyan peoples, male priests (called mugawe among the Meru (/wiki/Meru_people) and Kikuyu (/wiki/Kikuyu_people) ) dress and style their hair like women and may marry men, [15] (#cite_note-15) [ page needed ] and have been compared to trans women. [7] (#cite_note-Feinberg_2006-7) [9] (#cite_note-Sparks_2014-9) Among the Nuer people (/wiki/Nuer_people) (in what is now South Sudan (/wiki/South_Sudan) and Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) ), widows who have borne no children may adopt a male status, marry a woman, and be regarded as the father of any children they bear (a practice which has been viewed as transgender or homosexual); [9] (#cite_note-Sparks_2014-9) [16] (#cite_note-O'Brien_2009_p384-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) the Nuer are also reported to have a male-to-female role. [7] (#cite_note-Feinberg_2006-7) The Maale people (/wiki/Maale_people) of Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) also have a traditional role for male-assigned ashtime who take on feminine roles; traditionally, they served as sexual partners for the king on days he was ritually barred from sex with women. [18] (#cite_note-18) The Amhara people (/wiki/Amhara_people) of Ethiopia stigmatize men in their communities who adopt feminine dress. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) In Uganda (/wiki/Uganda) today, transphobia and homophobia is increasing, introduced in the 1800s and 1900s by Christian missionaries (/wiki/Missionary) [21] (#cite_note-Kintu_2017-21) and stoked in the 2000s by conservative evangelicals (/wiki/Evangelicalism) ; [22] (#cite_note-22) trans people are now often kicked out by their families and denied work, and face discrimination in accessing healthcare. [23] (#cite_note-FIS_2015-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) Traditionally, Ugandan peoples were [ when? ] largely accepting of trans and gay people; [21] (#cite_note-Kintu_2017-21) the Lango people (/wiki/Lango_people) accepted trans women—male-assigned people called jo apele or jo aboich who were believed to have been transformed at conception into women by the androgynous deity Jok, and who adopted women's names, dress, and face-decorations, grew their hair long, simulated menstruation, and could marry men [9] (#cite_note-Sparks_2014-9) [21] (#cite_note-Kintu_2017-21) —as did the Karamojong (/wiki/Karamojong_people) and Teso (/wiki/Teso_people) , [21] (#cite_note-Kintu_2017-21) and the Lugbara people (/wiki/Lugbara_people) had roles for both trans women ( okule ) and trans men ( agule ). [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) Southern Africa [ edit ] Traditional Bantu third genders [ edit ] Various Bantu peoples (/wiki/Bantu_peoples) in southern Africa (/wiki/Southern_Africa) , including the Zulu (/wiki/Zulu_people) , Basotho (/wiki/Basotho) , Mpondo (/wiki/Mpondo_people) and Tsonga (/wiki/Tsonga_people) , had a tradition of young men ( inkotshane in Zulu, boukonchana in Sesotho (/wiki/Sesotho_language) , tinkonkana in Mpondo, and nkhonsthana in Tsonga; called "boy-wives" in English) who married or had intercrural (/wiki/Intercrural_sex) or anal sex with older men, and sometimes dressed as women, wore breast prostheses, did not grow beards, and did women's work; [7] (#cite_note-Feinberg_2006-7) [28] (#cite_note-28) these relationships became common among South African miners and continued into the 1950s, [29] (#cite_note-29) and while often interpreted as homosexual, boy-wives are sometimes seen as transgender. [30] (#cite_note-30) Botswana [ edit ] See also: LGBT rights in Botswana (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Botswana) In two cases in 2017, Botswana's High Court ruled trans men and trans women have the right to have their gender identity recognized by the government and to change gender markers; the court said the registrar's refusal to change a marker was unreasonable and violated the person's "rights to dignity, privacy, freedom of expression, equal protection of the law, freedom from discrimination and freedom from inhumane and degrading treatment". [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) South Africa [ edit ] Main article: Timeline of LGBT history in South Africa (/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_South_Africa) See also: LGBT rights in South Africa (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Africa) From the 1960s to 1980s, the South African Defence Force (/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force) forced some white gay and lesbian soldiers to have sex reassignment surgery (/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery) . [34] (#cite_note-34) Since March 2004, trans and intersex (/wiki/Intersex) people are allowed (/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act) to change their legal sex [35] (#cite_note-35) after medical treatment such as hormone replacement therapy (/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(transgender)) . [36] (#cite_note-36) Several Labour Court (/wiki/Labour_Court_of_South_Africa) rulings have found against employers that mistreated employees who transitioned. [37] (#cite_note-37) Americas [ edit ] North America [ edit ] Early history [ edit ] Main article: Gender roles among the Indigenous peoples of North America (/wiki/Gender_roles_among_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America) Sac and Fox (/wiki/Sac_and_Fox) warriors dance around an I-coo-coo-a (/wiki/Fox_language) person, a male-bodied person who lived in the social role usually filled by women in that culture. [38] (#cite_note-38) Non-native George Catlin (1796–1872) titled his painting, Dance to the Berdache ; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Prior to western contact, some Indigenous peoples in North America (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_North_America) had third-gender (/wiki/Third-gender) roles, [39] (#cite_note-39) [ page needed ] like the Diné (/wiki/Din%C3%A9) (Navajo) nádleehi (/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi) and the Zuni (/wiki/Zuni_people) lhamana (/wiki/Lhamana) . European anthropologists usually referred to these people as berdaches (/wiki/Berdache) , which Indigenous people have always considered an offensive slur. [40] (#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-40) [41] (#cite_note-Leland_2006-41) In 1990, participants in the Third Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference in Winnipeg, Canada, adopted the pan-Indian (/wiki/Pan-Indianism) neologism (/wiki/Neologism) two-spirit (/wiki/Two-spirit) ; this was largely an effort to replace the offensive slur, berdache , as well as an attempt to organize inter-tribally. [40] (#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-40) [41] (#cite_note-Leland_2006-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) Though acceptance of this term in traditional Native communities (which already have their own terms for such people in their own languages, if they have roles for them at all) has been limited, it has generally met with more acceptance than the slur it replaced. [40] (#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-40) One of the first European accounts of Iroquois (/wiki/Iroquois) practices of gender was made by missionary Joseph-François Lafitau (/wiki/Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lafitau) who spent six years among the Iroquois starting in 1711, [44] (#cite_note-44) and observed "women with manly courage who prided themselves upon the profession of warrior, [and seemed] to become men alone", and people he called "men cowardly enough to live as women." [45] (#cite_note-45) [ relevant? ] Meskell and Olson write that there is archaeological evidence that third-gender or similar people existed in California 2,500 years ago at rates comparable to those at which they currently exist among Indigenous peoples in the region, [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) and Barbara Voss (/wiki/Barbara_Voss) states that archaeological and ethnographic evidence suggests third-gender categories in North America may go back to the first migrations of people from eastern Asia and Siberia (/wiki/Bering_Strait_theory) over 10,000 years ago. [48] (#cite_note-48) Canada [ edit ] Estefan Cortes-Vargas (/wiki/Estefan_Cortes-Vargas) , an Albertan legislator who announced in 2015 that they are non-binary Main article: LGBT history in Canada (/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Canada) Further information: Timeline of LGBT history in Canada (/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Canada) and Transgender rights in Canada (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada) This section needs expansion with: material from the period 1970 to 2002. You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit&section=) . Find sources: "Canada" transgender history (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Canada%22+transgender+history) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Canada%22+transgender+history+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Canada%22+transgender+history&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Canada%22+transgender+history+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Canada%22+transgender+history) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Canada%22+transgender+history&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2021 ) In 1970, Dianna Boileau (/wiki/Dianna_Boileau) underwent sex reassignment surgery at Toronto General Hospital (/wiki/Toronto_General_Hospital) , becoming possibly the first in Canada to do so. Over the following two years, Boileau shared her story with a number of press outlets and published a 1972 memoir, Behold, I Am a Woman , before retreating from the public eye. [49] (#cite_note-49) In 2002, sexual orientation (/wiki/Sexual_orientation) and gender identity (/wiki/Gender_identity) were included in the Northwest Territories (/wiki/Northwest_Territories) Human Rights Act. In June 2012, gender identity and expression were added to the Ontario Human Rights Code, and gender identity was added to the Manitoba Human Rights Code. [50] (#cite_note-50) In December 2012 Nova Scotia added gender identity and expression to the list of things explicitly protected from harassment in that province's Human Rights Act. [51] (#cite_note-51) In May 2012, after a legal battle to reverse her disqualification for not being a "naturally born female", Vancouver resident Jenna Talackova (/wiki/Jenna_Talackova) became the first trans woman to compete in a Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) pageant, and was one of four contestants to win "Miss Congeniality". [52] (#cite_note-52) In March 2013, the House of Commons passed Bill C-279 to officially extend human rights (/wiki/Human_rights) protections to trans people in Canada. [53] (#cite_note-53) In February 2015, the Senate of Canada (/wiki/Senate_of_Canada) amended the bill in ways that were criticized as transphobic (/wiki/Transphobic) . [54] (#cite_note-54) In December 2015, legislator Estefania Cortes-Vargas (/wiki/Estefania_Cortes-Vargas) came out as non-binary (/wiki/Non-binary_gender) in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta (/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta) during a debate over the inclusion of transgender rights in the provincial human rights code. [55] (#cite_note-Macleans_2015-55) While the provincial Hansard (/wiki/Hansard) normally reports members' speeches under the gender honorifics "Mr." or "Ms.", Cortes-Vargas is recorded as "Member Cortes-Vargas". [55] (#cite_note-Macleans_2015-55) On December 17, 2015, Kael McKenzie (/wiki/Kael_McKenzie) was appointed to the Provincial Court of Manitoba (/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_Manitoba) , becoming Canada's first openly transgender judge. [56] (#cite_note-56) In 2016, gender identity or expression was added to the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms (/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms) . The same year, Jennifer Pritzker (/wiki/Jennifer_Pritzker) gave a $2 million donation to create the world's first endowed academic chair of transgender studies (/wiki/Transgender_studies) , at the University of Victoria in British Columbia (/wiki/University_of_Victoria_in_British_Columbia) ; Aaron Devor (/wiki/Aaron_Devor) was chosen as the inaugural chair. [57] (#cite_note-57) In May 2016, Bill C-16 (/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code) was introduced aiming to update the Canadian Human Rights Act (/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act) and Criminal Code (/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)) to include gender identity and expression as protected grounds from discrimination, hate publication and advocacy of genocide, and to add targeting of victims on the basis of gender identity and expression to the list of aggravating factors in sentencing, [58] (#cite_note-C16-58) the first time such a bill was put forward by the governing party in the House of Commons. [58] (#cite_note-C16-58) Since June 2017, all places within Canada explicitly within the Canadian Human Rights Act or equal opportunity or anti-discrimination legislation do prohibit discrimination against gender identity or expression. [59] (#cite_note-59) Since August 2017, Canadians can indicate that they are neither male nor female on their passports, using an 'x' marker. [60] (#cite_note-60) In January 2018, Canadian Women's Hockey League (/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Hockey_League) player Jessica Platt (/wiki/Jessica_Platt) came out, the first trans woman to come out in North American professional hockey. [61] (#cite_note-61) Haiti [ edit ] Main article: LGBT rights in Haiti (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Haiti) In 1791, early in the Haitian Revolution (/wiki/Haitian_Revolution) , a black planter who had been raised as a boy led an uprising in southern Haiti [62] (#cite_note-62) [63] (#cite_note-Palmer-63) [64] (#cite_note-Middell-64) under the name Romaine-la-Prophétesse (/wiki/Romaine-la-Proph%C3%A9tesse) ("Romaine the Prophetess"). [65] (#cite_note-Heywood-65) [66] (#cite_note-Rey-2014-119-66) Romaine dressed like a woman [67] (#cite_note-Albanese-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) [69] (#cite_note-69) and spoke of being possessed by a female spirit, [65] (#cite_note-Heywood-65) [70] (#cite_note-Popkin-51-70) may have been transgender or genderfluid (/wiki/Genderfluid) , and has been compared to the transgender feminine religious figures of West Africa (#West_Africa) , the area many black Haitians descended from. [66] (#cite_note-Rey-2014-119-66) [67] (#cite_note-Albanese-67) [71] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERey201752–53-71) Mary Grace Albanese and Hourya Bentouhami (/w/index.php?title=Hourya_Bentouhami&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourya_Bentouhami) ] list Romaine among the women who led the Haitian Revolution, while Terry Rey argues calling Romaine transgender could be anachronistic. [71] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERey201752–53-71) [67] (#cite_note-Albanese-67) [72] (#cite_note-72) Romaine has been compared to Kimpa Vita (/wiki/Kimpa_Vita) , who professed to be the incarnation of a male Catholic saint. [65] (#cite_note-Heywood-65) [66] (#cite_note-Rey-2014-119-66) In the modern era, discrimination and violence against transgender people is common in Haitian society, though many LGBT people find it easier to be open about their gender within the Vodou (/wiki/Haitian_Vodou) subculture, [73] (#cite_note-73) [74] (#cite_note-74) in which it is believed, for example, that people may be possessed by divinities of the opposite sex. [70] (#cite_note-Popkin-51-70) Haiti's criminal code prohibits vagrancy, with a specific mention of transvestites (/wiki/Transvestite) . [75] (#cite_note-Haiti_Criminal_Code-75) Mexico [ edit ] Lukas Avendano (right), muxe artist Mexican Revolution Colonel Amelio Robles (/wiki/Amelio_Robles_%C3%81vila) , 1915 In several pre-Columbian communities across Mexico, anthropologists and colonial accounts document acceptance of third-gender categories. [76] (#cite_note-76) The Zapotec people (/wiki/Zapotec_people) of Oaxaca (/wiki/Oaxaca) have a third gender role for muxes (/wiki/Muxe) , people who dress, behave and perform work otherwise associated with the other binary gender (/wiki/Gender) ; [77] (#cite_note-77) [78] (#cite_note-Stephen_2002-78) [79] (#cite_note-79) vestidas wear feminine clothes, while pintadas wear masculine clothes but also makeup and jewellery. [80] (#cite_note-80) They may marry women or men. [78] (#cite_note-Stephen_2002-78) It has been suggested that while the three gender system predates Spanish colonization, the phenomenon of muxes dressing as women may be more recent. Juchitán de Zaragoza (/wiki/Juchit%C3%A1n_de_Zaragoza) , an Indigenous community on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec) , has so many well-accepted muxes there is a myth attributing their numbers to a bag of third-genders carried by Saint Vicent ripping and accidentally spilling many out over the town; [81] (#cite_note-81) one study estimated 6% of males in the community in the 1970s were muxes. [82] (#cite_note-82) During the Mexican Revolution (/wiki/Mexican_Revolution) , Amelio Robles Ávila (/wiki/Amelio_Robles_%C3%81vila) began to dress and demand to be treated as a man [83] (#cite_note-Pikara_2016-83) and, gaining respect as a capable leader, was promoted to colonel. [84] (#cite_note-84) Robles' maleness was accepted by family, society, and the Mexican government, and he lived as a man from age 24 until death; [83] (#cite_note-Pikara_2016-83) a neighbor said that if anyone called Robles a woman, Robles would threaten them with a pistol, [85] (#cite_note-85) [86] (#cite_note-86) and he killed two men who attacked him and tried to reveal his anatomy. [87] (#cite_note-87) United States [ edit ] Portrait of the Public Universal Friend f (/wiki/Public_Universal_Friend) rom 1821 Main article: History of transgender people in the United States (/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States) Further information: LGBT history in the United States (/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_United_States) Thomas(ine) Hall (/wiki/Thomas(ine)_Hall) , an indentured servant (/wiki/Indentured_servitude) in Virginia, reported being both a man and a woman and adopted clothes and roles of each at different times until ordered by a court in 1629 to wear both men's breeches and a woman's apron; Hall is thought to have been intersex (/wiki/Intersex) and is cited as an early example of "a gender nonconforming individual in colonial America". [88] (#cite_note-88) [89] (#cite_note-89) In 1776, the Public Universal Friend (/wiki/Public_Universal_Friend) reported being genderless, dressed androgynously, and asked followers gained while preaching throughout New England over the next four decades not to use their birth name or gendered pronouns; [90] (#cite_note-90) some scholars have called the Friend a chapter in trans history "before [the word] 'transgender'". [91] (#cite_note-91) There were also cases of people living as the opposite gender in the early years of the Republic, such as Joseph Lobdell (/wiki/Joseph_Lobdell) , who was assigned female (/wiki/Assigned_female) at birth in 1829, lived as a man for sixty years, and married a woman. Charley Parkhurst (/wiki/Charley_Parkhurst) was a stagecoach (/wiki/Stagecoach) driver who was assigned female at birth but lived his professional life as a man. [92] (#cite_note-92) During the Civil War, over 200 people who had been assigned female at birth donned men's clothing and fought as soldiers; some lived the rest of their lives as men and are thought by some to have been transgender, such as Albert Cashier (/wiki/Albert_Cashier) . [93] (#cite_note-93) After the war, Frances Thompson (/wiki/Frances_Thompson) , a formerly enslaved black trans woman, testified before Congress's investigation of the Memphis Riots of 1866 (/wiki/Memphis_Riots_of_1866) ; ten years later, she was arrested for "being a man dressed in women's clothing". [94] (#cite_note-94) [95] (#cite_note-95) [96] (#cite_note-96) Cultural ambassador We'wha (/wiki/We%27wha) circa 1886 In the late 1800s, We'wha (/wiki/We%27wha) , a Zuni (/wiki/Zuni_people) lhamana (/wiki/Lhamana) fiber artist and potter, became a prominent cultural ambassador, visiting Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) in 1896 and meeting President Grover Cleveland (/wiki/Grover_Cleveland) . The lhamana are male-bodied people who may at times take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, and at other times the roles more traditionally associated with men. [97] (#cite_note-97) [98] (#cite_note-98) [99] (#cite_note-99) In 1895 a group of self-described androgynes in New York organized a club called the Cercle Hermaphroditos (/wiki/Cercle_Hermaphroditos) , "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution". [100] (#cite_note-100) They included Jennie June (/wiki/Jennie_June_(autobiographer)) (assigned male at birth in 1874), whose The Autobiography of an Androgyne (1918) was one of a few first-person accounts in the early years of the 20th century which cast light on what life for a transgender person was like then. [101] (#cite_note-101) In some cases, immigrants would change their gender identity upon arrival in the United States, especially those assigned female at birth, ostensibly for social mobility, like Frank Woodhull (/wiki/Frank_Woodhull) , a Canadian immigrant who lived for about 15 years as a man in California (/wiki/California) and in 1908 was forced to disclose this during processing at Ellis Island (/wiki/Ellis_Island) . [102] (#cite_note-102) American jazz musician and bandleader Billy Tipton (/wiki/Billy_Tipton) (assigned female at birth in 1914) lived as a man from the 1940s until his death, [103] (#cite_note-103) while socialite and chef Lucy Hicks Anderson (/wiki/Lucy_Hicks_Anderson) insisted as a child that she was a girl and was supported by her parents and doctors and later by the Oxnard, California (/wiki/Oxnard,_California) community in which she was a popular hostess from the 1920s to 1940s. [104] (#cite_note-104) [105] (#cite_note-105) [106] (#cite_note-106) In 1917, Alan L. Hart (/wiki/Alan_L._Hart) was one of the first trans men to undergo a hysterectomy (/wiki/Hysterectomy) and gonadectomy (/wiki/Gonadectomy) , and later became a pioneering physician (/wiki/Physician) and radiologist (/wiki/Radiologist) . [107] (#cite_note-107) Christine Jorgensen (/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen) in 1954 The possibility of someone changing sex became widely known when Christine Jorgensen (/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen) in 1952 became the first person widely publicized as undergoing sex reassignment surgery (/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery) . [108] (#cite_note-108) Around the same time, organizations and clubs began to form, such as Virginia Prince (/wiki/Virginia_Prince) 's Transvestia publication for an international organization of cross-dressers (/wiki/Cross-dressers) , [109] (#cite_note-glbtq-109) but this operated in the same shadows as the still forming gay subculture. In the late 1950s and 1960s, modern transgender and gay activism began with the 1959 Cooper Donuts Riot (/wiki/Cooper_Donuts_Riot) in Los Angeles, 1966 Compton's Cafeteria riot (/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot) in San Francisco, and a defining event in gay and transgender activism, the 1969 Stonewall Riots (/wiki/Stonewall_Riots) in New York; prominent activists included Sylvia Rivera (/wiki/Sylvia_Rivera) . The 1970s and 1980s saw organizations devoted to transgender social activities or activism come and go, including activist Lou Sullivan's FTM support group that grew into FTM International (/wiki/FTM_International) , the leading advocacy group for trans men. [109] (#cite_note-glbtq-109) Some feminist (/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics) and lesbian organizations and individuals began to debate whether transgender women should be accepted into women's groups and events. In 1972, the San Francisco chapter of the lesbian political group Daughters of Bilitis (/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis) voted to no longer include trans women, expelling Beth Elliott (/wiki/Beth_Elliott) , a trans lesbian who had served as the group's vice-president, [110] (#cite_note-B-Elliott-history-110) [111] (#cite_note-B-Elliott-DoB-111) [112] (#cite_note-B-Elliott-Out-112) and in 1973, a minority of attendees opposed Elliott's presence at the West Coast Lesbian Conference she had helped create. [110] (#cite_note-B-Elliott-history-110) [112] (#cite_note-B-Elliott-Out-112) In 1976, the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival (/wiki/Michigan_Womyn%27s_Music_Festival) and its " women-born-women (/wiki/Women-born-women) " policy began, and in 1979, Janice Raymond assailed trans woman Sandy Stone (/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)) , who had been employed at the women's music collective Olivia Records (/wiki/Olivia_Records) . [113] (#cite_note-113) In 1987, Stone wrote " The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto (/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back:_A_Posttranssexual_Manifesto) " in response, a founding text of transgender studies (/wiki/Transgender_studies) . [114] (#cite_note-Stryker-Stone-114) The 1990s saw the establishment of Transgender Day of Remembrance (/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance) to honor those lost to violence, Paris is Burning (/wiki/Paris_Is_Burning_(film)) documenting gay and trans New York ball culture (/wiki/Ball_culture) , transgender marches and parades around the time of Pride (/wiki/Gay_Pride) celebrations, and—increasingly in the 2000s and after—the visibility of transgender people rose, with Monica Roberts (/wiki/Monica_Roberts) starting TransGriot in the mid-2000s to model accurate media coverage of the trans community, [115] (#cite_note-115) actress Laverne Cox (/wiki/Laverne_Cox) being on the cover of TIME in 2014 [116] (#cite_note-116) [117] (#cite_note-117) and Caitlyn Jenner (/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner) coming out in 2015. [118] (#cite_note-118) Early trans officials like Joanne Conte (/wiki/Joanne_Conte) (elected in 1991 to Arvada, Colorado (/wiki/Arvada,_Colorado) 's city Council) [119] (#cite_note-119) and Althea Garrison (/wiki/Althea_Garrison) (elected to the Massachusetts house in 1992, serving from 1993 to 1995) [120] (#cite_note-120) were not out when elected in the 1990s; while Kim Coco Iwamoto (/wiki/Kim_Coco_Iwamoto) became the first openly trans person elected to statewide office when she won election to the Hawaii Board of Education in 2006 (and later to the Hawaii Civil Rights Commission in 2012), [121] (#cite_note-121) [122] (#cite_note-122) and Danica Roem (/wiki/Danica_Roem) became the first openly trans person to serve in a state legislature when she won a seat in the Virginia house in 2017. [123] (#cite_note-123) Journalist Danica Roem (/wiki/Danica_Roem) in 2017 Organizations such as the Girl Scouts (/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA) [124] (#cite_note-124) and the Episcopal Church (/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)) announced acceptance of transgender members [125] (#cite_note-125) in the 2010s. In 2016, the Obama administration issued guidance that clarified Title IX protections for transgender students, the most well-known being allowing trans students to use bathrooms and locker rooms matching their gender identity. [126] (#cite_note-126) Some legislative bodies passed discriminatory bills, such as North Carolina's HB 2 (/wiki/HB_2) (in 2016), and beginning 2017 the Trump administration rescinded the Obama-era protections of trans students, [127] (#cite_note-127) rescinded rules against healthcare providers discriminating against trans patients, [128] (#cite_note-128) [129] (#cite_note-129) and issued a series of orders against employment of trans people by the department of defense (/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military) . [130] (#cite_note-130) In 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in Bostock v. Clayton County (/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County) that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act) protects employees against discrimination because of gender identity (/wiki/Gender_identity) (or sexual orientation). [131] (#cite_note-131) South America [ edit ] Argentina [ edit ] Further information (in Spanish): Transgender history in Argentina (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Argentina) (redirect) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_transg%C3%A9nero_en_Argentina) ] Further information (in Spanish): Timeline of LGBT history in Argentina (/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_la_historia_LGBT_en_Argentina) ] Bolivia [ edit ] In 2016, Bolivia passed the Gender Identity Law, which allowed people over 18 to change their name, gender, and picture on legal documents. [132] (#cite_note-132) Brazil [ edit ] Main article: Transgender history in Brazil (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil) Further information: Travesti (gender identity) (/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)) European explorers reported transmasculine (/wiki/Transmasculine) and transfeminine (/wiki/Transfeminine) identities among the indigenous populations in the 16th century. [133] (#cite_note-Fernandes2017-133) [134] (#cite_note-Oliveira-134) Beginning in the mid-18th century, sex and gender in the daily life of indigenous people was systematically restructured by the state to align with heteronormative (/wiki/Heteronormative) European family structures. [ how? ] [135] (#cite_note-Picq-135) Over the next 100 years there were repeated arrests for cross-dressing, mostly targeting black travestis (/wiki/Travestis) . [134] (#cite_note-Oliveira-134) In the 1950s and 60s, gay bars began to open in Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro) and travestis gained greater prominence in the theater, having previously been relegated to Carnival (/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival) and drag balls (/wiki/Drag_balls) . [136] (#cite_note-Hutta_and_Balzer-136) The military dictatorship (/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil) (1964–1985) heavily persecuted and censored travestis and many were systematically pressured into sex work. [136] (#cite_note-Hutta_and_Balzer-136) The abertura (/wiki/Redemocratization_in_Brazil) period (1975–1985) saw the growth of the various LGBT movements, though the Brazilian homosexual movement excluded travestis for a while. [136] (#cite_note-Hutta_and_Balzer-136) Travestis began to star in television and become household names. [137] (#cite_note-Meneses-137) By the early 1990s, travestis and transsexuals organized political organizations which organized against police violence and for better care for those with HIV/AIDS. [138] (#cite_note-Carvalho-138) By the late 1990s they were included in the Brazilian homosexual movement, and prominent gay and lesbian organizations expanded their scope to gay, lesbian, and travesti/transsexual. [136] (#cite_note-Hutta_and_Balzer-136) [138] (#cite_note-Carvalho-138) The next few decades saw greater recognition by the state, culminating in the passage of legislation in the 2010s protecting gender-affirming care (/wiki/Gender-affirming_care) , establishing the right to name and gender changes, and establishing non-discrimination protections on the basis of gender. [139] (#cite_note-Matos-139) At the same time, violence against travestis has continued in Brazil, which in 2021 had the largest number of trans and queer people murdered worldwide for the 13th consecutive year, and the majority of the population continues to be engaged in prostitution. [139] (#cite_note-Matos-139) [140] (#cite_note-Pinheiro-140) Chile [ edit ] Further information (in Spanish): Transgender history in Chile (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Chile) (redirect) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_trans_en_Chile) ] Antonio de Erauso During the Spanish colonization era (/wiki/Spanish_colonization_era) , Antonio de Erauso (/wiki/Antonio_de_Erauso) , born Catalina de Arauso, dressed as a man to fight in the Arauco War (/wiki/Arauco_War) and was known as "the ensign nun". After being expelled from a convent in San Sebastián (/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n) , Erauso set sail for the New World as a man to fight against Mapuche (/wiki/Mapuche) armies in 1619. Erauso was decorated for bravery and awarded the rank of ensign, with no one doubting Erauso's sex. In 1623 Erauso revealed the true story, and after a medical examination to prove virginity, Erauso was sent to Spain, and was interviewed by King Philip IV of Spain (/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain) and Pope Urban VIII (/wiki/Urban_VIII) , who granted Erauso the right to be treated as a man. [141] (#cite_note-Gomez-2009-141) In March 1973, the first gender-affirming surgery (/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery) in Latin America took place in Chile, when Marcia Torres (/wiki/Marcia_Torres) underwent it in a Santiago hospital. [142] (#cite_note-142) [143] (#cite_note-143) This took place just months before the 1973 Chilean coup d'état (/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat) , and the new dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet (/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet) began adopting policies which criminalized and marginalized the activities of gay and trans people. [144] (#cite_note-144) Torres acquired the changed identity documents she sought from the courts after her surgery. [145] (#cite_note-145) In 2018, President Sebastián Piñera (/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era) signed the Gender Identity Law, which allows transgender people over age 14 "to update their names on legal documents and guarantees their right to be officially addressed according to their true gender." [146] (#cite_note-146) Colombia [ edit ] In December 2018, Davinson Stiven Erazo Sánchez was charged with the murder of Anyela Ramos Claros, a transgender woman, as a gender-based hate crime. Under the Rosa Elvira Cely law, feminicide, defined as "the killing of a woman because of her gender, or where there were previous instances of violence between the victim and the accused, including sexual violence," was made punishable by a prison sentence of 20 to 50 years. Claros was only the second transgender woman to have her murderer punished under this law. [147] (#cite_note-147) Peru [ edit ] Prior to the 16th century arrival of Spanish conquistadors, the Inca Empire and their Moche predecessors revered third-gender persons and organized their society around an Andean cosmovision that made room for masculine and feminine ambiguity based in "complementary dualism." Third-gender shamans as ritual practitioners were subject to violence as the Spanish suppressed pre-colonial worldviews. [148] (#cite_note-148) In 2014, the Peruvian Constitutional Court ruled against a transgender woman changing her gender on her national identity document, but in October 2016 the court reversed the earlier decision, acknowledging "people are not only defined by their biological sex, but one must also take into consideration their psychic and social reality." Following this, transgender people in Peru can petition a judge for a legal gender change without having undergone sexual reassignment surgery. [149] (#cite_note-149) Uruguay [ edit ] Further information (in Spanish): Timeline of LGBT history in Uruguay (/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_la_historia_LGBT_en_Uruguay) ] In 2018, Uruguay passed a law granting rights to transgender people, entitling them to gender confirmation surgery and hormones paid for by the state. The law also mandates that a number of transgender people receive public jobs. [150] (#cite_note-150) Transgender people can now specify their gender identity and change their legal name without requiring approval from a judge. In addition, transgender people who suffered persecution during the Uruguayan military dictatorship (/wiki/Uruguayan_military_dictatorship) from 1973 to 1985 will receive compensation. [151] (#cite_note-151) The law also allows minors (under 18) to legally change name without prior parental or court approval. [152] (#cite_note-152) Asia [ edit ] West Asia (the Middle East) [ edit ] Further information: LGBT in Islam (/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam) For the history of Roman and Byzantine Asia, see § Rome and Byzantium (#Byzantium) . Arabian peninsula [ edit ] Khanith (/wiki/Khanith) are a gender category in Oman (/wiki/Oman) and Arabia (/wiki/Arabia) who function in some sexual and social ways as women, [153] (#cite_note-153) and are variously considered to fill an "alternative gender role", [154] (#cite_note-154) to be transgender, or (as they are still considered men by Omani standards and laws) to be transvestites. [155] (#cite_note-155) Discussing the (male-assigned) khanith, older mukhannathun (/wiki/Mukhannathun) and Egyptian khawalat (/wiki/Khawalat) , and the (female-assigned) ghulamiyat (/w/index.php?title=Ghulamiyat&action=edit&redlink=1) , Everett Rowson writes there is "considerable evidence for institutionalized cross-dressing and other cross-gender behavior in pre-modern Muslim societies, among both men and to some extent women" which existed from Muhammad (/wiki/Muhammad) 's day and continued into the Umayyad (/wiki/Umayyad) and Abbasid (/wiki/Abbasid) periods [156] (#cite_note-156) and, in the khanith, into the present. Iran [ edit ] Further information: Transgender rights in Iran (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran) Under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) , transsexuals and crossdressers were classed with gays and lesbians and faced lashing or death. Beginning in the 1970s, trans woman Maryam Khatoon Molkara (/wiki/Maryam_Khatoon_Molkara) wrote to Ruhollah Khomeini (/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini) asking for support to live as a woman, and building on a 1963 decision that corrective surgery for intersex people was not against Islamic law, he agreed. [157] (#cite_note-157) After the Islamic Revolution (/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) , Molkara was institutionalized and forced to detransition (/wiki/Forced_detransition) , but later released, and in 1985 personally convinced Ahmad Khomeini (/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini) to decree transition and sex reassignment surgery allowed in Islamic law; she advocated for transgender rights until her death in 2012. As of 2008, [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transgender_history&action=edit) Iran carries out more sex change operations than any other nation except Thailand; [158] (#cite_note-Tait-2007-158) the government pays up to half the cost for those needing financial assistance, and a sex change is recognized on one's birth certificate. [159] (#cite_note-159) Some gay people are also pressured into sex reassignment. [160] (#cite_note-160) Israel and Palestine [ edit ] Aderet in 2009 See also: LGBT rights in Israel (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel) and LGBT rights in the State of Palestine (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine) In 1998, Israeli pop singer Dana International (/wiki/Dana_International) became the first trans person to enter and win the Eurovision Song Contest (/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest) . [161] (#cite_note-161) [162] (#cite_note-162) In 2008, singer and trans woman Aderet (/wiki/Aderet_(singer)) became popular in Israel and neighboring Lebanon. [163] (#cite_note-163) The second week of June is the Tel Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv) Pride Parade, during international LGBT Pride (/wiki/Gay_pride) month. In 2008 it coincided with the building of an LGBT Centre in Tel Aviv. [164] (#cite_note-164) [ non-primary source needed ] In 2015, the parade was led by Gila Goldstein (/wiki/Gila_Goldstein) , who in the 1960s became one of the first Israelis to receive sex reassignment surgery. [165] (#cite_note-165) The festival is popular, with over 200,000 participants in 2016. [166] (#cite_note-166) Ottoman Empire [ edit ] Eunuchs, who served in the Ottoman Empire (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) from the 16th to late 19th century [167] (#cite_note-167) (and were commonly exiled to Egypt after their terms, [168] (#cite_note-168) where black eunuchs had served pre-Ottoman rulers as civil servants since the 10th century) [169] (#cite_note-169) have sometimes been viewed as a kind of third gender or an alternative male gender. [170] (#cite_note-170) East Asia [ edit ] China [ edit ] Main article: Transgender people in China (/wiki/Transgender_people_in_China) Eunuchs (/wiki/Eunuch) existed in China over 3000 years ago. They were imperial servants and common as civil servants from the time of the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) until a century ago. [171] (#cite_note-171) [172] (#cite_note-172) Eunuchs have sometimes been viewed as a third sex [173] (#cite_note-173) [174] (#cite_note-174) or a transgender practice, and Chinese histories have often expressed the relationship of a ruler to his officials in the terms of a male relationship to females. [175] (#cite_note-Song_2006-175) Cross-gender behavior has long been common in Chinese theatre, especially in dan roles (/wiki/Dan_role) , since at least the Ming (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) and Qing (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) dynasties. [175] (#cite_note-Song_2006-175) [176] (#cite_note-Chiang_2012_p8-176) [177] (#cite_note-177) Today, Jin Xing (/wiki/Jin_Xing) is a well-known entertainer and trans woman. [178] (#cite_note-178) In the mid-1930s, after Yao Jinping's father went missing during the war with Japan, the 19-year-old reported having lost all feminine traits and become a man (and was said to have an Adam's apple and flattened breasts) and left to find him; the event was widely reported on by the press. [179] (#cite_note-Zhu_2015-179) [180] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiang2018240–241-180) Du He, who wrote an account of it, insisted Yao did become a man, and Yao has been compared to both Lili Elbe (/wiki/Lili_Elbe) (who underwent sex reassignment in the same decade) and Hua Mulan (/wiki/Hua_Mulan) (a mythical wartime crossdresser). [179] (#cite_note-Zhu_2015-179) [180] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiang2018240–241-180) In the 1950s, doctors in Taiwan forced Xie Jianshun (/wiki/Xie_Jianshun) , an intersex man, to undergo male-to-female sex reassignment surgery; Taiwanese press compared the former soldier to Christine Jorgensen (/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen) , who had sought out surgery, [181] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiang2018134–139-181) [182] (#cite_note-182) and the decade-long media frenzy over Xie led to increased coverage of intersex and transgender people in general. [183] (#cite_note-183) In the 1990s, transgender studies was established as an academic discipline. Transgender people are considered a "sexual minority" in China, [184] (#cite_note-Chiang_2012_p269-184) where widespread transphobia (/wiki/Transphobia) means trans people face discrimination in accessing housing, education, work, and healthcare. [176] (#cite_note-Chiang_2012_p8-176) [185] (#cite_note-Westcott_2019-185) [186] (#cite_note-McVeigh_2019-186) China requires trans people to get the consent of their families before sex reassignment surgery, leading many to buy hormones on the black market and attempt surgeries on themselves. [185] (#cite_note-Westcott_2019-185) [186] (#cite_note-McVeigh_2019-186) Japan [ edit ] Kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) dance by onnagata (/wiki/Onnagata) Akifusa Guraku Further information: Sexual minorities in Japan (/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan) Historical documentation of male- and female-assigned transgender people is extensive, especially in the Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) . [187] (#cite_note-Wieringa_2007-187) Trans-masculine (/wiki/Trans_man) people were found especially in Yoshiwara (/wiki/Yoshiwara) , Edo's red-light district, and in the modern era have worked in onabe bars since the 1960s. [187] (#cite_note-Wieringa_2007-187) At the start of the Edo period in 1603, Izumo no Okuni (/wiki/Izumo_no_Okuni) founded kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) (dressing as a handsome man to tryst with a woman in one popular performance, and being honored with a statue near where she performed which depicts her as a cross-dressing samurai with a sword and fan); in 1629, when the Tokugawa shogunate (/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate) banned women from acting, [187] (#cite_note-Wieringa_2007-187) male performers took on the roles of women. Some, such as onnagata (/wiki/Onnagata) actor Yoshizawa Ayame I (/wiki/Yoshizawa_Ayame_I) (1673–1729) dressed, behaved and ate like women even outside the theatre. [188] (#cite_note-188) In 2004 Japan passed a law requiring people who want to change their gender marker to have sex reassignment surgery and be sterilized, be single, and have no children under age 20, which the supreme court upheld in 2019. [189] (#cite_note-189) [190] (#cite_note-190) In 2017, Japan became one of the first countries in the modern world to elect an openly trans man to office, electing Tomoya Hosoda (/wiki/Tomoya_Hosoda) as a city councillor in Iruma (/wiki/Iruma,_Saitama) . [191] (#cite_note-191) [192] (#cite_note-192) South and Southeast Asia [ edit ] Cambodia [ edit ] Under the Khmer Rouge (/wiki/Khmer_Rouge) , Phnom Penh (/wiki/Phnom_Penh) 's trans community was expelled or killed, and trans women and men were raped, jailed, or killed. [193] (#cite_note-Otto_2017-193) Some escaped and live as refugees in the US. [194] (#cite_note-194) Indian subcontinent [ edit ] Hijra and companions in East Bengal in the 1860s First- to fourth-century head of Ardhanarishvara Further information: LGBT rights in India (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India) Indian texts from as early as 3000 years ago document a third gender, which has been connected to the hijras (/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)) who have formed a category of third-gender or trans-feminine people on the Indian subcontinent since ancient times. [195] (#cite_note-West_2010-195) In the Rigveda (/wiki/Rigveda) (from roughly 3500 years ago), it is said that before creation the world lacked all distinctions, including of sex and gender, a state ancient poets expressed with images like men with wombs or breasts. [196] (#cite_note-196) The Mahabharata (/wiki/Mahabharata) (from 2–3000 years ago) tells of a trans man, Shikhandi (/wiki/Shikhandi) . [197] (#cite_note-197) [198] (#cite_note-198) In the Ramayana (/wiki/Ramayana) (from roughly 2000 years ago), when Rama (/wiki/Rama) asks "men and women" not to follow him, hijras remain and he blesses them. [199] (#cite_note-Parker-Aggleton-1999-199) [200] (#cite_note-200) Most hijras are assigned male at birth (and may or may not castrate themselves), [201] (#cite_note-Hinchy_2017-201) but some are intersex and a few are assigned female. [202] (#cite_note-202) Hijras wear feminine clothing and usually adopt feminine names, often live together in households (often regardless of differences in caste or religion) and relate to each other as female fictive kin (/wiki/Fictive_kin) (sisters, daughters, etc.), and perform at events such as births and weddings. [199] (#cite_note-Parker-Aggleton-1999-199) [201] (#cite_note-Hinchy_2017-201) The Buddhist Tipitaka (/wiki/Tipitaka) , composed about 2100 years ago, documents four gender categories: female, male, pandaka (/wiki/Pandaka) , and ubhatobyanjanaka (/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexual_orientation#Ubhatovyanjañakas) . [203] (#cite_note-203) [204] (#cite_note-Osborne_2009-204) It says the Buddha (/wiki/Buddha) was tolerant of monks transitioning to nuns, [205] (#cite_note-Totman_2011-205) at least initially, though trans people did face some stigma, [204] (#cite_note-Osborne_2009-204) and the possibility of monastic transition was later curtailed when the tradition of female monasticism (/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB) was extinguished in Theravada Buddhism (/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism) , [205] (#cite_note-Totman_2011-205) and between the third to fifth century, Indian Buddhists were hostile to transgender people. [206] (#cite_note-206) These trans- and third-gender categories have been connected to the § kathoeys (#Kathoeys) who exist in Thailand. [205] (#cite_note-Totman_2011-205) Beginning in the 1870s, the colonial authorities attempted to eliminate hijras, prohibiting their performances and transvestism. [201] (#cite_note-Hinchy_2017-201) In India, since independence, several state governments have introduced specific welfare programs to redress historical discrimination against hijras and transgender people. [207] (#cite_note-207) Today, there are at least 490,000 hijras in India, [208] (#cite_note-Nagarajan-208) and an estimated 10,000 to 500,000 in Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) , [209] (#cite_note-209) and they are legally recognized as a third gender in Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) , India (/wiki/India) , Nepal (/wiki/Nepal) , and Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) . [208] (#cite_note-Nagarajan-208) [210] (#cite_note-210) In 1999, Kamla Jaan became the first hijra elected mayor of an Indian city, Katni (/wiki/Katni) , and around the same time Shabnam Mausi (/wiki/Shabnam_Mausi) was elected as a legislator from Gorakhpur (/wiki/Gorakhpur) . [195] (#cite_note-West_2010-195) In Bangladesh, in 2019, several trans people filed to run for parliament, which currently has no trans or hijra members. [211] (#cite_note-211) In Hinduism, Ardhanarishvara (/wiki/Ardhanarishvara) , a half-male, half-female fusion of Shiva (/wiki/Shiva) and Shakti (/wiki/Shakti) , is one of several deities important to many hijras and transgender Hindus, [212] (#cite_note-212) [213] (#cite_note-213) and has been called an androgynous and transgender deity. [214] (#cite_note-214) [215] (#cite_note-215) Indonesia [ edit ] A Bugis bissu in 2004 Indonesia has a trans-/third-gender category of people called waria (/wiki/Waria_(person)) . [216] (#cite_note-216) It has been estimated that there are over 7 million waria in the Indonesian population of 240-260 million people. [217] (#cite_note-217) The Bugis (/wiki/Bugis) of Sulawesi (/wiki/Sulawesi) recognize three sexes (male, female, intersex (/wiki/Intersex) ) and five genders (/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society) : makkunrai , comparable to cisgender (/wiki/Cisgender) women; oroané , to cisgender (/wiki/Cisgender) men (/wiki/Men) ; calabai , to trans women; calalai , to trans men; and bissu , an androgynous (/wiki/Androgynous) gender. [218] (#cite_note-218) [219] (#cite_note-219) [220] (#cite_note-220) An all-transgender netball (/wiki/Netball) team from Indonesia competed at the 1994 Gay Games in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . The team had been the Indonesian national champions. [221] (#cite_note-221) Philippines [ edit ] Main article: LGBT culture in the Philippines (/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_the_Philippines) Today, male-assigned people who adopt a feminine gender expression and are transgender or gay are termed bakla (/wiki/Bakla) and sometimes considered a third gender. [222] (#cite_note-Cruz_2015-222) [223] (#cite_note-223) [224] (#cite_note-224) Historically, cross-gender babaylan (/wiki/Babaylan) shamans were respected and termed bayog or bayoc in Luzon and asog in the Visayan Islands [222] (#cite_note-Cruz_2015-222) until outlawed in 1625 and suppressed by Spanish colonial authorities. [225] (#cite_note-225) [226] (#cite_note-226) The Teduray people (/wiki/Teduray_people) in Mindanao (/wiki/Mindanao) accepted two trans identities, mentefuwaley lagey ("one who became a man") and mentefuwaley libun ("one who became a woman") into at least the 1960s. [222] (#cite_note-Cruz_2015-222) [227] (#cite_note-227) Crossdressing was practiced during American colonial rule. Singer and actress Helen Cruz was a prominent trans figure, especially in the 1960s, and pioneer of Swardspeak (/wiki/Swardspeak) . [228] (#cite_note-228) [229] (#cite_note-229) Thailand [ edit ] Some Thais say Ananda was a kathoey in many previous lives. Bell Nuntita (/wiki/Bell_Nuntita) , Thai trans woman and member of the kathoey band Venus Flytrap (/wiki/Venus_Flytrap_(group)) Further information: Kathoey (/wiki/Kathoey) and Gender identities in Thailand (/wiki/Gender_identities_in_Thailand) Some (especially Thai) scholars identify the third- and fourth genders documented in the Tipitaka (/wiki/Tipitaka) with the kathoey (/wiki/Kathoey) , a third-gender category which was already a part of traditional Thai and Khmer culture by that the time that scripture was composed about 2100 years ago. [205] (#cite_note-Totman_2011-205) Some (especially Thai) Buddhists say Ananda (/wiki/Ananda) (Buddha's cousin and attendant) was born a kathoey /transgender in many previous lives, [205] (#cite_note-Totman_2011-205) but that it was to expiate for a past misdeed. [230] (#cite_note-230) The category of kathoey was historically open to male-assigned, female-assigned and intersex people. [231] (#cite_note-Barter_2017-231) Since the 1970s, the term has come to be used (by others) to denote mainly male-assigned transvestites or trans women, [231] (#cite_note-Barter_2017-231) [232] (#cite_note-Winter_2002-232) the latter of whom usually refer to themselves simply as phuying ("women"); a minority refer to themselves as phuying praphet song ("second-type women") or sao praphet song ("second-type females"), and only very few refer to themselves as kathoey . [233] (#cite_note-233) [234] (#cite_note-Peter_Jackson-1989-234) Kathoey is often rendered into English as "ladyboy". Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) has become a center for performing sex reassignment surgery (/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery) , and now performs more than any other country. [158] (#cite_note-Tait-2007-158) In 2015, the government proposed recognizing third-gender people in the constitution, [235] (#cite_note-235) but instead only retained personal protections regardless of phet ("sex") which was interpreted to include trans people; a third gender is not recognized on identity documents. [236] (#cite_note-236) [237] (#cite_note-237) Europe [ edit ] Earliest history [ edit ] Certain drawings and figures from the Neolithic period and Bronze Age found around the Mediterranean have been interpreted as genderless. [238] (#cite_note-Talalay2005-238) Near what is today Prague (/wiki/Prague) , a burial from 4,900 to 4,500 years ago was found of a biologically male skeleton in a woman's outfit with feminine grave goods, which some archaeologists consider an early transgender burial. [239] (#cite_note-239) [240] (#cite_note-240) [241] (#cite_note-241) [242] (#cite_note-242) [243] (#cite_note-243) Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, and Byzantium [ edit ] 2nd century statue of a gallus priest Further information: Homosexuality in ancient Greece (/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece) and Homosexuality in ancient Rome (/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome) In Ancient Greece, Phrygia (/wiki/Phrygia) , and the Roman Republic (/wiki/Roman_Republic) and Empire, Cybele (/wiki/Cybele) and Attis (/wiki/Attis) were worshiped by galli (/wiki/Galli) priests (documented from around 200 BCE to around 300 CE) [244] (#cite_note-244) who wore feminine clothes, referred to themselves as women, and often castrated (/wiki/Castration) themselves, [245] (#cite_note-Califia_2003-245) [246] (#cite_note-Benjamin_1966-246) and have therefore been seen as early transgender figures. [247] (#cite_note-247) [248] (#cite_note-248) In Rome, cross-dressing was also practiced during Saturnalia , which some argue reinforced established gender identities by making such practices unacceptable outside that rite. [249] (#cite_note-Campanile_TransAntiquity-249) Romans also viewed cross-dressing negatively and imposed it as a punishment, as when Charondas of Catane decreed deserters wear female clothes for three days or when, after Crassus' defeat, the Persians hung a lookalike of the dead general clad as a woman. [249] (#cite_note-Campanile_TransAntiquity-249) [250] (#cite_note-250) Roman aureus coin depicting Elagabalus Women who cross-dressed as men could have access to male opportunities, as depicted in the fictional story of an Athenian woman dressing as a man to vote in the ekklesia in Aristophane's Ekklesiazusae (/wiki/Assemblywomen) , or when Agnodice (/wiki/Agnodice) of Athens dressed as a man to get a degree in medicine, Axiothea (/wiki/Axiothea_of_Phlius) from Phlius (/wiki/Phlius) cross-dressed to attend Plato's lectures, and the wife of Calvisius Sabinus dressed as a soldier to join a military camp. [251] (#cite_note-251) Roman emperor Elagabalus (/wiki/Elagabalus) ( c. 204 – 222) is said by Roman historians to have depilated, worn makeup and wigs, rejected being called a lord and preferred being called a lady, and offered vast sums of money to any physician who could provide the imperial body with female genitalia (/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery) . [252] (#cite_note-Varner-2008h-252) Despite marrying several women, the Syrian's most stable relationship was with chariot driver Hierocles, and Cassius Dio says Elagabalus delighted in being called Hierocles' mistress, wife, and queen. [252] (#cite_note-Varner-2008h-252) The Severan emperor has therefore been seen by some writers as transgender or transsexual. [252] (#cite_note-Varner-2008h-252) [253] (#cite_note-253) [254] (#cite_note-Benjamin_1866_appendix_C-254) Illuminated manuscript from the Speculum Historiale of Vincent of Beauvais (/wiki/Vincent_of_Beauvais) showing the story of Marina Marinos (/wiki/Marina_the_Monk) (Paris, BnF, Français 51 f.201v); the upper right corner shows the revelation that Marinos/Marina has breasts. In the 500s, Anastasia the Patrician (/wiki/Anastasia_the_Patrician) fled life in the court of Justinian I (/wiki/Justinian_I) in Constantinople to spend twenty-eight years (until death) dressed as a male monk in Egypt (/wiki/Egypt) , [255] (#cite_note-255) coming to be viewed by some today as a transgender saint. [256] (#cite_note-256) [ better source needed ] [257] (#cite_note-257) Coptic texts from that era (the fifth to ninth centuries), like texts from around Europe, tell of many female-assigned people transitioning to live as men; in one, a monastic named Hilaria (/wiki/Legend_of_Hilaria) (child of Zeno (/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)) ) dresses as a man, brings about a reduction in breast size and cessation of menstruation through asceticism, and comes to be accepted by fellow monks as a male, Hilarion, and by some modern scholars as trans; the story of Marinos (Marina) (/wiki/Marina_the_Monk) , another Byzantine, who became a monk in Lebanon, is similar. [4] (#cite_note-Wilfong_2007-4) [258] (#cite_note-258) Other Byzantine hagiographies describe eunuchs (/wiki/Eunuch) , who occupied a kind of third-gender status, like Ignatios of Constantinople (/wiki/Ignatios_of_Constantinople) (who became patriarch of Constantinople and a saint). [259] (#cite_note-Spencer-Hall_&_Gutt-259) [260] (#cite_note-260) Early Scandinavia, Viking-era Norse [ edit ] See also: Ergi (/wiki/Ergi) and Seiðr § Seiðr and gender roles in Norse society (/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r#Seiðr_and_gender_roles_in_Norse_society) Norse society stigmatized effeminacy (especially sexual passivity, but also—it is sometimes said—transgender and cross-dressing behavior), [261] (#cite_note-261) [262] (#cite_note-Larrington_2017-262) calling it ergi (/wiki/Ergi) , [263] (#cite_note-Clark_2009-263) At the same time, the characteristics the Norse revered in their gods were complicated; [262] (#cite_note-Larrington_2017-262) Odin (/wiki/Odin) was skilled in effeminate seiðr (/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r) magic, [264] (#cite_note-Lindow_2002-264) and assumed the form of a woman in several myths, [265] (#cite_note-265) and Loki (/wiki/Loki) too changed gender on several occasions [266] (#cite_note-266) [267] (#cite_note-267) (for which reason some modern works label or depict the trickster deity as genderfluid (/wiki/Genderfluid) ). [268] (#cite_note-268) [269] (#cite_note-269) In 2017, archaeologists found that the bones of a Viking buried in Birka with masculine grave goods (/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior) were female; some suggested the burial could be a trans man, but the original archaeologists said they did not want to apply a "modern" term and preferred to see the person as a woman. [270] (#cite_note-270) [271] (#cite_note-271) Middle Ages [ edit ] Gregory of Tours (/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours) in his 6th century History of the Franks , included a story about a castrated man who dressed in women's clothing and was alleged to be living as a nun at the monastery of the Holy Cross in Poitiers (/wiki/Holy_Cross_Abbey_(Poitiers)) . [272] (#cite_note-272) A 2021 study concluded that a grave from 1050 to 1300 in Hattula (/wiki/Hattula) , Finland (/wiki/Finland) , containing a body buried in feminine clothing with brooches, valuable furs and a hiltless sword (with a second sword later buried above the original grave), which earlier researchers speculated to be two bodies (a male and female) or a powerful woman, was one person with Klinefelter syndrome (/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome) and that "the overall context of the grave indicates that it was a respected person whose gender identity may well have been non-binary". [273] (#cite_note-273) [274] (#cite_note-274) In the 1322 book Even Boḥan , Kalonymus ben Kalonymus (/wiki/Kalonymus_ben_Kalonymus) (from Provence (/wiki/Provence) , France) wrote a poem expressing lament at and cursing having been born a boy, calling a penis as a "defect" and wishing to have been created as a woman, which some writers see as an expression of gender dysphoria (/wiki/Gender_dysphoria) and identification as a trans woman. [275] (#cite_note-275) [276] (#cite_note-276) [277] (#cite_note-277) [278] (#cite_note-278) In 1394, London authorities arrested a male-bodied sex worker (/wiki/Sex_worker) in women's clothing who went by the name Eleanor Rykener (/wiki/Eleanor_Rykener) . [279] (#cite_note-Dinshaw_1991_p101-279) Rykener reported having first gotten women's clothing, and learned embroidery (perhaps completing an apprenticeship, as female apprentices did) and how to sleep with men for pay, from Elizabeth Brouderer; [279] (#cite_note-Dinshaw_1991_p101-279) [280] (#cite_note-Karras-Boyd_1996_p111-112-280) Rykener also slept with women. [280] (#cite_note-Karras-Boyd_1996_p111-112-280) Rykener's testimony offers a glimpse into medieval sexual identities (/wiki/Sexual_identities) . [281] (#cite_note-281) Carolyn Dinshaw (/wiki/Carolyn_Dinshaw) suggests Rykener's living and working in Oxford as a woman for some time indicates Rykener enjoyed doing so, [282] (#cite_note-282) and Cordelia Beattie says "it is evident [Rykener] could pass as a woman", and passing "in everyday life would have involved other gendered behaviour"; [283] (#cite_note-283) historian Ruth Mazo Karras (/wiki/Ruth_Mazo_Karras) argues Rykener was a trans woman, and could also be described as bisexual. [284] (#cite_note-284) [285] (#cite_note-285) Historian Judith Bennett (/wiki/Judith_Bennett) argues people were familiar enough with hermaphroditism (/wiki/Hermaphroditism) that "Rykener's repeated forays into the space between 'male' and 'female' might have been as unremarkable in the streets of fourteenth-century London as they would be in Soho today", [286] (#cite_note-286) while Robert Mills argues officials would have been even more concerned by Rykener's switching of gender roles than by sex work. [287] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2015105-287) A few medieval works explore female-to-male transformation and trans figures. [288] (#cite_note-Rasmussen_2019-288) In the 13th century French Roman de Silence (/wiki/Roman_de_Silence) , Nature and Nurture personified try to sway a child born a girl but raised a boy, who longs to do some feminine things but also long enjoys life as a man before being put into a female identity and clothing at the end of the story; [289] (#cite_note-289) Silence has been viewed as (at least temporarily) transgender. [288] (#cite_note-Rasmussen_2019-288) [290] (#cite_note-Newman_2003-290) [291] (#cite_note-291) Christine de Pizan (/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan) 's Livre de la mutacion de Fortune (1403) opens "I who was formerly a woman, am now in fact a man [...] my current self-description is the truth. But I shall describe by means of fiction the fact of my transformation" using the metaphor of Iphis (/wiki/Iphis) and Ianthe [292] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2015121–122-292) (a myth John Gower (/wiki/John_Gower) 's Iphis and Ianthe also took up), leading some modern scholars to also view Fortune ' s protagonist (and Gower's) as transgender. [288] (#cite_note-Rasmussen_2019-288) [290] (#cite_note-Newman_2003-290) Medieval Christian church [ edit ] Trans figures and non-normative gender traits were acknowledged by the medieval church, and were often interpreted as expressions of God's plan, rather than deviations from it. [259] (#cite_note-Spencer-Hall_&_Gutt-259) Many transgender saints and clergy members were celebrated and uplifted by the medieval church. Trans people were canonized in the early days of Christianity on account of their "extraordinary lives" and the view that they were extraordinarily blessed by God. [293] (#cite_note-293) As the medieval church developed stricter policies and procedures, its view of trans people changed. Marina the Monk (/wiki/Marina_the_Monk) , or Marinos, was a transgender person in the clergy. Sources vary, but he likely lived somewhere between the fifth and eighth centuries near modern-day Syria. [294] (#cite_note-294) Marinos, though assigned female at birth, chose to enter a monastery as a monk, following his father and saying the modesty and abstinence that came with the life of a monk would protect his identity. He was expelled from the monastery after a woman accused him of impregnating her, but never refuted the claims made against him, as doing so would involve revealing his genitals; instead, he fathered the child and was eventually allowed back into the monastery along with his son. His sex was only discovered after his death. He is named a saint by both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. [295] (#cite_note-295) The theme of "sexual disguise" [296] (#cite_note-296) was popular, especially in early monasticism. Numerous female hermits living alone in the desert dressed identical to male hermits. Mary of Egypt (/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt) , who was born in Alexandria in the early fifth century, is one popular example of an "emasculated female saint." [297] (#cite_note-297) In depictions of her after her conversion to ascetic life, both in visual art and in personal accounts, Mary is portrayed as seemingly genderless. When she stripped herself of all aspects of her previous identity, she also seemed to have shed her gender. Thecla (/wiki/Thecla) , a contemporary of the apostle Paul, shaved her head and adopted a man's dress in order to prove her devotion and piety. [298] (#cite_note-298) She, like Mary of Egypt, shed her female identity in pursuit of a devoutly religious lifestyle. Historian Caroline Walker Bynum (/wiki/Caroline_Walker_Bynum) has explored the idea of Jesus as an androgynous figure. In the 12th century, the idea of "mother Jesus" began showing up more and more in religious texts. In many Cistercian texts, Jesus is described as both the son of God, and the mother of all people. He is ascribed traits like nurturing and affectionate, which were not used to describe men at the time, presenting Jesus as somewhere between distinctly male and distinctly female. [299] (#cite_note-299) Trans ideas continued to show up in religious writing throughout the Middle Ages. One story that bridged the gap between secular and religious ideas of transness is the fictional story of Blanchandin, which gives insight into attitudes towards transgender people in the Middle Ages. The fourteenth-century chanson de geste (/wiki/Chanson_de_geste) Tristan de Nanteuil details how Blanchandin was physically transformed from woman to man in order to father St. Gilles, being visited by an angel who gives him testicles and a penis. Rather than being portrayed as a transgression against the natural order of things, this transition is seen as a "radiant expression of God's will". Blanchandin was viewed as having a special relationship to God and to his mission on earth. [259] (#cite_note-Spencer-Hall_&_Gutt-259) Around the turn of the thirteenth century, the church's view of trans people began to change. The church developed a firmer stance on issues including non-normative gender expressions. As tensions rose between Christianity and Judaism, so did the divide between who was a part of the church and who was not. Those who did not fit neatly into the gender binary did not fit into the church. Religious doctrine insisted that intersex people choose one sex organ or the other to perform sexual acts with, lest they be accused of engaging in sodomy. [300] (#cite_note-300) The Cathars (/wiki/Catharism) , who erased all ideas of sex and gender from their belief system, were labeled as heretics. [301] (#cite_note-301) The church's reaction to the Cathars exemplified a greater trend within the medieval church, one that did not accept rejection of the gender binary. Balkans [ edit ] Sworn virgin in Albania in 1908 Balkan sworn virgins (/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins) such as Stana Cerović (/wiki/Stana_Cerovi%C4%87) are women who take a vow of chastity and live as men; they dress as men, socialize with men, do men's activities, and are usually referred to with masculine pronouns in and outside their presence. [302] (#cite_note-302) They take their name from the vow of celibacy they traditionally swore. The gender role, found among several national and religious groups in the Balkans (including Muslims and Christians in Albania, Bosnia, Macedonia and Dalmatia (/wiki/Dalmatia) ), dates to at least the 15th century. [303] (#cite_note-303) [304] (#cite_note-304) It is thought to be the only traditional, formally socially defined trans-masculine (/wiki/Trans_man) gender role in Europe, but it has been suggested that it may be a survival of a more widespread pre-Christian European gender category. [305] (#cite_note-305) Belgium [ edit ] On October 1, 2020, Petra De Sutter (/wiki/Petra_De_Sutter) was sworn in as a deputy prime minister of Belgium under Alexander De Croo (/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo) , becoming the most senior trans politician in Europe; [306] (#cite_note-306) De Sutter was previously a Belgian senator (/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)) and a Member of the European Parliament (/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament) , and is a gynaecologist (/wiki/Gynaecologist) and the head of the department of reproductive medicine at Ghent University Hospital (/wiki/Ghent_University_Hospital) . [307] (#cite_note-307) Denmark [ edit ] Lili Elbe (/wiki/Lili_Elbe) Lili Elbe (/wiki/Lili_Elbe) was a Danish trans woman and one of the first recipients of sex reassignment surgery (/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery) . [308] (#cite_note-308) [309] (#cite_note-309) Elbe was assigned male at birth and was a successful painter before transitioning. [310] (#cite_note-310) She transitioned (/wiki/Transitioning_(transgender)) in 1930 and changed her legal name (/wiki/Legal_name) to Lili Ilse Elvenes. [311] (#cite_note-311) She died in 1931 from complications after ovary and uterus transplants. [312] (#cite_note-Biography.com_Elbe-312) [313] (#cite_note-313) Denmark is also known for its role in the transition of American Christine Jorgensen (/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen) , whose operations were performed in Copenhagen starting in 1951. [314] (#cite_note-314) In 2017 Denmark became the first country in the world to remove transgender identities from its list of disorders of mental health. [315] (#cite_note-315) France [ edit ] Christine de Pisan makes one of the early accounts of gender transitioning in her autobiographical allegorical poem Le Livre de la mutation de fortune (/wiki/Le_Livre_de_la_mutation_de_fortune) . [316] (#cite_note-Gutt-2020-316) The Chevalier d'Éon (/wiki/Chevalier_d%27%C3%89on) (1728–1810) was a French diplomat and soldier who appeared publicly as a man and pursued masculine occupations for 49 years, [317] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKates2001xxi-317) but during that time successfully infiltrated the court of Empress Elizabeth of Russia by presenting as a woman, and later promoted (and may have engineered) rumours that d'Éon had been assigned female at birth, [318] (#cite_note-Chrisman-Campbell-318) [319] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKates2001183–192-319) [320] (#cite_note-d'Eon_them-320) and thereafter agreed with the French government to dress in women's clothing, doing so from 1777 until death. [317] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKates2001xxi-317) Doctors who examined d'Éon's body after death discovered "male organs in every respect perfectly formed", but also feminine characteristics; modern scholars think d'Eon may have been a trans woman and/or intersex. [320] (#cite_note-d'Eon_them-320) [321] (#cite_note-321) [322] (#cite_note-322) Herculine Barbin (/wiki/Herculine_Barbin) (1838–1868) was a French intersex (/wiki/Intersex) person assigned female at birth (/wiki/Sex_assignment) and raised as a girl. After a doctor's examination at age 22, Barbin was reassigned male, and legal papers followed declaring Barbin officially male. Barbin changed names to Abel Barbin, and wrote memoirs using female pronouns for the period before transition, and male pronouns thereafter, which were recovered (following Barbin's suicide at age 30) and published in France in 1872, and in English in 1980. Judith Butler (/wiki/Judith_Butler) refers to Michel Foucault (/wiki/Michel_Foucault) 's commentary on Barbin in their book Gender Trouble (/wiki/Gender_Trouble) . Coccinelle (/wiki/Coccinelle) (Jacqueline Charlotte Dufresnoy, 1931 – 2006) was a French actress, entertainer and singer who made her debut as a transgender showgirl in 1953, and became the first person widely publicized as getting gender reassignment case in post-war Europe, where she became an international celebrity and a renowned club singer. [323] (#cite_note-Punchard-2022-323) Coccinelle worked extensively as an activist on behalf of transgender people in later life, founding the organization "Devenir Femme" ("To Become Woman"). [324] (#cite_note-Guyot-324) In March 2020, Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes (/wiki/Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes) elected—and in May, inaugurated— Marie Cau (/wiki/Marie_Cau) as mayor, making her the first openly transgender (/wiki/Transgender) mayor in France. [325] (#cite_note-Cau-France24-325) Germany [ edit ] Anna P, who lived for many years as a man, photographed for Magnus Hirschfeld (/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld) 's Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (/wiki/Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_sexuelle_Zwischenstufen) in 1922. On May 10, 1933, Nazis burned the library of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft. Further information: Magnus Hirschfeld (/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld) , Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft) , and Transgender people in Nazi Germany (/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany) An early reference to transgender people in the German medical literature appeared in 1829, in a brief review article by Johann Baptist Friedreich (/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Friedreich) . This article was also republished in 1830. [326] (#cite_note-326) [327] (#cite_note-Schechter-2016-327) The article speculates on the causes behind a "female sickness" among Scythian priests, described by Hippocrates (/wiki/Hippocrates) and later Herodotus (/wiki/Herodotus) ; he compares this with transgender cases observed across various cultures. [328] (#cite_note-328) Friedreich's article was followed by a separate medical description that appeared in 1870. [327] (#cite_note-Schechter-2016-327) In the early 1900s, transgender people became a subject of popular interest in Germany, covered by several biographies and the sympathetic liberal press in Berlin. [329] (#cite_note-Beachy-329) In 1906, Karl M. Baer (/wiki/Karl_M._Baer) became one of the first known trans men to have sex reassignment surgery, and in 1907 gained full legal recognition of his gender with a new birth certificate, married his first wife, and published a semifictionalized autobiography, Aus eines Mannes Mädchenjahren ("Memoirs of a Man's Maiden Years"); in 1938, he emigrated to Palestine. [330] (#cite_note-330) [331] (#cite_note-331) The same year, Brazilian socialite Dina Alma de Paradeda (/wiki/Dina_Alma_de_Paradeda) moved to Breslau (/wiki/Breslau) and became engaged to a male teacher, before committing suicide, after which a doctor revealed that her body was male. [329] (#cite_note-Beachy-329) This made her one of the first trans women known by name in Central Europe or of South American origin. [332] (#cite_note-replika-332) A biography published in 1907, Tagebuch einer männlichen Braut ("Diary of a male bride"), was supposedly based on her diary. [329] (#cite_note-Beachy-329) [332] (#cite_note-replika-332) [333] (#cite_note-Neckelmann-333) During the Weimar Republic (/wiki/Weimar_Republic) , Berlin was a liberal (/wiki/Liberalism) city with one of the most active LGBT rights movements (/wiki/LGBT_movements) in the world. Magnus Hirschfeld (/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld) co-founded the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (/wiki/Scientific-Humanitarian_Committee) (WhK) in Berlin and sought social recognition of homosexual and transgender men and women; with branches in several countries, the committee was (on a small scale) the first international LGBT organization. In 1919, Hirschfeld co-founded the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft) , a sexology (/wiki/Sexology) research institute (/wiki/Research_institute) with a research library (/wiki/Research_library) , a large archive, and a marriage and sex counseling office. The institute was a worldwide pioneer in the call for civil rights (/wiki/Civil_rights) and social acceptance for homosexual and transgender people. Hirschfeld coined the word transvestite (/wiki/Transvestite) . In 1930 and 1931, with Hirschfeld's (and other doctors') help, Dora Richter (/wiki/Dora_Richter) became the first known trans woman to undergo vaginoplasty (/wiki/Vaginoplasty) , along with removal of the penis (following removal of testicles several years earlier), [334] (#cite_note-334) and Lili Elbe (/wiki/Lili_Elbe) underwent similar surgeries in Dresden, including an unsuccessful ovary and uterus transplant (/wiki/Uterus_transplant) , complications from which resulted in her death. [312] (#cite_note-Biography.com_Elbe-312) [335] (#cite_note-335) [336] (#cite_note-Meyer_2015_p271-281-336) [337] (#cite_note-337) In 1933, the Nazis (/wiki/Nazis) burned the institute's library. [338] (#cite_note-338) On June 12, 2003, the European Court of Human Rights (/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights) ruled in favor of Van Kück, a German trans woman whose insurance company denied her reimbursement for sex reassignment surgery and hormone replacement therapy (/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(male-to-female)) , who sued under Article 6 (/wiki/Article_6_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights) and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (/wiki/Article_8_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights) . [339] (#cite_note-339) Italy [ edit ] Vladimir Luxuria (2008) Traditional Neapolitan (/wiki/Naples) culture recognized femminielli (/wiki/Femminielli) , a sort of third gender of male-assigned people with markedly feminine gender expression and an androphilic/homosexual orientation, who remain largely unstigmatized. [340] (#cite_note-340) [341] (#cite_note-341) [342] (#cite_note-342) In 2006 Vladimir Luxuria (/wiki/Vladimir_Luxuria) became the first openly transgender woman elected to the Italian Parliament and the first transgender member of a parliament in Europe. In 2015, the Court of Cassation ruled that sterilization and sex reassignment surgery (/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery) was not required in order to obtain a legal gender change. [343] (#cite_note-343) Russia [ edit ] See also: LGBT rights in Russia (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Russia) After 2013 [344] (#cite_note-Parogni-344) —when the government passed a law against "promoting" "non-traditional relations" [345] (#cite_note-345) —Russia became "notoriously hostile" to transgender people. [344] (#cite_note-Parogni-344) [346] (#cite_note-Kyrgyz-Russia-346) Dmitri Isaev's clinic, which provided medical authorization for half the sex reassignment surgeries, was forced to operate in secret. [347] (#cite_note-Patin_2017-347) In 2019, a court in Saint Petersburg, Russia's most liberal city, [347] (#cite_note-Patin_2017-347) ordered a business which had fired a woman when she transitioned to reinstate her. [348] (#cite_note-348) Itelmens of Siberia [ edit ] Among the Itelmens (/wiki/Itelmens) of Siberia (/wiki/Siberia) , a third gender category of the koekchuch (/wiki/Koekchuch) was recorded in the 18th and 19th centuries, for people assigned male gender at birth but who dressed as women did. [349] (#cite_note-349) Soviet Union [ edit ] According to historians Dan Healey (/wiki/Dan_Healey) and Francesca Stella (/w/index.php?title=Francesca_Stella&action=edit&redlink=1) , scholarship on trans identities in the Soviet Union has been fragmentary and that "a comprehensive history of the Soviet transsexual is needed." [350] (#cite_note-350) Following the revolutions of 1917, LGBT rights in the Soviet Union (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union) expanded greatly, including a greater awareness of gender diversity. Nikolai Koltsov (/wiki/Nikolai_Koltsov) , director of the Institute of Experimental Biology (/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Experimental_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1) , stated that there was "an infinite quantity of intermediate sexes," and Evgenii Fedorovich M. (/w/index.php?title=Evgenii_Fedorovich_M.&action=edit&redlink=1) , a State Political Directorate (/wiki/State_Political_Directorate) employee who had been born Evgeniia Fedorovna M. and who presented as a man, stated that "people live among us who do not fit neither the one nor the other gender" who "will begin to feel a sense of responsibility before society and become useful to it only when that society stops oppressing them and strangling them due to its lack of consciousness and its petty-bourgeois barbarity." [351] (#cite_note-351) [a] (#cite_note-352) In 1929, the People's Commissariat for Health (/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Health) organised a conference on "transvestites," including discussions about people seeking to change sexes and culminating in a resolution calling for same-sex marriage to be officially recognised. [352] (#cite_note-353) Much of the relative openness of the 1920s was reversed in the 1930s under Joseph Stalin (/wiki/Joseph_Stalin) , including the re-criminalisation of homosexuality in 1933. [353] (#cite_note-354) In 1961, an interview with a trans woman was featured in the press where she recounted the abuse she faced from doctors (/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union) , including being diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and being physically beaten. [354] (#cite_note-355) In 1968, in the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic) , surgeon Viktors Kalnbērzs (/w/index.php?title=Viktors_Kalnb%C4%93rzs&action=edit&redlink=1) [ lv (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktors_Kalnb%C4%93rzs) ] , who had invented a penile implant (/wiki/Penile_implant) that had already seen relatively widespread use in the Soviet Union and Europe to treat erectile dysfunction, was approached by a trans man about sex reassignment surgery (/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery) . After the patient underwent consultations with several specialists, including an endocrinologist and a psychiatrist, Kalnberz was able to obtain authorisation from the Latvian Ministry of Health to perform the surgery over the course of 1970 to 1972. Kalnberz's actions were subsequently reviewed by a special committee, which found the operation had been medically necessary, but he was formally reprimanded by the Soviet Ministry of Health (/wiki/Soviet_Ministry_of_Health) . [355] (#cite_note-356) [356] (#cite_note-357) Spain [ edit ] See also: LGBT rights in Spain (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain) There are records of several 16th-century people in Spain who were raised as girls and subsequently adopted male identities under various circumstances who some historians think were transgender, including Eleno de Céspedes (/wiki/Eleno_de_C%C3%A9spedes) [357] (#cite_note-358) [358] (#cite_note-359) and Catalina de Erauso (/wiki/Catalina_de_Erauso) . [359] (#cite_note-360) [360] (#cite_note-361) [361] (#cite_note-Feinberg_1996-362) During the Franco (/wiki/Francisco_Franco) era, thousands of trans women and gay men were jailed, and today fight for compensation. [362] (#cite_note-363) In 2007, a law took effect allowing trans people to change gender markers in documents such as birth certificates and passports without undergoing sterilization and sex reassignment surgery. [363] (#cite_note-364) [364] (#cite_note-365) Turkey [ edit ] Bülent Ersoy (/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ersoy) , a Turkish singer who was assigned male at birth, had a gender reassignment surgery (/wiki/Gender_reassignment_surgery) in April 1981. [365] (#cite_note-366) Rüzgar Erkoçlar (/wiki/R%C3%BCzgar_Erko%C3%A7lar) , a Turkish actor who was assigned female at birth, came out as a trans in February 2013. [366] (#cite_note-hürriyet-367) United Kingdom [ edit ] April Ashley (/wiki/April_Ashley) in 2009 Further information: Timeline of LGBT history in Britain (/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Britain) , Transgender rights in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom) , LGBT rights in the United Kingdom (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom) , and History of transgender people in the United Kingdom (/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_Kingdom) Irish-born surgeon James Barry (/wiki/James_Barry_(surgeon)) had a long career as a surgeon and rose to the second-highest medical office in the British Army (/wiki/British_Army) , [367] (#cite_note-368) improving conditions for wounded soldiers and the inhabitants of Cape Town (/wiki/Cape_Town) , South Africa (/wiki/Cape_Colony) , and performing one of the first caesarean sections in which both the mother and child survived. [368] (#cite_note-369) In 1946, the first sex-reassignment phalloplasty (/wiki/Phalloplasty) was performed by one British surgeon on another, Harold Gillies (/wiki/Harold_Gillies) on Michael Dillon (/wiki/Michael_Dillon) (an earlier phalloplasty was done on a cisgender man in 1936 in Russia). [369] (#cite_note-370) Roberta Cowell (/wiki/Roberta_Cowell) , a former fighter pilot (/wiki/Fighter_pilot) in World War II, was the first known trans woman (/wiki/Trans_woman) to have undergone gender-affirming surgery (/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery) the UK, in 1951. [370] (#cite_note-371) In 1961, English model April Ashley (/wiki/April_Ashley) was outed as transgender. She is one of the earliest Britons known to have had sex reassignment surgery, and was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) (MBE) in 2012 for promoting trans equality. [371] (#cite_note-372) [372] (#cite_note-373) [373] (#cite_note-374) In 2004, the Gender Recognition Act (/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004) passed, giving transgender people legal recognition of their gender before the law subject to certain conditions. [374] (#cite_note-375) Oceania [ edit ] Australia [ edit ] Main article: Transgender history in Australia (/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia) Transgender man Edward De Lacy Evans (/wiki/Edward_De_Lacy_Evans) (left) with his third wife, Julia Marquand, c. 1870s . Edward de Lacy Evans (/wiki/Edward_De_Lacy_Evans) (1830-1901) was a servant, blacksmith, and coal miner who publicly identified as male for the majority of his life, was registered as the father of his son, and referred to as "Dadds" and "Uncle" by his family members. [375] (#cite_note-book18802-376) He was inducted into various mental health asylums, such as Kew Lunatic Asylum, in attempts to "cure" his trans male identity. [376] (#cite_note-BenAddSep1879-377) Evans made international news in 1879 when it was discovered he was assigned female at birth. [377] (#cite_note-book1880-378) Circa 1880, he made his identity publicly known, such as performing in the Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) Waxworks under the tagline ‘The Wonderful Male Impersonator', [378] (#cite_note-death01-379) or in Sydney as 'The Man-Woman Mystery'. [379] (#cite_note-book18803-380) The first reported case of an Australian undertaking a sex change operation was an ex- RAAF (/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force) Staff Sergeant Robert James Brooks in February 1956. [380] (#cite_note-381) The Gender Dysphoria Clinic at Queen Victoria Hospital, Melbourne (/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Hospital,_Melbourne) was established by Dr Trudy Kennedy and Dr Herbert Bower in 1975. It moved to Monash Medical Centre (/wiki/Monash_Medical_Centre) in 1989 and closed in 2009. [381] (#cite_note-382) Australia's first transgender rights and advocacy organizations were established in 1979: the Melbourne-based Victorian Transsexual Coalition and the Victorian Transsexual Association; followed in 1981 by the Sydney-based Australian Transsexual Association, which included prominent activist, academic and author Roberta Perkins (/wiki/Roberta_Perkins) . [ citation needed ] New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue [ edit ] New Zealand politician Georgina Beyer (/wiki/Georgina_Beyer) in 2006 Main article: Transgender rights in New Zealand (/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand) In 1995, Georgina Beyer (/wiki/Georgina_Beyer) became the first openly trans mayor in the world when Carterton, New Zealand (/wiki/Carterton,_New_Zealand) elected her, and in 1999, she became the first transgender member of a parliament, winning election to represent Wairarapa (/wiki/Wairarapa) ; in 2003, the former sex worker helped pass the Prostitution Reform Bill (/wiki/Prostitution_Reform_Bill) decriminalizing sex work. [382] (#cite_note-383) Some Maori use the terms whakawahine ("like a woman"), tangata ira tane ("human man") to refer to trans-woman- and trans-man-like categories. [383] (#cite_note-Johnston_2018-384) The related term fakafifine denotes male-assigned people in Niue (/wiki/Niue) who fulfill a feminine third gender. [384] (#cite_note-Feu'u-385) Similarly, in the Cook Islands (/wiki/Cook_Islands) , akava'ine (/wiki/Akava%27ine) is a Cook Islands Māori (/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori) ( Rarotongan (/wiki/Rarotongan) ) word which, due to cross-cultural contact with other Polynesians living in New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) (especially the Samoan fa'afafine (/wiki/Fa%27afafine) ), has been used since the 2000s to refer to transgender people of Māori descent from the Cook Islands. [385] (#cite_note-Teara_Fa_p3-386) Samoa, Tonga, Fiji and Tahiti [ edit ] In Samoa (/wiki/Samoa) , the fa'afafine (/wiki/Fa%27afafine) ("in the manner of women") are a third gender with uncertain origins which go back at least to the beginning of the twentieth century. [386] (#cite_note-387) Fa'afafine are assigned male at birth, and express both masculine and feminine gender traits, [385] (#cite_note-Teara_Fa_p3-386) [387] (#cite_note-bartlett-388) performing a role otherwise performed by women. [384] (#cite_note-Feu'u-385) The word fa'atamaloa is sometimes used for a trans-male or tomboyish gender category or role. [383] (#cite_note-Johnston_2018-384) In Tonga (/wiki/Tonga) , the related term fakafefine or more commonly fakaleiti (/wiki/Fakaleiti) ("in the manner of ladies") denotes male-assigned people who dress and work as women and may partner with men, and call themselves simply leiti ("ladies"). [384] (#cite_note-Feu'u-385) [388] (#cite_note-West_2010_p817-389) They are common—one of the children of former king Taufa'ahau Tupou IV (/wiki/Taufa%27ahau_Tupou_IV) (d. 2006) is a leiti —and still held in high regard, though colonization and westernization have introduced some transphobia. [388] (#cite_note-West_2010_p817-389) In Fiji, vakasalewalewa (also written vaka sa lewa lewa ) [389] (#cite_note-390) are male-assigned people who perform roles usually carried out by women. [383] (#cite_note-Johnston_2018-384) [390] (#cite_note-391) In Tahiti (/wiki/Tahiti) , the rae rae fulfil a similar role. [384] (#cite_note-Feu'u-385) See also [ edit ] Digital Transgender Archive (/wiki/Digital_Transgender_Archive) International Transgender Day of Visibility (/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility) Intersex in history (/wiki/Intersex_in_history) LGBT history (/wiki/LGBT_history) Transgender History (book) (/wiki/Transgender_History_(book)) Timeline of LGBT history (/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history) Timeline of transgender history (/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history) Transgender legal history in the United States (/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States) Transgender rights (/wiki/Transgender_rights) Transgender studies (/wiki/Transgender_studies) History of cross-dressing (/wiki/History_of_cross-dressing) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Transgender (/wiki/Portal:Transgender) LGBT (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) Society (/wiki/Portal:Society) History (/wiki/Portal:History) References [ edit ] Notes ^ (#cite_ref-352) More on this at Russian Wikipedia, at: Same-sex marriage in Russia#History of attempts to recognize same-sex families in Russia (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8#История_попыток_признания_однополых_семей_в_России) . Citations ^ (#cite_ref-Janssen-2020_1-0) Janssen, Diederik F. (April 21, 2020). "Transgenderism Before Gender: Nosology from the Sixteenth Through Mid-Twentieth Century". Archives of Sexual Behavior . 49 (5): 1415–1425. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s10508-020-01715-w (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-020-01715-w) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0004-0002 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0002) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 32319033 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32319033) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 216073926 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216073926) . ^ (#cite_ref-Stryker-2008h_2-0) Stryker, Susan (2008). Transgender history . Berkeley, CA: Seal Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58005-690-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1162214303 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1162214303) . ^ a b c d e Beemyn, Genny (2020). Erickson-Schroth, Laura (ed.). Transgender History in the United States: A special unabridged version of a book chapter from Trans Bodies, Trans Selves (PDF) . Oxford. Archived from the original (https://www.umass.edu/stonewall/sites/default/files/Infoforandabout/transpeople/genny_beemyn_transgender_history_in_the_united_states.pdf) (PDF) on October 21, 2021. ^ a b c Wilfong, T.G. (2007). "Gender and Sexuality". In Wilkinson, Toby (ed.). The Egyptian world . London: Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) . p. 211. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-136-75377-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 647083746 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/647083746) . ^ (#cite_ref-Crowhurt-2017_5-0) Crowhurst, Caroline Jayne (2017). "True of Voice?": The speech, actions, and portrayal of women in New Kingdom literary texts, dating c.1550 to 1070 B.C. (PDF) (Thesis). University of Auckland (/wiki/University_of_Auckland) . Archived from the original (https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/36757/whole.pdf) (PDF) on November 2, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Interpreting Ancient Egyptian Narratives: A Structural Analysis of the Tale of Two Brothers . Nouvelles Études Orientales. EME Editions. 2014. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-8066-2922-7 . ^ a b c d e Feinberg, Leslie (2006). "Transgender Liberation". In Stryker, Susan; Whittle, Stephen (eds.). The transgender studies reader . New York: Routledge. pp. 215–216. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-415-94708-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 62782200 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62782200) . ^ (#cite_ref-Nadel-1947_8-0) Nadel, S. F. (/wiki/Siegfried_Frederick_Nadel) ; Huddleston, Hubert (/wiki/Hubert_Huddleston) (1947). The Nuba: an anthropological study of the hill tribes in Kordofan . Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-404-15957-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 295542 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/295542) . ^ a b c d Conner, Randy P.; Sparks, David Hatfield (2004). Queering creole spiritual traditions: lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender participation in African-inspired traditions in the Americas . New York. pp. 34–38. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-71281-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 876592467 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/876592467) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Chan, Chol Duang (February 2, 2018). "Religious leaders encourage LGBT exclusion in South Sadan" (https://religionnews.com/2018/02/02/religious-leaders-encourage-lgbt-exclusion-south-sudan/) . Religion News Service (/wiki/Religion_News_Service) . ^ (#cite_ref-SudanTrib-2010_11-0) "Sudan flogs 19 men in public for cross-dressing" (https://sudantribune.com/article35603/) . Sudan Tribune (/wiki/Sudan_Tribune) . August 4, 2010. ^ a b McCall, John C. (2000). Dancing Histories: Heuristic Ethnography with the Ohafia Igbo . University of Michigan Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0472110705 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Morgan, Ruth; Wieringa, Saskia (2005). Tommy Boys, Lesbian Men, and Ancestral Wives . Jacana Media. p. 284. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1770090932 . ^ (#cite_ref-Faola-2002_14-0) Falola, Toyin (/wiki/Toyin_Falola) (2002). Nigeria in the twentieth century . p. 86. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Needham, Rodney; Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1978). Right & left : essays on dual symbolic classification . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-226-56996-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 9336355 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9336355) . ^ (#cite_ref-O'Brien_2009_p384_16-0) O'Brien, Jodi, ed. (2009). "Non-Western Cultures". Encyclopedia of Gender and Society . SAGE Publications (/wiki/SAGE_Publications) , Inc. p. 384. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4135/9781412964517 (https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412964517) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4129-0916-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Shaw, Alison; Ardener, Shirley (2005). Changing Sex And Bending Gender . New York, NY: Berghahn Books (/wiki/Berghahn_Books) . p. 17. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-85745-885-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 874322978 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/874322978) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Epprecht, Marc (2008). Heterosexual Africa? : the history of an idea from the age of exploration to the age of AIDS . Athens: Ohio University Press (/wiki/Ohio_University_Press) . pp. 61–62. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8214-4298-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 636888503 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/636888503) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Greenberg, David F. (1990). The Construction of Homosexuality . Chicago: University of Chicago Press (/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press) . p. 61. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-226-30628-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 29434712 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29434712) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Broude, Gwen J. (1994). Marriage, family, and relationships: a cross-cultural encyclopedia . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO (/wiki/ABC-CLIO) . p. 317. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-87436-736-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 31329240 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31329240) . ^ a b c d Kintu, Deborah (2018). The Ugandan morality crusade: the brutal campaign against homosexuality and pornography under Yoweri Museveni . Jefferson, North Carolina. p. 29. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4766-7068-3 . 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"New masculinities: meet Uganda's transgender men fighting sexism" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uganda-lgbt-discrimination/new-masculinities-meet-ugandas-transgender-men-fighting-sexism-idUSKBN1IB00D) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Dickerman, Kenneth (August 17, 2016). "The harsh reality of being transgender in Uganda" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2016/08/17/the-harsh-reality-of-being-transgender-in-uganda/) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Machacek, David W.; Wilcox, Melissa M. (2003). Sexuality and the world's religions . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 19. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-85109-532-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 53015976 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53015976) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Feinberg, Leslie (1996). Transgender warriors: making history from Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman . Boston. p. 45. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8070-7941-3 . 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The Nation (/wiki/The_Nation) . ^ (#cite_ref-345) Elder, Miriam (June 11, 2013). "Russia passes law banning gay 'propaganda' (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/russia-law-banning-gay-propaganda) " (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/russia-law-banning-gay-propaganda) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ^ (#cite_ref-Kyrgyz-Russia_346-0) "Transgender Kyrgyz seek unlikely refuge in Russia" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41437866) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . April 10, 2018. ^ a b Patin, Katerina (February 1, 2017). "Russian doctor defies intimidation to authorise gender reassignment surgery" (https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/feb/01/russian-doctor-defies-intimidation-to-authorise-gender-reassignment-surgery) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ^ (#cite_ref-348) "Russian court sides with transgender woman who sued employer" (https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/russian-court-sides-transgender-woman-who-sued-employer-n993131) . 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" (https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/07/20/people-were-dancing-on-the-edge-of-a-volcano) 'People were dancing on the edge of a volcano' (https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/07/20/people-were-dancing-on-the-edge-of-a-volcano) " (https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/07/20/people-were-dancing-on-the-edge-of-a-volcano) . Meduza (/wiki/Meduza) . Retrieved July 21, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-354) Freiman, Nina (March 4, 2019). "Less equal than others A history of anti-queer persecution in the USSR" (https://meduza.io/en/feature/2019/03/04/less-equal-than-others) . Translated by Kohen, Hilah. Takie Dela – via Meduza. ^ (#cite_ref-355) Sitnikova, Yana (March 13, 2015). "Psychiatric abuse of transgender people in Russia" (https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/psychiatric-abuse-of-transgender-people-in-russia/) . openDemocracy (/wiki/OpenDemocracy) . ^ (#cite_ref-356) Gnedinskaïa, Anastassia; Komsomolets, Moskovski (March 17, 2018). 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ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0814791301 . ^ (#cite_ref-book18802_376-0) Unknown (1880). The History and confession of Ellen Tremaye, alias, De Lacy Evans, the man-woman . Melbourne: Wm. Marshall. p. 27 . Retrieved October 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-BenAddSep1879_377-0) "Extraordinary Case of Concealment of Sex" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88216252) . Bendigo Advertiser (/wiki/Bendigo_Advertiser) . Vic.: National Library of Australia. September 4, 1879. p. 2 . Retrieved October 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-book1880_378-0) Unknown (1880). The History and confession of Ellen Tremaye, alias, De Lacy Evans, the man-woman . Melbourne: Wm. Marshall. p. 27 . Retrieved October 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-death01_379-0) "DEATH OF DE LACY EVANS" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10568650) . The Argus (/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)) . Melbourne: National Library of Australia. August 27, 1901. p. 5 . Retrieved October 4, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-book18803_380-0) Unknown (1880). The History and confession of Ellen Tremaye, alias, De Lacy Evans, the man-woman . Melbourne: Wm. Marshall. p. 27 . Retrieved October 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-381) "Ex-RAAF man wants to change his sex". Mirror . Perth, WA. February 25, 1956. p. 5. ^ (#cite_ref-382) "Gender Clinic" (http://www.monashhealth.org/page/gender_clinic) . Monash Health . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180104064752/http://www.monashhealth.org/page/gender_clinic) from the original on January 4, 2018 . Retrieved January 4, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-383) "Trailblazers: Georgina Beyer" (https://www.nzherald.co.nz/trailblazers/news/article.cfm?c_id=1504553&objectid=12107457) . New Zealand Herald (/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald) . September 17, 2018. ^ a b c Johnston, Lynda (2018). Transforming Gender, Sex, and Place: Gender Variant Geographies . Routledge. p. 133. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1317008255 . ^ a b c d Feu'u, Ashleigh (October 14, 2018). "When did you first know you were a fa'afafine?" (https://e-tangata.co.nz/reflections/when-did-you-first-know-you-were-a-faafafine/) . E-Tangata . ^ a b Schmidt, Johanna (September 22, 2015). "Story: Gender diversity Page 3 – Fa'afafine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130703072955/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/gender-diversity/page-3) . Archived from the original (https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/gender-diversity/page-3) on July 3, 2013 . Retrieved June 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-387) Sua'ali'i, T. (2001). "Samoans and Gender: Some Reflections on Male, Female and Fa'afafine Gender Identities". Tangata O Te Moana Nui: The Evolving Identities of Pacific Peoples in Aotearoa/New Zealand . ^ (#cite_ref-bartlett_388-0) Bartlett, N. H.; Vasey, P. L. (2006). "A Retrospective Study of Childhood Gender-Atypical Behavior in Samoan Fa'afafine". Archives of Sexual Behavior . 35 (6): 659–66. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s10508-006-9055-1 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-006-9055-1) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 16909317 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16909317) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 22812712 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22812712) . ^ a b West (2010), p. 817 ^ (#cite_ref-390) Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "1. – Gender diversity – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand" (https://teara.govt.nz/en/160348) . teara.govt.nz . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-391) Besnier, Niko; Alexeyeff, Kalissa (2014). Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and Other Pacific Islanders . p. 164. Bibliography Chiang, Howard (2018). Sexuality in China: Histories of Power and Pleasure . University of Washington Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0295743486 . Kates, Gary (/wiki/Gary_Kates) (2001). Monsieur D'Eon Is a Woman . JHU Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0801867312 . Mills, Robert (2015). Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages . University of Chicago Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0226169262 . v t e Transgender (/wiki/Transgender) topics (/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics) Gender (/wiki/Gender_identity) identities (/wiki/Gender_identity) Androgyne (/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity) Bissu, Calabai, Calalai (/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society) Burrnesha (/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins) Cisgender (/wiki/Cisgender) Gender bender (/wiki/Gender_bender) Hijra (/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)) Non-binary or genderqueer (/wiki/Non-binary_gender) Gender fluidity (/wiki/Gender_fluidity) Kathoey (/wiki/Kathoey) Koekchuch (/wiki/Koekchuch) Third gender (/wiki/Third_gender) Bakla (/wiki/Bakla) Faʻafafine (/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine) Femminiello (/wiki/Femminiello) Khanith (/wiki/Khanith) Māhū (/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB) Mudoko dako (/wiki/Mudoko_dako) Mukhannath (/wiki/Mukhannath) Muxe (/wiki/Muxe) Travesti (/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)) Two-spirit (/wiki/Two-spirit) Winkte (/wiki/Winkte) X-gender (/wiki/X-gender) Trans man (/wiki/Trans_man) Trans woman 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Indonesian model, fashion designer and beauty pageant titleholder In this Indonesian name (/wiki/Indonesian_names#Naming_forms) , there is no family name (/wiki/Surname) nor a patronymic (/wiki/Patronymic) . Permata Juliastrid Juliastrid in 2024 Born Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari Denpasar (/wiki/Denpasar) , Bali (/wiki/Bali) , Indonesia Other names Tata Juliastrid Education Institut Desain dan Bisnis Bali (/w/index.php?title=Institut_Desain_dan_Bisnis_Bali&action=edit&redlink=1) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Desain_dan_Bisnis_Bali) ] (Fashion Design) Height 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) [ citation needed ] Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Puteri Indonesia Bali (/w/index.php?title=Puteri_Indonesia_Bali&action=edit&redlink=1) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Bali) ] Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2024) Miss Cosmo Indonesia 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Cosmo_2024) Hair color Dark brown [ citation needed ] Eye color dark brown [ citation needed ] Major competition(s) Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024 (Winner) Puteri Indonesia 2024 (2nd Runner-Up) ( Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata) ) (Best in Evening Gown) Miss Cosmo 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Cosmo_2024) (TBD) Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari is an Indonesian beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2024) . She will represent Indonesia at the Miss Cosmo 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Cosmo_2024) pageant which will be held in Ho Chi Minh (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) , Vietnam. Early life and education [ edit ] Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari grew up in Sanur (/wiki/Sanur,_Bali) , a tourist village (/wiki/Tourist_village_(Indonesia)) , Denpasar. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) She is the fourth child of Balinese (/wiki/Balinese_people) couple I Ketut Tawan and Dwi Astuti "Wiwied" Tawan. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) As of 2024, Juliastrid is a student at the Bali Institute of Design and Business in Denpasar. She has been studying Fashion Design for a Bachelor of Applied Design (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Design) degree since 2022. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) She previously studied Management (/wiki/Management_Studies) at Udayana University (/wiki/Udayana_University) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Pageantry [ edit ] On February 27, 2024, during the Puteri Indonesia 2024 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2024) quarantine period, Juliastrid and all the contestants were appointed as Ambassadors for the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (/wiki/Indonesian_Food_and_Drug_Authority) (BPOM) as Influencers of Safe Cosmetics. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Apart from that, on March 6, 2024, she and all the other contestants were also appointed as Ambassadors of the Corruption Eradication Commission of the Republic of Indonesia (/wiki/Corruption_Eradication_Commission) (KPK) as Anti-Corruption Influencers. [11] (#cite_note-:4-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) This is a form of initiative because they are considered to "have a special role as educators, motivators, initiators, facilitators and advocates" for eradicating corruption in Indonesia (/wiki/Corruption_in_Indonesia) . [11] (#cite_note-:4-11) In March 2024, together with the other winners of Puteri Indonesia 2024; Harashta Haifa Zahra (/wiki/Harashta_Haifa_Zahra) , Sophie Kirana (/wiki/Sophie_Kirana) , and Melati Tedja, Juliastrid were appointed as brand ambassadors (/wiki/Brand_ambassador) for Bank Central Asia (/wiki/Bank_Central_Asia) (BCA). [13] (#cite_note-:5-13) [14] (#cite_note-:6-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) This appointment is one of the results of collaboration between organizations and companies as one of the main sponsors of the contest since the previous edition (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2023) . It aims to find women with potential to promote products from Bank Central Asia during their one-year term of office. [13] (#cite_note-:5-13) [14] (#cite_note-:6-14) Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024 [ edit ] In 2024, Juliastrid made her pageantry debut and won at Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024, held at Balai Giri Nata Mandala, Badung Regency (/wiki/Badung_Regency) on January 27, 2024. She was crowned by her predecessor Nanda Widya Saraswati from Denpasar (/wiki/Denpasar) . [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) As Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024, she has the right to represent Bali (/wiki/Bali) at Puteri Indonesia 2024 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2024) . [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) Puteri Indonesia 2024 [ edit ] After winning Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024, Juliastrid represented the province of Bali at Puteri Indonesia 2024, held at the Plenary Hall, Jakarta Convention Center (/wiki/Jakarta_Convention_Center) in Central Jakarta (/wiki/Central_Jakarta) on March 8, 2024. The pageant was part of International Women's Day (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day) . [18] (#cite_note-date-1-18) [19] (#cite_note-date-2-19) [20] (#cite_note-date-3-20) At the end of the event, Juliastrid was crowned as the third winner with the title Puteri Indonesia Parwisata 2024 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata) , [21] (#cite_note-:0-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) she was crowned by her predecessor Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2023 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2023) , Lulu Zaharani Krisna (/wiki/Lulu_Zaharani) from Lampung (/wiki/Lampung) . [21] (#cite_note-:0-21) [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) Permata is the second Hindu (/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bali) Balinese (/wiki/Balinese_people) woman to be crowned Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata after Cok Istri Krisnanda Widani (/wiki/Cok_Istri_Krisnanda_Widani) at Puteri Indonesia 2013 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2013) . [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) Miss Cosmo 2024 [ edit ] As the holder of the title Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024, Juliastrid will represent Indonesia at Miss Cosmo 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Cosmo_2024) , on October 5, 2024 in Ho Chi Minh City (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) , Vietnam. [28] (#cite_note-:1-28) [29] (#cite_note-:2-29) Advocacies and platforms [ edit ] Juliastrid is a tourism activist, for the preservation of culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) and the natural landscape (/wiki/Natural_landscape) in her hometown in Bali. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) She focuses on responsible tourism practices that can benefit the environment and surrounding communities (/wiki/Environmental_protection) in Bali. Through this, Juliastrid aims to provide an understanding of the importance of preserving nature and the integrity of Balinese culture (/wiki/Balinese_culture) . [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) References [ edit ] ^ a b Eka, Agus (4 February 2024). "Cerita Juliastrid Jadi Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024, Siap Berlaga di Nasional" (https://www.detik.com/bali/bali-bungah/d-7177159/cerita-juliastrid-jadi-puteri-indonesia-bali-2024-siap-berlaga-di-nasional) . detikbali (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2024-05-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Permata Juliastrid, Puteri Indonesia Bali Tahun 2024" (https://www.nusabali.com/berita/160146/permata-juliastrid-puteri-indonesia-bali-tahun-2024) . Nusa Bali (in Indonesian). 29 January 2024 . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Amurwonegoro, Adrian (3 March 2024). Arian, Fenty Lilian (ed.). "Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari Bertekad Bawa Harum Pulau Dewata di Ajang Puteri Indonesia 2024" (https://bali.tribunnews.com/2024/03/03/ketut-permata-juliastrid-sari-bertekad-bawa-harum-pulau-dewata-di-ajang-puteri-indonesia-2024) . Tribun Bali (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2024-05-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024 Dituntut Mampu Jaga Citra Positif Pariwisata Bali" (https://lintasbali.com/puteri-indonesia-bali-2024-dituntut-mampu-jaga-citra-positif-pariwisata-bali/2024/) . LINTASBALI (in Indonesian). 6 February 2024 . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Kusuma, Putu Ariek Putra Wijaya (6 February 2024). "Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024 Dituntut Ikut Promosikan Pariwisata Bali" (https://buleleng.pikiran-rakyat.com/pariwisata/pr-2017687276/puteri-indonesia-bali-2024-dituntut-ikut-promosikan-pariwisata-bali) . Buleleng Pikiran Rakyat (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Inez (15 March 2024). "Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari, Mahasiswa Desain Mode IDB Bali terpilih sebagai Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024 dan The Most Authentic dari DPIdaMU" (https://www.idbbali.ac.id/unggulan/ketut-permata-juliastrid-sari-mahasiswa-desain-mode-idb-bali-terpilih-sebagai-puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-2024-dan-the-most-authentic-dari-dpidamu/) . Institut Desain dan Bisnis Bali (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Muhammad Mufti, Shofiyulloh (14 March 2024). "Pesona Pulau Surgawi: Terpilihnya Puteri Pariwisata Indonesia dari Bali" (https://www.kompasiana.com/muhammadmufti2667/65f26c4e147093444a520542/pesona-pulau-surgawi-terpilihnya-puteri-pariwisata-indonesia-dari-bali) . Kompasiana (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "PDDikti - Pangkalan Data Pendidikan Tinggi: Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari" (https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/data_mahasiswa/NUJEMjdENjYtOTVDRC00RkVELUFEMUMtRTY2MUM4OEFCMTBB) . Pangkalan Data Pendidikan Tinggi (PDDikti) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Puteri Indonesia Sebagai Influencer Kosmetik Aman di Indonesia" (https://www.pom.go.id/berita/puteri-indonesia-sebagai-influencer-obat-dan-makanan-aman-di-indonesia) . Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (/wiki/Indonesian_Food_and_Drug_Authority) (in Indonesian). 28 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) PR, Global (4 March 2024). "BPOM Beri Pembekalan, Finalis Puteri Indonesia 2024 Sebagai Duta Kosmetik Aman" (https://www.kompasiana.com/jiteng/65e53e5314709344c41534c2/diberi-pembekalan-bom-juga-nobatkan-finalis-puteri-indonesia-2024-sebagai-duta-kosmetik-aman) . Kompasiana (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ a b "KPK: Puteri Indonesia Dapat Berperan Sebagai Influencer Antikorupsi" (https://www.kpk.go.id/id/berita/berita-kpk/3380-kpk-puteri-indonesia-dapat-berperan-sebagai-influencer-antikorupsi) . Corruption Eradication Commission (/wiki/Corruption_Eradication_Commission) (in Indonesian). 6 March 2024 . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Pasha Yudha, Ernowo (8 March 2024). "Puteri Indonesia Dapat Berperan sebagai Influencer Antikorupsi" (https://infopublik.id/kategori/nasional-politik-hukum/833640/puteri-indonesia-dapat-berperan-sebagai-influencer-antikorupsi) . InfoPublik (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ a b "Dukung Penyelenggaraan Puteri Indonesia 2024, Bos BCA Beri Literasi Keuangan di Hadapan 42 Finalis" (https://www.bca.co.id/id/tentang-bca/media-riset/pressroom/siaran-pers/2024/04/03/06/51/dukung-penyelenggaraan-puteri-indonesia-2024-bos-bca-beri-literasi-keuangan-di-hadapan-42-finalis) . Bank Central Asia (/wiki/Bank_Central_Asia) (in Indonesian). 6 March 2024 . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ a b Fitriyani, Soraya (6 March 2024). "Finalis Puteri Indonesia 2024 Diharapkan Bisa Jadi Suluh Bagi Perempuan Terkait Edukasi dan Literasi Keuangan" (https://www.fimela.com/entertainment/read/5543760/finalis-puteri-indonesia-2024-diharapkan-bisa-jadi-suluh-bagi-perempuan-terkait-edukasi-dan-literasi-keuangan) . Fimela (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Buana, Gana (10 March 2024). "Potret Memukau Putri Indonesia 2024, Harashta Haifa Zahra dari Jawa Barat" (https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/657771/potret-memukau-putri-indonesia-2024-harashta-haifa-zahra-dari-jawa-barat) . Media Indonesia (/wiki/Media_Indonesia) (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Kasih, Ni Nyoman (28 January 2024). Oetomo, Nikmat Raharjo (ed.). "Ketut Permata J. Sari Dinobatkan Sebagai Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024" (https://www.rri.co.id/index.php/daerah/533956/ketut-permata-j-sari-dinobatkan-sebagai-puteri-indonesia-bali-2024) . Radio Republik Indonesia (/wiki/Radio_Republik_Indonesia) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Prima, Berkat (28 January 2024). "Hasil Lengkap Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024, Pemenangnya dari Denpasar!" (https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/berkat-prima/hasil-lengkap-puteri-indonesia-bali-2024-c1c2) . IDN Times (/wiki/IDN_Times) (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-date-1_18-0) @dpidamu (29 August 2023). "GRAND FINAL PUTERI INDONESIA 2024: 8 MARET 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/CwjiddBvYiD/) . Retrieved 1 September 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-date-2_19-0) "Pendaftaran Puteri Indonesia 2024 Dibuka, Yuk Intip Persyaratannya" (https://ntbsatu.com/2023/08/30/pendaftaran-puteri-indonesia-2024-dibuka-yuk-intip-persyaratannya.html) . NTB SATU (in Indonesian). 30 August 2023 . Retrieved 1 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-date-3_20-0) Riani, Asnida (16 January 2024). "Pemilihan Puteri Indonesia 2024 Siap Terselenggara, Para Pemenang Bakal Wakili Indonesia di 3 Kontes Kecantikan Internasional" (https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/5506542/pemilihan-puteri-indonesia-2024-siap-terselenggara-para-pemenang-bakal-wakili-indonesia-di-3-kontes-kecantikan-internasional) . Liputan6 (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2 March 2024 . ^ a b Ningsih, Dian Lestari (9 March 2024). "Raih Gelar Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024, Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari Didukung Lenny Hartono" (https://www.viva.co.id/showbiz/gosip/1695059-raih-gelar-puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-2024-ketut-permata-juliastrid-sari-didukung-lenny-hartono) . VIVA (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visi_Media_Asia) (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Anggie, Herwono (2024-03-10). "Lenny Hartono Sukses Antarkan Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari Menjadi Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024" (https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/5547073/lenny-hartono-sukses-antarkan-ketut-permata-juliastrid-sari-menjadi-puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-2024) . Liputan6 (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2024-05-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Mao. Ian (ed.). "Ni Ketut Permata Juliastrid Raih Runner-Up 2 Puteri Indonesia 2024" (https://www.nusabali.com/berita/162894/ni-ketut-permata-juliastrid-raih-runner-up-2-puteri-indonesia-2024) . Nusa Bali (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2024-05-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Prima, Berkat (18 January 2024). "7 Potret Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024 Ketut Permata Juliastrid" (https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/berkat-prima/potret-puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-2024-ketut-permata-juliastrid-c1c2) . IDN Times (/wiki/IDN_Times) (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Indonesia, C. N. N. (9 March 2024). "Daftar Lengkap Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2024" (https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20240309000559-277-1072421/daftar-lengkap-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2024) [The Full Results of Puteri Indonesia 2024]. CNN Indonesia (/wiki/CNN_Indonesia) (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Agency, ANTARA News (2 August 2013). "Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata di Kontes Miss Supranational 2013" (https://kalbar.antaranews.com/berita/314996/puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-di-kontes-miss-supranational-2013) . ANTARA News Kalimantan Barat . Retrieved 2024-05-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Herman (1 August 2013). "Putri Pariwisata Indonesia Ikut Ajang Miss Supranational 2013" (https://www.beritasatu.com/news/129469/putri-pariwisata-indonesia-ikut-ajang-miss-supranational-2013) . Berita Satu (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2024-05-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_28-0) Prima, Berkat (7 May 2024). "Ketut Permata Juliastrid Akan Wakili Indonesia di Miss Cosmo, Perdana!" (https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/berkat-prima/ketut-permata-juliastrid-akan-wakili-indonesia-di-miss-cosmo-c1c2) . IDN Times (/wiki/IDN_Times) (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_29-0) Ruswannur, Wandi (7 May 2024). "Komitmen Ketut Permata Juliastrid, Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024 Asal Bali" (https://padangraya.pikiran-rakyat.com/gaya-hidup/pr-3578055762/komitmen-ketut-permata-juliastrid-puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-2024-asal-bali) . Padang Raya News (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Adi, Gede (29 January 2024). "Profil Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari, Wakil Bali Menuju Pemilihan Putri Indonesia 2024" (https://www.posbali.net/pariwisata/1424047140/profil-ketut-permata-juliastrid-sari-wakil-bali-menuju-pemilihan-putri-indonesia-2024) . Pos Bali (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari Dinobatkan Sebagai Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024" (https://www.redaksi9.com/read/12153/Ketut-Permata-Juliastrid-Sari-Dinobatkan-Sebagai-Puteri-Indonesia-Bali-2024) . Redaksi9 . 28 January 2024 . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Murni, Yasinta (17 May 2024). "Ketut Permata Juliastrid, Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024: Inspirasi Bali untuk Dunia" (https://flotim.pikiran-rakyat.com/wisata/pr-3668099204/ketut-permata-juliastrid-puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-2024-inspirasi-bali-untuk-dunia?page=all) . Foltim Pikiran Rakyat . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Izarman (29 January 2024). "Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari Dinobatkan sebagai Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024" (https://www.patrolipost.com/ketut-permata-juliastrid-sari-dinobatkan-sebagai-puteri-indonesia-bali-2024/) . Patrolipost (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . External links [ edit ] Ketut Permata Juliastrid (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm15923395/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Puteri Indonesia's official website (https://www.puteri-indonesia.com) Awards and achievements Preceded by Nanda Widya Saraswati Puteri Indonesia Bali 2024 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2024) Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Lulu Zaharani (/wiki/Lulu_Zaharani) ( Lampung (/wiki/Lampung) ) Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata) 2024 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2024) Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by - Miss Cosmo Indonesia 2024 Succeeded by Incumbent v t e List of Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata) titleholders Rahma Landy Sjahruddin (/wiki/Rahma_Landy_Sjahruddin) ( 2006 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2006) ) Ika Fiyonda Putri (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika_Fiyonda_Putri) ( 2007 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2007) ) Anggi Mahesti (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggi_Mahesti) ( 2008 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2008) ) Isti Ayu Pratiwi (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isti_Ayu_Pratiwi) ( 2009 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2009) ) Alessandra Khadijah Usman (/wiki/Alessandra_Usman) ( 2010 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2010) ) Andi Tenri Gusti Harnum Utari Natassa (/wiki/Andi_Tenri_Natassa) ( 2011 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2011) ) Cok Istri Krisnanda Widani (/wiki/Cok_Istri_Krisnanda_Widani) ( 2012-13 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2013) ) Estelita Liana (/wiki/Lily_Estelita_Liana) ( 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2014) ) Gresya Amanda Maaliwuga (/wiki/Gresya_Maaliwuga) ( 2015 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2015) ) Intan Aletrinö (/wiki/Intan_Aletrin%C3%B6) ( 2016 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2016) ) Karina Nadila Niab (/wiki/Karina_Nadila) ( 2017 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2017) ) Wilda Octaviana Situngkir (/wiki/Wilda_Octaviana) ( 2018 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2018) ) Jesica Fitriana Martasari Alfharisi (/wiki/Jesica_Fitriana) ( 2019 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2019) ) Jihane Almira Chedid (/wiki/Jihane_Almira_Chedid) ( 2020-2021 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2020) ) Adinda Cresheilla (/wiki/Adinda_Cresheilla) ( 2022 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022) ) Lulu Zaharani Krisna Widodo (/wiki/Lulu_Zaharani) ( 2023 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2023) ) Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari (/wiki/Permata_Juliastrid) ( 2024 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2024) ) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Indonesia (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐jg9sg Cached time: 20240713212607 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.671 seconds Real time usage: 1.374 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6849/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 118209/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 12569/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 140940/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.446/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9538695/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 804.391 1 -total 30.86% 248.214 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 29.78% 239.569 1 Template:Reflist 21.18% 170.394 25 Template:Cite_web 10.67% 85.826 1 Template:List_of_Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_winners 10.44% 83.982 3 Template:Succession_box 10.24% 82.391 1 Template:Navbox 8.98% 72.262 35 Template:Main_other 8.14% 65.491 1 Template:Short_description 5.74% 46.161 3 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76994066-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713212607 and revision id 1232156930. 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Type of hat most commonly worn by jesters For other uses, see Cap and bells (disambiguation) (/wiki/Cap_and_bells_(disambiguation)) and Foolscap (/wiki/Foolscap_(disambiguation)) . A jester (/wiki/Jester) with a cap and bells The cap and bells is a type of fool's cap with bells (/wiki/Jingle_bell) worn by a court fool or jester (/wiki/Jester) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The bells were also added to the dangling sleeves and announced the appearance of the jester. [2] (#cite_note-barton-2) [3] (#cite_note-hyers-3) Forms [ edit ] The cap and bells could be in the following forms: [2] (#cite_note-barton-2) Ass (/wiki/Asinus) 's ears and an ass (/wiki/Donkey) 's tail, often curling forward [2] (#cite_note-barton-2) [3] (#cite_note-hyers-3) Horns (/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)) [2] (#cite_note-barton-2) Cockscomb crest (/wiki/Comb_(anatomy)) [2] (#cite_note-barton-2) Royal court jester costume Bi-color coxcomb cap Fool's cap and masque Other forms of fool's cap in England were shaped like a monk (/wiki/Monk) 's cowl (/wiki/Cowl) with ass's ears, a high-pointed cap covered with bells, or a round cap with an imposing feather. [4] (#cite_note-4) [ unreliable source? ] Gallery [ edit ] Fool's Cap Map of the World A jester (/wiki/Jester) with a cap and bells and a fool's scepter (/wiki/Marotte) Fool's cap of the Carnival ( Fasching (/wiki/Fasching) ) Guild in Villach (/wiki/Villach) , Carinthia (/wiki/Carinthia) , Austria Carnival in Villach Woman wearing a fool's cap of the Carnival Guild in Villach Supporter of the Belgian national football team in Belgium, before their 2018 World Cup semi-final match against France (/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_knockout_stage#France_vs_Belgium) The Eulenspiegelbrunnen (/w/index.php?title=Eulenspiegelbrunnen&action=edit&redlink=1) [ de (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulenspiegelbrunnen) ] , a fountain depicting Till Eulenspiegel (/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel) , Magdeburg References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cap and bells (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cap_and_bells) . ^ (#cite_ref-1) Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lucy Barton, Historic Costumes for the Stage , p. 221 (https://books.google.com/books?id=DTQjMTqMqlIC&pg=PA221) ^ Jump up to: a b ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1412834988 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412834988) , p. 113 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2mxo0J8zf_0C&pg=PA113) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Singleton, Esther (1891). "The Court Jesters of England" (https://books.google.com/books?id=k90RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA445) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . Vol. 11. p. 445. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jhlkl Cached time: 20240720171537 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.274 seconds Real time usage: 0.389 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 966/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10259/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1722/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19302/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.181/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15229446/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 371.722 1 -total 26.36% 97.980 1 Template:Reflist 25.67% 95.432 2 Template:Lang 16.57% 61.593 1 Template:Short_description 11.80% 43.855 1 Template:Cite_magazine 11.06% 41.130 1 Template:ISBN 9.54% 35.469 1 Template:Commonscat 9.37% 34.820 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 8.99% 33.430 2 Template:Pagetype 8.92% 33.141 1 Template:Sister_project Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41956495-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720171537 and revision id 1235006120. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cap_and_bells&oldid=1235006120 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cap_and_bells&oldid=1235006120) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Caps (/wiki/Category:Caps) Jesters (/wiki/Category:Jesters) Hidden categories: Articles containing German-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2023) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Nanomaterials (/wiki/Nanomaterials) are materials with a size ranging from 1 to 100 nm (/wiki/Nanometre) in at least one dimension. At the nanoscale (/wiki/Nanoscopic_scale) , material properties become different. These unique properties can be exploited for a variety of applications, including the use of nanoparticles (/wiki/Nanoparticle) in skincare (/wiki/Skin_care) and cosmetics products (/wiki/Cosmetics) . Cosmeceuticals (/wiki/Cosmeceutical) is one of the fastest growing industries in terms of personal care (/wiki/Personal_care) , accompanied by an increase in nano cosmeceuticals research and applications. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen [ edit ] Sunscreens (/wiki/Sunscreen) are utilized to secure the skin from the destructive impacts of ultraviolet radiation (/wiki/Ultraviolet) from the sun. UVB (290-320 nm) together with UVA-2 (320–340 nm) and UVA-1 (/wiki/UVA1_phototherapy) (340–400 nm) cause organic and metabolic reactions in the skin. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Titanium dioxide (/wiki/Titanium_dioxide) (TiO 2 ) and zinc oxide (/wiki/Zinc_oxide) (ZnO) minerals are often utilized in sunscreens as inorganic physical sun blockers owing to their absorption of light in the UV range. As TiO 2 is proven to be more effective for blocking UVB and ZnO in the UVA range, the mix of these particles guarantees a broad-band UV shield. [3] (#cite_note-3) To solve the cosmetic disadvantage of these opaque sunscreens, TiO 2 and ZnO nanoparticles have been used as a replacement for TiO 2 and ZnO microparticles (/wiki/Microparticle) . Since the surface area to volume proportion of particles increases as the particle measurement diminishes, nanoparticles (NPs), ie, nano objects with all dimensions in the nanoscale, [4] (#cite_note-4) might be increasingly (bio)reactive than typical mass materials. When particles become smaller than 100 nm, novel optical attributes develop, owing to discrete nature of nanoparticle optical energy levels. Pat et al., for instance, measured a 0.15 eV blue shift for 4.7 nm TiO 2 nanoparticles relative to the bulk material counterpart. [5] (#cite_note-5) When particles become smaller than the ideal light dispersing size (roughly half of the wavelength (/wiki/Wavelength) ) visible light is transmitted and the particles appear transparent. This phenomenon explains the cosmetically undesired opaqueness of inorganic sunscreens and makes the utilization of NPs monetarily appealing. ZnO particles of 200 nm or smaller are transparent to the human eye. [6] (#cite_note-6) TiO 2 NPs become more effective sunblocking materials due to their larger surface area to volume ratio. The purpose behind this is in direct-illegal gap semiconductors (/wiki/Semiconductor) , for example, TiO 2 , direct electron transmissions are not allowed due to crystal symmetry (/wiki/Crystal_symmetry) . Absorption is subsequently small. However, it might be significantly upgraded when it happens at the precious crystal surface. This absorption upgrade gets significant for particles of 20 nm or smaller. [7] (#cite_note-7) Similarly, TiO 2 becomes visibly transmissive when particle sizes are reduced to 10-20 nm in size. Safety [ edit ] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer) (IARC) has categorized TiO 2 as an IARC group 2B (/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_2B_Agents_-_Possibly_carcinogenic_to_humans) carcinogen (/wiki/Carcinogen) . [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) The IARC made these decisions based on studies where rats are exposed to high concentrations of pigment-grade and ultrafine TiO 2 dust. [10] (#cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-10) The lung cancers in rats appear similar pathology to those seen in people who are working in a dusty environment, thus the IARC concluded that the same impacts from high concentrations of pigment-grade and ultrafine TiO 2 dust are relevant to human health. However, ZnO is generally considered as safe a substance by the FDA (/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration) when utilized as an UV filter as indicated by beauty care products directives. [10] (#cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-10) Although both the US Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) and the European Community (/wiki/European_Community) (inside the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances law) have taken preventative steps to reduce nanoparticle risk, there are still no standardized rule for nanoparticles specifically. Liposomes in cosmetics and skincare [ edit ] Liposomes structure [ edit ] Liposomes (/wiki/Liposome) are sphere-shaped vesicular structures self-assembled in a solvent composed of a broad type of lipids or other amphiphilic molecules. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) [12] (#cite_note-pmid23432972-12) The vesicle structure of liposomes improves the effects on drug penetration through biological membranes, which enhance transdermal drug (/wiki/Transdermal) delivery. [13] (#cite_note-Panahi_788–799-13) Types of cosmetic liposomes [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) [ edit ] Nanoliposome Structure [13] (#cite_note-Panahi_788–799-13) Types of Liposomes Description Use Niosomes (/wiki/Niosome) Small vesicle, usually made from alkyl- or dialkyl- polyglycerol ethers. Increase product effectiveness Enhanced penetration Improve bioavailability Stabilize drugs Novasomes Non-phospholipids oligolamellar lipid vesicles from polyoxyethylene fatty acid monoesters, cholesterol (/wiki/Cholesterol) , and free fatty acids (/wiki/Fatty_acid) Ability to cleave to skin or hair shafts Marinosomes Marine lipid extracts containing a high ratio of eicosapentaenoic (/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid) acid and decosahexanoic acid (/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid) Safe for skin and eye contact Reduce skin inflammation Ultrasomes Liposomal entrapment of endonuclease enzymes, UV-sensitive Can detect UV radiation harm Speed up UV radiation treatment by up to 4 times Diminish risk of skin cancer Photosomes Releases photolysis enzymes from the plant Anacystinidulans Prevent light from damaging the cell's DNA Reduce risk of cancer by preventing suppression of immune system Ethosomes (/wiki/Ethosome) Multilayer vesicles made of phospholipid phosphatidylcholine, water, and ethanol (/wiki/Ethanol) Can penetrate deep into skin layer High efficiency in cosmetic delivery into the skin in terms of both quantity and depth Yeast (/wiki/Yeast) -based liposomes Yeast cell-derived liposome containing Vitamin C (/wiki/Vitamin_C) Repair, soothe, and oxygenate skin Stimulate skin fibroblast which makes skin feel healthier Phytosomes (/wiki/Phytosome) Liposomes made from a mix of phospholipids (/wiki/Phospholipid) and botanical extracts Improve skin absorption of phytoconstituents Sphingosome Liposomes made of ceramides (/wiki/Ceramide) Normalize damaged or dehydrated skin Rehabilitate skin's barrier function Nanosomes Liposomes made of highly pure phosphatidylcholine (/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine) Anti-ageing serum Glycerosomes Liposomes containing glycerol and phospholipids Deliver cosmeceuticals active ingredients Healing and beautification properties Improve skin defensive activity Oleosomes Natural liposomes acting as a reservoir of oils, vitamins, and pigments Efficient delivery system High stability and antioxidant properties Invasomes Liposomal vesicles containing ethanol and terpenes (/wiki/Terpene) High skin penetration properties Potent carriers Promote skin permeability Catezomes Non-phospholipids vesicles with cationic surface charge (/wiki/Cationic_surfactant) Ideal delivery systems of active ingredients to surface of skin when penetration is not desirable Can be preserved by skin and hair Advantages and disadvantages of liposomes [12] (#cite_note-pmid23432972-12) [ edit ] Advantages [ edit ] Increase efficacy and therapeutic index of drug and stability via encapsulation Non-toxic, flexible, biocompatible, completely biodegradable, and non-immunogenic for systemic and non-systemic administrations Reduce toxicity of the encapsulated agent ( amphotericin B (/wiki/Amphotericin_B) , Taxol (/wiki/Taxol) ) Reduce the exposure of sensitive tissues to toxic drugs, site avoidance effect and flexibility to couple with site-specific ligands to achieve active targeting Disadvantages [ edit ] Low solubility Short half-life Sometimes phospholipid undergoes oxidation and hydrolysis-like reaction Leakage and fusion of encapsulated drug/molecules Production cost is high Fewer stables Topical drug delivery using ethosomes [ edit ] Proposed mechanism of penetration of ethosomal drug delivery system [14] (#cite_note-14) The skin (/wiki/Skin) is the largest organ of the human body that restricts the movement of drug to the systemic circulation. The topical drug delivery (/wiki/Topical_drug_delivery) system is a system where the drug reaches the systemic circulation through the protective skin layer. The main disadvantage of this route is the low diffusion rate of the drugs across the layer of skin which is the stratum corneum (/wiki/Stratum_corneum) . To overcome this problem to a certain extent, ethosomes are used to enhance transdermal drug delivery systems. [15] (#cite_note-15) Gold nanoparticles in skin care and cosmetics [ edit ] The utilization of gold in skin care and cosmetics (/wiki/Gold_in_cosmetics) dates back at least to the 1st century B.C in Egypt, where Queen Cleopatra (/wiki/Cleopatra) is said to have used masks made from gold to maintain her skin complexion. [16] (#cite_note-16) It was said that she used it every night to enhance her complexion and improve the suppleness of her skin. Nowadays, gold has made its way into various skincare products such as lotion and cream, as well as skincare treatments such as facial masks. Gold in skincare products are usually in the form of colloidal gold (/wiki/Colloidal_gold) , or more commonly called nanogold. [17] (#cite_note-17) These nanoparticles ranges in size from 5 nm to 400 nm. [18] (#cite_note-pmid29785318-18) This section will discuss about the effect of gold nanoparticle in wound healing application together with the effect of gold in lotion and cream products. Properties of gold nanoparticles [ edit ] Gold nanoparticles usually have colors ranging from red to purple to blue and black depending on the size and aggregation state. [19] (#cite_note-19) They also come in various shapes and sizes: nanosphere, nanoshell, nanocluster, nanorod, nanostar, nanocube, branched, and nanotriangle. [18] (#cite_note-pmid29785318-18) The shape of the gold nanoparticles is the main determinant for uptake into cells and for optical properties. Gold nanoparticles are stable and chemically inert. Moreover, they are also biocompatible, which is the main reason why nanogold is commonly integrated in skincare and cosmetics. [18] (#cite_note-pmid29785318-18) Furthermore, gold nanoparticles have been investigated for antifungal and antibacterial properties, which are very valuable properties in cosmeceutical industries and in wound healing (/wiki/Wound_healing) applications. [20] (#cite_note-:3-20) Gold nanoparticles in wound healing applications [ edit ] In 2016, a paper published in the Journal of Biomaterials Application (/wiki/Journal_of_Biomaterials_Applications) , titled "Collagen/gold nanoparticle composites: A potential skin wound healing biomaterial," discussed that in vivo studies of gold nanoparticle and collagen (/wiki/Collagen) composites demonstrated high wound closure percentage, reduced inflammatory response, increased neovascularization (/wiki/Neovascularization) , and granulation tissue formation. [20] (#cite_note-:3-20) It was also shown that these improvements in healing effects increase proportionally with the amount of gold nanoparticles worked into the collagen scaffold. In another study, the effect of spherical gold nanoparticles as a wound healing agent was tested in rat model by coupling gold nanoparticles with photobiomodulation (/wiki/Photobiomodulation) therapy (PBMT). PBMT is a light stimulated therapy that is used for wound healing treatment without any significant temperature changes. [21] (#cite_note-:4-21) The coupling of gold nanoparticles and PBMT increase the wound contraction rate by approximately 1.25 times than the control group that received no gold. nanoparticle treatment. [21] (#cite_note-:4-21) Gold in lotion and face masks [ edit ] Gold has been widely used in facial masks. Aside from its antifungal (/wiki/Antifungal) and antibacterial (/wiki/Antibiotic) properties, gold is also known to have anti-ageing (/wiki/Anti_Aging) benefits, anti-inflammatory properties as well as radiance-boosting qualities. [22] (#cite_note-:5-22) Gold nanoparticles can help repair skin damage and improve skin texture which improves skin elasticity and suppleness. Its anti-inflammatory properties makes it an excellent agent for treating acne (/wiki/Acne) , sun-damaged, and or sensitive skin (/wiki/Sensitive_skin) . Furthermore, due to gold's natural light-reflecting color, gold nanoparticle can also create a brightening effect by making skin radiant and luminous. Over the course of the treatment, gold nanoparticle can make the skin appear smoother and even in color. [22] (#cite_note-:5-22) A study in 2010 titled, "Novel Vitamin and Gold-Loaded Nanofiber Facial Mask for Topical Delivery" investigated how gold nanoparticle can be incorporated to facial mask along with Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), retinoic acid (/wiki/Retinoic_acid) , and collagen using electrospinning (/wiki/Electrospinning) . [23] (#cite_note-23) All of these properties and studies have suggested that gold nanoparticles can be beneficial when included in cream, lotion, or mask formulations for topical applications. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Polderman, Marloes Christina Abichael (26 April 2006). New applications of UVA-1 cold light therapy (Thesis). hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 1887/4391 (https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F4391) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Norval, M.; Lucas, R. M.; Cullen, A. P.; de Gruijl, F. R.; Longstreth, J.; Takizawa, Y.; van der Leun, J. C. (2011). "The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change". Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences . 10 (2): 199–225. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1039/C0PP90044C (https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC0PP90044C) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 1885/36352 (https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F36352) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 21253670 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21253670) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 671734 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:671734) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Smijs, Threes G; Pavel, Stanislav (13 October 2011). "Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens: focus on their safety and effectiveness" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781714) . Nanotechnology, Science and Applications . 4 : 95–112. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2147/NSA.S19419 (https://doi.org/10.2147%2FNSA.S19419) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 3781714 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781714) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 24198489 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24198489) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Terminology for nanomaterials – BSI Group. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2020, from http://shop.bsigroup.com/upload/Shop/Download/Nano/PAS136.pdf (http://shop.bsigroup.com/upload/Shop/Download/Nano/PAS136.pdf) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Pan, D.; Zhao, N.; Wang, Q.; Jiang, S.; Ji, X.; An, L. (18 August 2005). "Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Luminescent TiO 2 Nanocrystals". Advanced Materials . 17 (16): 1991–1995. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2005AdM....17.1991P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AdM....17.1991P) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1002/adma.200500479 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.200500479) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 94775093 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94775093) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Mitchnick, Mark A.; Fairhurst, David; Pinnell, Sheldon R. (/wiki/Sheldon_Pinnell) (1 January 1999). "Microfine zinc oxide (Z-Cote) as a photostable UVA/UVB sunblock agent". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology . 40 (1): 85–90. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70532-3 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2899%2970532-3) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 9922017 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9922017) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Banerjee, Arghya Narayan (15 February 2011). "The design, fabrication, and photocatalytic utility of nanostructured semiconductors: focus on TiO (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781710) 2 -based nanostructures" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781710) . Nanotechnology, Science and Applications . 4 : 35–65. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2147/NSA.S9040 (https://doi.org/10.2147%2FNSA.S9040) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 3781710 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781710) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 24198485 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24198485) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) List of Classifications. (November 2, 2018). Retrieved April 23, 2020, from https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications (https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Canadian Centre for Occupational Health. (August 19, 2009). Titanium dioxide classified as possible carcinogenic to humans. Retrieved April 23, 2020, from http://ccohs.ca/headlines/text186.html (http://ccohs.ca/headlines/text186.html) ^ a b Lex Access to European Union law. (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2020, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/collection/eu-law/consleg.html (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/collection/eu-law/consleg.html) ^ a b Ahmadi Ashtiani, Hamid Reza; Bishe, Parisa; Lashgari, Naser-Aldin; Nilforoushzadeh, Mohammad Ali; Zare, Sona (June 20, 2016). "Liposomes in Cosmetics" (http://journalssc.com/en/articles/65815.html) . Journal of Skin and Stem Cell . Retrieved April 29, 2020 . ^ a b Akbarzadeh, Abolfazl; Rezaei-Sadabady, Rogaie; Davaran, Soodabeh; Joo, Sang Woo; Zarghami, Nosratollah; Hanifehpour, Younes; Samiei, Mohammad; Kouhi, Mohammad; Nejati-Koshki, Kazem (22 February 2013). "Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3599573) . Nanoscale Research Letters . 8 (1): 102. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2013NRL.....8..102A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NRL.....8..102A) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1186/1556-276X-8-102 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1556-276X-8-102) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 3599573 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3599573) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 23432972 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23432972) . ^ a b Panahi, Yunes; Farshbaf, Masoud; Mohammadhosseini, Majid; Mirahadi, Mozhdeh; Khalilov, Rovshan; Saghfi, Siamak; Akbarzadeh, Abolfazl (8 February 2017). "Recent advances on liposomal nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21691401.2017.1282496) . Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology . 45 (4): 788–799. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/21691401.2017.1282496 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21691401.2017.1282496) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 28278586 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28278586) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Verma, Poonam; Pathak, K (2010). "Therapeutic and cosmeceutical potential of ethosomes: An overview" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3255417) . Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research . 1 (3): 274–82. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4103/0110-5558.72415 (https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0110-5558.72415) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 3255417 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3255417) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 22247858 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22247858) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Sankar, V.; Wilson, V.; Siram, K.; Karuppaiah, A.; Hariharan, S.; Justin, A. (2019). "Topical delivery of drugs using ethosomes: A review" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336362516) . Indian Drugs . 56 (8): 7–20. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.53879/id.56.08.11504 (https://doi.org/10.53879%2Fid.56.08.11504) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 245819798 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245819798) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "The Use of Gold in Skin Care History – Amore Mi" (http://amoremiog.com/the-use-of-gold-in-skin-care-history/) . Retrieved April 30, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) et_admin (September 30, 2016). "Gold in Cosmetics.....Does It Really Do Anything?" (https://www.educatedtherapists.com/gold-in-cosmetics-does-it-really-do-anything/) . Educated Therapists . Retrieved April 30, 2020 . ^ a b c Kaul, Shreya; Gulati, Neha; Verma, Deepali; Mukherjee, Siddhartha; Nagaich, Upendra (2018). "Role of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals: A Review of Recent Advances" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5892223) . Journal of Pharmaceutics . 2018 : 3420204. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1155/2018/3420204 (https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2018%2F3420204) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 5892223 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5892223) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29785318 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29785318) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Khan, AK; Rashid, R; Murtaza, G; Zahra, A (18 September 2014). "Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Drug Delivery" (https://doi.org/10.4314%2Ftjpr.v13i7.23) . Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research . 13 (7): 1169. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4314/tjpr.v13i7.23 (https://doi.org/10.4314%2Ftjpr.v13i7.23) . ^ a b Akturk, Omer; Kismet, Kemal; Yasti, Ahmet C; Kuru, Serdar; Duymus, Mehmet E; Kaya, Feridun; Caydere, Muzaffer; Hucumenoglu, Sema; Keskin, Dilek (9 July 2016). "Collagen/gold nanoparticle nanocomposites: A potential skin wound healing biomaterial". Journal of Biomaterials Applications . 31 (2): 283–301. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0885328216644536 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0885328216644536) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27095659 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27095659) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 4231054 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4231054) . ^ a b Lau, PikSuan; Bidin, Noriah; Islam, Shumaila; Shukri, Wan Norsyuhada Binti Wan Mohd; Zakaria, Nurlaily; Musa, Nurfatin; Krishnan, Ganesan (April 2017). "Influence of gold nanoparticles on wound healing treatment in rat model: Photobiomodulation therapy". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine . 49 (4): 380–386. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1002/lsm.22614 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Flsm.22614) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27859389 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27859389) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 25511350 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25511350) . ^ a b "The Benefits of Gold Skincare | Beauty Expert Blog" (https://www.beautyexpert.com/blog/in-the-spotlight/benefits-gold-infused-skincare/) . Beauty Expert . August 22, 2018 . Retrieved April 30, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Fathi-Azarbayjani, Anahita; Qun, Lin; Chan, Yew Weng; Chan, Sui Yung (27 July 2010). "Novel Vitamin and Gold-Loaded Nanofiber Facial Mask for Topical Delivery" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2974145) . AAPS PharmSciTech . 11 (3): 1164–1170. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1208/s12249-010-9475-z (https://doi.org/10.1208%2Fs12249-010-9475-z) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2974145 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2974145) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20661676 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20661676) . 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Wikimedia portal Portal maintenance status: (June 2024) This portal's subpages (/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:The_arts/) have been checked by an editor, and are needed. Please take care (/wiki/Wikipedia:CAREFUL) when editing, especially if using automated editing software (/wiki/Wikipedia:ASSISTED) . Learn how to update the maintenance information here (/wiki/Template:Portal_maintenance_status#How_to_update_the_maintenance_information_for_a_portal) . Portal topics (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) Activities (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities) Culture (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts) Geography (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places) Health (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness) History (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events) Mathematics (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic) Nature (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences) People (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self) Philosophy (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking) Religion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems) Society (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences) Technology (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences) Random portal (/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals) The arts The arts (/wiki/The_arts) or creative arts are a vast range of human practices of creative expression (/wiki/Creativity) , storytelling (/wiki/Storytelling) , and cultural (/wiki/Cultural) participation. The arts encompass multiple diverse and plural modes of thinking, doing, and being, in an extremely broad range of media (/wiki/List_of_art_media) . Both dynamic and a characteristically constant feature of human life, they have developed into stylized and intricate forms. This is achieved through sustained and deliberate study, training, or theorizing within a particular tradition, across generations, and even between civilizations (/wiki/Civilization) . The arts are a vehicle through which human beings cultivate distinct social, cultural, and individual identities while transmitting values, impressions, judgements, ideas, visions, spiritual meanings, patterns of life, and experiences across time and space. ( Full article... (/wiki/The_arts) ) Outline of arts (/wiki/Outline_of_arts) View new selections below (purge) Featured articles - load new batch Featured articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:FA) are displayed here, which represent some of the best content on English Wikipedia. Office of the Dead, folios 121v–122r; the manuscript's closing leaves The Black Hours (/wiki/Black_Hours,_Morgan_MS_493) , MS (/wiki/Manuscript) M.493 (or the Morgan Black Hours ) is an illuminated (/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript) book of hours (/wiki/Book_of_hours) completed in Bruges (/wiki/Bruges) between 1460 and 1475. It consists of 121 pages (leaves) with Latin text written in Gothic minuscule (/wiki/Blackletter) script. The words are arranged in rows of fourteen lines and follow the Roman version (/wiki/Roman_Rite) of the texts. The lettering is inscribed in silver and gold (/wiki/Gilding) and placed within borders ornamented with flowers, foliage and grotesques (/wiki/Grotesque) , on pages dyed a deep blueish black; hence its designation as a Black books of hours (/wiki/Black_books_of_hours) . The book contains fourteen full-page miniatures (/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)) and opens with the months of the liturgical calendar (/wiki/Liturgical_year#Catholic_Church) (folios 3 verso (/wiki/Recto_and_verso) – 14 recto), followed by the Hours of the Virgin (/wiki/Little_Office_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary) , and ends with the Office of the Dead (/wiki/Office_of_the_Dead) (folio 121v). ( Full article... (/wiki/Black_Hours,_Morgan_MS_493) ) Guitar Songs (/wiki/Guitar_Songs) is the second extended play (/wiki/Extended_play) (EP) by American singer-songwriter Billie Eilish (/wiki/Billie_Eilish) . It was released through download (/wiki/Music_download) and streaming services (/wiki/Streaming_media) on July 21, 2022, by Darkroom and Interscope Records (/wiki/Interscope_Records) . The EP marks Eilish's first body of work since Happier Than Ever (/wiki/Happier_Than_Ever) (2021), her second studio album. Its release came as a surprise (/wiki/Surprise_album) , a decision she made because she wanted to share new music to her fans as soon as she could. The track list contains two songs Eilish considered for inclusion in her third album, Hit Me Hard and Soft (/wiki/Hit_Me_Hard_and_Soft) (2024), but decided not to due to the lyrics' immediacy. She wrote the EP with her brother Finneas O'Connell (/wiki/Finneas_O%27Connell) , who produced both songs. ( Full article... (/wiki/Guitar_Songs) ) Lisa was portrayed in the Mona Lisa (/wiki/Mona_Lisa) (detail above) by Leonardo da Vinci (/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci) Lisa del Giocondo (/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo) ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈliːza (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) del (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) dʒoˈkondo] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ; née (/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names) Gherardini [ɡerarˈdiːni] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ; June 15, 1479 – July 14, 1542) was an Italian noblewoman and member of the Gherardini family (/wiki/Gherardini_family) of Florence (/wiki/Florence) and Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) . Her name was given to the Mona Lisa (/wiki/Mona_Lisa) , her portrait (/wiki/Portrait_painting) commissioned by her husband and painted by Leonardo da Vinci (/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci) in the Italian Renaissance (/wiki/Italian_Renaissance) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo) ) The Mercantile Marine Memorial The Tower Hill Memorial (/wiki/Tower_Hill_Memorial) is a pair of Commonwealth War Graves Commission (/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission) memorials in Trinity Square Gardens, on Tower Hill (/wiki/Tower_Hill) in London (/wiki/London) , England. The memorials, one for the First World War (/wiki/First_World_War) and one for the Second (/wiki/World_War_II) , commemorate civilian, merchant seafarers and fishermen who were killed as a result of enemy action and have no known grave. The first, the Mercantile Marine War Memorial , was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens (/wiki/Sir_Edwin_Lutyens) and unveiled in 1928; the second, the Merchant Seamen's Memorial , was designed by Sir Edward Maufe (/wiki/Edward_Maufe) and unveiled in 1955. A third memorial, commemorating merchant (/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(United_Kingdom)) seamen who were killed in the 1982 Falklands War (/wiki/Falklands_War) , was added to the site in 2005. ( Full article... (/wiki/Tower_Hill_Memorial) ) Daisy Jugadai Napaltjarri (/wiki/Daisy_Jugadai_Napaltjarri) (c. 1955–2008) was a Pintupi-Luritja (/wiki/Pintupi_language) -speaking Indigenous (/wiki/Indigenous_Australian) artist from Australia's Western Desert (/wiki/Western_Desert_cultural_bloc) region, and sister of artist Molly Jugadai Napaltjarri (/wiki/Molly_Jugadai_Napaltjarri) . Daisy Jugadai lived and painted at Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory (/wiki/Haasts_Bluff,_Northern_Territory) . There she played a significant role in the establishment of Ikuntji Women's Centre (/wiki/Ikuntji_Artists) , where many artists of the region have worked. ( Full article... (/wiki/Daisy_Jugadai_Napaltjarri) ) The Columbia, South Carolina, Sesquicentennial half dollar (/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina,_Sesquicentennial_half_dollar) was a commemorative (/wiki/Early_United_States_commemorative_coins) fifty-cent piece (/wiki/Half_dollar_(United_States_coin)) struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint (/wiki/United_States_Mint) . Designed by Abraham Wolfe Davidson and minted in 1936, it marks the 150th anniversary of the designation of Columbia (/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina) as South Carolina (/wiki/South_Carolina) 's state capital. ( Full article... (/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina,_Sesquicentennial_half_dollar) ) In Utero (/wiki/In_Utero) is the third and final studio album (/wiki/Studio_album) by the American rock (/wiki/Rock_music) band Nirvana (/wiki/Nirvana_(band)) , released on September 21, 1993, by DGC Records (/wiki/DGC_Records) . After breaking into the mainstream with their second album, Nevermind (/wiki/Nevermind) (1991), Nirvana hired Steve Albini (/wiki/Steve_Albini) to record In Utero , seeking a more complex, abrasive sound that was reminiscent of their work prior to Nevermind . Although the singer and primary songwriter Kurt Cobain (/wiki/Kurt_Cobain) claimed that the album was "very impersonal", many of its songs contain heavy allusions to his personal life and struggles, expressing feelings of angst that were common on the band's previous album. ( Full article... (/wiki/In_Utero) ) The Kona Lanes Bowl roadside sign in 2002 Kona Lanes (/wiki/Kona_Lanes) was a bowling (/wiki/Bowling) center in Costa Mesa, California (/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California) , that operated from 1958 to 2003. Known for its futuristic design, it featured 40 wood-floor bowling lanes, a game room (/wiki/Amusement_arcade) , a lounge, and a coffee shop that eventually became a Mexican diner (/wiki/Mexican_cuisine) . Built during the advent of Googie architecture (/wiki/Googie_architecture) , its Polynesian (/wiki/Polynesian_culture) -inspired Tiki (/wiki/Tiki_culture) styling extended from the large roadside sign (/wiki/Neon_sign) to the building's neon lights and exaggerated rooflines. ( Full article... (/wiki/Kona_Lanes) ) The Arch of Remembrance (/wiki/Arch_of_Remembrance) is a First World War memorial (/wiki/World_War_I_memorials) designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens (/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens) and located in Victoria Park (/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Leicester) , Leicester (/wiki/Leicester) , in the East Midlands of England. Leicester's industry contributed significantly to the British war effort. A temporary war memorial was erected in 1917, and a committee was formed in 1919 to propose a permanent memorial. The committee resolved to appoint Lutyens as architect and to site the memorial in Victoria Park. Lutyens's first proposal was accepted by the committee but was scaled back and eventually cancelled due to a shortage of funds. The committee then asked Lutyens to design a memorial arch (/wiki/Memorial_arch) , which he presented to a public meeting in 1923. ( Full article... (/wiki/Arch_of_Remembrance) ) Vampire: The Masquerade – Redemption (/wiki/Vampire:_The_Masquerade_%E2%80%93_Redemption) is a 2000 role-playing video game (/wiki/Role-playing_video_game) developed by Nihilistic Software (/wiki/Nihilistic_Software) and published by Activision (/wiki/Activision) . The game is based on White Wolf Publishing (/wiki/White_Wolf_Publishing) 's tabletop role-playing game (/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game) Vampire: The Masquerade (/wiki/Vampire:_The_Masquerade) , a part of the larger World of Darkness (/wiki/World_of_Darkness) series. It follows Christof Romuald, a 12th-century French crusader (/wiki/Crusades) who is killed and revived as a vampire. The game depicts Christof's centuries-long journey from the Dark Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) of 12th century Prague and Vienna to late-20th century London and New York City in search of his humanity and his kidnapped love, the nun Anezka. ( Full article... (/wiki/Vampire:_The_Masquerade_%E2%80%93_Redemption) ) Sky Blue Sky (/wiki/Sky_Blue_Sky) is the sixth studio album (/wiki/Studio_album) by the American rock (/wiki/Rock_music) band Wilco (/wiki/Wilco) , released on May 15, 2007 by Nonesuch Records (/wiki/Nonesuch_Records) . Originally announced on January 17, 2007 at a show in Nashville (/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee) , Tennessee (/wiki/Tennessee) , it was the band's first studio album with guitarist (/wiki/Guitarist) Nels Cline (/wiki/Nels_Cline) and multi-instrumentalist (/wiki/Multi-instrumentalist) Pat Sansone (/wiki/Pat_Sansone) . Before its release, the band streamed the entire album on its official website and offered a free download of "What Light". ( Full article... (/wiki/Sky_Blue_Sky) ) Ice dance in 1976, its first year as an official Olympic sport ( Irina Moiseeva (/wiki/Irina_Moiseeva) and Andrei Minenkov (/wiki/Andrei_Minenkov) ) Ice dance (/wiki/Ice_dance) (sometimes referred to as ice dancing ) is a discipline of figure skating (/wiki/Figure_skating) that historically draws from ballroom dancing (/wiki/Ballroom_dancing) . It joined the World Figure Skating Championships (/wiki/World_Figure_Skating_Championships) in 1952, and became a Winter Olympic Games (/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games) medal sport in 1976. According to the International Skating Union (/wiki/International_Skating_Union) (ISU), the governing body of figure skating, an ice dance team consists of one woman and one man. ( Full article... (/wiki/Ice_dance) ) Aries is the ninth studio album (/wiki/Studio_album) by Mexican recording artist Luis Miguel (/wiki/Luis_Miguel) . It was released by WEA Latina (/wiki/WEA_Latina) on 22 June 1993. After attaining commercial success in 1991 with his previous album, Romance (/wiki/Romance_(Luis_Miguel_album)) , Luis Miguel decided to return to a style similar to his earlier work, featuring pop ballads (/wiki/Pop_ballad) and dance numbers with R&B influences. The record was produced by Miguel, who was assisted by Kiko Cibrian (/wiki/Kiko_Cibrian) , Rudy Pérez (/wiki/Rudy_P%C3%A9rez) , David Foster (/wiki/David_Foster) , and Juan Luis Guerra (/wiki/Juan_Luis_Guerra) . ( Full article... (/wiki/Aries_(album)) ) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest (/wiki/The_Real_Adventures_of_Jonny_Quest) (also known as Jonny Quest: The Real Adventures ) is an American animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera (/wiki/Hanna-Barbera) and broadcast on Cartoon Network (/wiki/Cartoon_Network) from August 26, 1996, to April 16, 1997. It is a continuation of Jonny Quest (/wiki/Jonny_Quest_(TV_series)) (1964) and The New Adventures of Jonny Quest (/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Jonny_Quest) (1986) and features teenage adventurers Jonny Quest, Hadji Singh, and Jessie Bannon as they accompany Dr. Benton Quest and bodyguard Race Bannon to investigate strange phenomena, legends, and mysteries in exotic locales. Action also takes place in the virtual realm (/wiki/Virtual_world) of QuestWorld, a three-dimensional (/wiki/3D_computer_graphics) cyberspace domain rendered with computer animation (/wiki/Computer_animation) . Conceived in the early 1990s, Real Adventures suffered a long and troubled development. ( Full article... (/wiki/The_Real_Adventures_of_Jonny_Quest) ) The Goldfinch ( Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_language) : Het puttertje ) is a painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist (/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting) Carel Fabritius (/wiki/Carel_Fabritius) of a life-sized chained goldfinch (/wiki/European_goldfinch) . Signed and dated 1654, it is now in the collection of the Mauritshuis (/wiki/Mauritshuis) in The Hague (/wiki/The_Hague) , Netherlands. The work is a trompe-l'œil (/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il) oil on panel (/wiki/Panel_painting) measuring 33.5 by 22.8 centimetres (13.2 in × 9.0 in) that was once part of a larger structure, perhaps a window jamb (/wiki/Jamb) or a protective cover. It is possible that the painting was in its creator's workshop in Delft (/wiki/Delft) at the time of the gunpowder explosion (/wiki/Delft#Explosion) that killed him and destroyed much of the city. ( Full article... (/wiki/The_Goldfinch_(painting)) ) Image 1 Image 2 Image 3 Image 4 Image 5 Image 6 Image 7 Image 8 Image 9 Image 10 Image 11 Image 12 Image 13 Image 14 Image 15 Show all More featured articles (/wiki/Portal:The_arts/Recognized_content) Featured pictures Featured pictures (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures) about The arts. Madonna and child at Chiaroscuro (/wiki/Chiaroscuro) ], by Bartolomeo Coriolano (/wiki/Bartolomeo_Coriolano) (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) "When We All Believe" , at and by Rose O'Neill (/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Tilework on the Dome of the Rock (/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock) , by Godot13 (/wiki/User:Godot13) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Poster for the United States National Park Service at Federal Art Project (/wiki/Federal_Art_Project) , by Frank S. Nicholson (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Sorrow (/wiki/Sorrow_(Van_Gogh)) , by Vincent van Gogh (/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) "Wikipedian Protester" at xkcd (/wiki/Xkcd) , by Randall Munroe (/wiki/Randall_Munroe) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Christ Pantocrator (/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator) , by Godot13 (/wiki/User:Godot13) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The Custer Fight at Lithography (/wiki/Lithography) , by Charles Marion Russell (/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell) (restored by Adam Cuerden (/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Stucco relief drawing at Maya civilization (/wiki/Maya_civilization) , by Ricardo Almendáriz (/wiki/Ricardo_Almend%C3%A1riz) (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Stained glass windows of Chartres Cathedral (/wiki/Stained_glass_windows_of_Chartres_Cathedral) , by PtrQs (/wiki/User:PtrQs) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo 12 (/wiki/Apollo_12) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Le Violon d'Ingres (/wiki/Le_Violon_d%27Ingres) , by Man Ray (/wiki/Man_Ray) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo 7 (/wiki/Apollo_7) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The Pirate Publisher—An International Burlesque that has the Longest Run on Record at The Pirates of Penzance (/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance) , by Joseph Keppler (/wiki/Joseph_Keppler) (restored by Adam Cuerden (/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The Miraculous Sacrement at Jean-Baptiste Capronnier (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Capronnier) , by Alvesgaspar (/wiki/User:Alvesgaspar) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) H.M.S. Pinafore (/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore) poster , by Vic Arnold (edited by Adam Cuerden (/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Fliteline medallion of Gemini 7 (/wiki/Gemini_7) , by Fliteline (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Fliteline medallion of Gemini 5 (/wiki/Gemini_5) , by Fliteline (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Stained-glass example of chromostereopsis (/wiki/Chromostereopsis) , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The Tiburtine Sibyl (/wiki/Tiburtine_Sibyl) and the Emperor Augustus , by Antonio da Trento (/wiki/Antonio_da_Trento) (restored by Adam Cuerden (/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Rosette Bearing the Names and Titles of Shah Jahan (/wiki/Shah_Jahan) , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Nude study at Figurative art (/wiki/Figurative_art) , by Kenyon Cox (/wiki/Kenyon_Cox) (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The Great Picture (/wiki/The_Great_Picture) , by Douglas McCulloh (/wiki/Douglas_McCulloh) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Segment of the Surrogate's Courthouse (/wiki/Surrogate%27s_Courthouse) mosaic , by Rhododendrites (/wiki/User:Rhododendrites) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Autochrome (/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re#Artistic_considerations) nude study , by Arnold Genthe (/wiki/Arnold_Genthe) (edited by Chick Bowen (/wiki/User_talk:Chick_Bowen) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Felbrigge Psalter (/wiki/Felbrigge_Psalter) , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Christmas angel at Gloria in excelsis Deo (/wiki/Gloria_in_excelsis_Deo) , by J. R. Clayton and The Brothers Dalziel (/wiki/The_Brothers_Dalziel) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Glass molecular model at V-Ray (/wiki/V-Ray) , by Dllu (/wiki/User:Dllu) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo 8 (/wiki/Apollo_8) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Crochet (/wiki/Crochet) table-cloth , by Alvesgaspar (/wiki/User:Alvesgaspar) /Júlia Figueiredo (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Fliteline medallion of Gemini 6A (/wiki/Gemini_6A) , by Fliteline (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Gothic plate armour (/wiki/Gothic_plate_armour) , by Anton Sorg (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo 15 (/wiki/Apollo_15) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Armenian illuminated manuscript (/wiki/Armenian_illuminated_manuscripts) , by Toros Roslin (/wiki/Toros_Roslin) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Colosseum (/wiki/Colosseum) , by Giovanni Battista Piranesi (/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Ijazah (/wiki/Ijazah) , by 'Ali Ra'if Efendi (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Love or Duty at Chromolithography (/wiki/Chromolithography) , by Gabriele Castagnola (/wiki/Gabriele_Castagnola) (restored by Adam Cuerden (/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Flammarion engraving (/wiki/Flammarion_engraving) , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The Pig Faced Lady of Manchester Square and the Spanish Mule of Madrid , at Pig-faced women (/wiki/Pig-faced_women) , by George Cruikshank (/wiki/George_Cruikshank) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Alexander Mosaic (/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic) detail , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Cabiria (/wiki/Cabiria) poster , by N. Morgello (edited by Jujutacular (/wiki/User:Jujutacular) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Zaandam at Etching revival (/wiki/Etching_revival) , by James Abbott McNeill Whistler (/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler) (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Fantascope at Phenakistiscope (/wiki/Phenakistiscope) , by Thomas Mann Baynes (/wiki/Thomas_Mann_Baynes) (animated by Basile Morin (/wiki/User:Basile_Morin) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo 17 (/wiki/Apollo_17) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The Adoration of the Shepherds at History of Christianity in Ukraine (/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine) , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Ornamental latin alphabet at Initial (/wiki/Initial) , by F. Delamotte (restored and vectorized by JovanCormac (/wiki/User:JovanCormac) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(Munch)) , by Edvard Munch (/wiki/Edvard_Munch) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo 9 (/wiki/Apollo_9) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Joseph and Potiphar's Wife (/wiki/Joseph_and_Potiphar%27s_Wife_(etching)) , by Rembrandt (/wiki/Rembrandt) (edited by Crisco 1492 (/wiki/User:Crisco_1492) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Caucasus embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Alchemist's Laboratory at Heinrich Khunrath (/wiki/Heinrich_Khunrath) , by Hans Vredeman de Vries (/wiki/Hans_Vredeman_de_Vries) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) First page of Codex Mendoza (/wiki/Codex_Mendoza) , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(American_magazine_1913%E2%80%931936)) cover art , by Ethel McClellan Plummer (/wiki/Ethel_McClellan_Plummer) (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Pond in a Garden at Tomb of Nebamun (/wiki/Tomb_of_Nebamun) , unknown author (edited by Yann (/wiki/User:Yann) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) A Brush for the Lead at Sleigh Ride (/wiki/Sleigh_Ride) , by Thomas Worth (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Gorgoneion (/wiki/Gorgoneion) , by Jastrow (/wiki/User:Jastrow) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist (/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_and_Saint_John_the_Baptist) , by Leonardo da Vinci (/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo 13 (/wiki/Apollo_13) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo 10 (/wiki/Apollo_10) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Isaiah Scroll (/wiki/Isaiah_Scroll) , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo 14 (/wiki/Apollo_14) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Fliteline medallion of Gemini 11 (/wiki/Gemini_11) , by Fliteline (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The battle of Mazandaran at Mazandaran province (/wiki/Mazandaran_province) , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Davy Jones's locker (/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker) , by John Tenniel (/wiki/John_Tenniel) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Fliteline medallion of Gemini 10 (/wiki/Gemini_10) , by Fliteline (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Crown of the Andes (/wiki/Crown_of_the_Andes) , by the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Celadon (/wiki/Celadon) kettle , by the National Museum of Korea (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea) (edited by Crisco 1492 (/wiki/User:Crisco_1492) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Idi Amin (/wiki/Idi_Amin) caricature , by Edmund S. Valtman (/wiki/Edmund_S._Valtman) (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The Thin Red Line at Remembrance poppy (/wiki/Remembrance_poppy) , by Harold H. Piffard (/wiki/Harold_H._Piffard) (restored by Adam Cuerden (/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Paper cutout featuring the Lord's Prayer , at and by Martha Ann Honeywell (/wiki/Martha_Ann_Honeywell) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Terragen scene at Scenery generator (/wiki/Scenery_generator) , by Fir0002 (/wiki/User:Fir0002) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Fliteline medallion of Gemini 9A (/wiki/Gemini_9A) , by Fliteline (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Birds' Head Haggadah (/wiki/Birds%27_Head_Haggadah) , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Fliteline medallion of Gemini 4 (/wiki/Gemini_4) , by Fliteline (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The Lady with the Lamp at Florence Nightingale (/wiki/Florence_Nightingale) , by Henrietta Rae (/wiki/Henrietta_Rae) and Cassell & Co (/wiki/Cassell_(publisher)) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Taos Pueblo (/wiki/Taos_Pueblo) , by Ansel Adams (/wiki/Ansel_Adams) (edited by Kaldari (/wiki/User:Kaldari) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Costume designed by David for legislators , at and by Jacques-Louis David (/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David) and Vivant Denon (/wiki/Vivant_Denon) (edited by Mvuijlst (/wiki/User:Mvuijlst) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Computer generated still life (/wiki/Still_life) , by Gilles Tran (/wiki/User:Gilles_Tran) (re-rendered by Deadcode (/wiki/User_talk:Deadcode) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Mizrah (/wiki/Mizrah) papercut , by Israel Dov Rosenbaum (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Ayyavazhi emblem at Ayya Vaikundar (/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar) , by Vaikunda Raja (/wiki/User:Vaikunda_Raja) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The King of Brobdingnag and Gulliver at Gulliver's Travels (/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels) , by James Gillray (/wiki/James_Gillray) (restored by Crisco 1492 (/wiki/User:Crisco_1492) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Gin Lane at Gin Craze (/wiki/Gin_Craze) , by Samuel Davenport after William Hogarth (/wiki/William_Hogarth) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) 1910 cover of Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) , by Coles Phillips (/wiki/Coles_Phillips) (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Study for Cardinal Niccolò Albergati (/wiki/Study_for_Cardinal_Niccol%C3%B2_Albergati) , by Jan van Eyck (/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo 11 (/wiki/Apollo_11) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Tribute in Light (/wiki/Tribute_in_Light) , by King of Hearts (/wiki/User:King_of_Hearts) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Dali Atomicus at Salvador Dalí (/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD) , by Philippe Halsman (/wiki/Philippe_Halsman) (edited by Trialsanderrors (/wiki/User:Trialsanderrors) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Fliteline medallion of Gemini 8 (/wiki/Gemini_8) , by Fliteline (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Little Nemo (/wiki/Little_Nemo) comic strip , by Winsor McCay (/wiki/Winsor_McCay) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo 16 (/wiki/Apollo_16) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Ambigram (/wiki/Ambigram) , by Basile Morin (/wiki/User:Basile_Morin) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Grant of Arms at Spanish heraldry (/wiki/Spanish_heraldry) , unknown author (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Magna Carta (An Embroidery) (/wiki/Magna_Carta_(An_Embroidery)) , by Cornelia Parker (/wiki/Cornelia_Parker) (edited by Bammesk (/wiki/User:Bammesk) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal (/wiki/Saturday_Morning_Breakfast_Cereal) panel , by Zach Weinersmith (/wiki/Zach_Weinersmith) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Beer Street at Beer Street and Gin Lane (/wiki/Beer_Street_and_Gin_Lane) , by Samuel Davenport after William Hogarth (/wiki/William_Hogarth) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Battle of Aljubarrota (/wiki/Battle_of_Aljubarrota) , by Jorge Colaço (/wiki/Jorge_Cola%C3%A7o) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Isle of Graia Gulf of Akabah Arabia Petraea at Caravan (travellers) (/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)) , by David Roberts (/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)) and Louis Haghe (/wiki/Louis_Haghe) (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Robbins medallion of Apollo–Soyuz (/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz) , by the Robbins Company (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Weeki Wachee spring, Florida at Weeki Wachee Springs (/wiki/Weeki_Wachee_Springs) , by Toni Frissell (/wiki/Toni_Frissell) (restored by Trialsanderrors (/wiki/User:Trialsanderrors) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Your Motherland Will Never Forget , at and by Joseph Simpson (/wiki/Joseph_Simpson_(artist)) (restored by Adam Cuerden (/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Ardabil Carpet (/wiki/Ardabil_Carpet) , unknown author (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) scene from the Little Lord Fauntleroy (/wiki/Little_Lord_Fauntleroy_(1921_film)) , by Elco. Corp. (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Fliteline medallion of Gemini 3 (/wiki/Gemini_3) , by Fliteline (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Doorway from Moutiers-Saint-Jean (/wiki/Doorway_from_Moutiers-Saint-Jean) , by the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Mirror writing (/wiki/Mirror_writing) , by Mahmoud Ibrahim (edited by Durova (/wiki/User:Durova) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Unfortunate events in the front seats of the ring of Madrid, and the death of the mayor of Torrejón (/wiki/Unfortunate_events_in_the_front_seats_of_the_ring_of_Madrid,_and_the_death_of_the_mayor_of_Torrej%C3%B3n) , by Francisco Goya (/wiki/Francisco_Goya) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Pepper No. 30 (/wiki/Pepper_No._30) , by Edward Weston (/wiki/Edward_Weston) (edited by Bammesk (/wiki/User:Bammesk) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Black Lives Matter art in New York City (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_art_in_New_York_City) , by Rhododendrites (/wiki/User:Rhododendrites) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Fliteline medallion of Gemini 12 (/wiki/Gemini_12) , by Fliteline (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) The Onion Field , at and by George Davison (/wiki/George_Davison_(photographer)) (restored by Adam Cuerden (/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Golden earrings (/wiki/Earring) from Gyeongju , by the National Museum of Korea (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Sunrise, Inverness Copse , at and by Paul Nash (/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Coca-Cola (/wiki/Coca-Cola) advertising poster , unknown author (edited by Victorrocha (/wiki/User:Victorrocha) ) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Artwork/Others (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork/Others) ) Image 1 Image 2 Image 3 Image 4 Image 5 Image 6 Image 7 Image 8 Image 9 Image 10 Image 11 Image 12 Image 13 Image 14 Image 15 Image 16 Image 17 Image 18 Image 19 Image 20 Image 21 Image 22 Image 23 Image 24 Image 25 Image 26 Image 27 Image 28 Image 29 Image 30 Image 31 Image 32 Image 33 Image 34 Image 35 Image 36 Image 37 Image 38 Image 39 Image 40 Image 41 Image 42 Image 43 Image 44 Image 45 Image 46 Image 47 Image 48 Image 49 Image 50 Image 51 Image 52 Image 53 Image 54 Image 55 Image 56 Image 57 Image 58 Image 59 Image 60 Image 61 Image 62 Image 63 Image 64 Image 65 Image 66 Image 67 Image 68 Image 69 Image 70 Image 71 Image 72 Image 73 Image 74 Image 75 Image 76 Image 77 Image 78 Image 79 Image 80 Image 81 Image 82 Image 83 Image 84 Image 85 Image 86 Image 87 Image 88 Image 89 Image 90 Image 91 Image 92 Image 93 Image 94 Image 95 Image 96 Image 97 Image 98 Image 99 Image 100 Image 101 Image 102 Image 103 Image 104 Image 105 Image 106 Image 107 Image 108 Image 109 Image 110 Image 111 Image 112 Image 113 Show all More featured pictures (/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures/Artwork) Vital articles Vital articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Vital_articles) to understand The arts. Jazz (/wiki/Jazz) is a music genre (/wiki/Music_genre) that originated in the African-American (/wiki/African_Americans) communities of New Orleans (/wiki/New_Orleans) , Louisiana (/wiki/Louisiana) , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues (/wiki/Blues) , ragtime (/wiki/Ragtime) , European harmony (/wiki/Harmony) and African rhythmic rituals. Since the 1920s Jazz Age (/wiki/Jazz_Age) , it has been recognized as a major form of musical expression in traditional (/wiki/Traditional_music) and popular music (/wiki/Popular_music) . Jazz is characterized by swing (/wiki/Swung_note) and blue notes (/wiki/Blue_note) , complex chords (/wiki/Chord_(music)) , call and response vocals (/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)) , polyrhythms (/wiki/Polyrhythm) and improvisation (/wiki/Jazz_improvisation) . ( Full article... 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Traditional dress of Póvoa de Varzim Tricana girls during Saint Peter Festival Tricana poveira is a traditional style of women's clothing from the Portuguese (/wiki/Portugal) city of Póvoa de Varzim (/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) . This look, consisting of colorful costumes, was fashionable and mainstream from the 1920s to the 1960s. Women who dressed in the Tricana poveira style became known as tricana girls. Description [ edit ] Bairro da Mariadeira (/wiki/Bairro_da_Mariadeira) tricana girl During tricana's heyday, a tricana girl would typically wear a shawl, an apron, a skirt, a handkerchief and glossy high-heeled slippers. [1] (#cite_note-vera-1) [2] (#cite_note-cmpvtri-2) They were thought of as Povoan beauty icons. The author José de Azevedo, referring to their peculiar way of walking and dressing, called tricanas common people with the mannerisms of royalty. [3] (#cite_note-Azevedo_p.-3) Even though the fashion was based on traditional fishers' clothing, the Tricanas were generally from a blue collar background, often daughters of shoemakers, carpenters or similar craftsmen, while many worked as tailors themselves. They applied their knowledge derived from their background in fashion-related industries to their own dressing style. Bairro da Matriz (/wiki/Bairro_da_Matriz) quarter was famed for its charming and attractive tricanas. [3] (#cite_note-Azevedo_p.-3) Meanwhile, women actually working in the fishing industry would wear their traditional costumes. Though dressed similarly to the tricana girls, they were visibly poorer and wore longer skirts made of lower-quality materials and in darker colors. [3] (#cite_note-Azevedo_p.-3) Hair texturing techniques are also relevant to the style and follows traditional Povoan techniques, most notably the pulling of the hair called puxo . [4] (#cite_note-4) Color code [ edit ] During parades, tricanas from the six traditional quarters wear dresses in their neighborhood colors. [1] (#cite_note-vera-1) Quarter ( Bairro ) Tricana dressing color code Bairro Norte (/wiki/Bairro_Norte) Blue and yellow Bairro Sul (/wiki/Bairro_Sul) Green and white Bairro da Matriz (/wiki/Bairro_da_Matriz) Red and white Bairro da Mariadeira (/wiki/Mariadeira) Red and yellow Bairro de Belém (/wiki/Giesteira) Blue and white Bairro de Regufe (/wiki/Regufe) Red and green Tricanas poveiras Tricanas using Bairro Norte (/wiki/Bairro_Norte) 's colors and the North star (/wiki/Pole_star) , symbols of the quarter Tricanas using Bairro de Regufe (/wiki/Regufe) 's red and green Bairro Norte (/wiki/Bairro_Norte) girls during a folk festival Bairro Sul (/wiki/Bairro_Sul) Tricana girls History [ edit ] The tricana style's heyday was between the 1920s and the 1960s, when it had a strong impact both within Póvoa de Varzim and on outsiders visiting the city. [3] (#cite_note-Azevedo_p.-3) Tricana costumes were mainstream fashion amongst middle class teenagers until the appearance of ready-to-wear clothing in the 1970s. As younger people adopted more modern international fashions, tricana poveira now only appears in urban folklore groups and parades. [3] (#cite_note-Azevedo_p.-3) Nowadays, tricana costumes can be quite expensive depending on the preferences of the tricana girl and the materials used. Still kept as a strong tradition, tricana girls during Rusgas de São Pedro (Saint Peter Parades), play a big part in the city's festivities on June 28 and 29. [3] (#cite_note-Azevedo_p.-3) Tricanas do Cidral (from Bairro da Matriz quarter), the first folklore group based on the tricana style, appeared as early as 1920. [5] (#cite_note-cmpvcidral-5) Tricanas da Lapa (from Bairro Sul quarter) banded together in 1952, Rancho Estrela do Norte in 1954 [6] (#cite_note-cmpvrenorte-6) and the regional Tricanas Poveiras in 1993. [2] (#cite_note-cmpvtri-2) Leões da Lapa F.C., the city's south quarter association, has a Miss Tricana contest. [7] (#cite_note-miss-7) References [ edit ] Notes ^ Jump up to: a b Vera Rodrigues (June 21, 2011). "Bairros com novidades para o S. Pedro" (http://povoasemanario.pt/index.php?page=news&idn=3281) . Póvoa Semanário . Retrieved May 9, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Bairros com novidades para o S. Pedro" (http://www.cm-pvarzim.pt/municipio/associacoes/associacoes-do-concelho-1/povoa-de-varzim/grupo-recreativo-e-etnografico-as-tricanas-poveiras) . CMPV . Retrieved May 9, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Azevedo 2007 (#CITEREFAzevedo2007) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "A Arte do Puxo da Tricana" (http://www.vozdapovoa.com/noticia.asp?idEdicao=333&id=12056&idSeccao=3033&Action=noticia) . A Voz da Póvoa. June 27, 2012 . Retrieved July 4, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-cmpvcidral_5-0) "Associação Cultural e Recreativa da Matriz" (http://www.cm-pvarzim.pt/municipio/associacoes/associacoes-do-concelho-1/povoa-de-varzim/associacao-cultural-e-recreativa-da-matriz/?searchterm=tricana%20poveira) . CMPV . Retrieved May 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-cmpvrenorte_6-0) "55º Aniversário Rancho Estrela do Norte" (http://www.cm-pvarzim.pt/groups/staff/conteudo/noticias/55o-aniversario-rancho-estrela-do-norte/) . CMPV . Retrieved May 9, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-miss_7-0) "Bairro Sul escolhe a Miss Tricana" (http://www.cm-pvarzim.pt/groups/staff/conteudo/noticias/bairro-sul-escolhe-a-miss-tricana/) . CMPV . Retrieved May 9, 2012 . Bibliography Azevedo, José de (2007). Poveirinhos pela graça de Deus (in Portuguese) (2007 ed.). Câmara Municipal da Póvoa de Varzim. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789729146459 . v t e Póvoa de Varzim topics Main topics History (/wiki/History_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Culture (/wiki/Culture_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Geography (/wiki/Geography_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Economy (/wiki/Economy_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Civil parishes (/wiki/Civil_Parishes_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) City districts (/wiki/Districts_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Localities (/wiki/Localities_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Notable people (/wiki/List_of_people_from_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Libraries & museums Rocha Peixoto Library (/wiki/Rocha_Peixoto_Municipal_Library) Diana Bar Beach Library (/wiki/Diana_Bar) Ethnography and History Museum (/wiki/Ethnography_and_History_Museum_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Santa Casa Museum (/wiki/Santa_Casa_Museum_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Cividade de Terroso (/wiki/Cividade_de_Terroso) Rates Ecomuseum (/wiki/Rates_Ecomuseum) Arts & entertainment Casino da Póvoa (/wiki/Casino_da_P%C3%B3voa) Garrett Theatre (/wiki/Garrett_Theatre) Póvoa de Varzim Auditorium (/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim_Municipal_Auditorium&action=edit&redlink=1) Póvoa de Varzim Music Hall (/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim_Music_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1) A Filantrópica (/wiki/A_Filantr%C3%B3pica) Póvoa de Varzim Arena (/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim_Bullfighting_Arena) Other landmarks City Hall (/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim_City_Hall) Castelo da Póvoa Fortress (/wiki/Castelo_da_P%C3%B3voa) Port of Póvoa de Varzim (/wiki/Port_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Romanesque Church (/wiki/Monastery_of_Rates) Parish Church (/wiki/Matriz_Church_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Church of Our Lady of Sorrows (/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows,_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus,_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) all churches (/wiki/List_of_churches_in_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Lighthouses ( Farol da Lapa (/wiki/Farol_da_Lapa) & Farol de Regufe (/wiki/Farol_de_Regufe) ) Santa Clara Aqueduct (/wiki/Santa_Clara_Aqueduct) Coelheiro Aqueduct (/w/index.php?title=Coelheiro_Aqueduct&action=edit&redlink=1) Luísa Dacosta Windmill (/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADsa_Dacosta_Windmill&action=edit&redlink=1) Grande Hotel da Póvoa (/wiki/Grande_Hotel_da_P%C3%B3voa) Villas ( Calves (/wiki/Calves,_Portugal) , Villa Myosótis (/wiki/Villa_Myos%C3%B3tis) ) Alminhas (/wiki/Alminhas) Touro (/wiki/Touro_(sculpture)) Sculptures (/wiki/Sculptures_in_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Notable streets & squares Praça do Almada (/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_do_Almada) (civic center) Junqueira (/wiki/Rua_da_Junqueira) (shopping street) Largo David Alves Square (/wiki/Largo_David_Alves) Praça da República (/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_(P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim)) Avenida dos Banhos (/wiki/Avenida_dos_Banhos) & Passeio Alegre (/wiki/Passeio_Alegre) (waterfront) Avenida Mousinho de Albuquerque (/w/index.php?title=Avenida_Mousinho_de_Albuquerque&action=edit&redlink=1) Avenida Vasco da Gama (/wiki/Avenida_Vasco_da_Gama) Avenida 25 de Abril (/wiki/Avenida_25_de_Abril_(P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim)) Praça Marquês de Pombal (/w/index.php?title=Pra%C3%A7a_Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Pombal_(P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim)&action=edit&redlink=1) Praça Velha (/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_Velha) Largo das Dores Square (/wiki/Largo_das_Dores) Rua Santos Minho (/wiki/Rua_Santos_Minho) Beaches & parks Póvoa de Varzim beaches (/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim_beaches) Enseada da Póvoa (/wiki/Enseada_da_P%C3%B3voa) Redonda (/wiki/Redonda_Beach) Salgueira (/wiki/Salgueira_Beach) Verde (/w/index.php?title=Verde_Beach&action=edit&redlink=1) Beijinhos (/w/index.php?title=Beijinhos_Beach&action=edit&redlink=1) Lagoa (/wiki/Lagoa_Beach) Fragosa (/wiki/Fragosa_Beach) & Forcada rock (/w/index.php?title=Forcada_rock&action=edit&redlink=1) Esteiro (/wiki/Esteiro_Beach) Coim (/wiki/Coim_Beach) Quião (/wiki/Qui%C3%A3o_Beach,_Portugal) Cape Santo André (/wiki/Cape_Santo_Andr%C3%A9) Santo André (/wiki/Santo_Andr%C3%A9_Beach) Aguçadoura (/wiki/Agu%C3%A7adoura_Beach) Codicheira (/w/index.php?title=Codicheira_Beach&action=edit&redlink=1) Rio Alto (/wiki/Rio_Alto_Beach) City Park (/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim_City_Park) & Lagoa da Pedreira (/wiki/Lagoa_da_Pedreira) São Félix Hill (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_F%C3%A9lix_Hill) & Cividade Hill (/wiki/Cividade_Hill) Sports Varzim S.C. (/wiki/Varzim_S.C.) Desportivo da Póvoa (/w/index.php?title=Clube_Desportivo_da_P%C3%B3voa&action=edit&redlink=1) Clube Naval Povoense (/w/index.php?title=Clube_Naval_Povoense&action=edit&redlink=1) Clube da Praia (/w/index.php?title=Clube_da_Praia&action=edit&redlink=1) Varzim Stadium (/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Varzim_SC) Municipal Stadium (/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim_Municipal_Stadium) Póvoa Pavillion (/wiki/Pavilh%C3%A3o_Desportivo_Municipal_da_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Marina da Póvoa (/w/index.php?title=Marina_da_P%C3%B3voa&action=edit&redlink=1) Ethnography Siglas poveiras (/wiki/Siglas_poveiras) Poveiro boat (/wiki/Poveiro_(boat)) Ala-Arriba! (film) (/wiki/Ala-Arriba!_(film)) Póvoa Hymn (/wiki/Hino_da_P%C3%B3voa) Casa dos Poveiros (/wiki/Casa_dos_Poveiros) Folk costumes ( Branqueta (/w/index.php?title=Branqueta&action=edit&redlink=1) & Tricana ) Póvoa de Varzim Holiday (/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim_Holiday) Anjo Festival (/wiki/Anjo_Festival) Masseira (/wiki/Masseira) Famous Food Pescada à poveira (/w/index.php?title=Pescada_%C3%A0_poveira&action=edit&redlink=1) Arroz de marico (/w/index.php?title=Arroz_de_marico&action=edit&redlink=1) Feijoada poveira (/w/index.php?title=Feijoada_poveira&action=edit&redlink=1) Francesinha poveira (/wiki/Francesinha_poveira) (fast food) Rabanada poveira (/w/index.php?title=Rabanada_poveira&action=edit&redlink=1) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐84b8f9dfd6‐pjdfl Cached time: 20240717191653 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.621 seconds Real time usage: 1.186 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 704/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36143/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 528/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 35694/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.415/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5678495/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 883.117 1 -total 44.91% 396.610 1 Template:Reflist 31.92% 281.900 6 Template:Cite_web 27.82% 245.693 1 Template:Póvoa_de_Varzim 27.47% 242.566 1 Template:Navbox 21.10% 186.337 1 Template:Short_description 11.70% 103.351 3 Template:Main_other 11.34% 100.174 1 Template:SDcat 8.73% 77.072 1 Template:Harvnb 7.33% 64.752 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35242951-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717191653 and revision id 1071296790. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricana_poveira&oldid=1071296790 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricana_poveira&oldid=1071296790) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture in Póvoa de Varzim (/wiki/Category:Culture_in_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim) Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) Folk costumes (/wiki/Category:Folk_costumes) Portuguese clothing (/wiki/Category:Portuguese_clothing) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt))
Gold (/wiki/Gold) nanoparticles (/wiki/Nanoparticle) (AuNPs) are used by cosmetic companies to create creams (/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)) and lotions (/wiki/Lotion) . Gold nanoparticles have been used in the past for pharmaceutical and medical uses, but only recently have cosmetic brands sought patents for gold nanoparticles to use them for cosmetic formulation. Research conducted by Tatsiana Mironava, PhD, from Stony Brook University (/wiki/Stony_Brook_University) concluded that the size, concentration and frequency of application plays a major part in determining if the material is toxic. Research studies are being conducted to find out the benefits of using gold nanoparticles in cosmetic products and creams. Some of the products that claim to use gold in their formulations include the L'Oreal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) L'Core Paris 24k Collection. Recent studies have concluded that gold is inert and safe for internal medicine (/wiki/Internal_medicine) , but there is still ongoing research as to the effects of gold when applied for other purposes in the body. [1] (#cite_note-Katie_Anderson-1) Gold in skin care products [ edit ] Gold is now used as an ingredient in skin care (/wiki/Skin_care) products. It is now flaked, liquified and added in moisturizers (/wiki/Moisturizer) , sunscreens (/wiki/Sunscreen) , eye creams and lip balms (/wiki/Lip_balm) . Spa centers also use gold facials, and these are priced around $100 to $1,000. Cosmetic makers cite the use of gold in medicine, it is given to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis) . The cancer researcher Professor Debabrata Mukhopadhya at the Mayo Clinic (/wiki/Mayo_Clinic) said in 2010 that while gold nano particles showed promise for skin care, they were still toxic when injected in high doses in mice. [2] (#cite_note-leap-2) Dr. Judith Hellman, a dermatologist in New York City, said about gold in skin care: "At best, they do nothing, and at worst, they can give you irritation of the skin". [2] (#cite_note-leap-2) Gold nanoparticles are also used in other cosmetic products including deodorant. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Brands using nanocosmetics [ edit ] A 2012 study found that almost all the major cosmetic manufacturers are already using nanotechnology in cosmetics (/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_cosmetics) . Cosmetics Estee Lauder (/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) and L'Core Paris have entered the Nanomarket, with a range of products that make use of "Nanoparticles". Nano silver (/wiki/Silver) and Nanogold are harnessed for their antibacterial (/wiki/Antibacterial) and antifungal (/wiki/Antifungal) properties and used in cosmetic products. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Manufacturers are producing underarm deodorants (/wiki/Deodorant) with claim that they provide 24-Hour antibacterial protection. Nanosized gold, like nanosilver, is said to be effective in disinfecting bacteria in the mouth and is added in toothpaste (/wiki/Toothpaste) . [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Katie_Anderson_1-0) "Assessing Use of Gold Nanoparticles" (http://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/research/techtransfer/Assessing-Use-of-Gold-Nanoparticles-209549761.html) . Cosmetics and Toiletries: Science Applied . May 30, 2013 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ a b Kingson, Jennifer. "Gold Face Cream: A Costly Leap of Faith" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/27/fashion/27skinWEB.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ a b Kaul, Shreya; Gulati, Neha; Verma, Deepali; Mukherjee, Siddhartha; Nagaich, Upendra (2018-03-27). "Role of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals: A Review of Recent Advances" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5892223) . Journal of Pharmaceutics . 2018 : 3420204. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1155/2018/3420204 (https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2018%2F3420204) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2090-9918 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2090-9918) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 5892223 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5892223) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29785318 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29785318) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Raj, S; Jose, S; Sumod, US; Sabitha, M (July 2012). "Nanotechnology in cosmetics: Opportunities and challenges" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425166) . Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences . 4 (3): 186–193. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4103/0975-7406.99016 (https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0975-7406.99016) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 3425166 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425166) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 22923959 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22923959) . 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Machine that dries shoes A shoe dryer or boot dryer is a machine used for drying shoes, and usually functions by blowing air on the inside of the shoes. The airflow (/wiki/Airflow) causes the shoes to dry faster. The air can be heated for even faster drying, and these are the most common types. [1] (#cite_note-1) Shoes dryers can be especially useful for people who often have wet shoes, such as families with small children or people who often hike outdoor in the nature, or for ski boots (/wiki/Ski_boot) which often are moist after use. Many shoes dryers have a timer which shuts off the dryer after some time. [2] (#cite_note-2) There are also shoe dryers which instead use a heated grate (/wiki/Grate_heater) which the shoes are placed on top of, and which do not blow air. History [ edit ] Several patents have been awarded for shoe dryers, [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) with some of the oldest dating back to 1963. [9] (#cite_note-9) Noise [ edit ] Many fan-driven shoe dryers emit bothersome noise (/wiki/Noise) during use. [10] (#cite_note-klikk-1-10) In a test from 2019, the most silent model was measured at 45 decibel (/wiki/Decibel) (dB), [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) while the other models were measured at 50 and 57 dB. In 2022, another model was measured at 56 dB in "tornado" mode and 29 dB in "whisper" mode, [12] (#cite_note-:1-12) and in 2023 another variant of the same dryer was measured at 72 dB. [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) It was also commented that the higher pitch of the said models noise could contribute to it being perceived as more intense and bothersome. [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) Air flow [ edit ] The volumetric flow rate (/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate) , i.e. the amount of air that is moved, is an important measure of fan-based shoe dryers. For example, a model tested in 2023 was stated to have a volume flow of 12 cubic meters (/wiki/Cubic_meters) per hour (m³/h), which corresponds to 12 000 liters per hour or just over 3 liters of air per second. [14] (#cite_note-14) Larger diameters of tubing and fans are beneficial for increased volumetric flow, and also results in lower air speed and thus less noise. Heated air [ edit ] Shoe dryers with a fan often emit slightly lukewarm or warm air. In a test from 2019, one of the models was rated at a power of 350 watt (/wiki/Watt) , [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) of which 30 W was utilized as fan power and the remaining around 320 W were used for heating. Another model in the test had two temperature settings for choosing between 40 °C and 55 °C air temperature. [11] (#cite_note-:0-11) A model tested in 2023 had settings for blowing air at room temperature, or heated air at 37, 45 or 60 degrees Celsius. [12] (#cite_note-:1-12) [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) Not all shoes can withstand heated drying. [15] (#cite_note-:3-15) Using high heat can put wear on shoes made of certain materials, and for example the use of a tumble dryer, heating cables (/w/index.php?title=Heating_cable&action=edit&redlink=1) or heating cabinet (/wiki/Drying_cabinet) can lead to leather shoes cracking. [15] (#cite_note-:3-15) Fire hazard [ edit ] Shoe dryers with heating can be a fire hazard if left on for too long, as with any heating appliance, and should therefore be used under supervision. [10] (#cite_note-klikk-1-10) See also [ edit ] Dehumidifier (/wiki/Dehumidifier) Drying cabinet (/wiki/Drying_cabinet) Drying room (/wiki/Drying_room) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) The Best Boot Dryers for Damp Footwear - Bob Vila (https://www.bobvila.com/articles/best-boot-dryer/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Best i test 2019 - Test av skotørkere (https://dinside.dagbladet.no/bolig/test-av-skotorkere/71716108) ^ (#cite_ref-3) US3417482A - Boot and shoe dryer - Google Patents (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3417482A/en) ^ (#cite_ref-4) US4171580A - Boot dryer - Google Patents (https://patents.google.com/patent/US4171580) ^ (#cite_ref-5) EP0119146A2 - Cintre chauffant pour vêtements - Google Patents (https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0119146A2/tr) ^ (#cite_ref-6) US4908957A - Shoe dryer - Google Patents (https://patents.google.com/patent/US4908957A/en) ^ (#cite_ref-7) US5179790A - Hot air boot dryer - Google Patents (https://patents.google.com/patent/US5179790) ^ (#cite_ref-8) USD664321S1 - Portable skate/boot/glove dryer - Google Patents (https://patents.google.com/patent/USD664321) ^ (#cite_ref-9) US3154392A - Boot dryer - Google Patents (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3154392A/en) ^ Jump up to: a b Test av skotørker - Tester og barneutstyr (https://www.klikk.no/foreldre/barn/tester-og-barneutstyr/test-av-skotorker-3686556) ^ Jump up to: a b c "Best i test 2019 - Test av skotørkere" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210123233747/https://dinside.dagbladet.no/bolig/test-av-skotorkere/71716108) . 2021-01-23. Archived from the original (https://dinside.dagbladet.no/bolig/test-av-skotorkere/71716108) on 2021-01-23 . Retrieved 2023-09-24 . Beha SKO 300T (45 dB, 300 W) rated 5/6, Biltema Art. Nr. 84-149 (50 dB, 350 W, 320+30 W), Adax Neo (50 dB, 220 W) rated 5/6, Clas Ohlson SD-018 (57 dB, 265 W, 40 or 55 °C) rated 5/6. ^ Jump up to: a b Ruud, Knut Johan (2022-09-06). "Skotørker" (https://jaktogfiske.njff.no/sko-skotorker/skotorker/131693) . jaktogfiske.njff.no (in Norwegian Bokmål) . Retrieved 2023-09-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Hedgehog Dryer Family - Test" (https://www.tek.no/test/i/y6x9ng/en-rask-maate-aa-holde-barna-toerre-paa-bein-og-hender) . Tek.no (in Norwegian). 2023-03-04 . Retrieved 2023-09-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Skotørker test 🧪 Hvem stikker av med seieren?" (https://www.forbrukertest.no/skot%C3%B8rker/) . www.forbrukertest.no (in Norwegian) . Retrieved 2023-09-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Dette bør du vite om skotørking" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210121051147/https://dinside.dagbladet.no/bolig/dette-bor-du-vite-om-skotorking/61019280) . 2021-01-21. Archived from the original (https://dinside.dagbladet.no/bolig/dette-bor-du-vite-om-skotorking/61019280) on 2021-01-21 . Retrieved 2023-09-24 . This tool article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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British military greatcoat Churchill at the Yalta summit, wearing a British Warm A British Warm , [1] (#cite_note-1) British warm [2] (#cite_note-2) or British Warm overcoat is a type of woollen overcoat based on the greatcoats (/wiki/Greatcoat) worn by British Army (/wiki/British_Army) officers in the First World War (/wiki/First_World_War) . [3] (#cite_note-HH-3) History [ edit ] The British Warm first appeared around 1914 as a military greatcoat for British officers. It was made famous, however, by Winston Churchill (/wiki/Winston_Churchill) . [4] (#cite_note-BW-4) According to Scottish clothmakers Crombie (/wiki/Crombie_(clothing)) , the term "British Warm" was coined to describe their version of the coat worn by around 10% of British soldiers and officers. [5] (#cite_note-5) It is currently the only authorised overcoat for serving British Army officers. [6] (#cite_note-6) Characteristics [ edit ] A British Warm is typically a heavy, double-breasted wool coat made from a 100% wool cloth known as Melton (/wiki/Melton_(cloth)) . [4] (#cite_note-BW-4) It is taupe (/wiki/Taupe) -coloured, has peak lapels (/wiki/Peak_lapel) and leather buttons, often has epaulettes (/wiki/Epaulette) , and is slightly shaped. It falls just above the knee, and is sometimes belted. [3] (#cite_note-HH-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) British Air Forces 1914-18 Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115015/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iSTFd81g5zAC&pg=PA5&dq=%22British+Warm%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TxgVVaCjN8XYasz0gdAD&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22British%20Warm%22&f=false) 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) by Andrew Cormack and Peter Cormack, Wellingborough: Osprey (2001), 5. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Merriam-Webster: (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/british%20warm) British warm ^ Jump up to: a b Introducing the British Warm Overcoat Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150210225947/http://www.h-huntsman.com/blog/introducing-the-british-warm-overcoat) February 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) at www.h-huntsman.com. Retrieved 10 Feb 2015 ^ Jump up to: a b The British Warm Overcoat at britishwarm.com. Retrieved 10 Feb 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Crombie Heritage at www.crombie.co.uk. Retrieved 10 Feb 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-6) British Army Dress Regulations (FOI, 2017) (https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/626107/2017-03109.pdf) . Accessed 9 December 2017. v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal 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Fabric pattern 19th century drawing of a Harlequin Harlequin print is a repeating pattern of contrasting diamonds or elongated squares standing on end. Origins [ edit ] Mrs Hester Booth (/wiki/Hester_Santlow) , née Santlow (circa 1690–1773) dressed as a harlequin, attributed to John Ellys (/wiki/John_Ellys) Harlequin-costume, dated 1656–1693. The harlequin (/wiki/Harlequin) is a character from Commedia dell'arte (/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte) , a 16th-century Italian theater movement. Harlequins were witty, mischievous clowns. Their early costumes were sewn together from fabric scraps. Over time, the diamond pattern became associated with harlequins. [1] (#cite_note-1) 1949–1950s [ edit ] Harlequin fabric was popularized in 1944 when Adele Simpson (/wiki/Adele_Simpson) presented the harlequin print in a bold diamond design on the town suits she created. It was also featured in green and white with a green jacket and a black skirt. [2] (#cite_note-2) Also in 1949, Louella Ballerino (/wiki/Louella_Ballerino) employed a harlequin print motif in the jester blouse (/wiki/Jester_blouse) "sun and fun" fashions she made popular. The design appeared along with pointed collars, tipped with buttons reminiscent of bells, and jagged points which sometimes adorned an apron overskirt. [3] (#cite_note-3) In August 1950, Fashion Frocks of Cincinnati, Ohio (/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio) marketed a white piqué (/wiki/Piqu%C3%A9_(weaving)) dress, with an exaggerated side drape, in a red, white, and black harlequin print piqué, It was sold directly to homes by housewife representatives. [4] (#cite_note-4) Tammis Keefe (/wiki/Tammis_Keefe) , a cloth designer whose patterns appeared at Lord and Taylor (/wiki/Lord_and_Taylor) in September 1952, used a harlequin print diamond pattern on a large cloth she crafted for a table setting show. [5] (#cite_note-5) In a July 1954 article in the Washington Post (/wiki/Washington_Post) , columnist Olga Curtis mentioned harlequin print fabrics and cellophane as very novel ideas in accessories. [6] (#cite_note-6) A sports costume In a harlequin print topped by bright orange received the most applause at a Simplicity Patterns Fashion Show at Sulzberger Junior High School, in March 1955. Presented by Norma Riseman, the orange wraparound blouse was one of many colorful fashions modeled for teenagers. [7] (#cite_note-7) In June 1955 a silk dress at Peck & Peck had white, pink, and blue tints of harlequin print. The colors and diamond motif were embellished when worn together with a white cashmere sweater highlighted by spangles. [8] (#cite_note-8) Freddie Mercury (/wiki/Freddie_Mercury) was very well known for performing in various concerts during the late seventies in harlequin print trousers. He also wore them in his music video " Living on My Own (/wiki/Living_on_My_Own) ". [ citation needed ] 1960s [ edit ] Harlequin print became particularly popular in the 1960s, appearing on underwear, umbrellas, pajamas, ski wear, maternity clothes, and hosiery. A 1962 Picasso retrospective in New York fueled the trend. [9] (#cite_note-9) 1990s and 2000s [ edit ] Beene and Rowley employed harlequin prints in their fashion designs presented at spring fashion week in November 1996. [10] (#cite_note-10) At the 2001 Ebony Fashion Fair designer Oscar de la Renta (/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta) presented a multicolored harlequin print silk charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) gown with a skirt fashioned with accordion pleats and a halter top with a gold neck ring. [11] (#cite_note-11) Gallery [ edit ] Variant flag of Monaco (/wiki/Flag_of_Monaco) Mardi gras (Pierrot and Harlequin) by Paul Cézanne (/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) DK (2012-10-01). Fashion: The Definitive History of Costume and Style . Penguin. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781465407801 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230222204300/https://books.google.com/books?id=7NuCOmcUQ9IC&dq=harlequin&pg=PA159) from the original on 2023-02-22 . Retrieved 2021-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Designer Studies Small-Town Needs", New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) , January 30, 1944, pg. 36. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "California Styles Exhibited Before 400 At Breakfast", Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) , October 26, 1949, Pg. B1. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fashion-Of-Week", Philadelphia Tribune (/wiki/Philadelphia_Tribune) , August 29, 1950, pg. 8. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Table Settings And Mats On View", New York Times , September 10, 1952, pg. 24. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "'54 Decorator Ideas: Old Fashioned Accessories", Washington Post , July 8, 1954, pg. 45. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Sulzberger Previews Cute Spring Fashions", Philadelphia Tribune , March 8, 1955, pg. 6. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Decorated Sweaters Keep in trim with the Dress", New York Times , June 27, 1955, pg. 24. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Merry Pranksters" (https://blog.fidmmuseum.org/museum/2015/10/fun-furs.html) . FIDM Museum Blog . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161130035318/http://blog.fidmmuseum.org/museum/2015/10/fun-furs.html) from the original on 2016-11-30 . Retrieved 2016-11-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "New York designers say sheer styles will rule", Philadelphia Tribune , November 8, 1996, pg. 2C. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "New York", Ebony (/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)) , May 2001, pg. 146. 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English fashion designer This article is about the 21st century London fashion designer. For the World War I flying ace, see Christopher Shannon (aviator) (/wiki/Christopher_Shannon_(aviator)) . Christopher Shannon Born Liverpool Nationality British Website http://www.christophershannon.co.uk (http://www.christophershannon.co.uk) Christopher Shannon is an English fashion designer specialising in menswear (/wiki/Menswear) . [1] (#cite_note-bfc-1) Early life and education [ edit ] A Liverpudlian (/wiki/Liverpudlian) , Shannon graduated from Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) with an MA in Menswear, studying under Louise Wilson (/wiki/Louise_Wilson) . Career [ edit ] After working with the designers Judy Blame (/wiki/Judy_Blame) , Kim Jones (/wiki/Kim_Jones_(designer)) , William Baker (/wiki/William_Baker_(fashion_designer)) , [2] (#cite_note-2) and the fashion label Helmut Lang (/wiki/Helmut_Lang_(fashion_brand)) , [3] (#cite_note-3) he launched his business at the end of the first decade of the 2000s with sponsorship from NEWGEN MEN, a programme launched by the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) and Topman (/wiki/Topman) for supporting up-and-coming British menswear designers. [1] (#cite_note-bfc-1) [4] (#cite_note-4) When Shannon presented his Spring/Summer 2011 collection at Men's Day at London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) in September 2010, the fashion journalist Charlie Porter (/wiki/Charlie_Porter_(journalist)) named him as one of the two key designers of the day for his contemporary, colour-blocked streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) -influenced pieces. [5] (#cite_note-5) His work combines elements of masculine sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) with unexpected details such as traditionally feminine frills, [6] (#cite_note-6) folklore (/wiki/Folklore) influences, [7] (#cite_note-7) or patchwork (/wiki/Patchwork) and embroidery. [8] (#cite_note-8) Along with Nasir Mazhar (/wiki/Nasir_Mazhar) and Michael van der Ham (/wiki/Michael_van_der_Ham) , Shannon was asked by Danny Boyle (/wiki/Danny_Boyle) to design costumes for dancers in the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In additional to his mainline collection Shannon has consulted for and collaborated with many brands including Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) , Colette (boutique) (/wiki/Colette_(boutique)) , Opening Ceremony (brand) (/wiki/Opening_Ceremony_(brand)) , Eastpak (/wiki/Eastpak) , Cambridge Satchel Company (/wiki/Cambridge_Satchel_Company) , Kickers (/wiki/Kickers_(brand)) , Caterpillar Inc. (/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc.) , Zippo (/wiki/Zippo) , River Island (/wiki/River_Island) , Topman (/wiki/Topman) and in 2017 launched his first fragrance with Mark Buxton and Verduu. He has also contributed in a styling capacity to magazines such as Arena Homme Plus, i-D (/wiki/I-D) and Man About Town. Recognition [ edit ] Shannon was the recipient of the inaugural BFC/GQ Designer Menswear Fund, supported by Vertu, in June 2014. He has been nominated for the Emerging Menswear Award at the British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) and the LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) Young Fashion Designer Prize, and been involved in the innovative MAN, NEWGEN and Fashion Forward sponsorship schemes. [10] (#cite_note-10) Celebrities who have worn his designs include Drake (/wiki/Drake_(musician)) , [11] (#cite_note-11) Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , [12] (#cite_note-12) Tyga (/wiki/Tyga) , [13] (#cite_note-13) Rae Sremmurd (/wiki/Rae_Sremmurd) [14] (#cite_note-14) J Hus (/wiki/J_Hus) , [15] (#cite_note-LFW-15) Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) , [16] (#cite_note-16) Stormzy (/wiki/Stormzy) , [17] (#cite_note-17) Labrinth (/wiki/Labrinth) , [18] (#cite_note-18) Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) , [19] (#cite_note-19) ASAP Rocky (/wiki/ASAP_Rocky) , [20] (#cite_note-20) Olly Alexander (/wiki/Olly_Alexander) , [21] (#cite_note-21) Louis Tomlinson (/wiki/Louis_Tomlinson) , [22] (#cite_note-22) Iggy Azalea (/wiki/Iggy_Azalea) , [23] (#cite_note-23) Neneh Cherry (/wiki/Neneh_Cherry) , [24] (#cite_note-24) and Mabel (/wiki/Mabel_(singer)) . [25] (#cite_note-25) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Designer Profile: Christopher Shannon" (http://www.britishfashioncouncil.com/designer_profile.aspx?DesignerID=1354) . British Fashion Council . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Anderson, James. "Christopher Shannon: What Are You Into?" (http://www.districtmtv.co.uk/article/topic/style/1npr61/christopher-shannon-what-are-you-into/3dh165?docView=%2Fdocuments%2Fnews%2Fdetail&navContainer=newsHub) . District MTV . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Herron, Emma. "Christopher Shannon" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130605212953/http://www.stampmag.co.uk/christopher-shannon/) . STAMP Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.stampmag.co.uk/christopher-shannon/) on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "About NEWGEN MEN" (http://www.britishfashioncouncil.com/content/1598/NEWGEN-MEN) . British Fashion Council . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Porter, Charlie (23 September 2010). "New names prove their worth on menswear day of London Fashion Week" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8020024/New-names-prove-their-worth-on-menswear-day-of-London-Fashion-Week.html) . The Telegraph . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Walker, Harriet (24 February 2011). "Menswear with a feminine touch" (http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/menswear-with-a-feminine-touch-1.1031645#.UOtGwXe-a5I) . Independent Online . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Oliver, William (July 2012). "Christopher Shannon Menswear S/S13 Inspired folklore and festivals, Shannon showed his signature pieces in loud colours" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/13709/1/christopher-shannon-menswear-s-s13) . Dazed & Confused . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Dezan, Anzej (16 June 2012). "Spring/Summer 2013 Menswear: Christopher Shannon" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2013/mens/christopher-shannon) . Vogue.co.uk . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Alexander, Ella (28 July 2012). "Opening Ceremony" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2012/07/27/opening-ceremony-london---designer-costumes) . Vogue UK . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Menswear Sales PR Agency & Showroom – Concrete Studio" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160826105358/http://www.concrete-studio.com/#/christopher-shannon/) . Archived from the original (http://www.concrete-studio.com/#/christopher-shannon/) on 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Drake Wore a Christopher Shannon Bomber Jacket During His Elliott Wilson Interview" (http://www.complex.com/style/2013/09/drake-christopher-shannon-bomber-jacket-elliott-wilson-interview) . Complex Networks (/wiki/Complex_Networks) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) [hausofrihanna.com/rihanna-christopher-shannon-denim-jacket-jeans/ hausofrihanna.com/rihanna-christopher-shannon-denim-jacket-jeans/]. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Check |url= value ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url) ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-13) [pausemag.co.uk/2015/08/spotted-tyga-in-christopher-shannon-at-st-barts/ pausemag.co.uk/2015/08/spotted-tyga-in-christopher-shannon-at-st-barts/]. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Check |url= value ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url) ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-14) [crackmagazine.net/article/music/rae-sremmurd-top-pops/ crackmagazine.net/article/music/rae-sremmurd-top-pops/]. {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : Check |url= value ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url) ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-LFW_15-0) "J Hus is the Sound of Diaspora's Boomerang" (http://www.thefader.com/2017/04/25/j-hus-fader-cover-story-interview-afrobeats) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) [uk.style.yahoo.com/exclusive-christopher-shannon-rihanna-chris-brown-wearing-kidda-122644817.html uk.style.yahoo.com/exclusive-christopher-shannon-rihanna-chris-brown-wearing-kidda-122644817.html]. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Check |url= value ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url) ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-17) http://www.hungertv.com/feature/stormzy-is-our-hunger-12-cover-star/ (http://www.hungertv.com/feature/stormzy-is-our-hunger-12-cover-star/) . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-18) [au.riverisland.com/styleinsider/blog/2015/10/river-island-x-christopher-shannon-as-seen-on au.riverisland.com/styleinsider/blog/2015/10/river-island-x-christopher-shannon-as-seen-on]. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Check |url= value ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url) ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-19) http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/kylie-minogue-lights-up-the-singapore-grand-prix-stage-in-revealing-red-tassled-dress/news-story/47b93ecda07debfad8a2fa9236c936d8 (http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/kylie-minogue-lights-up-the-singapore-grand-prix-stage-in-revealing-red-tassled-dress/news-story/47b93ecda07debfad8a2fa9236c936d8) . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-20) [styleblazer.com/122712/fashion-killa-aap-rocky-styles-his-own-ok-ni-shoot/ styleblazer.com/122712/fashion-killa-aap-rocky-styles-his-own-ok-ni-shoot/]. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Check |url= value ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url) ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-21) [ollyyearsalexander.tumblr.com/page/2 ollyyearsalexander.tumblr.com/page/2]. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Check |url= value ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url) ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-22) [noisey.vice.com/en_uk/article/3kn74y/louis-tomlinson-interview-2017 noisey.vice.com/en_uk/article/3kn74y/louis-tomlinson-interview-2017]. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Check |url= value ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url) ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Watch Iggy Azalea twerk and wear Sports Direct parody sweatshirt in 'Mo Bounce' video" (http://www.nme.com/news/music/iggy-azalea-twerk-mo-bounce-video-2027133) . 24 March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/nov/11/neneh-cherry-street-style-hits-pictures-look". ^ (#cite_ref-25) [i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/59b87z/daydreams-and-nightmares-with-future-star-mabel i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/59b87z/daydreams-and-nightmares-with-future-star-mabel]. {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Check |url= value ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url) ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) External links [ edit ] Christopher Shannon (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/christopher-shannon/) at FMD (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Christopher Shannon (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3408052/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Canadian-South African model (born 1948) Maye Musk Maye Musk at the Cannes Film Festival WIBA Awards in 2023 Born Maye Haldeman ( 1948-04-19 ) April 19, 1948 (age 76) Regina, Saskatchewan (/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan) , Canada Nationality Canadian, South African, American [1] (#cite_note-1) Occupations Model dietitian (/wiki/Dietitian) author Spouse Errol Musk ​ ​ ( m. 1970; div. 1979) ​ Children Elon (/wiki/Elon_Musk) Kimbal (/wiki/Kimbal_Musk) Tosca (/wiki/Tosca_Musk) Relatives Lyndon Rive (/wiki/Lyndon_Rive) (nephew) Modeling information Agency Creative Artists Agency Maye Musk ( née (/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names) Haldeman ; born April 19, 1948) [2] (#cite_note-2) is a model and dietitian (/wiki/Dietitian) . [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) She has been a model for 50 years, appearing on the covers of magazines, including a Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) magazine health edition, Women's Day , international editions of Vogue , and Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) . She is the mother of Elon Musk (/wiki/Elon_Musk) , Kimbal Musk (/wiki/Kimbal_Musk) and Tosca Musk (/wiki/Tosca_Musk) . [5] (#cite_note-5) She holds Canadian, South African, and American citizenship. She is a registered dietitian. Early life and career [ edit ] Maye Haldeman was born on April 19, 1948, in Regina, Saskatchewan (/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan) , Canada, a twin [6] (#cite_note-How_Elon_Musk's_Mom_(and_her_Twin_Sister)_Raised_the_First_Family_of_Tech-6) and one of five children. [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) Her family moved to Pretoria (/wiki/Pretoria) , South Africa (/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa) , in 1950. Her parents, Winnifred Josephine "Wyn" (Fletcher) and Dr. Joshua Norman Haldeman (/wiki/Joshua_N._Haldeman) , a former director of Technocracy Incorporated (/wiki/Technocracy_Incorporated) , a former Regina chiropractor (/wiki/Chiropractic) and amateur archaeologist (/wiki/Archaeology) , [7] (#cite_note-Haldeman-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) were adventurous and flew the family around the world in a prop plane (/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)) in 1952. For over ten years, the family spent time roaming the Kalahari desert (/wiki/Kalahari_desert) in search of its fabled Lost City of the Kalahari (/wiki/Lost_City_of_the_Kalahari) . Their parents gave slide shows and talks about their journeys. [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) "My parents were very famous, [7] (#cite_note-Haldeman-7) but they were never snobs," she said. [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) Joshua Haldeman was a political activist who ran for the Canadian Parliament (/wiki/Canadian_Parliament) on the Social Credit Party (/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada) ticket, and headed the Canadian branch of the Technocracy movement (/wiki/Technocracy_movement) . [7] (#cite_note-Haldeman-7) [10] (#cite_note-10) In 1956 Dr. Haldeman participated on the 3rd edition of the trans-Africa Algiers-Cape Town Rally (/wiki/Algiers-Cape_Town_Rally) with a Ford Ranch-Wagon 5.4L and finished tied for 1st place. [11] (#cite_note-11) As her parents were entrepreneurs, Musk started working at about 8 years of age, where she would "prepare her parents monthly bulletins and photocopy newsletters, and then put the stamps on the envelopes.” [12] (#cite_note-auto-12) By the age of 12, before and then after school, Musk worked as a receptionist alongside her twin sister for their father. As a young woman, Haldeman was a finalist in the 1969 Miss South Africa beauty competition. [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) In 1970, she married Errol Musk (/wiki/Errol_Musk) , a South African engineer she met in high school. They had three children: Elon Musk (/wiki/Elon_Musk) , Kimbal Musk (/wiki/Kimbal_Musk) , and Tosca Musk (/wiki/Tosca_Musk) . She named Elon after her American grandfather, John Elon Haldeman (born in Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) ). [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) In 1979, she divorced Errol Musk. Two years later, Elon, who was about 10 at the time, decided to live with his father, as he had the Encyclopaedia Britannica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica) , and a computer, things which Maye could not afford to give the children, as a single parent. [15] (#cite_note-15) Kimbal joined Elon four years later. [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) After graduating from high school, Elon decided to move to Canada; in 1989, six months later, Maye moved to Canada with her daughter Tosca. [16] (#cite_note-nyp-16) Maye earned a master's degree in dietetics (/wiki/Dietetics) from the University of the Orange Free State (/wiki/University_of_the_Orange_Free_State) in South Africa. Her major was taught in Afrikaans – one of the four languages Musk now speaks. [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) [12] (#cite_note-auto-12) She later earned another master's degree in nutritional science (/wiki/Nutritional_science) from the University of Toronto (/wiki/University_of_Toronto) . [17] (#cite_note-17) Later life [ edit ] Maye Musk at Brain Bar 2019 Her modelling career continued in Canada and the United States. [16] (#cite_note-nyp-16) She has appeared on boxes of Special K (/wiki/Special_K) cereal, [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) in Revlon (/wiki/Revlon) ads, [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) and in a Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) video (" Haunted (/wiki/Haunted_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) "). [3] (#cite_note-nyt-3) She appeared nude on the cover of Time magazine for a health issue [16] (#cite_note-nyp-16) and also nude on the cover of New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) magazine in 2011 with a fake pregnant belly. [16] (#cite_note-nyp-16) She was on the cover of Elle Canada (/wiki/Elle_Canada) in 2012, [16] (#cite_note-nyp-16) and starred in advertisement campaigns for Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) and Virgin America (/wiki/Virgin_America) . [16] (#cite_note-nyp-16) In September 2017, she became CoverGirl's (/wiki/CoverGirl) oldest spokesmodel (/wiki/Spokesmodel) at age 69, which one news story reported as "making history". [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) In 2022, at age 74, she was the oldest Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) swimsuit model to date, appearing on the cover of the annual issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) . [20] (#cite_note-20) In addition to modelling, she has a business as a dietitian and gives presentations worldwide. [16] (#cite_note-nyp-16) She wrote a memoir titled A Woman Makes a Plan: Advice for a Lifetime of Adventure, Beauty, and Success (2019). [21] (#cite_note-21) In an interview with Forbes magazine, Musk said her greatest achievement was "having three great kids and surviving". [12] (#cite_note-auto-12) In 2021, she was one of the guests at Lady Kitty Spencer (/wiki/Lady_Kitty_Spencer) 's wedding. [22] (#cite_note-22) Maye Musk appeared alongside her son Elon on Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_(season_46)) on May 8, 2021, the day before Mother's Day (/wiki/Mother%27s_Day) . [23] (#cite_note-23) In April 2023, Musk received an honorary doctorate from the University of the Free State (/wiki/University_of_the_Free_State) in South Africa for her work as a dietitian. [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2023, Musk signed with Chinese electronics giant Oppo (/wiki/Oppo) to be the global ambassador for its flagship smartphone. [25] (#cite_note-25) Musk will appear in a series of commercials and events. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Musk, Maye [@mayemusk] (July 4, 2020). "Happy 4th of July! From four happy Americans 🇺🇸 Tosca got her citizenship two weeks ago. This is a very long, intensive process Immigrants know #AWomanMakesAPlan #ItsGreatToBe72 ⁦@ToscaMusk⁩ ⁦@elonmusk⁩ ⁦@kimbal⁩ https://t.co/8fTrbiKXWj" (https://x.com/mayemusk/status/1279450756131610625) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220430070227/https://twitter.com/mayemusk/status/1279450756131610625) from the original on April 30, 2022 . Retrieved December 15, 2022 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Musk, Maye. "My 60th" (http://mayemusk.blogspot.com/2010/01/feel-fantastic-at-60.html) . Maye Musk's Nutrition Blogs . Blogger (/wiki/Blogger_(service)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180621211414/http://mayemusk.blogspot.com/2010/01/feel-fantastic-at-60.html) from the original on June 21, 2018 . Retrieved December 12, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Holson, Laura M. (April 30, 2016). "At 68, Maye Musk, the Mother of Elon, Is Reclaiming the Spotlight" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/fashion/elon-musk-mother-maye-musk-model-met-gala.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200628120358/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/fashion/elon-musk-mother-maye-musk-model-met-gala.html) from the original on June 28, 2020 . Retrieved May 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Hou, Kathleen; Musk, Maye (March 17, 2016). "Elon Musk's Mom Is a 67-Year-Old Model and Dietitian with Great Wellness Advice" (https://nymag.com/thecut/2016/03/maye-musk-elon-musk-model-interview.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170510164037/http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/03/maye-musk-elon-musk-model-interview.html) from the original on May 10, 2017 . Retrieved May 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Kay, Grace (February 4, 2023). "Meet Maye Musk, the glamorous model mother of billionaire Elon Musk" (http://www.businessinsider.com/maye-musk-elon-musk-mother-model) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200620133410/https://www.businessinsider.com/maye-musk-elon-musk-mother-model) from the original on June 20, 2020 . Retrieved February 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-How_Elon_Musk's_Mom_(and_her_Twin_Sister)_Raised_the_First_Family_of_Tech_6-0) Fox, Emily Jane (October 21, 2015). "How Elon Musk's Mom (and her Twin Sister) Raised the First Family of Tech" (http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/10/elon-musk-family-maye-musk) . The Hive (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)#The_Hive) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170716073559/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/10/elon-musk-family-maye-musk) from the original on July 16, 2017 . Retrieved July 20, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Haldeman, Scott; Keating Jr., Joseph C. (September 1995). "Joshua N Haldeman, DC: the Canadian Years, 1926-1950" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2485067) . The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association . 39 (3): 172–186. PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2485067 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2485067) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Hall, Dana (April 11, 2014). "Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk" (https://www.mercurynews.com/2014/04/10/2014-rocket-man-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/) . San Jose Mercury News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160906062154/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk) from the original on September 6, 2016 . Retrieved April 7, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Elon's Mother" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160218123134/http://www.elonmusk.info/2015/03/elons-mother.html) . www.elonmusk.info . Archived from the original (http://www.elonmusk.info/2015/03/elons-mother.html) on February 18, 2016 . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Basen, Ira. "In science we trust" (https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/technocracy-incorporated-elon-musk/) . CBC News (/wiki/CBC_News) . Retrieved December 20, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Article (http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1956/03/24/pagina-25/32770693/pdf.html) He terminado el III rallye Automoviliticos El Cabo - Argel , (http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1956/03/24/pagina-25/32770693/pdf.html) La Vanguardia Espagnola , samedi 25 mars 1956, p.25 (http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1956/03/24/pagina-25/32770693/pdf.html) ; ^ Jump up to: a b c Field, Shivaune. "Striking At 70: Maye Musk On Entrepreneurship And Her Fearless Family" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/shivaunefield/2018/05/10/striking-at-70-maye-musk-on-entrepreneurship-her-fearless-family/) . Forbes . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230630123633/https://www.forbes.com/sites/shivaunefield/2018/05/10/striking-at-70-maye-musk-on-entrepreneurship-her-fearless-family/) from the original on June 30, 2023 . Retrieved June 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Elon Musk at Montana Jobs Summit . MontanaJobsSummit. November 15, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210831184019/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWCCcgVwNJ0) from the original on August 31, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 – via YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Before Elon Musk was thinking about Mars and electric cars, he was doing chores on a Saskatchewan farm (https://leaderpost.com/feature/elon-musk-inherited-a-lifetime-of-adventure-from-his-sask-family) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210524080956/https://leaderpost.com/feature/elon-musk-inherited-a-lifetime-of-adventure-from-his-sask-family) May 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , by the Regina Leader-Post (May 15, 2017) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Cao, Sissi (January 7, 2020). "At 71, Elon Musk's Model Mom, Maye Musk, Is at Her Peak as a Style Icon" (https://observer.com/2020/01/elon-musk-mother-maye-model-dietician-interview-book-women-self-help/) . Observer . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230630122429/https://observer.com/2020/01/elon-musk-mother-maye-model-dietician-interview-book-women-self-help/) from the original on June 30, 2023 . Retrieved June 30, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Fleming, Kirsten (May 2, 2016). "Elon Musk's model mom will have to wait for her Model 3" (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/elon-musks-model-mom-will-have-to-wait-for-her-model-3-2016-05-02) . New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180626164348/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/elon-musks-model-mom-will-have-to-wait-for-her-model-3-2016-05-02) from the original on June 26, 2018 . Retrieved May 2, 2016 – via MarketWatch (/wiki/MarketWatch) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Klebnikov, Sergei (July 31, 2018). "Inside the Fabulous Life of Elon's Mom Maye Musk, a Supermodel Nutritionist Who Spent Her Childhood Exploring the Kalahari Desert" (https://money.com/maye-musk-career-net-worth/) . Money. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210426213205/https://money.com/maye-musk-career-net-worth/) from the original on April 26, 2021 . Retrieved April 26, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Lin, Summer (September 27, 2017). "This 69-Year-Old Model Is the Newest Face Of Covergirl" (http://www.elle.com/beauty/a12476808/maye-musk-is-the-newest-face-of-covergirl/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171001121728/http://www.elle.com/beauty/a12476808/maye-musk-is-the-newest-face-of-covergirl/) from the original on October 1, 2017 . Retrieved October 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Mejia, Zameena (September 28, 2017). "Elon Musk's mom Maye Musk just made history by scoring this modeling gig" (https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/28/elon-musks-mom-maye-musk-just-became-covergirls-oldest-model.html) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211018060134/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/28/elon-musks-mom-maye-musk-just-became-covergirls-oldest-model.html) from the original on October 18, 2021 . Retrieved October 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Draughorne, Kenan (May 16, 2022). "At 74, Maye Musk — yes, Elon's mom — becomes oldest Sports Illustrated swimsuit model" (https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-05-16/maye-musk-becomes-oldest-woman-on-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-cover) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220517013343/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-05-16/maye-musk-becomes-oldest-woman-on-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-cover) from the original on May 17, 2022 . Retrieved May 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Musk, Maye (2019). A Woman Makes a Plan: Advice for a Lifetime of Adventure, Beauty, and Success . Viking. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1984878502 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Abraham, Tamara (July 26, 2021). "The 8 most stylish guests at Lady Kitty Spencer's wedding" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/style/8-stylish-guests-lady-kitty-spencers-wedding/) . Telegraph . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210809132239/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/style/8-stylish-guests-lady-kitty-spencers-wedding/) from the original on August 9, 2021 . Retrieved August 9, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Elon Musk Monologue - SNL . Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) . May 9, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211124123550/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCF8I_X1qKI) from the original on November 24, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 – via YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Damons, Andre (April 12, 2023). "Honorary doctorate best thing to happen to her – Dr Maye Musk" (https://www.ufs.ac.za/templates/news-archive/campus-news/2023/april/honorary-doctorate-best-thing-to-happen-to-her-dr-maye-musk) . University of the Free State (/wiki/University_of_the_Free_State) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230630150550/https://www.ufs.ac.za/templates/news-archive/campus-news/2023/april/honorary-doctorate-best-thing-to-happen-to-her-dr-maye-musk) from the original on June 30, 2023 . Retrieved June 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Maye Musk signs huge deal with Chinese electronics giant Oppo" (https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3225752/maye-musk-signs-huge-deal-chinese-electronics-giant-oppo-worlds-richest-man-elon-musks-supermodel) . South China Morning Post . June 29, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230630125646/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3225752/maye-musk-signs-huge-deal-chinese-electronics-giant-oppo-worlds-richest-man-elon-musks-supermodel) from the original on June 30, 2023 . Retrieved June 30, 2023 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maye Musk (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maye_Musk) . 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(Redirected from Kristina Bernadette Aquino (/w/index.php?title=Kristina_Bernadette_Aquino&redirect=no) ) Filipino television presenter and actress (born 1971) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Kris Aquino" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kris+Aquino%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kris+Aquino%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kris+Aquino%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kris+Aquino%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kris+Aquino%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kris+Aquino%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) In this Philippine name (/wiki/Filipino_name) , the middle name (/wiki/Middle_name) or maternal family name (/wiki/Surname) is Cojuangco (/wiki/Cojuangco) and the surname or paternal family name is Aquino (/wiki/Aquino_family) . Kris Aquino Aquino in 2015 Born Kristina Bernadette Cojuangco Aquino ( 1971-02-14 ) February 14, 1971 (age 53) Quezon City (/wiki/Quezon_City) , Philippines Other names Kris Occupations Television presenter actress film producer Title Queen of All Media Spouse James Yap (/wiki/James_Yap) ​ ​ ( m. 2005; ann. 2012) ​ Children 2, including Bimby (/wiki/Bimby_Aquino_Yap) Parents Ninoy Aquino (/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino) (father) Corazon Cojuangco (/wiki/Corazon_Aquino) (mother) Relatives List Cojuangco family (/wiki/Cojuangco) Aquino family (/wiki/Aquino_family) Sen. Jose W. Diokno (/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno) (seventh cousin once removed) [a] (#cite_note-3) Chel Diokno (/wiki/Chel_Diokno) (seventh cousin twice removed) [3] (#cite_note-4) Sumulong family Years active 1986–2022 Kristina "Kris" Bernadette Cojuangco Aquino ( locally [ˌkɾis (/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog) ʔɐˈxiː.no] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog) ; born February 14, 1971) is a Filipino former television presenter, actress, talent manager and film producer. She notably starred as Princess Intan in the acclaimed Crazy Rich Asians (/wiki/Crazy_Rich_Asians_(film)) [4] (#cite_note-5) and is a recipient of 42 PMPC Star Awards for Television (/wiki/PMPC_Star_Awards_for_Television) , 10 Golden Screen Awards (/wiki/Golden_Screen_Award_(Canada)) and a FAMAS Award (/wiki/FAMAS_Award) . [5] (#cite_note-6) [6] (#cite_note-7) [7] (#cite_note-8) Dubbed as Philippine's "Queen of All Media", Aquino has hosted numerous talk shows and game shows (/wiki/Game_shows) , starred in several films and television series, and currently making waves in the social media platform. She is the youngest daughter of the late Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. (/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr.) and the late President Corazon Aquino (/wiki/Corazon_Aquino) , who served as the 11th President of the Philippines (/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) . Her brother Benigno Aquino III (/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III) served as the 15th President of the Philippines from 2010 until 2016. Her debut film appearance was in Pido Dida: Sabay Tayo (/wiki/Pido_Dida:_Sabay_Tayo) and was also known for her roles in horror films Feng Shui (/wiki/Feng_Shui_(2004_film)) and Sukob (/wiki/Sukob) , which was the highest-grossing Filipino film of 2004 and 2006 respectively. [8] (#cite_note-Pep.ph-9) She is also widely known as a top celebrity product endorser and a philanthropist who advocates for lupus (/wiki/Lupus) awareness, children's rights, LGBT (/wiki/LGBT) rights, culture and art appreciation, freedom of expression (/wiki/Freedom_of_expression) , and democratic reforms. [9] (#cite_note-:0-10) Early life and education [ edit ] Kristina Bernadette Cojuangco Aquino was born in Quezon City (/wiki/Quezon_City) , Philippines, to Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino (/wiki/Corazon_Aquino) and Benigno Aquino Jr. (/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr.) who was, at the time, a senator (/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines) of the Ferdinand Marcos (/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos) regime. The youngest of five children, her siblings are Maria Elena "Ballsy" Aquino-Cruz, Aurora Corazon "Pinky" Aquino-Abellada, former Philippine President Benigno S. Aquino III (/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III) , and Victoria Elisa "Viel" Aquino-Dee. She is the cousin of actress and equestrienne Mikee Cojuangco (/wiki/Mikee_Cojuangco) , and the niece of former Philippine Olympic Committee president Jose "Peping" Cojuangco Jr. (/wiki/Peping_Cojuangco) When she was a baby, her father was arrested and jailed; her mother raised Aquino and her siblings. [10] (#cite_note-abs-cbnnews.com-11) [11] (#cite_note-m.manila.coconuts.co-12) [12] (#cite_note-mb.com.ph-13) During the 1978 parliamentary elections (/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election) when her jailed father was a candidate, the seven-year-old Aquino was a stand-in for him at campaign rallies. She was featured on the front page of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) and on the cover of Time Magazine (/wiki/Time_Magazine) . Aquino spent most of her elementary school days in the United States, where the Aquino family was in exile. When she was 12 years old, her father was assassinated (/wiki/Assassination_of_Benigno_Aquino_Jr.) on the tarmac of Manila International Airport (/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport) . Kris Aquino returned to the Philippines and attended rallies against the Marcos regime. After the Philippine Revolution of 1986 (/wiki/Philippine_Revolution_of_1986) , which removed Ferdinand Marcos (/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos) from his 21-year regime (/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines) , the teenage Aquino began guesting stints on television dramas and comedies, as well as talk shows. She made her film debut with actor-comedian Rene Requiestas (/wiki/Rene_Requiestas) in Pido Dida (/wiki/Pido_Dida:_Sabay_Tayo) , which was a blockbuster hit. Aquino had a commercially steady career, and managed to score an acting nomination for The Fatima Buen Story . She starred in a film based on a true-to-life murder, the Vizconde massacre (/wiki/Vizconde_massacre) . Its financial success and numerous starring appearances in crime films of the same vein, earned her the nickname "Massacre Queen" by newspaper critics. Aquino finished her elementary school education at the Poveda Learning Center (now Saint Pedro Poveda College (/wiki/Saint_Pedro_Poveda_College) ) in Quezon City (/wiki/Quezon_City) . She went to high school at the Colegio San Agustin-Makati (/wiki/Colegio_San_Agustin-Makati) , where she was batchmates with Pinky Webb (/wiki/Pinky_Webb) and Karen Davila (/wiki/Karen_Davila) . [13] (#cite_note-14) Career [ edit ] Television [ edit ] Aquino shifted her sights to a television career as a showbiz talk show host with the launching of the talk show Kris (/wiki/The_Kris_Aquino_Show) . It was produced by Viva Television (/wiki/VIVA_Entertainment) on the People's Television Network (/wiki/People%27s_Television_Network) . It was on GMA Network's showbiz oriented talk show Startalk (/wiki/Startalk_(Philippine_TV_series)) , which she co-hosted with Boy Abunda (/wiki/Boy_Abunda) and Lolit Solis (/wiki/Lolit_Solis) , that her hosting skills attracted attention. She later joined ABS-CBN (/wiki/ABS-CBN) as a contract artist and was launched in morning talk show Today with Kris Aquino (/wiki/Today_with_Kris_Aquino) . Following are showbiz-oriented talk show The Buzz (/wiki/The_Buzz_(talk_show)) alongside Boy Abunda (/wiki/Boy_Abunda) and game show Game KNB? (/wiki/Game_KNB%3F) . From 2002 to 2004, she hosted the talk show Morning Girls with Kris and Korina (/wiki/Morning_Girls_with_Kris_and_Korina) with known broadcast journalist Korina Sanchez (/wiki/Korina_Sanchez) . In 2007, Aquino took a showbiz break leaving The Buzz (/wiki/The_Buzz_(talk_show)) and the reformatted Pilipinas, Game Ka Na Ba? (/wiki/Pilipinas,_Game_Ka_Na_Ba%3F) where she was replaced by Edu Manzano (/wiki/Edu_Manzano) , when she gave birth to her second son. [14] (#cite_note-15) Aquino also hosted the Philippine franchise (/wiki/Kapamilya,_Deal_or_No_Deal) of Deal or No Deal (/wiki/Deal_or_No_Deal) , which is part of ABS-CBN's primetime lineup, where she also appeared on the US version as part of a Deal or No Deal "around the world" event which hosted by Howie Mandel (/wiki/Howie_Mandel) in May 2008. She also hosted Boy & Kris (/wiki/Boy_%26_Kris) , a morning talk show that replaced Homeboy, together with Boy Abunda (/wiki/Boy_Abunda) , [15] (#cite_note-16) Be Bench , a model search show together with Piolo Pascual (/wiki/Piolo_Pascual) , [16] (#cite_note-17) [17] (#cite_note-18) another TV franchise, Wheel of Fortune (/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(Philippine_game_show)) , which replaced Kapamilya, Deal or No Deal (/wiki/Kapamilya,_Deal_or_No_Deal) and marks her return on The Buzz (/wiki/The_Buzz_(talk_show)) in 2014. In 2011, Aquino hosted Kris TV (/wiki/Kris_TV) , a lifestyle-magazine talk show which airs weekday mornings on ABS-CBN (/wiki/ABS-CBN) . The show ran from June 2011 to April 2016 prior to Aquino officially leaving her home network for 20 years. [18] (#cite_note-leaving-19) Also in 2011, she hosted the Filipino version of The Price is Right (/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_(Philippine_game_show)) . Film [ edit ] Aquino began her film career with Regal Films (/wiki/Regal_Films) , one of the oldest film companies in the Philippines, appearing in Pido Dida: Sabay Tayo (/wiki/Pido_Dida:_Sabay_Tayo) (1990), and its sequals with comedian Rene Requiestas (/wiki/Rene_Requiestas) . It earned her first box office queen award. She later shifted to dramatisations of true crime, including The Vizconde Massacre Story , Myrna Diones Story , Elsa Castillo-Ang Katotohanan , and Humanda Ka Mayor . [ citation needed ] She won her first supporting actress award in 2002 for Mano Po (/wiki/Mano_Po) , for her portrayal of a weak-willed and submissive scion of a wealthy Filipino-Chinese clan. In the 2004 film So... Happy Together (/wiki/So_Happy_Together_(film)) she played opposite Eric Quizon (/wiki/Eric_Quizon) . [ citation needed ] Other films include: Feng Shui (/wiki/Feng_Shui_(2004_film)) , a Star Cinema (/wiki/Star_Cinema) production that featured Chinese influences and omen. Feng Shui , which was made during the wave of "Asian-style horror" flicks that spread throughout the continent after 2002's. The Ring (/wiki/The_Ring_(2002_film)) made P137 million. It was the highest grossing Filipino movie of 2004, and the second most successful movie overall that year, next to Spider-Man 2 (/wiki/Spider-Man_2) , which earned more than P225 million. In 2006, Sukob (/wiki/Sukob) , another horror thriller, became the highest grossing Filipino film of all time surpassing Ang Tanging Ina (/wiki/Ang_Tanging_Ina) and Anak (/wiki/Anak_(film)) . She also starred alongside Vice Ganda (/wiki/Vice_Ganda) and Ai-Ai delas Alas (/wiki/Ai-Ai_delas_Alas) in Sisterakas (/wiki/Sisterakas) , a 2012 Metro Manila Film Festival (/wiki/Metro_Manila_Film_Festival) entry. [ citation needed ] In 2018, she played Princess Intan in Crazy Rich Asians (/wiki/Crazy_Rich_Asians_(film)) . [9] (#cite_note-:0-10) Illness [ edit ] Aquino's health has detoriated by 2022. Aquino was diagnosed with chronic spontaneous urticaria (/wiki/Chronic_spontaneous_urticaria) in 2018 after undergoing tests in Singapore out of concern that she might be suffering from lupus (/wiki/Lupus) . [19] (#cite_note-20) In May 2022, Aquino disclosed that she has a life-threatening condition but dispelled rumors that she was "dying" and confined in an intensive care unit (/wiki/Intensive_care_unit) . She has also stated to have autoimmune thyroiditis (/wiki/Autoimmune_thyroiditis) and vasculitis (/wiki/Vasculitis) . [20] (#cite_note-21) In June 2022, she disclosed her eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (/wiki/Eosinophilic_granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis) diagnosis, adding that she is going to reside in the United States to receive treatment for her condition. [21] (#cite_note-22) As of October 2023, Aquino is living in Orange County, California (/wiki/Orange_County,_California) . [22] (#cite_note-23) In the Valentine's Day (/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day) 2024 episode of Fast Talk with Boy Abunda (/wiki/Fast_Talk_with_Boy_Abunda) , Aquino, via Zoom (/wiki/Zoom_(software)) revealed that her hemoglobin (/wiki/Hemoglobin) count dropped to an alarming 8.7, her face has a butterfly rash (/wiki/Malar_rash) due to a fifth autoimmune disease and has several light scratches, an effect of Churg-Strauss syndrome (/wiki/Eosinophilic_granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis) . She also suffers from fluctuating blood pressure (/wiki/Labile_hypertension) , swollen knees and bones per Mixed connective tissue disease (/wiki/Mixed_connective_tissue_disease) , CREST syndrome (/wiki/CREST_syndrome) and Rheumatoid arthritis (/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis) and her heart's muscles around it were swollen (/wiki/Myocarditis) . [23] (#cite_note-24) [24] (#cite_note-25) [25] (#cite_note-26) Personal life [ edit ] Aquino had a relationship with actor Phillip Salvador (/wiki/Phillip_Salvador) and had their first son in 1994. [26] (#cite_note-27) In 2003, her relationship with comedian Joey Marquez (/wiki/Joey_Marquez) was highly publicized after their breakup in which Aquino exposed Marquez on contracting her with STD (/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease) . [27] (#cite_note-28) Aquino was married to PBA (/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association) professional player James Yap (/wiki/James_Yap) in a civil marriage ceremony on July 10, 2005, and announced the following year that she was pregnant, [28] (#cite_note-29) following a controversy in 2006 on Yap's infidelity. [29] (#cite_note-30) In April 2007, Aquino gave birth to her second son, James Carlos "Bimby" Aquino Yap Jr. (/wiki/Bimby_Aquino_Yap) , in Makati. [30] (#cite_note-31) In 2010, Aquino announced that she had separated from Yap, citing personal reasons, and stated she was seeking an annulment. [31] (#cite_note-32) It was in February 2012 that their marriage was declared null and void (/wiki/Null_and_void) . [32] (#cite_note-33) Aquino was amidst another public scandal in 2018 making death verbal threats via telephone [33] (#cite_note-34) to her former business manager, Nicko Falcis as their business relationship gradually ended. This was after her filing numerous cases against Falcis, [34] (#cite_note-35) majority of which got dismissed [35] (#cite_note-36) and are now under mediation. [36] (#cite_note-37) Currently, Aquino has no business partner nor business manager. In October 2021, Aquino announced her engagement to former politician Mel Senen Sarmiento (/wiki/Mel_Senen_Sarmiento) . [37] (#cite_note-38) But in January 2022, Aquino said via Instagram that both she and Sarmiento agreed to call it off. [38] (#cite_note-39) In June 2024, Aquino and Bimby Aquino Yap (/wiki/Bimby_Aquino_Yap) confirmed a new relationship (/wiki/Romance_(love)) with an unnamed boyfriend (/wiki/Boyfriend) , a Makati (/wiki/Makati) doctor. [39] (#cite_note-40) Business ventures [ edit ] Aside from her TV and movie career, Aquino owns and manages several businesses. She co-owns Lena Restaurant and Sencillo, a Mexican restaurant, as well as Roberto Antonio, an upscale flower shop with business partner Boy Abunda (/wiki/Boy_Abunda) . [40] (#cite_note-41) She founded a boutique and agency in partnership with Abunda and other personalities including Nonon del Carmen and Agnes Maranan. The boutique and agency was named MAD (an acronym for their surnames). [41] (#cite_note-42) She co-owns Sierra Madre Water. Aquino also owns numerous fast food store franchises such as Jollibee and Chowking and owns Nacho Bimby (aka Potato Corner (/wiki/Potato_Corner) ) [42] (#cite_note-43) - a company that's under her youngest son's namesake. She is also executive editor of a bi-monthly magazine called K! The Kris Aquino Magazine . In December 2009, Aquino showcased her home collection called K Everyday . In partnership with ABS-CBN Licensing, K Everyday features cooking, kitchen-wares, plastic, and stationery collections. [8] (#cite_note-Pep.ph-9) Filmography [ edit ] Main article: Kris Aquino filmography (/wiki/Kris_Aquino_filmography) Production company [ edit ] K Productions Company type Subsidiary Industry Motion picture Film distribution Television Founded 2013 Defunct Unknown Headquarters Quezon City (/wiki/Quezon_City) , Philippines Area served Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) Key people Kristina Bernadette C. Aquino Tess V. Fuentes Products Film Vlog (/wiki/Vlog) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) ABS-CBN Corporation (/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) ABS-CBN Film Productions, Inc. (/wiki/ABS-CBN_Film_Productions,_Inc.) In 2013, Aquino established a film and television production company (/wiki/Production_company) , and film distributor called Kris Aquino Productions (or K Productions). It is managed by Star Cinema (/wiki/Star_Cinema) , the country's largest motion picture company, which has produced most of the highest grossing Filipino films of all time (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_the_Philippines) . Its debut film was Instant Mommy (/wiki/Instant_Mommy) starring Eugene Domingo (/wiki/Eugene_Domingo) . [43] (#cite_note-44) She produced her son's debut movie, My Little Bossings (/wiki/My_Little_Bossings) , in 2013. [44] (#cite_note-45) Starting in 2010, she had already begun co-producing Star Cinema (/wiki/Star_Cinema) films in which she starred, including Dalaw (/wiki/Dalaw) (2010), Segunda Mano (/wiki/Segunda_Mano) (2011), and Sisterakas (/wiki/Sisterakas) (2012). In 2015, Aquino started producing vlogs on her own website, [45] (#cite_note-46) featuring specifically cooking and travel vlogs (/wiki/Vlogs) . Theatrical feature films [ edit ] Year Release Date Film Cast Production Company (ies) Director 2013 (/wiki/List_of_Filipino_films_of_2013) July 27 (/wiki/9th_Cinemalaya_Independent_Film_Festival) August 28 Instant Mommy (/wiki/Instant_Mommy) Eugene Domingo (/wiki/Eugene_Domingo) Cinemalaya (/wiki/Cinemalaya) Quantum Films Leo Abaya December 25 (/wiki/2013_Metro_Manila_Film_Festival) My Little Bossings (/wiki/My_Little_Bossings) Kris Aquino Vic Sotto (/wiki/Vic_Sotto) Bimby Aquino Yap (/wiki/Bimby_Aquino_Yap) Ryzza Mae Dizon (/wiki/Ryzza_Mae_Dizon) OctoArts Films (/wiki/OctoArts_Films) M - Zet TV Productions, Inc. (/wiki/M_-_Zet_Productions) APT Entertainment (/wiki/APT_Entertainment) Marlon N. Rivera 2014 (/wiki/List_of_Filipino_films_of_2014) December 25 (/wiki/2014_Metro_Manila_Film_Festival) Feng Shui 2 (/wiki/Feng_Shui_2) Kris Aquino Coco Martin (/wiki/Coco_Martin) ABS-CBN Film Productions, Inc. (/wiki/ABS-CBN_Film_Productions,_Inc.) Chito Roño (/wiki/Chito_Ro%C3%B1o) Accolades [ edit ] Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Kris Aquino (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Kris_Aquino) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Quiñones, Klarenz (December 1, 2018). "Francisco Sumulong" (https://www.geni.com/people/Francisco-Sumulong/6000000030469689838) . Retrieved March 8, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Dulay, Toti (2012). "Chapter 3 : Marikina" (https://sites.google.com/site/truelakandula/chapter-3-marikina) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The Sauza-Berenguer de Marquina Official Website" (https://familiasauza.webs.com/) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "4 things to know about Kris Aquino, the Philippines' 'Queen of All Media' (https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3097102/kris-aquino-philippines-millionaire-queen-all-media-who) " (https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3097102/kris-aquino-philippines-millionaire-queen-all-media-who) . South China Morning Post . August 13, 2020 . Retrieved June 26, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "33rd Star Awards for Television names TV Queens; PMPC bares nominees" (https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/146277/33rd-star-awards-for-television-names-tv-queens-pmpc-bares-nominees-a2670-20190922-lfrm2) . PEP.ph . Retrieved June 26, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "POST-SCRIPT: Kris Aquino's true Hollywood story" (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/supreme/2017/04/28/1689439/post-script-kris-aquinos-true-hollywood-story) . www.philstar.com . April 28, 2017 . Retrieved June 26, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "6th Golden Screen TV Awards nominees bared; Angel Locsin, Marian Rivera snubbed for Best Actress" (https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/17131/6th-golden-screen-tv-awards-nominees-bared-angel-locsin-marian-rivera-snubbed-for-best-actress) . PEP.ph . Retrieved June 26, 2023 . ^ a b "Claudine Barretto, Kris Aquino share Box Office Queen throne" (http://www.pep.ph/guide/557/Claudine-Barretto,-Kris-Aquino-share-Box-Office-Queen-throne) . Philippine Entertainment Portal . April 27, 2007. ^ a b "Movie review: Kris Aquino is a showstopper in 'Crazy Rich Asians' (https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/08/22/18/movie-review-kris-aquino-is-a-showstopper-in-crazy-rich-asians) " (https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/08/22/18/movie-review-kris-aquino-is-a-showstopper-in-crazy-rich-asians) . ABS-CBN News . Retrieved August 22, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-abs-cbnnews.com_11-0) "WATCH: Kris to host lunch for APEC first ladies" (http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/11/09/15/watch-kris-to-host-lunch-for-apec-first-ladies) . ABS-CBN News . Retrieved April 12, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-m.manila.coconuts.co_12-0) "There are 10 first ladies who confirmed to Kris Aquino's lunch | Coconuts Manila" (http://m.manila.coconuts.co/2015/11/10/there-are-10-first-ladies-who-confirmed-kris-aquinos-lunch) . M.manila.coconuts.co . November 10, 2015 . Retrieved April 12, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-mb.com.ph_13-0) "Kris as APEC 2015 First Lady | mb.com.ph | Philippine News" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151121182237/http://www.mb.com.ph/kris-as-apec-2015-first-lady/) . Manila Bulletin . Archived from the original (http://www.mb.com.ph/kris-as-apec-2015-first-lady/) on November 21, 2015 . Retrieved April 12, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Colegio San Agustin holds Batch '88 homecoming" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170921002055/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/colegio-san-agustin-holds-batch-88-homecoming-165726944.html) . Yahoo! Philippines . August 4, 2013. Archived from the original (https://ph.news.yahoo.com/colegio-san-agustin-holds-batch-88-homecoming-165726944.html) on September 21, 2017 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "The Buzz: Kris out, Ruffa in!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070714124742/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=80212) . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original (http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=80212) on July 14, 2007 . Retrieved July 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Boy Abunda confirms new show with Kris Aquino" (http://www.pep.ph/news/13626/Boy-Abunda-confirms-new-show-with-Kris-Aquino) . Philippine Entertainment Portal . June 14, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Bench launches reality TV model search" (http://www.mb.com.ph/archive_pages.php?url=http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2007/07/21/ENTR2007072198238.html) . Manila Bulletin . July 21, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Kris Aquino and Piolo Pascual team up in "Be Bench" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234421/http://www.pep.ph/articles/13263/Kris-Aquino-and-Piolo-Pascual-team-up-in-%E2%80%9CBe-Bench%E2%80%9D) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234421/http://www.pep.ph/articles/13263/Kris-Aquino-and-Piolo-Pascual-team-up-in-%E2%80%9CBe-Bench%E2%80%9D) . Philippine Entertainment Portal . July 29, 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.pep.ph/articles/13263/Kris-Aquino-and-Piolo-Pascual-team-up-in-%E2%80%9CBe-Bench%E2%80%9D) on September 27, 2007 . Retrieved July 29, 2007 . ^ (#cite_ref-leaving_19-0) "Kris Aquino says she's leaving ABS-CBN" (http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2016/03/09/1561070/kris-aquino-says-leaving-abs-cbn) . The Philippine Star . March 9, 2016 . Retrieved March 9, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Kris Aquino on autoimmune disease diagnosis: 'Being brave is part of my DNA' (https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/214024-kris-aquino-post-auto-immune-disease-october-2018/) " (https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/214024-kris-aquino-post-auto-immune-disease-october-2018/) . Rappler . October 11, 2018 . Retrieved June 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Pasajol, Anne (May 16, 2022). "Kris Aquino dismisses rumors she's dying amid 'life-threatening' illness: 'I'm going to fight to stay alive' (https://entertainment.inquirer.net/449072/kris-aquino-dismisses-rumors-shes-dying-amid-life-threatening-illness-im-going-to-fight-to-stay-alive) " (https://entertainment.inquirer.net/449072/kris-aquino-dismisses-rumors-shes-dying-amid-life-threatening-illness-im-going-to-fight-to-stay-alive) . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved June 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Cruz, Dana (June 3, 2022). "Kris Aquino diagnosed with rare disease EGPA, says goodbye to fans 'for now' (https://entertainment.inquirer.net/451550/kris-aquino-diagnosed-with-rare-disease-egpa-says-goodbye-to-fans-for-now) " (https://entertainment.inquirer.net/451550/kris-aquino-diagnosed-with-rare-disease-egpa-says-goodbye-to-fans-for-now) . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved June 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) " (https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/celebrities/kris-aquino-update-autoimmune-condition-relationship-october-2023/) 'Surviving all side effects': Kris Aquino shares new update on her autoimmune condition" (https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/celebrities/kris-aquino-update-autoimmune-condition-relationship-october-2023/) . October 2, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Francisco, Bombo (February 15, 2024). "Kris Aquino, may ikalimang autoimmune disease" (https://www.bomboradyo.com/kris-aquino-may-ikalimang-autoimmune-disease) . Bombo Radyo Philippines (/wiki/Bombo_Radyo_Philippines) . Retrieved February 15, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Purnell, Kristoffer (February 14, 2024). " (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2024/02/14/2333355/i-refuse-die-kris-aquino-reveals-worsening-health-condition-heart-extreme-risk) 'I refuse to die' (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2024/02/14/2333355/i-refuse-die-kris-aquino-reveals-worsening-health-condition-heart-extreme-risk) " (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2024/02/14/2333355/i-refuse-die-kris-aquino-reveals-worsening-health-condition-heart-extreme-risk) . The Philippine Star (/wiki/The_Philippine_Star) . Retrieved February 15, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Arceo, Therese (February 15, 2024). "Kris Aquino patuloy na lalabanan ang sakit: I refuse to die!" (https://bandera.inquirer.net/376990/kris-aquino-patuloy-na-lalabanan-ang-sakit-i-refuse-to-die) . Bandera News Philippines (/wiki/Bandera_News_Philippines) . Retrieved February 15, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Bernardino, Stephanie (June 4, 2021). "How Kris Aquino's son Josh celebrated 26th b-day" (https://mb.com.ph/2021/06/04/how-kris-aquinos-son-josh-celebrated-26th-b-day/) . Manila Bulletin (/wiki/Manila_Bulletin) . Retrieved October 24, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "RICKY LO: KRIS AND JOEY, HOW IT ALL STARTED" (http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/sb/sb003036.htm) . Newsflash.org . Retrieved September 29, 2003 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Fermin: Kris is pregnant" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071030072956/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=50434) . ABS-CBN News . September 17, 2006. Archived from the original (http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=50434) on October 30, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Hope speaks out, says James Yap courted her" (http://www.gmanews.tv/story/31960/Hope-speaks-out-says-James-Yap-courted-her) . GMA News . February 24, 2007 . Retrieved February 24, 2007 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Kris Aquino delivers baby James prematurely" (http://pep.ph/news/12922/Kris-Aquino-delivers-baby-James-prematurely) . Philippine Entertainment Portal . April 19, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Kris Aquino says marriage to James is over" (http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/06/27/10/kris-aquino-says-marriage-james-over) . ABS-CBN News . Retrieved February 25, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Kris-James marriage 'null and void' (https://news.abs-cbn.com/video/entertainment/02/03/12/kris-james-marriage-null-and-void) " (https://news.abs-cbn.com/video/entertainment/02/03/12/kris-james-marriage-null-and-void) . ABS-CBN News . Retrieved February 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Nicko Falcis swears Kris Aquino said:'Papapatay ka ng pamilya ko" (https://www.pep.ph/news/72385/nicko-falcis-swears-kris-aquino-saidpapapatay-ka-ng-pamilya-ko) . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Retrieved January 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Nicko Falcis calls Kris Aquino complaint false, baseless and malicious" (https://www.pep.ph/news/72287/nicko-falcis-calls-kris-aquino-complaint-false-baseless-and-malicious?ref=featured) . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Retrieved January 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Manila prosecutor junks Kris Aquino's criminal complaint against Nicko Falcis" (https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/07/08/19/manila-prosecutor-junks-kris-aquinos-criminal-complaint-against-nicko-falcis) . ANC X . Retrieved July 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "After grave threat cases dismissed, Kris Aquino offers mediation with Nicko Falcis" (https://entertainment.inquirer.net/327785/after-grave-threat-cases-dismissed-kris-aquino-offers-mediation-with-nicko-falcis) . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved July 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Viernes, Franchesca (October 24, 2021). "Kris Aquino is engaged to former DILG secretary Mel Sarmiento" (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/808226/is-kris-aquino-engaged-to-former-dilg-secretary-mel-sarmiento/story/) . GMA News Online . Retrieved October 24, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Kris Aquino and fiancé Mel Senen Sarmiento break up" (https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/celebrities/kris-aquino-mel-senen-sarmiento-break-up/) . January 3, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-40) Iglesias, Iza (June 30, 2024). "Kris Aquino confirms new romance" (https://www.manilatimes.net/2024/06/30/entertainment-lifestyle/kris-aquino-confirms-new-romance/1954233) . The Manila Times (/wiki/The_Manila_Times) . Retrieved July 1, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Esquerra Avenue's taste and pleasure universe" (http://www.tribune.net.ph/life/20061202lif1.html) . The Daily Tribune. December 2, 2006. [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Kris Aquino & Boy Abunda Go Mad; Open Ad Agency" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071015234952/http://adobomagazine.com/index/index.php?p=464&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1) . Adobo Magazine . Archived from the original (http://adobomagazine.com/index/index.php?p=464&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1) on October 15, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Nacho Bimby (aka Potato Corner)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180822015123/https://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/business-ideas/will-you-invest-php2m-php3-5m-for-a-franchised-stall-of-kris-aquino-s-nacho-bimby-a00178-20170816) . Archived from the original (https://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/business-ideas/will-you-invest-php2m-php3-5m-for-a-franchised-stall-of-kris-aquino-s-nacho-bimby-a00178-20170816) on August 22, 2018 . Retrieved August 21, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Instant Mommy produced by Kris Aquino (http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/04/19/13/kris-co-producing-eugene-domingos-newest-film) , abs-cbnnews.com; accessed July 3, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-45) Kris Aquino produces new movie star (http://www.philstar.com/sunday-life/2013/12/01/1262787/kris-aquino-film-producer-mom-new-movie-star-bimby) , philstar.com; accessed July 3, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-46) "With Love Kris Aquino" (http://www.withlovekrisaquino.com) . Kris Aquino Official Website . Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-3) Diokno's ancestor is Demetria Sumulong who was born in Antipolo before moving south, her common ancestor with Aquino is Francisco Sumulong (born c. 1700). [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) External links [ edit ] Media related to Kris Aquino (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kris_Aquino) at Wikimedia Commons Kris Aquino (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0032643/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) v t e Benigno Aquino III (/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III) 15th (/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines) President of the Philippines (/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) (2010–2016) Senator of the Philippines (/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines) (2007–2010) Tarlac 2nd district Congressman (/wiki/Tarlac%27s_2nd_congressional_district) (1998–2007) Presidency (/wiki/Presidency_of_Benigno_Aquino_III) Transition (/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Benigno_Aquino_III) Inauguration (/wiki/Inauguration_of_Benigno_Aquino_III) Executive orders (/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_by_Benigno_Aquino_III) International trips (/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Benigno_Aquino_III) Policies (/wiki/Political_positions_of_Benigno_Aquino_III) and legislation Reproductive Health Law (/wiki/Responsible_Parenthood_and_Reproductive_Health_Act_of_2012) K-12 Program (/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines#2010s_and_the_K–12_program) Philippines v. 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kris_Aquino&oldid=1235967543 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kris_Aquino&oldid=1235967543) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1971 births (/wiki/Category:1971_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Aquino family (/wiki/Category:Aquino_family) Ateneo de Manila University alumni (/wiki/Category:Ateneo_de_Manila_University_alumni) Cojuangco family (/wiki/Category:Cojuangco_family) Filipino child actresses (/wiki/Category:Filipino_child_actresses) Filipino film actresses (/wiki/Category:Filipino_film_actresses) Filipino television talk show hosts (/wiki/Category:Filipino_television_talk_show_hosts) Filipino game show hosts (/wiki/Category:Filipino_game_show_hosts) Filipino television actresses (/wiki/Category:Filipino_television_actresses) 20th-century Filipino actresses (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Filipino_actresses) 21st-century Filipino actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Filipino_actresses) 21st-century Roman Catholics (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Roman_Catholics) Children of presidents of the Philippines (/wiki/Category:Children_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines) Deal or No Deal (/wiki/Category:Deal_or_No_Deal) ABS-CBN personalities (/wiki/Category:ABS-CBN_personalities) Radio Philippines Network personalities (/wiki/Category:Radio_Philippines_Network_personalities) GMA Network personalities (/wiki/Category:GMA_Network_personalities) Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation personalities (/wiki/Category:Intercontinental_Broadcasting_Corporation_personalities) TV5 (Philippine TV network) personalities (/wiki/Category:TV5_(Philippine_TV_network)_personalities) Viva Artists Agency (/wiki/Category:Viva_Artists_Agency) Philippine Daily Inquirer people (/wiki/Category:Philippine_Daily_Inquirer_people) The Philippine Star people (/wiki/Category:The_Philippine_Star_people) Filipino women comedians (/wiki/Category:Filipino_women_comedians) Actresses from Quezon City (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Quezon_City) Comedians from Quezon City (/wiki/Category:Comedians_from_Quezon_City) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from May 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2023) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) BLP articles lacking sources from January 2017 (/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_January_2017) All BLP articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_BLP_articles_lacking_sources) Use Philippine English from December 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_Philippine_English_from_December_2022) All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Philippine_English) Use mdy dates from December 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2022) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Pages with Tagalog IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Tagalog_IPA) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers)
Scottish fashion designer Bill Gibb Gibb in 1976 wearing knitwear of his own design Born ( 1943-01-23 ) 23 January 1943 New Pitsligo (/wiki/New_Pitsligo) , Aberdeenshire, Scotland Died 3 January 1988 (1988-01-03) (aged 44) London, England Education Saint Martin's School of Art (/wiki/Saint_Martin%27s_School_of_Art) & Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) Known for Fashion design William Elphinstone Gibb (23 January 1943 – 3 January 1988) was a Scottish (/wiki/Scottish_people) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) who became renowned in the 1960s and 70s for his unusual and flattering designs. [1] (#cite_note-artfund-1) Early life and education [ edit ] Gibb was born near New Pitsligo (/wiki/New_Pitsligo) , a small village in Aberdeenshire (/wiki/Aberdeenshire) in Scotland to George and Jessie (née Reid) Gibb, [2] (#cite_note-feathers-2) the eldest of their seven children. Gibb, known affectionately as "Billy", was brought up by his maternal grandparents on their farm, Lochpots, near Fraserburgh. In 1960, Gibb's family bought the dairy farm at Smiddyhill in Fraserburgh (/wiki/Fraserburgh) , before finally settling in Netherton, in New Pitsligo. [3] (#cite_note-Geordie-3) Gibb's parents retired from farmwork in 1976, and latterly ran a bed and breakfast (/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast) in the village of New Pitsligo. They celebrated their sixty-fifth wedding anniversary (/wiki/Wedding_anniversary) on 27 December 2009, shortly before George Gibb's death in 2010. He was educated at Fraserburgh Academy (/wiki/Fraserburgh_Academy) . [4] (#cite_note-es-4) His teachers encouraged him to apply for art school in London, and so, in 1962, Gibb went to Saint Martin's School of Art (/wiki/Saint_Martin%27s_School_of_Art) . [4] (#cite_note-es-4) After graduating top of his class, Gibb was awarded a scholarship to the Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) , but before completing his degree, he left to start up in business. [2] (#cite_note-feathers-2) Fashion design [ edit ] In 1967 Gibb was one of six young designers invited to present their designs in New York, which led to a three-month research tour of the United States with his then boyfriend, [5] (#cite_note-elle-5) the artist and textile designer Kaffe Fassett (/wiki/Kaffe_Fassett) , who would remain a very close friend and design collaborator. [4] (#cite_note-es-4) On his return to London, Gibb and a group of friends had co-founded the Alice Paul boutique, for which Gibb designed typically late 1960s outfits of miniskirts and long coats, whilst his friends handled the marketing and manufacture. [4] (#cite_note-es-4) Between 1969 and 1972, as a freelance designer, Gibb designed for the London fashion house Baccarat (/w/index.php?title=Baccarat_(fashion)&action=edit&redlink=1) . [6] (#cite_note-vf-6) In 1972 Gibb launched his own company, Bill Gibb Fashion Group, which ran until 1988, and in 1975 he opened his first shop in London, on Bond Street. [6] (#cite_note-vf-6) Beatrix Miller (/wiki/Beatrix_Miller) of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) selected one of Gibb's designs for Baccarat, a pleated tartan skirt and printed blouse worn with a Kaffe Fassett knitted waistcoat, as the 1970 Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) . [7] (#cite_note-50gfm-7) Gibb's design was described as the epitome of the new emerging trend for romantic eclecticism in British fashion design, as well as demonstrating how traditional handicrafts, such as hand-knits, were becoming acceptable for mainstream fashion. [7] (#cite_note-50gfm-7) That same year, Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) opened a dedicated area for Gibb's designs, calling it the "Bill Gibb Room", [4] (#cite_note-es-4) and the model Twiggy (/wiki/Twiggy) approached Gibb to create several historically-inspired dresses for her. She wore a "Renaissance" evening dress featuring printed textiles based on 1520s Hans Holbein (/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger) drawings to the Daily Mirror (/wiki/Daily_Mirror) 's Fashion Celebrity Dinner in 1970. [8] (#cite_note-8) Another gown made from various patterned textiles that Twiggy wore to the 1971 film première of The Boy Friend (/wiki/The_Boy_Friend_(1971_film)) drew a great deal of media attention. [4] (#cite_note-es-4) [5] (#cite_note-elle-5) [9] (#cite_note-menkes-9) Late 1970s gown by Bill Gibb Gibb presented his first collection under his own name in 1972. [5] (#cite_note-elle-5) His fantastical creations were based on nature, with unexpected combinations of fur, feathers, printed leather, and brightly coloured clinging fabrics. [4] (#cite_note-es-4) However, his most important work was in knitwear, co-designed with Kaffe Fasset and hand-knitted by Mildred Boulton. [4] (#cite_note-es-4) Due to massive demand, Gibb found a manufacturer in Leicestershire who was willing to take on the challenge of machine-knitting Fassett's extraordinarily complicated, multi-coloured woollen designs, although Boulton continued to hand-knit one-off designs. [4] (#cite_note-es-4) During the 1970s, Gibb did take on other design commissions, including creating a range of shoe designs for the high-end shoe manufacturer Rayne (/wiki/Rayne_(shoe_company)) . [10] (#cite_note-FTM_Rayne-10) Later, in the 1980s, Gibb collaborated with another Leicestershire manufacturer, Annette Carol, to produce acrylic knitwear using a jacquard (/wiki/Jacquard_weaving) technique. [4] (#cite_note-es-4) Gibb was not a good businessperson, [11] (#cite_note-frock-11) and his business was not financially successful, and collapsed in 1977, 1979 and 1980. [4] (#cite_note-es-4) [11] (#cite_note-frock-11) By the 1980s, he was producing small capsule collections as well as designing for individual private clients, and licensing his name to manufacturers and promotions, including a mail-order ensemble for readers of the UK magazine Women's Journal . [4] (#cite_note-es-4) In 1985, he made a comeback with his "Bronze Age" collection, co-designed with Kaffe Fassett and featuring hats by Stephen Jones (/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(milliner)) , [12] (#cite_note-bronze-12) however it did not attract buyers. [13] (#cite_note-13) Personal life and death [ edit ] Gibb was described as "one of the most gentle, kindly and considerate human beings I have ever met" and a "man without malice" by the journalist Jack Webster. [14] (#cite_note-jack-14) Twiggy described him as her "knight in shining armour", [9] (#cite_note-menkes-9) and as a "sweet, sunny farm boy in baggy corduroys whom I absolutely adored". [11] (#cite_note-frock-11) For a while in the late 1960s, Gibb was in a relationship with Kaffe Fassett (/wiki/Kaffe_Fassett) , who remained a close friend and colleague to the end. [11] (#cite_note-frock-11) At the time of Gibb's death of bowel cancer in 1988, the Daily Mail (/wiki/Daily_Mail) reported that he died of AIDS (/wiki/HIV/AIDS) , which was strongly denied by his friends and family. [11] (#cite_note-frock-11) [15] (#cite_note-AP-15) Webster, writing for the Glasgow Herald (/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)) also strongly refuted these claims, pointing out that the hospital had confirmed it was bowel cancer. [14] (#cite_note-jack-14) Despite this, Bill Gibb is still sometimes listed as an AIDS death. [16] (#cite_note-16) Legacy [ edit ] In 2008, the designer Giles Deacon (/wiki/Giles_Deacon) cited Bill Gibb's designs as a significant influence on his work. [17] (#cite_note-jackie-17) Alongside Deacon, John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) has also spoken out in praise of Bill Gibb's work for reflecting the "romantic essence of British style". [9] (#cite_note-menkes-9) Exhibitions [ edit ] Retrospective exhibition at Aberdeen Art Gallery (/wiki/Aberdeen_Art_Gallery) , 1990. [1] (#cite_note-artfund-1) Bill Gibb: A Personal Journey at the Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) (17 October 2008 – 2009) [18] (#cite_note-18) Billy: Bill Gibb's Moment in Time at the Fashion and Textile Museum (/wiki/Fashion_and_Textile_Museum) (November 2008 – January 2009) [19] (#cite_note-19) Permanent gallery at Frasersburgh Heritage Centre, Aberdeenshire. [20] (#cite_note-20) Bill Gibb's work is represented in the permanent collection of many museums, including the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London, [21] (#cite_note-21) Manchester City Galleries, [22] (#cite_note-22) the Walker Art Gallery (/wiki/Walker_Art_Gallery) in Liverpool, [23] (#cite_note-23) the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) in New York, [24] (#cite_note-24) as well as those listed above. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Collection of fashion drawings by Bill Gibb, Aberdeen Art Gallery. Art Funded in 1997" (http://www.artfund.org/what-we-do/art-weve-helped-buy/artwork/7059/collection-of-fashion-drawings) . The Art Fund. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140720155007/http://www.artfund.org/what-we-do/art-weve-helped-buy/artwork/7059/collection-of-fashion-drawings) from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Ruffling fashion feathers: Gray's students donate outfit inspired by North-east designer to Aberdeen Art Gallery" (http://www.rgu.ac.uk/news/ruffling-fashion-feathers-gray-s-students-donate-outfit-inspired-by-north-east-designer-to-aberdeen-art-gallery) . Robert Gordon University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121015105302/http://www.rgu.ac.uk/news/ruffling-fashion-feathers-gray-s-students-donate-outfit-inspired-by-north-east-designer-to-aberdeen-art-gallery) from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Geordie_3-0) "Geordie and Jessie Gibb celebrate 65 happy years" (https://www.buchanobserver.co.uk/news/geordie-and-jessie-gibb-celebrate-65-happy-years-1-129030) . Buchan Observer. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180923162742/https://www.buchanobserver.co.uk/news/geordie-and-jessie-gibb-celebrate-65-happy-years-1-129030) from the original on 23 September 2018 . Retrieved 23 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Higher Still Resource: Bill Gibb London" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233923/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/BillGibbLoRes_tcm4-374586.pdf) (PDF) . Education Scotland. Archived from the original (http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/BillGibbLoRes_tcm4-374586.pdf) (PDF) on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sells, Emma. "Designers to Know: Bill Gibb" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131002190941/http://www.elleuk.com/fashion/designers-to-know/node_218998#image=1) . ELLE UK. Archived from the original (http://www.elleuk.com/fashion/designers-to-know/node_218998#image=1) on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Notable People from Fraserburgh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131003090828/http://www.visitfraserburgh.com/history_and_heritage/notableppl.php) . Visit Fraserburgh.com. Archived from the original (http://www.visitfraserburgh.com/history_and_heritage/notableppl.php) on 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wood, Holly (19 September 1998). "50 GREAT BRITISH FASHION MOMENTS" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/50-great-british-fashion-moments-1199003.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171031184709/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/50-great-british-fashion-moments-1199003.html) from the original on 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "1970 evening dress worn by Twiggy, designed by Bill Gibb" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O15672/evening-dress-gibb-bill/) . Victoria & Albert Museum. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120803075320/http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O15672/evening-dress-gibb-bill/) from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Menkes, Suzy (24 November 2008). "Bill Gibb: A bittersweet story of a forgotten designer" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/style/25iht-fbill.1.18094446.html?_r=0) . The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141224223448/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/style/25iht-fbill.1.18094446.html?_r=0) from the original on 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-FTM_Rayne_10-0) "An Afternoon with Rayne Shoes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150612002849/http://ftmlondon.org/talk-event/an-afternoon-with-rayne-shoes/) . ftmlondon.org . Fashion and Textile Museum. Archived from the original (http://ftmlondon.org/talk-event/an-afternoon-with-rayne-shoes/) on 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Frock prince" (http://www.scotsman.com/news/frock-prince-1-1293332) . The Scotsman . 31 August 2003. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135346/http://www.scotsman.com/news/frock-prince-1-1293332) from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-bronze_12-0) Moore, Jackie (21 March 1985). "Bill Gibb's Bronze Age" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19850321&id=eO09AAAAIBAJ&sjid=wkgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3117,4608919) . The Glasgow Herald . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211206120008/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19850321&id=eO09AAAAIBAJ&sjid=wkgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3117,4608919) from the original on 6 December 2021 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Rew, Christine. "Bill Gibb" (http://www.dressandtextilespecialists.org.uk/newsletterspring08.pdf) (PDF) . DATS (Dress and Textile Specialists) Journal, April 2008 . DATS . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b Webster, Jack (12 January 1988). "Untitled obituary for Bill Gibb" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VTpAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UlkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6465,1877703) . The Glasgow Herald . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230517234140/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VTpAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UlkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6465,1877703) from the original on 17 May 2023 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-AP_15-0) "Scottish Fashion Designer Dies at 44" (https://apnews.com/937f2d6fa24b7a9a45f4808269283514) . Associated Press News . 3 January 1988. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220518133504/https://apnews.com/937f2d6fa24b7a9a45f4808269283514) from the original on 18 May 2022 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Garner, Claire (26 November 1995). "Arts suffer most as Aids rages on" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/arts-suffer-most-as-aids-rages-on-1583729.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161207094214/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/arts-suffer-most-as-aids-rages-on-1583729.html) from the original on 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-jackie_17-0) McGlone, Jackie (14 October 2008). "Back in vogue – Bill Gibb" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140625210529/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/fashion/back-in-vogue-bill-gibb-1-1137029) . The Scotsman . Archived from the original (http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/fashion/back-in-vogue-bill-gibb-1-1137029) on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) " (http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/design/fashion%20and%20costume/art65550) 'Bill Gibb: A Personal Journey' until October 2009 in Bath" (http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/design/fashion%20and%20costume/art65550) . Culture 24 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Lack, Jessica (1 November 2008). "Exhibition preview: Billy: Bill Gibb's Moment in Time, London" (https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/nov/01/bill-gibb-moment-in-time) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240524120336/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/nov/01/bill-gibb-moment-in-time) from the original on 24 May 2024 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Bill Gibb – Fashion gallery at the Fraserburgh Heritage Centre" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130123222932/http://www.fraserburghheritage.com/default.asp?page=25) . Fraserburgh Heritage Centre. Archived from the original (http://www.fraserburghheritage.com/default.asp?page=25) on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Bill Gibb in the collection of the V&A" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?slug=gibb-bill&name=4524&limit=45&offset=0) . Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220527031311/https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?slug=gibb-bill&name=4524&limit=45&offset=0) from the original on 27 May 2022 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Bill Gibb in the Manchester Galleries collections" (http://manchesterartgallery.org/collections/search/?collections-search=&collections-search=&accession=&creator=Bill+Gibb&titles=&medium=&support=&technique=&material=&collection_group=&place=&images=false&earliest=&latest=) . Manchester Art Gallery. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240524120336/https://manchesterartgallery.org/explore/search/?collections-search&accession&creator=Bill%20Gibb&titles&medium&support&technique&material&collection_group&place&images=false&earliest&latest) from the original on 24 May 2024 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Fashion in the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool" (http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/collections/fashion/index.aspx) . National Museums Liverpool. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160905221154/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/collections/fashion/index.aspx) from the original on 5 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Suit Bill Gibb (British, 1943–1988)" (http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/80032917) . Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220518085313/http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/80032917) from the original on 18 May 2022 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Further reading [ edit ] Bill Gibb : a tribute to the fashion designer of the 70s . City of Aberdeen, City Arts Department. 1990. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780900017254 . Webb, Iain R. (2008). Bill Gibb : fashion and fantasy . London: V&A. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1851775484 . 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This category is for Gulf and Western Industries (/wiki/Gulf_and_Western_Industries) (Gulf+Western) (1958−1989), a former conglomerate company of the United States. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7999cd8dc7‐8mfdh Cached time: 20240711004650 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.004 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54097512-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711004650 and revision id 1078314293. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. G Gremlin Industries (/wiki/Category:Gremlin_Industries) ‎ (1 C, 2 P) S Simon & Schuster (/wiki/Category:Simon_%26_Schuster) ‎ (2 C, 18 P) Pages in category "Gulf and Western Industries" The following 82 pages are in this category, out of 82 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Costumes (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Costumes) . The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Costume (/wiki/Costume) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐w8vqp Cached time: 20240720175619 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.081 seconds Real time usage: 0.402 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 135/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2775/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 257/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.048/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1065150/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 392.278 1 -total 93.19% 365.549 1 Template:Commons_category 92.45% 362.656 1 Template:Sister_project 91.70% 359.728 1 Template:Side_box 6.77% 26.546 1 Template:Cat_main 1.62% 6.352 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48181563-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720175619 and revision id 876216461. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total. D Costume design (/wiki/Category:Costume_design) ‎ (10 C, 40 P, 3 F) Drag (entertainment) (/wiki/Category:Drag_(entertainment)) ‎ (6 C, 21 P) F Folk costumes (/wiki/Category:Folk_costumes) ‎ (9 C, 105 P) H Halloween costume (/wiki/Category:Halloween_costume) ‎ (1 C, 6 P) M Masks (/wiki/Category:Masks) ‎ (13 C, 9 P) Costume museums (/wiki/Category:Costume_museums) ‎ (7 P) R Ritual animal disguise (/wiki/Category:Ritual_animal_disguise) ‎ (45 P) Pages in category "Costumes" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Costume (/wiki/Costume) A Alkaluk (/wiki/Alkaluk) B Bagalbandi (/wiki/Bagalbandi) La Belle Strasbourgeoise (/wiki/La_Belle_Strasbourgeoise) Bulgarian national garb (/wiki/Bulgarian_national_garb) C Costume shop (/wiki/Costume_shop) D Dance costume (/wiki/Dance_costume) K Katzeb (/wiki/Katzeb) L Luri clothing (/wiki/Luri_clothing) M Mexico and the Mexicans (/wiki/Mexico_and_the_Mexicans) O Oizuru (garment) (/wiki/Oizuru_(garment)) S Strohschab (/wiki/Strohschab) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Costumes&oldid=876216461 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Costumes&oldid=876216461) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing (/wiki/Category:Clothing) Theatre (/wiki/Category:Theatre) Choreography (/wiki/Category:Choreography) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 6 subcategories, out of 6 total. C Clothing industry disasters (/wiki/Category:Clothing_industry_disasters) ‎ (1 C, 10 P) G Guidance Patrol (/wiki/Category:Guidance_Patrol) ‎ (5 P) I Iranian protests against compulsory hijab (/wiki/Category:Iranian_protests_against_compulsory_hijab) ‎ (1 C, 5 P) Islamic clothing controversy in Europe (/wiki/Category:Islamic_clothing_controversy_in_Europe) ‎ (1 C, 9 P) M Masks in law (/wiki/Category:Masks_in_law) ‎ (2 C, 8 P) T Textile and clothing strikes (/wiki/Category:Textile_and_clothing_strikes) ‎ (1 C, 15 P) Pages in category "Clothing controversies" The following 93 pages are in this category, out of 93 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 2021 European Beach Handball Championship (/wiki/2021_European_Beach_Handball_Championship) 2024 Malaysia Olympic Attire Contreversy (/wiki/2024_Malaysia_Olympic_Attire_Contreversy) A 2024 Malaysian Allah socks controversy (/wiki/2024_Malaysian_Allah_socks_controversy) B Barack Obama tan suit controversy (/wiki/Barack_Obama_tan_suit_controversy) Big Johnson (/wiki/Big_Johnson) Bikini waxing (/wiki/Bikini_waxing) Black bloc (/wiki/Black_bloc) Black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Blue Gucci dress of Harry Styles (/wiki/Blue_Gucci_dress_of_Harry_Styles) Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them! controversy (/wiki/Boys_are_stupid,_throw_rocks_at_them!_controversy) Bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) C Camel toe (/wiki/Camel_toe) Channar revolt (/wiki/Channar_revolt) Che Guevara in fashion (/wiki/Che_Guevara_in_fashion) Chess World Cup 2017 (/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2017) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Clothing sizes (/wiki/Clothing_sizes) Iranian protests against compulsory hijab (/wiki/Iranian_protests_against_compulsory_hijab) Corset controversy (/wiki/Corset_controversy) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) D Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) The dress (/wiki/The_dress) E Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Environmental impacts of fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) F Fashion Revolution (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fast fashion in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) Fur farming (/wiki/Fur_farming) G Gel bracelet (/wiki/Gel_bracelet) Guidance Patrol (/wiki/Guidance_Patrol) H High heel policy (/wiki/High_heel_policy) Highland Rape (/wiki/Highland_Rape) Hijab in Afghanistan (/wiki/Hijab_in_Afghanistan) Hijab in Algeria (/wiki/Hijab_in_Algeria) Hijab in Egypt (/wiki/Hijab_in_Egypt) Hijab in Indonesia (/wiki/Hijab_in_Indonesia) Hijab in Iran (/wiki/Hijab_in_Iran) Hijab in Iraq (/wiki/Hijab_in_Iraq) Hijab in Lebanon (/wiki/Hijab_in_Lebanon) Hijab in Libya (/wiki/Hijab_in_Libya) Hijab in Morocco (/wiki/Hijab_in_Morocco) Hijab in Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Hijab_in_Saudi_Arabia) Hijab in Syria (/wiki/Hijab_in_Syria) Hijab in the Maldives (/wiki/Hijab_in_the_Maldives) Hijab in Tunisia (/wiki/Hijab_in_Tunisia) Hitler (retail store) (/wiki/Hitler_(retail_store)) J Jayne Mansfield–Sophia Loren photo (/wiki/Jayne_Mansfield%E2%80%93Sophia_Loren_photo) K 2022 Karnataka hijab row (/wiki/2022_Karnataka_hijab_row) M 2024 Major League Baseball uniform controversy (/wiki/2024_Major_League_Baseball_uniform_controversy) Meat dress of Lady Gaga (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) Men's skirts (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Muslim feminist views on hijab (/wiki/Muslim_feminist_views_on_hijab) N National Dress Reform Association (/wiki/National_Dress_Reform_Association) Nazi chic (/wiki/Nazi_chic) NBA dress code (/wiki/NBA_dress_code) New York Yankees appearance policy (/wiki/New_York_Yankees_appearance_policy) Nike sweatshops (/wiki/Nike_sweatshops) Nike Vaporfly and Tokyo 2020 Olympics controversy (/wiki/Nike_Vaporfly_and_Tokyo_2020_Olympics_controversy) Nude recreation (/wiki/Nude_recreation) Nylon riots (/wiki/Nylon_riots) O Clothing-optional bike ride (/wiki/Clothing-optional_bike_ride) P Pants on the Ground (/wiki/Pants_on_the_Ground) Panty line (/wiki/Panty_line) Pearson v. Chung (/wiki/Pearson_v._Chung) A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881 (/wiki/A_Private_View_at_the_Royal_Academy,_1881) R Rational Dress Society (/wiki/Rational_Dress_Society) S Sagging (fashion) (/wiki/Sagging_(fashion)) Satan Shoes (/wiki/Satan_Shoes) Shein (/wiki/Shein) Size zero (/wiki/Size_zero) Skintern (/wiki/Skintern) Socks and sandals (/wiki/Socks_and_sandals) Marie Suize (/wiki/Marie_Suize) Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show) Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Swedish Dress Reform Association (/wiki/Swedish_Dress_Reform_Association) T Trousers as women's clothing (/wiki/Trousers_as_women%27s_clothing) Tuck rule (ice hockey) (/wiki/Tuck_rule_(ice_hockey)) V Vanitas: Flesh Dress for an Albino Anorectic (/wiki/Vanitas:_Flesh_Dress_for_an_Albino_Anorectic) Vanity sizing (/wiki/Vanity_sizing) Vestal Masturbation T-shirt (/wiki/Vestal_Masturbation_T-shirt) Vestments controversy (/wiki/Vestments_controversy) Victorian dress reform (/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform) W Wardrobe malfunction (/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction) Whale tail (/wiki/Whale_tail) White clothing in Korea (/wiki/White_clothing_in_Korea) White shift dress of Jean Shrimpton (/wiki/White_shift_dress_of_Jean_Shrimpton) X Xinjiang cotton industry (/wiki/Xinjiang_cotton_industry) Z Zoot Suit Riots (/wiki/Zoot_Suit_Riots) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_controversies&oldid=1151120257 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_controversies&oldid=1151120257) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing (/wiki/Category:Clothing) Controversies by type (/wiki/Category:Controversies_by_type) Dress codes (/wiki/Category:Dress_codes) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
(Redirected from Cultural appropriation in the fashion industry (/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation_in_the_fashion_industry&redirect=no) ) Inappropriate adoption of culture and cultural identity Not to be confused with Appropriation (art) (/wiki/Appropriation_(art)) . The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_appropriation&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Cultural_appropriation) , or create a new article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard) , as appropriate. ( November 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Cultural appropriation [1] (#cite_note-Fourmile268-9-1) [2] (#cite_note-RoyalRipOff-2) is the inappropriate or unacknowledged adoption of an element or elements of one culture (/wiki/Culture) or identity (/wiki/Cultural_identity) by members of another culture or identity. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:4-4) [5] (#cite_note-:5-5) This can be especially controversial when members of a dominant culture (/wiki/Dominant_culture) appropriate from minority cultures (/wiki/Minority_groups) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [1] (#cite_note-Fourmile268-9-1) [7] (#cite_note-Young-7) [8] (#cite_note-Young59-8) When cultural elements are copied from a minority culture by members of a dominant culture, and these elements are used outside of their original cultural context – sometimes even against the expressly stated wishes of members of the originating culture – the practice is often received negatively. [9] (#cite_note-Houska-9) [10] (#cite_note-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation-10) [11] (#cite_note-:6-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) Cultural appropriation can include the exploitation of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, and music. [14] (#cite_note-14) Cultural appropriation is considered harmful by various groups and individuals, [15] (#cite_note-Scafidi-15) including some Indigenous people working for cultural preservation, [16] (#cite_note-LDNwar1-16) [17] (#cite_note-HopiDances-17) those who advocate for collective intellectual property rights (/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property) of the originating, minority cultures, [18] (#cite_note-AusParliament-18) [19] (#cite_note-CollectivePanama-19) [20] (#cite_note-CollectiveSantilli-20) [21] (#cite_note-Tsosie-21) and some of those who have lived or are living under colonial rule. [1] (#cite_note-Fourmile268-9-1) [22] (#cite_note-UNDRIP-22) [23] (#cite_note-Rainforest-23) [21] (#cite_note-Tsosie-21) According to some critics of the practice [ who? ] , cultural appropriation differs from acculturation (/wiki/Acculturation) , assimilation (/wiki/Cultural_assimilation) , or equal cultural exchange in that this appropriation is a form of colonialism (/wiki/Colonialism) . Those who see this appropriation as an exploitative state that cultural elements are lost or distorted when they are removed from their originating cultural contexts and that such displays are disrespectful or even a form of desecration. [9] (#cite_note-Houska-9) Cultural elements that may have deep meaning in the original culture may be reduced to " exotic (/wiki/Exoticism) " fashion or toys by those from the dominant culture. [9] (#cite_note-Houska-9) [10] (#cite_note-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation-10) [24] (#cite_note-KJohnson-24) Kjerstin Johnson has written that, when this is done, the imitator, "who does not experience that oppression is able to 'play', temporarily, an 'exotic' other, without experiencing any of the daily discriminations faced by other cultures". [24] (#cite_note-KJohnson-24) The black American (/wiki/Black_American) academic, musician, and journalist Greg Tate (/wiki/Greg_Tate) argued that appropriation and the "fetishising" of cultures, in fact, alienate those whose culture is being appropriated. [25] (#cite_note-25) The concept of cultural appropriation has also been subject to heavy criticism and debate. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-WaPo1-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) Critics note that the concept is often misunderstood or misapplied by the general public and that charges of "cultural appropriation" are sometimes misapplied to situations such as trying food from a different culture or learning about different cultures. [29] (#cite_note-Friedersdorf-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) Others state that the act of cultural appropriation, usually defined, does not meaningfully constitute social harm or that the term lacks conceptual coherence. [31] (#cite_note-McWhorter-31) [32] (#cite_note-Shriver-32) Additionally, the term can set arbitrary limits on intellectual freedom and artists' self-expression, reinforce group divisions, or promote a feeling of enmity or grievance rather than of liberation. [32] (#cite_note-Shriver-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) [27] (#cite_note-WaPo1-27) Overview [ edit ] Cossack (/wiki/Cossack) man wearing the chokha (/wiki/Chokha) , a clothing the Cossacks appropriated from the indigenous peoples of the Caucasus (/wiki/Caucasus) along with other cultural traits [36] (#cite_note-36) Cultural appropriation can involve the use of ideas, symbols, artifacts, or other aspects of human-made visual or non-visual culture. [37] (#cite_note-Schneider-37) As a concept that is controversial in its applications, the propriety of cultural appropriation has been the subject of much debate. Opponents of cultural appropriation view many instances as wrongful appropriation when the subject culture is a minority culture or is subordinated in social, political, economic, or military status to the dominant culture [24] (#cite_note-KJohnson-24) or when there are other issues involved, such as a history of ethnic (/wiki/Ethnic_group) or racial (/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)) conflict. [10] (#cite_note-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation-10) Linda Martín Alcoff (/wiki/Linda_Mart%C3%ADn_Alcoff) writes that this is often seen in cultural outsiders' use of an oppressed culture's symbols or other cultural elements, such as music, dance, spiritual ceremonies, modes of dress, speech, and social behaviour, when these elements are trivialised and used for fashion, rather than respected within their original cultural context. Opponents view the issues of colonialism, context, and the difference between appropriation and mutual exchange as central to analysing cultural appropriation. They argue that mutual exchange happens on an "even playing field", whereas appropriation involves pieces of an oppressed culture being taken out of context by a people who have historically oppressed those they are taking from and who lack the cultural context to properly understand, respect, or utilise these elements. [10] (#cite_note-Culture_and_cultural_appropriation-10) [15] (#cite_note-Scafidi-15) Another view of cultural appropriation is that calling upon it to criticise is "a deeply conservative project", despite progressive roots, that "first seeks to preserve in formaldehyde the content of an established culture and second tries [to] prevent others from interacting with that culture". [38] (#cite_note-Bogeyman-38) Academic study [ edit ] The Oxford English Dictionary (/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) ' s earliest citation for the phrase was a 1945 essay by Arthur E. Christy, which discussed Orientalism (/wiki/Orientalism) . [39] (#cite_note-Connor_Martin-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) The term became widespread in the 1980s in discussions of post-colonial critiques of Western expansionism, [39] (#cite_note-Connor_Martin-39) [41] (#cite_note-:0-41) though the concept of " cultural colonialism (/wiki/Cultural_colonialism) " had been explored earlier, such as in "Some General Observations on the Problems of Cultural Colonialism" by Kenneth Coutts‐Smith in 1976. [41] (#cite_note-:0-41) [42] (#cite_note-Hutchinson-42) Cultural and racial theorist George Lipsitz (/wiki/George_Lipsitz) has used the term "strategic anti-essentialism" to refer to the calculated use of a cultural form outside of one's own to define oneself or one's group. Strategic anti-essentialism can be seen in both minority and majority cultures and is not confined only to the use of the other. However, Lipsitz argues that when the majority culture attempts to strategically anti-essentialize itself by appropriating a minority culture, it must take great care to recognize the specific socio-historical circumstances and significance of these cultural forms so as not to perpetuate the already existing majority vs. minority unequal power relations. [43] (#cite_note-43) Examples [ edit ] Art, literature, iconography, and adornment [ edit ] A model wears a Native American-inspired war bonnet (/wiki/War_bonnet) while campaigning to support body modification (/wiki/Body_modification) in the workplace, 2015 A common example of cultural appropriation is the adoption of the iconography (/wiki/Iconography) of another culture and its use for purposes that are unintended by the original culture or even offensive to that culture's mores (/wiki/Mores) . Examples include sports teams using Native American (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) tribal names or images as mascots (/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy) ; people not from the originating culture wearing jewellry or fashion that incorporates religious symbols such as the medicine wheel (/wiki/Medicine_wheel) , or wearing items of deep cultural significance and status that must be earned, such as a war bonnet (/wiki/War_bonnet) , without having earned the right. [44] (#cite_note-GuardianWar-44) Authentic Native American war bonnets (/wiki/War_bonnet) are sacred ceremonial items earned by people of high status in a traditional tribal society, much like military medals. People from cultures who have this sacred regalia (/wiki/Regalia) usually consider it disrespectful and offensive when someone who has not earned the right to wear one dons an authentic or imitation headdress, whether as part of pretending to be Native American (/wiki/Pretendian) or as a costume or fashion statement. [44] (#cite_note-GuardianWar-44) [45] (#cite_note-VCU-Wood-45) Copying iconography from another culture's history, such as Polynesian (/wiki/Polynesians) tribal tattoos, Chinese characters (/wiki/Chinese_characters) , or Celtic art (/wiki/Celtic_art) , and wearing them without regard to their original cultural significance may also be considered appropriation. Critics of the practice of cultural appropriation contend that divorcing this iconography from its cultural context or treating it as kitsch (/wiki/Kitsch) risks offending people who venerate and wish to preserve their cultural traditions. [46] (#cite_note-EOnline1-46) [47] (#cite_note-Zimmerman-47) In Australia, Aboriginal artists (/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art) have discussed an "authenticity brand" to ensure consumers are aware of artworks claiming false Aboriginal significance. [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) The movement for such a measure gained momentum after the 1999 conviction of John O'Loughlin for selling paintings that he falsely described as the work of Aboriginal artist Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri (/wiki/Clifford_Possum_Tjapaltjarri) . [50] (#cite_note-50) In Canada, visual artist Sue Coleman (/wiki/Sue_Coleman) has garnered negative attention for appropriating and amalgamating styles of Indigenous art into her work. Coleman, who has been accused of "copying and selling Indigenous-style artwork," has described herself as a "translator" of Indigenous art forms, which drew further criticism. In his open letter to Coleman, Kwakwak'awakw (/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw) / Salish (/wiki/Salish_peoples) Artist Carey Newman stressed the importance of artists being accountable within the Indigenous communities as the antidote to appropriation. [51] (#cite_note-Open_letter-51) Historically, some of the most hotly debated cases of cultural appropriation have occurred in places where cultural exchange is the highest, such as along the trade routes in southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe. Some scholars of the Ottoman Empire (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) and ancient Egypt (/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) argue that Ottoman and Egyptian architectural traditions have long been falsely claimed and praised as Persian or Arab. [52] (#cite_note-52) Religion and spirituality [ edit ] Many Native Americans have criticized what they deem to be the cultural appropriation of their sweat lodge (/wiki/Sweat_lodge) and vision quest (/wiki/Vision_quest) ceremonies by non-Natives, and even by tribes who have not traditionally had these ceremonies. They contend that there are serious safety risks whenever these events are conducted by those who lack the many years of training and cultural immersion required to lead them safely, mentioning the deaths or injuries (/wiki/Sweat_lodge#Risks) in 1996, 2002, 2004, and several high-profile deaths in 2009 (/wiki/James_Arthur_Ray#"Sweat_lodge"_deaths) . [53] (#cite_note-53) The modern New Age (/wiki/New_Age) movement frequently adopts spiritual ideas and practices from non-Western cultures; according to York, these may include "Hawaiian Kahuna (/wiki/Kahuna) magic, Australian Aboriginal (/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture) dream-working (/wiki/The_Dreaming) , South American Amerindian (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) ayahuasca (/wiki/Ayahuasca) and San Pedro ceremonies, Hindu Ayurveda (/wiki/Ayurveda) and yoga, Chinese Feng Shui, Qi Gong (/wiki/Qigong) , and Tai Chi (/wiki/Tai_chi) ." [54] (#cite_note-54) The movement has faced criticism for cultural imperialism (/wiki/Cultural_imperialism) exploiting intellectual and cultural property of Indigenous peoples. [55] (#cite_note-Mesteth-1993-55) [56] (#cite_note-Hobson-1978-56) Fashion [ edit ] Claude Monet (/wiki/Claude_Monet) 's wife, Camille Doncieux (/wiki/Camille_Doncieux) wearing a kimono (/wiki/Kimono) , 1875 Cultural appropriation is controversial in the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) due to the belief that some trends commercialise and cheapen the ancient heritage of Indigenous cultures. [57] (#cite_note-57) There is debate about whether designers and fashion houses understand the history behind the clothing they are taking from different cultures, besides the ethical issues of using these cultures' shared intellectual property (/wiki/Intellectual_property) without consent, acknowledgement, or compensation. [58] (#cite_note-58) According to Minh-Ha T. Pham, writing for The Atlantic (/wiki/The_Atlantic_(magazine)) , accusations of cultural appropriation are often defended, instead, as cultural appreciation (/wiki/Cultural_appreciation) . [59] (#cite_note-Pham,_2014.-59) 17th century to Victorian era [ edit ] George IV (/wiki/George_IV) wearing highland dress (/wiki/Highland_dress) during his visit to Scotland in 1822 (/wiki/Visit_of_George_IV_to_Scotland) The necktie (/wiki/Necktie) or cravat (/wiki/Cravat_(early)) was derived from a scarf worn by Croatian mercenaries fighting for Louis XIII (/wiki/Louis_XIII) , [60] (#cite_note-60) and the brightly coloured silk waistcoats (/wiki/Waistcoat) popularised by Charles II of England (/wiki/Charles_II_of_England) were inspired by Ottoman, Indian, and Persian attire acquired by wealthy European travelers. [61] (#cite_note-Ross-61) During the Regency (/wiki/Regency_era) and Victorian eras (/wiki/Victorian_era) , the Highland dress (/wiki/Highland_dress) , most prominently tartan (/wiki/Tartan) , was appropriated by Scottish Lowlanders (/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands) (and people from other parts of the British Isles (/wiki/British_Isles) ) as a result of the influence of romantic nationalism (/wiki/Romantic_nationalism) on the Scottish national identity (/wiki/Scottish_national_identity) . This was spearheaded by writers such as Sir Walter Scott (/wiki/Walter_Scott) and James Logan (/wiki/James_Logan_(writer)) , with Logan's romantic nationalist work The Scottish Gael (1831) leading the Scottish tartan industry to invent clan tartans (/wiki/Tartan#Clan_tartans) with spurious association to specific Highland clans (/wiki/Scottish_clan) . Tartan rapidly became a desirable material for dresses, waistcoats, and cravats across the Western world as part of process known as " tartanry (/wiki/Tartanry) ". [62] (#cite_note-BanksdelaChapelle--106-108-62) In the United States, plaid flannel had become workwear (/wiki/Workwear) by the time of America's westward expansion (/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States) and was widely worn by white pioneers (/wiki/American_pioneer) and cowboys (/wiki/Cowboy) in the Old West (/wiki/American_frontier) who were not of Scottish descent. [63] (#cite_note-63) In the 21st century, tartan remains ubiquitous in mainstream fashion. [64] (#cite_note-64) By the 19th century, European fascination had shifted to Asian culture. Regency-era dandies (/wiki/Dandies) adapted the Indian churidars (/wiki/Churidar) into slim-fitting (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) pantaloons (/wiki/Trousers#Europe_before_the_20th_century) and frequently wore turbans (/wiki/Turban) within their own houses. Subsequently, Victorian-era gentlemen wore smoking caps (/wiki/Smoking_cap) based on the Islamic fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) , and fashionable turn-of-the-century (/wiki/Turn_of_the_century) ladies wore Orientalist (/wiki/Orientalism) [65] (#cite_note-65) Japanese-inspired kimono (/wiki/Kimono) dresses. [66] (#cite_note-66) [67] (#cite_note-67) Moreover, this obsession with Orientalism was visible in how one company named its passenger shipping line "The Orient Line". [68] (#cite_note-68) During the tiki culture (/wiki/Tiki_culture) fad of the 1950s, white women frequently donned the qipao (/wiki/Qipao) to give the impression that they had visited Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , although the dresses were frequently made by seamstresses in America using rayon (/wiki/Rayon) rather than genuine silk. At the same time, teenage Teddy Girls (/wiki/Teddy_Boy) wore Asian conical hats (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) due to their exotic connotations. [69] (#cite_note-69) In Mexico, the sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) associated with the mestizo (/wiki/Mestizo) peasant class was adapted from an earlier hat introduced by Spanish colonists (/wiki/New_Spain) during the 18th century. [70] (#cite_note-Sombrero-70) This, in turn, was adapted into the cowboy hat (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) worn by American cowboys after the US Civil War (/wiki/US_Civil_War) . [70] (#cite_note-Sombrero-70) In 2016, the University of East Anglia (/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia) prohibited the wearing of sombreros to parties on campus in the belief that these could offend Mexican students, [32] (#cite_note-Shriver-32) a move that was widely criticised. [71] (#cite_note-71) [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) American Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) was copied from the work attire of 19th-century Mexican Vaqueros (/wiki/Vaquero) , especially the pointed cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) and the guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) , which was adapted into the embroidered Western shirt (/wiki/Western_shirt) . [74] (#cite_note-74) The China poblana (/wiki/China_poblana) dress associated with Mexican women was appropriated from the choli (/wiki/Choli) and lehenga (/wiki/Lehenga) worn by Indian (/wiki/India) maidservants like Catarina de San Juan (/wiki/Catarina_de_San_Juan) , who arrived from Asia from the 17th century onwards. [75] (#cite_note-75) Modern era [ edit ] In Britain, the rough tweed cloth (/wiki/Tweed_cloth) clothing of the English, Irish and Scottish peasantry, including the flat cap (/wiki/Flat_cap) and Irish hat (/wiki/Irish_hat) [76] (#cite_note-76) were adopted by the upper classes as the British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) worn for sports such as hunting or fishing, in imitation of the Prince of Wales (/wiki/Edward_VIII) . [77] (#cite_note-77) The country clothing, in turn, was appropriated by the wealthy American Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) and later preppy (/wiki/Preppy) subcultures during the 1950s and 1980s due to both its practicality and its association with the British upper class. [78] (#cite_note-78) During the same period, the British comedian Tommy Cooper (/wiki/Tommy_Cooper) was known for wearing a Fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) throughout his performances. When the keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) became popular in the late 2000s (/wiki/2000s_in_fashion) , experts made a clear distinction between wearing a genuine scarf and wearing a cheaper, inauthentic one made in China. [79] (#cite_note-79) Palestinian independence (/wiki/Palestinian_independence) activists and socialists denounced the wearing of scarves not made in Palestine as a form of cultural appropriation but encouraged fellow Muslims (/wiki/Muslim) and progressively minded non-Muslim students [80] (#cite_note-80) to buy shemaghs (/wiki/Shemagh) made in the Herbawi [81] (#cite_note-81) factory to demonstrate solidarity with the Palestinian people (/wiki/Palestinian_people) and improve the economy of the West Bank (/wiki/West_Bank) . [82] (#cite_note-82) [83] (#cite_note-83) In 2017, Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) caused controversy by selling Chinese-made playsuits (/wiki/Playsuit_(ladies%27_clothing)) that imitated the keffiyeh pattern. [84] (#cite_note-84) Several fashion designers and models have featured imitations of Native American (/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) warbonnets (/wiki/Warbonnet) in their fashion shows, [85] (#cite_note-NYTkeene-85) [86] (#cite_note-TXLaw-86) such as Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) in 2012, when model Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) wore one during her walk on the runway; a Navajo Nation (/wiki/Navajo_Nation) spokesman called it a "mockery". [87] (#cite_note-USATvs-87) Cherokee (/wiki/Cherokee) academic Adrienne Keene (/wiki/Adrienne_Keene) wrote in The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) : For the [Native American] communities that wear these headdresses, they represent respect, power, and responsibility. The headdress has to be earned, and gifted to a leader in whom the community has placed their trust. When it becomes a cheap commodity anyone can buy and wear to a party, that meaning is erased and disrespected, and Native peoples are reminded that our cultures are still seen as something of the past, as unimportant in contemporary society, and unworthy of respect. [85] (#cite_note-NYTkeene-85) [86] (#cite_note-TXLaw-86) Both Victoria's Secret and Kloss issued apologies stating that they had no intentions of offending anyone. [87] (#cite_note-USATvs-87) [88] (#cite_note-88) The culturally significant Hindu (/wiki/Hinduism) festival, Holi (/wiki/Holi) , has been imitated and incorporated into fashion globally. For example, pop artist Pharrell Williams (/wiki/Pharrell_Williams) and Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) collaborated in 2018 to create the Holi-inspired apparel and shoe line, "Hu Holi." The collection was stated to be a "trivialization of traditions-concepts-symbols-beliefs of Hinduism," according to Raja Zed, president of the Universal Society of Hinduism. The collection included many items which contained leather, a violation of Hindu beliefs. [89] (#cite_note-89) Archbishop Justin Welby (/wiki/Justin_Welby) of the Anglican Church said that the crucifix is "now just a fashion statement and has lost its religious meaning". [90] (#cite_note-90) Crucifixes have been incorporated into Japanese lolita fashion (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) by non-Christians in a cultural context that is distinct from its original meaning as a Christian religious symbol. [91] (#cite_note-91) In 2018, Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) designers were criticised for sending white models for a catwalk at Milan fashion week (/wiki/Milan_fashion_week) wearing a Sikh (/wiki/Sikhism) religious headpiece (/wiki/Religious_clothing) . [92] (#cite_note-al18-92) [93] (#cite_note-ind18-93) [94] (#cite_note-cnn18-94) Thousands of members from the Sikh community shared anger and disappointment that the brand had used Sikh (/wiki/Sikhism) sacred religious symbol (/wiki/Religious_symbol) for profit. [92] (#cite_note-al18-92) Traditionally in Sikhism (/wiki/Sikhism) , a turban is worn by both men and women as a symbol of piety, honour, and spirituality, however, many people from Sikh (/wiki/Sikhs) community, including Avan Jogia (/wiki/Avan_Jogia) , found it "offensive" and "irresponsible" for a white model wearing a turban. [93] (#cite_note-ind18-93) The popularity of the 2018 Thai period drama " Love Destiny (/wiki/Love_Destiny_(TV_series)) ," which depicts the Ayutthaya Kingdom era, has sparked a trend of Cambodians adopting traditional Thai clothing, including the Sabai (/wiki/Sbai) and Thai-style jewelry. This trend raises concerns about cultural appropriation. While this phenomenon might stem from admiration, critics argue that it overshadows unique Cambodian sartorial traditions, potentially leading to a decline in the popularity of garments like the Cambodian Sampot (/wiki/Sampot) . However, Cambodia also grapples with ensuring the accuracy of its own cultural representations, as evidenced by efforts to regulate costume rentals at Angkor Wat. [95] (#cite_note-95) Hairstyles, makeup, and body modifications [ edit ] The leaders of ancient Israel condemned the adoption of Egyptian and Canaanite practices, especially cutting the hair short or shaving the beard. At the same time, the Old Testament distinguishes the religious circumcision (/wiki/Circumcision) of the Hebrews (/wiki/Hebrew) from cultures, such as the Egyptians, where the practice had aesthetic or practical purposes. During the early 16th century, European men imitated the short, regular haircuts (/wiki/Regular_haircut) and beards on rediscovered Ancient Greek (/wiki/Ancient_Greek) and Roman statues. The curled hair favoured by the Regency era (/wiki/Regency_era) dandy (/wiki/Dandy) Beau Brummel (/wiki/Beau_Brummel) was also inspired by the classical era. During the 17th century, Louis XIV (/wiki/Louis_XIV) began wearing wigs (/wiki/Wig) to conceal his baldness. Like many other French fashions, these were quickly appropriated by baroque era (/wiki/Baroque_era) courtiers in England and the rest of Europe, to the extent that men often shaved their heads (/wiki/Head_shaving) to ensure their wig fitted properly. American soldiers during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) appropriated the Mohawk hairstyle (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) of the Native American tribe of the same name to intimidate their enemies. These were later worn by 1950s jazz (/wiki/Jazz) musicians like Sonny Rollins (/wiki/Sonny_Rollins) and the 1980s (/wiki/1980s_fashion) punk subculture (/wiki/Punk_subculture) . [96] (#cite_note-96) During the early 2000s (/wiki/2000s_in_fashion) , it was popular in the West to get tribal tattoos appropriated from African and Polynesian culture (/wiki/Polynesian_culture) , as well as earlobe piercings known as plugs (/wiki/Plug_(jewellery)) , famously associated with the Buddha (/wiki/Buddha) . [97] (#cite_note-97) There is debate about non-black people wearing dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) – a hairstyle many associate with African and African diaspora (/wiki/African_diaspora) cultures such as Jamaican (/wiki/Jamaica) Rastafari (/wiki/Rastafari) – and whether their doing so is cultural appropriation. [98] (#cite_note-98) In 2016 a viral video was published of a young black student arguing with a young white student and accusing him of cultural appropriation. [99] (#cite_note-99) In 2018, white actor Zac Efron (/wiki/Zac_Efron) was accused of cultural appropriation, when he posted a picture of himself in dreadlocks. [100] (#cite_note-100) Sports [ edit ] See also: Native American mascot controversy (/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy) and List of sports team names and mascots derived from Indigenous peoples (/wiki/List_of_sports_team_names_and_mascots_derived_from_Indigenous_peoples) The Washington Redskins (/wiki/Washington_Redskins) logo in Maryland While the history of colonisation and marginalisation (/wiki/Marginalization) is not unique to the Americas, the practice of non-Native sports teams deriving team names, imagery, and mascots from Indigenous peoples is still common in the United States and Canada and has persisted in some extent despite protests from Indigenous groups. Cornel Pewewardy, Professor and Director of Indigenous Nations Studies at Portland State University (/wiki/Portland_State_University) , cites Indigenous mascots as an example of dysconscious racism which, by placing images of Native American or First Nations people into an invented media context, continues to maintain the superiority of the dominant culture. [101] (#cite_note-Pewewardy.1999-101) It is argued that such practices maintain the power relationship between the dominant culture and the Indigenous culture and can be seen as a form of cultural imperialism (/wiki/Cultural_imperialism) . [102] (#cite_note-102) [103] (#cite_note-103) Such practices may be seen as particularly harmful in schools and universities that have a stated purpose of promoting ethnic diversity and inclusion. [104] (#cite_note-usccr-104) In recognition of the responsibility of higher education to eliminate behaviours that create a hostile environment for education, in 2005, the NCAA (/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association) initiated a policy (/wiki/NCAA_Native_American_mascot_decision) against "hostile and abusive" names and mascots that led to the change of many derived from Native American culture, with the exception of those that established an agreement with particular tribes for the use of their specific names. Other schools retain their names because they were founded for the education of Native Americans and continue to have a significant number of Indigenous students. The trend towards the elimination of Indigenous names and mascots in local schools has been steady, with two-thirds having been eliminated over the past 50 years, according to the National Congress of American Indians (/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians) (NCAI). [105] (#cite_note-NCAI-105) In contrast, the Seminole Tribe of Florida (/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida) , in what the Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) called an unusual move, approved of the Florida State Seminoles (/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles) use of their historical leader, Osceola (/wiki/Osceola) , and his Appaloosa (/wiki/Appaloosa) horse as the mascots Osceola and Renegade (/wiki/Osceola_and_Renegade) . [106] (#cite_note-NPR.Seminole-106) [107] (#cite_note-WaPo.Seminole-107) After the NCAA attempted to ban the use of Native American names and iconography in college sports in 2005, the Seminole Tribe of Florida (/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida) passed a resolution offering explicit support for FSU's depiction of aspects of Florida Seminole culture and Osceola as a mascot. The university was granted a waiver, citing the close relationship with, and ongoing consultation between, the team and the Florida tribe. [107] (#cite_note-WaPo.Seminole-107) In 2013, the tribe's chairman objected to outsiders meddling in tribal approval, stating that the FSU mascot and use of Florida State Seminole iconography "represents the courage of the people who were here and are still here, known as the Unconquered Seminoles". [108] (#cite_note-108) Conversely, in 2013, the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma (/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma) expressed disapproval of "the use of all American Indian sports-team mascots in the public school system, by college and university level and by professional sports teams". Additionally, not all members of the Florida State Seminoles are supportive of the stance taken by their leadership on this issue. [106] (#cite_note-NPR.Seminole-106) [107] (#cite_note-WaPo.Seminole-107) In other former colonies in Asia, Africa, and South America, the adoption of Indigenous names for majority Indigenous teams is also found. There are also ethnically related team names derived from prominent immigrant populations in the area, such as the Boston Celtics (/wiki/Boston_Celtics) , the Notre Dame Fighting Irish (/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish) , and the Minnesota Vikings (/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings) . African American culture [ edit ] The phenomenon of white people adopting elements of black culture has been prevalent, at least since slavery (/wiki/Slavery) was abolished (/wiki/Abolitionism) in the Western world (/wiki/Western_world) . The concept has been documented in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and other white-majority countries. An early form of this was the white negro in the jazz (/wiki/Jazz) and swing music (/wiki/Swing_music) scenes of the 1920s and 1930s, as examined in the 1957 Norman Mailer (/wiki/Norman_Mailer) essay " The White Negro (/wiki/The_White_Negro) ". It was later seen in the zoot suiter (/wiki/Zoot_suit) of the 1930s and 1940s, the hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(1940s_subculture)) of the 1940s, the beatnik (/wiki/Beatnik) of the 1950s–1960s, the blue-eyed soul (/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul) of the 1970s, and the hip hop of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1993, an article in the UK newspaper The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) described the phenomenon of white, middle-class kids who were "wannabe Blacks". [109] (#cite_note-109) The year 2005 saw the publication of Why White Kids Love Hip Hop: Wangstas, Wiggers, Wannabes, and the New Reality of Race in America by Bakari Kitwana, "a culture critic who's been tracking American hip hop for years". [110] (#cite_note-110) The term wigger (/wiki/Wigger) (common spelling "wigga") is a slang term for a white person who adopts the mannerisms, language (/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English) , and fashions (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) associated with African American culture (/wiki/African-American_culture) , particularly hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) , and, in Britain, the grime (/wiki/Grime_(music)) scene, often implying the imitation is being done badly, although usually with sincerity rather than mocking intent. [111] (#cite_note-111) [112] (#cite_note-112) [113] (#cite_note-113) Wigger is a portmanteau (/wiki/Portmanteau) of white and nigger (/wiki/Nigger) or nigga (/wiki/Nigga) , and the related term wangsta is a mashup of wannabe or white and gangsta (/wiki/Gangsta_rap) . Among black hip-hop fans, the word "nigga" can sometimes be considered a friendly greeting, but when used by white people (/wiki/White_people) as well as non-black people of colour (/wiki/People_of_color) , it is usually viewed as offensive. [114] (#cite_note-114) Wigger may be derogatory, reflecting stereotypes of African American, Black British (/wiki/Black_British_people) , and white culture (when used as a synonym for white trash (/wiki/White_trash) ). The term may be used by white people to belittle those perceived as acting black and by black people to belittle those perceived as mocking black culture. [115] (#cite_note-115) Robert A. Clift's documentary Blacking Up: Hip-Hop's Remix of Race and Identity questions white enthusiasts of black hip-hop culture. Clift's documentary examines "racial and cultural ownership and authenticity – a path that begins with the stolen blackness seen in the success of Stephen Foster (/wiki/Stephen_Foster) , Al Jolson (/wiki/Al_Jolson) , Benny Goodman (/wiki/Benny_Goodman) , Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) , the Rolling Stones (/wiki/Rolling_Stones) –  up to Vanilla Ice (/wiki/Vanilla_Ice) ... and Eminem (/wiki/Eminem) ". [116] (#cite_note-WaPo-116) A review of the documentary refers to the wiggers as "white poseurs (/wiki/Poseur) ", and states that the term wigger "is used both proudly and derisively to describe white enthusiasts of black hip-hop culture". [116] (#cite_note-WaPo-116) African Americans have been accused of cultural appropriation by people from Africa. This has been disputed, as members of the diaspora have claimed a link to Africa, but those from Africa have disputed it. [117] (#cite_note-117) The term "blackfishing" was popularised in 2018 by writer Wanna Thompson, describing female white social media influencers (/wiki/Influencer_marketing) who adopt a look perceived to be associated with black people, including braided hair, dark skin from tanning or make-up, full lips, and large thighs. Critics argue they take attention and opportunities from black influencers by appropriating their aesthetics and have likened the trend to blackface (/wiki/Blackface) . [118] (#cite_note-118) [119] (#cite_note-119) [120] (#cite_note-120) Florida State University's Alisha Gaines, author of Black for a Day: Fantasies of Race and Empathy , said blackfishing allowed non-Black people to appropriate what is commonly considered "cool" about Blackness while still avoiding the negative consequences, such as "racism and state violence". [121] (#cite_note-:3-121) According to Health.com (/wiki/Health_(magazine)) , it is an "inverse form" of passing (/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)) . [121] (#cite_note-:3-121) Indigenous cultures [ edit ] White Americans (/wiki/White_Americans) dressed up in Native American outfits (1909) Among critics, the misuse and misrepresentation of indigenous cultures (/wiki/Indigenous_cultures) are seen as an exploitative form of colonialism and one step in the destruction of Indigenous cultures. [122] (#cite_note-Wernitznig2-122) The results of this appropriation of Indigenous knowledge have led some tribes and the United Nations General Assembly (/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly) to issue several declarations on the subject. The Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality includes the passage: We assert a posture of zero-tolerance for any "white man's shaman" who rises from within our own communities to "authorize" the expropriation of our ceremonial ways by non-Indians; all such " plastic medicine men (/wiki/Plastic_shaman) " are enemies of the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota people. [16] (#cite_note-LDNwar1-16) [123] (#cite_note-taliman1-123) Article 31 1 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples) states: Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage (/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property) , traditional knowledge (/wiki/Traditional_knowledge) and traditional cultural expressions (/wiki/Traditional_cultural_expressions) , as well as the manifestations of their sciences, technologies, and cultures, including human and genetic resources, seeds, medicines, knowledge of the properties of fauna and flora, oral traditions, literatures, designs, sports and traditional games and visual and performing arts. They also have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their intellectual property over such cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions. [22] (#cite_note-UNDRIP-22) In 2015, a group of Native American academics and writers stated the Rainbow Family (/wiki/Rainbow_Family) members whose acts of "cultural exploitation... dehumanize us as an indigenous Nation because they imply our culture and humanity, like our land, is anyone's for the taking". [124] (#cite_note-HeSapa-124) In writing about Indigenous intellectual property (/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property) for the Native American Rights Fund (/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund) (NARF), board member Professor Rebecca Tsosie stresses the importance of these property rights being held collectively, not by individuals: The long-term goal is to actually have a legal system, and certainly a treaty could do that, that acknowledges two things. Number one, it acknowledges that indigenous peoples are people with a right to self-determination that includes governance rights over all property belonging to the indigenous people. And, number two, it acknowledges that indigenous cultural expressions are a form of intellectual property and that traditional knowledge is a form of intellectual property, but they are collective resources – so not any one individual can give away the rights to those resources. The tribal nations actually own them collectively. [21] (#cite_note-Tsosie-21) South and East Asian cultures [ edit ] In 2013, pop star Katy Perry drew heavy criticism for her "geisha-style" performance at the American Music Awards, in which she and her backup dancers donned kimonos, heavy powdered face makeup, and colourful parasols, among other East Asian cultural items. Netizens declared Perry's actions appropriative and harmful to East Asian cultures. [125] (#cite_note-125) In 2016, pop star Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) was widely criticised for wearing a sari (/wiki/Sari) and bindi (/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)) in the music video for the Coldplay (/wiki/Coldplay) song " Hymn for the Weekend (/wiki/Hymn_for_the_Weekend) ". [126] (#cite_note-126) From 2020 to the present, there has been a persistent issue regarding the white adoption and convolution of Hindu (/wiki/Hinduism) (a religion originating from South Asia) religious practices, coining them with the umbrella term of "spirituality". These were practices, including the usage of the Evil Eye (/wiki/Evil_eye) , Hamsa (/wiki/Hamsa) , etc., that people growing up as Hindus report being bullied for in their past, and even the present. [11] (#cite_note-:6-11) [ page needed ] Australia [ edit ] The adoption of First Nations' art forms and strong geometric forms was in sympathy with the Arts and Crafts Society's commitment to modernist design but without serious consideration of the ethics of the appropriation of Aboriginal motifs by Western artists. [127] (#cite_note-:7-127) [128] (#cite_note-128) During the 1930s, Margaret Preston (/wiki/Margaret_Preston) advocated the use of Indigenous Australian motifs in contemporary art in her 1930 essay "The Application of Aboriginal Designs" in Art in Australia . [129] (#cite_note-129) [130] (#cite_note-AAA_1-130) The works of other artists, like Allan Lowe, borrowed or copied Aboriginal motifs; Lowe, a potter, drew inspiration from Aboriginal arts from Charles P. Mountford (/wiki/Charles_P._Mountford) 's expedition photographs, while Olive Nock, who attended the 1925 Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes incorporated 'Aboriginal' designs into a tea service. In March 1929, Frances Derham (/wiki/Frances_Derham) designed the cover of the Victorian Arts and Crafts Society journal, The Recorder, which featured Aboriginal motifs. [131] (#cite_note-131) [127] (#cite_note-:7-127) Also that year, she presented a lecture titled 'The Interest of Aboriginal Art to the Modern Designer' to the Society in which she recounted her examination of Aboriginal material culture and its inspiration for her subsequent artistic expressions in linocuts of the 1920s to the 1940s which featured Aboriginal motifs. She twice visited the 'Aboriginal Art Exhibition' at the National Museum of Victoria in July 1929, [132] (#cite_note-132) and is believed to have inspired students' work based on Aboriginal motifs displayed at the Arts and Crafts Society's annual exhibition. By the 1940s, there was an increasing acceptance of Aboriginal material culture as an art form alongside Western traditions; [133] (#cite_note-133) in 1941, Aboriginal works were included for the first time in a survey 'Art of Australia 1788-1941' that toured the United States and Canada. [134] (#cite_note-134) [135] (#cite_note-135) [136] (#cite_note-136) Martial arts [ edit ] In China, there is longstanding resentment of the Japanese schools of karate for stealing, imitating, and claiming credit for the forms of kung fu (/wiki/Kung_fu) . [137] (#cite_note-137) Before the 1970s, most sifu (/wiki/Sifu) disapproved of teaching kung fu to non-Chinese students. [138] (#cite_note-138) In the mid-20th century, Japanese karate (/wiki/Karate) was itself appropriated by American soldiers. [139] (#cite_note-139) As mixed martial arts (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) gained popularity in the 21st century, practitioners have appropriated and combined Chinese, Japanese and Thai (/wiki/Muay_Thai) techniques with Western-style boxing, wrestling, and kickboxing. [140] (#cite_note-140) During the 2023 Southeast Asian (SEA) Games in Cambodia, a controversy emerged when Cambodian martial arts competitions adopted Muay Thai rules, leading to allegations of cultural appropriation. Critics argued that this disrespected Thai cultural heritage and overshadowed Cambodian martial arts like Bokator. The International Federation of Muaythai Associations (IFMA) (https://muaythai.sport/) intervened, threatening fines and bans for countries participating in the Kun Khmer events under these rules. This prompted Thailand to boycott the SEA Games, further straining relations between the two countries. [141] (#cite_note-141) [142] (#cite_note-142) [143] (#cite_note-143) The popularity of Bokator has been partly influenced by international media, such as Tony Jaa's portrayal of martial arts in the " Tom Yum Goong (/wiki/Tom-Yum-Goong) " movie series. Tony Jaa (/wiki/Tony_Jaa) , a renowned Thai martial artist, showcased traditional techniques that have inspired martial arts enthusiasts globally, including in Cambodia. This highlights the complex interplay of cultural pride and appropriation in the region. [144] (#cite_note-144) [145] (#cite_note-145) Minority languages [ edit ] White protestors in 2018 carrying placards using the term woke The use of minority languages (/wiki/Minority_languages) has been cited as cultural appropriation. The widespread use of the term woke (/wiki/Woke) among white people has been highlighted as problematic [ citation needed ] since it originates in African-American Vernacular English (/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English) . Although woke adherents would advocate vigilance against cultural appropriation, white people using the term may paradoxically be considered to be adopting an element of African-American culture (/wiki/African-American_culture) inappropriately. [146] (#cite_note-146) The appropriation of language in tattoos has been called into question. Since the early 2000s, it has become increasingly popular for people not of East Asian or South Asian descent to get tattoos of Devanagari (/wiki/Devanagari) , Korean letters (/wiki/Hangul) , or Han characters (/wiki/Han_character) ( traditional (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese) , simplified (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese) , or Japanese (/wiki/Kanji) ), often without knowing the actual meaning of the symbols being used. [147] (#cite_note-147) [148] (#cite_note-148) In 2000, footballer David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) received a tattoo in Hindi (/wiki/Hindi) . [149] (#cite_note-149) Beckham does not have Indian heritage. [150] (#cite_note-150) In Scotland and Ireland, non-speakers of Scottish Gaelic or Irish (/wiki/Irish_language) get tattoos in those languages, often not understanding what their tattoos mean. [151] (#cite_note-151) In Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) , the use of incorrect Scottish Gaelic (/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic) in a tokenistic fashion aimed at non-Gaelic speakers on signage and announcements has been criticised as disrespectful to fluent speakers of the language. [152] (#cite_note-152) Film and television [ edit ] Main articles: Whitewashing in film (/wiki/Whitewashing_in_film) and Color-blind casting (/wiki/Color-blind_casting) In 2017, Ghost in the Shell (/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(2017_film)) , which is based on the seinen manga (/wiki/Seinen_manga) Ghost in the Shell (/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(manga)) by Masamune Shirow (/wiki/Masamune_Shirow) , provoked disputes over whitewashing. Scarlett Johansson (/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson) , a white actress, took the role of Motoko Kusanagi (/wiki/Motoko_Kusanagi) , a Japanese character. [153] (#cite_note-auto1-153) This was seen as cultural appropriation by some Western fans of the original manga who expected the role to be taken by an Asian or Asian-American actor. [153] (#cite_note-auto1-153) However, Japanese fans' reactions ranged from neutral to warm feelings about Scarlett Johansson starring in the film, with some fans expressing the sentiment that it would be better to have an actress with no ties to Asia play the character than to have a non-Japanese Asian pretend to be Japanese. [154] (#cite_note-154) Costumes [ edit ] During Halloween (/wiki/Halloween) , some people buy, wear, and sell Halloween costumes based on cultural or racial stereotypes (/wiki/Stereotype) . [155] (#cite_note-Mueller1-155) [156] (#cite_note-Escobar1-156) [24] (#cite_note-KJohnson-24) [157] (#cite_note-AZpbs-157) There have been public protests calling for the end to the manufacture and sales of these costumes and connecting their "degrading" portrayals of Indigenous women to the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women) (MMIW) crisis. [157] (#cite_note-AZpbs-157) In some cases, theme parties have been held where attendees are encouraged to dress up as stereotypes of a certain racial group. [155] (#cite_note-Mueller1-155) [156] (#cite_note-Escobar1-156) A number of these parties have been held at colleges and at times other than Halloween, including Martin Luther King Jr. Day (/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day) and Black History Month (/wiki/Black_History_Month) . [155] (#cite_note-Mueller1-155) [156] (#cite_note-Escobar1-156) For example, non-Romani people wear Romani (/wiki/Romani_people) costumes despite Romani people experiencing everyday racism and stereotypes. [158] (#cite_note-158) Boy Scouts of America-associated dance teams [ edit ] In chapter four of his book Playing Indian (/wiki/Playing_Indian) , Native American historian Philip J. Deloria (/wiki/Philip_J._Deloria) refers to the Koshare Indian Museum and Dancers (/wiki/Koshare_Indian_Museum_and_Dancers) as an example of "object hobbyists" who adopt the material culture of Indigenous peoples of the past ("the vanishing Indian") while failing to engage with contemporary native peoples or acknowledge the history of conquest and dispossession. [159] (#cite_note-159) [160] (#cite_note-160) In the 1950s, the head councilman of the Zuni Pueblo saw a performance and said: "We know your hearts are good, but even with good hearts you have done a bad thing". In Zuni culture, religious objects and practices are only for those who have earned the right to participate, following techniques and prayers that have been handed down for generations. [161] (#cite_note-Shalako-161) In 2015, the Koshare's Winter Night dances were cancelled after a late request was received from the Cultural Preservation Office (CPO) of the Hopi Nation (/wiki/Hopi_Nation) asking that the troop discontinue their interpretation of the dances of the Hopi and Pueblo Native Americans. [162] (#cite_note-162) Director of the CPO Leigh Kuwanwisiwma saw a video of the performances online and said the performers were "mimicking our dances, but they were insensitive, as far as I'm concerned". [17] (#cite_note-HopiDances-17) In both instances, unable to satisfy the concerns of the tribes and out of respect for the Native Americans, the Koshare Dance Team complied with the requests, removed dances found to be objectionable, and even went so far as to give items deemed culturally significant to the tribes. [161] (#cite_note-Shalako-161) [17] (#cite_note-HopiDances-17) Subsequently the Koshare have resumed their performance schedule without having further communications with Native Americans. [163] (#cite_note-163) The objections from some Native Americans towards such dance teams centre on the idea that the dance performances are a form of cultural appropriation that places dance and costumes in inappropriate contexts devoid of their true meaning, sometimes mixing elements from different tribes. [164] (#cite_note-164) In contrast, the dance teams state that "[their] goal is to preserve Native American dance and heritage through the creation of dance regalia, dancing, and teaching others about the Native American culture". [165] (#cite_note-165) Gender and sexuality [ edit ] People in the transgender community have protested against the casting of straight (/wiki/Heterosexual) , cisgender (/wiki/Cisgender) actors in trans acting roles, such as when Eddie Redmayne (/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne) played the role of artist Lili Elbe in the film The Danish Girl (/wiki/The_Danish_Girl_(film)) and when Jared Leto (/wiki/Jared_Leto) played the role of a trans woman named Rayon in Dallas Buyers Club (/wiki/Dallas_Buyers_Club) . [166] (#cite_note-Caruso-166) Some in the gay community have expressed concerns about the use of straight actors to play gay characters; this occurs in films such as Call Me by Your Name (/wiki/Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(film)) (straight actors Armie Hammer (/wiki/Armie_Hammer) and Timothée Chalamet (/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet) ), Brokeback Mountain (/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain) ( Heath Ledger (/wiki/Heath_Ledger) and Jake Gyllenhaal (/wiki/Jake_Gyllenhaal) ), Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia_(film)) ( Tom Hanks (/wiki/Tom_Hanks) ), Capote (/wiki/Capote_(film)) ( Philip Seymour Hoffman (/wiki/Philip_Seymour_Hoffman) ) and Milk (/wiki/Milk_(2008_American_film)) (with Sean Penn (/wiki/Sean_Penn) playing the role of the real-life gay rights activist, Harvey Milk (/wiki/Harvey_Milk) ). [167] (#cite_note-167) In the other direction, gay actors playing straight roles, Andrew Haigh, the writer-director, said, "You rarely see a gay actor applauded for playing straight". [168] (#cite_note-168) Jay Caruso calls these controversies "wholly manufactured" on the grounds that the actors "are playing a role" using the "art of acting". [166] (#cite_note-Caruso-166) Some heterosexual individuals controversially self-identify (/wiki/Identity_politics) by the term " queer heterosexual (/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality) ". [169] (#cite_note-169) [170] (#cite_note-170) As queer is generally defined either as a synonym for LGBT (/wiki/LGBT) , [171] (#cite_note-AHD-queer-171) [172] (#cite_note-172) or defined as "non-heterosexual", [173] (#cite_note-oed-173) this appropriation of queer by cisgender, heterosexual individuals has been highly contested by LGBT people (/wiki/LGBT_community) . [174] (#cite_note-appropriation-174) One reason is that the term has a long history of use as a slur for LGBT people. [175] (#cite_note-Origins-175) LGBT people who consider this use of the term queer (/wiki/Queer) by heterosexual people to be inappropriate say that it is patently offensive because it involves members of the dominant culture, who do not experience oppression for their sexual orientation or gender identity, appropriating what they see as the fashionable parts of the terminology and identities of those who are oppressed for their sexuality. [174] (#cite_note-appropriation-174) For someone who is homosexual and queer, a straight person identifying as queer can feel like choosing to appropriate the good bits, the cultural and political cache [ sic (/wiki/Sic) ], the clothes and the sound of gay culture, without the laugh riot of gay-bashing, teen shame, adult shame, shame-shame, and the internalized homophobia of lived gay experience. [174] (#cite_note-appropriation-174) Other uses [ edit ] Costume is worn by an attendee of Saint Patrick's Day parade in Dublin, Ohio, US The government of Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) has been accused of cultural appropriation in adopting the Caribbean Emancipation Day (/wiki/Emancipation_Day) and marketing it to African American tourists as an "African festival". [176] (#cite_note-176) For some members of the South Asian community, the wearing of a bindi (/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)) dot as a decorative item by a non- Hindu (/wiki/Hindus) can be seen as cultural appropriation. [177] (#cite_note-177) A term among Irish people for someone who imitates or misrepresents Irish culture is Plastic Paddy (/wiki/Plastic_Paddy) . [178] (#cite_note-Arrowsmith-178) [179] (#cite_note-Mcloughlin-179) [180] (#cite_note-Moore-180) Responses [ edit ] Bindi In 2011, a group of students at Ohio University (/wiki/Ohio_University) started a poster campaign denouncing the use of cultural stereotypes as costumes. The campaign features people of colour alongside their respective stereotypes with slogans such as "This is not who I am and this is not okay". [181] (#cite_note-181) The goal of the movement was to raise awareness around racism during Halloween in the university and the surrounding community, but the images also circulated online. [182] (#cite_note-182) "Reclaim the Bindi (/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)) " has become a hashtag (/wiki/Hashtag) used by some people of South Asian descent who wear traditional garb and object to its use by people, not of their culture. At the 2014 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival (/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival) , one of the most noted fashion trends was the bindi (/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)) , a traditional Hindu (/wiki/Hindu) headmark. [183] (#cite_note-183) As pictures of the festival surfaced online, there was public controversy over the casual wearing of the bindi by non-Hindu individuals who did not understand the meaning behind it. [184] (#cite_note-184) Reclaim the Bindi Week is an event which seeks to promote the traditional cultural significance of the bindi and combat its use as a fashion statement. [185] (#cite_note-185) Criticism of the concept [ edit ] John McWhorter (/wiki/John_McWhorter) , an African-American professor at Columbia University (/wiki/Columbia_University) , criticised the concept in 2014, arguing that cultural borrowing and cross-fertilisation are generally positive things and are something which is usually done out of admiration and with no intent to harm the cultures being imitated; he also argued that the specific term "appropriation", which can mean theft, is misleading when applied to something like culture that is not seen by all as a limited resource (/wiki/Scarcity) . [31] (#cite_note-McWhorter-31) In 2016, author Lionel Shriver (/wiki/Lionel_Shriver) said that authors from a cultural majority have a right to write in the voice of someone from a cultural minority, attacking the idea that this constitutes cultural appropriation. Referring to a case in which U.S. college students were facing disciplinary action for wearing sombreros (/wiki/Sombrero) to a "tequila party", she said: "The moral of the sombrero scandals is clear: you're not supposed to try on other people's hats . Yet that's what we're paid to do, isn't it? Step into other people's shoes, and try on their hats." [32] (#cite_note-Shriver-32) [186] (#cite_note-186) In 2018, conservative columnist Jonah Goldberg (/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg) described cultural appropriation as a positive thing and dismissed opposition to it as a product of some people's desire to be offended. [187] (#cite_note-187) Kwame Anthony Appiah (/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah) , ethics columnist for the New York Times , said that the term cultural appropriation incorrectly labels contemptuous behaviour as a property crime (/wiki/Property_crime) . According to Appiah, "The key question in the use of symbols or regalia associated with another identity group is not: What are my rights of ownership? Rather it's: Are my actions disrespectful?" [188] (#cite_note-188) [189] (#cite_note-189) Upon winning the 2019 Booker Prize (/wiki/Booker_Prize) , Bernardine Evaristo (/wiki/Bernardine_Evaristo) dismissed the concept of cultural appropriation, stating that it is ridiculous to demand of writers that they not "write beyond [their] own culture". [190] (#cite_note-190) Are cultures "pure"? [ edit ] As Yascha Mounk (/wiki/Yascha_Mounk) states in his book The People vs Democracy (2018), the problem with cultural appropriation necessarily acknowledges a purist conception of culture, it being linked to the building of an monoethnical common identity, which appropriates itself of some rites and traits. He argues that no symbols or traditions minoritarian culture should be denigrated or mocked. But it does open the door to what he calls "historical nonsense". [191] (#cite_note-:1-191) However, cultures have never been completely defined, as they have inspired from one and another, and have thus enriched their own. The segmentation in well-defined cultures works the same way as far right leaders in their views of identity and the defence of their nation, that should not include "foreign influences on their national cultures". [191] (#cite_note-:1-191) See also [ edit ] Crossover music (/wiki/Crossover_music) Cultural diffusion (/wiki/Cultural_diffusion) Cultural imperialism (/wiki/Cultural_imperialism) Enculturation (/wiki/Enculturation) Exoticism (/wiki/Exoticism) Fusion cuisine (/wiki/Fusion_cuisine) Indigenous intellectual property (/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property) Multiculturalism (/wiki/Multiculturalism) Orientalism (/wiki/Orientalism) Outsider art (/wiki/Outsider_art) Passing as African American and other races (/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)#Passing_as_African_American_and_other_races) Passing as Indigenous American (/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)#Passing_as_Indigenous_Americans) Pizza effect (/wiki/Pizza_effect) Pretendian (/wiki/Pretendian) Racial fetishism (/wiki/Racial_fetishism) Racial misrepresentation (/wiki/Racial_misrepresentation) Romantic racism (/wiki/Romantic_racism) Syncretism (/wiki/Syncretism) World music (/wiki/World_music) Xenocentrism (/wiki/Xenocentrism) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Fourmile, Henrietta (/wiki/Henrietta_Marrie) (1996). "Making things work: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Involvement in Bioregional Planning" in Approaches to bioregional planning. Part 2. Background Papers to the conference; 30 October – 1 November 1995, Melbourne ; Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories. Canberra. pp. 268–269: "The [western] intellectual property rights system and the (mis)appropriation of Indigenous knowledge without the prior knowledge and consent of Indigenous peoples evoke feelings of anger, or being cheated" ^ (#cite_ref-RoyalRipOff_2-0) "A right royal rip-off" (http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/20/1061261182182.html) . The Age . Australia. 20 August 2003. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140818171622/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/20/1061261182182.html) from the original on 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "cultural appropriation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200523103611/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cultural_appropriation) . Lexico (/wiki/Lexico) , Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . Archived from the original (https://www.lexico.com/definition/cultural_appropriation) on 23 May 2020 . Retrieved 14 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:4_4-0) Baker, KaDeidra (16 August 2018). "Indigenous Appropriation and Protection Provided by Intellectual Property Law" (https://archives.law.nccu.edu/siplr/vol11/iss1/4) . North Carolina Central University Science & Intellectual Property Law Review . 11 (1). North Carolina Central University School of Law (/wiki/North_Carolina_Central_University_School_of_Law) : 111. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200812125745/https://archives.law.nccu.edu/siplr/vol11/iss1/4/) from the original on 12 August 2020 . Retrieved 11 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:5_5-0) Bauer, Matthias (2018). Online platforms, economic integration and Europe's rent-seeking society: Why online platforms deliver on what EU governments fail to achieve PDF Logo (http://hdl.handle.net/10419/202508) (Report). ECIPE (/wiki/ECIPE) . p. 1. hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 10419/202508 (https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F202508) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062708/https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/202508) from the original on 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 11 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Oshotse, Abraham; Berda, Yael; Goldberg, Amir (2024). "Cultural Tariffing: Appropriation and the Right to Cross Cultural Boundaries" (https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/mjdpe) . American Sociological Review . 89 (2): 346–390. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/00031224231225665 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00031224231225665) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0003-1224 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 267975405 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267975405) . Archived from the original (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00031224231225665) on 21 February 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-Young_7-0) Young, James O. (1 February 2010). Cultural Appropriation and the Arts . John Wiley & Sons (/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons) . p. 5. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4443-3271-1 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062643/https://books.google.com/books?id=oxyOsvs4Zw0C) from the original on 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Young59_8-0) Young, James O. (1 February 2010). Cultural Appropriation and the Arts . John Wiley & Sons (/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons) . p. 59. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4443-3271-1 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062643/https://books.google.com/books?id=oxyOsvs4Zw0C) from the original on 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ a b c Houska, Tara. " (https://web.archive.org/web/20150419132337/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/04/16/houska-i-didnt-know-doesnt-cut-it-anymore-160051) 'I Didn't Know' Doesn't Cut It Anymore" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150419132337/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/04/16/houska-i-didnt-know-doesnt-cut-it-anymore-160051) . Indian Country Today Media Network (/wiki/Indian_Country_Today_Media_Network) . Archived from the original (http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/04/16/houska-i-didnt-know-doesnt-cut-it-anymore-160051) on 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . On imitation Native headdresses as "the embodiment of cultural appropriation ... donning a highly sacred piece of Native culture like a fashion accessory". ^ a b c d Caceda, Eden (14 November 2014). "Our cultures are not your costumes" (https://www.smh.com.au/comment/our-cultures-are-not-your-costumes-20141114-11myp4.html) . Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170913100231/http://www.smh.com.au/comment/our-cultures-are-not-your-costumes-20141114-11myp4.html) from the original on 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . ^ a b Ryde, Judy (15 January 2009). Being White in the Helping Professions . Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84310-936-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Hartigan, John (24 October 2005). Odd Tribes: Toward a Cultural Analysis of White People . Duke University Press Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8223-3584-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_13-0) Okafor, Udoka (4 December 2013). "Cultural Appropriation: The Act of Stealing and Corrupting" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/udoka-okafor/cultural-appropriation_b_4363916.html) . Huffington Post . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170707144241/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/udoka-okafor/cultural-appropriation_b_4363916.html) from the original on 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Rogers, Richard A. (1 November 2006). "From Cultural Exchange to Transculturation: A Review and Reconceptualisation of Cultural Appropriation". Communication Theory . 16 (4): 474–503. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00277.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2885.2006.00277.x) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1468-2885 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2885) . Carman, Tim (26 May 2017). "Should white chefs sell burritos? A Portland food cart's revealing controversy" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/food/wp/2017/05/26/should-white-chefs-sell-burritos-a-portland-restaurants-revealing-controversy/) . The Washington Post . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190704174522/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/food/wp/2017/05/26/should-white-chefs-sell-burritos-a-portland-restaurants-revealing-controversy/) from the original on 4 July 2019 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Lindtner, S.; Anderson, K.; Dourish, P. (11–15 February 2012). "Cultural appropriation: information technologies as sites of transnational imagination". CSCW '12: Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1145/2145204.2145220 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2145204.2145220) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 4464439 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4464439) . Borgerson, Janet; Schroeder, Jonathan (21 May 2021). "Midcentury Dance Records and Representations of Identity" (https://www.isrf.org/2021/05/21/midcentury-dance-records-and-representations-of-identity/) . Independent Social Research Foundation . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210522193849/https://www.isrf.org/2021/05/21/midcentury-dance-records-and-representations-of-identity/) from the original on 22 May 2021 . Retrieved 22 May 2021 . Borgerson, Janet; Schroeder, Jonathan (2021). DESIGNED FOR DANCING : how midcentury records taught america to dance . [S.l.]: MIT Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-262-04433-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1230460986 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1230460986) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062650/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1230460986) from the original on 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 19 October 2021 . Cavazos, Elsa (4 August 2022). "I Almost Choked On My Agua Fresca When I Learned About Spa Water" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2022/08/11074418/spa-water-agua-fresca-appropriation-tiktok) . refinery29.com . Refinery 29. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220805024926/https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2022/08/11074418/spa-water-agua-fresca-appropriation-tiktok) from the original on 5 August 2022 . Retrieved 5 August 2022 . In July, TikToker Gracie Norton shared multiple videos of her mixing together a fruity anti-inflammatory drink she called spa water with her more than 500,000 followers.The since-deleted videos caused a stir, especially among Latines on the social network, who responded to Norton's cucumber, water, and sugar blend by calling the drink what it actually is — agua fresca — and her alleged discovery of the so-called "wellness drink" as another example of culinary appropriation and/or food gentrification. Pagán, Angela L. (28 July 2022). "How TikTok Is Messing With Latinx Food, and Why It Needs to Stop" (https://thetakeout.com/tiktok-spa-water-street-corn-and-cultural-appropriation-1849338861) . thetakeout.com . The Take Out. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010236/https://thetakeout.com/tiktok-spa-water-street-corn-and-cultural-appropriation-1849338861) from the original on 9 August 2022 . Retrieved 5 August 2022 . By calling esquites Mexican street corn, TikTok influencers like @janellerohnerare essentially rebranding the recipe as if it's something newly concocted by the internet. We don't call spaghetti 'Italian sauce noodles,' so why rename this traditional piece of Mexican cuisine? ^ a b Scafidi, Susan (2005). Who Owns Culture?: Appropriation and Authenticity in American Law (Rutgers Series: The Public Life of the Arts) . Rutgers University Press. ^ a b Mesteth, Wilmer, et al (10 June 1993) " Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality (http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/ladecwar.htm) ". Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160209203058/http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/ladecwar.htm) 9 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . "At the Lakota Summit V, an international gathering of US and Canadian Lakota, Dakota and Nakota Nations, about 500 representatives from 40 different tribes and bands of the Lakota unanimously passed a 'Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality'. The following declaration was unanimously passed." ^ a b c Constable, Anne (3 January 2016). "Hopis say Boy Scout performances make mockery of tradition, religion" (http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/hopis-say-boy-scout-performances-make-mockery-of-tradition-religion/article_d548665e-5767-5132-93e9-5d041b935d42.html) . Santa Fe New Mexican . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201109072709/https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/hopis-say-boy-scout-performances-make-mockery-of-tradition-religion/article_d548665e-5767-5132-93e9-5d041b935d42.html) from the original on 9 November 2020 . Retrieved 23 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-AusParliament_18-0) Davis, Michael (1997). "Indigenous Peoples and Intellectual Property Rights – Indigenous Peoples and Cultural Appropriation" (https://www.aph.gov.au/about_parliament/parliamentary_departments/parliamentary_library/pubs/rp/rp9697/97rp20#PROPERT) . Parliament of Australia . Parliament of Australia – Social Policy Group. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210224150814/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9697/97rp20#PROPERT) from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 2 September 2019 . In a general sense, these rights are considered to be 'owned', and managed communally, or collectively, rather than inhering in particular individuals. ^ (#cite_ref-CollectivePanama_19-0) " Special System for the Collective Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Peoples (https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/databases/tklaws/articles/article_0107.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190418163813/https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/databases/tklaws/articles/article_0107.html) 2019-04-18 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) at World Intellectual Property Organization. Accessed 18 April 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-CollectiveSantilli_20-0) Santilli, Juliana. 2006. " Cultural Heritage and Collective Intellectual Property Rights (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/10728?locale-attribute=fr) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190418163825/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/10728?locale-attribute=fr) 2019-04-18 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ". Indigenous Knowledge (IK) Notes; No. 95. World Bank, Washington, DC. Accessed 18 April 2019. ^ a b c Tsosie, Rebecca (25 June 2017). "Current Issues in Intellectual Property Rights to Cultural Resources" (https://www.narf.org/tsosie-intellectual-property/) . Native American Rights Fund . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190724113554/https://www.narf.org/tsosie-intellectual-property/) from the original on 24 July 2019 . Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ a b Working Group on Indigenous Populations, accepted by the United Nations General Assembly (/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly) , Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/512/07/PDF/N0651207.pdf?OpenElement) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112013/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/512/07/PDF/N0651207.pdf?OpenElement) 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ; UN Headquarters; New York City (13 September 2007). ^ (#cite_ref-Rainforest_23-0) Rainforest Aboriginal Network (1993) Julayinbul: Aboriginal Intellectual and Cultural Property Definitions, Ownership and Strategies for Protection . Rainforest Aboriginal Network. Cairns. Page 65. ^ a b c d Johnson, Kjerstin (25 October 2011) " Don't Mess Up When You Dress Up: Cultural Appropriation and Costumes (http://bitchmagazine.org/post/costume-cultural-appropriation) ". Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150629193134/http://bitchmagazine.org/post/costume-cultural-appropriation) June 29, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ; at Bitch Magazine (/wiki/Bitch_Magazine) . Accessed 4 March 2015. "Dressing up as 'another culture', is racist, and an act of privilege. Not only does it lead to offensive, inaccurate, and stereotypical portrayals of other people's culture ... but is also an act of appropriation in which someone who does not experience that oppression is able to 'play', temporarily, an 'exotic' other, without experience any of the daily discriminations faced by other cultures." ^ (#cite_ref-25) Wallace, Michele (1992). Black Popular Culture . Seattle: Bay Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56584-459-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Frum, David (8 May 2018). "Every Culture Appropriates" (https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/05/cultural-appropriation/559802/) . The Atlantic . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190724113551/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/05/cultural-appropriation/559802/) from the original on 24 July 2019 . Retrieved 1 December 2018 . ^ a b Young, Cathy (21 August 2015). "To the new culture cops, everything is appropriation" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/21/to-the-new-culture-cops-everything-is-appropriation/) . Washington Post . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190728090114/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/21/to-the-new-culture-cops-everything-is-appropriation/) from the original on 28 July 2019 . Retrieved 22 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Chen, Anna (4 May 2018). "An American woman wearing a Chinese dress is not cultural appropriation" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/04/american-woman-qipao-china-cultural-appropriation-minorities-usa-dress) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190724113553/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/04/american-woman-qipao-china-cultural-appropriation-minorities-usa-dress) from the original on 24 July 2019 . Retrieved 1 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Friedersdorf_29-0) Friedersdorf, Conor (3 April 2017). 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2nd Green October Event Award Green October Event 2016 Date 1 October 2016 Venue Oriental Hotel, Victoria Island, Lagos (/wiki/Victoria_Island,_Lagos) , Nigeria Country Nigeria Hosted by Layole Oyatogun and Zoe Chinaka ← 2015 (/w/index.php?title=Green_October_Event_2015&action=edit&redlink=1) · Green October Event · 2017 (/w/index.php?title=Green_October_Event_2017&action=edit&redlink=1) → Green October Event 2016 was the second edition of Green October Event held on 1 October 2016 at Oriental Hotel, Victoria Island, Lagos (/wiki/Victoria_Island,_Lagos) , Nigeria. Layole Oyatogun and Zoe Chinaka hosted the second edition of the event, while Tomi Odunsi (/wiki/Tomi_Odunsi) , Swazzi, SoulPrinz, Ozzybosco and Ejen performed at the event. It was focused on children living with autism in Nigeria. [1] (#cite_note-BELL-1) [2] (#cite_note-LAM-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Fashion designers that showcased their designs were Agatha Moreno, VickyHeldan, Seraphine By Kosi, Omoge Collections, TUBO, Bella House Of Fab, Runo Stitches, Onome Dupri Clothing, Lola Baej, PenonPaul Bespoke, Mobiz World, GMYT Couture, Renew By Rukky, E22, Boriah, JPKOUTURE and MERCY'S. [1] (#cite_note-BELL-1) [2] (#cite_note-LAM-2) References [ edit ] ^ a b "All the Photos from LaMode Magazine's "Green October" Event with Chika Ike, Belinda Effah, Emmanuel Ikubese, Tomi Odunsi & More" (https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/10/all-the-photos-from-lamode-magazines-green-october-event-with-chika-ike-belinda-effah-emmanuel-ikubese-tomi-odunsi-more) . BellaNaija (/wiki/BellaNaija) . 12 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2020 . ^ a b "Photos: La Mode Magazine Green October Event 2016" (https://lamodespot.com/photos-la-mode-magazine-green-october-event-2016) . La Mode Magazine . 4 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Omoge Collection : Fashion Designer Showcase At The La Mode Magazine Green October Event 2016!" (https://lamodespot.com/omoge-collection-fashion-designer-showcase-at-the-la-mode-magazine-green-october-event-2016) . La Mode Magazine . 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2020 . This page will be placed in the following categories if it is moved to the article namespace (/wiki/Wikipedia:NS0) . Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Nigerian awards (/wiki/Category:Nigerian_awards) Business and industry awards (/wiki/Category:Business_and_industry_awards) Awards for contributions to society (/wiki/Category:Awards_for_contributions_to_society) Humanitarian and service awards (/wiki/Category:Humanitarian_and_service_awards) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐67d4b74ff6‐gtsbv Cached time: 20240722142105 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.201 seconds Real time usage: 0.272 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1225/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16339/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2123/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14085/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.120/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4048969/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 257.614 1 -total 39.77% 102.448 1 Template:Reflist 34.67% 89.323 1 Template:Infobox_award 31.30% 80.629 1 Template:Cite_news 29.54% 76.098 1 Template:Infobox 18.70% 48.180 2 Template:Short_description 12.63% 32.538 2 Template:Pagetype 5.55% 14.288 1 Template:Drafts_moved_from_mainspace 3.72% 9.590 1 Template:Draft_other 3.15% 8.109 2 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66244760-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722142105 and revision id 1204453404. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Green_October_Event_2016&oldid=1204453404 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Green_October_Event_2016&oldid=1204453404) " Hidden categories: Content moved from mainspace to draftspace from February 2024 (/wiki/Category:Content_moved_from_mainspace_to_draftspace_from_February_2024) All content moved from mainspace to draftspace (/wiki/Category:All_content_moved_from_mainspace_to_draftspace)
Malaysian heiress and model This article is about the Malaysian socialite. For the Malaysian actress, see Michelle Yeoh (/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh) . Michelle Yeoh Born Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur) , Malaysia Nationality Malaysian Occupation(s) fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) , socialite, model Parent(s) Michael Yeoh Tina Yeoh Relatives Yeoh Tiong Lay (/wiki/Yeoh_Tiong_Lay) Francis Yeoh (/wiki/Francis_Yeoh) Rebekah Yeoh (/wiki/Rebekah_Yeoh) Rachel Yeoh (/wiki/Rachel_Yeoh) (twin sister) Ruth Yeoh (/wiki/Ruth_Yeoh) Michelle Yeoh is a Malaysian heiress, socialite, model and fashion influencer. She and her twin sister were the first Malaysians to debut at Queen Charlotte's Ball (/wiki/Queen_Charlotte%27s_Ball) . She rose to prominence walking for Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) at Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . She served on the advisory committee for the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) . Early life and family [ edit ] Michelle Yeoh is the daughter of Dato' Sri (/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles) Michael Yeoh and Datin Sri Tina Yeoh. [1] (#cite_note-1) She is a niece of Tan Sri Dato' Francis Yeoh (/wiki/Francis_Yeoh) and the granddaughter of billionaire Tan Sri Dato' Seri Yeoh Tiong Lay (/wiki/Yeoh_Tiong_Lay) , the founder of YTL Corporation (/wiki/YTL_Corporation) . [2] (#cite_note-2) She is of Malaysian Chinese (/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese) ancestry. [3] (#cite_note-3) She is a fraternal twin; her sister is Rachel Yeoh (/wiki/Rachel_Yeoh) . [4] (#cite_note-4) She is a first cousin of Ruth Yeoh (/wiki/Ruth_Yeoh) and Rebekah Yeoh (/wiki/Rebekah_Yeoh) . Yeoh and her sister debuted (/wiki/Debutante) at the Queen Charlotte's Ball (/wiki/Queen_Charlotte%27s_Ball) at Kensington Palace (/wiki/Kensington_Palace) in 2015, becoming the first twins and first Malaysians to do so. [5] (#cite_note-harpersbazaar.com.sg-5) [6] (#cite_note-firstclasse.com.my-6) Career [ edit ] In 2017, she and her sister walked the runway for Dolce & Gabbana's Fall 2017 fashion show in Milan Fashion Week. [6] (#cite_note-firstclasse.com.my-6) In August 2017, she was featured on the cover (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Japan_cover_models) of Vogue Japan (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) along with the other models from the Dolce & Gabbana fashion show. [6] (#cite_note-firstclasse.com.my-6) She and her sister were featured in the March 2017 fashion issue of Hong Kong Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) and on the cover of Malaysia Tatler . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2018, she walked the runway for Dolce & Gabbana's Alta Moda show. [5] (#cite_note-harpersbazaar.com.sg-5) Yeoh serves alongside her sister on the advisory committee for the British Fashion Council. [6] (#cite_note-firstclasse.com.my-6) [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ng, Karmun (28 September 2015). "Rachel and Michelle Yeoh's journey to the Queen Charlotte's Debutante Ball" (https://www.tatlerasia.com/the-scene/people-parties/rachel-michelle-yeoh-queen-charlotte-debutante-ball-london-season-2015) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "10 Asian Fashion Influencers Who Are Actually Crazy Rich" (https://www.refinery29.com/2018/08/207549/crazy-rich-asian-instagram-influencers#slide-6) . 17 June 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The REAL Crazy Rich Asians: Meet Socialite Sisters Michelle & Rachel Yeoh" (https://guestofaguest.com/new-york/nyc-society/the-real-crazy-rich-asians-meet-socialite-sisters-michelle-and-rachel-yeoh) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Secret's out: Here's why Heart Evangelista and Kevin Kwan spent time in Paris" (https://preen.inquirer.net/80922/secrets-out-heres-why-heart-evangelista-and-kevin-kwan-spent-time-in-paris) . 16 August 2018. ^ a b "Meet The Real Crazy Rich Asians Of Today, Wearing Crazy Rich Couture" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com.sg/life/real-life-crazy-rich-asians-of-today/) . 20 August 2018. ^ a b c d "Rich Heirs on Instagram: Rachel and Michelle Yeoh, twin fashionistas" (https://firstclasse.com.my/rich-heirs-on-instagram-rachel-and-michelle-yeoh-twins-to-watch-in-fashion/) . 14 June 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-7) https://www.pressreader.com/china/hong-kong-tatler/20170301/283442076249127 (https://www.pressreader.com/china/hong-kong-tatler/20170301/283442076249127) – via PressReader. {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Why these twins are the future of high-fashion" (https://www.tatlerasia.com/the-scene/people-parties/michelle-yeoh-and-rachel-yeoh-are-the-future-of-high-fashion) . March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Malaysian Twins Who Studied Law Make It Big In UK's Fashion Industry - WORLD OF BUZZ" (https://www.worldofbuzz.com/malaysian-twins-studied-law-make-big-uks-fashion-industry/) . www.worldofbuzz.com . 8 March 2017. 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Japanese fashion designer (1974–2024) Hideki Seo Seo in 2015 Born ( 1974-05-10 ) 10 May 1974 Hiroshima (/wiki/Hiroshima) , Japan Died 19 March 2024 (2024-03-19) (aged 49) Nationality Japanese Education Kyoto University of Art, section: Graphic Design Alma mater Royal Academy of Fine Arts Fashion department (Antwerp) Occupation(s) Fashion designer, artist Years active 2004–2024 Website hidekiseo (http://hidekiseo.net) .net (http://hidekiseo.net) Hideki Seo ( 瀬尾 英樹 , Seo Hideki , 10 May 1974 – 19 March 2024) was a Japanese-born French fashion designer and artist. [1] (#cite_note-seo-1) Biography [ edit ] Hideki Seo was born on 10 May 1974. He graduated from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Antwerp (/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)) after studying visual design at the Kyoto University of Art. Seo worked as the assistant designer for Azzedine Alaïa (/wiki/Azzedine_Ala%C3%AFa) in Paris as well as developing his career as an artist. His artworks have been shown in various museums throughout Europe and America in recent years. [2] (#cite_note-not_a_toy-2) Seo died on 21 March 2024, at the age of 49. [3] (#cite_note-3) Exhibitions [ edit ] 2015 – Solo exhibition "ON MY WAY – HIDEKI SEO" projects+gallery (Saint-Louise, US) 2013 – "A queen within", World chess hall of fame (Saint-Louise, US) Launch of "A queen within" at Christie's New York "Rooms 27” ( Tokyo ) "50 years birthday of Antwerp fashion", at Mode museum (Antwerp) "ARRRGH!" Monsters in Fashion", Centraal Museum (Netherlands) "ARRRGH!" Monstres de Mode", La Gaîté Lyrique (Paris) 2012 – Solo exhibition "Hideki Seo", Galerie Papelart (Paris) 2011 – "ARRRGH! Monsters in Fashion" by Vasilis Zidianakis of ATOPOS at Benaki Museum (Athens) 2005 – Loveless (Tokyo) Rooms 10 (Tokyo) Labels inc. (Antwerp) Francis (Antwerp) Nieuwe Ontwerpers (Rotterdam) Side by Side in Laforet Harajuku (Tokyo) 2004 – Usage Externe deux, Collaboration with Kart Stallaert (Brussels) Awards [ edit ] Laureate Prize of the magazine Week-end Knack Laureate Grand Prize of 'Perfume project IFF New York' Laureate Fashion week Brussels, Grand Prize by magazine Le Vif/L'Express Publications [ edit ] HIDEKI SEO ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-7466-7161-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7466-7161-4) , 2014) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-seo_1-0) Hideki Seo CV (http://www.projects-gallery.com/cv-hideki-seo/) ^ (#cite_ref-not_a_toy_2-0) Atopos; Vassilis Zidianakis (2011). Not a Toy - Radical Character Design in Fashion and Costume . Pictoplasma. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3942245029 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) アズディン・アライアの元アシスタントデザイナー瀬尾英樹が死去　享年49 (https://www.fashionsnap.com/article/2024-03-21/hideki-seo/) (in Japanese) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.hidekiseo.net) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7999cd8dc7‐pjrbs Cached time: 20240711002230 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.367 seconds Real time usage: 0.583 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2064/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9866/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1673/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9436/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.253/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19558451/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 559.136 1 -total 32.79% 183.360 1 Template:Infobox_person 19.30% 107.912 1 Template:Nihongo 14.35% 80.251 1 Template:Authority_control 14.30% 79.935 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 12.21% 68.296 1 Template:Reflist 11.50% 64.321 1 Template:Short_description 10.84% 60.637 1 Template:Birth_date 9.11% 50.915 1 Template:Cite_book 8.36% 46.720 1 Template:ISBN Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:47270836-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711002230 and revision id 1228931263. 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American billionaire businessman Jim Davis Born James S. Davis ( 1943-05-17 ) 17 May 1943 (age 81) Brookline, Massachusetts (/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts) , U.S. Education Worcester Academy (/wiki/Worcester_Academy) Alma mater Middlebury College (/wiki/Middlebury_College) Occupation Businessman Known for Owner & chairman of New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) ; co-founder of Major League Lacrosse (/wiki/Major_League_Lacrosse) Children 2 James S. Davis (born 1943) is an American billionaire (/wiki/Billionaire) businessman, the owner and chairman of New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) , and an early investor in Major League Lacrosse (/wiki/Major_League_Lacrosse) . [1] (#cite_note-forbes-1) [2] (#cite_note-time-2) Early life [ edit ] Davis was born in 1943, [1] (#cite_note-forbes-1) in Brookline, Massachusetts (/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts) , [3] (#cite_note-3) the son of Greek immigrants (/wiki/Greek_Americans) . [4] (#cite_note-4) He attended Worcester Academy (/wiki/Worcester_Academy) , and he received a bachelor's degree in biology and chemistry from Middlebury College (/wiki/Middlebury_College) in 1966. [5] (#cite_note-middlebury-5) While in college, he played college football (/wiki/College_football) . [2] (#cite_note-time-2) [5] (#cite_note-middlebury-5) Career [ edit ] Davis started his career as a sales engineer at the LFE Corporation in Waltham, Massachusetts (/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts) , and as marketing manager for the Applied Geodata Systems Division of Techven Associates of Cambridge, Massachusetts (/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts) . In 1972, he bought New Balance, then only a 6-employee firm in Boston (/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts) , and turned it into a 4,000-employee global corporation with revenues averaging around $2.5 billion every year. [1] (#cite_note-forbes-1) He has been a board member of the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association, the International Athletic Footwear & Apparel Manufacturers Association, and the Two/Ten Foundation. [6] (#cite_note-major-6) He also sits on the board of directors of the Citizen's Bank in Providence, Rhode Island (/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island) . [6] (#cite_note-major-6) He has donated $5 million to the University of Maine (/wiki/University_of_Maine) . [1] (#cite_note-forbes-1) He is the recipient of an Honorary Doctorate from his alma mater, Middlebury College. [1] (#cite_note-forbes-1) A library on its campus has also been named for him. [5] (#cite_note-middlebury-5) He formerly sat on its board of trustees, on the Worcester Academy's, and on Newbury College (/wiki/Newbury_College_(United_States)) 's. [7] (#cite_note-7) He sits on the board of trustees of the Sports Museum of New England (/wiki/Sports_Museum_of_New_England) and formerly Boston Children's Museum (/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Museum) . [8] (#cite_note-8) As of 2017, Davis is the 324th richest person in the world, and the 94th richest in the United States, with an estimated wealth of US$5.1 billion. [1] (#cite_note-forbes-1) Personal life [ edit ] Davis is married, and has two children. [1] (#cite_note-forbes-1) He lives in Newton, Massachusetts (/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts) . [1] (#cite_note-forbes-1) Politics [ edit ] Davis has donated $500,000 to Mitt Romney (/wiki/Mitt_Romney) 's Super PAC (/wiki/Political_Action_Committee) , Restore Our Future . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Davis donated almost $400,000 to the Trump Victory Committee (/wiki/Trump_Victory_Committee) in September 2016. [11] (#cite_note-11) In an interview given to Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) reporter Sara Germano on the day following the 2016 presidential election (/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election) of Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) , a New Balance senior executive suggested support for Trump due to his opposition to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership) . Widely reported social-media reaction documented numerous New Balance owners destroying or disposing of their shoes—with many pledging lifetime boycotts of the company. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2021, Davis gave $495,000 to a super PAC (/wiki/Super_PAC) supporting Boston mayoral candidate Annissa Essaibi George (/wiki/Annissa_Essaibi_George) , who won second place in the preliminary election in September, enough to advance to the general election. [15] (#cite_note-15) See also [ edit ] List of Greek Americans (/wiki/List_of_Greek_Americans) List of Donald Trump presidential campaign endorsements, 2016 (/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2016) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Jim Davis & family" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/jim-davis/) . Forbes . Retrieved November 26, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Fonda, Daren (November 1, 2004). "Sole Survivor" (http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,749428,00.html) . Time Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "TNH's 50 Wealthiest Greek-Americans 2017 List" (https://www.thenationalherald.com/tnhs-50-wealthiest-greek-americans-2017-list/) . The National Herald . 8 March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-4) The Pappas Post: "Son of Greek immigrant leads New Balance to major expansion" (http://www.pappaspost.com/view-news/-/acontent/26907) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120911042737/http://www.pappaspost.com/view-news/-/acontent/26907) 2012-09-11 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) April 3, 2012 ^ Jump up to: a b c Sarah C. Ray, 'Library named for Jim Davis '66 and his family', May 7, 2010 [1] (http://www.middlebury.edu/newsroom/archive/2010/node/255167) ^ Jump up to: a b Major League Lacrosse Founders (http://www.majorleaguelacrosse.com/founders/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100813111014/http://www.majorleaguelacrosse.com/founders/) 2010-08-13 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Middlebury College Board of Trustees" (http://www.middlebury.edu/about/president/trustees) . middlebury.edu . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Leadership / Board - About - Boston Children's Museum" (http://www.bostonchildrensmuseum.org/about/board_directors.html) . www.bostonchildrensmuseum.org . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Dan Eggen, 'New Balance distances itself from donation to Romney supporting ‘super PAC’', in The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) , [2] (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/new-balance-distances-itself-from-donation-to-romney-supporting-super-pac/2011/08/10/gIQAJYK16I_story.html) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Glen Johnson, 'New Balance disavows chairman’s Romney donation', on Boston.com (/wiki/Boston.com) , 08/10/2011 [3] (http://www.boston.com/Boston/politicalintelligence/2011/08/new-balance-disavows-chairman-romney-donation/Lckoh5YsDSpb8TTb4yYQ5K/index.html) ^ (#cite_ref-11) O'Sullivan, Jim (13 January 2017). "New Balance founder gave nearly $400,000 to Trump" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/01/13/new-balance-founder-gave-nearly-trump/HEoVw5ig6OHhLKOc3dDorO/story.html) . Boston Globe . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Germano, Sara (2016-11-11). "New Balance Faces Social Media Backlash After Welcoming Trump" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-balance-faces-social-media-backlash-after-welcoming-trump-1478823102) . Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 2016-11-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "People are trashing New Balance sneakers after the company's apparent pro-Trump comments" (https://www.boston.com/news/business/2016/11/10/people-are-trashing-new-balance-sneakers-after-the-companys-apparent-pro-trump-comments) . Boston.com . 2016-11-10 . Retrieved 2016-11-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "This is why people are lighting their New Balance shoes on fire" (https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/grubhub-new-balance-called-out-social-media-overly-political-comments-n682506) . NBC News . Retrieved 2016-11-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Shirley Leung (September 15, 2021). "New Balance chairman Jim Davis bet $495,000 on Annissa Essaibi George. Tuesday, it paid off" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/09/15/business/new-balance-chairman-jim-davis-his-495000-bet-annissa-essaibi-george/) . The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000039039704) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/61091566) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcBXWrhPTkjq3CTMpP4v3) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00065515) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5f7b7f4dcb‐nnjzm Cached time: 20240710215244 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.342 seconds Real time usage: 0.512 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2085/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25766/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1338/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 47291/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.229/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6215752/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 413.867 1 -total 31.91% 132.055 1 Template:Reflist 31.51% 130.419 1 Template:Infobox_person 23.57% 97.554 8 Template:Cite_news 19.69% 81.510 1 Template:Authority_control 14.58% 60.330 1 Template:Short_description 10.21% 42.236 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.89% 36.779 2 Template:Pagetype 8.12% 33.612 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 6.35% 26.294 17 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33908322-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710215244 and revision id 1233787702. 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Halcyon_Days_(company)) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Halcyon_Days_(company)) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Halcyon_Days_(company)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Halcyon Days" company (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Halcyon+Days%22+company) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Halcyon+Days%22+company+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Halcyon+Days%22+company&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Halcyon+Days%22+company+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Halcyon+Days%22+company) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Halcyon+Days%22+company&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Halcyon_Days_(company)) . ( September 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Halcyon Days Industry Luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) Retail (/wiki/Retail_industry) Founded 1950 ; 74 years ago ( 1950 ) in London (/wiki/London) , England, United Kingdom Founder Susan Benjamin Headquarters Knightsbridge (/wiki/Knightsbridge) , London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) , United Kingdom Products English-made luxury goods and objets d'Art in the form of: Enamelware (/wiki/Enamelware) , bone china (/wiki/Bone_china) etc Owner Pamela Harper (/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Harper&action=edit&redlink=1) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Caverswall China Company Ltd. Halcyon Days Ltd is a British business which holds all three Royal Warrants (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) to the British Royal Household (/wiki/British_Royal_Household) as Suppliers of objets d'art (/wiki/Objets_d%27art) – one of only 14 businesses to hold all three. [1] (#cite_note-1) Specialists in English-made luxury goods, the business has two factories; one for enamelware in Wolverhampton (/wiki/Wolverhampton) and the other for English fine bone china in the heart of the pottery industry, Stoke-on-Trent (/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent) . The company operates its primary retail store within The Royal Exchange (/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London) in London (/wiki/London) and its head office and showroom in London's Knightsbridge (/wiki/Knightsbridge) . History [ edit ] Established in 1950 as an emporium of antique gifts in Mayfair, London, specialising in 17th and 18th century-style enamelware made in the Midlands, Halcyon Days is one of only fourteen companies in the world to hold all three Royal Warrants to the British Royal Household. [ citation needed ] Over the years, the business has collaborated with The Wallace Collection (/wiki/The_Wallace_Collection) , The National Gallery (/wiki/The_National_Gallery) , Blenheim Palace (/wiki/Blenheim_Palace) , Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) , The Frick (/wiki/The_Frick) , International Churchill Society (/wiki/International_Churchill_Society) , Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) , Fortnum & Mason (/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason) , Nina Campbell (/wiki/Nina_Campbell) , British Museum (/wiki/British_Museum) , Oxford Philharmonic Orchestra (/wiki/Oxford_Philharmonic_Orchestra) , Tate Gallery (/wiki/Tate_Gallery) , and the artist Ralph Heimans (/wiki/Ralph_Heimans) . [ citation needed ] Presently the company holds licenses with Historic Royal Palaces (/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces) , Gordon Castle (/wiki/Gordon_Castle) , and the Castle of Mey (/wiki/Castle_of_Mey) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Carter, Felicity. "Celebrating 70 Years In Business: Learn More About Luxury British Brand Halcyon Days" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/felicitycarter/2020/12/21/celebrating-70-years-in-business--learn-more-about-luxury-british-brand-halcyon-days/) . Forbes . Retrieved 13 June 2023 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halcyon_Days_(company)&oldid=1178814816 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halcyon_Days_(company)&oldid=1178814816) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Ceramics manufacturers of England (/wiki/Category:Ceramics_manufacturers_of_England) Companies based in Stoke-on-Trent (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Stoke-on-Trent) Retail companies based in London (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_based_in_London) Retail companies established in 1950 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1950) 1950 establishments in England (/wiki/Category:1950_establishments_in_England) British royal warrant holders (/wiki/Category:British_royal_warrant_holders) British companies established in 1950 (/wiki/Category:British_companies_established_in_1950) British enamellers (/wiki/Category:British_enamellers) Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) Articles needing additional references from June 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2023) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from September 2019 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_possible_conflicts_of_interest_from_September_2019) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2021)
Medieval West European garment St. Marianne Cope (/wiki/Marianne_Cope) TOSF, a 19th-century Third order Franciscan sister, wearing the order's religious habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) including a large guimpe The guimpe (from the French (/wiki/French_language) guimpe) was a garment which developed in medieval (/wiki/Medieval) Western Europe (/wiki/Western_Europe) . It was a silk or linen kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) , sometimes sheer, sometimes starched, which covered the neck and shoulders of the wearer, sometimes the entire chest as well. [1] (#cite_note-1) It was worn as part of the apparel (/wiki/Apparel) of a woman of means, both to show social standing — due to the added upkeep it required — and to demonstrate the woman's sense of modesty. Among nuns it was worn in combination with a coif (/wiki/Coif) and wimple (/wiki/Wimple) . As women in Renaissance Italy (/wiki/Renaissance_Italy) began to leave their heads uncovered, and to expose their shoulders, the guimpe slowly fell into disuse. Its use continued solely in monasteries, as part of a nun (/wiki/Nun) 's religious habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) . As women's religious orders (/wiki/Religious_order) began to adopt contemporary attire, it has largely disappeared from these circles as well. From the early nineteenth century onwards, the term guimpe also described a form of short under-blouse or chemisette (/wiki/Chemisette) which was worn under a pinafore (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) or low cut dress to fill in the neckline and, if sleeved, cover the arms. [2] (#cite_note-2) For a similar garment of the sixteenth century, see partlet (/wiki/Partlet) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) 20,000 Years of Fashion (/wiki/20,000_Years_of_Fashion) , pp. 219–220 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Stamper, Anita; Condra, Jill (2010). Clothing through American history: the Civil War through the Gilded Age, 1861–1899 . Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. p. 91. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313335518 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐6f5ccb59c8‐wxh7b Cached time: 20240623103904 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.172 seconds Real time usage: 0.240 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 276/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3163/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 448/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5060/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.102/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2649928/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 214.122 1 -total 54.69% 117.093 1 Template:Reflist 44.54% 95.379 1 Template:Cite_book 43.84% 93.881 1 Template:Short_description 24.79% 53.075 2 Template:Pagetype 10.59% 22.677 3 Template:Main_other 9.19% 19.677 1 Template:SDcat 1.40% 2.992 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33498164-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623103904 and revision id 1203464991. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guimpe&oldid=1203464991 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guimpe&oldid=1203464991) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Catholic religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Catholic_religious_clothing) Medieval European costume (/wiki/Category:Medieval_European_costume) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)