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Not to be confused with his brother, Jean-François Autié (/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Auti%C3%A9) , also called Monsieur Léonard. Léonard Autié Léonard-Alexis Autié, 1905 sketch by unknown Born 1751 Died 20 March 1820 Other names Léonard-Alexis Autié Occupation Hairdresser for Queen Marie Antoinette (/wiki/Marie_Antoinette) of France Signature Léonard-Alexis Autié , also Autier [1] (#cite_note-1) (c. 1751 – 20 March 1820), often referred to simply as Monsieur Léonard , was the favourite hairdresser of Queen Marie Antoinette (/wiki/Marie_Antoinette) and in 1788–1789 founded the Théâtre de Monsieur (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Monsieur) , [2] (#cite_note-2) "the first resident theatre in France to produce a year-round repertory of Italian opera (/wiki/Italian_opera) ." [3] (#cite_note-3) Early life and career as a hairdresser [ edit ] Born in the medieval town of Pamiers (/wiki/Pamiers) in southwestern France, he was the son of Alexis Autié and Catherine Fournier, who were domestic servants. He spent time in Bordeaux (/wiki/Bordeaux) , where he began to work as a hairdresser. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 1769 he moved to Paris, where he began styling the hair of Julie Niébert, an actress at the Théâtre de Nicolet (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Nicolet) . [5] (#cite_note-5) His unusual hairstyles immediately attracted attention, and he was soon styling the hair of women of the nobility, including Madame du Barry (/wiki/Madame_du_Barry) , Louis XV's mistress [6] (#cite_note-6) and the Marquise de Langeac, a lady-in-waiting (/wiki/Lady-in-waiting) to the Dauphine Marie-Antoinette. By 1772 he had become the hairstylist of the Dauphine herself. [7] (#cite_note-7) In January 1774, at the request of Marie Antoinette, Autié and Rose Bertin (/wiki/Rose_Bertin) (her dressmaker) resuscitated the French fashion magazine, the Journal des Dames . The princess funded the venture, and the financially desperate Baroness de Prinzen agreed to lend her name to the project as the "managing editor". Needless to say, the very first issue was highly laudatory of the Dauphine's dress and hair styles. It also featured a new hairstyle invented by Mademoiselle Bertin, the ques-a-co ("What is it?"), consisting of three feathers at the back of the head, forming something similar to a question mark. Soon it was worn by all the princesses at court, and even by the king's mistress Madame du Barry (/wiki/Madame_du_Barry) . Although Léonard and Rose were "like two good sisters", Léonard could not help feeling a bit jealous, and before long he invented the pouf (/wiki/Pouf) , which was first worn in April 1774 by the Duchess of Chartres (/wiki/Louise_Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_Bourbon-Penthi%C3%A8vre,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans) , but was soon adopted by Marie-Antoinette, who made it very popular. [8] (#cite_note-8) Journal des Dames , 1774 The ques-à-co hairstyle, created by Rose Bertin (/wiki/Rose_Bertin) [9] (#cite_note-9) The coiffure à la Zephyr on Marie-Antoinette (/wiki/Marie-Antoinette) [10] (#cite_note-10) Léonard at work Autié's success allowed him to establish a hair-dressing school and studio, the Académie de coiffeur ("a virtual House of Léonard"), [11] (#cite_note-11) which was eventually situated in the rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin (/wiki/Rue_de_la_Chauss%C3%A9e-d%27Antin) in Paris. He was joined in this enterprise by his two brothers, Pierre and Jean-François (/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Auti%C3%A9) . Jean-François and their cousin Villanou also worked as hairdressers in the household of Marie-Antoinette, while Pierre worked for the king's sister, Madame Elizabeth (/wiki/Madame_Elizabeth) . Taking advantage of their brother's fame, Pierre and Jean-François also used the name Léonard , creating much confusion for subsequent historians. [12] (#cite_note-12) By 1787 Léonard-Alexis had accumulated sufficient wealth that he no longer needed to dress hair for a living. He was still called Coiffeur de la Reine (Hairdresser to the Queen) and dressed Marie Antoinette's hair on commission for special occasions, such as galas and balls. His youngest brother, Jean-François, was responsible for dressing her hair on a daily basis and also took over as the head of the Académie de coiffure . [13] (#cite_note-Bashor_2013,_p._112-13) Théâtre de Monsieur [ edit ] Marie Antoinette was very fond of opera, especially Italian opera (/wiki/Italian_opera) . She had supported the efforts of Jacques de Vismes (/wiki/Jacques_de_Vismes) du Valgay, director of the Royal Academy of Music ( Paris Opera (/wiki/Paris_Opera) ), to produce Italian operas on numerous occasions from June 1778 to March 1780, [14] (#cite_note-14) and also those of Mademoiselle Montansier (/wiki/Mademoiselle_Montansier) , director of the Théâtre de Versailles (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Montansier_(Versailles)) , to import the Italian troupe of the King's Theatre, London (/wiki/King%27s_Theatre,_London) , for a successful season of opera buffa (/wiki/Opera_buffa) in the late summer of 1787. [15] (#cite_note-15) With Marie Antoinette's encouragement Léonard soon began a new career as an opera impresario. Not having sufficient capital, he formed a partnership with Montansier, who provided 100,000 livres (/wiki/Livres) for the enterprise. [16] (#cite_note-Pericaud-16) The responsibility of being a royal patron of theatre traditionally fell to the elder of the reigning king's younger brothers, who was referred to as Monsieur. The Count of Provence (the future Louis XVIII (/wiki/Louis_XVIII) ) was not particularly interested in opera and did not fund the new theatre or participate in any direct way, but he did allow his name to be used. Thus the new theatre was to be called the Théâtre de Monsieur (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Monsieur) . However, Montansier and Léonard soon had a major disagreement. Léonard was very ambitious and wanted to present four genres: French opera (/wiki/French_opera) , Italian opera, French plays (/wiki/Theatre_of_France) , and Vaudevilles à caractères , whereas Montansier wanted to focus on Italian opera and the formation of a permanent troupe of first-rate Italian singers. She finally agreed to withdraw, but only if she was repaid her entire investment of 100,000 livres and an annuity of 20,000 livres per year for life. Léonard turned to the Italian violinist Giovanni Viotti (/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Viotti) , who was also in the service of Marie Antoinette. Viotti was able to provide some money, but not the entire amount. Léonard and Viotti finally persuaded Montansier to accept 40,000 livres plus the annuity. She would later open her own theatre in Paris (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal) to compete with the Théâtre de Monsieur. [16] (#cite_note-Pericaud-16) By 7 April 1788 Autié had been given sole ownership of the privilège (/wiki/Letters_patent) to operate the theatre, with a term of 30 years. [17] (#cite_note-17) On 28 May a society of investors was formed, with a board of directors mainly composed of lawyers and notaries. [18] (#cite_note-18) On 18 June The Times (/wiki/The_Times) of London reported "Parisian Intelligence, Paris 9 June. Leonard, the Queen's hairdresser, has obtained the patent for the comic Opera-House which is going to be erected at the Luxembourg. Cherubini and Viotti are to be the ostensible managers." [19] (#cite_note-19) In fact, the Luxembourg Garden (/wiki/Luxembourg_Garden) was considered as a site for the new theatre, but the Théâtre des Tuileries (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Tuileries) was the one finally selected. The Italian composer Luigi Cherubini (/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini) was not immediately involved but joined the enterprise later. The Théâtre de Monsieur opened on 26 January 1789 and was successful with audiences. It earned the distinction of being the first French theatre to produce Italian opera on a year-round basis. Expenses seemed always to exceed the receipts, and soon Léonard was in even more financial difficulty, but it was other events beyond his control that were to prove more critical to his eventual withdrawal from the project. [20] (#cite_note-20) French Revolution and after [ edit ] In June 1791, his brother Jean-François Autié accompanied the Duke de Choiseul (/wiki/Claude_Antoine_Gabriel,_duc_de_Choiseul-Stainville) during the royal family's flight to Varennes (/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes) . After the royal family's arrest, Jean-François went abroad and was joined there by Leónard-Alexis. After three months, Léonard-Alexis returned to Paris. As the Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) progressed and the situation for those associated with Marie Antoinette deteriorated, Léonard-Alexis left France again (probably in late June 1792) and eventually went to Russia. Jean-François remained in France and, due to his involvement in the flight to Varennes, was guillotined (/wiki/Guillotined) on 25 July 1794. Léonard-Alexis did not return to France until 1814, after Louis XVIII was restored to the throne (/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France) . [21] (#cite_note-21) Léonard-Alexis Autié died in Paris. [22] (#cite_note-22) Personal life [ edit ] Léonard-Alexis Autié married in Paris around 1779, and on 13 September 1781 his daughter Marie Anne Elisabeth was baptized at the Church of Saint-Eustache (/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris) . The baptismal document identifies his wife as Marie Louise Adélaïde Jacobie Malacrida, who was the daughter of Jacques Malacrida, an officier de bouche (kitchen assistant) for the Count of Artois (/wiki/Charles_X_of_France) . A second daughter, Louise Françoise Alexandrine, was born on 6 January 1786 and baptized on 8 January with Jean-François Autié acting as her godfather and her maternal grandmother, Louise Catherine Malacrida, as her godmother. [23] (#cite_note-23) A third daughter, Fanny, was born around 1789, and a son, Auguste–Marie, on 27 November 1790. [24] (#cite_note-24) When Léonard-Alexis emigrated, his wife refused to follow and obtained a divorce on 29 messidor (/wiki/Messidor) an II (17 July 1794). [25] (#cite_note-25) When he died in 1820, he did not leave a will, and his two surviving children, Alexandrine and Fanny shared 716 francs and a small collection of jewels, the most important of which was a brooch, a bird of paradise valued at 3 francs, which he is presumed to have received for his services to Marie Antoinette. [26] (#cite_note-26) Memoirs [ edit ] His supposed memoirs were published posthumously in 1838 by Alphonse Levavaseur in Paris as Souvenirs de Léonard, coiffeur de la reine Marie-Antoinette . The authenticity of this book is disputed: its actual authorship has been attributed to Louis-François L'Héritier (/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_L%27H%C3%A9ritier) [27] (#cite_note-27) or Étienne-Léon de Lamothe-Langon (/wiki/%C3%89tienne-L%C3%A9on_de_Lamothe-Langon) . [28] (#cite_note-28) See also [ edit ] Le Sieur Beaulard (/wiki/Le_Sieur_Beaulard) References [ edit ] Jean-François Autié (/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Auti%C3%A9) , [13] (#cite_note-Bashor_2013,_p._112-13) dit Léonard Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Di Profio 2003, pp. 43, 534. Babeau 1895, p. 47 (https://books.google.com/books?id=cFNDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA47) , gives his surname as Antier. Some sources give his name as Jean-François Autié (/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Auti%C3%A9) , a confusion with his youngest brother, also a coiffeur in the atelier Léonard, who died under the guillotine on 7 thermidor (/wiki/Thermidor) an II (25 July 1794); see Péricaud (/wiki/Louis_P%C3%A9ricaud) 1908, pp. 4–6 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ajwQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4) ; M., "Léonard, le coiffeur de Marie-Antoinette, a-t-il été exécuté ?", columns 291–293 (https://books.google.com/books?id=KDkbAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA291) in Duprat 1905, no. 1086 (30 August); and Bord 1909. For countervailing opinion, see Lenôtre 1905, pp. 287 (https://books.google.com/books?id=NOMYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA271) , 281 (https://books.google.com/books?id=NOMYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA287) , and Arthur Pougin, columns 396–399 (https://books.google.com/books?id=KDkbAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA396) in Duprat 1905, no. 1088 (20 September). ^ (#cite_ref-2) Autié's privilège (/wiki/Letters_patent) for the Théâtre de Monsieur commenced on 7 April 1788 and was valid for 30 years (Di Profio 2003, p. 43; Lister 2009, p. 126); the inaugural performance was given on 26 January 1789 (Di Profio 2003, p. 75; Lister 2009, p. 130). ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lister 2009, p. 130. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Bashor 2013, pp. VII, 5–6. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bashor 2013, pp. 2, 9. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Bashor 2013 pp 29ff ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bashor 2013, pp. 39–44. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Bashor 2013, pp. 63–69. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Bashor 2013, p. 64. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Bashor 2013, p. 68. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Bashor 2013, p. 49. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Bashor 2013, p. 49; see also Vuaflart 1916, pp. 306–308 (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6488472q/f38.image.langEN) . ^ Jump up to: a b Bashor 2013, p. 112. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Di Profio 2003, pp. 22–28. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Di Profio 2003, pp. 31–35; Lister 2009, p. 125. ^ Jump up to: a b Péricaud 1909, pp. 8–9 (https://books.google.com/books?id=0TxAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA8) ; Bashor 2013, pp. 115–116; Lister 2009, pp. 125–127. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Lister 2009, p. 126. Di Profio 2003, p. 43, calls it a brevet . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Lister 2009, p. 126. Di Profio 2003, p. 43, notes: "Ce document, malheureusement en très mauvais état, est conservé en F-Pan [French National Archives, Paris], fonds du Minutier central : ET/CXVI/570." ^ (#cite_ref-19) Quoted by Lister 2013, p. 126. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Lister 2009, pp. 126, 130, 154–156; Bashor 2013, pp. 116–121. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Tackett 2003, pp. 59, 68, 71, 264; Vuaflart 1916, pp. 305–307 (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6488472q/f37.image.langEN) ; letter from Léonard Autié to Louis XVIII (3 December 1817), reproduced in Bord 1909, pp. 201–205 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4U5BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA201) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Bashor 2013, p. X. ^ (#cite_ref-23) Bord 1909, pp. 49–50 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4U5BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA49) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Bord 1909, p. 53 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4U5BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA553) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Bord 1909, p. 54 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4U5BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Bord 1909, p. 58 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4U5BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Bord 1909, p. 65 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4U5BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 28902173 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28902173) . Sources [ edit ] Autié, Léonard [authorship disputed] (1838). Souvenirs de Léonard, coiffeur de la reine Marie-Antoinette . Paris: Alphonse Levavaseur. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 28902173 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28902173) . Babeau, Albert (1895). Le théâtre des Tuileries sous Louis XIV, Louis XV et Louis VI . Paris: Sociét´de l'Histoire de Paris. View (https://books.google.com/books?id=cFNDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3) via Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) . Bashor, Will (/wiki/Bashor,_Will) (2013). Marie Antoinette's Head: The Royal Hairdresser, the Queen, and the Revolution . Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780762791538 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762791538) . Bord, Gustave (1909). La Fin de deux légendes. L'affaire Léonard . Paris: H. Dragon. View (https://books.google.com/books?id=4U5BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP11) via Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) . Di Profio, Alessandro (2003). La révolution des Bouffons : L'opéra italien au Théâtre de Monsieur 1789–1792 . Paris: CNRS Editions. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782271060174 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782271060174) . Author unknown. Title unknown, L'intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux (/wiki/L%27interm%C3%A9diaire_des_chercheurs_et_curieux) , 41st year (https://books.google.com/books?id=KDkbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9) (via Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) ). Paris, 1905. Fayolle; Michaud jeune (1842). "Léonard" in Michaud 1842, p. 323 (https://books.google.com/books?id=8opUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA323) . Lenôtre, G. [pseudonym of Théodore Gosselin (/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Gosselin) ] (1905). Le Drame de Varennes . Paris: Perrin. View (https://books.google.com/books?id=NOMYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP15) via Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) . Lister, Warwick (2009). Amico: The Life of Giovanni Battista Viotti Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780195372403 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195372403) . Michaud, Joseph-François, editor (1842). Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne , supplement, vol. 71. Paris: Michaud. View (https://books.google.com/books?id=8opUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7) via Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) . Péricaud, Louis (/wiki/Louis_P%C3%A9ricaud) (1908). Théâtre de "Monsieur " Paris: Jorel. View (https://books.google.com/books?id=0TxAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP5) via Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) . Tackett, Timothy (2003). When the King Took Flight . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780674010543 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674010543) . Vuaflart, Albert (1916). La maison du comte de Fersen, rue Matignon. La journée du 20 juin 1791 – Monsieur Léonard . Paris. Copy (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6488472q/f11.image.langEN) via Gallica. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Léonard-Alexis Autié (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:L%C3%A9onard-Alexis_Auti%C3%A9) . Souvenirs de Léonard, coiffeur de la reine Marie-Antoinette . In two volumes (1838) (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k145317f.r=.langEN) at Gallica (/wiki/Gallica) . Recollections of Léonard, Hairdresser to Queen Marie-Antoinette , translated from the French by E. Jules Méras. 1909 edition (https://books.google.com/books?id=k2XTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3) at Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) . 1912 edition (https://archive.org/stream/recollectionsofl00lorich#page/n5/mode/2up) at Internet Archive (/wiki/Internet_Archive) . Marie Antoinette's Head: The Royal Hairdresser, the Queen, and the Revolution by Will Bashor (2013) (https://web.archive.org/web/20131208041258/http://lyonspress.com/marie_antoinette_s_head-9780762791538) – Lyons Press page Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1692086/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000122814724) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/69309410) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjtdKg8dj9P8MyrT983cP) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb102989165) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb102989165) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/101359598X) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007153834) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0220573&CON_LNG=ENG) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p125719884) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/119961784) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jc9jg Cached time: 20240720173246 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.400 seconds Real time usage: 0.594 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2965/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18292/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2169/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 38651/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.216/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3396396/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 533.553 1 -total 38.78% 206.935 1 Template:Infobox_person 19.71% 105.162 1 Template:Authority_control 18.08% 96.441 1 Template:Wikidata_image 12.72% 67.878 1 Template:Reflist 11.51% 61.393 6 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 9.51% 50.738 2 Template:OCLC 7.52% 40.135 1 Template:Distinguish 7.10% 37.884 1 Template:Commons_category 6.60% 35.205 1 Template:Sister_project Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37219233-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720173246 and revision id 1234117608. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Léonard_Autié&oldid=1234117608 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Léonard_Autié&oldid=1234117608) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1750s births (/wiki/Category:1750s_births) 1820 deaths (/wiki/Category:1820_deaths) French hairdressers (/wiki/Category:French_hairdressers) French impresarios (/wiki/Category:French_impresarios) People from Pamiers (/wiki/Category:People_from_Pamiers) Household of Marie Antoinette (/wiki/Category:Household_of_Marie_Antoinette) 18th-century theatre managers (/wiki/Category:18th-century_theatre_managers) Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from September 2014 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2014) Biography with signature (/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Articles with FAST identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NKC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers) Articles with NTA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers) Articles with SUDOC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers)
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This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexualization_in_child_beauty_pageants&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( October 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Sexualization (/wiki/Sexualization) in child beauty pageants (/wiki/Child_beauty_pageant) has been the topic of controversy and debate. Since all contestants for these pageants are minors, there are concerns regarding the potential long-term impacts early sexualization can have on their psyche (/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)) . [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) These impacts can negatively affect a contestant's self-esteem and relationship with their own bodies throughout their lives due to hyperfixation on achieving professional adult aesthetics at a young age. [2] (#cite_note-APA2-2) In more extreme cases, the impacts of early sexualization in pageants can lead to various psychological disorders (/wiki/Mental_disorder) such as depression (/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence) , anxiety disorder (/wiki/Anxiety_disorder) , and various eating disorders (/wiki/Eating_disorder) . [3] (#cite_note-:22-3) However, there is also support of children competing in beauty pageants (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) due to the way contestants are challenged to have more confidence in order to be able to compete successfully in these pageants. [4] (#cite_note-Michael2-4) Background [ edit ] There are several components to sexualization that set it apart from healthy sexuality (/wiki/Human_sexuality) . Sexualization occurs when a person's value comes only from their sexual appeal (/wiki/Sexual_appeal) or behavior (/wiki/Behavior) , to the exclusion of other characteristics. [5] (#cite_note-5) A report by the American Psychological Association (/wiki/American_Psychological_Association) more specifically cites sexuality that is imposed on someone, rather than undertaken by choice, as evidence of sexualization. [6] (#cite_note-6) In the United States, the age of legal adulthood and ability to give consent (/wiki/Consent) varies from 16 to 18 years of age, [7] (#cite_note-7) yet in child beauty pageants, the children's parents permit them to participate, pay their entry fees, dress them, and train them to perform on stage in front of judges and an audience. As Vernon R. Wiehe, a professor in the University of Kentucky (/wiki/University_of_Kentucky) College of Social Work, states, "sexualization occurs through little girls wearing adult women's clothing in diminutive sizes, the use of makeup which often is applied by makeup consultants, spray tanning the body, the dying of hair and the use of hair extensions, and assuming provocative postures more appropriate for adult models". [8] (#cite_note-Vernon-8) Many view the child's appearance as obscene or inappropriate. [8] (#cite_note-Vernon-8) In preparation for these pageants, children have their appearances altered by costumes, makeup, and other products, which objectifies (/wiki/Objectification) them at a very young age. [9] (#cite_note-9) The child perceives that sexuality is not only encouraged but can be a means to an end. [8] (#cite_note-Vernon-8) The child pageant industry involves thousands of contestants and $5 billion a year in revenue, [10] (#cite_note-Truthout-10) and television networks air in-demand shows like Toddlers & Tiaras (/wiki/Toddlers_%26_Tiaras) and Little Miss Perfect (/wiki/Little_Miss_Perfect) . The viewership implies that many adults not only condone these activities but also view children as sexual objects. [8] (#cite_note-Vernon-8) Bikini contests of minors [ edit ] Miss Tanguita , which translates as "Miss Little Thong", is held in Barbosa, Santander, Colombia (/wiki/Colombia) as an annual part of the "del Rio Suarez" Festival. Activists say that the competition, though legal, abuses the human rights of minors. [11] (#cite_note-11) Beginning in 2016, the Miss Teen USA (/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA) pageant removed the swimsuit competition and replaced it with an athleticwear round. [12] (#cite_note-12) Training for beauty pageants [ edit ] The training for child beauty pageant competitors includes long hours and strict daily routines. [13] (#cite_note-:02-13) During training periods, they are often pushed beyond their limits and denied necessary rest. [13] (#cite_note-:02-13) Parents can pay for private coaching, teach their children themselves, or enroll them in pageant schools. [14] (#cite_note-:12-14) Although these children are working long hours throughout the week for the financial gain of their parents, [14] (#cite_note-:12-14) child labor laws in the United States (/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States) do not apply to them and the practice remains mostly unregulated. [14] (#cite_note-:12-14) Support for participation [ edit ] Despite widespread criticism of child beauty pageants, contestants' parents continue to argue for the positive impact that they have on their children's personal development. Supporters often cite self-confidence and poise as attributes that they learn during the pageant process, and still more defend pageants as being similar to other athletic, music, or educational programs. Since young girls like playing dress up and enjoy participating in beauty pageants, they argue, that they are positive events. [15] (#cite_note-Michael-15) The Pageant Director for the Cities of America preliminary pageant system echoes these sentiments and argues that pageants are good for girls—they develop self-confidence by actively trying to be a part of something, they compete with others through a fair process and enjoy meeting others with similar interests. [16] (#cite_note-16) Being able to communicate and network with others is an important skill that children learn at a young age when participating in beauty pageants. Through pageants, they also learn how to communicate with adults. [17] (#cite_note-Kids_Formal-17) One mother insists that pageants have helped her daughter "gain poise, confidence (/wiki/Confidence) , showmanship (/wiki/Showmanship_(performing)) , discipline (/wiki/Discipline) and grace." [18] (#cite_note-18) This may be true for some contestants, as the child's attitude typically derives from the parent. When the parents embrace a positive attitude, the children usually follow. In these cases, pageants can teach children how to be gracious winners and good losers. They will learn the aspects of rules and fair play. Thus, pageants teach them how to be calm, cool, and collected in front of crowds. Supporters believe participants learn tenacity when they fail and must move on, and they practice arduously trying to achieve something which proves even more valuable when they are successful. [17] (#cite_note-Kids_Formal-17) From some child contestants' perspectives, pageants are fun and a way to make new friends, and they are able to feel good about their friends winning. [15] (#cite_note-Michael-15) Criticism of sexualization in child pageants [ edit ] There is a wide scope of criticisms regarding children participating in beauty pageants. A writer for the New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) criticized child beauty pageants because participants and viewers impose adulthood on children while still expecting them to radiate innocence. [19] (#cite_note-Karen-19) The appeal of child beauty pageants in this context is the simultaneous existence of adult sexuality and childhood innocence in the contestants. [19] (#cite_note-Karen-19) In 1996, footage of 6-year-old JonBenét Ramsey (/wiki/JonBen%C3%A9t_Ramsey) was broadcast on television across the U.S. of her performing onstage wearing a skimpy outfit with full makeup and hair during a child beauty pageant—viewers felt as if they were watching "child pornography". [20] (#cite_note-20) However, the coverage of her murder investigation became a public spectacle due to the surrounding scandal regarding her hypersexuality in her pageant performances. [21] (#cite_note-:5-21) The scandal marked one of the first instances of the public questioning the practices that take place in child beauty pageants, as the discourse around her adult and sexualized image played a key role in her trials. [21] (#cite_note-:5-21) Children develop a sense of sexual identity during the ages of adolescence and sexualization makes this task a greater priority during their youth. When parents enter their child into beauty competitions they are encouraging their children to engage in behaviors and practices that are socially associated with sexiness. [22] (#cite_note-22) With popularity of similar child beauty pageant television shows like Toddlers & Tiaras (/wiki/Toddlers_%26_Tiaras) , the public is concerned that young contestants are being displayed as objects of sexual desire to their audience. [23] (#cite_note-:122-23) Reality shows such as Toddlers & Tiaras reinforce the dominant perception of women's worth being inherently and directly linked to their sexual desirability. [23] (#cite_note-:122-23) The reality shows that document the journey of young children through pageant competitions are centred around the physical transformation of the contestants from a typical childish aesthetic to a mature woman's aesthetic. [24] (#cite_note-:62-24) Through observing and learning from the way their environment praises these physical transformations, child contestants in these pageants come to learn that their gender identity is a performed concept and the more sexual, mature, and feminine this performance is, the more they are succeeding in performing womanhood. [24] (#cite_note-:62-24) Children are in child beauty pageants solely because of their age. These children are judged along with the same criteria as an adult pageant woman would be judged on. [19] (#cite_note-Karen-19) Since the children are aware that their performance is expected to be the portrayal of adult womanhood, it indirectly teaches them that womanhood cannot exist without sexuality. [25] (#cite_note-:8-25) The indirect lessons impact the mindset of young girls in the long term due to its implications regarding gender performance (/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender) . [25] (#cite_note-:8-25) There is controversy around the Glitz Child Beauty Pageants due to contestants dramatically enhancing their appearances and provocative performances. Performances and image alterations like the ones displayed in glitz pageants encourage young contestants to believe that having glitz beauty is the only way to gain success in both their pageant and non-pageant lives. [23] (#cite_note-:122-23) Due to the way these pageants are set up so children are directly competing against other children, they come to understand that it is obligatory for them to perform adult "sexiness" in order to receive positive attention and praise from their own parents. [26] (#cite_note-Morgan2-26) Consequences of child sexualization in child pageants [ edit ] In reports of children being sexually abused, research shows that the sexualization of children is a contributing factor to their abuse. [8] (#cite_note-Vernon-8) Also, if a child is winning constantly in a competition that is based primarily on their looks, they are more likely to develop psychological (/wiki/Psychological) issues later on in life, such as depression, low self-esteem, and eating disorders. [27] (#cite_note-APA-27) There is also a link to lowered sexual efficacy and contraceptive use later in life. [ citation needed ] "'Some critics contend that the child beauty pageant culture fails to acknowledge that "sexualized images of little girls may have dangerous implications in a world where 450,000 American children were reported as victims of sexual abuse in 1993." [28] (#cite_note-28) The hyper attention and judgement towards children's physical appearance in child beauty pageants increases their risk of developing various forms of eating disorders (/wiki/Eating_disorder) . [3] (#cite_note-:22-3) Some of these eating disorders that have long lasting physiological and psychological impacts include anorexia (/wiki/Anorexia) and bulimia (/wiki/Bulimia) . [3] (#cite_note-:22-3) The psychological problems related to perceptions of the self are long lasting and carry onto adolescence and adulthood due to the hyper fixation on their physical appearance at an early age. [29] (#cite_note-Martina2-29) The implications regarding the achievement of "perfection" and the perception of body image that have been taught to these them remain engrained in the way they view themselves long after they retire from pageant competitions and transition into adulthood. [29] (#cite_note-Martina2-29) Since mothers are usually the parent that is emotionally involved in their child's participation in pageants, there's a lot of information regarding their outlook on the contests. [30] (#cite_note-:3-30) Some of the immense pressure that is put on child beauty pageant contestants are attributed to the overcompensation of pageant moms due to their own insecurities. [30] (#cite_note-:3-30) As a result of these mother's constant pushing, many of these young girls feel as if they let their mothers down by failing to achieve the unattainable standards of beauty and sexuality that is set for them. [30] (#cite_note-:3-30) In France, Senators voted to ban child beauty pageants altogether. [31] (#cite_note-:4-31) The ban took the form of an amendment (/wiki/Amendment) to the already established women's rights (/wiki/Women%27s_rights) law and condemned all these pageants for violating children's equal rights due to their objectification in child beauty pageant competitions. [31] (#cite_note-:4-31) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-:7_1-0) "APA Task Force Report on the Sexualization of Girls: Empowering Girls". 2007. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1037/e582772010-001 (https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fe582772010-001) . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-APA2_2-0) APA Task Force (/wiki/American_Psychological_Association) (2010). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls . Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association (/wiki/American_Psychological_Association) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 123130352 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123130352) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Grosaru, Lucia (7 September 2009). "Toddlers and Children Beauty Pageants- Risk Factors for Severe Psychological Turmoils" (http://psychologycorner.com/toddlers-and-children-beauty-pageants-risk-factors-for-severe-psychological-turmoils/) . Psychology Corner . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Michael2_4-0) Inbar, Michael. "Parents defend Putting their kids in beauty pageants" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120313070044/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/28873086/ns/today-parenting_and_family/t/parents-defend-putting-their-kids-beauty-pageants#.T5SX0hxztZ4) . Today Parenting. Archived from the original (https://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/28873086/ns/today-parenting_and_family/t/parents-defend-putting-their-kids-beauty-pageants/#.T5SX0hxztZ4) on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Oppliger, Patrice (/wiki/Patrice_Oppliger) (2008). Girls gone skank: the sexualization of girls in American culture . Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company Inc., Publishers. pp. 1–2. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780786435227 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls" (http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/girls/report.aspx) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "United States Age of Consent Laws By State" (https://www.ageofconsent.net/states) . www.ageofconsent.net . Retrieved 19 February 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Vernon, Wiehe. "Nothing Pretty in Child Pageants" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140530111705/http://www.kentucky.com/2011/08/14/1844981/nothing-pretty-in-child-pageants.html) . kentucky.com. Archived from the original (http://www.kentucky.com/2011/08/14/1844981/nothing-pretty-in-child-pageants.html) on 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Bartlett, Myke (2008). "Sex Sells: Child Sexualization and the Media". Screen Education . ^ (#cite_ref-Truthout_10-0) Giroux, Henry A. (11 May 2009). "Child Beauty Pageants: A Scene From the "Other America" (https://truthout.org/articles/child-beauty-pageants-a-scene-from-the-other-america/) " (https://truthout.org/articles/child-beauty-pageants-a-scene-from-the-other-america/) . Truthout . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Raya Desmawanto Nainggolan (14 January 2015). "Wah, Kontes Ratu Bikini Anak-Anak Digelar di Negara Ini" (http://pekanbaru.tribunnews.com/2015/01/14/wah-kontes-ratu-bikini-anak-anak-digelar-di-negara-ini) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "First Look! See What Miss Teen USA Contestants Will Wear Instead of Bikinis on Total Divas" (http://www.eonline.com/shows/total_divas/news/781840/first-look-see-what-miss-teen-usa-contestants-will-wear-instead-of-bikinis) . 22 July 2016 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cartwright, Martina M. (November 2012). "Princess by Proxy: What Child Beauty Pageants Teach Girls About Self-Worth and What We Can Do About It" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890856712006016) . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 51 (11): 1105–1107. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.011 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaac.2012.08.011) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 23101735 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23101735) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Levey, Hilary (May 2009). "Pageant Princesses and Math Whizzes: Understanding children's activities as a form of children's work" (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0907568209104401) . Childhood . 16 (2): 195–212. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0907568209104401 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0907568209104401) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0907-5682 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0907-5682) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 145685185 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145685185) . ^ Jump up to: a b Inbar, Michael. "Parents defend Putting their kids in beauty pageants" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120313070044/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/28873086/ns/today-parenting_and_family/t/parents-defend-putting-their-kids-beauty-pageants#.T5SX0hxztZ4) . Today Parenting. Archived from the original (https://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/28873086/ns/today-parenting_and_family/t/parents-defend-putting-their-kids-beauty-pageants/#.T5SX0hxztZ4) on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Jen. "Pageantry With Purpose" (http://nationalsteenpageants.wordpress.com/about/) . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Benefits of Child Beauty Pageants" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171218021048/http://www.kidsformal.com/product-p/benefits%20of%20child%20beauty%20pagea.htm) . Kids Formal. Archived from the original (http://www.kidsformal.com/product-p/benefits%20of%20child%20beauty%20pagea.htm) on 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Why Beauty Pageants Are Good For Girls" (http://shine.yahoo.com/parenting/why-beauty-pageants-are-good-for-girls-2447925.html) . Shine from Yahoo. 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c De Witt, Karen (12 January 1997). "Never Too Young to Be Perfect" (https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/weekinreview/never-too-young-to-be-perfect.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Kibbey, A. (2000). "Trial by Media: DNA and Beauty-Pageant Evidence in the Ramsey Murder Case" (https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/nyls43&i=703) . New York Law School Law Review . 43 (3–4): 691–714. ^ Jump up to: a b Giroux, Henry A. (1998). "Nymphet Fantasies: Child Beauty Pageants and the Politics of Innocence" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/466880) . Social Text (57): 31–53. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/466880 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F466880) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 466880 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/466880) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "APA Task Force Report on the Sexualization of Girls: Empowering Girls". 2007. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1037/e582772010-001 (https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fe582772010-001) . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c Wolfe, L. (2012). "Darling Divas or Damaged Daughters? The Dark Side of Child Beauty Pageants and an Administrative Law Solution" (https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/tulr87&i=453) . Tulane Law Review . 87 (2): 427–455. ^ Jump up to: a b Hodel, Christina (1 January 2014). "Performing the Ultimate Grand Supreme: Approval, Gender and Identity in Toddlers & Tiaras" (https://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2014.070208) . Girlhood Studies . 7 (2). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3167/ghs.2014.070208 (https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fghs.2014.070208) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1938-8209 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1938-8209) . ^ Jump up to: a b Zaborskis, Mary (2015). "Age Drag" (https://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/wsq/v043/43.1-2.zaborskis.html) . WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly . 43 (1–2): 115–129. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/wsq.2015.0020 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwsq.2015.0020) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1934-1520 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1520) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 201782196 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201782196) . ^ (#cite_ref-Morgan2_26-0) Morgan, Mandy (18 November 2012). "Toddlers and Tears: The Sexualization of Young Girls" (http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865567072/Toddlers-and-Tears-The-sexualization-of-young-girls.html?pg=all) . deseretnews.com . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-APA_27-0) APA Task Force (/wiki/American_Psychological_Association) (2010). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls . Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association (/wiki/American_Psychological_Association) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 123130352 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123130352) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Giroux, Henry (2000). "Nymphet Fantasies: Child Beauty Pageants and the Politics of Innocence". Stealing Innocence . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 39–64. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-1-137-10916-3_2 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-137-10916-3_2) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-312-23932-7 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cartwright, Martina. "Child Beauty Pageants: What Are We Teaching Our Girls?" (http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/food-thought/201108/child-beauty-pageants-what-are-we-teaching-our-girls) . Psychology Today . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Darling Divas or Damaged Daughters? The Dark Side of Child Beauty Pageants and an Administrative Law Solution" (https://www.tulanelawreview.org/pub/volume87/issue2/darling-divas-or-damaged-daughters) . Tulane Law Review . 13 March 2021 . Retrieved 5 December 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "France's Senate votes to ban child beauty pageants" (http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/frances-senate-votes-ban-child-beauty-pageants-flna4B11192474) . NBC News . 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2021 . 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American apparel brand This article is about the company. For the ethnic group, see Bomba (tribe) (/wiki/Bomba_(tribe)) . Bombas Industry Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Founded 2013 Founders Randy Goldberg, David Heath Headquarters New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) Website bombas (https://bombas.com/) .com (https://bombas.com/) Bombas is an apparel brand. The company originally sold socks and began selling T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) in 2019. For every item purchased, a clothing item is donated to a homeless shelter (/wiki/Homeless_shelter) or homelessness (/wiki/Homelessness) -related charity. History [ edit ] Bombas launched in 2013, after founders Randy Goldberg and David Heath [1] (#cite_note-FastCompany-1) learned that socks are the most requested clothing item in homeless shelters. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) They established the brand’s mission to donate one pair of socks for every pair purchased. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The company first received funding in 2013, raising nearly $145,000 through the crowdfunding website Indiegogo (/wiki/Indiegogo) . A year later, the company raised $1 million in seed funding from friends and family. [3] (#cite_note-NYT-3) The founders appeared on a September 2014 episode of ABC’s Shark Tank (/wiki/Shark_Tank) and secured a deal with Daymond John (/wiki/Daymond_John) , with John providing $200,000 for 17.5% of the company. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2018, the company exceeded $100 million in revenue. [5] (#cite_note-5) By April 2020, Bombas had donated 35 million pairs of socks. [6] (#cite_note-6) In June 2020, Bombas released a collection of socks for which the company would donate an apparel item to a charity supporting LGBT (/wiki/LGBT) youth for each item purchased. [7] (#cite_note-7) As of October 2023, they’ve done $1.3 billion in retail sales. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2024, it was announced that Bombas would participate as one of the brand partners in the merchandising campaign for the upcoming first film (/wiki/Wicked_(2024_film)) of the two-part film adaptation of the musical Wicked (/wiki/Wicked_(musical)) for Universal Pictures (/wiki/Universal_Pictures) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of sock manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sock_manufacturers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FastCompany_1-0) Segran, Elizabeth (July 29, 2017). "Getting Startups Fired Up About Social Justice, One Sock At A Time" (https://www.fastcompany.com/40445016/how-one-sock-brand-is-helping-startups-step-up-their-social-good-game) . Fast Company . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b D'Innocenzio, Anne (August 19, 2018). "Online socks seller Bombas mixes commerce and charity" (https://apnews.com/dc84e45780f24847ac13fd731d5120a9) . AP News . Retrieved November 8, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT_3-0) Gelles, David (March 19, 2016). "Selling High-End Socks by Giving Them Away" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/20/business/selling-high-end-socks-by-giving-them-away.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Montag, Ali (August 22, 2017). "How Daymond John faced failure and ended up winning big" (https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/21/shark-tank-investor-daymond-john-won-big-with-bombas.html) . CNBC . Retrieved April 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Weisul, Kimberly (May 16, 2019). "Bombas: Charitable at the Start, Profitable by Year 3, and Only 3 Employees Have Ever Quit" (https://www.inc.com/magazine/201906/kimberly-weisul/bombas-socks-low-turnover-emergency-fund-best-workplaces-2019.html) . Inc.com . Retrieved November 8, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Leighton, Mara (April 17, 2020). "Bombas socks review: the best socks we've ever worn" (https://www.businessinsider.com/bombas-socks-review) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Axel Springer SE (/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE) . Retrieved April 21, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Miller, Charlie; Miller, Carballo (May 12, 2020). "Celebrate LGBTQ Pride Month With Gear From Brands That Give Back" (https://footwearnews.com/feature/pride-shoes-sneakers-lgbtq-charity-proceeds-converse-adidas-1202785050/) . Footwear News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200524102018/https://footwearnews.com/feature/pride-shoes-sneakers-lgbtq-charity-proceeds-converse-adidas-1202785050/) from the original on May 24, 2020 . Retrieved May 29, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Bombas Socks – $100 Million Shark Tank Success Story" (https://techiegamers.com/bombas-net-worth/) . TechieGamers.com . January 20, 2023 . Retrieved October 31, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) https://playbill.com/article/barbies-and-lego-and-bears-oh-my-a-wicked-movie-merch-bonanza-is-on-the-horizon (https://playbill.com/article/barbies-and-lego-and-bears-oh-my-a-wicked-movie-merch-bonanza-is-on-the-horizon) ^ (#cite_ref-10) " (https://www.licenseglobal.com/movies/wicked-product-collaborations-named) 'Wicked' Product Collaborations Named" (https://www.licenseglobal.com/movies/wicked-product-collaborations-named) . www.licenseglobal.com . Retrieved June 4, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Wicked is defying fans not to buy its merch" (https://www.avclub.com/wicked-mer-brand-tie-ins-universal-ariana-grande-1851491934) . The A.V. Club . May 21, 2024 . Retrieved June 4, 2024 . External links [ edit ] Good Morning America feature (https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/entrepreneurs-socks-company-bombas-share-success-story-48979636) v t e Shark Tank (/wiki/Shark_Tank) Investors Kevin O'Leary (/wiki/Kevin_O%27Leary) Barbara Corcoran (/wiki/Barbara_Corcoran) Daymond John (/wiki/Daymond_John) Robert Herjavec (/wiki/Robert_Herjavec) Mark Cuban (/wiki/Mark_Cuban) Lori Greiner (/wiki/Lori_Greiner) Episodes (/wiki/List_of_Shark_Tank_episodes) Season 1 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_1) Season 2 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_2) Season 3 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_3) Season 4 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_4) Season 5 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_5) Season 6 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_6) Season 7 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_7) Season 8 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_8) Season 9 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_9) Season 10 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_10) Season 11 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_11) Season 12 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_12) Season 13 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_13) Season 14 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_14) Season 15 (/wiki/Shark_Tank_season_15) Notable investments (/wiki/List_of_Shark_Tank_investments) Bombas Breathometer (/wiki/Breathometer) Cycloramic (/wiki/Cycloramic) Drop Stop (/wiki/Drop_Stop) LuminAID (/wiki/LuminAID) Nardo's Natural (/wiki/Nardo%27s_Natural) Notehall (/wiki/Notehall) Plated (/wiki/Plated_(meal_kits)) Roominate (/wiki/Roominate) Scrub Daddy (/wiki/Scrub_Daddy) Shark Wheel (/wiki/Shark_Wheel) Talbott Teas (/wiki/Talbott_Teas) Tipsy Elves (/wiki/Tipsy_Elves) Villy Custom (/wiki/Villy_Custom) Notable companies that did not get an offer or declined an offer Ring (/wiki/Ring_(company)) Coffee Meets Bagel (/wiki/Coffee_Meets_Bagel) Kodiak Cakes (/wiki/Kodiak_Cakes) Scan (/wiki/Scan_(company)) Manscaped (/wiki/Manscaped) Beyond the Tank (/wiki/Beyond_the_Tank) Dragons' Den (/wiki/Dragons%27_Den) Shark Tank Australia (/wiki/Shark_Tank_(Australian_TV_series)) Shark Tank India (/wiki/Shark_Tank_India) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐776f6b9c48‐mdpwg Cached time: 20240716020203 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.363 seconds Real time usage: 0.531 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1832/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 33761/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1122/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 49075/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.245/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6384239/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 448.146 1 -total 29.12% 130.508 1 Template:Reflist 21.47% 96.199 1 Template:Shark_Tank 21.00% 94.131 1 Template:Navbox 19.16% 85.864 3 Template:Cite_news 18.83% 84.401 1 Template:Infobox_company 16.61% 74.421 1 Template:Infobox 15.17% 67.993 1 Template:Short_description 9.40% 42.140 2 Template:Pagetype 6.33% 28.372 7 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55624764-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716020203 and revision id 1234770392. 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2008) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2008" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2008%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2008%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2008%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2008%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2008%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Victoria%27s+Secret+Fashion+Show+2008%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Angels) 2008 Victoria's Secrets 2008 Angels (left to right in each row): Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) , Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) , Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) , Karolina Kurkova (/wiki/Karolina_Kurkova) , Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) , Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) , Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) , and Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) . The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) is an annual fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) sponsored by Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , a brand of lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models (/wiki/Fashion_model) , such as current Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Angel) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) , Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) , Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) , Karolina Kurkova (/wiki/Karolina_Kurkova) , Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) , Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) , Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) , and Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) . This year, Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) replaced Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) as the Pink spokesmodel. The 13th fashion show featured some of the new Angels and also the returning Angels. There were special performances by Usher (/wiki/Usher_(entertainer)) and Jorge Moreno (/wiki/Jorge_Moreno_(musician)) , and the show was hosted by Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) . Dates Locations Broadcaster Viewers (millions) Host Performers Previous Next November 15, 2008 (recorded), December 3, 2008 (aired) Fontainebleau Hotel (/wiki/Fontainebleau_Miami_Beach) , Miami CBS 8.7 Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) Usher (/wiki/Usher_(entertainer)) and Jorge Moreno (/wiki/Jorge_Moreno_(musician)) 2007 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2007) 2009 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2009) Fashion show segments [ edit ] Segment 1: Glamour Goddess [ edit ] Artist Song(s) Status Usher (/wiki/Usher_(musician)) " What's Your Name (/wiki/What%27s_Your_Name_(Usher_song)) " • " Yeah! (/wiki/Yeah!_(Usher_song)) " Live Performance • Medley Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes Brazilians (/wiki/Brazilians) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) W 2000–2003 • 2005–2017 2 Angel (2004–2017) Australian (/wiki/Australians) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) 2006–2009 • 2011–2012 3 Angel (2007–2013) • P Spokesmodel (2006-2009) Belarusian (/wiki/Belarusians) Maryna Linchuk (/wiki/Maryna_Linchuk) 2008–2011 • 2013 Newcomer Caymanian (/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands) Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) W 2005–2010 3 Angel (2005–2008) Czech (/wiki/Czechs) Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) 2000–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010 3 Angel (2005–2009) German (/wiki/Germans) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) 1997–2003 • 2005 • 2007–2009 1 Angel (1999–2010) Russian (/wiki/Russians) Anne Vyalitsyna (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) 2008 • 2010–2011 Newcomer Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) W 2005–2016 Former 3 Angel (2005–2008) Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 • 2011–2014 3 Angel (2008–2014) German (/wiki/Germans) Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) 2005–2011 South African (/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) 2007–2015 • 2017–2018 Fitting Model Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) returned to the runway to close the performance Segment 2: Dangerous [ edit ] Artist Song Status Jorge Moreno (/wiki/Jorge_Moreno_(musician)) Babalu Live Performance Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes American (/wiki/Americans) Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) 2007–2009 3 Angel (2007–2009) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Flávia de Oliveira (/wiki/Fl%C3%A1via_de_Oliveira) 2006–2008 • 2010–2011 Estonian (/wiki/Estonians) Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) 1999–2000 • 2002–2003 • 2008 Comeback Spanish (/wiki/Spaniards) Clara Alonso (/wiki/Clara_Alonso_(model)) 2008 Newcomer French (/wiki/French_people) Morgane Dubled (/wiki/Morgane_Dubled) 2005–2008 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Emanuela de Paula (/wiki/Emanuela_de_Paula) 2008 • 2010–2011 Newcomer French (/wiki/French_people) Noémie Lenoir (/wiki/No%C3%A9mie_Lenoir) 2007–2008 Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) 2008 Newcomer Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) 2003 • 2005 • 2007–2010 • 2012 • 2014 Americans (/wiki/Americans) Sessilee Lopez (/wiki/Sessilee_Lopez) 2008–2009 Newcomer Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) 2000 • 2003 • 2005–2008 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Ana Beatriz Barros (/wiki/Ana_Beatriz_Barros) 2002–2003 • 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 Comeback Segment 3: The Moderns [ edit ] Artist Song(s) Status The Killers (/wiki/The_Killers) " Human (/wiki/Human_(The_Killers_song)) " Remixed Recording Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2000–2003 • 2005–2017 2 Angel (2004–2017) British (/wiki/British_people) Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) 2006–2010 Latvian (/wiki/Latvians) Ingūna Butāne (/wiki/Ing%C5%ABna_But%C4%81ne) 2005 • 2007–2008 Swedish (/wiki/Swedes) Caroline Winberg (/wiki/Caroline_Winberg) 2005–2011 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) Caymanian (/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands) Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) 2005–2010 3 Angel (2005–2008) Dominican (/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic) Arlenis Sosa (/wiki/Arlenis_Sosa) 2008 Newcomer American (/wiki/Americans) Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) 2007–2009 3 Angel (2007–2010) Australian (/wiki/Australians) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) 2006–2009 • 2011–2012 3 Angel (2007–2013) • P Spokesmodel (2006-2009) Segment 4: PINK Planet [ edit ] Artist Song(s) Status The Ting Tings (/wiki/The_Ting_Tings) " That's Not My Name (/wiki/That%27s_Not_My_Name) " Remixed Recording Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes Namibian (/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia) Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) 2007–2015 • 2018 P Spokesmodel (2008–2011) American (/wiki/Americans) Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) 2008–2013 Newcomer Australian (/wiki/Australians) Sarah Stephens (/wiki/Sarah_Stephens) 2008 Abbey Lee Kershaw (/wiki/Abbey_Lee_Kershaw) 2008–2009 American (/wiki/Americans) Shannan Click (/wiki/Shannan_Click) 2008–2011 Lithuanian (/wiki/Lithuanians) Edita Vilkevičiūtė (/wiki/Edita_Vilkevi%C4%8Di%C5%ABt%C4%97) 2008–2010 American (/wiki/Americans) Lindsay Ellingson (/wiki/Lindsay_Ellingson) 2007–2014 South African (/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) W 2007–2015 • 2017–2018 Fitting Model British (/wiki/British_people) Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) 2006–2010 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Flávia de Oliveira (/wiki/Fl%C3%A1via_de_Oliveira) 2006–2008 • 2010–2011 Segment 5: Ballet de Fleurs [ edit ] Artist Song(s) Status Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) " With You (/wiki/With_You_(Chris_Brown_song)) " Recording Remixed Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 • 2011–2014 3 Angel (2008–2014) • Comeback German (/wiki/Germans) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) 1997–2003 • 2005 • 2007–2009 1 Angel (1999–2010) South African (/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) 2007–2015 • 2017–2018 Fitting Model Australian (/wiki/Australians) Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) W 2006–2009 • 2011–2012 3 Angel (2007–2013) Sweden (/wiki/Swedes) Caroline Winberg (/wiki/Caroline_Winberg) 2005–2011 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Emanuela de Paula (/wiki/Emanuela_de_Paula) 2008 • 2010–2011 Newcomer Belarusian (/wiki/Belarusians) Maryna Linchuk (/wiki/Maryna_Linchuk) 2008–2011 American (/wiki/Americans) Sessilee Lopez (/wiki/Sessilee_Lopez) 2008–2009 Spanish (/wiki/Spaniards) Clara Alonso (/wiki/Clara_Alonso_(model)) 2008 Czech (/wiki/Czechs) Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) 2000–2008 • 2010 3 Angel (2005–2009) Latvian (/wiki/Latvians) Ingūna Butāne (/wiki/Ing%C5%ABna_But%C4%81ne) 2005 • 2007–2008 German (/wiki/Germans) Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) W 2005–2011 Segment 6: Black Tie Holiday [ edit ] Artist Song Status Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) Love Lockdown (/wiki/Love_Lockdown) Remixed Recording Nationality Model Wings Runway Shows Notes Caymanian (/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands) Selita Ebanks (/wiki/Selita_Ebanks) 2005–2010 3 Angel (2005–2008) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) 2005–2016 Former 3 Angel (2005–2008) Ana Beatriz Barros (/wiki/Ana_Beatriz_Barros) 2002–2003 • 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 Comeback Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) 2003 • 2005 • 2007–2010 • 2012 • 2014 French (/wiki/French_people) Noémie Lenoir (/wiki/No%C3%A9mie_Lenoir) 2007–2008 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2000–2003 • 2005–2017 2 Angel (2004–2017) American (/wiki/Americans) Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) 2000 • 2003 • 2005–2008 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) W 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) • Wearing "Black Diamond Fantasy Miracle Bra" (Value: $5,000,000) Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) 2008 Newcomer American (/wiki/Americans) Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) 2007–2009 3 Angel (2007–2009) Estonian (/wiki/Estonians) Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) 1999–2000 • 2002–2003 • 2008 Comeback Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Doutzen Kroes (/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes) 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 • 2010–2014 3 Angel (2008–2014) German (/wiki/Germans) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) W 1997–2003 • 2005 • 2007–2009 1 Angel (1999–2010) Finale [ edit ] Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) and Maryna Linchuk (/wiki/Maryna_Linchuk) led the finale. Index [ edit ] Symbol Meaning 1 1st Generation Angels 2 2nd Generation Angels 3 3rd Generation Angels P PINK Spokesmodels W Wings References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] VSFS 2008 Gallery (http://vsholic.com/gallery/2008/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110603225723/http://vsholic.com/gallery/2008/) 2011-06-03 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2008 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xf2b45Wk30Y&list=UUVsXjwCHwYVBYuecfTs2T4Q/) on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) v t e Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) 2001 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2001) 2002 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2002) 2003 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2003) 2005 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2005) 2006 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2006) 2007 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2007) 2008 2009 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2009) 2010 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2010) 2011 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2011) 2012 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2012) 2013 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2013) 2014 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2014) 2015 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2015) 2016 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2016) 2017 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2017) 2018 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2018) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5d7979cbdd‐lnjgf Cached time: 20240715233847 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.475 seconds Real time usage: 0.637 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 11425/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 84292/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 15853/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11959/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.166/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2327208/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 466.686 1 -total 45.27% 211.251 70 Template:Flagicon 23.24% 108.473 1 Template:More_citations_needed 20.07% 93.643 1 Template:Ambox 17.20% 80.292 1 Template:Victoria's_Secret_Fashion_Shows 16.75% 78.189 1 Template:Navbox 6.82% 31.839 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 5.67% 26.468 70 Template:Flag_icon/core 4.38% 20.462 70 Template:Yesno-no 4.25% 19.828 1 Template:Multiple_image Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39088617-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715233847 and revision id 1234750711. 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Irish model and actress Olivia Tracey Born Olivia Marie Tracey ( 1960-07-11 ) 11 July 1960 (age 64) Terenure (/wiki/Terenure) , Dublin (/wiki/Dublin) , Ireland (/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) Occupation(s) Model, actress Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Ireland) 1984 Major competition(s) Miss Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Ireland) 1984 (Winner) Miss World 1984 (/wiki/Miss_World_1984) (6th runner-up) Miss Universe 1985 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1985) (Top 10) Olivia Marie Tracey (born 11 July 1960) is an Irish (/wiki/Irish_people) actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Biography [ edit ] Born Olivia Treacy in Terenure (/wiki/Terenure) , Dublin (/wiki/Dublin) , [3] (#cite_note-3) she attended Loreto Beaufort (/wiki/Loreto_Beaufort) and University College, Dublin (/wiki/University_College,_Dublin) . [4] (#cite_note-Coffey-4) She qualified as a teacher but soon took up modelling. [4] (#cite_note-Coffey-4) She won Miss Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Ireland) in 1984, and finished in the top 10 in both the Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) contest in 1984, and the Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) contest in 1985. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) She subsequently worked as an actress on both stage and screen, with minor roles in Agnes Browne (/wiki/Agnes_Browne) (1999), The Island (/wiki/The_Island_(2005_film)) (2005) and Lucky You (/wiki/Lucky_You_(film)) (2007), and a starring role in Red Roses and Petrol (/wiki/Red_Roses_and_Petrol) (2002). [11] (#cite_note-Donohoe-11) As of 2019, she is a model and actress living in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . [11] (#cite_note-Donohoe-11) [4] (#cite_note-Coffey-4) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) McCarthy, Seán (11 June 2008). "Irish Examiner USA: Olivia Tracey is 'Hollywood-Hot!' (http://www.irishexaminerusa.com/mt/2008/06/11/olivia_tracey_is_hollywoodhot.html) " (http://www.irishexaminerusa.com/mt/2008/06/11/olivia_tracey_is_hollywoodhot.html) . IrishExaminerUSA.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081201134523/http://www.irishexaminerusa.com/mt/2008/06/11/olivia_tracey_is_hollywoodhot.html) from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Power, Bairbre (8 September 2011). "Olivia Tracey in catwalk return" (https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/fashion-beauty/olivia-tracey-in-catwalk-return-28655268.html) . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk (/wiki/BelfastTelegraph.co.uk) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085612/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/fashion-beauty/olivia-tracey-in-catwalk-return-28655268.html) from the original on 27 March 2019 . Retrieved 4 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Model Miss Ireland 1984" (https://www.rte.ie/archives/2019/0724/1065026-miss-ireland-olivia-treacy/) . RTÉ Archives . Retrieved 1 May 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Coffey, Edel (5 February 2014). "Olivia Treacy: From Miss Ireland to LA's red carpet" (https://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/olivia-treacy-from-miss-ireland-to-las-red-carpet-29968896.html) . Independent.ie (/wiki/Independent.ie) . Retrieved 4 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "People in the Sun - Odds on Miss World" (https://newspaperarchive.com/celebrity-clipping-nov-15-1984-1458456/) . The Sun (/wiki/The_Sun_(Lowell)) . Lowell, Massachusetts (/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts) . 15 November 1984. p. A3 . Retrieved 4 December 2019 – via NewspaperArchive.com (/wiki/NewspaperArchive.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Venezuelan Wins 'Miss World' (https://newspaperarchive.com/celebrity-clipping-nov-16-1984-1458458/) " (https://newspaperarchive.com/celebrity-clipping-nov-16-1984-1458458/) . Altoona Mirror (/wiki/Altoona_Mirror) . Altoona, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania) . United Press International (/wiki/United_Press_International) . 16 November 1984. p. 3 . Retrieved 4 December 2019 – via NewspaperArchive.com (/wiki/NewspaperArchive.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Herring USA, and Tracey Ireland ahead of Miss Universe 1985" (https://newspaperarchive.com/celebrity-clipping-jun-24-1985-1458437/) . The Crescent-News (/wiki/The_Crescent-News) . Defiance, Ohio (/wiki/Defiance,_Ohio) . 24 June 1985. p. 19 . Retrieved 4 December 2019 – via NewspaperArchive.com (/wiki/NewspaperArchive.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Olivia Tracey attends the 1985 Miss Universe Pageant circa 1985 in..." (https://www.gettyimages.fi/detail/news-photo/olivia-tracey-attends-the-1985-miss-universe-pageant-circa-news-photo/692610207) Getty Images (/wiki/Getty_Images) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085615/https://www.gettyimages.fi/detail/news-photo/olivia-tracey-attends-the-1985-miss-universe-pageant-circa-news-photo/692610207) from the original on 27 March 2019 . Retrieved 4 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Celebrity-Jul-12-1985-1458467 | NewspaperArchive®" (https://newspaperarchive.com/celebrity-clipping-jul-12-1985-1458467/) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Puerto Rican student crowned Miss Universe in Miami pageant" (https://newspaperarchive.com/celebrity-clipping-jul-16-1985-1458469/) . The Gazette (/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Gazette) . Colorado Springs (/wiki/Colorado_Springs) . Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . 16 July 1985. p. 43 . Retrieved 4 December 2019 – via NewspaperArchive.com (/wiki/NewspaperArchive.com) . ^ Jump up to: a b Donohoe, John. "New US movie role for Trim actress alongside Olivia Tracey" (http://www.meathchronicle.ie/plus/reviews/articles/2009/05/06/39213-new-us-movie-role-for-trim-actress-alongside-olivia-tracey/) . Meath Chronicle (/wiki/Meath_Chronicle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090513124626/http://www.meathchronicle.ie/plus/reviews/articles/2009/05/06/39213-new-us-movie-role-for-trim-actress-alongside-olivia-tracey/) from the original on 13 May 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Model Olivia Tracey (58): Three things I do to keep my brain healthy" (https://www.independent.ie/life/health-wellbeing/model-olivia-tracey-58-three-things-i-do-to-keep-my-brain-healthy-37389630.html) . Independent.ie (/wiki/Independent.ie) . 8 October 2018 . Retrieved 4 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Marlin-Dirkx, Diane (11 January 2004). "Childers' photographs capture celebrities' personalities" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40070494/childers_photographs_capture/) . The Desert Sun (/wiki/The_Desert_Sun) . Palm Springs, California (/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California) . p. 48 . Retrieved 4 December 2019 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . External links [ edit ] Olivia Tracey (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0870447/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) This article about an Irish actor is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivia_Tracey&oldid=1228161229 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivia_Tracey&oldid=1228161229) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Actresses from County Dublin (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_County_Dublin) 1960 births (/wiki/Category:1960_births) 20th-century Irish actresses (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Irish_actresses) 21st-century Irish actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Irish_actresses) 20th-century Irish people (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Irish_people) 21st-century Irish people (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Irish_people) Irish emigrants to the United States (/wiki/Category:Irish_emigrants_to_the_United_States) Irish female models (/wiki/Category:Irish_female_models) Actors from County Meath (/wiki/Category:Actors_from_County_Meath) Miss Universe 1985 contestants (/wiki/Category:Miss_Universe_1985_contestants) Miss World 1984 delegates (/wiki/Category:Miss_World_1984_delegates) Miss Ireland winners (/wiki/Category:Miss_Ireland_winners) Beauty pageant contestants from Ireland (/wiki/Category:Beauty_pageant_contestants_from_Ireland) Irish actor stubs (/wiki/Category:Irish_actor_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from January 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2022) Use Hiberno-English from January 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_Hiberno-English_from_January_2022) All Wikipedia articles written in Hiberno-English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Hiberno-English) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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This category describes traditional and historic Australian clothing . Modern Australian clothing should be categorised under Australian fashion (/wiki/Category:Australian_fashion) or Clothing companies of Australia (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Australia) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐55cdc77579‐52wt5 Cached time: 20240722014141 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.006 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:9927968-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722014141 and revision id 1212624894. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. A Australian Aboriginal clothing (/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_clothing) (6 P) Australian headgear (/wiki/Category:Australian_headgear) (11 P) M Australian military uniforms (/wiki/Category:Australian_military_uniforms) (2 C, 15 P) T Textile arts of Australia (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Australia) (2 C, 2 P) Pages in category "Australian clothing" The following 13 pages are in this category, out of 13 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Australian work boot (/wiki/Australian_work_boot) B Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Bowyangs (/wiki/Bowyangs) C Cork hat (/wiki/Cork_hat) D Down jacket (/wiki/Down_jacket) Driza-Bone (/wiki/Driza-Bone) F Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) J JAG (clothing) (/wiki/JAG_(clothing)) P Paolo Sebastian (/wiki/Paolo_Sebastian) S Slide (footwear) (/wiki/Slide_(footwear)) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) T Territory rig (/wiki/Territory_rig) U Ugg boots (/wiki/Ugg_boots) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Australian_clothing&oldid=1212624894 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Australian_clothing&oldid=1212624894) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_country) Culture of Australia (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Australia) History of Oceanian clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing)
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Templates relating to fashion (/wiki/Fashion) . The pages listed in this category are meant to be templates providing external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links) . This page is part of Wikipedia's administration (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_administration) and not part of the encyclopedia. Further template category notes This category (/wiki/Help:Category) contains pages in the template namespace (/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace) . It should not be used to categorize articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_an_article%3F) or pages in other namespaces (/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace) . To add a template to this category: If the template has a separate documentation page (usually called "Template: template name /doc"), add [[Category:Fashion external link templates]] to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of that page. Otherwise, add <noinclude>[[Category:Fashion external link templates]]</noinclude> to the end of the template code, making sure it starts on the same line as the code's last character. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐9p5d4 Cached time: 20240720064604 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.086 seconds Real time usage: 0.106 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 193/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11021/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 221/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2640/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.052/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 760612/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 91.010 1 -total 100.00% 91.010 1 Template:Template_category 96.10% 87.458 1 Template:Cmbox 21.15% 19.246 1 Template:Unbulleted_list 2.46% 2.235 1 Template:Category_other 2.34% 2.134 1 Template:Yesno 2.32% 2.114 2 Template:Pad Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60318682-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720064604 and revision id 1126961000. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Fashion external link templates" The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . F Template:Fashionmodel (/wiki/Template:Fashionmodel) Template:FMD designer (/wiki/Template:FMD_designer) Template:FMD photographer (/wiki/Template:FMD_photographer) M Template:Models.com (/wiki/Template:Models.com) N Template:NYmag model (/wiki/Template:NYmag_model) S Template:SI Swimsuit (/wiki/Template:SI_Swimsuit) Template:Style.com (/wiki/Template:Style.com) Template:Style.com designer (/wiki/Template:Style.com_designer) Template:Style.com model (/wiki/Template:Style.com_model) Template:Style.com review (/wiki/Template:Style.com_review) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_external_link_templates&oldid=1126961000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_external_link_templates&oldid=1126961000) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion templates (/wiki/Category:Fashion_templates) Arts and culture external link templates (/wiki/Category:Arts_and_culture_external_link_templates) Society and social science external link templates (/wiki/Category:Society_and_social_science_external_link_templates) Hidden category: Wikipedia template categories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_template_categories)
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Loose garment for lower body Somali man wearing an Izaar. An izaar , also izar or ʾizār ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : إِزَار ), [1] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-1) also known as ṣārūn (صارون), futah ( فُوطَة ), [2] (#cite_note-2) maʿawaz ( مَعَوَز ), [3] (#cite_note-3) wizar ( وِزَار ), [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) maqtab ( مَقْطَب ) [6] (#cite_note-sep1-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) is a traditional lower garment that is frequently used by men in Oman (/wiki/Oman) , Somalia (/wiki/Somalia) , United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) and Yemen (/wiki/Yemen) . Izaars are commonly used in Yemen, it is commonly referred to as maʿawaz (مَعَوَز) and the Hadhrami people (/wiki/Hadhrami_people) call it ṣārūn (صارون) in their local dialect. It is also used by some in Iraq (/wiki/Iraq) , Kuwait (/wiki/Kuwait) , Bahrain (/wiki/Bahrain) , Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) and Qatar (/wiki/Qatar) , and the Horn of Africa (/wiki/Horn_of_Africa) ( Djibouti (/wiki/Djibouti) , Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) and Eritrea (/wiki/Eritrea) ). A white izaar (/wiki/Mundu) is typically worn underneath thawbs (/wiki/Thawb) in Oman and the UAE instead of sirwar pyjamas. Izzars are similar to lungis (/wiki/Lungi) and sarongs (/wiki/Sarong) , worn in India (/wiki/India) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) , Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) and countries in some parts of East Africa (/wiki/East_Africa) . Uses [ edit ] Izzars are commonly worn by Yemenis at home, and work. [8] (#cite_note-8) It is also worn in the city of Aqaba (/wiki/Aqaba) . Some of these may feature tassels (/wiki/Tassel) . Similar garments [ edit ] The izaar may be considered synonymous with the lungi (/wiki/Lungi) in the Indian subcontinent and with the macawiis ( معويس ) in the Horn of Africa (/wiki/Horn_of_Africa) . It may also be considered a type of sarong (/wiki/Sarong) (spelt saroun صارون in Arabic). See also [ edit ] Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Shendyt (/wiki/Shendyt) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0) Ayman Al Arabi (2010). "Methods of Weaving and Embroidering the Yemenite Fouta: A Descriptive, Analytic Study" (https://journals.yu.edu.jo/jja/Vol3No1Contents2010.html) . Jordan Journal of Arts . 3 (1). ^ (#cite_ref-2) Category: Yemen. "Yemeni traditional dress. Yemen is a country with a remarkably diverse fashion" (http://nationalclothing.org/41-nationalclothing/middle-east/yemen/58-yemeni-traditional-dress-yemen-is-a-country-with-a-remarkably-diverse-fashion.html) . Nationalclothing.org . Retrieved 9 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "تعز ثالث أهم محافظات الجمهورية" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161007145420/http://14october.com/news.aspx?newsno=140758) . Archived from the original (http://14october.com/news.aspx?newsno=140758) on 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Exploring Saudi Arabia: Tihama and Faifa" (http://worldtravelbuzz.com/exploring-saudi-arabia-tihama-faifa/) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Chriss Pivey's Blog - Most useful blog for chemicals information" (http://chrisspivey.org/the-sunday-spiv-010215/) . Chrisspivey.org . Retrieved 9 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-sep1_6-0) "26 September News" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200103193007/http://www.26sep.net/newsweekarticle.php?sid=7030) . Archived from the original (http://www.26sep.net/newsweekarticle.php?sid=7030) on 3 January 2020 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Spencer, James. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161007144441/http://smallwarsjournal.com/sites/default/files/839-spencer.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://smallwarsjournal.com/sites/default/files/839-spencer.pdf) (PDF) on 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-8) ICharacter and Morals By Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (https://books.google.com/books?id=g9uDtalO4pAC&dq=izaar+garment&pg=PA177) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) 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Hat manufacturer in Stockport, England Battersby's Hat Works (/wiki/Hat_Works) as it appeared in 2009. Battersby Hats was the trading name of Battersby & Co , a hat manufacturer of Stockport (/wiki/Stockport) , England. The firm once had a capacity of 12,000 hats per week but it declined in the second half of the twentieth century and merged with other hat manufacturers in 1966 before hat production ceased altogether in 1997. History [ edit ] Battersby's Hat Factory (/wiki/Hat_Works) in Offerton, Stockport, first appeared on Ordnance Survey maps in 1895. [1] (#cite_note-BBC-1) At one time, Battersby employed over 1,000 people. [1] (#cite_note-BBC-1) Battersby Hat Works, Offerton, after the fire in 1906. In May 1906, a fire gutted their factory at Offerton. [2] (#cite_note-2) The fire started on the evening of the 22nd and burned all night destroying the warehouse and "enormous stocks" of straw and felt hats and part of the working area. The cost of the damage was estimated at £50,000. [3] (#cite_note-3) Battersby Hat Works, Offerton, c. 1910. In 1907, they bought a second factory in Conty (/wiki/Conty) , near Arras (/wiki/Arras) in the north of France. [4] (#cite_note-maryevans-4) William John Battersby (/wiki/William_John_Battersby) 's son, Edgar died there in the 1917 Battle of Arras (/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)) , and his son Ernest, who managed the factory died on 1 October 1918 at Yvetot (/wiki/Yvetot) , near Rouen from tuberculosis (/wiki/Tuberculosis) . [4] (#cite_note-maryevans-4) Battersby Hats window display in Waterford (/wiki/Waterford) , Ireland, 1928. At one time, the firm was one of the largest hat manufacturers in Britain with an international trade. For an Australian court case of 1935, James Johnson Battersby (/wiki/James_Johnson_Battersby) sent evidence that his company had the capacity to produce 12,000 hats per week. [5] (#cite_note-SMH-5) They had London offices in Nicholl Square, EC1, and later at 5 Roseberry Avenue, London, EC1. [6] (#cite_note-Grace-6) In 1966, Battersby merged with four other felt hat manufacturers, Christy & Co Ltd and T. & W. Lees Ltd, both of Stockport, and J. Moores & Sons Ltd, and Joseph Wilson & Sons Ltd, both of Denton (/wiki/Denton,_Greater_Manchester) , to form Associated British Hat Manufacturers (/wiki/Associated_British_Hat_Manufacturers) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Closure [ edit ] After a gradual decline, hat production at Associated British Hat Manufacturers eventually ceased in 1997. [8] (#cite_note-Denton-8) The factory was used as the first Hat Works (/wiki/Hat_Works) museum before the exhibitions were moved to the newly renovated Wellington Mill on the A6 in the centre of Stockport in 2000. In 2019, Viaduct Housing Partnership and Lane End Group began work on a development at the Hempshaw Lane site for 144 homes. See also [ edit ] James Larratt Battersby (/wiki/James_Larratt_Battersby) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "OFFERTON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-388000-387000/page/17) . BBC . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Hat Factory Gutted by Fire" in Edinburgh Evening News , 23 May 1906. British Newspaper Archive (/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive) . Retrieved 8 December 2015. (subscription required) ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Hat Factory On Fire" in The Evening Telegraph and Post , Dundee, 23 May 1906, p. 4. British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 8 December 2015. (subscription required) ^ Jump up to: a b "Ernest Battersby's Edwardian abundance" (http://www.maryevans.com/newsletter/apr14/nl_apr_14_web.php) . maryevans . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-SMH_5-0) "Purchase of a Hat leads to claim for damages" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17208198) . Sydney Morning Herald . 10 December 1935 . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Grace_6-0) "Battersby and Co" (http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Battersby_and_Co) . Grace's Guide . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Associated British Hat Manufacturers. (http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Associated_British_Hat_Manufacturers) Grace's Guide. Retrieved 9 December 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-Denton_8-0) Denton and the Archaeology of the Felt Hatting Industry by Michael Nevell, Brian Grimsditch and Ivan Hradil. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-871324-36X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871324-36X) External links [ edit ] Media related to Battersby Hats (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battersby_Hats) at Wikimedia Commons WikiMiniAtlas 53°24′04″N 2°08′02″W / 53.401°N 2.134°W / 53.401; -2.134 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐twbcw Cached time: 20240719075717 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.364 seconds Real time usage: 0.668 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 877/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11274/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1051/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20221/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.197/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4156763/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 513.886 1 -total 42.46% 218.178 1 Template:Reflist 28.43% 146.075 3 Template:Cite_web 26.78% 137.616 1 Template:Commons_category-inline 26.43% 135.818 1 Template:Sister-inline 19.79% 101.697 1 Template:Short_description 11.09% 56.997 2 Template:Pagetype 5.65% 29.059 5 Template:Main_other 5.06% 25.984 1 Template:Coord 5.04% 25.903 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48549637-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719075717 and revision id 1212956142. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Perfumers (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Perfumers) . The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Perfumers (/wiki/Perfumers) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐m6gm5 Cached time: 20240720183456 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.079 seconds Real time usage: 0.122 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 134/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2793/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 266/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.047/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1064995/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 111.526 1 -total 76.47% 85.281 1 Template:Commons_category 74.00% 82.529 1 Template:Sister_project 71.63% 79.890 1 Template:Side_box 23.42% 26.114 1 Template:Cat_main 5.42% 6.041 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10898458-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720183456 and revision id 588775911. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. F Fictional perfumers (/wiki/Category:Fictional_perfumers) (3 P) French perfumers (/wiki/Category:French_perfumers) (42 P) Pages in category "Perfumers" The following 53 pages are in this category, out of 53 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Perfumer (/wiki/Perfumer) A Mandy Aftel (/wiki/Mandy_Aftel) Daniela Andrier (/wiki/Daniela_Andrier) Attar (caste) (/wiki/Attar_(caste)) B Mubarak Begum (tawaif) (/wiki/Mubarak_Begum_(tawaif)) John Blocki (/wiki/John_Blocki) Tova Borgnine (/wiki/Tova_Borgnine) Haydée Bozán (/wiki/Hayd%C3%A9e_Boz%C3%A1n) Eric Buterbaugh (/wiki/Eric_Buterbaugh) C Joséphine Catapano (/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Catapano) Mary Chess (/wiki/Mary_Chess) Ellen Covey (/wiki/Ellen_Covey) D George H. Dodd (/wiki/George_H._Dodd) Roja Dove (/wiki/Roja_Dove) Stephen Dowthwaite (/wiki/Stephen_Dowthwaite) E José Eisenberg (/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Eisenberg) F Johann Maria Farina (/wiki/Johann_Maria_Farina) Hubert Fattal (/wiki/Hubert_Fattal) Angela Flanders (/wiki/Angela_Flanders) G Gandhi (surname) (/wiki/Gandhi_(surname)) Master Geng (/wiki/Master_Geng) Azzi Glasser (/wiki/Azzi_Glasser) Adolph Goetting (/wiki/Adolph_Goetting) Sophia Grojsman (/wiki/Sophia_Grojsman) Yuri Gutsatz (/wiki/Yuri_Gutsatz) H Timothy Han (/wiki/Timothy_Han) Lyn Harris (/wiki/Lyn_Harris) Kelly Heaton (/wiki/Kelly_Heaton) Lisa Hoffman (/wiki/Lisa_Hoffman) I Tanwi Nandini Islam (/wiki/Tanwi_Nandini_Islam) K Karyn Khoury (/wiki/Karyn_Khoury) M Jo Malone (/wiki/Jo_Malone) Ruth Mastenbroek (/wiki/Ruth_Mastenbroek) Georges V. Matchabelli (/wiki/Georges_V._Matchabelli) David H. McConnell (/wiki/David_H._McConnell) Alberto Morillas (/wiki/Alberto_Morillas) Wilhelm Mülhens (/wiki/Wilhelm_M%C3%BClhens) N Christine Nagel (/wiki/Christine_Nagel) E. Virgil Neal (/wiki/E._Virgil_Neal) Antoinette Nording (/wiki/Antoinette_Nording) O Alexander Ostroumov (/wiki/Alexander_Ostroumov) Susie Owens (/wiki/Susie_Owens) P William Penhaligon (/wiki/William_Penhaligon) Piesse & Lubin (/wiki/Piesse_%26_Lubin) George William Septimus Piesse (/wiki/George_William_Septimus_Piesse) R Laurice Rahmé (/wiki/Laurice_Rahm%C3%A9) Helena Rubinstein (/wiki/Helena_Rubinstein) S Caroline Scheufele (/wiki/Caroline_Scheufele) Geza Schön (/wiki/Geza_Sch%C3%B6n) Christopher Sheldrake (/wiki/Christopher_Sheldrake) Isaac Sinclair (/wiki/Isaac_Sinclair) T Tapputi (/wiki/Tapputi) V Lorenzo Villoresi (/wiki/Lorenzo_Villoresi) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Perfumers&oldid=588775911 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Perfumers&oldid=588775911) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Perfumery (/wiki/Category:Perfumery) People in fashion (/wiki/Category:People_in_fashion) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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Major fall 2023 fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) were held in New York City (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , and Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) during January, February, and March 2023. Paris Fashion Week [ edit ] The Fall/Winter 2023 Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) was held between February 27 and March 7, 2023. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Additionally, Paris held two other fashion exhibitions in January. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) January 17–22 was an exhibition dedicated to men's fashion (/wiki/Men%27s_Fashion_Week) , and January 23–26 was dedicated to Spring/Summer 2023 haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Fall/Winter 2023 Men's Designers [ edit ] Tuesday 1/17 [ edit ] Kidill (/w/index.php?title=Kidill&action=edit&redlink=1) [4] (#cite_note-4) Wales Bonner (/wiki/Grace_Wales_Bonner) [5] (#cite_note-5) Valette Studio (/w/index.php?title=Valette_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1) [6] (#cite_note-6) Egonlab (/w/index.php?title=Egonlab&action=edit&redlink=1) [7] (#cite_note-7) Iregular (/w/index.php?title=Iregular&action=edit&redlink=1) [8] (#cite_note-8) Études (/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tudes_(Brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [9] (#cite_note-9) Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) [10] (#cite_note-10) Wednesday 1/18 [ edit ] Berluti (/wiki/Berluti) [11] (#cite_note-11) Bianca Saunders (/w/index.php?title=Bianca_Saunders&action=edit&redlink=1) [12] (#cite_note-12) Solid Homme (/w/index.php?title=Solid_Homme&action=edit&redlink=1) [13] (#cite_note-13) Acne Studios (/wiki/Acne_Studios) [14] (#cite_note-14) Lemaire (/w/index.php?title=Lemaire_(Brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [15] (#cite_note-15) Bluemarble (/w/index.php?title=Bluemarble&action=edit&redlink=1) [16] (#cite_note-16) Hed Mayner (/wiki/Hed_Mayner) [17] (#cite_note-17) Fursac (/w/index.php?title=Fursac_(Brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [18] (#cite_note-18) Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) [19] (#cite_note-19) Liberal Youth Ministry (/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Youth_Ministry&action=edit&redlink=1) [20] (#cite_note-20) Feng Cheng Wang (/w/index.php?title=Feng_Cheng_Wang&action=edit&redlink=1) [21] (#cite_note-21) Walter Van Beirendonck (/wiki/Walter_Van_Beirendonck) [22] (#cite_note-22) Auralee (/w/index.php?title=Auralee_(Brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [23] (#cite_note-23) George Wendell (/w/index.php?title=George_Wendell&action=edit&redlink=1) [24] (#cite_note-24) Jeanne Friot (/w/index.php?title=Jeanne_Friot&action=edit&redlink=1) [25] (#cite_note-25) Louis-Gabriel Nouchi (/w/index.php?title=Louis-Gabriel_Nouchi&action=edit&redlink=1) [26] (#cite_note-26) Y/Project (/w/index.php?title=Y/Project&action=edit&redlink=1) [27] (#cite_note-27) Thursday 1/19 [ edit ] Rains (/w/index.php?title=Rains_(clothing_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [28] (#cite_note-28) Uniforme (/w/index.php?title=Uniforme&action=edit&redlink=1) [29] (#cite_note-29) Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) [30] (#cite_note-30) Facetasm (/w/index.php?title=Facetasm&action=edit&redlink=1) [31] (#cite_note-31) Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) [32] (#cite_note-32) Sean Suen (/w/index.php?title=Sean_Suen&action=edit&redlink=1) [33] (#cite_note-33) Isabel Marant (/wiki/Isabel_Marant) [34] (#cite_note-34) Airei (/w/index.php?title=Airei&action=edit&redlink=1) [35] (#cite_note-35) Sulvam (/w/index.php?title=Sulvam&action=edit&redlink=1) [36] (#cite_note-36) Amiri (/wiki/Mike_Amiri) [37] (#cite_note-37) Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) [38] (#cite_note-38) Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) [39] (#cite_note-39) Dries Van Noten (/wiki/Dries_Van_Noten) [40] (#cite_note-40) Ami - Alexandre Mattiusi (/w/index.php?title=Ami_-_Alexandre_Mattiusi&action=edit&redlink=1) [41] (#cite_note-41) Objects IV Life (/w/index.php?title=Objects_IV_Life&action=edit&redlink=1) [42] (#cite_note-42) Friday 1/20 [ edit ] Junya Watanabe MAN (/w/index.php?title=Junya_Watanabe_Man&action=edit&redlink=1) [43] (#cite_note-43) Courréges (/wiki/Courreges) [44] (#cite_note-44) Ungaro (/wiki/Emanuel_Ungaro) [45] (#cite_note-45) Lukhanyo Mdingi (/w/index.php?title=Lukhanyo_Mdingi&action=edit&redlink=1) [46] (#cite_note-46) Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) [47] (#cite_note-47) Juun.J (/w/index.php?title=Juun.J&action=edit&redlink=1) [48] (#cite_note-48) Maison Mhara Yasuhiro (/w/index.php?title=Maison_Mhara_Yasuhiro&action=edit&redlink=1) [49] (#cite_note-49) Dior Homme (/wiki/Dior_Homme) [50] (#cite_note-50) Botter (/w/index.php?title=Botter_(Brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [51] (#cite_note-51) Comme Des Garçons Homme Plus (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) [52] (#cite_note-52) Songzio (/wiki/Songzio) [53] (#cite_note-53) Steven Passaro (/w/index.php?title=Steven_Passaro&action=edit&redlink=1) [54] (#cite_note-54) Officine Générale (/w/index.php?title=Officine_Generale&action=edit&redlink=1) [55] (#cite_note-55) Vuarnet (/wiki/Vuarnet) [56] (#cite_note-56) Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) [57] (#cite_note-57) Members of the Rage (/wiki/Kid_Cudi#MOTR) [58] (#cite_note-58) Chaz A. Jordan (/w/index.php?title=Chaz_A._Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1) [59] (#cite_note-59) Saturday 1/21 [ edit ] Undercover (/w/index.php?title=Undercover_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [60] (#cite_note-60) Namesake (/w/index.php?title=Namesake_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [61] (#cite_note-61) Sankuanz (/w/index.php?title=Sankuanz&action=edit&redlink=1) Lowe (/wiki/Loewe_(fashion_brand)) [62] (#cite_note-62) Ziggy Chen (/w/index.php?title=Ziggy_Chen&action=edit&redlink=1) [63] (#cite_note-63) Kolor (/wiki/Kolor) [64] (#cite_note-64) Hermés (/wiki/Hermes) [65] (#cite_note-65) White Mountaineering (/w/index.php?title=White_Mountaineering&action=edit&redlink=1) [66] (#cite_note-66) Henrik Vibskov (/wiki/Henrik_Vibskov) [67] (#cite_note-67) Casablanca (/wiki/Casablanca) [68] (#cite_note-68) Bode (/wiki/Bode_(fashion_brand)) [69] (#cite_note-69) Mr Saturday (/w/index.php?title=Mr_Saturday&action=edit&redlink=1) [70] (#cite_note-70) Marine Serre (/wiki/Marine_Serre) [71] (#cite_note-71) [72] (#cite_note-72) Kidsuper (/w/index.php?title=Kidsuper&action=edit&redlink=1) [73] (#cite_note-73) Sunday 1/22 [ edit ] Ludovic De Saint Serin (/w/index.php?title=Ludovic_De_Saint_Serin&action=edit&redlink=1) [74] (#cite_note-74) Doublet (/w/index.php?title=Doublet_(clothing_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [75] (#cite_note-75) Wooyoungmi (/wiki/Wooyoungmi) [76] (#cite_note-76) Winnie (/w/index.php?title=Winnie_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1) [77] (#cite_note-77) Sacai (/wiki/Sacai) [78] (#cite_note-78) Namacheko (/w/index.php?title=Namacheko&action=edit&redlink=1) [79] (#cite_note-79) Arturo Obegero (/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Obegero&action=edit&redlink=1) [80] (#cite_note-80) Kiko Kostandinov (/w/index.php?title=Kiko_Kostandinov&action=edit&redlink=1) [81] (#cite_note-81) Pigalle Paris (/w/index.php?title=Pigalle_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1) [82] (#cite_note-82) Lazoshmidl (/w/index.php?title=Lazoshmidl&action=edit&redlink=1) [83] (#cite_note-83) Taakk (/w/index.php?title=Taakk&action=edit&redlink=1) [84] (#cite_note-84) Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) [85] (#cite_note-85) Doni Nahmias (/w/index.php?title=Doni_Nahmias&action=edit&redlink=1) [86] (#cite_note-86) System Studios (/w/index.php?title=System_Studios&action=edit&redlink=1) [87] (#cite_note-87) Online [ edit ] Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) [88] (#cite_note-88) [89] (#cite_note-89) Spring/Summer 2023 Haute Couture Designers [ edit ] Monday 1/23 [ edit ] Schiaparelli (/wiki/Schiaparelli_(fashion_house)) [90] (#cite_note-90) Lùchen (/w/index.php?title=L%C3%B9chen_(fashion_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) [91] (#cite_note-91) Iris Van Herpen (/wiki/Iris_Van_Herpen) [92] (#cite_note-92) Giambattista Valli (/wiki/Giambattista_Valli) [93] (#cite_note-93) Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) [94] (#cite_note-94) Rahul Mishra (/wiki/Rahul_Mishra) [95] (#cite_note-95) Maison Rabih Kayrouz (/w/index.php?title=Maison_Rabih_Kayrouz&action=edit&redlink=1) [96] (#cite_note-96) Tuesday 1/24 [ edit ] Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) [97] (#cite_note-97) Alexis Mabille (/wiki/Alexis_Mabille) [98] (#cite_note-98) Stéphanie Roland (/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Roland&action=edit&redlink=1) [99] (#cite_note-99) Julien Fournie (/wiki/Julien_Fournie) [100] (#cite_note-100) Alexandre Vauthier (/wiki/Alexandre_Vauthier) [101] (#cite_note-101) RVDK Ronald Van Der Kemp (/wiki/Ronald_van_der_Kemp) [102] (#cite_note-102) Armani Privé (/wiki/Armani) [103] (#cite_note-103) Wednesday 1/25 [ edit ] Yuima Nakazato [104] (#cite_note-104) Franck Sorbier (/wiki/Franck_Sorbier) [105] (#cite_note-105) Elie Saab (/wiki/Elie_Saab) [106] (#cite_note-106) Julie De Libran (/w/index.php?title=Julie_De_Libran&action=edit&redlink=1) [107] (#cite_note-107) Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) [108] (#cite_note-108) Zuhair Murad (/wiki/Zuhair_Murad) [109] (#cite_note-109) Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) [110] (#cite_note-110) Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) [111] (#cite_note-111) Miss Sohee (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Sohee&action=edit&redlink=1) [112] (#cite_note-112) Thursday 1/26 [ edit ] Aelis (/w/index.php?title=Aelis&action=edit&redlink=1) [113] (#cite_note-113) Imane Ayissi (/wiki/Imane_Ayissi) [114] (#cite_note-114) Juana Martin (/w/index.php?title=Juana_Martin_(fashion_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) [115] (#cite_note-115) Fendi Couture (/wiki/Fendi) [116] (#cite_note-116) Gaurav Gupta (/wiki/Gaurav_Gupta) [117] (#cite_note-117) Maison Sara Chraibi (/w/index.php?title=Maison_Sara_Chraibi&action=edit&redlink=1) [118] (#cite_note-118) Robert Wun (/wiki/Robert_Wun) [119] (#cite_note-119) Fall/Winter 2023 Fashion Week Designers [ edit ] Monday 2/27 [ edit ] Weisanto (/w/index.php?title=Weisanto&action=edit&redlink=1) [120] (#cite_note-120) Niccolo Pasqualetti (/w/index.php?title=Niccolo_Pasqualetti&action=edit&redlink=1) [121] (#cite_note-121) Rui (/w/index.php?title=Rui_Zhou&action=edit&redlink=1) [122] (#cite_note-122) Benjamin Benmoyal (/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Benmoyal&action=edit&redlink=1) [123] (#cite_note-123) Vaquera (/wiki/Vaquera_(fashion_brand)) [124] (#cite_note-124) Tuesday 2/28 [ edit ] CFCL (/w/index.php?title=CFCL_(clothing_company)&action=edit&redlink=1) [125] (#cite_note-125) Maitrepierre (/w/index.php?title=Maitrepierre&action=edit&redlink=1) [126] (#cite_note-126) Victoria/Tomas (/w/index.php?title=Victoria/Tomas&action=edit&redlink=1) [127] (#cite_note-127) Mame Kuroguchi (/w/index.php?title=Mame_Kuroguchi&action=edit&redlink=1) [128] (#cite_note-128) Heliot Emil (/w/index.php?title=Heliot_Emil&action=edit&redlink=1) [129] (#cite_note-129) Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) [130] (#cite_note-130) Boutet Solanes (/w/index.php?title=Boutet_Solanes&action=edit&redlink=1) [131] (#cite_note-131) Dawei (/wiki/Dawei) [132] (#cite_note-132) Anne Isabella (/w/index.php?title=Anne_Isabella&action=edit&redlink=1) [133] (#cite_note-133) Anrealage (/w/index.php?title=Anrealage&action=edit&redlink=1) [134] (#cite_note-134) Pressiat (/wiki/Pressiat) [135] (#cite_note-135) Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) [136] (#cite_note-136) Wednesday 3/1 [ edit ] Courrèges (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Courr%C3%A8ges) [137] (#cite_note-137) Rosin Pierce (/w/index.php?title=Rosin_Pierce&action=edit&redlink=1) [138] (#cite_note-138) Litkovska (/w/index.php?title=Litkovska&action=edit&redlink=1) [139] (#cite_note-139) Nehera (/w/index.php?title=Nehera&action=edit&redlink=1) [140] (#cite_note-140) The Row (/wiki/The_Row_(fashion_label)) [141] (#cite_note-141) Undercover (/wiki/Undercover) [142] (#cite_note-142) Dries Van Noten (/wiki/Dries_Van_Noten) [143] (#cite_note-143) Meryll Rogge (/w/index.php?title=Meryll_Rogge&action=edit&redlink=1) [144] (#cite_note-144) Cecilie Bahnsen (/w/index.php?title=Cecilie_Bahnsen&action=edit&redlink=1) [145] (#cite_note-145) Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) [146] (#cite_note-146) Paco Rabanne (/wiki/Paco_Rabanne) [147] (#cite_note-147) Acne Studios (/wiki/Acne_Studios) [148] (#cite_note-148) Thursday 3/2 [ edit ] Shang Xia (/wiki/Shang_Xia) [149] (#cite_note-149) Alexis Mabille (/wiki/Alexis_Mabille) [150] (#cite_note-150) Véronique Leroy (/w/index.php?title=Veronique_Leroy&action=edit&redlink=1) [151] (#cite_note-151) Off-White (/wiki/Off-White_(company)) [152] (#cite_note-152) Gauchere (/w/index.php?title=Gauchere&action=edit&redlink=1) [153] (#cite_note-153) Chloé (/wiki/Chloe) [154] (#cite_note-154) Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) [155] (#cite_note-155) Uma Wang (/w/index.php?title=Uma_Wang&action=edit&redlink=1) [156] (#cite_note-156) Ruohan (/w/index.php?title=Ruohan&action=edit&redlink=1) [157] (#cite_note-157) Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) [158] (#cite_note-158) Boyarovskaya (/w/index.php?title=Boyarovskaya&action=edit&redlink=1) [159] (#cite_note-159) Schiaparelli (/wiki/Schiaparelli_(fashion_house)) [160] (#cite_note-160) Isabel Marant (/wiki/Isabel_Marant) [161] (#cite_note-161) Friday 3/3 [ edit ] Leonard Paris (/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1) [162] (#cite_note-162) Alexandre Vauthier (/wiki/Alexandre_Vauthier) [163] (#cite_note-163) Christian Wijnants (/w/index.php?title=Christian_Wijnants&action=edit&redlink=1) [164] (#cite_note-164) Didu (/w/index.php?title=Didu_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) [165] (#cite_note-165) LOEWE (/wiki/Loewe_(fashion_brand)) [166] (#cite_note-166) Lutz Huelle (/w/index.php?title=Lutz_Huelle&action=edit&redlink=1) [167] (#cite_note-167) Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) [168] (#cite_note-168) Jitrois (/w/index.php?title=Jitrois&action=edit&redlink=1) [169] (#cite_note-169) Giambattista Valli (/wiki/Giambattista_Valli) [170] (#cite_note-170) Andrew Gn (/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Gn&action=edit&redlink=1) [171] (#cite_note-171) Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) [172] (#cite_note-172) Kiko Kostadinov (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) [173] (#cite_note-173) Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) [174] (#cite_note-174) Yohji Yamamoto (/wiki/Yohji_Yamamoto) [175] (#cite_note-175) Coperni (/w/index.php?title=Coperni&action=edit&redlink=1) [176] (#cite_note-176) Saturday 3/4 [ edit ] Junya Watanabe (/wiki/Junya_Watanabe) [177] (#cite_note-177) Ester Manas (/w/index.php?title=Ester_Manas&action=edit&redlink=1) [178] (#cite_note-178) Situationist (/wiki/Situationist) x Yaspis (/w/index.php?title=Yaspis&action=edit&redlink=1) [179] (#cite_note-179) Noir Kei Ninomiya (/w/index.php?title=Noir_Kei_Ninomiya&action=edit&redlink=1) [180] (#cite_note-180) Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) [181] (#cite_note-181) Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) [182] (#cite_note-182) Chen Peng (/wiki/Chen_Peng) [183] (#cite_note-183) Rochas (/wiki/Rochas) [184] (#cite_note-184) Elie Saab (/wiki/Elie_Saab) [185] (#cite_note-185) Comme Des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) [186] (#cite_note-186) Enfants Riches Déprimés (/w/index.php?title=Enfants_Riches_Deprimes&action=edit&redlink=1) [187] (#cite_note-187) Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) [188] (#cite_note-188) Ann Demeulemeester (/wiki/Ann_Demeulemeester) [189] (#cite_note-189) Sunday 3/5 [ edit ] Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin) [190] (#cite_note-190) Margaret Howell (/wiki/Margaret_Howell) [191] (#cite_note-191) Dice Kayek (/wiki/Dice_Kayek) [192] (#cite_note-192) Barbara Bui (/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Bui&action=edit&redlink=1) [193] (#cite_note-193) Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) [194] (#cite_note-194) Ottolinger (/w/index.php?title=Ottolinger&action=edit&redlink=1) [195] (#cite_note-195) Akris (/wiki/Akris) [196] (#cite_note-196) Beautiful People (/w/index.php?title=Beautiful_People_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) [197] (#cite_note-197) Palm Angels (/wiki/Palm_Angels) [198] (#cite_note-198) Atlein (/w/index.php?title=Atlein&action=edit&redlink=1) [199] (#cite_note-199) Florentina Leitner (/w/index.php?title=Florentina_Leitner&action=edit&redlink=1) [200] (#cite_note-200) Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) [201] (#cite_note-201) Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) [202] (#cite_note-202) A.P.C. (/wiki/A.P.C.) [203] (#cite_note-203) Monday 3/6 [ edit ] Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) [204] (#cite_note-204) Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) [205] (#cite_note-205) Paula Canovas Del Vas (/w/index.php?title=Paula_Canovas_Del_Vas&action=edit&redlink=1) [206] (#cite_note-206) Ungaro (/wiki/Emanuel_Ungaro) [207] (#cite_note-207) AZ Factory (/w/index.php?title=AZ_Factory&action=edit&redlink=1) [208] (#cite_note-208) Zimmermann (/wiki/Zimmermann) [209] (#cite_note-209) Schiatzy Chen (/w/index.php?title=Schiatzy_Chen&action=edit&redlink=1) [210] (#cite_note-210) Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) [211] (#cite_note-211) Sacai (/wiki/Sacai) [212] (#cite_note-212) Calvin Luo (/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Luo&action=edit&redlink=1) [213] (#cite_note-213) Rokh (/w/index.php?title=Rokh_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [214] (#cite_note-214) Germanier (/w/index.php?title=Germanier&action=edit&redlink=1) [215] (#cite_note-215) GmbH (/w/index.php?title=GmbH_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [216] (#cite_note-216) Dundas (/w/index.php?title=Dundas_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [217] (#cite_note-217) Tuesday 3/7 [ edit ] Mossi (/wiki/Mossi_Traor%C3%A9) [218] (#cite_note-218) Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) [219] (#cite_note-219) Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) [220] (#cite_note-220) Ujoh (/w/index.php?title=Ujoh&action=edit&redlink=1) [221] (#cite_note-221) Y/Project (/w/index.php?title=Y/Project&action=edit&redlink=1) [222] (#cite_note-222) Avellano (/w/index.php?title=Avellano&action=edit&redlink=1) [223] (#cite_note-223) Xuly Bët (/wiki/Xuly_Bet) [224] (#cite_note-224) A.W.A.K.E. Mode (/w/index.php?title=A.W.A.K.E._Mode&action=edit&redlink=1) [225] (#cite_note-225) The Selects - Paris Showroom including: ERL (/w/index.php?title=ERL_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [226] (#cite_note-226) Nanushka (/w/index.php?title=Nanushka_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [227] (#cite_note-227) Key Trends [ edit ] Men's Designers [ edit ] The fall/winter 2023 men's runway continued a trend of plaid (/wiki/Plaid_(fabric)) [228] (#cite_note-:1-228) and checkered (/wiki/Check_(pattern)) [229] (#cite_note-:2-229) menswear that had previously been seen in spring/summer 2023. [228] (#cite_note-:1-228) Faux fur (/wiki/Fake_fur) , [228] (#cite_note-:1-228) earth tones (/wiki/Earth_tone) , [229] (#cite_note-:2-229) and animal prints (/wiki/Animal_print) , [230] (#cite_note-230) were very popular. Designers also tapped into futurist (/wiki/Futurism) [229] (#cite_note-:2-229) and surrealist (/wiki/Surrealism) [229] (#cite_note-:2-229) sensibilities. Jumpsuits (/wiki/Jumpsuit) made a comeback [228] (#cite_note-:1-228) as did sleek, understated luxury. [229] (#cite_note-:2-229) Suits were designed for office wear, though many of these suits were queered (/wiki/Queer_fashion) with rumpled styling that implied late night sexual escapades, and bright colors (such as purple). [229] (#cite_note-:2-229) Haute Couture [ edit ] Surrealist looks were popular at SS23 haute couture week, particularly in Schiaparelli's controversial dresses containing hyper realistic foam animal heads and in Valentino's maximalist (/wiki/Maximalism) formalwear. [231] (#cite_note-231) [232] (#cite_note-:5-232) Metallics (/wiki/Metallic_color) , sheer (/wiki/Sheer_fabric) fabrics, and harlequin (/wiki/Harlequin) prints were also popular. [233] (#cite_note-233) [232] (#cite_note-:5-232) Fashion Week [ edit ] The fall/winter 2023 fashion week shows saw the return of 80s-inspired silhouettes, including shoulder-padded blazers [234] (#cite_note-234) and hourglass suiting. [235] (#cite_note-:6-235) Wraps and flowy layers that produced a cocoon-like appearance were also common on the runway. [236] (#cite_note-:7-236) [237] (#cite_note-:8-237) Surrealist looks were popular, [235] (#cite_note-:6-235) including clothes that appeared to have holes punched out of them, [236] (#cite_note-:7-236) and oversized, brightly colored pussy bows. [237] (#cite_note-:8-237) Ultra-tactile materials, such as faux fur coats [238] (#cite_note-:3-238) and distressed knitwear, [236] (#cite_note-:7-236) were seen on the runway. Popular accessories for women included hosiery [235] (#cite_note-:6-235) and thin ties. [237] (#cite_note-:8-237) Red was the most prominent pop color. [237] (#cite_note-:8-237) [238] (#cite_note-:3-238) Following the fall/winter 2023 shows, Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) noted that men's skirts seemed to be absent from the showrooms, despite their presence on the runways. [239] (#cite_note-:4-239) Industry leaders noted that street brands had been expressing resistance to adopting men's skirts in retail stores for some time. [239] (#cite_note-:4-239) New York Fashion Week [ edit ] The Fall/Winter 2023 New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) was held between February 10 and February 15, 2023. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [240] (#cite_note-240) The affiliated New York Men's Day took place on February 10, 2023. [241] (#cite_note-241) Fall/Winter 2023 New York Men's Designers [ edit ] Friday 2/10 [ edit ] A. Potts (/w/index.php?title=A._Potts&action=edit&redlink=1) [242] (#cite_note-242) all beneath heaven (/w/index.php?title=All_beneath_heaven&action=edit&redlink=1) Atelier Cillian (/w/index.php?title=Atelier_Cillian&action=edit&redlink=1) Bulan (/w/index.php?title=Bulan_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Dionysus (/w/index.php?title=Dionysus_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Jahnkoy (/w/index.php?title=Jahnkoy&action=edit&redlink=1) Kent Anthony (/w/index.php?title=Kent_Anthony&action=edit&redlink=1) Nicholas Raefski (/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Raefski&action=edit&redlink=1) nobis (/w/index.php?title=Nobis_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Raleigh Workshop (/w/index.php?title=Raleigh_Workshop&action=edit&redlink=1) Terry Singh (/w/index.php?title=Terry_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1) Amirok (/w/index.php?title=Amirok&action=edit&redlink=1) Fried Rice (/wiki/Fried_Rice) Holo Market (/w/index.php?title=Holo_Market&action=edit&redlink=1) Nicholas Raefski (/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Raefski&action=edit&redlink=1) SO.TY (/w/index.php?title=SO.TY&action=edit&redlink=1) Teddy Vonranson (/w/index.php?title=Teddy_Vonranson&action=edit&redlink=1) Todd Patrick (/wiki/Todd_Patrick) Fall/Winter 2023 New York Fashion Week Designers [ edit ] Wednesday 2/8 [ edit ] Shame (/w/index.php?title=Ramona_Beattie&action=edit&redlink=1) Friday 2/10 [ edit ] Rodarte (/wiki/Rodarte) [243] (#cite_note-243) Judy Turner (/w/index.php?title=Judy_Turner_(fashion_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) [244] (#cite_note-244) Collina Strada (/w/index.php?title=Collina_Strada&action=edit&redlink=1) [245] (#cite_note-245) Simkhai (/w/index.php?title=Simkhai&action=edit&redlink=1) [246] (#cite_note-246) Prabal Gurung (/wiki/Prabal_Gurung) [247] (#cite_note-247) Dion Lee (/wiki/Dion_Lee) [248] (#cite_note-248) Saturday 2/11 [ edit ] Snow Xue Gao (/w/index.php?title=Snow_Xue_Gao&action=edit&redlink=1) [249] (#cite_note-249) PH5 (/w/index.php?title=PH5_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [250] (#cite_note-250) Sandy Liang (/wiki/Sandy_Liang) Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) Sukeina (/w/index.php?title=Sukeina&action=edit&redlink=1) Area (/w/index.php?title=Area_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Patbo (/w/index.php?title=Patbo&action=edit&redlink=1) Herve Leger (/wiki/Herve_Leger) Alice + Olivia (/wiki/Alice_%2B_Olivia) Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) Sergio Hudson (/wiki/Sergio_Hudson) Eckhaus Latta (/wiki/Eckhaus_Latta) [251] (#cite_note-251) Sam Finger (/w/index.php?title=Sam_Finger&action=edit&redlink=1) UTOPIA (/w/index.php?title=UTOPIA_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [252] (#cite_note-252) Heron Preston (/wiki/Heron_Preston) [253] (#cite_note-253) Sunday 2/12 [ edit ] Ulla Johnson (/wiki/Ulla_Johnson) Studio 189 (/w/index.php?title=Studio_189&action=edit&redlink=1) Puppets & Puppets (/wiki/Puppets_and_Puppets) Melke (/w/index.php?title=Melke&action=edit&redlink=1) Jason Wu Collection (/w/index.php?title=Jason_Wu_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1) Adeam (/w/index.php?title=Adeam&action=edit&redlink=1) Dur Doux (/w/index.php?title=Dur_Doux&action=edit&redlink=1) Alejandra Alonso Rojas (/w/index.php?title=Alejandra_Alonso_Rojas&action=edit&redlink=1) Private Policy (/w/index.php?title=Private_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1) Khaite (/w/index.php?title=Khaite&action=edit&redlink=1) A-Company (/w/index.php?title=A-Company&action=edit&redlink=1) Vivienne Tam (/wiki/Vivienne_Tam) Kim Shui (/w/index.php?title=Kim_Shui&action=edit&redlink=1) Monday 2/13 [ edit ] Andrew Kwon (/wiki/Andrew_Kwon) Carolina Herrera (/wiki/Carolina_Herrera) Palomo Spain (/w/index.php?title=Palomo_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1) Zankov (/w/index.php?title=Zankov_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Ankvas (/w/index.php?title=Ankvas&action=edit&redlink=1) [254] (#cite_note-254) Dennis Basso (/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Basso&action=edit&redlink=1) Coach (/wiki/Coach_New_York) [255] (#cite_note-255) Bibhu Mohapatra (/wiki/Bibhu_Mohapatra) Foo and Foo (/w/index.php?title=Foo_and_Foo&action=edit&redlink=1) [256] (#cite_note-256) Batsheva (/wiki/Batsheva_Hay) Cucculelli Shaheen (/w/index.php?title=Cucculelli_Shaheen&action=edit&redlink=1) Priscavera (/w/index.php?title=Priscavera&action=edit&redlink=1) Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) Elena Velez (/wiki/Elena_Velez) LaQuan Smith (/w/index.php?title=Laquan_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1) [257] (#cite_note-257) Tuesday 2/14 [ edit ] Brandon Maxwell (/wiki/Brandon_Maxwell) Naeem Khan (/wiki/Naeem_Khan) Gabriela Hearst (/wiki/Gabriela_Hearst) Colin Locascio (/w/index.php?title=Colin_Locascio&action=edit&redlink=1) Koltson (/w/index.php?title=Koltson&action=edit&redlink=1) Bach Mai (/w/index.php?title=Bach_Mai&action=edit&redlink=1) Loveshackfancy (/w/index.php?title=Loveshackfancy&action=edit&redlink=1) Pamella Roland (/wiki/Pamella_Roland) Hellessy (/w/index.php?title=Hellessy&action=edit&redlink=1) Thom Browne (/wiki/Thom_Browne) [258] (#cite_note-258) Veronica Beard (/w/index.php?title=Veronica_Beard&action=edit&redlink=1) Head of State (/w/index.php?title=Head_of_State_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [259] (#cite_note-259) Altuzarra (/wiki/Altuzarra) Christian Cowan (/w/index.php?title=Christian_Cowan&action=edit&redlink=1) NOID (/w/index.php?title=Denzel_Dion&action=edit&redlink=1) [260] (#cite_note-260) Creature World [261] (#cite_note-261) Kallmeyer (/w/index.php?title=Kallmeyer_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Ayama Studio (/w/index.php?title=Ayama_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1) Wednesday 2/15 [ edit ] Chocheng (/w/index.php?title=Chocheng&action=edit&redlink=1) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) House of Aama (/w/index.php?title=House_of_Aama&action=edit&redlink=1) Kevan Hall (/wiki/Kevan_Hall) Wiederhoeft (/w/index.php?title=Wiederhoeft&action=edit&redlink=1) Badgley Mischka (/wiki/Badgley_Mischka) Markarian (/w/index.php?title=Markarian_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Who Decides War (/w/index.php?title=Who_Decides_War&action=edit&redlink=1) [262] (#cite_note-262) Frederick Anderson (/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Anderson_(fashion_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) Willy Chavarria (/wiki/Willy_Chavarria) [263] (#cite_note-263) The Blonds (/w/index.php?title=The_Blonds_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Luar (/w/index.php?title=Luar&action=edit&redlink=1) [264] (#cite_note-264) Nayon (/w/index.php?title=Nayon_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Madrid Fashion Week [ edit ] The Fall/Winter 2023 Madrid Fashion Week (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) (also called Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) Fashion Week Madrid) was held between February 15 and February 19, 2023. [265] (#cite_note-265) [266] (#cite_note-266) [267] (#cite_note-267) Fall/Winter 2023 Madrid Fashion Week Designers [ edit ] 2/15 [ edit ] María Lafuente (/w/index.php?title=Maria_Lafuente&action=edit&redlink=1) Viriato (/w/index.php?title=Viriato_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Ángel Schlesser (/w/index.php?title=Angel_Schlesser&action=edit&redlink=1) Rafael Urquizar (/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Urquizar&action=edit&redlink=1) Pertegaz (/wiki/Pertegaz) Pilar Dalbat (/w/index.php?title=Pilar_Dalbat&action=edit&redlink=1) Félix Ramiro (/w/index.php?title=Felix_Ramiro&action=edit&redlink=1) Eduardo Navarrete (/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Navarrete&action=edit&redlink=1) 2/16 [ edit ] Ágatha Ruiz de la Prada (/wiki/Agatha_Ruiz_de_la_Prada) Andrés Sardá (/wiki/Andres_Sarda) Jorge Vázquez (/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Vazquez_(fashion_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) Pedro del Hierro (/wiki/Pedro_del_Hierro) Pablo Erroz (/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Erroz&action=edit&redlink=1) Encinar (/w/index.php?title=Encinar&action=edit&redlink=1) Paloma Suárez (/w/index.php?title=Paloma_Suarez&action=edit&redlink=1) 2/17 [ edit ] Otrura (/w/index.php?title=Otrura&action=edit&redlink=1) Isabel Sanchís (/w/index.php?title=Isabel_Sanchis&action=edit&redlink=1) Hannibal Laguna (/w/index.php?title=Hannibal_Laguna&action=edit&redlink=1) Roberto Torretta (/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Torretta&action=edit&redlink=1) Duarte (/w/index.php?title=Duarte_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Teresa Helbig (/w/index.php?title=Teresa_Helbig&action=edit&redlink=1) 2/18 [ edit ] Odette Álvarez (/w/index.php?title=Odette_Alvarez&action=edit&redlink=1) García Madrid (/w/index.php?title=Garcia_Madrid&action=edit&redlink=1) Fely Campo (/w/index.php?title=Fely_Campo&action=edit&redlink=1) Maya Hansen (/w/index.php?title=Maya_Hansen_(fashion_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) Custo Barcelona (/wiki/Custo_Barcelona) Claro Couture (/w/index.php?title=Claro_Couture&action=edit&redlink=1) 2/19 [ edit ] Reparto (/w/index.php?title=Reparto&action=edit&redlink=1) Adrià Egea (/w/index.php?title=Adria_Egea&action=edit&redlink=1) Guillermo Décimo (/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_Decimo&action=edit&redlink=1) Fátima Miñana (/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Minana&action=edit&redlink=1) 93 Sierra/Crosses (/w/index.php?title=93_Sierra/Crosses&action=edit&redlink=1) Sabela Juncal (/w/index.php?title=Sabela_Juncal&action=edit&redlink=1) Charlie Smits (/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Smits&action=edit&redlink=1) Alejandre (/w/index.php?title=Alejandre&action=edit&redlink=1) Aitogoikoetxea (/w/index.php?title=Aitogoikoetxea&action=edit&redlink=1) Lorena Savaria (/w/index.php?title=Lorena_Savaria&action=edit&redlink=1) London Fashion Week [ edit ] The Fall/Winter 2023 London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) was held between February 17 and February 21, 2023. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Fall/Winter 2023 London Fashion Week Designers [ edit ] 2/17 [ edit ] Paul Costelloe (/wiki/Paul_Costelloe) Sinead O'Dwyer (/w/index.php?title=Sinead_O%27Dwyer&action=edit&redlink=1) Noon by Noor (/w/index.php?title=Noon_by_Noor&action=edit&redlink=1) Bora Aksu (/wiki/Bora_Aksu) Fashion East (/wiki/Fashion_East) Untitlab (/w/index.php?title=Untitlab&action=edit&redlink=1) Di Petsa (/w/index.php?title=Di_Petsa&action=edit&redlink=1) Edward Crutchley (/w/index.php?title=Edward_Crutchley_(fashion_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) Completed Works (/w/index.php?title=Completed_Works&action=edit&redlink=1) Huishan Zhang (/w/index.php?title=Huishan_Zhang&action=edit&redlink=1) Ancuta Sarca (/w/index.php?title=Ancuta_Sarca&action=edit&redlink=1) KWKW by Kay Kwok (/w/index.php?title=KWKW_by_Kay_Kwok&action=edit&redlink=1) Sinead Gorey (/w/index.php?title=Sinead_Gorey&action=edit&redlink=1) Mark Fast (/w/index.php?title=Mark_Fast&action=edit&redlink=1) London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) Piferi (/w/index.php?title=Piferi&action=edit&redlink=1) Conner Ives (/wiki/Conner_Ives) Dilara Findikoglu (/w/index.php?title=Dilara_Findikoglu&action=edit&redlink=1) On/Off (/w/index.php?title=On/Off_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) 2/18 [ edit ] Masha Popova (/w/index.php?title=Masha_Popova&action=edit&redlink=1) Toga (/w/index.php?title=Toga_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Eudon Choi (/w/index.php?title=Eudon_Choi&action=edit&redlink=1) 16Arlington (/w/index.php?title=16Arlington&action=edit&redlink=1) Ray Chu (/w/index.php?title=Ray_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1) Chet Lo (/w/index.php?title=Chet_Lo&action=edit&redlink=1) Molly Goddard (/wiki/Molly_Goddard) Hai (/w/index.php?title=Hai_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) David Koma (/wiki/David_Koma) Roker (/w/index.php?title=Roker_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Ahluwalia (/w/index.php?title=Ahluwalia_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Scott Henshall (/wiki/Scott_Henshall) Halpern (/w/index.php?title=Halpern_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Nensi Dojaka (/wiki/Nensi_Dojaka) Robyn Lynch (/w/index.php?title=Robyn_Lynch&action=edit&redlink=1) Richard Quinn (/wiki/Richard_Quinn_(designer)) Ingrid Kraftchenko (/w/index.php?title=Ingrid_Kraftchenko&action=edit&redlink=1) 2/19 [ edit ] Paolo Carzana (/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Carzana&action=edit&redlink=1) Emilia Wickstead (/wiki/Emilia_Wickstead) Jakke (/w/index.php?title=Jakke_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Febe (/w/index.php?title=Febe&action=edit&redlink=1) Tove (/w/index.php?title=Tove_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) 1x1 Studio (/w/index.php?title=1x1_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1) Roksanda (/w/index.php?title=Roksanda&action=edit&redlink=1) Christopher Kane (/wiki/Christopher_Kane) Helen Kirkum (/w/index.php?title=Helen_Kirkum&action=edit&redlink=1) Simone Rocha (/wiki/Simone_Rocha) S.S. Daley (/w/index.php?title=S.S._Daley&action=edit&redlink=1) Erdem (/w/index.php?title=Erdem_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Yuhan Wang (/w/index.php?title=Yuhan_Wang&action=edit&redlink=1) Labrum London (/w/index.php?title=Labrum_London&action=edit&redlink=1) Julien Macdonald (/wiki/Julien_Macdonald) 2/20 [ edit ] Asai (/w/index.php?title=Asai_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Yuzefi (/w/index.php?title=Yuzefi&action=edit&redlink=1) J E Cai (/w/index.php?title=J_E_Cai&action=edit&redlink=1) Harri (/w/index.php?title=Harri_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Carlotte Barrera (/w/index.php?title=Carlotte_Barrera&action=edit&redlink=1) Edeline Lee (/wiki/Edeline_Lee) Pronounce (/w/index.php?title=Pronounce_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) SJoon (/w/index.php?title=SJoon&action=edit&redlink=1) Susan Fang (/w/index.php?title=Susan_Fang&action=edit&redlink=1) Tata Naka (/wiki/Tata_Naka) Saul Nash (/w/index.php?title=Saul_Nash&action=edit&redlink=1) Paul & Joe (/w/index.php?title=Paul_%26_Joe&action=edit&redlink=1) Rixo (/w/index.php?title=Rixo_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) 2/21 [ edit ] Frolov (/w/index.php?title=Frolov_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Kseniaschnaider (/w/index.php?title=Kseniaschnaider&action=edit&redlink=1) Pascal (/w/index.php?title=Pascal_(fashion_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Chau Rising (/w/index.php?title=Chau_Rising&action=edit&redlink=1) Buerlangma (/w/index.php?title=Buerlangma&action=edit&redlink=1) IA London (/w/index.php?title=IA_London&action=edit&redlink=1) Jens Laugesen (/w/index.php?title=Jens_Laugesen&action=edit&redlink=1) See also [ edit ] Fall 2008 fashion weeks (/wiki/Fall_2008_fashion_weeks) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Official Fashion Week schedule 2023 - an overview" (https://www.tributetomagazine.com/fashion-week-schedule-2023/) . www.tributetomagazine.com . 2022-11-22 . Retrieved 2023-03-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kim, Irene (2023-02-27). "Your One-Stop Guide to the Paris Fall 2023 Fashion Week Calendar" (https://www.vogue.com/article/your-one-stop-guide-to-the-paris-fall-2023-fashion-week-calendar) . Vogue . Retrieved 2023-03-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Paris Fashion Week 2023 Schedule and Dates" (https://fashionweekonline.com/paris/schedule) . Fashion Week Online® . Retrieved 2023-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "KIDILL FW23 Evokes '90s Nostalgia With DC Shoes Collab and "Enfants Terrible" Collection" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/1/kidill-fall-winter-2023-runway-show-paris-fashion-week-mens-hiroaki-suiyasu-dc-shoes) . Hypebeast . 2023-01-18 . Retrieved 2023-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Wales Bonner FW23 "Twilight Reverie" Brought Opulence to Paris Fashion Week" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/1/wales-bonner-fall-winter-2023-twilight-reverie-runway-adidas-jamaica-football-paris-fashion-week) . Hypebeast . 2023-01-18 . Retrieved 2023-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Wynne, Alex (2023-01-18). "Valette Studio Men's Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/mens-fall-2023/paris/valette/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Templeton, Lily (2023-01-18). "EgonLab Men's Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/mens-fall-2023/paris/egonlab/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Weil, Jennifer (2023-01-23). "Iregular RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/mens-fall-2023/paris/iregular/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Ètudes Gets Gritty for FW23" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/1/etudes-gets-gritty-for-fw23) . Hypebeast . 2023-01-17 . Retrieved 2023-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Socha, Miles (2023-01-17). "Saint Laurent Men's Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/mens-fall-2023/paris/yves-saint-laurent/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Diderich, Joelle (2023-01-18). "Berluti Men's Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/mens-fall-2023/paris/berluti/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Bianca Saunders' FW23 Runway Show Was Performance Art" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/1/bianca-saunders-fall-winter-2023-paris-fashion-week-collection-runway-show-backstage) . Hypebeast . 2023-01-18 . Retrieved 2023-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "SOLID HOMME FW23 Wants You to "Enter the Void" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/1/solid-homme-fall-winter-2023-runway-collection-paris-fashion-week-mens) " (https://hypebeast.com/2023/1/solid-homme-fall-winter-2023-runway-collection-paris-fashion-week-mens) . Hypebeast . 2023-01-19 . Retrieved 2023-03-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Diderich, Joelle (2023-01-18). "Acne Studios Men's Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/mens-fall-2023/paris/acne/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Lemaire FW23 Is a Lesson on Effortless Everyday Elegance" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/1/lemaire-fw23-is-a-lesson-on-effortless-everyday-elegance) . Hypebeast . 2023-01-18 . Retrieved 2023-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "BLUEMARBLE FW23 Sparkles at Paris Fashion Week" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/1/blue-marble-fall-winter-2023-paris-fashion-week-mens-collection-anthony-alvarez) . Hypebeast . 2023-01-18 . Retrieved 2023-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Hed Mayner FW23 Is All About Balance" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/1/hed-mayner-fall-winter-2023-paris-fashion-week-collection-reebok-collaboration-backstage) . Hypebeast . 2023-01-19 . Retrieved 2023-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Richford, Rhonda (2023-01-17). "Fursac Men's Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/mens-fall-2023/paris/fursac/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Matthew M Williams Reconstructs a New Sense of Formality for Givenchy FW23" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/1/matthew-m-williams-reconstructs-a-new-sense-of-formality-for-givenchy-fw23) . Hypebeast . 2023-01-18 . 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Retrieved 2023-03-26 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-194) "With Balenciaga Winter 2023, Demna Said "Fashion Can No Longer Be Seen as Entertainment" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/3/balenciaga-winter-2023-collection-runway-show-paris-fashion-week-demna-interview) " (https://hypebeast.com/2023/3/balenciaga-winter-2023-collection-runway-show-paris-fashion-week-demna-interview) . Hypebeast . 2023-03-05 . Retrieved 2023-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-195) "Ottolinger FW23 Provokes a Glamorous Rebellion" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/3/ottolinger-fw23-fall-winter-2023-collection-runway) . Hypebeast . 2023-03-06 . Retrieved 2023-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-196) Socha, Miles (2023-03-05). "Akris RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/akris/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-197) Templeton, Lily (2023-03-09). "Beautiful People Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/beautiful-people/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-198) Moore, Booth (2023-03-05). "Palm Angels RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/palm-angels/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-199) Zhang, Tianwei (2023-03-07). "Atlein RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/atlein/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-200) Templeton, Lily (2023-03-05). "Florentina Leitner RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/florentina-leitner/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-201) Diderich, Joelle (2023-03-06). "Pierre Cardin RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/pierre-cardin/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-202) "Pierpaolo Piccioli's Valentino Deconstructs "Black Tie" Conventions for FW23" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/3/valentino-fall-winter-2023-black-tie-paris-fashion-week-runway-pierpaolo-piccioli) . Hypebeast . 2023-03-06 . Retrieved 2023-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-203) "This Designer Cast His Daughter's High School Class for a Paris Fashion Week Show" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-week/a43218798/apc-paris-fashion-week-fall-2023-daughters-high-school-class-models/) . Harper's BAZAAR . 2023-03-07 . Retrieved 2023-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-204) Zhang, Tianwei (2023-03-07). "Paul Smith RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/paul-smith/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-205) Horyn, Cathy (2023-03-07). "A Terrific Collection From Stella McCartney" (https://www.thecut.com/2023/03/stella-mccartney-louis-vuitton-paris-fashion-week.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-206) Templeton, Lily (2022-10-02). "Paula Canovas del Vas RTW Spring 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/spring-2023/paris/paula-canovas-del-vas/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-207) Wynne, Alex (2023-03-06). "Emanuel Ungaro RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/emanuel-ungaro/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-208) Socha, Miles (2023-03-06). "AZ Factory RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/az-factory/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-209) Diderich, Joelle (2023-03-06). "Zimmermann RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/zimmermann/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-210) Gray, Eleonora de (2023-03-08). "Shiatzy Chen Fall 2023" (https://runwaymagazines.com/shiatzy-chen-fall-2023/) . RUNWAY MAGAZINE ® Official . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-211) "Louis Vuitton FW23 Lauds French Fashion Forms" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/3/louis-vuitton-fw23-fall-winter-2023-collection-paris-fashion-week-runway) . Hypebeast . 2023-03-07 . Retrieved 2023-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-212) "Sacai FW23 Dissects Traditional Attire for the Modern Age" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/3/sacai-fall-winter-2023-paris-fashion-week-womenswear-runway) . Hypebeast . 2023-03-07 . Retrieved 2023-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-213) Zhang, Tianwei (2023-03-08). "Calvin Luo RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/calvin-luo/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-214) Templeton, Lily (2023-03-06). "Rokh RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/rokh/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-215) Diderich, Joelle (2023-03-07). "Germanier RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/germanier/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-216) "GmbH FW23 Embraces the Truest Elements of Fashion" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/3/gmbh-paris-fashion-week-fw23-runway) . Hypebeast . 2023-03-07 . Retrieved 2023-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-217) "Dundas's Spellbinding AW23 Show Was Inspired by Family" (https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/a43259806/dundas-aw23-paris-fashion-week/) . ELLE . 2023-03-09 . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-218) Wynne, Alex (2023-03-08). "Mossi RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/mossi/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-219) "Chanel Sees Your Rosette Trend and Raises You a Camellia" (https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/chanel-fall-2023-paris-fashion-week-review) . W Magazine . 7 March 2023 . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-220) "Miu Miu FW23 Is a Sumptous Display of Subtle Sophistication" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/3/miu-miu-fall-winter-2023-collection-paris-fashion-week-runway-miuccia-prada-emma-corrin) . Hypebeast . 2023-03-08 . Retrieved 2023-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-221) Wynne, Alex (2023-03-07). "Ujoh RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/ujoh/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-222) "Y/Project FW23 Is Eccentric, Experimental and Explicit" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/3/y-project-fw23-fall-winter-2023-collection-paris-fashion-week) . Hypebeast . 2023-03-07 . Retrieved 2023-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-223) Templeton, Lily (2023-03-09). "Avellano RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/avellano/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-224) Wynne, Alex (2023-03-08). "Xuly Bët RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/xuly-bet/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-225) Templeton, Lily (2023-03-07). "A.W.A.K.E. Mode RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/paris/awake/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-226) "ERL FW23 Explores the Evolution of 1970s Trust Fund Babies" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/3/erl-fw23-fall-winter-2023-collection-paris-fashion-week-dover-street-market) . Hypebeast . 2023-03-06 . Retrieved 2023-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-227) "Nanushka FW23 Was a "Shape Shifting" Affair" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/3/nanushka-fall-winter-2023-paris-fashion-week-menswear-womenswear-runway) . Hypebeast . 2023-03-06 . Retrieved 2023-03-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Men's Fall/Winter 2023 Fashion Trends — Menswear Paris Milan Fashion Week Luxury Trends" (https://www.lofficielusa.com/men/mens-trends-fashion-week-paris-milan-fall-winter-2023) . L'Officiel USA . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Style Lessons We Learned During FW23 Men's Fashion Weeks" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/1/paris-milan-fashion-week-mens-fw23-fall-winter-2023-trend-report-style-lessons) . Hypebeast . 2023-01-26 . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-230) "The Hottest Trends From Paris Men's Fashion Week Fall Winter 2023" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com.sg/gallery/the-hottest-trends-from-paris-mens-fashion-week-fall-winter-2023/) . Harper's Bazaar Singapore . 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ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2023-03-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b c LaPlaca, Anna (10 March 2023). "The 7 Biggest Fall 2023 Trends, Straight From Paris Fashion Week" (https://www.whowhatwear.com/paris-fashion-week-fall-winter-2023) . Who What Wear . Retrieved 2023-03-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Fashionista (March 8, 2023). "THE 9 BIGGEST FALL 2023 RUNWAY TRENDS FROM PARIS FASHION WEEK" (https://fashionista.com/2023/03/paris-fashion-week-fall-2023-trends) . Fashionista . Retrieved March 29, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "This Super Affordable Paris Fashion Week Trend Will Make Your Favorite Dress Feel New" (https://www.thezoereport.com/fashion/paris-fashion-week-trends-fall-winter-2023) . The Zoe Report . 8 March 2023 . Retrieved 2023-03-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b Staff, W. W. D. (2023-03-09). "Buyers' Paris Faves: Loewe, Saint Laurent, Dries" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/paris-fashion-week-new-polish-buyers-takes-on-the-season-trends-1235575571/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b Diderich, Joelle (2023-03-20). "Men's Skirts Were All Over the Fall Runways. But Will They Sell?" (https://wwd.com/menswear-news/mens-designer-luxury/skirts-major-menswear-trend-but-will-they-sell-1235586490/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-240) Kim, Irene (2023-02-10). "Your One Stop Guide to the New York Fall 2023 Fashion Week Calendar" (https://www.vogue.com/article/your-one-stop-guide-to-the-new-york-fall-2023-fashion-week-calendar) . Vogue . Retrieved 2023-03-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-241) Criales-Unzueta, José (2023-02-12). "Here's What You Need to Know About New York Men's Day" (https://www.vogue.com/article/new-york-mens-day-fall-2023) . Vogue . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-242) "APOTTS Dedicates Its FW22 Collection to "Skinfolk" as Part of New York Men's Day" (https://hypebeast.com/2022/2/apotts-fw22-collection-new-york-fashion-week) . Hypebeast . 2022-02-12 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-243) Moore, Booth (2023-02-11). "Rodarte RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/new-york/rodarte/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-244) Kim, Irene (2023-02-13). "Judy Turner Fall 2023 Ready-to-Wear Collection" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2023-ready-to-wear/judy-turner) . Vogue . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-245) Moore, Booth (2023-02-11). "Collina Strada RTW Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/new-york/collina-strada/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-246) Borrelli-Persson, Laird (2023-02-11). "Simkhai Fall 2023 Ready-to-Wear Collection" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2023-ready-to-wear/jonathan-simkhai) . Vogue . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-247) Moore, Booth (2023-02-11). "Prabal Gurung Fall 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2023/new-york/prabal-gurung/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-248) Kelly, Dylan (2023-02-11). "Dion Lee FW23 Sheds a Second Skin" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/dion-lee-fall-winter-2023-fw23-collection-new-york-fashion-week-runway) . Hypebeast . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-249) Kim, Stacy (February 16, 2023). "Snow Xue Gao FW '23 Inspires Women Empowerment at NYFW" (https://www.nowmagazinela.com/blog/snow-xue-gao-fw-23-inspires-women-empowerment-at-nyfw) . NOW MAGAZINE . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-250) Grimes, Collette (February 12, 2023). "PH5 Ponders A Post-Apocalyptic Life Down Under for FW23" (https://hypebae.com/2023/2/ph5-fall-winter-new-york-fashion-week-lookbook-sustainability-climate-change) . Hypebae . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-251) "Eckhaus Latta FW23 Forecasts a Fluid Future" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/eckhaus-latta-fw23-fall-winter-2023-collection-new-york-fashion-week-runway) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-12 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-252) "Utopia by Peder Cho FW23 Debuts Woven Unisex Styles" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/utopia-by-peder-cho-fall-winter-2023-runway-show-new-york-fashion-week) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-15 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-253) "Heron Preston FW23 Is a NYC Homecoming" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/heron-preston-fall-winter-2023-runway-show-new-york-fashion-week) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-12 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-254) "AKNVAS FW23 Experiments With Classic American Design Tropes" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/aknvas-fw23-fall-winter-2023-collection-new-york-fashion-week-runway) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-14 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-255) "Coach FW23 Has a Metropolitan Mentality" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/coach-fw23-fall-winter-2023-collection-new-york-fashion-week-runway) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-13 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-256) "FOO AND FOO FW23 Subverts East Coast Style Codes" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/foo-and-foo-fall-winter-2023-runway-show-new-york-fashion-week) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-17 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-257) "LaQuan Smith FW23 Revels in High Glam" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/laquan-smith-fall-winter-2023-runway-show) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-14 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-258) "Thom Browne FW23 Lets Quintessential American Fashion Tell an Intergalactic Story" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/thom-browne-fw23-fall-winter-2023-collection-new-york-fashion-week-runway) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-15 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-259) "Head of State's Taofeek Abijako Writes His Own Design Codes for Fall 2023" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/head-of-state-fw23-fall-winter-2023-collection-new-york-fashion-week-runway) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-15 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-260) "For NOID FW23, Form and Function Fall From the Same Tree" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/noid-fall-winter-2023-runway-show-new-york-fashion-week-denzel-dion) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-17 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-261) "Danny Cole Bridges Imaginative Art and Fashion With Creature World" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/danny-cole-creature-world-fashion-label-new-york-fahion-week) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-17 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-262) "Who Decides War Captures the Intrinsic Style of NYC for FW23" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/who-decides-war-fall-winter-2023-runway-show-ev-bravado-tela-damore-new-york-fashion-week) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-16 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-263) "Willy Chavarria FW23 Presents a Story of Protection" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/willy-chavarria-fall-winter-2023-runway-show-lookbook-new-york-fashion-week) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-16 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-264) "LUAR FW23 Reflects a Brooklyn Boy's Big Dreams" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/luar-fw23-fall-winter-2023-collection-new-york-fashion-week-runway) . Hypebeast . 2023-02-16 . Retrieved 2023-04-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-265) Moran, Graeme (2023-02-22). "Putting on a show at Madrid Fashion Week AW23" (https://www.drapersonline.com/product-and-trends/catwalks/putting-on-a-show-at-madrid-fashion-week-aw23) . Drapers . Retrieved 2023-03-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-266) "MBFWMADRID 2023 | The great Spanish fashion catwalk" (https://www.ifema.es/en/mbfw-madrid) . www.ifema.es . 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American model Pyper America Born Pyper America Smith ( 1997-03-13 ) March 13, 1997 (age 27) Spanish Fork, Utah (/wiki/Spanish_Fork,_Utah) , U.S. (/wiki/U.S.) Nationality American Occupations Model musician Years active 2015–present Spouse Quaid Holder ( m. 2019; div. 2023) Parent(s) Sheridan Smith, Dallon Smith Relatives Lucky Blue Smith (/wiki/Lucky_Blue_Smith) (brother) Modeling information Height 5 ft 9.5 in (1.77 m) Hair color Blonde (naturally brunette) Eye color Blue Agency Fusion Models (New York) Margaux Models (Los Angeles) [1] (#cite_note-1) Pyper America Holder ( née (/wiki/N%C3%A9e) Smith ; born March 13, 1997) [2] (#cite_note-2) is an American model and musician. She is the bassist in an alternative rock band called The Atomics. [3] (#cite_note-3) Early life [ edit ] Pyper America was raised in Utah by a family who were members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints) . Her parents are Sheridan and Dallon Smith, a former model and a guitar string entrepreneur. [4] (#cite_note-4) Third of four children, her siblings are also models and musicians: two older sisters Cheyenne Starlie (born 1993), Daisy Clementine (born 1996), and a younger brother Lucky Blue (/wiki/Lucky_Blue_Smith) (born 1998). [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) She also lived in Montana and California. [7] (#cite_note-7) At the age of 16, she moved with her family from Utah to Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California, where she described experiencing culture shock. [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] On the runway she has walked for Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) , [9] (#cite_note-9) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , [10] (#cite_note-10) Cushnie et Ochs (/wiki/Cushnie_et_Ochs) , [11] (#cite_note-11) Philipp Plein (/wiki/Philipp_Plein) , Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) , [12] (#cite_note-12) and Ermanno Scervino (/wiki/Ermanno_Scervino) . [13] (#cite_note-13) In advertisements, she has modeled for Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) , [14] (#cite_note-14) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) , [15] (#cite_note-15) and H&M (/wiki/H%26M) [16] (#cite_note-16) alongside her siblings; as well as Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) and Tiffany and Co. (/wiki/Tiffany_and_Co.) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) She has appeared in the magazines L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) , [19] (#cite_note-19) Vogue España (/wiki/Vogue_Espa%C3%B1a) , Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) , [20] (#cite_note-20) Vogue Ukraine (/wiki/Vogue_Ukraine) , Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) , [21] (#cite_note-auto-21) Love (/wiki/Love_(magazine)) , [22] (#cite_note-22) W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) , [23] (#cite_note-23) and Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) among others. [24] (#cite_note-24) With Superga, she designed a shoe line for spring 2017. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) As a devout Latter-day Saint, she has chosen to not pose nude. [21] (#cite_note-auto-21) Personal life [ edit ] During 2016 and 2017, Pyper America dated Brandon Thomas Lee, son of Tommy Lee (/wiki/Tommy_Lee) and Pamela Anderson (/wiki/Pamela_Anderson) . [28] (#cite_note-28) In late 2017, she started dating Australian Quaid Rippon Holder. They got engaged on November 23, 2018. [29] (#cite_note-29) On September 17, 2023, Pyper America confirmed via Instagram story she and Holder were no longer together. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Pyper America - Model" (https://models.com/models/Pyper-America) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Addio Cara Delevingne: ora c'è Pyper America - Grazia.it" (http://www.grazia.it/moda/tendenze-moda/pyper-america-smith-lucky-blue-modella) . August 26, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Atomics Don't Want You to Be on Your Phone at Coachella" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/art-books-music/news/a21686/the-atomics-video/) . March 29, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Blasberg, Derek (5 November 2015). "Lucky Blue Smith Is Social Media's Favorite Male Model" (http://www.vanityfair.com/style/2015/11/lucky-blue-smith-instagram-model) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "meet the smiths: lucky blue, starlie, daisy, and pyper america - read - i-D" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/meet-the-smiths-lucky-blue-starlie-daisy-and-pyper-america) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Lucky Blue Smith Is the Most In-Demand Young Male Mormon Model on Earth" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2015/08/lucky-blue-male-model.html) . August 14, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Smith, Pyper-America (September 26, 2015). "Meet Pyper-America Smith, Model, Musician, And Lucky Blue's Sister" (http://www.elleuk.com/fashion/news/a27632/pyper-america-smith-interview-2015/) . Elle UK (Interview). Interviewed by Team Elle. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Holt, Bethan (November 6, 2017). " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/industry-has-shocking-change-meet-mormon-model-pyper-america/) 'The industry has been a shocking change': Meet Mormon model Pyper America Smith" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/industry-has-shocking-change-meet-mormon-model-pyper-america/) . The Telegraph . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Sfilata Giorgio Armani Milano - Collezioni Primavera Estate 2016 - Vogue" (http://www.vogue.it/sfilate/sfilata/collezioni-primavera-estate-2016/giorgio-armani) . www.vogue.it . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Dolce & Gabbana's Fall 2017 Men's Show In Milan Was a Millennial Takeover" (http://fashionista.com/2017/01/dolce-gabbana-mens-fall-2017-millennials) . 16 January 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "pyper america Cushnie Et Ochs – Runway – Spring 2016 - Foto - Grazia.it" (http://www.grazia.it/foto-gallery/pyper-america-smith-beauty-look-sopracciglia-trucco-nude/pyper-america-cushnie-et-ochs-runway-spring-2016) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Dazed (September 25, 2015). "Watch Moschino turn their catwalk into a carwash" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/26662/1/watch-moschino-turn-their-catwalk-into-a-carwash) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Pyper America on Scervino runway in white lace, pink hair" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181011013805/http://www.bostonherald.com/news/international/2016/02/pyper_america_on_scervino_runway_in_white_lace_pink_hair) . www.bostonherald.com . Archived from the original (http://www.bostonherald.com/news/international/2016/02/pyper_america_on_scervino_runway_in_white_lace_pink_hair) on 2018-10-11 . Retrieved 2017-04-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Lucky Blue and Pyper America Smith in Moncler's Fall Ads" (http://video.vogue.com/watch/moncler-fall-campaign-lucky-blue-pyper-america-smith) . Vogue Videos . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Lucky Blue and Pyper America! Calvin Klein's Newest Campaign Is a Family Affair" (http://www.vogue.com/article/lucky-blue-smith-pyper-america-calvin-klein-jeans-campaign) . 6 October 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Alexandra Ilyashov. "You Can Now Shop H&M's Coachella Line, Starring The Atomics" (https://www.refinery29.com/2017/02/140969/hm-coachella-collection-lucky-blue-smith) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Christmas with Pyper America Smith - watch - i-D" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_gb/article/christmas-with-pyper-america-smith) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Tiffany & Co. For The Press - News - TIFFANY & CO. LAUNCHES #LOVENOTLIKE DIGITAL CAMPAIGN - United States" (http://press.tiffany.com/News/NewsItem.aspx?ID=288) . press.tiffany.com . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "pyper-america - L'Officiel" (https://www.lofficiel.com/tags/pyper-america) . www.lofficiel.com . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Why Everyone Is Saying These Two Sisters Are The Next Jenners" (http://www.seventeen.com/fashion/celeb-fashion/news/a40065/why-everyone-is-saying-these-two-sisters-are-the-next-jenners/) . May 2, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Pyper America (February 11, 2016). "Pyper America Smith is The Mormon Model You Need to Know" (http://www.allure.com/story/model-pyper-america-smith-interview) . Allure.com . Interviewed by Danielle Pergament. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "WATCH: We got stuck in the lift with Pyper America Smith! - LOVE" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181010213547/http://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/posts/7813/watch-we-got-stuck-in-the-lift-with-pyper-america-smith) . LOVE . Archived from the original (http://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/posts/7813/watch-we-got-stuck-in-the-lift-with-pyper-america-smith) on 2018-10-10 . Retrieved 2017-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Back In the LimeLight (W Magazine)" (https://models.com/work/w-magazine-back-in-the-limelight) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Pyper America Smith Is Just Getting Started" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/g27892/pyper-america-smith/) . March 1, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "The Exclusive Superga Sneaker Picks For Spring You Need To See" (http://www.nylon.com.sg/2017/03/superga-pyper-america-collab-to-launch-limited-edition-sneakers.html) . March 22, 2017. [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-26) "hollywood dreams with pyper america smith - read - i-D" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_gb/article/hollywood-dreams-with-pyper-america-smith) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Turra, Alessandra (April 10, 2017). "Superga Taps Pyper America Smith for Spring Ads" (http://wwd.com/business-news/media/superga-taps-pyper-america-smith-advertising-spring-10864401/) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "#SocialGathering: Stefano Gabbana on Body-Shaming Lady Gaga; Brandon Thomas Lee and Pyper Smith the New "It" Couple" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/stefano-gabbana-didnt-apologize-body-shaming-lady-gaga-brandon-thomas-lee-pyper-smith-are-new-c) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . 10 February 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Got engaged to the LOVE of my LIFE in the rain last night..." (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bqkp07JFpOE) Quaid Rippon Holder. November 24, 2018. Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/Bqkp07JFpOE/) on 2021-12-26. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Textiles in mythology and folklore . The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Textiles in folklore (/wiki/Textiles_in_folklore) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐m5b9f Cached time: 20240720171822 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.062 seconds Real time usage: 0.096 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 86/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2941/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 243/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.036/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 803102/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 84.673 1 -total 76.09% 64.431 1 Template:Commons 73.42% 62.165 1 Template:Sister_project 71.13% 60.232 1 Template:Side_box 23.78% 20.133 1 Template:Cat_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45248360-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720171822 and revision id 1040987494. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 9 subcategories, out of 9 total. A Athena (/wiki/Category:Athena) (8 C, 30 P) C Calypso (mythology) (/wiki/Category:Calypso_(mythology)) (1 C, 14 P) F Frigg (/wiki/Category:Frigg) (10 P) M Minerva (/wiki/Category:Minerva) (2 C, 24 P) Moirai (/wiki/Category:Moirai) (4 P) N Norns (/wiki/Category:Norns) (9 P, 1 F) P Parcae (/wiki/Category:Parcae) (5 P) R Rumpelstiltskin (/wiki/Category:Rumpelstiltskin) (1 C, 3 P) V Valkyries (/wiki/Category:Valkyries) (1 C, 30 P) Pages in category "Textiles in folklore" The following 62 pages are in this category, out of 62 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Textiles in folklore (/wiki/Textiles_in_folklore) A Ae-oyna-kamuy (/wiki/Ae-oyna-kamuy) Aëdon (/wiki/A%C3%ABdon) Arachne (/wiki/Arachne) Ariadne (/wiki/Ariadne) Athena (/wiki/Athena) Atropos (/wiki/Atropos) B The Brave Little Tailor (/wiki/The_Brave_Little_Tailor) C Calypso (mythology) (/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)) The Clever Little Tailor (/wiki/The_Clever_Little_Tailor) Clotho (/wiki/Clotho) Cultural depictions of spiders (/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_spiders) D Decima (mythology) (/wiki/Decima_(mythology)) The Distaff Gospels (/wiki/The_Distaff_Gospels) F Fates (/wiki/Fates) Foggy Dew (English song) (/wiki/Foggy_Dew_(English_song)) Frau Holle (/wiki/Frau_Holle) Frigg (/wiki/Frigg) G The Gold-spinners (/wiki/The_Gold-spinners) H Habetrot (/wiki/Habetrot) The Hurds (/wiki/The_Hurds) I Istustaya and Papaya (/wiki/Istustaya_and_Papaya) Ittan-momen (/wiki/Ittan-momen) K Kilim motifs (/wiki/Kilim_motifs) L Lachesis (/wiki/Lachesis) Lauma (/wiki/Lauma) The Lazy Spinner (/wiki/The_Lazy_Spinner) M Mama Ocllo (/wiki/Mama_Ocllo) Mari (goddess) (/wiki/Mari_(goddess)) Menippe and Metioche (/wiki/Menippe_and_Metioche) Minerva (/wiki/Minerva) Moirai (/wiki/Moirai) Mokosh (/wiki/Mokosh) Morta (mythology) (/wiki/Morta_(mythology)) N Neith (/wiki/Neith) Nencatacoa (/wiki/Nencatacoa) The Nettle Spinner (/wiki/The_Nettle_Spinner) Nona (mythology) (/wiki/Nona_(mythology)) Norns (/wiki/Norns) O Ocnus (/wiki/Ocnus) P Parcae (/wiki/Parcae) Penelope (/wiki/Penelope) Perchta (/wiki/Perchta) Philomela (/wiki/Philomela) S Shirt of Flame (/wiki/Shirt_of_Flame) The Six Swans (/wiki/The_Six_Swans) Skuld (/wiki/Skuld) Sleeping Beauty (/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty) Spider Grandmother (/wiki/Spider_Grandmother) Spindle, Shuttle, and Needle (/wiki/Spindle,_Shuttle,_and_Needle) T Tahmuras (/wiki/Tahmuras) Tayt (/wiki/Tayt) The Three Aunts (/wiki/The_Three_Aunts) The Three Spinners (/wiki/The_Three_Spinners) Tsuru no Ongaeshi (/wiki/Tsuru_no_Ongaeshi) The Twelve Huntsmen (/wiki/The_Twelve_Huntsmen) U Urðr (/wiki/Ur%C3%B0r) Uttu (/wiki/Uttu) V Valkyrie (/wiki/Valkyrie) Verðandi (/wiki/Ver%C3%B0andi) Monte Vettore (/wiki/Monte_Vettore) X Xōchiquetzal (/wiki/X%C5%8Dchiquetzal) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Textiles_in_folklore&oldid=1040987494 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Textiles_in_folklore&oldid=1040987494) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Objects in folklore (/wiki/Category:Objects_in_folklore) Religion and the arts (/wiki/Category:Religion_and_the_arts) Textiles (/wiki/Category:Textiles) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
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Device used to remove wrinkles from garments and fabrics This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject . Please help improve the article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clothes_steamer&action=edit) by providing more context for the reader (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Provide_context_for_the_reader) . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Clothes steamer A clothes steamer , also called a garment steamer or simply a steamer , is a device used for quickly removing wrinkles (/wiki/Wrinkle) from garments (/wiki/Clothing) and fabrics (/wiki/Textile) with the use of high temperature steam (/wiki/Steam) . [1] (#cite_note-1) They can for example be used to straighten wrinkles on shirts (/wiki/Shirt) by releasing tension in the fabric so that it straightens itself. Steamers can also remove smells. [ citation needed ] Function [ edit ] The steamer is filled with water which is heated and exits from the device as steam. Most models have an electrical wire which is connected to an outlet (/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets) . Features [ edit ] Portable steamer Temperature dial for different fabric types Steam nozzle Water tank Clothes hanger and pegs Caster wheels Crease clip Many of these features are typically only found on the more expensive vertical valet clothes steamer models. Handheld, or travel, clothes steamers don't often include these additional features and are usually less powerful than their vertical valet steamers counterparts. Use [ edit ] Most handheld steamers can be used by first filling the water tank, turning the appliance on and waiting a couple of minutes for the steamer to heat up. The clothing to be steamed is hung in a way allowing access to all of it, particularly creased areas, and preferably steamed using down strokes. Care is needed with delicate fabrics. [2] (#cite_note-2) Sizes [ edit ] There are three basic sizes of clothes steamers: commercial floor models used in large manufacturing plants and dry cleaners (/wiki/Dry_cleaning) , mid-sized models for small businesses such as tailors (/wiki/Tailor) or seamstresses (/wiki/Dressmaker) , and handheld mini steamers typically for household use or traveling. [3] (#cite_note-3) Steamers relax fibers rather than flattening like ironing (/wiki/Ironing) ; it is gentler on clothing and eliminates scorching, allowing a clothes steamer to be used, with care, to remove wrinkles from delicate fabrics such as silk. [4] (#cite_note-4) Variants [ edit ] Cabinet steamer from LG Xiaomi (/wiki/Xiaomi) Deerma portable steamer Clothes steamer rack Steaming cabinet A cabinet dedicated to steaming clothing. [5] (#cite_note-5) Examples are the LG Styler cabinet steamer launched in 2011 [6] (#cite_note-6) and the 2018 Samsung AirDresser. [7] (#cite_note-7) These cabinets are designed to be placed inside or beside a clothes closet (/wiki/Clothes_closet) , and use water containers without needing connection to water supply or drainage. [8] (#cite_note-8) Steaming, clothes in a cabinet instead of washing, is said to cause less wear to clothes which are not very soiled, and to use less water. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) Some steaming cabinets claim the ability to remove allergens such as pollen; LG's steaming system was certified as Asthma & Allergy Friendly (/wiki/Asthma_%26_Allergy_Friendly) by Allergy Standards Limited. [10] (#cite_note-10) A reviewer noted that the Samsung AirDresser did not remove heavy wrinkles from suit jackets (/wiki/Suit_jacket) . These cabinets may have WiFi (/wiki/WiFi) smart home (/wiki/Smart_home) connectivity. Improvised solutions Improvised low-temperature home steaming—actually using water vapour (/wiki/Water_vapour) rather than true steam (/wiki/Live_steam) —can be carried out in a shower cabinet. [11] (#cite_note-11) See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clothes steamer (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothes_steamer) . Ironing (/wiki/Ironing) Steam cleaning (/wiki/Steam_cleaning) Tunnel finisher (/wiki/Tunnel_finisher) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Clothes and Fabric Steamer". NewsBank . The Express (London, England). 28 August 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "How Do Clothes Steamers Work" (https://garmentsteamerguide.com/how-to-use-a-clothes-steamer/) . Garment Steamer Guide . 26 February 2020 . Retrieved 9 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Kayne, R. (13 February 2015). "What is a Fabric Steamer?" (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-fabric-steamer.htm) . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Sirignano, Rita (10 January 2012). "Steamers Easier on Clothes than Irons; It's faster & there's no chance you'll ruin you favorite outfit by scorching it". LexisNexis . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "LG har laget et klesskap som damper klærne dine til de slutter å stinke" (https://www.tek.no/nyheter/nyhet/i/wP0E3o/lg-har-laget-et-klesskap-som-damper-klaerne-dine-til-de-slutter-aa-stinke) . Tek.no (in Norwegian). 2017-10-15 . Retrieved 2023-01-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Kelly, Tamara (3 May 2022). "No more ironing! Meet the steam closet that dries and presses your clothes – so you don't have to" (https://www.idealhome.co.uk/news/lg-styler-steam-closet-240459) . Ideal Home . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Samsung showcases first garment refresher AirDresser" (https://www.theinvestor.co.kr/view.php?ud=20180821000717) . www.theinvestor.co.kr . Retrieved 2023-01-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Pedersen, Cathrine (2020-07-20). "LG Styler Mirror og Baron" (https://www.elektronikkbransjen.no/dampskap-hvitevarer-lg/lg-styler-mirror-og-baron/206790) . www.elektronikkbransjen.no (in Norwegian Bokmål) . Retrieved 2023-01-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_9-0) "Samsung AirDresser Clothing Care System" (https://www.samsung.com/us/air-dresser/) . Samsung us . Retrieved 2023-01-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Limited, Allergy Standards (2018). "Allergy Standards Ltd announce that LG Styler has met the scientific requirements for the asthma & allergy friendly Certification Standards" (http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/03/12/1420593/0/en/Allergy-Standards-Ltd-announce-that-LG-Styler-has-met-the-scientific-requirements-for-the-asthma-allergy-friendly-Certification-Standards.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "LG har laget et klesskap som damper klærne dine til de slutter å stinke" (https://www.tek.no/nyheter/nyhet/i/wP0E3o/lg-har-laget-et-klesskap-som-damper-klaerne-dine-til-de-slutter-aa-stinke) . Tek.no (in Norwegian). 2017-10-15 . Retrieved 2023-01-04 . 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(Redirected from Melanie Theresia Berentz (/w/index.php?title=Melanie_Theresia_Berentz&redirect=no) ) Indonesian actress, TV commercial model and beauty pageant titleholder Melanie Berentz Berentz in 2022 Born Melanie Theresia Berentz ( 1999-09-07 ) September 7, 1999 (age 24) Novena (/wiki/Novena,_Singapore) , Singapore Alma mater London School of Public Relations [ citation needed ] Height 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) [ citation needed ] Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Puteri West Java 2022 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022) Hair color Dark Brown [ citation needed ] Eye color Hazel Brown [ citation needed ] Major competition(s) Puteri West Java 2022 (winner) Puteri Indonesia 2022 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022) (3rd runner-up) Melanie Theresia Berentz (born 7 September 1999) is an Indonesian actress, and beauty pageant titleholder, who was crowned Puteri Indonesia West Java 2022 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022) , She represented West Java (/wiki/West_Java) at the Puteri Indonesia 2022 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022) pageant, finishing in the top six. Early life and career [ edit ] Berentz was born on September 7, 1999, in Mount Elizabeth Hospital (/wiki/Mount_Elizabeth_Hospital) , Novena (/wiki/Novena,_Singapore) , Singapore, to a Sundanese (/wiki/Sundanese_people) - Chinese (/wiki/Indonesian_Chinese) mother Melinda Antoinette from Bandung (/wiki/Bandung) , West Java (/wiki/West_Java) and a German father, Marcopoli Heinrich Berentz from München (/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen) , Bavaria (/wiki/Bavaria) , Germany. [1] (#cite_note-Bio-1-1) [2] (#cite_note-Bio-2-2) The family later moved from Singapore, Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) and München (/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen) before settling in Bandung (/wiki/Bandung) when she was 12 years old. [1] (#cite_note-Bio-1-1) [2] (#cite_note-Bio-2-2) She worked as a commercial model before starring in the film SIN (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(film)) together with Bryan Elmi Domani (/wiki/Bryan_Elmi_Domani) . [3] (#cite_note-SIN:_Saat_kekasihmu_adalah_Kakakmu_sendiri-1-3) [4] (#cite_note-SIN:_Saat_kekasihmu_adalah_Kakakmu_sendiri-2-4) Pageantry [ edit ] Puteri West Java 2022 and Puteri Indonesia 2022 [ edit ] Berentz's first contest was provincial level, at Puteri Indonesia West Java (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Jawa_Barat) , held on 17 January 2022, where she was the third runner-up. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-Puteri_West_Java_2022-2-7) She later won Puteri Indonesia West Java 2022 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022) , [7] (#cite_note-Puteri_West_Java_2022-2-7) [8] (#cite_note-Puteri_West_Java_2022-3-8) Berentz then represented the province of West Java (/wiki/West_Java) at Puteri Indonesia 2022 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022) , on May 27, 2022, at the Jakarta Convention Centre (/wiki/Jakarta_Convention_Centre) , finishing in the top six. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Filmography [ edit ] Movies [ edit ] Year Title Role Film Production Ref. 2019 SIN (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(film)) Daisy Falcon Pictures (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Pictures) [3] (#cite_note-SIN:_Saat_kekasihmu_adalah_Kakakmu_sendiri-1-3) [4] (#cite_note-SIN:_Saat_kekasihmu_adalah_Kakakmu_sendiri-2-4) Rumput Tetangga (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumput_Tetangga) Tina Cempaka RA Pictures (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RA_Pictures) [12] (#cite_note-Rumput_Tetangga-1-12) [13] (#cite_note-Rumput_Tetangga-2-13) [14] (#cite_note-Rumput_Tetangga-3-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) 2020 4 Mantan (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Mantan) Airin [16] (#cite_note-4_Mantan-1-16) [17] (#cite_note-4_Mantan-2-17) [18] (#cite_note-4_Mantan-3-18) Television films [ edit ] This section of a biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) does not include (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any references or sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources: "Melanie Berentz" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Melanie+Berentz%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Melanie+Berentz%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Melanie+Berentz%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Melanie+Berentz%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Melanie+Berentz%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Melanie+Berentz%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Year Title Role Network 2018 Cewek Tukang Kayu Ketemu Jodoh (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azab_(film_televisi)) "Carpenter Falling in Love" as Leila Indosiar (/wiki/Indosiar) 2019 Cintaku Terhalang Jarak (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azab_(film_televisi)) "My Love is Blocked by Distance" as Gina Indosiar (/wiki/Indosiar) See also [ edit ] Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Puteri Indonesia (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) Puteri Indonesia 2022 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Jadi Salah Satu Wishlist Puteri Indonesia 2021, 9 Fakta Melanie Berenz" (https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/berkat-prima/fakta-melanie-berenz) . Times of Indonesia (/wiki/Times_of_Indonesia) . February 26, 2021. ^ Jump up to: a b "MELANIE THERESIA BERENTZ" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220518122529/https://puteri-indonesia.com/index.php/component/sppagebuilder/129-20-jawa-barat) . Puteri Indonesia (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) official website. January 18, 2022. Archived from the original (https://puteri-indonesia.com/index.php/component/sppagebuilder/129-20-jawa-barat) on May 18, 2022 . Retrieved May 27, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Film Indonesia – List of Actors And Actress On SIN: Saat kekasihmu adalah Kakakmu sendiri" (http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s003-19-410505_sin/credit) . Cinema of Indonesia (/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia) . May 25, 2022. ^ Jump up to: a b "Daftar Nama Pemain Film SIN Tayang di SCTV Hari Ini, Ada Bryan Domani, Mawar Eva de Jongh, Jessica Mila" (https://literasinews.pikiran-rakyat.com/gaya-hidup/pr-923725565/daftar-nama-pemain-film-sin-tayang-di-sctv-hari-ini-ada-bryan-domanimawar-eva-de-jongh-jessica-mila?page=2) . Pikiran Rakyat (/wiki/Pikiran_Rakyat) . February 13, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Jarkasi, Yaya (2020-02-19). "10 Potret Melanie Berentz, Pemeran Airin di Film 4 Mantan" (https://www.dailyysia.com/10-potret-melanie-berentz-pemeran-airin-di-film-4-mantan/) . Dailysia . Retrieved 2020-09-20 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Melanie Berentz - Film dan acara TV | LifeLoeNET Film" (https://www.lifeloe.net/film/name/melanie-berentz/) . Retrieved 2020-09-20 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Melanie Theresia Antoinette Berentz Sebagai Winner Puteri Indonesia Jawa Barat 2022, Yulinar Fitriani Second Runner Up Puteri Indonesia Jawa Barat Suarakan Kesejahteraan Para Seniman" (https://www.detikindonesia.co.id/entertainment/yulinar-fitriani-second-runner-up-puteri-indonesia-jawa-barat-suarakan-kesejahteraan-para-seniman/) . Detik News (/wiki/Detik.com) . January 18, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-Puteri_West_Java_2022-3_8-0) "10 Potret Liburan Melanie Berentz yang Curi Perhatian, Glamor Abis!" (https://www.idntimes.com/hype/entertainment/stella/10-potret-liburan-melanie-berentz-yang-curi-perhatian-glamor-abis/1) . Times of Indonesia (/wiki/Times_of_Indonesia) . February 26, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Daftar 45 Finalis Puteri Indonesia 2022, dari Aceh hingga Papua" (https://kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/hiburan/pr-593757079/daftar-45-finalis-puteri-indonesia-2022-dari-aceh-hingga-papua?page=4) . Pikiran Rakyat (/wiki/Pikiran_Rakyat) . February 17, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Jelang Malam Final Puteri Indonesia 2022, 3 Ratu Kecantikan Dunia Tiba di Indonesia" (https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4970873/jelang-malam-final-puteri-indonesia-2022-3-ratu-kecantikan-dunia-tiba-di-indonesia) . Liputan 6 (/wiki/Liputan_6) . May 25, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Jelang Malam Final Puteri Indonesia 2022, 3 Ratu Kecantikan Dunia Tiba di Indonesia" (https://today.line.me/id/v2/article/BEz1ZBw) . Line Today (/wiki/Line_(software)) . May 25, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-Rumput_Tetangga-1_12-0) "Kisah film 'Rumput Tetangga' dirasakan Titi Kamal dan Donita" (https://sumut.antaranews.com/berita/205877/kisah-film-rumput-tetangga-dirasakan-titi-kamal-dan-donita) . Antara (news agency). April 5, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-Rumput_Tetangga-2_13-0) "FILM – Rumput Tetangga (2019)" (https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2019/09/08/film-rumput-tetangga-2019) . Tribun Network. September 8, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-Rumput_Tetangga-3_14-0) "10 Potret Melanie Berentz, Pemeran Airin di Film 4 Mantan" (https://www.dailysia.com/10-potret-melanie-berentz-pemeran-airin-di-film-4-mantan/) . dailysia.com. February 19, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Sinopsis Rumput Tetangga" (https://www.viu.com/ott/id/articles/sinopsis-rumput-tetangga/) . Viu (streaming media) (/wiki/Viu_(streaming_media)) . April 18, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-4_Mantan-1_16-0) "4 Mantan: Reparto principal" (https://www.lavanguardia.com/peliculas-series/peliculas/4-mantan-664797) . La Vanguardia (/wiki/La_Vanguardia) . September 13, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-4_Mantan-2_17-0) "4 Mantan: Profile Aktris – Melanie Berentz" (https://wetv.vip/play/s9a8alcec1im7ps-4-Mantan/a00356m4lfq-4MANTAN) . WeTV (streaming service) (/wiki/WeTV_(streaming_service)) . September 13, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-4_Mantan-3_18-0) "Galeri Foto Melanie Berentz" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/melanie-berentz/foto/foto-melanie-berentz-001.html) . KapanLagi News (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/KapanLagi.com) . September 13, 2020. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melanie Berentz (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Melanie_Berentz) . Melanie Berentz (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10578848/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Official Puteri Indonesia Official Website (https://web.archive.org/web/20191214192209/http://puteri-indonesia.com/) Awards and achievements Preceded by Jeanatasia Kurniasari (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2020) Puteri West Java (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_West_Java) 2022 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022) Succeeded by Incumbent NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐xphzt Cached time: 20240720195041 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.572 seconds Real time usage: 1.070 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4350/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 79185/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 12837/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 73825/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.381/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10837893/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 689.842 1 -total 36.04% 248.612 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 25.54% 176.192 1 Template:Reflist 21.26% 146.668 18 Template:Cite_web 10.29% 70.954 1 Template:Short_description 8.60% 59.315 4 Template:Citation_needed 7.79% 53.714 5 Template:Fix 7.46% 51.496 1 Template:BLP_unsourced_section 6.95% 47.927 1 Template:BLP_unsourced 6.50% 44.850 1 Template:User_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:70881253-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720195041 and revision id 1193733791. 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Canadian model and television commercial actress Carly Marie Foulkes Born Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) , Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) , Canada [2] (#cite_note-latimes-2) Nationality Canadian Occupation(s) Model, television commercial actress Modeling information Height 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) [1] (#cite_note-sutherland-1) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown [1] (#cite_note-sutherland-1) Agency Modelwerk, Sutherland Models Carly Marie Foulkes is a Canadian model and actress who became known for appearing in a series of T-Mobile myTouch 4G (/wiki/T-Mobile_myTouch_4G) television commercials, in which she often wore pink/magenta-and-white summer dresses (/wiki/Sundress) . She continued as spokesperson in other T-Mobile ads in which she was depicted as a pink-and-black leather-clad biker girl (/wiki/Biker_girl) . She served as the T-Mobile spokesperson primarily from fall 2010 until spring 2013, with occasional appearances since then. Career [ edit ] Modeling [ edit ] In 2001, at age 13, Foulkes began modeling in the Toronto area. After high school, she moved to New York City to model for agents. Subsequently, she found modeling work in Singapore and Europe. After returning to New York to model, she began to pursue acting. [3] (#cite_note-T4GCFiMTaPF-3) Foulkes appeared on the April 2009 cover of Mexican Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) magazine and in advertisements for Rugby Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Rugby_Ralph_Lauren) , [2] (#cite_note-latimes-2) Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) , Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) , and Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger_Corporation) . [4] (#cite_note-creators-4) She is represented by Modelwerk and Sutherland Models. [5] (#cite_note-CFFMD-5) As of early 2011, a Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) writer described her look as Anne Hathaway (/wiki/Anne_Hathaway) meets Kim Basinger (/wiki/Kim_Basinger) , noting that she was still often confused with fellow Canadian Jessica Paré (/wiki/Jessica_Par%C3%A9) . [2] (#cite_note-latimes-2) T-Mobile television ads [ edit ] Foulkes became the T-Mobile (/wiki/T-Mobile_USA) 4G spokesperson in fall 2010, despite not using the usual American English pronunciation of "mobile" (MOH-b'l) in her summer 2009 audition, but rather pronouncing the word as rhyming with "smile", an accepted pronunciation more common in Canadian English (/wiki/Canadian_English#Phonemic_incidence) . [6] (#cite_note-ICIMT-6) Her advertising campaign was at first noted for similarities to the 2006–2010 Justin Long (/wiki/Justin_Long) / John Hodgman (/wiki/John_Hodgman) " Get a Mac (/wiki/Get_a_Mac) " ads. Foulkes derides the iPhone 4 (/wiki/IPhone_4) and its exclusive provider at the time, AT&T (/wiki/AT%26T) , the same way the Apple Inc. (/wiki/Apple_Inc.) derided Windows (/wiki/Windows) -based personal computers. [7] (#cite_note-cbs101105-7) [8] (#cite_note-dt101103c-8) As a T-Mobile spokesperson, her most immediate predecessor was Catherine Zeta-Jones (/wiki/Catherine_Zeta-Jones) . [6] (#cite_note-ICIMT-6) Her T-Mobile USA (/wiki/T-Mobile_USA) ads ran on major United States networks and multiple web sites. [9] (#cite_note-pc101103-9) Although Foulkes was originally only expected to perform in two or three commercials, as of December 2011 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carly_Foulkes&action=edit) , she has produced a dozen commercials with more anticipated. [10] (#cite_note-10) Foulkes has been described as a "picture-perfect brunette". [11] (#cite_note-bh110502-11) Since becoming the T-Mobile girl, she is known for the pink summer dresses that she wears in most of the ads. She has been styled by Debra LeClair, a stylist at T-Mobile. [3] (#cite_note-T4GCFiMTaPF-3) In August 2011, Sprint Nextel (/wiki/Sprint_Nextel) 's Virgin Mobile prepaid service referred to T-Mobile and Foulkes with caricature (/wiki/Caricature) ads featuring a brunette in a pink dress. [12] (#cite_note-pcm110809-12) [13] (#cite_note-cnet110808-13) Two months earlier, Cricket Wireless (/wiki/Cricket_Wireless) used negative attack marketing (/wiki/Attack_marketing) against T-Mobile without referring to Foulkes. [14] (#cite_note-tm0110610-14) [15] (#cite_note-mb110610-15) Although dresses in the earlier commercials were frequently described as pink, more recent commercials are noted for the use of magenta (/wiki/Magenta) dresses. [6] (#cite_note-ICIMT-6) [16] (#cite_note-16) T-mobile has a color trademark (/wiki/Color_trademark) for the color magenta [17] (#cite_note-17) and markets itself using its corporate colors. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) One of her more notable commercials was a 2011 holiday season production. On November 30, 2011, T-mobile announced a surprise event at the Woodfield Mall (/wiki/Woodfield_Mall) . [20] (#cite_note-20) On December 1, 2011, veteran Glee (/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)) director Alfonso Gomez-Rejon (/wiki/Alfonso_Gomez-Rejon) directed about six surprise singing and dancing mall performances of " Home for the Holidays (/wiki/Home_for_the_Holidays_(song)) " by Foulkes and 100 Chicago-area women in magenta dresses. The performances were later edited into a music video (/wiki/Music_video) with the hope that it would go viral (/wiki/Viral_video) . [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) The full video was posted on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) with a run time of 3:48, and it was presented in a 60-second national television commercial starting on December 12, 2011. The video was produced by Ridley (/wiki/Ridley_Scott) and Tony Scott (/wiki/Tony_Scott) 's RSA Films (/w/index.php?title=RSA_Films&action=edit&redlink=1) . [23] (#cite_note-23) The musical director (/wiki/Musical_director) was Paul Mirkovich (/wiki/Paul_Mirkovich) . [24] (#cite_note-24) On April 17, 2012, [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-WtTGIRGaM-26) T-Mobile launched a rebranded ad campaign that included broadcast and cable TV, Hulu (/wiki/Hulu) , YouTube, and mobile, as well as print. [27] (#cite_note-27) In the refreshed ad campaign Foulkes starred in a commercial, entitled "Alter Ego", in which she discards her usual pink dresses and high heels for a black-and-pink biker outfit and boots before embarking on a motorcycle ride. [28] (#cite_note-TGCDPDFSLS-28) The commercials are perceived as a departure from previous female-friendly Foulkes ads. [26] (#cite_note-WtTGIRGaM-26) [28] (#cite_note-TGCDPDFSLS-28) The commercial was planned to run until Fall 2012, when the complete relaunch of the T-Mobile ad campaign was to have been scheduled. [29] (#cite_note-CTGGNL-29) In announcing the ad to the media, T-Mobile said: With this new ad, there is a distinctive departure from our existing campaign as Carly's magenta summer dresses are replaced by motorcycle leathers and a 1000 cc Ducati (/wiki/Ducati) superbike, which symbolizes the speed and capabilities of our 4G network. Entitled 'Alter Ego', the ad is a metaphor for what T-Mobile is all about – challenging the status quo and taking bold steps in the marketplace as a challenger brand. [29] (#cite_note-CTGGNL-29) She has also been a popular sex symbol (/wiki/Sex_symbol) since the ads started. [3] (#cite_note-T4GCFiMTaPF-3) After months of email support, Foulkes was included in the SI.com (/wiki/SI.com) feature "Hot Clicks" on May 18, 2011. [30] (#cite_note-si110518-30) During a rash of servicemen's online request of celebrities as escorts to military balls, Airman Adam Stelmack asked Foulkes to the Air Force Ball on Guam (/wiki/Guam) , and she declined by posting a video. [31] (#cite_note-kuam110801-31) [32] (#cite_note-vid110816-32) In March 2013, Foulkes was described as "one of the most recognizable brand spokespeople" by Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) journalist Laura Stampler even after converting from a pink dress wardrobe to a bad girl/biker chick image. [33] (#cite_note-33) Later that spring, when T-Mobile prepared for its April rollout of the iPhone 5 (/wiki/IPhone_5) , it selected an advertising campaign without Foulkes, ending her two and a half-year tenure as spokesperson. Foulkes' last new commercial was posted to YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) on February 25, 2013. The new ad campaign featured Cowboys. [34] (#cite_note-CTDCFTBGIPFNA-34) T-Mobile debuted its new ad campaign on March 26, 2013, without Foulkes. [35] (#cite_note-CFTGLLSBF-35) The company has said that the 'T-Mobile Girl' character has been sidelined for now, but this is believed to be a permanent advertising change. [34] (#cite_note-CTDCFTBGIPFNA-34) An official T-Mobile statement said: "This campaign represents a new direction for the brand -- offering consumers a simple choice. As such, the current campaign will not feature the character of the T-Mobile Girl, but she is still a part of the company's brand family." [35] (#cite_note-CFTGLLSBF-35) In early July 2013, Foulkes returned to participate in T-Mobile press events. [36] (#cite_note-36) At the same time, she tweeted a six-second Vine (/wiki/Vine_(app)) video hinting that she would be returning to the ad campaign. [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) In September, Foulkes appeared in a T-Mobile public service announcement regarding texting and driving. [39] (#cite_note-39) On October 10, 2013, T-Mobile announced that they had signed a multi-year contract with Shakira (/wiki/Shakira) as a corporate spokesperson. Foulkes would not be part of the campaign, but remained under contract with T-Mobile and vaguely remained in the future plans. [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) Personal life [ edit ] Foulkes's parents are British, although she was raised in Toronto and attended Loretto Abbey (/wiki/Loretto_Abbey_Catholic_Secondary_School) . [42] (#cite_note-tw110503-42) She has two sisters, Kimmy [43] (#cite_note-43) and Angie. [44] (#cite_note-44) She spent summers in England while growing up. [ citation needed ] Foulkes is a video game junkie. She also describes herself as adept at skateboarding (/wiki/Skateboarding) . Despite the association with pink dresses due to the T-Mobile ad campaign, Foulkes claims not to wear pink in her personal wardrobe, describing herself in high school as "a little punk-music kid" wearing black leather. [3] (#cite_note-T4GCFiMTaPF-3) When asked about her status as an Internet sex symbol (/wiki/Sex_symbol) , Foulkes said she does not classify herself as such: "I'm flattered, but it's funny." [3] (#cite_note-T4GCFiMTaPF-3) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Carly Foulkes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121015062547/http://www.sutherlandmodels.com/modelshow.asp?int_id=100415&category=100069) . SutherlandModels.com. 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.sutherlandmodels.com/modelshow.asp?int_id=100415&category=100069) on October 15, 2012 . Retrieved July 19, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Tschorn, Adam (November 16, 2010). "Burning Questions: Just who is T-Mobile's stylish new 4G girl, and who made that pink-and-white dress?" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2010/11/who-made-t-mobile-mytouch-4g-girls-pink-and-white-dress.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved July 19, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sole-Smith, Virginia (February 15, 2011). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20110221101346/http://www.mydaily.com/2011/02/15/t-mobile-4-g-girl-carly-foulkes-interview/) 'T-Mobile 4G Girl' Carly Foulkes is More Than a Pretty Face" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110221101346/http://www.mydaily.com/2011/02/15/t-mobile-4-g-girl-carly-foulkes-interview/) . My Daily . Archived from the original (http://www.mydaily.com/2011/02/15/t-mobile-4-g-girl-carly-foulkes-interview/) on February 21, 2011 . Retrieved July 18, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-creators_4-0) Beck, Marilyn; Smith, Stacy Jenel (March 26, 2011). "Ask Stacy - Week of March 26, 2011" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110408055457/http://www.creators.com/lifestylefeatures/fashion-and-entertainment/hollywood-exclusive/ask-stacy-week-of-march-26-2011.html) . Creators.com. Archived from the original (http://www.creators.com/lifestylefeatures/fashion-and-entertainment/hollywood-exclusive/ask-stacy-week-of-march-26-2011.html) on April 8, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-CFFMD_5-0) "Carly Foulkes" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/carly_foulkes/) . Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) . Retrieved July 19, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Segan, Sascha (January 6, 2011). "I, Carly: Interviewing "Miss T-Mobile" (https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2375338,00.asp#fbid=TxOdkqyjW6b) " (https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2375338,00.asp#fbid=TxOdkqyjW6b) . PC Magazine (/wiki/PC_Magazine) . Retrieved October 3, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-cbs101105_7-0) Edwards, Jim (November 5, 2010). "How Apple Turned AT&T into the Red-Headed Stepchild of Wireless" (http://www.bnet.com/blog/advertising-business/how-apple-turned-at-t-into-the-red-headed-stepchild-of-wireless/6482?tag=content;drawer-container) . CBS Business Network . Retrieved July 19, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-dt101103c_8-0) Kurlyandchik, Mark (November 3, 2010). "T-Mobile Takes AT&T and iPhone Head-On in New Ad" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110708221848/http://www.dailytech.com/TMobile+Takes+ATT+and+iPhone+HeadOn+in+New+Ad/article20056.htm) . DailyTech LLC. Archived from the original (http://www.dailytech.com/TMobile+Takes+ATT+and+iPhone+HeadOn+in+New+Ad/article20056.htm) on July 8, 2011 . Retrieved July 19, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-pc101103_9-0) Mello, John P. Jr. (November 3, 2010). "T-Mobile Gets Tough With Competitors Over 4G" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110107233947/http://www.pcworld.com/article/209667/tmobile_gets_tough_with_competitors_over_4g.html) . PC World (/wiki/PC_World_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.pcworld.com/article/209667/tmobile_gets_tough_with_competitors_over_4g.html) on January 7, 2011 . Retrieved July 19, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Thompson, Elizabeth (December 8, 2011). "Pretty in Pink" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120118051207/http://www.papermag.com/arts_and_style/2011/12/carly-foulkes.php) . Paper (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.papermag.com/arts_and_style/2011/12/carly-foulkes.php) on January 18, 2012 . Retrieved December 9, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-bh110502_11-0) Van Sack, Jessica (May 2, 2011). "T-Mobile ads still bashing merger partner AT&T" (http://bostonherald.com/business/media/view.bg?articleid=1334822&position=1) . Boston Herald (/wiki/Boston_Herald) . Retrieved July 19, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-pcm110809_12-0) Yin, Sara (August 9, 2011). "Virgin Mobile Mocks T-Mobile's 'Carly' Spokeswoman" (https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2390656,00.asp) . PC Magazine (/wiki/PC_Magazine) . Retrieved August 11, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-cnet110808_13-0) Cheng, Roger (August 8, 2011). "Virgin Mobile takes on T-Mobile" (http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-20089467-94/virgin-mobile-takes-on-t-mobile/) . CNET (/wiki/CNET) . Retrieved August 11, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-tm0110610_14-0) David (June 10, 2011). "Cricket Ramps Up The T-Mobile Attack Marketing" (http://www.tmonews.com/2011/06/cricket-ramps-up-the-t-mobile-attack-marketing/) . TmoNews . Retrieved August 11, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-mb110610_15-0) Marshall, Bob (June 10, 2011). "Cricket Takes on T-Mobile in the Desert" (http://www.mediabistro.com/agencyspy/cricket-takes-on-t-mobile-in-the-desert_b19481) . Agency Spy . Mediabistro.com (/wiki/Mediabistro.com) . Retrieved August 11, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Video shows off new magenta dress chosen by T-Mobile fans for actress Carly Foulkes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111206234008/http://www.techmobilenews.com/index.php/2011/video-shows-off-new-magenta-dress-chosen-by-t-mobile-fans-for-actress-carly-foulkes/) . Tech Mobile News . November 4, 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.techmobilenews.com/index.php/2011/video-shows-off-new-magenta-dress-chosen-by-t-mobile-fans-for-actress-carly-foulkes/) on December 6, 2011 . Retrieved November 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Wilson, Mark (November 7, 2007). "T-Mobile Owns Magenta" (https://gizmodo.com/319824/t+mobile-owns-magenta) . Gizmodo (/wiki/Gizmodo) . Retrieved November 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "It's T-Mobile's "Magenta Saturday" Sale, Are You Shopping?" (http://www.tmonews.com/2011/11/its-tmobiles-magenta-saturday-sale-are-you-shopping/) . TMoNews . November 19, 2011 . Retrieved November 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "T-Mobile to Hold "Magenta Saturday" Sale With Smartphones and Tablets for as Little as $0--$49.99 Net Down: On 19 Nov., T-Mobile will help holiday shoppers escape the dark lines of Black Friday and help them step up to data and the smartphone revolution with minimal upfront cost" (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/t-mobile-to-hold-magenta-saturday-sale-with-smartphones-and-tablets-for-as-little-as-0-4999-net-down-2011-11-15) . Market Watch (/wiki/Market_Watch) . November 15, 2011 . Retrieved November 20, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) T-Mobile USA (November 30, 2011). "@TMobile status" (https://www.twitter.com/TMobile/status/141988669841096704) . Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . Retrieved December 10, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Bishop, Todd (December 7, 2011). "Video: T-Mobile stages holiday musical in middle of a mall" (http://www.geekwire.com/2011/video-tmobile-stages-holiday-musical-middle-mall) . Geekwire (/wiki/Geekwire) . Retrieved December 10, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Baar, Aaron (December 8, 2011). "Magenta Meets New Directions For T-Mobile" (http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/163696/magenta-meets-new-directions-for-t-mobile.html) . Media Post News (/w/index.php?title=Media_Post_News&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved December 10, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) McGlynn, Tim (December 9, 2011). "Schaumburg High School students in T-Mobile ad" (https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20111209/submitted/712099766/) . Daily Herald (/wiki/Daily_Herald_(Arlington_Heights)) . Retrieved December 10, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "T-Mobile's Home for the Holidays Surprise" (http://www.casttv.com/video/ofatawl/t-mobile-s-home-for-the-holidays-surprise-video) . CastTV (/wiki/CastTV) . December 5, 2011 . Retrieved December 10, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) T-Mobile USA (April 17, 2012). "@TMobile status" (https://twitter.com/TMobile/status/192388719716745219) . Retrieved April 28, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chang, Alexandra (April 18, 2012). "Why the 'T-Mobile Girl' Is Really Getting a Makeover – Reading Between the Lines" (https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2012/04/why-the-t-mobile-girl-is-really-getting-a-makeover-reading-between-the-lines/) . Wired (/wiki/Wired_(magazine)) . Retrieved April 28, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Patel, Kanur (April 16, 2012). "T-Mobile Talks Tough for Its Comeback, Vowing 'No More Mr. Nice Girl': Struggling Carrier Embarks on Big-Budget Rebrand, Makes Over Spokeswoman" (http://adage.com/article/news/t-mobile-talks-tough-comeback-vowing-mr-nice-girl/234138/) . Advertising Age (/wiki/Advertising_Age) . Retrieved April 28, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Alexander, Anila (April 18, 2012). "T-Mobile Girl Carly Ditches Pink Dresses For Sexy Leather Suit: Reasons for the Makeover [VIDEO]" (http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/330027/20120418/tmobile-girl-carly-foulkes-rebrand-leather-video.htm) . International Business Times (/wiki/International_Business_Times) . Retrieved April 28, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Gilber, Jason (April 17, 2012). "Carly, T-Mobile Girl, Gets New Look: Leather Makeover Debuts in New Commercials (VIDEO)" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/17/carly-tmobile-girl-new-look_n_1431089.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Retrieved April 28, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-si110518_30-0) Traina, Jimmy (May 18, 2011). "Hot Clicks" (http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/extramustard/hotclicks/05/18/carly-foulkes-dirk-nowitzki-scores-48-david-kah-implies-lottery-fixing/index.html) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Retrieved July 18, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-kuam110801_31-0) Eclavea, Leah (August 1, 2011). "Guam airman asks T-Mobile Girl to Air Force Ball" (http://www.kuam.com/story/15183286/2011/08/01/guam-airman-asks-t-mobile-girl-to-air-force-ball) . KUAM (/wiki/KUAM-TV) News . Retrieved August 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-vid110816_32-0) Foulkes, Carly (July 29, 2011). "@eif_hearted Sorry I took so long: )" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111009085546/http://www.twitvid.com/7YAOF) . Twitvid (/wiki/Twitvid) . Archived from the original (http://www.twitvid.com/7YAOF) on October 9, 2011 . Retrieved August 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Stampler, Laura (March 3, 2013). "Meet Carly Foulkes: T-Mobile's Girl in Pink Turned Biker Babe" (http://www.businessinsider.com/meet-carly-foulkes-the-t-mobile-girl-2013-3) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved April 2, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Edwards, Jim (March 27, 2013). "CONFIRMED: T-Mobile Ditches Carly Foulkes, The Beloved 'Girl in Pink,' From New Ads" (http://www.businessinsider.com/new-t-mobile-campaign-ditches-carly-foulkes-the-companys-beloved-girl-in-pink-2013-3) . Business Insider . Retrieved April 2, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Gilbert, Jason (March 27, 2013). "Carly Foulkes, 'T-Mobile Girl,' Looks Like She's Been Fired" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/27/carly-foulkes-t-mobile-girl-fired_n_2964208.html) . Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) . Retrieved April 2, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Chavez, Chris (July 10, 2013). "T-Mobile girl Carly Foulkes back after hiatus (and in lots of leather)" (http://phandroid.com/2013/07/10/t-mobile-girl-carly-foulkes-is-back-and-in-lots-of-leather/) . Phandroid.com . Retrieved September 20, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Edwards, Jim (July 9, 2013). "Girl-In-Pink Carly Foulkes Hints She May Return To Rescue T-Mobile From Sales Decline" (http://www.businessinsider.com/girl-in-pink-carly-foulkes-hints-she-may-return-to-rescue-t-mobile-from-sales-decline-2013-7) . Business Insider . Retrieved September 20, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Foulkes, Carly [@FoulkesCarly] (July 9, 2013). "Stay tuned #tmobile #magenta #surprise https://vine.co/v/h7gYehEtrEF" (https://x.com/FoulkesCarly/status/354693219390464001) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved September 20, 2013 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) @TmoNews (September 20, 2013). ".@FoulkesCarly Carly is back on T-Mobile ya'll!" (https://x.com/TmoNews/status/380853819393196032) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved September 20, 2013 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Frank, Blair Hanley (October 9, 2013). "T-Mobile shakes things up with Shakira, unveils new celebrity 'collaborator' (http://www.geekwire.com/2013/tmobile-shakes-shakira-unveils-celebrity-collaborator/) " (http://www.geekwire.com/2013/tmobile-shakes-shakira-unveils-celebrity-collaborator/) . GeekWire (/wiki/GeekWire) . Retrieved October 11, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Marek, Sue (October 10, 2013). "T-Mobile hitches brand to Shakira in hopes of drawing Latino market" (http://www.fiercewireless.com/story/t-mobile-hitches-brand-shakira-hopes-drawing-latino-market/2013-10-10) . FierceWIreless (/w/index.php?title=FierceWIreless&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved October 11, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-tw110503_42-0) Foulkes, Carly [@FoulkesCarly] (May 3, 2011). "@cameron_macc I went to Loretto Abbey, in Toronto :)" (https://x.com/FoulkesCarly/status/65531616486887424) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved June 12, 2011 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-43) @FoulkesCarly (June 18, 2011). "My other sis Kimmy. We always end up wearing the same thing. Always. #itsnotplanned http://yfrog.com/h2aafwbj" (https://x.com/FoulkesCarly/status/82165630010269699) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved July 24, 2016 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Foulkes, Carly (August 26, 2013). "My sister is really a mister" (https://vine.co/v/hiq3F52nnZJ) . Vine.co . External links [ edit ] Carly Foulkes (https://x.com/FoulkesCarly) on X (/wiki/X_(social_network)) Carly Foulkes (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4428119/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Carly Foulkes (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/carly_foulkes/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Instagram modelling page (https://www.instagram.com/carlyfoulkes/) Instagram photography site (https://www.instagram.com/carlyfoulkesphotography) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐gtxqg Cached time: 20240713184645 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.630 seconds Real time usage: 0.940 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4928/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 95187/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6233/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 169405/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.404/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9848334/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 878.222 1 -total 39.01% 342.632 1 Template:Reflist 24.99% 219.465 31 Template:Cite_web 20.43% 179.388 1 Template:Short_description 19.51% 171.372 1 Template:Infobox_model 12.40% 108.866 2 Template:Pagetype 5.88% 51.682 26 Template:Main_other 5.01% 44.039 1 Template:Infobox 4.27% 37.462 1 Template:Citation_needed 4.22% 37.100 4 Template:Cite_tweet Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31559406-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713184645 and revision id 1217617570. 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Australian fashion model For other people with similar names, see Charles Fraser (/wiki/Charles_Fraser_(disambiguation)) . Charlee Fraser Fraser in 2021 Born ( 1995-12-25 ) 25 December 1995 (age 28) Newcastle, New South Wales (/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales) , Australia Modeling information Height 5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown Agency IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) (Worldwide) PARS Management (Munich) [1] (#cite_note-1) Charlee Fraser (born 25 December 1995) is an Australian fashion model and actress. As of May 2018, she is ranked as one of the "Top 50" models in the fashion industry by models.com. [2] (#cite_note-2) She was the most booked model of NYFW (/wiki/NYFW) spring 2018. [3] (#cite_note-3) Fraser has appeared on the covers of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) and Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) . Early life [ edit ] Fraser is of Caucasian (/wiki/White_people) and Awabakal (/wiki/Awabakal) Australian heritage; she is the middle child of three siblings. In 2015 her childhood house was bulldozed down by a family friend after a dispute between her father and the friend. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Career [ edit ] Fraser was discovered by a photographer in Newcastle, New South Wales (/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales) . [6] (#cite_note-6) She modeled in Sydney Fashion Week shows before making her début at Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) F/W 2016, where famous hairstylist Guido Palau (/wiki/Guido_Palau) gave her and other models distinctive haircuts; that season, she also walked the runway for Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) , Rodarte (/wiki/Rodarte) , Brandon Maxwell (/wiki/Brandon_Maxwell) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Marni (/wiki/Marni) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(company)) , Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Mulberry (/wiki/Mulberry_(company)) , Céline (/wiki/C%C3%A9line) , Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , Prabal Gurung (/wiki/Prabal_Gurung) , and Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) , and Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) among others. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Fraser has been on the cover of Vogue Australia (/wiki/Vogue_Australia) . [10] (#cite_note-10) She has appeared in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , Vogue Mexico (/wiki/Vogue_M%C3%A9xico_y_Latinoam%C3%A9rica) , Vogue Japan (/wiki/Vogue_Japan) , Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , Russh (/wiki/Russh) , and Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) among others. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) She co-stars in the Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) "BOYS & GIRLS" cosmetics campaign. [18] (#cite_note-18) In 2024, she appeared in the post-apocalyptic film Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga (/wiki/Furiosa:_A_Mad_Max_Saga) (the prequel to the 2015 film Mad Max: Fury Road (/wiki/Mad_Max:_Fury_Road) ) as the mother of the titular character (/wiki/Imperator_Furiosa) . Filmography [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2023 Anyone but You (/wiki/Anyone_but_You) Margaret Film debut 2024 Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga (/wiki/Furiosa:_A_Mad_Max_Saga) Mary Jabassa References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Charlee Fraser - Model" (https://models.com/models/charlee-fraser) . Models.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181008163346/https://models.com/models/charlee-fraser) from the original on 8 October 2018 . Retrieved 11 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "MODELS.com's Top 50 Models" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/23233#23233) . Models.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181006194653/https://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/23233#23233) from the original on 6 October 2018 . Retrieved 11 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "This Indigenous Australian Model Walked the Most Shows at New York Fashion Week" (http://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/765867-charlee-fraser/#/slide/1) . Thefashionspot.com . 20 September 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180915200337/http://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/765867-charlee-fraser/#/slide/1) from the original on 15 September 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Shelley Seddon (16 September 2017). " (https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/stellar/im-very-proud-of-my-indigenous-heritage/news-story/4ec652709234dac047b3f01af2792767) 'I'm very proud of my Indigenous heritage' (https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/stellar/im-very-proud-of-my-indigenous-heritage/news-story/4ec652709234dac047b3f01af2792767) " (https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/stellar/im-very-proud-of-my-indigenous-heritage/news-story/4ec652709234dac047b3f01af2792767) . The Daily Telegraph . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214446/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/stellar/im-very-proud-of-my-indigenous-heritage/news-story/4ec652709234dac047b3f01af2792767) from the original on 11 October 2018 . Retrieved 11 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Keene, Neil (9 June 2015). "Homes, cars crushed by 'stolen' rampaging bulldozer" (https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/homes-cars-crushed-by-stolen-rampaging-bulldozer/news-story/7891a0438294dedf938d2022625ee48a) . The Daily Telegraph . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240118104639/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/homes-cars-crushed-by-stolen-rampaging-bulldozer/news-story/7891a0438294dedf938d2022625ee48a) from the original on 18 January 2024 . Retrieved 18 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Fraser, Charlee (22 March 2018). "Charlee Fraser essay for Vogue Australia April 2018 - Vogue Australia" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/charlee-fraser-on-her-indigenous-australian-heritage-and-being-a-role-model-for-young-women/news-story/d8ee751b97c8439eefa09e0583ba7acf) . Vogue.com.au . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180504230535/https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/charlee-fraser-on-her-indigenous-australian-heritage-and-being-a-role-model-for-young-women/news-story/d8ee751b97c8439eefa09e0583ba7acf) from the original on 4 May 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Meet the Aussie Beach Babe Taking NYFW by Storm" (https://www.vogue.com/article/charlee-fraser-nyfw-interview) . Vogue.com . 17 February 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111646/https://www.vogue.com/article/charlee-fraser-nyfw-interview) from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Huntington, Patty (25 April 2016). "Model Call: Charlee Fraser, Fall's Indigenous Australian Star" (http://wwd.com/eye/people/model-charlee-fraser-indigenous-australian-10415087/) . Wwd.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135043/http://wwd.com/eye/people/model-charlee-fraser-indigenous-australian-10415087/) from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Watch This Face: Charlee Fraser" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a37640/watch-this-face-charlee-fraser/) . Harpersbazaar.com . 8 August 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111741/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a37640/watch-this-face-charlee-fraser/) from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Akiima, Charlee Fraser, Andreja Pejić and Fernanda Ly for Vogue Australia's April 2018 issue" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/models-akiima-charlee-fraser-andreja-peji-and-fernanda-ly-cover-vogue-australias-april-2018-issue/image-gallery/8c4aed49a89684da8ea2edd4ad2d39da) . Vogue.com.au . 17 March 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180424190611/https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/models-akiima-charlee-fraser-andreja-peji-and-fernanda-ly-cover-vogue-australias-april-2018-issue/image-gallery/8c4aed49a89684da8ea2edd4ad2d39da) from the original on 24 April 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Vogue Australia March 2018 Charlee Fraser by Sebastian Kim - Fashion Editorials" (https://fashioneditorials.com/vogue-australia-march-2018-charlee-fraser-sebastian-kim/) . Fashioneditorials.com . 25 February 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180902084420/https://fashioneditorials.com/vogue-australia-march-2018-charlee-fraser-sebastian-kim/) from the original on 2 September 2018 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "True colors" (http://www.vogue.it/en/fashion/cover-fashion-stories/2018/03/06/true-colors-vogue-italia-march-2018/) . Vogue.it . 6 March 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180511061157/http://www.vogue.it/en/fashion/cover-fashion-stories/2018/03/06/true-colors-vogue-italia-march-2018/) from the original on 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Secreto Interior: Vogue México September 2017 - Team EF" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180902085932/https://ef.team/secreto-interior-vogue-mexico-september-2017/) . Ef.team . 30 August 2017. Archived from the original (https://ef.team/secreto-interior-vogue-mexico-september-2017/) on 2 September 2018 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Big Time in Vogue Japan with Charlee Fraser, Selena Forrest wearing Saint Laurent, Louis Vuitton, Isabel Marant - Fashion Editorial - Magazines" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/magazines/vogue-japan/editorials/may-2018/big-time-52265/) . Fashionmodeldirectory.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180602131650/http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/magazines/vogue-japan/editorials/may-2018/big-time-52265/) from the original on 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013422/https://www.numero.com/fr/mode/attache-moi-greg-kadel-charlee-frazer) "Attache-moi" par Greg Kadel avec Charlee Frazer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013422/https://www.numero.com/fr/mode/attache-moi-greg-kadel-charlee-frazer) . Numero.com . 13 May 2016. Archived from the original (http://www.numero.com/fr/mode/attache-moi-greg-kadel-charlee-frazer) on 3 September 2018 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Charlee Fraser in Spiritualised - RUSSH" (http://www.russh.com/charlee-fraser-in-spiritualised/) . Russh.com . 1 June 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180605180228/http://www.russh.com/charlee-fraser-in-spiritualised/) from the original on 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20230325044029/http://www.ccmag.eu/do-you-speak-balenciaga-editorial-by-sean-seng-for-dazed-magazine/) 'Do you speak Balenciaga?' Editorial by Sean & Seng for Dazed Magazine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20230325044029/http://www.ccmag.eu/do-you-speak-balenciaga-editorial-by-sean-seng-for-dazed-magazine/) . Ccmag.eu . Archived from the original (http://www.ccmag.eu/do-you-speak-balenciaga-editorial-by-sean-seng-for-dazed-magazine/) on 25 March 2023 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Tom Ford Boys & Girls 2017 Film Campaign" (http://lesfacons.com/2017/09/20/tom-ford-boys-girls-2017-film-campaign/) . Lesfacons.com . 20 September 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180514231747/http://lesfacons.com/2017/09/20/tom-ford-boys-girls-2017-film-campaign) from the original on 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 October 2018 . External links [ edit ] Charlee Fraser (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9471695/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐95snm Cached time: 20240712132835 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.361 seconds Real time usage: 0.519 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3026/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 49135/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3509/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 73491/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.243/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9773258/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 484.836 1 -total 33.97% 164.718 1 Template:Infobox_model 33.40% 161.926 1 Template:Reflist 26.58% 128.870 16 Template:Cite_web 20.51% 99.453 1 Template:Short_description 13.26% 64.313 21 Template:Main_other 11.02% 53.443 1 Template:SDcat 7.98% 38.689 1 Template:Infobox 7.10% 34.411 2 Template:Pagetype 5.67% 27.512 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57285985-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712132835 and revision id 1233358092. 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Clothing worn in auto racing For other uses, see Racing suit (disambiguation) (/wiki/Racing_suit_(disambiguation)) . The 2007 racing suit of Formula One (/wiki/Formula_One) driver Fernando Alonso (/wiki/Fernando_Alonso) (left), and the 1990s suit of NASCAR (/wiki/NASCAR) driver Dale Earnhardt (/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt) (right). A racing suit or racing overalls , often referred to as a fire suit due to its fire retardant (/wiki/Fire_retardant) properties, is clothing such as overalls (/wiki/Overall) worn in various forms of auto racing (/wiki/Auto_racing) by racing drivers (/wiki/Racing_driver) , crew members who work on the vehicles during races, track safety workers or marshals (/wiki/Motorsport_marshal) , and in some series commentators (/wiki/Sports_commentator) at the event. In the early days of racing, most racing series had no mandated uniforms. Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, specialized racing suits were designed to optimize driver temperature via heat transfer (/wiki/Heat_transfer) , and later to protect drivers from fire. [1] (#cite_note-NASCAR-AboutFireSuits-2015-1) By 1967, the majority of competitors in Formula One (/wiki/Formula_One) , NASCAR (/wiki/NASCAR) , the National Hot Rod Association (/wiki/National_Hot_Rod_Association) (NHRA), United States Auto Club (/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club) (USAC), and Champ Car (/wiki/Champ_Car) (the predecessor to modern IndyCar (/wiki/IndyCar) ) began wearing specialized fire suits. [2] (#cite_note-Jalopnik-FireWFire-2016-2) [3] (#cite_note-F1-Clothing-3) [4] (#cite_note-NHRA-FightingFires-4) [5] (#cite_note-ESPN-UniformStandards-5) [6] (#cite_note-F1Safety-50s60s-6) [7] (#cite_note-F1Safety-70s80s-7) Most modern suits use Nomex (/wiki/Nomex) , a material developed in the 1960s around the time fire suits emerged. [2] (#cite_note-Jalopnik-FireWFire-2016-2) [3] (#cite_note-F1-Clothing-3) The suits are also known for prominently displaying driver sponsors. Design and use [ edit ] IndyCar (/wiki/IndyCar) driver Helio Castroneves (/wiki/Helio_Castroneves) wearing a Shell (/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell) -branded Nomex firesuit and head sock A racing suit is designed to cover the entire body of a driver, crew member, or marshall, including long sleeves and long pants legs. Typical driver suits are one-piece overalls (/wiki/Overall) , similar in appearance to a boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) . Other fire suits are two piece, consisting of a "jacket" and pants. [8] (#cite_note-SFI-DriverSuitSpecs-2013-8) The suits consist of a single or multiple layers of fire-retardant material. [3] (#cite_note-F1-Clothing-3) [8] (#cite_note-SFI-DriverSuitSpecs-2013-8) [9] (#cite_note-NASCAR-HotUnderCollar-9) [10] (#cite_note-Skirts&Skuffs-FireSuit-Oct2015-10) [11] (#cite_note-NASCAR-DressingThePart-11) The suits also have special epaulettes (/wiki/Epaulette) or yokes (/wiki/Yoke_(clothing)) on the shoulder area that act as "handles" in order to lift a driver strapped to a racing seat out of a vehicle. This is mandated under Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile) (FIA) safety standards. [3] (#cite_note-F1-Clothing-3) [12] (#cite_note-Impact-Suit-Tech-12) Most suits use fabric made of Nomex (/wiki/Nomex) , a synthetic material produced by DuPont (/wiki/DuPont) that retains its fire-retardant properties with time and use. Other suits consist of cotton treated with Proban, a chemical manufactured by Rhodia (/wiki/Rhodia_(company)) , or other substances. These suits can lose their fire-resistant properties over time, particularly after washing. Other suits are made of Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) , polybenzimidazole fiber (/wiki/Polybenzimidazole_fiber) (PBI), or carbon fibers (/wiki/Carbon_fibers) , but are less widely used due to lack of comfort and color variety. [12] (#cite_note-Impact-Suit-Tech-12) [9] (#cite_note-NASCAR-HotUnderCollar-9) [10] (#cite_note-Skirts&Skuffs-FireSuit-Oct2015-10) [13] (#cite_note-CNN-DuPont-NomexF1-13) [14] (#cite_note-MotorSportMag-Nomex-14) [15] (#cite_note-Forst2008-15) Newer suits, such as those produced by Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) , have inner liners treated with menthol (/wiki/Menthol) to create a cooling sensation and fight odor. [9] (#cite_note-NASCAR-HotUnderCollar-9) [16] (#cite_note-SportTechie-Kligerman-16) Additional accessories, including fire-resistant long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) , gloves (/wiki/Driving_glove) , shoes, and balaclava (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) -like face masks or "head socks" are also worn. [3] (#cite_note-F1-Clothing-3) [8] (#cite_note-SFI-DriverSuitSpecs-2013-8) [10] (#cite_note-Skirts&Skuffs-FireSuit-Oct2015-10) [11] (#cite_note-NASCAR-DressingThePart-11) [17] (#cite_note-DragZine-InCaseOfFire-17) [18] (#cite_note-FIAStandards-18) When Nomex material is exposed to flame, instead of burning or melting it develops a carbon char (/wiki/Char_(chemistry)) . The char thickens the section of fiber exposed to the flame, preventing the spread of the fire to the rest of the suit and inhibiting the transfer of heat to the wearer of the garment. [19] (#cite_note-NSF-Firesuites-2012-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-Leslie-Pelecky2008-21) CarbonX is a different fabric for fire suits made of oxidized polyacrylonitrile (/wiki/Polyacrylonitrile) (a precursor to carbon fiber). It is created by heating material until it oxidizes and chars, with the finished product able to last for two minutes exposed to fire. It is frequently used for racing undergarments and gloves. [21] (#cite_note-Leslie-Pelecky2008-21) [22] (#cite_note-C&E-ModernGladiator-Feb2009-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Using multiple layers of the material, and quilting (/wiki/Quilting) of the fabric, meanwhile, create pockets of air which further insulate the wearer from heat. [19] (#cite_note-NSF-Firesuites-2012-19) [24] (#cite_note-SFI-DriverSuits-24) [21] (#cite_note-Leslie-Pelecky2008-21) The suits are not entirely fireproof, but rather fire retardant for a period of time, allowing an individual to escape an incident or be rescued with minimal injury. [13] (#cite_note-CNN-DuPont-NomexF1-13) [25] (#cite_note-ChiTribune-IndySafety-May1993-25) [26] (#cite_note-NASCAR-Safety-Feb2011-26) Bill Simpson (/wiki/Bill_Simpson_(racing_driver)) , an innovator in racing safety, estimated in 1993 that a person has "20 to 30 seconds" before a fire suit begins to burn. [25] (#cite_note-ChiTribune-IndySafety-May1993-25) The mandated minimum level of protection for uniforms in different racing series varies, as does the minimum standard for drivers, crew members, and officials. [8] (#cite_note-SFI-DriverSuitSpecs-2013-8) In the NHRA drag racing (/wiki/Drag_racing) series, for example, suits are designed to last 30 to 40 seconds before the wearer suffers second degree burns (/wiki/Second_degree_burn) . This is a higher benchmark than that of most other series, due to the high risk of fire from nitromethane (/wiki/Nitromethane) and alcohol-fueled cars. [12] (#cite_note-Impact-Suit-Tech-12) [8] (#cite_note-SFI-DriverSuitSpecs-2013-8) [17] (#cite_note-DragZine-InCaseOfFire-17) [4] (#cite_note-NHRA-FightingFires-4) SFI Foundation, Inc. (/wiki/SFI_Foundation,_Inc.) , formerly part of SEMA (/wiki/SEMA_(association)) , dictates the suit fire protection standards for numerous sanctioning bodies particularly in the United States, including NASCAR, IndyCar (/wiki/IndyCar) , the NHRA, the Sports Car Club of America (/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America) (SCCA), and the United States Auto Club (/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club) (USAC). The FIA determines the standards for most of its series such as Formula One and the FIA World Endurance Championship (/wiki/FIA_World_Endurance_Championship) , excluding the standards of its drag racing competition which are determined by SFI. [3] (#cite_note-F1-Clothing-3) [12] (#cite_note-Impact-Suit-Tech-12) [17] (#cite_note-DragZine-InCaseOfFire-17) [18] (#cite_note-FIAStandards-18) [27] (#cite_note-SFI-Members-27) SFI and FIA standards are used by other organizations outside their jurisdiction, such as the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (/wiki/Confederation_of_Australian_Motor_Sport) (CAMS). [28] (#cite_note-Cams-KartSuits-2014-28) [29] (#cite_note-Cams-Apparel-2014-29) Both SFI and the FIA use the Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) test to measure the effectiveness of fire-retardant clothing. [ citation needed ] This test, created by DuPont in the 1970s, measures the amount of time in seconds before the wearer of a garment suffers second degree burns. For example, a garment that lasts three seconds before second degree burns occur receives a TPP value of 6. Under SFI standards, this would receive a rating of 3.2A/1, the lowest possible SFI rating. [12] (#cite_note-Impact-Suit-Tech-12) [8] (#cite_note-SFI-DriverSuitSpecs-2013-8) [17] (#cite_note-DragZine-InCaseOfFire-17) [30] (#cite_note-OverallOverhaul-30) [4] (#cite_note-NHRA-FightingFires-4) [24] (#cite_note-SFI-DriverSuits-24) Non-fire retardant suits [ edit ] Further information: Motorcycle leathers (/wiki/Motorcycle_leathers) Suits in several other classes of racing are similar in appearance to fire suits, but are not designed to be fire resistant. Suits used for kart racing (/wiki/Kart_racing) are not typically fire retardant, but rather are made to be abrasion resistant (/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical)#Abrasion_resistance) using leather, nylon or cordura (/wiki/Cordura) . [28] (#cite_note-Cams-KartSuits-2014-28) [29] (#cite_note-Cams-Apparel-2014-29) Suits used for motorcycle racing (/wiki/Motorcycle_racing) , called motorcycle leathers (/wiki/Motorcycle_leathers) , are also designed to be abrasion resistant. They consist of leather or a similarly-strong material, with nylon and spandex (/wiki/Spandex) fabrics prohibited. [31] (#cite_note-FIM-TrackRules-2014-31) Fire-resistant undergarments are optional to provide fire protection. [31] (#cite_note-FIM-TrackRules-2014-31) The Commission Internationale de Karting (/wiki/Commission_Internationale_de_Karting) (CIK) and FIA regulate specifications for karting suits. [28] (#cite_note-Cams-KartSuits-2014-28) [29] (#cite_note-Cams-Apparel-2014-29) The Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme) (FIM) regulates suits for numerous racing series such as MotoGP (/wiki/MotoGP) and the AMA Supercross Championship (/wiki/AMA_Supercross_Championship) . [31] (#cite_note-FIM-TrackRules-2014-31) Branding [ edit ] Many (/wiki/Joey_Logano) NASCAR (/wiki/Austin_Cindric) drivers (/wiki/Denny_Hamlin) wearing (/wiki/Brad_Keselowski) their firesuits. Since the 1980s, [1] (#cite_note-NASCAR-AboutFireSuits-2015-1) [5] (#cite_note-ESPN-UniformStandards-5) [10] (#cite_note-Skirts&Skuffs-FireSuit-Oct2015-10) racing suits have been customized to prominently feature the sponsors of drivers and teams, leading to designs similar to those of the race cars. [1] (#cite_note-NASCAR-AboutFireSuits-2015-1) [5] (#cite_note-ESPN-UniformStandards-5) [10] (#cite_note-Skirts&Skuffs-FireSuit-Oct2015-10) [32] (#cite_note-32) For fire suits, the material used to make the sponsor patches must also be fire proof, adding additional weight to the suit. [5] (#cite_note-ESPN-UniformStandards-5) [3] (#cite_note-F1-Clothing-3) Many modern suits, however, use printed logos in order to reduce weight. [3] (#cite_note-F1-Clothing-3) History [ edit ] Formula One mechanics (top) and a NASCAR pit crew (bottom) perform pit stops in fire-retardant suits. Prior to the advent of fire-retardant racing suits, there were no mandated driving uniforms in most racing series. [1] (#cite_note-NASCAR-AboutFireSuits-2015-1) [2] (#cite_note-Jalopnik-FireWFire-2016-2) [33] (#cite_note-Autoweek-WhatWeWoreThen-33) [30] (#cite_note-OverallOverhaul-30) In NASCAR (/wiki/NASCAR) competition, for example, many drivers and crew members would wear jeans (/wiki/Jeans) and other typical street clothes. [1] (#cite_note-NASCAR-AboutFireSuits-2015-1) [2] (#cite_note-Jalopnik-FireWFire-2016-2) [34] (#cite_note-PressDem-200mph-TomatoCan-34) [11] (#cite_note-NASCAR-DressingThePart-11) American firm Hinchman had manufactured specialized racing suits since the mid-1920s, worn by drivers Babe Stapp (/wiki/Babe_Stapp) and Pete DePaolo (/wiki/Pete_DePaolo) . [30] (#cite_note-OverallOverhaul-30) [35] (#cite_note-Hinchman-About-35) In the 1950s, NASCAR Grand National ( NASCAR Cup Series (/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series) ) driver Tim Flock (/wiki/Tim_Flock) began wearing a specialized racing suit, which became popular in the 1960s. At this time, the suits were designed with an inner liner meant to keep drivers cool. [1] (#cite_note-NASCAR-AboutFireSuits-2015-1) [2] (#cite_note-Jalopnik-FireWFire-2016-2) Soon afterwards, in several series racing suits or any driver clothing used in competition were soaked in chemical solutions to make them fire-retardant long enough for a driver to escape an incident. In NASCAR, a baking soda (/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate) solution was typically used, while the SCCA mandated racing suits treated in boric acid (/wiki/Boric_acid) or borax (/wiki/Borax) . [1] (#cite_note-NASCAR-AboutFireSuits-2015-1) [2] (#cite_note-Jalopnik-FireWFire-2016-2) [33] (#cite_note-Autoweek-WhatWeWoreThen-33) [34] (#cite_note-PressDem-200mph-TomatoCan-34) [11] (#cite_note-NASCAR-DressingThePart-11) [36] (#cite_note-Parks2011-36) Boraxo (/wiki/Boraxo) , a brand of powdered soap largely composed of borax, was often used as treatment. [37] (#cite_note-CrashCourse-37) [38] (#cite_note-OrlandoSent-Fireball-38) The catalyst for developing racing suits that could effectively resist fire came in the late 1950s and 1960s, when several fiery crashes occurred in the motorsport world. In 1959, Jerry Unser (/wiki/Jerry_Unser) died from burns suffered in a crash practicing for the Indianapolis 500 (/wiki/1959_Indianapolis_500) . [39] (#cite_note-ESPN-DeathsInF1-39) [40] (#cite_note-Motorsport-Indy500Timeline-40) In 1963, NHRA Top Fuel (/wiki/Top_Fuel) driver and Division 7 Tech Director Chuck Branham died after suffering burns in a crash. [25] (#cite_note-ChiTribune-IndySafety-May1993-25) [4] (#cite_note-NHRA-FightingFires-4) During NASCAR's 1964 World 600 (/wiki/1964_World_600) (today's Coca-Cola 600 (/wiki/Coca-Cola_600) ), Fireball Roberts (/wiki/Fireball_Roberts) was involved in a crash on lap seven while avoiding two other cars, passing away five weeks later. Roberts had asthmatic (/wiki/Asthma) reactions to the clothing treatment used by NASCAR, and had received a waver against using it. [1] (#cite_note-NASCAR-AboutFireSuits-2015-1) [2] (#cite_note-Jalopnik-FireWFire-2016-2) [11] (#cite_note-NASCAR-DressingThePart-11) [41] (#cite_note-LATimes-WhatPriceSafety-41) [42] (#cite_note-RajtarRajtar2014-42) One week later during the 1964 Indianapolis 500 (/wiki/1964_Indianapolis_500) , drivers Dave MacDonald (/wiki/Dave_MacDonald) and Eddie Sachs (/wiki/Eddie_Sachs) were killed in a seven-car crash on the second lap of the race. [41] (#cite_note-LATimes-WhatPriceSafety-41) [43] (#cite_note-8WPart2-43) [26] (#cite_note-NASCAR-Safety-Feb2011-26) [38] (#cite_note-OrlandoSent-Fireball-38) Following the incidents, Jim Deist and Bill Simpson, who developed some of the first drag parachutes (/wiki/Drag_parachute) , released the first racing suits designed to be fire-retardant. Both suits were "aluminized" (/wiki/Aluminium) in order to be flame resistant. Simpson's suit consisted of a modified cotton boilersuit. [2] (#cite_note-Jalopnik-FireWFire-2016-2) [25] (#cite_note-ChiTribune-IndySafety-May1993-25) [14] (#cite_note-MotorSportMag-Nomex-14) [4] (#cite_note-NHRA-FightingFires-4) [44] (#cite_note-Simpson-Past-Present-44) In 1959 after the death of Unser, all Indy 500 competitors were required to wear fire-retardant clothing. [39] (#cite_note-ESPN-DeathsInF1-39) [40] (#cite_note-Motorsport-Indy500Timeline-40) [30] (#cite_note-OverallOverhaul-30) In 1963, the FIA assumed responsibility for driver safety in its series, and mandated fire-retardant suits for Formula One drivers. [6] (#cite_note-F1Safety-50s60s-6) In 1964, the NHRA mandated fire suits for its competitors. [4] (#cite_note-NHRA-FightingFires-4) By the fall of that year after Roberts' crash, nearly all NASCAR competitors began wearing fire suits, [1] (#cite_note-NASCAR-AboutFireSuits-2015-1) although no official rule was in place. [5] (#cite_note-ESPN-UniformStandards-5) In 1966, Simpson met NASA (/wiki/NASA) astronaut Pete Conrad (/wiki/Pete_Conrad) , who introduced Simpson to the Nomex material used in spacesuits for the Apollo program (/wiki/Apollo_program) . [25] (#cite_note-ChiTribune-IndySafety-May1993-25) [14] (#cite_note-MotorSportMag-Nomex-14) Around the same time, DuPont also approached the Hinchman company about producing Nomex racing suits. [30] (#cite_note-OverallOverhaul-30) [35] (#cite_note-Hinchman-About-35) In that year's Indianapolis 500 (/wiki/1966_Indianapolis_500) , driver Mel Kenyon (/wiki/Mel_Kenyon) wore a Nomex fire suit produced by Hinchman. [30] (#cite_note-OverallOverhaul-30) Later that year, several drivers began testing experimental Nomex suits for Simpson, including F1 drivers Walt Hansgen (/wiki/Walt_Hansgen) and Masten Gregory (/wiki/Masten_Gregory) , NASCAR driver Marvin Panch (/wiki/Marvin_Panch) , and SCCA Trans-Am Series (/wiki/Trans-Am_Series) driver Bob Tullius (/wiki/Bob_Tullius) . [26] (#cite_note-NASCAR-Safety-Feb2011-26) Simpson's company Simpson Performance Products (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) released the first commercial Nomex racing suit, called the "Heat Shield Firesuit", in 1967. The suits were worn by 30 of 33 competitors in the 1967 Indianapolis 500 (/wiki/1967_Indianapolis_500) . [2] (#cite_note-Jalopnik-FireWFire-2016-2) [14] (#cite_note-MotorSportMag-Nomex-14) [44] (#cite_note-Simpson-Past-Present-44) ESPN (/wiki/ESPN) reporter Shannon Spake (/wiki/Shannon_Spake) wearing a fire suit in 2009 By 1970, the NHRA along with SEMA began developing specifications for fire suits, using the Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) standard developed by DuPont. These specifications are now used by SFI. [4] (#cite_note-NHRA-FightingFires-4) During the 1970s, racewear manufacturer Stand 21 partnered with brake manufacturer Ferodo (/wiki/Ferodo) and a french producer of firemen's suits (/wiki/Fire_proximity_suit) to create single-layer asbestos (/wiki/Asbestos) racing uniforms. These suits never became popular, as the dangers of asbestos exposure became more well-known. [30] (#cite_note-OverallOverhaul-30) Actor Steve McQueen (/wiki/Steve_McQueen) was believed to have worn asbestos suits when performing stunts for films, which may have contributed to his contraction of mesothelioma (/wiki/Mesothelioma) . [45] (#cite_note-dneir-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) In 1975, the FIA introduced its current standard for fire-retardant suits. [3] (#cite_note-F1-Clothing-3) [7] (#cite_note-F1Safety-70s80s-7) [30] (#cite_note-OverallOverhaul-30) At this time, DuPont created a new Nomex blend using Kevlar to prevent tearing and increase the longevity of suits. [14] (#cite_note-MotorSportMag-Nomex-14) In 1979, several F1 drivers including Niki Lauda (/wiki/Niki_Lauda) , Mario Andretti (/wiki/Mario_Andretti) , and Carlos Reutemann (/wiki/Carlos_Reutemann) began competing in bulky five-layer suits constructed to NASA specifications. [3] (#cite_note-F1-Clothing-3) [7] (#cite_note-F1Safety-70s80s-7) [30] (#cite_note-OverallOverhaul-30) In the mid-1980s, companies began designing fire suits to prominently display team sponsors. [1] (#cite_note-NASCAR-AboutFireSuits-2015-1) [5] (#cite_note-ESPN-UniformStandards-5) [10] (#cite_note-Skirts&Skuffs-FireSuit-Oct2015-10) In 1986, the FIA introduced new specifications for fire suits, known as "FIA 1986" certification. [30] (#cite_note-OverallOverhaul-30) At the 1989 (/wiki/1989_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series) Motorcraft Quality Parts 500 (/wiki/Atlanta_500) NASCAR event, ESPN (/wiki/ESPN) / ABC (/wiki/ESPN_on_ABC) broadcaster Dr. Jerry Punch (/wiki/Jerry_Punch) was reporting from the pit stall of Richard Petty (/wiki/Richard_Petty) when a fire broke out, injuring two crew members who Punch proceeded to treat on the spot. Following the incident, in which several items of Punch's clothing were singed or melted, ESPN mandated that its pit reporters wear fire-retardant suits. Other networks have since adopted the practice. [5] (#cite_note-ESPN-UniformStandards-5) [49] (#cite_note-49) In 1994, the FIA mandated fire suits for F1 pit crew members, coinciding with refueling being allowed (until 2009) during pit stops. [50] (#cite_note-F1Safety-1990s-50) By this time, crews in IndyCar were also required to wear fire suits. [51] (#cite_note-OrlandoSent-NASCARBehindSafety-51) In 2002, NASCAR officially mandated fire suits for both drivers and crew members servicing the car during pit stops. This was in response to non-fire-related incidents in the previous season, including the death of Dale Earnhardt (/wiki/Death_of_Dale_Earnhardt) at the beginning of 2001, and a pit road accident at the Pennzoil Freedom 400 (/wiki/2001_Pennzoil_Freedom_400) near the end of the season. NASCAR was one of the last major sanctioning bodies to mandate fire suits for crew members. [5] (#cite_note-ESPN-UniformStandards-5) [51] (#cite_note-OrlandoSent-NASCARBehindSafety-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) In other media [ edit ] See also: List of auto racing films (/wiki/List_of_auto_racing_films) The members of the Red Star crew in the 2000 film Charlie's Angels (/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_(2000_film)) wore black Momo Corse Torino firesuits. [54] (#cite_note-54) The racing suits in Charlie's Angels were designed by Joseph G. Aulisi (/wiki/Joseph_G._Aulisi) . [55] (#cite_note-55) List of racing suit manufacturers [ edit ] Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Alpinestars (/wiki/Alpinestars) FervoGear (/w/index.php?title=FervoGear&action=edit&redlink=1) Impact! Racing (/wiki/Bill_Simpson_(racing_driver)) Dainese (/wiki/Dainese) Oakley, Inc. (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) OMP Racing (/wiki/OMP_Racing) Puma SE (/wiki/Puma_SE) Sabelt (/wiki/Sabelt) Simpson Performance Products (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) K1 RaceGear (/w/index.php?title=K1_RaceGear&action=edit&redlink=1) See also [ edit ] Safety in NASCAR (/wiki/Safety_in_NASCAR) Racing helmet (/wiki/Racing_helmet) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Norman, Brad (January 5, 2015). "About Fire Suits, Fuel Cells" (http://www.nascar.com/en_us/sprint-cup-series/nascar-nation/nascar-edu/mobil1-technology-hub/nascar-mobil1-technology-fire-suit-fuel-cell.html) . NASCAR.com (/wiki/NASCAR) . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i King, Alanis (June 5, 2016). "How Motorsports Learned To Fight Fire With Fire (Suits)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170406221834/http://blackflag.jalopnik.com/how-motorsports-learned-to-fight-fire-with-fire-suits-1780657515) . Jalopnik (/wiki/Jalopnik) . Archived from the original (https://blackflag.jalopnik.com/how-motorsports-learned-to-fight-fire-with-fire-suits-1780657515) on April 6, 2017 . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Clothing" (https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/safety/helmets-hans-clothing/Clothing.html) . Formula One (/wiki/Formula_One) . January 13, 2015 . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Burgess, Phil (June 12, 2012). "Fighting Fires" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160218154403/http://nhra.com/blog/dragster-insider/2012/06/12/fighting-fires) . Dragster Insider (/wiki/National_Hot_Rod_Association) . Archived from the original (http://nhra.com/blog/dragster-insider/2012/06/12/fighting-fires/) on February 18, 2016 . Retrieved November 13, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Siska, Ellen (April 5, 2008). "Uniform standards aim to protect drivers, crewmembers" (http://www.espn.com/racing/news/story?id=2904167&series=2) . ESPN.com (/wiki/ESPN.com) . Retrieved November 13, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "History of F1: 1950s and 1960s Safety" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181030064211/https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/safety/history-of-F1-safety/1950s_and_1960s.html) . Formula One (/wiki/Formula_One) . Archived from the original (https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/safety/history-of-F1-safety/1950s_and_1960s.html) on October 30, 2018 . Retrieved November 13, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "History of F1 Safety: 1970s and 1980s" (https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/safety/history-of-F1-safety/1970s_and_1980s.html) . Formula One (/wiki/Formula_One) . Retrieved November 13, 2016 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "SFI SPECIFICATION 3.2A; PRODUCT: Driver Suits" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160222050153/http://www.sfifoundation.com/wp-content/pdfs/specs/Spec_3.2A_032713.pdf) (PDF) . SFI Foundation, Inc. (/wiki/SEMA_(association)) March 27, 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.sfifoundation.com/wp-content/pdfs/specs/Spec_3.2A_032713.pdf) (PDF) on February 22, 2016 . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Hot under the collar? Not in a NASCAR fire suit" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQqF3_Pv4TE) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . NASCAR (/wiki/NASCAR) . April 6, 2016 . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Rookie Stripe: Fourteen Facts About NASCAR Fire Suits" (http://www.skirtsandscuffs.com/2015/10/rookie-stripe-fourteen-facts-about.html) . Skirts and Skuffs . October 28, 2015 . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Houston, Rick (October 9, 2012). "Dressing the part" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121011234900/http://www.nascar.com/news/121009/ups-game-changer-uniforms/index.html) . NASCAR (/wiki/NASCAR) . Archived from the original (http://www.nascar.com/news/121009/ups-game-changer-uniforms/index.html) on October 11, 2012 . Retrieved October 25, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Impact Suit Technology" (https://www.impactraceproducts.com/v/vspfiles/assets/downloads/pdfs/Impact_Driver_Suit_Technology.pdf) (PDF) . Impact! Racing . Retrieved November 9, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The material keeping F1 drivers safe" (http://edition.cnn.com/videos/sports/2015/11/26/spc-the-circuit-f1-safety-nomex.cnn) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) , DuPont (/wiki/DuPont) . November 26, 2015 . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Nomex" (http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/april-2000/66/nomex) . Motor Sport (/wiki/Motor_Sport_(magazine)) . April 2000 . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Forst2008_15-0) Sarah Forst (November 4, 2008). How to Build Performance Nissan Sport Compacts, 1991-2006 HP1541: Engine and Suspension Modifications for Nissan Sentra, NX, 200SX, and Infiniti G20. Covers engines GA16DE, SR20DE, QG18DE, and QR25DE . Penguin Publishing Group (/wiki/Penguin_Publishing_Group) . pp. 277–278. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4406-5797-9 . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-SportTechie-Kligerman_16-0) Kligerman, Parker (/wiki/Parker_Kligerman) (February 16, 2016). "A NASCAR Driver's Perspective On How Proper Technology Leads To A Competitive Edge" (http://www.sporttechie.com/2016/02/16/sports/nascar/a-nascar-drivers-perspective-on-how-proper-technology-leads-to-a-competitive-edge/) . SportTechie . Retrieved November 13, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wolf, Andrew (March 28, 2016). "In Case Of Fire: Is Your Safety Gear Up To Snuff?" (http://www.dragzine.com/tech-stories/chassis-safety/in-case-of-fire-is-your-safety-gear-up-to-snuff/) . DragZine . Retrieved November 9, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110711002355/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/4C1C7A762BC27980C12575B700525253/$FILE/Annexe%20L_2009_15.05.09.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/4C1C7A762BC27980C12575B700525253/$FILE/Annexe%20L_2009_15.05.09.pdf) (PDF) on July 11, 2011 . Retrieved June 24, 2009 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ Jump up to: a b "Firesuits -- The Science of Speed" (https://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.jsp?med_id=72001&from=) . National Science Foundation (/wiki/National_Science_Foundation) . August 9, 2012 . Retrieved August 28, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "The Facts Behind the Performance of Nomex® when Exposed to Intense Heat" (http://www.dupont.co.uk/products-and-services/personal-protective-equipment/thermal-protective-apparel-accessories/articles/time-of-essence.html) . DuPont (/wiki/DuPont) . Retrieved August 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Diandra Leslie-Pelecky (February 14, 2008). The Physics of Nascar: The Science Behind the Speed . Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 231–234. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-101-21394-0 . Retrieved August 28, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-C&E-ModernGladiator-Feb2009_22-0) Halford, Bethany (February 2, 2009). "Materials For The Modern Gladiator: Thanks to innovations in materials science and engineering, NASCAR drivers can crash at 200 mph and walk away from the wreckage" (https://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/87/8705cover.html) . Chemical & Engineering News (/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News) . 87 (5): 12–15. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/cen-v087n005.p012 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v087n005.p012) . Retrieved August 28, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Ryan, Nate (July 29, 2004). "After the Infineon Raceway incident, Dale Earnhardt Jr. finds protective clothing underneath firesuit is a necessity" (https://newspaperarchive.com/tribune-democrat-jul-29-2004-p-16/) . The Tribune-Democrat (/wiki/The_Tribune-Democrat) . Retrieved August 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Faye, Jennifer M. "SFI Foundation Specs Assure Quality Driver Suits" (http://sfifoundation.com/article-1/) . SFI Foundation, Inc. (/wiki/SEMA_(association)) Retrieved August 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Markus, Rober (May 25, 1993). "Indy Safety Starts Before Engines Do: Fire Suits, Helmets Help Protect Drivers" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-05-25/sports/9305250251_1_bill-simpson-fire-suit-helmet-business) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Aumann, Mark (February 16, 2011). "SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS, CHANGES DEFINE RACING ERAS" (http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2011/02/16/nascar-safety-history.html) . NASCAR.com (/wiki/NASCAR) . Retrieved November 9, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-SFI-Members_27-0) "Members" (http://sfifoundation.com/members/) . SFI Foundation, Inc . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Kart Suits vs Race Suits" (http://docs.cams.com.au/Corporate/Media%20Documents/Scrutineers%20News/ScrutineersNews_Issue05_2014_16-10-14.pdf#page=5) (PDF) . Scrutineers News (5): 5. October 2014 . Retrieved February 1, 2017 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "2014 CAMS Manual of Motor Sport: General Requirements for Cars and Drivers; Schedule D - Apparel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140327062802/http://docs.cams.com.au/Manual/GeneralRequirements/GQ05-Schedule-D-2014-1.pdf) (PDF) . Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (/wiki/Confederation_of_Australian_Motor_Sport) . January 1, 2014. Archived from the original (http://docs.cams.com.au/Manual/GeneralRequirements/GQ05-Schedule-D-2014-1.pdf) (PDF) on March 27, 2014 . Retrieved February 1, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Overall Overhaul" (http://www.stand21.ch/pages/0/iq.pdf) (PDF) . Institute Quarterly (3): 67–71. January 10, 2012 . Retrieved February 11, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Technical Rules for Track Racing (Including Rules for Motoball): 2014" (https://www.pzm.pl/pliki/zg/zuzel/2014/regulamin/2014_ccp_technical_rules__final.pdf) (PDF) . Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme) . 2014 . Retrieved February 11, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Papaserge, Ryan (June 9, 2011). "NASCAR: The 20 Most Ridiculous Fire Suits in History" (http://bleacherreport.com/articles/728303-nascar-the-20-most-ridiculous-fire-suits-in-history) . Bleacher Report (/wiki/Bleacher_Report) . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b McCluggage, Denise (July 10, 2008). "What We Wore Then" (http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/what-we-wore-then) . Autoweek (/wiki/Autoweek) . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Padecky, Bob (June 21, 2012). "PADECKY: Going 200 mph in a tomato can" (http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/2316872-181/padecky-going-200-mph-in?gallery=2354390&artslide=0) . The Press Democrat (/wiki/The_Press_Democrat) . San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "About Us" (http://www.hinchmanracewear.com/about/) . Hinchman Racing Uniforms . Retrieved February 11, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Parks2011_36-0) Lew; Jeff; Carla; Chad Parks (November 8, 2011). Win from the Back: Memoirs of a Racecar Mechanic . AuthorHouse (/wiki/AuthorHouse) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4634-5249-0 . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-CrashCourse_37-0) Miller, Robin (August 2002). "Crash Course: When NASCAR Blamed Bill Simpson, auto racing's foremost safety pioneer, for the death of driving great Dale Earnhardt, the Indianapolis business owner bumped back" (https://books.google.com/books?id=7OkCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48) . Indianapolis Monthly (/wiki/Indianapolis_Monthly) : 48–56. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0899-0328 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0899-0328) . Retrieved February 11, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Roy, Roger (May 28, 2001). " (http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-05-28/news/0105280036_1_fireball-roberts-glenn-fireball-daytona-beach) 'Fireball' -- Racing Star's Death Spurred Changes" (http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-05-28/news/0105280036_1_fireball-roberts-glenn-fireball-daytona-beach) . Orlando Sentinel (/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel) . Daytona Beach, Florida (/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida) . Retrieved February 11, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Williamson, Martin. "Deaths in Formula One" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150407012625/http://en.espn.co.uk/f1/motorsport/story/3838.html) . ESPN.com (/wiki/ESPN.com) . Archived from the original (http://en.espn.co.uk/f1/motorsport/story/3838.html) on April 7, 2015 . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Indianapolis Motor Speedway (/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway) (May 3, 2002). "IRL: Indianapolis Motor Speedway safety innovations" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004656/https://www.motorsport.com/automotive/news/irl-indianapolis-motor-speedway-safety-innovations/) . Motorsport.com (/wiki/Motorsport.com) . Archived from the original (http://www.motorsport.com/automotive/news/irl-indianapolis-motor-speedway-safety-innovations/) on June 15, 2018 . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hinton, Ed (/wiki/Ed_Hinton_(sportswriter)) (February 11, 2001). "What Price Safety? Deaths in Auto Racing Appear to Be Preventable With New Features, but NASCAR Seems Unwilling to Change Its Attitude" (http://articles.latimes.com/2001/feb/11/sports/sp-24177) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-RajtarRajtar2014_42-0) Steve Rajtar; Gayle Rajtar (September 9, 2014). Gone Pro: Florida: Gator Athletes Who Became Pros . Clerisy Press. p. 356. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-57860-542-2 . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8WPart2_43-0) Greuter, Henri (December 8, 2011). "The Indy 1964 second-lap disaster – Closing in on the truth; Part 2: Before May 30, 1964" (http://8w.forix.com/indy64-before.html) . 8W . Retrieved March 14, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Simpson Past & Present" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190318225258/https://simpsonraceproducts.com/simpson-past-present#1968) . Simpson Performance Products (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) . Archived from the original (https://simpsonraceproducts.com/simpson-past-present#1968) on March 18, 2019 . Retrieved April 1, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-dneir_45-0) McQueen Toffel, Neile (1986). My Husband, My Friend . Penguin Group. p. 4 (https://archive.org/details/myhusbandmyfrien00toff/page/4) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-451-14735-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Spiegel, Penina (1987). McQueen: The Untold Story of a Bad Boy in Hollywood - Penina Spiegel . Berkley Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780425104866 . Retrieved January 15, 2012 – via Internet Archive (/wiki/Internet_Archive) . JULIA ann. ^ (#cite_ref-47) Sandford, Christopher (2003), McQueen: The Biography , New York: Taylor Trade Publishing, pp. 42, 126, 213, 324, 391, 410 ^ (#cite_ref-48) Rong, Blake Z. (April 24, 2014). "Why Steve McQueen canceled a $3 million life insurance policy" (http://autoweek.com/article/car-life/why-steve-mcqueen-canceled-3-million-life-insurance-policy) . Autoweek (/wiki/Autoweek) . Retrieved February 11, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Hall, Andy (April 10, 2012). "Punch's near miss led to safety gear for ESPN's NASCAR pit reporters" (http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/04/punchs-near-miss-led-to-safety-gear-for-espns-nascar-pit-reporters/) . ESPN Front Row (/wiki/ESPN_Inc.) . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-F1Safety-1990s_50-0) "History of F1: 1990s" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213737/https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/safety/history-of-F1-safety/1990s.html) . Formula One (/wiki/Formula_One) . Archived from the original (https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/safety/history-of-F1-safety/1990s.html) on December 24, 2017 . Retrieved November 13, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Berry, Steve (October 2, 1994). "Nascar Is Behind In Safety: Compared With Indycar And Formula One, Stock-car Racing Is Not A Leader In Safety Or Research" (http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994-10-02/sports/9410010593_1_indycar-race-racing-teams-nascar) . Orlando Sentinel (/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel) . Retrieved November 9, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Hinton, Ed (/wiki/Ed_Hinton_(sportswriter)) (November 17, 2001). "Pit-crew Safety A High Priority: Nascar Said It Is Considering Requiring Helmets And Fire-retardant Uniforms" (http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-11-17/sports/0111170290_1_wear-helmets-yates-pit-wall) . Orlando Sentinel (/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel) . Retrieved November 9, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) Pockrass, Bob (September 3, 2016). "Not wearing gloves draws potential fine from NASCAR" (http://www.espn.com/racing/nascar/story/_/id/17457085/nascar-ryan-blaney-get-slap-bare-wrist) . ESPN.com (/wiki/ESPN.com) . Darlington, South Carolina (/wiki/Darlington,_South_Carolina) . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "RED STAR MOMO CORSE RACING FIRESUIT CHARLIE'S ANGELS" (https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/red-star-momo-corse-racing-firesuit-127394429) . Worthpoint . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Jobe, Kenneth (May 28, 2014). "A BoJ Field Trip/Research Project" (https://booksofjobe.com/2014/05/28/a-boj-field-tripresearch-project/) . BooksofJobe.com . External links [ edit ] Media related to Racing suits (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racing_suits) at Wikimedia Commons NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fjczz Cached time: 20240719053332 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.712 seconds Real time usage: 0.822 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3941/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 109057/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3004/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 233276/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.381/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6149593/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 712.796 1 -total 57.83% 412.203 1 Template:Reflist 27.88% 198.729 25 Template:Cite_news 11.90% 84.813 1 Template:Short_description 11.56% 82.421 19 Template:Cite_web 6.96% 49.612 2 Template:Pagetype 5.18% 36.891 3 Template:Fix 4.54% 32.326 1 Template:Cn 4.39% 31.277 6 Template:Cite_book 3.59% 25.622 6 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56998342-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719053332 and revision id 1234634940. 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< User:Vaynissa (/wiki/User:Vaynissa) The natural hair movement was born in the USA during the 2000s (/wiki/2000s) [1] (#cite_note-AfterKing-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) . This movement is named ′ mouvement nappy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_nappy) ′ in French-speaking countries. [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [4] (#cite_note-LePointNappy-4) [5] (#cite_note-GoodHair-5) [6] (#cite_note-JAJS-6) . Definition and et features [ edit ] The movement designates black women (/wiki/Black_people) who want to keep their afro-textured hair (/wiki/Afro-textured_hair) . The ′ nappy ′ word has been subjected to denigration since the atlantic slave trade (/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade) . Thereafter, some Afrodescendants (/wiki/African_diaspora) has positively taken the word back, considered in francophone countries as a backronym (/wiki/Backronym) made up of ′ natural ′ and ′ happy ′ [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [7] (#cite_note-RFICr-7) [8] (#cite_note-FObn-8) [9] (#cite_note-TV5Dep-9) . These women, called ′ nappy girls ′ or ′ nappies ′, give straightening up and let their hair grow in her natural texture. Their haircuts can be simple or more sophisticated, by the adoption of hair twists (/wiki/Hair_twists) , braids (/wiki/Braid) or even locks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [10] (#cite_note-LEparlez-10) . Nappy hair : Ariadne's thread in the History of Afro-descendants [ edit ] The unconscious relationship that some Afrodescendants (/wiki/African_diaspora) have with their afro-textured hair (/wiki/Afro-textured_hair) can be approached in a reverse chronological order (/wiki/Reverse_chronology) . Since the 2000s, in the USA, then in France and in Africa, some black women have realized that their nappy hair can be beautiful. This calls into question the subconscious internalized association nappy = ugly ; They stop therefore to comply with the dominant aesthetic ideal beautiful hair = smooth hair . Through their hair, the nappies thus reconcile with their africanness [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [11] (#cite_note-JAm-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) . This return to naturalness, at the organic era (/wiki/History_of_organic_farming) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) , has been encouraged by the awareness of the harmful effects of relaxers on scalp: itchings, red patches, burns, broken hairs or worse: alopecia (/wiki/Alopecia) (hair loss). However, among black women, 98% have their hair straithened at less one time in their lives ; and relaxers have represented no less than 70% of the cosmetic purchases carried out by the population. In the 1980s (/wiki/1980s) - 1990s (/wiki/1990s) , the straightening had been mainstreamed [8] (#cite_note-FObn-8) . Sooner, in the 1970s (/wiki/1970s) - 1980s (/wiki/1980s) , the ′ Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) ′, an other technique to loosening the nappy hair, became fashionable in the African-American community (/wiki/African_Americans) , popularized especially by some celebrities like Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) in Thriller (/wiki/Thriller_(song)) . During these same years, a new hairstyle appeared too: dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) (naturally matted hair locks), popularized by Bob Marley (/wiki/Bob_Marley) and more generally by reggae music (/wiki/Reggae) and the Rastafarian movement (/wiki/Rastafari) . This hairstyle can be a mark of social and spiritual distinctions: ′ the adoption of long or very atypical hair [can reflect] rebellion or a refusal of the dominant values. ′ [15] (#cite_note-PNCC-15) [9] (#cite_note-TV5Dep-9) An ashanti (/wiki/Ashantis) African comb ( Ghana (/wiki/Ghana) ). Previously, in the 1960s (/wiki/1960s) - 1970s (/wiki/1970s) , the racial segregation (/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States) between the black and the white had reigned in the United States. Angela Davis (/wiki/Angela_Davis) , a young human rights activist and member of the revolutionary movement Black Panthers (/wiki/Black_Panthers) created in 1966, made the ′ Afro hairstyle (/wiki/Afro) ′ famous. This dense and spherical hairdressing thus symbolized the emancipation and cultural affirmation of the African Americans (/wiki/African_Americans) . It was adopted by many stars like Diana Ross (/wiki/Diana_Ross) or the Jackson 5 (/wiki/The_Jackson_Five) [4] (#cite_note-LePointNappy-4) [7] (#cite_note-RFICr-7) [9] (#cite_note-TV5Dep-9) [16] (#cite_note-MCt-16) [6] (#cite_note-JAJS-6) . A century earlier, in 1865, slavery is abolished (/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States#The_end_of_slavery) at the end of the American Civil War (/wiki/American_Civil_War) . Nevertheless, Black populations had looked for straightening their nappy hair, so as to move closer to the dominant aesthetics, if only to find employment. At the time, the most use instrument was the hot comb (/wiki/Hot_comb) , until 1909, when Garrett A. Morgan (/wiki/Garrett_A._Morgan) invented a revolutionary relaxer cream [17] (#cite_note-FigaroRevanche-17) [7] (#cite_note-RFICr-7) [6] (#cite_note-JAJS-6) [15] (#cite_note-PNCC-15) . During the atlantic slave trade (/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade) , the conditions of servitude had not allowed to take care of one's hair, which had been subjected to denigration by the master (/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic) : ' nappy ′ had become pejorative. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) The deportation of millions of Africans get them separated from their originally aesthetic activities regarding hair care [17] (#cite_note-FigaroRevanche-17) . In the ancestral traditions, hairdressing is ′ an activity during which the genealogy history and many other cultural features were taught to children. Every African hairdressing was codified according to the ethnic group and by status′ [6] (#cite_note-JAJS-6) . It is the loss of this instrument [the African comb], all the more valuable that it is essential to the nappy hair care, which is going to dissociate Black people from the nature of their own hair, considered therefore as ′difficult to comb′. (...) The African was snatched from his comb when he was snatched from his native land and thus taken away from an irreplaceable cultural symbol, legacy and accessory from his beauty culture. — Juliette Sméralda (/wiki/Juliette_Sm%C3%A9ralda) , Peau noire, cheveu crépu : l'histoire d'une aliénation The natural hair movement today [ edit ] For about ten years, thanks to Web 2.0 (/wiki/Web_2.0) , a growing number of people have been sharing their beauty advice via: blogs : Black Girl Long Hair [1] (#cite_note-AfterKing-1) [20] (#cite_note-Resistance-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) , Naturally Curly [1] (#cite_note-AfterKing-1) [20] (#cite_note-Resistance-20) [22] (#cite_note-22) , Curly Nikki [1] (#cite_note-AfterKing-1) [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) , Hair Lista [20] (#cite_note-Resistance-20) [25] (#cite_note-8W-25) , Afrobella [1] (#cite_note-AfterKing-1) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) in the USA ; Black Beauty Bag [9] (#cite_note-TV5Dep-9) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) , Afrobelle [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) , Ivy-Mag [33] (#cite_note-SBE-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) in France ; Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) pages : USA (/wiki/United_States) : Natural Chica [35] (#cite_note-35) [20] (#cite_note-Resistance-20) [36] (#cite_note-36) ; Quebec (/wiki/Quebec) : Racines Crépues [37] (#cite_note-37) ; France (/wiki/France) : Révèle-toi [33] (#cite_note-SBE-33) [38] (#cite_note-38) , Boucles d’Ébène [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-ROM1-40) [41] (#cite_note-DCFCC-41) , Belle Ébène [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) , Natural Hair Academy [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [44] (#cite_note-NL-44) , Black and Beautiful [45] (#cite_note-8FAS-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) ; Senegal (/wiki/Senegal) : Astuces Beauté Africaine [47] (#cite_note-47) ; Ivory Coast (/wiki/Ivory_Coast) : Nappys De Babi [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [11] (#cite_note-JAm-11) [48] (#cite_note-48) ; Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon) : Les Bidouilles d'une Nappy [11] (#cite_note-JAm-11) [4] (#cite_note-LePointNappy-4) , So Natural So Me [11] (#cite_note-JAm-11) [49] (#cite_note-49) ; South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) : My Fro & I [50] (#cite_note-50) ; Togo (/wiki/Togo) : Frisettes & Co. [11] (#cite_note-JAm-11) ; Mali (/wiki/Mali) : Nappys de Bamako [51] (#cite_note-51) ; Democratic Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) : Nappy Girls du Congo Kinshasa ; Gabon (/wiki/Gabon) : Nappy du Gabon ; Guinea (/wiki/Guinea) : Nappy de Guinée ; Niger (/wiki/Niger) : Les Nappy Du Niger [52] (#cite_note-52) . forums : Beauté d'Afrik [53] (#cite_note-53) in France ; Long Hair Care Forum [1] (#cite_note-AfterKing-1) [25] (#cite_note-8W-25) [54] (#cite_note-54) , Black Naps [55] (#cite_note-55) [56] (#cite_note-56) and Nappturality [57] (#cite_note-57) [58] (#cite_note-58) in the USA ; webzines : Naturally Happy Hair [59] (#cite_note-59) in the USA ; FashizBlack (/w/index.php?title=FashizBlack&action=edit&redlink=1) [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [60] (#cite_note-60) , Afrosomething [45] (#cite_note-8FAS-45) [61] (#cite_note-61) [62] (#cite_note-62) in France ; Afro Style Magazine [63] (#cite_note-63) in the Netherlands; videos : Beautiful Naturelle [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [33] (#cite_note-SBE-33) in France. These websites have expanped the natural hair movement around the world so as to highlight the black beauty [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [4] (#cite_note-LePointNappy-4) [17] (#cite_note-FigaroRevanche-17) . Each woman has her own reasons to retrieve her authenticity: some of them want to preserve her hair against agressive hair styling methods (weavings too tight) or harmful straightening chemical products ; for others, they prefer nappy hair aesthetically in spite of the pressure from the dominant aethetic [8] (#cite_note-FObn-8) [6] (#cite_note-JAJS-6) [11] (#cite_note-JAm-11) [7] (#cite_note-RFICr-7) . The natural hair movement has been encouraged by the choice performed by some stars to abandon straightening in favour of a comeback to their natural hair: amongst the nappies icons, there are Erykah Badu (/wiki/Erykah_Badu) [64] (#cite_note-64) [65] (#cite_note-65) , Aïssa Maïga (/wiki/A%C3%AFssa_Ma%C3%AFga) [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [66] (#cite_note-JNG-66) , Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) , Solange Knowles (/wiki/Solange_Knowles) [17] (#cite_note-FigaroRevanche-17) [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [9] (#cite_note-TV5Dep-9) [11] (#cite_note-JAm-11) [69] (#cite_note-69) , Inna Modja (/wiki/Inna_Modja) [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [8] (#cite_note-FObn-8) [70] (#cite_note-70) or even Janelle Monáe (/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e) [66] (#cite_note-JNG-66) [4] (#cite_note-LePointNappy-4) . Erykah Badu (/wiki/Erykah_Badu) at a concert in July 2008. Aïssa Maïga (/wiki/A%C3%AFssa_Ma%C3%AFga) during the 2007 Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/2007_Cannes_Film_Festival) . Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/2015_Cannes_Film_Festival) . Solange Knowles (/wiki/Solange_Knowles) at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/2013_Cannes_Film_Festival) . Inna Modja (/wiki/Inna_Modja) during a concert at Vaux-sur-Mer the 09/08/2012. Janelle Monáe (/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e) sang live at the Austin Music Hall on the occasion of SXSW in March 2009. Outside of USA, several events has developed in order to accompany the natural hair movement, particularly in France and in Africa: The salon ′ Boucles d'ébène ′ : a demonstration, has existed for ten years, dedicated to the black hairdressing and beauty [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [40] (#cite_note-ROM1-40) [71] (#cite_note-71) [41] (#cite_note-DCFCC-41) . The ′ Miss Nappy Paris ′ competition: the election of ′ Miss Nappy ′ so as to promote the afro hair beauty [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [72] (#cite_note-72) . The ′ Massalia Nappy Days ′: lectures, projections of documentaries and fashion shows [73] (#cite_note-73) . The ′ Crépue d'ébène Festival ′ at Abidjan (Ivory Coast): dedicated to the natural beauty of the African woman and to the highlighting of the nappy hair [74] (#cite_note-74) . The ′ Natural Hair Academy ′: event to better understand the nappy hair, days of advice by speakers [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) [44] (#cite_note-NL-44) . The ′ AfricaParis Festival ′ : dedicated to the afropean culture [3] (#cite_note-MondeCr-3) . Criticisms [ edit ] Some nappies, dubbed ′ nappex ′ (nappies considered extremists), become radicalised and claim that hair straightening (/wiki/Hair_straightening#Afro-textured_hair) is a mark of self disavowal.These guilt-laden are denounced by India.Arie (/wiki/India.Arie) and her song ′ I Am Not My Hair (/wiki/I_Am_Not_My_Hair) ′ [17] (#cite_note-FigaroRevanche-17) . Nappy lexicon [ edit ] Serveral words are frequently used in the vocabulary of the natural hair movement [4] (#cite_note-LePointNappy-4) [10] (#cite_note-LEparlez-10) [75] (#cite_note-75) [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) : nappy girl : black woman who keeps his hair in its natural texture big chop : ′the big chop' consists in cutting one's straightened hair and let it grow in its natural texture bantu knot : little cabbages rolling on themselves transition : weaning period against straightening product protective hairdressing : like braids that preserve hair ends tiny afro : little afro haircut twist : double braids twist out : hairdressing that permits to curl one's afro yarn locks : braids performed with wool frohawk : hairdressing closed to the mohawk hairstyle (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) shrinkage : narrowing of the hair fiber in contact with water nappex : nappies considered extremists co-wash : washing one's hair with after-shampoo Notes and References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Template:Dr-make (/wiki/Template:Dr-make) parameter {{{2}}} must be y, d, c, or m Josephine Metcalf and Dr. Carina Spaulding, African American Culture and Society After Rodney King: Provocations and Protests, Progression and "Post-Racialism" (https://books.google.fr/books?id=02gdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132&dq=%22Natural+Hair+Movement%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAWoVChMInfjZ8NfWxwIVxm0UCh1gggXt#v=onepage&q=%22Natural%20Hair%20Movement%22&f=false) , Ashgate Publishing Limited, 25/06/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle_(magazine)) , The History Of Natural Black Hair, Plus How 2014's Afro Has A Whole New Meaning (http://www.bustle.com/#/articles/27404-the-history-of-natural-black-hair-plus-how-2014s-afro-has-a-whole-new-meaning) , 20/06/2014 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) , Crépues et fières de l’être (http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2015/02/05/crepues-et-fieres-de-l-etre_4570832_3224.html) , 05/02/2015 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Le Point (/wiki/Le_Point) , Nappy, ce mouvement conquérant de la planète afro (http://afrique.lepoint.fr/life-style/nappy-le-mouvement-qui-conquiert-la-planete-afro-15-12-2014-1889905_2259.php) , 19/12//2014 ^ (#cite_ref-GoodHair_5-0) Good Hair (/wiki/Good_Hair_(film)) , 2009 movie directy by Jeff Stilson (/wiki/Jeff_Stilson) and produced by Chris Rock (/wiki/Chris_Rock) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jeune Afrique (/wiki/Jeune_Afrique) , Juliette Smeralda : « Le modèle de beauté qu'on vend aux femmes du continent n'est pas africain » (http://www.jeuneafrique.com/41020/societe/juliette-smeralda-le-mod-le-de-beaut-qu-on-vend-aux-femmes-du-continent-n-est-pas-africain/) , 06/11/2014 ^ Jump up to: a b c d RFI (/wiki/RFI) , Le mouvement Nappy : défrisage et cheveux crépus (http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20130116-2-le-mouvement-nappy-defrisage-cheveux-crepus) , released on 16/01/2013 ^ Jump up to: a b c d France Ô (/wiki/France_%C3%94) , La beauté noire, un marché porteur (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RFpOfc1Aho) , released in 2014 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e TV5 Monde (/wiki/TV5_Monde) , Dépigmentation de la peau et phénomène Nappy (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJTvr05mksA) , January 2015 ^ Jump up to: a b L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) , Parlez-vous le nappy? (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/coiffure/cheveux-afro-parlez-vous-le-nappy_1168609.html) , 03/10/2012 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Jeune Afrique (/wiki/Jeune_Afrique) , Mode : La vague « Nappy » déferle en Afrique (http://www.jeuneafrique.com/41021/societe/mode-la-vague-nappy-d-ferle-en-afrique/) , 06/11/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Mwalimu J. Shujaa, Kenya J. Shujaa, The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America (https://books.google.fr/books?id=pYZNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT221&dq=united+kingdom+%22natural+hair+movement%22&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAGoVChMI2o24s6q2yAIVAW4aCh144Q4E#v=onepage&q=united%20kingdom%20%22natural%20hair%20movement%22&f=false) , SAGE Publications, 15/02/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) , Les cheveux ont faim (http://madame.lefigaro.fr/beaute/cheveux-ont-faim-111107-10122) , 11/11/2007 ^ (#cite_ref-14) INA (/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27audiovisuel) , La phytothérapie (http://www.ina.fr/video/3484550001031) , 07/11/2007 ^ Jump up to: a b Juliette Sméralda (/wiki/Juliette_Sm%C3%A9ralda) , Peau noire, cheveu crépu : l'histoire d'une aliénation (https://books.google.fr/books?id=qku5AAAAIAAJ&q=Peau+noire+cheveu+cr%C3%A9pu,&dq=Peau+noire+cheveu+cr%C3%A9pu,&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAGoVChMIk_qV3puuxwIVRlwaCh01RQBY) , Jasor, 2004 ^ (#cite_ref-MCt_16-0) Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , Le nappy hair, nouvelle tendance des cheveux Afro (http://www.marieclaire.fr/,le-nappy-hair-nouvelle-tendance-des-cheveux-afro,736904.asp) 30/04/2015 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) , Nappy hair : la revanche des femmes noires (http://madame.lefigaro.fr/beaute/nappy-hair-revanche-femmes-noires-250714-899118) , 25/07/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-18) Maxine Leeds Craig (/wiki/Maxine_Leeds_Craig) , Ain't I a Beauty Queen?: Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race (https://books.google.fr/books?id=hyd-BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=nappy+pejorative&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAGoVChMIk56Q0_LMxwIVg14UCh3dYAtc#v=onepage&q=nappy%20pejorative&f=false) , Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) , 2002 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Common Dreams NewsCenter (/wiki/Common_Dreams_NewsCenter) , Why 'Nappy' Is Offensive (http://www.commondreams.org/views/2007/04/12/why-nappy-offensive) ', 12/04/2007 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Template:Dr-make (/wiki/Template:Dr-make) parameter {{{2}}} must be y, d, c, or m Johnson Elizabeth, Resistance and Empowerment in Black Women's Hair /Styling (https://books.google.fr/books?id=nfLKVB_JuKEC&pg=PT169&dq=blackgirllonghair&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAmoVChMIwtq72pGQyAIVAokaCh1pAwR4#v=onepage&q=blackgirllonghair&f=false) , Ashgate, 28/07/2013 ^ (#cite_ref-21) Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) , Leila Noelliste's Life May Be Unconventional, But It's Awesome (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/13/black-girl-long-hair-leila-noelliste-mater-mea_n_5492889.html) , 13/06/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-22) Business Wire (/wiki/Business_Wire) , Ultra/Standard Acquires TextureMedia (http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150921005926/en/UltraStandard-Acquires-TextureMedia#.VgQ0LPntlBd) , 21/09/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-23) Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) , CurlyNikki Responds To Ebony.com's Rejection Of White Women Joining #TeamNatural (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/07/curlynikki-responds-to-eb_n_5564976.html) , 07/07/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-24) Ayana Byrd and Lori Tharps, Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America (https://books.google.fr/books?id=iYhEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211&dq=curlynikki&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAWoVChMIovKzupSQyAIVCboaCh2plw3m#v=onepage&q=curlynikki&f=false) , St. Martin's Press, 12/01/2002 ^ Jump up to: a b Lola Akingbola, 8 Weeks to Longer Hair!: A Guide for the Afro-Caribbean Woman. Discover Your Hair's Growth Potential! (https://books.google.fr/books?id=jkGmBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT103&dq=longhaircareforum&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAmoVChMI6YK2-pOQyAIVQ1gaCh1G2gjY#v=onepage&q=longhaircareforum&f=false) , Xlibris, 15/07/2013 ^ (#cite_ref-26) Jeffery A. Riley, 2011 Social Media Directory: The Ultimate Guide to Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn Resources (https://books.google.fr/books?id=xl3Dhps3vA8C&pg=PT411&dq=afrobella&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAWoVChMI27-qhJeQyAIVxX4aCh3EXAOW#v=onepage&q=afrobella&f=false) , Que Publishing, 25/08/2010 ^ (#cite_ref-27) Derald Wing Sue, Miguel E. Gallardo and Helen A. Neville, Case Studies in Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (https://books.google.fr/books?id=lRlrAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31&dq=afrobella&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBWoVChMI27-qhJeQyAIVxX4aCh3EXAOW#v=onepage&q=afrobella&f=false) , John Wiley & Sons, 12/08/2013 ^ (#cite_ref-28) Le Parisien (/wiki/Le_Parisien) , Les nappys : afro, belles et contentes (http://www.leparisien.fr/magazine/grand-angle/les-nappys-afro-belles-et-contentes-10-04-2014-3757229.php) , 10/04/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-29) Amina (/wiki/Amina_(magazine)) , Fatou N’diaye (http://www.amina-mag.com/?p=2140) , 26/04/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-30) RFI (/wiki/RFI) , Le mouvement Nappy : défrisage et cheveux crépus (http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20130116-1-le-mouvement-nappy-defrisage-cheveux-crepus) , 16/01/2013 ^ (#cite_ref-31) Alexa (/wiki/Alexa_(Internet)) , Audience Afrobelle.com in France (http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/afrobelle.com) , retrieved 30/05/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-32) Maxi (/w/index.php?title=Maxi_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1) , Cheveux afro : les coiffer sans difficulté (http://www.maxi-mag.fr/cheveux/cheveux-afro-les-coiffer-sans-difficulte.html) , 10/06/2015 ^ Jump up to: a b c Salon Boucles d'Ébène, Bloguer en 2015 : Une passion ou un métier (http://www.salonbouclesdebene.com/bloguer-en-2015---une-passion-ou-un-m-tier--.html) , 30/05/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-34) L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) , Ivy Mag: « La beauté d’aujourd’hui est multiple et diversifiée » (http://blogs.lexpress.fr/styles/top-blogs-styles/2013/02/15/ivy-mag-la-beaute-daujourdhui-est-multiple-et-diversifiee) , 15/02/2013 ^ (#cite_ref-35) Diane Carol Bailey and Diane Da Costa, Milady Standard Natural Hair Care & Braiding (https://books.google.fr/books?id=KDoaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34&dq=Natural+Chica&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAWoVChMI7J7ouaeQyAIVSAMaCh1K0APO#v=onepage&q=Natural%20Chica&f=false) , Cengage Learning, 03/07/2013 ^ (#cite_ref-36) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle_(magazine)) , The Curlmix Subscription Box Is Like Birchbox For Curly Girls Who Love To DIY (http://www.bustle.com/articles/108143-the-curlmix-subscription-box-is-like-birchbox-for-curly-girls-who-love-to-diy) , 02/09/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-37) Hellocoton (/w/index.php?title=Hellocoton&action=edit&redlink=1) , Masque Super hydratant Coco, Huile d'avocat et Banane inspiré de Racines Crépues - Par Maïka (http://www.hellocoton.fr/masque-super-hydratant-coco-huile-d-avocat-et-banane-inspire-de-racines-crepues-par-maika-7914665) , 01/05/2013 ^ (#cite_ref-38) 42 513 ′Likes′ on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) the 30/08/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-39) Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) , Du cheveu à retordre au salon « Boucles d’Ebène » (http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/06/01/du-cheveu-a-retordre-au-salon-boucles-d-ebene_4645104_3212.html) , 01/06/2015 ^ Jump up to: a b Réseau Outre-Mer première (/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9seau_Outre-Mer_premi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1) , Aline Tacite, fondatrice du salon Boucles d'Ébène : "Nous chérissons nos cheveux crépus, frisés, bouclés et ondulés" (http://www.la1ere.fr/2015/05/28/aline-tacite-fondatrice-du-salon-boucles-d-ebenes-nous-cherissons-nos-cheveux-crepus-frises-boucles-et-ondules-259601.html) , 30/05/2015 ^ Jump up to: a b Juliette Sméralda (/wiki/Juliette_Sm%C3%A9ralda) , Du Cheveu défrisé au cheveu crépu (https://books.google.fr/books?id=Wm1U69JgWcEC&pg=PA59&dq=boucles+d%27ebene&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAWoVChMIr9Gb8Y3UxwIVhTsUCh2INwBi#v=onepage&q=boucles%20d'ebene&f=false) , Broché, December 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-42) L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) , Bellebene organise sa Hair Academy d'été spéciale cheveux bouclés (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/coiffure/bellebene-organise-sa-hair-academy-d-ete-speciale-cheveux-boucles_1259828.html) , 24/06/2013 ^ (#cite_ref-43) Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , Les cheveux crépus et frisés ont leur salon (http://www.elle.fr/Beaute/News-beaute/Cheveux/Les-cheveux-crepus-et-frises-ont-leur-salon-2468485) , 28/06/2013 ^ Jump up to: a b Elle Belgique (/wiki/Elle_Belgique) , La Natural Hair Academy : le rendez-vous des nappy girls (http://www.elle.be/fr/31056-parlez-vous-le-nappy-language.html) , 17/03/2014 ^ Jump up to: a b Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) , Beautiful black blogs : huit filles à suivre sur le Net (http://madame.lefigaro.fr/beaute/beautiful-black-blogs-huit-filles-a-suivre-sur-le-net-190615-97085) , 29/06/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-46) Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) , Black and Beautiful, blog à la Une Beauté de Cosmo (http://www.cosmopolitan.fr/,black-and-beautiful-blog-a-la-une-beaute-de-cosmo,2159,1546564.asp) , retrieved 01/09/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-47) 78 018 ′Likes′ on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) the 06/10/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-48) CNN International (/wiki/CNN_International) , Ivory Coast's natural hair movement is turning heads (http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/11/africa/ivory-coast-natural-hair-movement/) , 17/02/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-49) Camer Post, Cameroun – Soins capillaires : Le cheveu naturel revient au galop (http://www.camerpost.com/cameroun-soins-capillaires-le-cheveu-naturel-revient-au-galop-17072015/) , 17/07/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-50) Destiny (/wiki/Destiny_(magazine)) , Hair recipe: Aisha’s daily spritz (http://www.destinyconnect.com/2015/07/06/hair-recipe-aishas-daily-spritz/) , 06/07/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-51) Le Journal du Mali (/wiki/Le_Journal_du_Mali) , Nappy de Bamako : Plus qu’un phénomène de mode, un retour aux sources (http://www.journaldumali.com/article.php?aid=10576) , 10/09/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-52) NigerDiaspora.net, Beauté africaine - Le retour de l'afro : Elles sont de plus en plus nombreuses à se mettre au nappy et à l'afro. (http://nigerdiaspora.net/les-nouvelles-du-pays/environnement-niger/item/68260-beaute-africaine-le-retour-de-l-afro-elles-sont-de-plus-en-plus-nombreuses-a-se-mettre-au-nappy-et-a-l-afro) , 05/10/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-53) Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) , Du Web à la grande distribution, le marché de la beauté noire fait sa révolution (http://madame.lefigaro.fr/beaute/le-boum-de-la-marche-de-la-beaute-noire-en-france-150715-97467) , 15/07/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-54) PRWeb (/wiki/PRWeb) , NY-Based Caribbean Food Retailer Turns 14, Offers Free Shipping to US Troops (http://www.prweb.com/releases/2007/10/prweb558910.htm) , 06/10/2007 ^ (#cite_ref-55) Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) , How to Get Rid of Black Women With Kinky Hair (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ama-yawson/how-to-get-rid-of-black-kinky-hair_b_5585380.html) , 16/07/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-56) Publishers Weekly (/wiki/Publishers_Weekly) , Indie Spotlight on Children’s Authors (http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/pw-select/article/63125-indie-spotlight-on-children-s-authors.html) , 27/06/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-57) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , Black Hair, Still Tangled in Politics (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/27/fashion/27SKIN.html) , 26/08/2009 ^ (#cite_ref-58) CNN International (/wiki/CNN_International) , Bronner Bros. show highlights natural hair (http://edition.cnn.com/2011/LIVING/02/22/bronner.brothers.natural.black.hair/) , 22/02/2011 ^ (#cite_ref-59) Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) , Open Letter to Allure, The New York Times and Other "Lamestream" Publications: If You Don't Know, You Better Ask Somebody (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ama-yawson/open-letter-to-allure-the_b_7956616.html) , 08/07/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-60) Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) , Notre but : banaliser la mode afro et la beauté ethnique. (http://madame.lefigaro.fr/style/notre-but-banaliser-mode-afro-beaute-ethnique-260112-212663) , 26/01/2012 ^ (#cite_ref-61) Le Point (/wiki/Le_Point) , En images : top 10 des meilleurs blogs féminins lifestyle (http://afrique.lepoint.fr/life-style/en-images-top-10-des-meilleurs-blogs-feminins-lifestyle-05-09-2014-1862042_2259.php) , 05/09/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-62) Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) , A quand une femme noire en couverture de "Elle" ? (http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2012/01/31/a-quand-une-femme-noire-en-couverture-de-elle_1636689_3232.html) , 31/01/2012 ^ (#cite_ref-63) MediaUpdate, AfroStyle Magazine issue 11 out now (http://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/78042/afrostyle-magazine-issue-11-out-now) , 07/04/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-64) Hellocoton (/w/index.php?title=Hellocoton&action=edit&redlink=1) , Perruque afro : nappy ou pas nappy? (http://www.hellocoton.fr/perruque-afro-nappy-ou-pas-nappy-3060317) , 05/04/2011 ^ (#cite_ref-65) Abidjan.net (/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9dias_en_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire&action=edit&redlink=1) , Nappy attitude: Back to the roots ! (http://news.abidjan.net/h/412930.html) , 07/10/2011 ^ Jump up to: a b L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) , Jolies Nappy Girls (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/diapo-photo/styles/coiffure/jolies-nappy-girls-et-idees-de-coiffures-pour-cheveux-crepus-et-frises_1075280.html?p=14) , 26/01/2012 ^ (#cite_ref-67) Réseau Outre-Mer 1re (/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Outre-Mer_1re) , La beauté noire et métisse (http://www.la1ere.fr/emissions/transversale-societe/actu/la-beaute-noire-et-metisse-transversale-societe-en-video.html) , 05/05/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-68) Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) , Cheveu afro : le naturel reprend ses droits (http://madame.lefigaro.fr/societe/cheveu-afro-le-naturel-reprend-ses-droits%20-150515-96575) , 17/052015 ^ (#cite_ref-69) Mouv' (/wiki/Mouv%27) , Phénomène nappy : les Sénégalaises revendiquent leur coupe afro (http://www.mouv.fr/diffusion-phenomene-nappy-les-senegalaises-revendiquent-leur-coupe-afro) , 13/01/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-70) Aufeminin (/wiki/Aufeminin) , Coiffure afro : Le nappy sexy d'Inna Modja (http://www.aufeminin.com/beaute/album759095/les-plus-belles-idees-de-coiffures-afro-24386541.html) , 07/08/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-71) Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) , Salon Boucles d’ébène (30 May - 1st June) (http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/05/27/salon-boucles-d-ebene-30-mai-1er-juin_4641419_3212.html) , 27/05/2015 ^ (#cite_ref-72) FashizBlack (/w/index.php?title=FashizBlack&action=edit&redlink=1) , Océane Lebubura élue Miss NAPPY Paris 2015 (http://www.fashizblack.com/beaute/oceane-lebubura-elue-miss-nappy-paris-2015/) , 04/12/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-73) Mediapart (/wiki/Mediapart) , 1ères Massalia Nappy Days : Marseille sous le signe de la créativité et de la beauté au naturel (https://blogs.mediapart.fr/edition/visages-de-marseille/article/170914/1eres-massalia-nappy-days-marseille-sous-le-signe-de-la-creativite-et-de-la-bea) , 17/09/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-74) FashizBlack (/w/index.php?title=FashizBlack&action=edit&redlink=1) , Abidjan accueille « Crépu d’Ebène », son 1er festival dédié aux cheveux naturels (http://www.fashizblack.com/beaute/abidjan-accueille-crepu-debene-son-1er-festival-dedie-aux-cheveux-naturels/) , 12/08/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-75) Hellocoton (/w/index.php?title=Hellocoton&action=edit&redlink=1) , Le lexique Nappy (http://www.hellocoton.fr/to/wTTL#http://www.naturalbynoelly.com/lexique-capillaire-nappy/) , 21/04/2013 ^ (#cite_ref-76) Audrey Davis-Sivasothy, The Science of Black Hair: A Comprehensive Guide to Textured Hair (https://books.google.fr/books?id=WQAZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219&dq=%22big+chop%22+%22transition%22&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAGoVChMI5LT8w6e1yAIVS7QaCh3JtAIv#v=onepage&q=%22big%20chop%22%20%22transition%22&f=false) , SAJA Publishing Company, 11/04/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-77) Leslie DuBois, Natural Beauty (https://books.google.fr/books?id=__CSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT4&dq=%22big+chop%22+%22transition%22&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBmoVChMI-_PQ4Ki1yAIVSR8aCh3dtwSV#v=onepage&q=%22big%20chop%22%20%22transition%22&f=false) , Little Prince Publishing, 21/09/2014 See also [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Aliona L. Gibson, Nappy: Growing Up Black and Female in America (https://books.google.fr/books?id=wMv2PQAACAAJ&dq=nappy&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBGoVChMIiNjHupauxwIVQbwUCh09wgKz) , Writers and Readers Ltd, 01/07/2000 Juliette Sméralda (/wiki/Juliette_Sm%C3%A9ralda) , Peau noire, cheveu crépu : l'histoire d'une aliénation (https://books.google.fr/books?id=qku5AAAAIAAJ&q=Peau+noire+cheveu+cr%C3%A9pu,&dq=Peau+noire+cheveu+cr%C3%A9pu,&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAGoVChMIk_qV3puuxwIVRlwaCh01RQBY) , Jasor, 2004 Frantz Fanon (/wiki/Frantz_Fanon) , Peau noire, masques blancs (/wiki/Peau_noire,_masques_blancs) , Seuil, 1952 Willie Lee Morrow, 400 Years Without a Comb (https://books.google.fr/books?id=RfVCAAAAIAAJ&q=400+years+without+comb&dq=400+years+without+comb&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAGoVChMI4eGYkJ2uxwIVwlYUCh2dCQTE) , Morrow's Unlimited Inc., 1973 Ebony (/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)) , Natural hair - new symbol of race pride (https://books.google.fr/books?id=PtsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA139&dq=nappy+means+kinky+natural+happy&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBGoVChMIjbi4sbezxwIVTF4aCh3lagta#v=onepage&q=nappy&f=false) , Johnson Publishing Company, December 1967 Audrey Davis-Sivasothy, The Science of Black Hair: A Comprehensive Guide to Textured Hair (https://books.google.fr/books?id=WQAZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219&dq=%22big+chop%22+%22transition%22&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAGoVChMI5LT8w6e1yAIVS7QaCh3JtAIv#v=onepage&q=%22big%20chop%22%20%22transition%22&f=false) , SAJA Publishing Company, 11/04/2014 Filmographie [ edit ] Good Hair (/wiki/Good_Hair_(film)) , movie directed by Jeff Stilson (/wiki/Jeff_Stilson) and produced by Chris Rock (/wiki/Chris_Rock) in 2009. My Nappy Roots: A Journey Through Black Hair-itage (/wiki/My_Nappy_Roots:_A_Journey_Through_Black_Hair-itage) , movie directed and produced by Regina Kimbell in 2008. Related items [ edit ] Afro-textured hair (/wiki/Afro-textured_hair) Afro (/wiki/Afro) Black is beautiful (/wiki/Black_is_beautiful) Black Panthers (/wiki/Black_Panther_Party) Black feminism (/wiki/Black_feminism) Blaxploitation (/wiki/Blaxploitation) Postcolonialism (/wiki/Postcolonialism) Afrocentrism (/wiki/Afrocentrism) Surpassesing one's Internalized racism (/wiki/Internalized_racism) Afropeanity (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Afropean) Nappturality (/wiki/Nappturality) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) society portal (/wiki/Portal:Society) United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Europe portal (/wiki/Portal:Europe) Africa portal (/wiki/Portal:Africa) Category:Subcultures (/wiki/Category:Subcultures) Category:African-American culture (/wiki/Category:African-American_culture) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐kwvsh Cached time: 20240721141211 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.320 seconds Real time usage: 0.409 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2542/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9715/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2362/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 57234/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.037/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1247489/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 277.806 1 -total 20.33% 56.486 1 Template:Reflist 18.17% 50.483 1 Template:Quote 15.60% 43.339 13 Template:Flag 15.48% 43.015 1 Template:Portal 11.63% 32.310 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 5.68% 15.783 2 Template:Dr 4.77% 13.260 1 Template:Dr-make 3.91% 10.854 1 Template:Error 3.36% 9.329 1 Template:Div_col Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48825510-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721141211 and revision id 957748665. 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French Commandos de Chasse (/wiki/Commandos_de_Chasse) wearing Bigeard caps. Olive Bigeard. The Bigeard cap ( French (/wiki/French_language) : casquette Bigeard ) is a field cap worn by the French Army and several others. It was allegedly invented by French General Marcel Bigeard (/wiki/Marcel_Bigeard) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) to replace the colorful and less practical colored headgear (/wiki/Side_cap#France) worn by the French Army in its war in Indochina (/wiki/First_Indochina_War) . The Bigeard is a cloth field cap with a short cloth peak. Originally produced in lizard (/wiki/Lizard_(camouflage)#Horizontal_lizard_patterns) , [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) it was later produced in olive green (/wiki/Olive_green) and various camouflage patterns to include, [5] (#cite_note-5) forest (/wiki/Camouflage_Central-Europe) , [6] (#cite_note-auto-6) and desert (/wiki/Camouflage_Daguet) . [6] (#cite_note-auto-6) The cap is more of a peaked sidecap (/wiki/Sidecap) and is available with or without neck flaps for sun protection. [6] (#cite_note-auto-6) The Bigeard cap has subsequently been indissociable from the unconventional warfare seen during the various conflicts of the 20th century. Users [ edit ] Portuguese "Quico" variant Several armies have copied the design, Rhodesian army (/wiki/Rhodesian_army) as the "swallowtail cap" [7] (#cite_note-7) in English or "Quico" (pronounced kiko) in Portuguese vertical lizard (/wiki/Lizard_(camouflage)#Vertical_lizard_patterns) [6] (#cite_note-auto-6) [8] (#cite_note-8) See also [ edit ] Sen bou (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army#Field_cap) The former Imperial Japanese Army's field cap with which the Bigeard is similar too in form and function. patrol cap (/wiki/Patrol_cap) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "LA CASQUETTE BIGEARD" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190528183024/http://fondation-general-bigeard.com/items/dossiers/casquette-bigeard.pdf) (PDF) . www.fondation-general-bigeard.com . Archived from the original (http://www.fondation-general-bigeard.com/items/dossiers/casquette-bigeard.pdf) (PDF) on 2019-05-28 . Retrieved 2019-08-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) DENYS, Hubert. "04- L'origine de la casquette BIGEARD" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150511062444/http://episodes-histoire.over-blog.com/2014/03/l-origine-de-la-casquette-bigeard.html) . episodes-histoire . Archived from the original (http://episodes-histoire.over-blog.com/2014/03/l-origine-de-la-casquette-bigeard.html) on 2015-05-11 . Retrieved 2019-06-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Sales site" (https://fr.shopping.rakuten.com/offer/buy/1505776441/casquette-bigeard-armee-francaise-olive-taille-56.html) . fr.shopping.rakuten.com . Retrieved 2019-08-18 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Photo" (https://pmcdn.priceminister.com/photo/1085798520.jpg) (JPG) . pmcdn.priceminister.com . Retrieved 2019-08-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) " (https://www.doursoux.com/en/casquettes/641-bigeard--cap.html) "BIGEARD " CAP" (https://www.doursoux.com/en/casquettes/641-bigeard--cap.html) . Doursoux . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "French F2 "Bigeard" cap, surplus" (https://www.varusteleka.com/en/product/french-f2-bigeard-cap-surplus/24235) . Varusteleka.com . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Modern African Wars (1) 1965-80 : Rhodesia, Men at Arms Series 183, Copyright June 15, 1986, by Peter Abbott and Philip Botham (Author), ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0850457285 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850457285) ^ (#cite_ref-8) Modern African Wars (2) Angola and Moazambique 1961 - 74, Peter Abbot & Manuel Rodriques Osprey Men-at-Arms 202, 1988Copywrite, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0850458435 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850458435) v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade 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Clothing emanating from Africa Kikoy fabric in Nairobi A kikoi is a traditional rectangle of woven cloth originating from Africa (/wiki/Africa) . Considered a part of Swahili (/wiki/Swahili_people) culture, the kikoi is mostly worn by the coastal men but now includes the Maasai people of Kenya [1] (#cite_note-“arc”-1) as well as men from Tanzania and Zanzibar. It is most commonly viewed a type of sarong (/wiki/Sarong) . Description [ edit ] The kikoi is made of cotton and patterns are woven rather than dyed into the fabric. [1] (#cite_note-“arc”-1) As with all sarongs, it is a single piece of cloth which is wrapped around the waist, and rolled over outwards a couple of times. Outside of their intended use as a sarong, they can be used as a sling to hold a baby, towel, or a head wrap (/wiki/Head_wrap) . History [ edit ] The kikoi emerged from cultural exchange between East Africans and their trading partners from nations like Somalia (/wiki/Somalia) centuries ago. [2] (#cite_note-“screen”-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The garment remains a popular souvenir for tourists visiting Kenya. [4] (#cite_note-4) Trademark controversy [ edit ] In 2006, British (/wiki/United_Kingdom) company The Kikoy Company sought to trademark the word “kikoy” in the United Kingdom. Under the Cooperation for Fair Trade in Africa (/wiki/Cooperation_for_Fair_Trade_in_Africa) , Kenyan kikoi producers fought back against the trademark, arguing it would hurt their sales in the UK market. [2] (#cite_note-“screen”-2) The Kikoy Company later withdrew their trademark application. Scholar Sonali Maulik cited the incident as an example of how international intellectual property (/wiki/Intellectual_property) law does not protect traditional cultural markers because the legal outcome of a challenge to the copyright application would be unclear. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b BU African Studies Library (9 December 2019). "African Textile Collection" (https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/5cdde80193b143a583ac1a2279dc9ed9) . Storymaps.ArcGIS.com . Retrieved 11 October 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Traditional Kenyan cloth becomes focus of trademark controversy" (https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/360853) . Reuters . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Morris, Bernadine (1987). "Versatility in a Wrap Handmade in Kenya" (https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/20/style/versatility-in-a-wrap-handmade-in-kenya.html) . The New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Perry, Alex. "Nairobi: Finding the Perfect Souvenir" (http://content.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/article/0,31489,1974866_1974863_1974852,00.html) . Time . Retrieved 11 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Maulik, Sonali (2012). "Skirting the Issue: How International Law Fails to Protect Traditional Cultural Marks from IP Theft" (https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1503&context=cjil) . Chicago Journal of International Law . 13 (1). NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8464c9d799‐jx4db Cached time: 20240702231338 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.207 seconds Real time usage: 0.380 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 424/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8927/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 446/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19296/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.134/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4188356/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 353.790 1 -total 60.47% 213.936 1 Template:Reflist 46.65% 165.032 1 Template:Cite_web 38.15% 134.984 1 Template:Short_description 20.98% 74.222 3 Template:Main_other 20.20% 71.455 1 Template:SDcat 13.10% 46.342 2 Template:Pagetype 3.68% 13.033 2 Template:Cite_news 2.39% 8.460 1 Template:Cite_journal 1.55% 5.485 1 Template:Cite_magazine Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11302247-0!canonical and timestamp 20240702231338 and revision id 1219799709. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikoi&oldid=1219799709 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikoi&oldid=1219799709) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : African clothing (/wiki/Category:African_clothing) Skirts (/wiki/Category:Skirts) Swahili culture (/wiki/Category:Swahili_culture) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
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Saudi-American businesswoman, editor, and member of the Saudi royal family Deena Aljuhani دينا الجهني Born ( 1975-12-26 ) December 26, 1975 (age 48) California (/wiki/California) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Spouse Prince Sultan bin Fahad bin Nasser bin Abdulaziz (m. 1998) House (/wiki/Dynasty) Saud (/wiki/House_of_Saud) Father Ali al-Juhani Occupation Businesswoman, editor Princess Deena Ali Al-Juhani ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : دينا الجهني ; born 26 December 1975) is a Saudi American (/wiki/Saudi_Americans) businesswoman and editor. She is the founder and owner of DNA Store in Riyadh (/wiki/Riyadh) . She married into the Saudi royal family (/wiki/House_of_Saud) and is a former editor-in-chief of Vogue Arabia (/wiki/Vogue_Arabia) . Birth and personal life [ edit ] She was born in California (/wiki/California) , the daughter of former Saudi communications minister Ali al Juhani. She grew up living a mobile life between the Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) and the United States as her father was an economist, teaching at several American universities. She became a member of the House of Saud following her marriage to Prince Sultan bin Fahd bin Nasser bin Abdulaziz in 1998, [1] (#cite_note-1) a grandson of Nasser bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (/wiki/Nasser_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud) . They have three children, a daughter and twin boys. [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) Career [ edit ] She became interested in fashion (/wiki/Fashion) after seeing a copy of the British magazine Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) , at six years old. "I was studying every magazine (/wiki/Magazine) from cover to cover, I was eager for everything related to fashion," she says. [3] (#cite_note-3) After attending several international fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) , she decided to open her store "D'NA" in Riyadh in 2006, which can only be bought from through membership or personal invitation from Abdulaziz. In 2013, a branch of the store opened in Doha (/wiki/Doha) , Qatar (/wiki/Qatar) . [4] (#cite_note-4) After a decade of successful business in the Persian Gulf (/wiki/Persian_Gulf) region, Abdulaziz launched an e-shopping website called DNACHIC.com. [5] (#cite_note-5) "The store contributes fashion designers to Middle Eastern (/wiki/Middle_East) customers. In September 2016, [6] (#cite_note-6) Abdulaziz was appointed editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) of Vogue Arabia [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) in her first number and continued on the job for a short period before being expelled due to a dispute with the magazine's management. [2] (#cite_note-auto-2) [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Quick, Harriet (September 19, 2016). "Meet Deena Aljuhani Abdulaziz: the Saudi princess launching Vogue Arabia" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/womens-style/meet-deena-aljuhani-abdulaziz-the-saudi-princess-launching-vogue/) . The Telegraph . Retrieved September 18, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Larocca, Amy (February 6, 2017). "Vogue Arabia's First Editor Is Literally a Princess" (https://www.thecut.com/2017/02/vogue-arabia-princess-deena-aljuhani-abdulaziz.html) . The Cut . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Larocca, Amy (November 8, 2004). "Deena Abdulaziz, Mother" (http://nymag.com/nymetro/shopping/fashion/columns/look/10243/) . New York Magazine . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Street, Mikelle (July 5, 2016). "5 Things to Know About Vogue Arabia's First Editor-in-Chief" (https://observer.com/2016/07/5-things-to-know-about-vogue-arabias-first-editor-in-chief/) . Observer.com . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hirschmiller, Stephanie (June 9, 2016). "Deena Aljuhani Abdulaziz Launches Online Boutique DNACHIC.com" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/deena-aljuhani-abdulaziz-launches-online-boutique-dnachic-com-10448927/) . WWD . Retrieved September 18, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ward, Mary (July 6, 2016). "Saudi princess Deena Aljuhani Abdulaziz to be first editor of Vogue Arabia" (http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/saudi-princess-deena-aljuhani-abdulaziz-to-be-first-editor-of-vogue-arabia-20160706-gpzoww.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved September 18, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Pavia, Will (March 4, 2017). "How a Saudi princess became the boss at Vogue" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-a-saudi-princess-became-the-boss-at-vogue-jrqlf7dz6) . The Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved September 18, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Pithers, Ellie. "Who Is Deena Aljuhani Abdulaziz?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/meet-deena-aljuhani-abdulaziz-editor-vogue-arabia) . Retrieved June 23, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Safronova, Valeriya (April 14, 2017). "Vogue Arabia Suddenly Changes Editors" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/14/fashion/conde-nast-vogue-arabia-deena-aljuhani-abdulaziz.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved September 18, 2017 . Wikiquote has quotations related to Deena Aljuhani Abdulaziz (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Deena_Aljuhani_Abdulaziz) . 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American swimwear designer This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Rod_Beattie_(swimwear_designer)&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Rod+Beattie+%28swimwear+designer%29&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Rod+Beattie+%28swimwear+designer%29) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Rod_Beattie_(swimwear_designer)) for suggestions. ( March 2016 ) Rod Beattie Born 1959 California (/wiki/California) Occupation Swimwear designer Rod Beattie (1959) is an American swimwear designer. His swimsuit designs are sold at stores throughout the United States. [ citation needed ] Beattie designed for La Blanca and Anne Cole Collection for 25 years. He launched his own swimwear label, "Bleu/Rod Beattie", [1] (#cite_note-1) in the summer of 2011. Early life and education [ edit ] Beattie was born in California (/wiki/California) . Before he attended Otis College of Art and Design (/wiki/Otis_College_of_Art_and_Design) , [2] (#cite_note-2) he was part of his high school's swim team. [3] (#cite_note-3) Career [ edit ] After graduation in 1986, Beattie designed sportswear at several contemporary houses in Los Angeles, including Theodore and Max Studio. In 1988 he began to design swimwear for La Blanca, [4] (#cite_note-4) helping the company to increase sales to about $30 million. [ citation needed ] [5] (#cite_note-5) After six years with La Blanca, Beattie began on to design swimwear for the Anne Cole Collection, which at the time was a division of Warnaco. In March 1999, Beattie left Anne Cole Collection, joining La Blanca as head designer [6] (#cite_note-6) with his name now on the label. [7] (#cite_note-Company2003-7) For the next ten years, La Blanca by Rod Beattie was the top-selling retail swimwear label in the United States. [8] (#cite_note-8) At the end of 2010, Beattie collaborated with swimwear manufacturer A. H. Schreiber to create a new swimwear brand [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) "Bleu/Rod Beattie", with sales beginning in 2011. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2014 Beattie sold the Bleu/Rod Beattie line to Amerex Group. [12] (#cite_note-12) Special Projects [ edit ] Beattie mentors students at Otis College of Art and Design, [13] (#cite_note-13) helping them develop swimwear designs during a semester long swimwear assignment which are showcased at an annual fashion show. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Swimsuit designer Rod Beattie makes a splash at Belk SouthPark" (http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2013/05/13/swimsuit-designer-rod-beattie-makes-a.html?page=all) . Charlotte Business Journal . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Modern Muses: Bleu/Rod Beattie" (http://digitaleditions.sheridan.com/publication/frame.php?i=111678&p=36&pn=&ver=swf) . Fashion Mannuscript June 2012 - Sheridan ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Islands in the Stream" (http://www.apparelnews.net/news/2014/jul/11/islands-stream/) . Apparel News , By Deborah Belgum | Friday, July 11, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-4) JTN . International Department, Osaka Senken. 1988. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Women's Wear Daily stories, Dec 10, 2009 and Oct 8 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Sizzling styles for the beach" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-06-06/features/0406060513_1_pink-suits-bikinis) . Chicago Tribune . ^ (#cite_ref-Company2003_7-0) Johnson Publishing Company (January 2003). Ebony . Johnson Publishing Company. pp. 86–. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0012-9011 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) California Apparel News July 11, 2011 also The Swim Journal Jan/Feb 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Rod Beattie to Design Swim for A.H. Schreiber" ( http://www.wwd.com/markets-news/intimates-activewear/rod-beattie-to-design-swim-for-ah-schreiber-3370825 (http://www.wwd.com/markets-news/intimates-activewear/rod-beattie-to-design-swim-for-ah-schreiber-3370825) ) Women's Wear Daily. November 3, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "A.H. Shreiber Hires Designer Rod Beattie to Launch New Swimwear Label" ( http://www.theswimjournal.com/pageflip/1764844095jafe2011/index.html (http://www.theswimjournal.com/pageflip/1764844095jafe2011/index.html) ) The Swim Journal. January/February 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Waterwear 2012: Into the Bleu" ( http://www.apparelnews.net/news/manufacturing/070811-Waterwear-2012-Into-the-Bleu (http://www.apparelnews.net/news/manufacturing/070811-Waterwear-2012-Into-the-Bleu) ) California Apparel News. July 8, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Swimwear Label Bleu/Rod Beattie Sold to Amerex Group" (http://www.apparelnews.net/news/2014/feb/21/swimwear-label-bleurod-beattie-sold-amerex-group/) . Apparel News . (subscription required). ^ (#cite_ref-13) "L.A.'s Otis College Raises $1 Million with Designer-Mentored Student Fashion Show" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/las-otis-college-raises-1-701112) . Hollywood Reporter . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Graduation Time at Otis College of Art and Design" ( http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/graduation-time-at-otis-college-of-art-and-design-3607683 (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/graduation-time-at-otis-college-of-art-and-design-3607683) ) Women's Wear Daily. May 10, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Swimsuit Designer Mentors Designers of the Future" ( http://www.nbclosangeles.com/the-scene/fashion/Swimsuit_Designer_Mentors_Designers_of_the_Future_Los_Angeles-114398584.html (http://www.nbclosangeles.com/the-scene/fashion/Swimsuit_Designer_Mentors_Designers_of_the_Future_Los_Angeles-114398584.html) ) NBC Los Angeles. January 21, 2011. External links [ edit ] Bleu/Rod Beattie website. 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(Redirected from Fleece jacket (/w/index.php?title=Fleece_jacket&redirect=no) ) Insulating knitted polyester napped or pile fabric Blankets (/wiki/Blanket) made out of polar fleece Polar fleece is a soft fabric (/wiki/Fabric) made from polyester (/wiki/Polyester) that is napped (/wiki/Nap_(fabric)) and insulating (/wiki/Thermal_insulation) . PolarFleece as a trademark registered by Malden Mills (/wiki/Malden_Mills) (now Polartec LLC (/w/index.php?title=Polartec_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1) ) with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office) on October 6, 1981. [1] (#cite_note-1) Malden Mills developed polar fleece in 1979. Uses [ edit ] Polar fleece is used in jackets (/wiki/Jacket) , hats, sweaters (/wiki/Sweater) , sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) , cloth diapers (/wiki/Cloth_diaper) (nappies), gym clothes, hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) , pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) , blankets, and high-performance outdoor clothing. The produced fleece can be used to create clothes that are very light, soft, and easy to wash. Polar fleece can stretch more easily in one direction than in others. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] Polar fleece originated in Massachusetts (/wiki/Massachusetts) in 1979 when Malden Mills and Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia_(clothing)) developed Synchilla (synthetic chinchilla (/wiki/Chinchilla_(cloth)) ). [3] (#cite_note-3) It was a new, light, strong pile fabric (/wiki/Pile_(fabric)) meant to mimic, and in some ways surpass, wool (/wiki/Wool) . Malden Mills CEO Aaron Feuerstein (/wiki/Aaron_Feuerstein) intentionally declined to patent (/wiki/Patent) polar fleece, allowing the material to be produced cheaply and widely by many vendors, leading to the material's quick and wide acceptance. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Malden Mills registered PolarFleece as a trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office) on October 6, 1981. [7] (#cite_note-7) Characteristics [ edit ] A lightweight, warm and soft fabric, fleece has some of wool (/wiki/Wool) 's good qualities. Polar fleece garments are traditionally available in the micro, 100, 200, and 300 variants, where the numbers represent the fleece's weight in grams per square meter (gsm). The heavier fleece are warmer. Fleece can range from being high loft to tightly knit (/wiki/Knit) . High loft fleece is warmer because it traps tiny air pockets which holds body heat. [8] (#cite_note-8) Traditionally, polar fleece always had a two-sided pile (/wiki/Pile_(textile)) (i.e., they were fluffy on both sides), but now clothes are often advertised as polar fleece even if they lack a two-sided pile. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) High pile fleece (which have a higher loft), will eventually lose some loft by becoming matted over time. High pile fleece are also more prone to collecting dirt than low pile fleece. To prevent high pile fleece from matting, they can be brushed regularly (which also removes dirt) and hung rather than folded. [11] (#cite_note-11) To remove already existing matting, rinse it in cool water and vinegar, and while it is still damp, gently and unidirectionally brush the matting out (while optionally lightly spraying it with fabric softener mixed with water), and then use a lint roller. [12] (#cite_note-12) It is hydrophobic (/wiki/Hydrophobic) , holding less than 1% of its weight in water. It retains much of its insulating quality even when wet. It is machine washable and dries quickly. It is a good alternative to wool (/wiki/Wool) for those who are allergic or sensitive to wool. It can also be made out of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate) (PET) bottles, or even recycled fleece. Regular polar fleece is not windproof (/wiki/Windproof_smock) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) and does not absorb moisture (although this is often seen as a benefit, per above). [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Fleece readily generates static electricity (/wiki/Static_electricity) , which causes the accumulation of lint (/wiki/Lint_(material)) , dust, and pet hair. It is also susceptible to damage from high temperature washing, tumble drying (/wiki/Tumble_dryer) , or ironing (/wiki/Ironing) under unusual conditions. Lower-quality polyester fleece material is also prone to pilling (/wiki/Pill_(textile)) (i.e., the jacket's fabrics break and reform into tiny balls on the jacket). Microfiber pollution [ edit ] Washing synthetic textiles like fleece releases microfibers, a type of microplastic (/wiki/Microplastic) . [18] (#cite_note-18) The release of these microfibers into the wastewater is proportional to the microplastic pollution in soil, marine, and freshwater habitats. [19] (#cite_note-19) Studies also show that tumble drying of polyester releases airborne microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) . [20] (#cite_note-20) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Polarfleece; Registration Number 1297628; Malden Mills, Inc., 46 Stafford St. Lawrence, Massachusetts 01841; First use June 16, 1980; Filing Date October 6, 1981; Published for Opposition July 17, 1984; Registration Date September 25, 1984 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Polar Fleece history and the history of pile fabrics (http://www.bookrags.com/research/polar-fleece-woi/) Bookrags.com ^ (#cite_ref-3) Greenbaum, Hilary; Rubinstein, Dana (November 25, 2011). "The Evolution of Fleece, From Scratchy to Snuggie" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/magazine/fleece-scratchy-to-snuggie.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved August 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Xavier hosting Aaron Feuerstein on March 30" (http://citizensforabetternorwood.blogspot.com/2009/03/xavier-hosting-aaron-feuerstein-on.html) . Citizens For A Better Norwood. June 29, 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Shafran, Avi (June 22, 2002). "Mr. Feuerstein is a legend in the corporate world, keeping his employees on the payroll until the plant could be rebuilt after a fire. His company went bankrupt, and was purchased out of bankruptcy, yet he doesn't regret a thing" (http://www.aish.com/ci/be/48881397.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Aaron Feuerstein" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YcWLXBXaD8) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . July 7, 2006. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/9YcWLXBXaD8) from the original on December 22, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Polarfleece; Registration Number 1297628; Malden Mills, Inc., 46 Stafford St. Lawrence, Massachusetts 01841; First use June 16, 1980; Filing Date October 6, 1981; Published for Opposition July 17, 1984; Registration Date September 25, 1984 ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Backpackers Guide to Fleece Jackets 2021: Is it Warm and Breathable?" (https://backpackers.com/outdoor-guides/backpackers-guide-to-fleece-jackets/) . Backpackers.com . Retrieved November 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Understanding the Different Types of Fleece Fabrics" (https://www.fabricsgalore.co.uk/blogs/news/understanding-the-different-types-of-fleece-fabric) . Fabrics Galore . August 26, 2020 . Retrieved November 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Keefe, Ben (January 7, 2022). "From Sherpa To Slub: The Types Of Fleece To Know" (https://www.heddels.com/2022/01/from-sherpa-to-slub-the-types-of-fleece-to-know/) . Heddels . Retrieved November 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Caring For Your Deep Pile Fleece" (https://gorpgoods.com/blogs/digital-gorp/caring-for-your-deep-pile-fleece) . Gorp Goods . June 13, 2021 . Retrieved November 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Higson, Alex (September 28, 2021). "How To Fix Matted Sherpa? A Step-By-Step Guide" (https://www.magicofclothes.com/fix-matted-sherpa/) . Magic of Clothes . Retrieved November 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Polartec Windpro web page (http://www.polartec.com/shelter/polartec-wind-pro/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120217143416/http://polartec.com/shelter/polartec-wind-pro/) February 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-14) Polartec Windpro web page (https://sewgadgets.com/brother-cs7000i-sewing-machine/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120217143416/http://polartec.com/shelter/polartec-wind-pro/) 2012-02-17 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Columbia Layering Guide for Warmth and Comfort by Frank Ross (http://www.frank-ross-outdoor-info.com/buyers_guides/columbia_layering_gd.php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090321122759/http://www.frank-ross-outdoor-info.com/buyers_guides/columbia_layering_gd.php) March 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-16) Choosing and Using a Quarter Sheet (http://www.horsekeeping.com/horse_care/quarter_sheet.htm) . Discussion of characteristics of wool vs. fleece ^ (#cite_ref-17) Moisture Buffering (http://www.csiro.au/files/files/p50w.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071025144058/http://www.csiro.au/files/files/p50w.pdf) October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-18) Pirc, U.; Vidmar, M.; Mozer, A.; Kržan, A. (2016). "Emissions of microplastic fibers from microfiber fleece during domestic washing" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5099352) . Environmental Science and Pollution Research International . 23 (21): 22206–22211. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11356-016-7703-0 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-016-7703-0) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0944-1344 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0944-1344) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 5099352 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5099352) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27658400 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27658400) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Šaravanja, Ana; Pušić, Tanja; Dekanić, Tihana (April 2022). "Microplastics in Wastewater by Washing Polyester Fabrics" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9000408) . Materials . 15 (7): 2683. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022Mate...15.2683S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Mate...15.2683S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/ma15072683 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fma15072683) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 9000408 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9000408) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 35408015 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408015) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Science, Public Library of Science (April 6, 2022). "Tumble dryers release microfibers into environment at levels comparable to washers" (https://phys.org/news/2022-04-dryers-microfibers-environment-washers.html) . phys.org . Retrieved April 22, 2022 . External links [ edit ] Polartec, once Malden Mills, the original manufacturer of Polartec and Polarfleece (http://www.polartec.com) v t e Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Types Woven (/wiki/Woven_fabric) Abacá cloth (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles) (Medriñaque) Aertex (/wiki/Aertex) Armazine (/wiki/Armazine) Almerían silk (/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Batiste (/wiki/Batiste) Bedford cord (/wiki/Bedford_cord) Bengaline (/wiki/Bengaline) Beta cloth (/wiki/Beta_cloth) Bombazine (/wiki/Bombazine) Brilliantine (/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)) Broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) Buckram (/wiki/Buckram) Bunting (/wiki/Bunting_(textile)) Burlap (/wiki/Hessian_fabric) Byrd Cloth (/wiki/Byrd_Cloth) C change (/wiki/C_change) Calico (/wiki/Calico) Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) Chambray (/wiki/Cambric) Capilene (/wiki/Capilene) Cedar bark textile (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Challis (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) Char cloth (/wiki/Char_cloth) Charmeuse 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English fashion model, designer and fashion entrepreneur Oliver Cheshire Cheshire in 2019 Born Oliver Luke Cheshire ( 1988-06-03 ) 3 June 1988 (age 36) Stevenage (/wiki/Stevenage) , Hertfordshire (/wiki/Hertfordshire) , England Spouse Pixie Lott (/wiki/Pixie_Lott) ( m. 2022 ) Children 1 Modelling information Height 6 ft 0 in (1.82 m) Hair colour Light brown (/wiki/Hair_colour#Brown_hair) Eye colour Brown (/wiki/Eye_colour#Brown) Agency Select Model Management (/wiki/Select_Model_Management) Website Oliver Cheshire (https://www.instagram.com/oliver_cheshire/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Oliver Luke Cheshire (born 3 June 1988) is an English fashion model, designer, and fashion entrepreneur. Career [ edit ] Cheshire was born in Stevenage (/wiki/Stevenage) , Hertfordshire (/wiki/Hertfordshire) and grew up in Hitchin (/wiki/Hitchin) . His father was a fireman and Cheshire aspired to be a firefighter or actor. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Cheshire was scouted by Select Model Management (/wiki/Select_Model_Management) at the age of 15. [3] (#cite_note-O'Flaherty-3) Soon after, he gave up his drama studies for a career as a model and appeared in a campaign for Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(company)) . [4] (#cite_note-ftape-4) Cheshire subsequently modelled for Jack Wills (/wiki/Jack_Wills) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Orlebar Brown (/wiki/Orlebar_Brown) , Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , Hackett (/wiki/Hackett_London) , Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) , Hollister Co. (/wiki/Hollister_Co.) , Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) , Gap Inc. (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) and Marks and Spencer (/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Marks and Spencer reported a fifty per cent increase in the sale of men's swimwear while Cheshire was fronting their campaign. [6] (#cite_note-6) Over the years, Cheshire has graced the covers of many prestigious publications including L’Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) Hommes, Attitude (/wiki/Attitude_(magazine)) , The Journal, Men’s Folio, D’Scene (/wiki/DJ_Scene) , Exalt, 7th Man (/wiki/7th_Magritte_Awards) , Out Magazine, GQ Style (/wiki/GQ) . [ citation needed ] Cheshire is regularly heralded in GQ’s (/wiki/GQ) best-dressed poll in the US and UK, as well as Grazia, The Telegraph and Tatler magazine. GQ USA have also featured Cheshire on their best dressed list, making him the only British model to be featured. [ citation needed ] As an industry favourite, he has received awards for "International Model of the Year" from GQ Turkey and two awards from Attitude for "Most Stylish Man" and "Best Groomed Man." He is one of Mr Porter’s "Style Councillors" and a recognised supporter of LFWM. [ citation needed ] As a writer, Cheshire has reported on Men's Fashion Week (/wiki/Men%27s_Fashion_Week) for GQ (/wiki/GQ) magazine and The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . [3] (#cite_note-O'Flaherty-3) In 2015, he was named one of GQ ' s 50 best dressed British men. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2019, Cheshire launched his menswear fashion label Ché, drawing inspiration from his 15 years in the industry. Recently launching the brand's SS21 collection and campaign, his brand is received well by both customers and the industry press. [9] (#cite_note-9) Personal life [ edit ] Cheshire began a relationship with singer-songwriter Pixie Lott (/wiki/Pixie_Lott) in 2010. The pair were engaged in November 2016. [10] (#cite_note-10) They were married at Ely Cathedral (/wiki/Ely_Cathedral) on 6 June 2022, following a delay due to COVID-19 (/wiki/COVID-19) . [11] (#cite_note-11) In June 2023, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child. [12] (#cite_note-12) They were spotted with their child in October. [13] (#cite_note-13) The next month, Lott confirmed they had a son, Albert Charles. [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Places we love: Hitchin lavender fields with Oliver Cheshire" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200719025033/https://attitude.co.uk/article/places-we-love-hitchin-lavender-fields-with-oliver-cheshire/7522/) . Attitude (/wiki/Attitude_(magazine)) . July 27, 2015. Archived from the original (https://attitude.co.uk/article/places-we-love-hitchin-lavender-fields-with-oliver-cheshire/7522/) on July 19, 2020 . Retrieved July 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kaur, Jas (August 2, 2017). "Oliver Cheshire: what it takes to be a top British male model" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211022170645/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/style/oliver-cheshire-takes-top-british-male-model/) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/style/oliver-cheshire-takes-top-british-male-model/) on October 22, 2021 . Retrieved July 19, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b O'Flaherty, Mark C. (April 29, 2013). "A tale of two models: how male modelling has changed" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10015879/A-tale-of-two-models-how-male-modelling-has-changed.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190911084121/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10015879/A-tale-of-two-models-how-male-modelling-has-changed.html) from the original on September 11, 2019 . Retrieved August 13, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-ftape_4-0) Jaems, Daniel (February 5, 2013). "Obsession #3 Oliver Cheshire by Daniel Jaems" (http://ftape.com/media/obsession-no3/) . ftape.com . Fashion Tape. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210227193116/http://ftape.com/media/obsession-no3/) from the original on February 27, 2021 . Retrieved 8 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Oliver Cheshire" (https://www.selectmodel.com/london/men/mainboard/oliver-cheshire) . Select Model Management (/wiki/Select_Model_Management) . Retrieved July 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Dymoke, Alex (June 23, 2014). "Male model Oliver Cheshire has the best job in the world" (https://www.cityam.com/model-oliver-cheshire-best-job/) . CityAM (/wiki/CityAM) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220630142755/https://www.cityam.com/model-oliver-cheshire-best-job/) from the original on June 30, 2022 . Retrieved July 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Johnston, Robert (January 5, 2015). "50 Best Dressed Men in Britain 2015" (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2015-01/05/best-dressed-men-2015/) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230722022150/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/gallery/best-dressed-men-2015) from the original on July 22, 2023 . Retrieved August 13, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Fearon, Faye (May 15, 2019). "Exclusive: everything you need to know about Oliver Cheshire's new menswear brand, Ché" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221111075654/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/oliver-cheshire-interview-che-menswear-launch) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Archived from the original (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/oliver-cheshire-interview-che-menswear-launch) on November 11, 2022 . Retrieved August 13, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Quill, Heidi (June 8, 2022). "Reiss x Ché has '22 holiday dressing sorted, here's what made it into our suitcase" (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/fashion/article/reiss-che) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221111081159/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/fashion/article/reiss-che) from the original on November 11, 2022 . Retrieved August 13, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Pixie Lott and Oliver Cheshire get engaged" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/37971268/pixie-lott-and-oliver-cheshire-get-engaged) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . November 14, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221021025345/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-37971268) from the original on October 21, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Campbell, Tina (June 6, 2022). "Pixie Lott and Oliver Cheshire finally marry after Covid delays" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220705153208/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/pixie-lott-oliver-cheshire-married-wedding-ely-cathedral-2022-b1004353.html) . Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) . Archived from the original (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/pixie-lott-oliver-cheshire-married-wedding-ely-cathedral-2022-b1004353.html) on July 5, 2022 . Retrieved June 6, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Campbell, Tina (28 June 2023). "Pixie Lott announces she's pregnant with first child" (https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/pixie-lott-pregnant-first-child-husband-oliver-cheshire-b1090798.html) . Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) . Retrieved 12 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "The Voice Kids star Pixie Lott welcomes first child" (https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/a45607550/pixie-lott-welcomes-first-child/) . Digital Spy . 2023-10-22 . Retrieved 2023-11-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "The Voice Kids UK star Pixie Lott shares sweet name of newborn son" (https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a45940076/the-voice-kids-uk-pixie-lott-son-name/) . Digital Spy . 2023-11-24 . Retrieved 2023-12-04 . External links [ edit ] Select Model Management. (https://www.selectmodel.com/london/men/mainboard/oliver-cheshire) Oliver Cheshire at models.com. 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Putting together of components For other uses, see formulation (disambiguation) (/wiki/Formulation_(disambiguation)) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Formulation) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Formulation" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Formulation%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Formulation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Formulation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Formulation%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Formulation%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Formulation%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Formulation is a term used in various senses in various applications, both the material and the abstract (/wiki/Abstract_object) or formal (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/formal) . Its fundamental meaning is the putting together of components in appropriate relationships or structures, according to a formula (/wiki/Formula) . Etymologically formula is the diminutive (/wiki/Diminutive) of the Latin (/wiki/Latin) forma , meaning shape. In that sense a formulation is created according to the standard (/wiki/Technical_standard) for the product. [1] (#cite_note-1) Abstract applications [ edit ] Disciplines in which one might use the word formulation in the abstract sense include logic (/wiki/Formula_(mathematical_logic)) , mathematics (/wiki/Mathematics) , linguistics (/wiki/Linguistics) , legal theory (/wiki/Law) , and computer science (/wiki/Computer_science) . For details, see the related articles. Material applications [ edit ] In more material senses the concept of formulation appears in the physical sciences (/wiki/Physical_Science) , such as physics (/wiki/Physics) , chemistry (/wiki/Chemistry) , and biology (/wiki/Biology) . It also is ubiquitous in industry (/wiki/Industrial_technology) , engineering (/wiki/Engineering) and medicine (/wiki/Medicine) , especially pharmaceutics (/wiki/Pharmaceutical_formulation) . Pharmacy [ edit ] Main article: Pharmaceutical formulation (/wiki/Pharmaceutical_formulation) In pharmacy (/wiki/Pharmacy) , a formulation is a mixture (/wiki/Mixture) or a structure (/wiki/Structure) such as a capsule (/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)) , tablet (/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)) , or an emulsion (/wiki/Emulsion) , prepared according to a specific procedure (called a "formula"). Formulations are a very important aspect of creating medicines, since they are essential to ensuring that the active part of the drug is delivered to the correct part of the body, in the right concentration, and at the right rate (not too fast and not too slowly). A good example is a drug delivery system that exploits supersaturation (/wiki/Supersaturation) . They also need to have an acceptable taste (in the case of pills, tablets or syrups), last long enough in storage still to be safe and effective when used, and be sufficiently stable both physically and chemically to be transported from where they are manufactured to the eventual consumer. Competently designed formulations for particular applications are safer, more effective, and more economical than any of their components used singly. Other examples of product formulations [ edit ] Formulations are commercially produced for drugs (/wiki/Drug) , cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) , coatings (/wiki/Coating) , dyes (/wiki/Dye) , alloys (/wiki/Alloy) , cleaning agents (/wiki/Cleaning_agent) , foods (/wiki/Food) , lubricants (/wiki/Lubricant) , fuels (/wiki/Fuel) , fertilisers (/wiki/Fertiliser) , pesticides (/wiki/Pesticide_formulation) and many others. Components [ edit ] Components (also called ingredients), when mixed according to a formula, create a formulation . Some components impart specific properties (/wiki/Specific_properties) to the formulation when it is put into use. For example, certain components (polymers) are used in paint formulations to achieve deforming or levelling properties. [2] (#cite_note-2) Some components of a formulation may only be active in particular applications. A formulation may be created for any of the following purposes: to achieve effects that cannot be obtained from its components when these are used singly to achieve a higher degree of effectiveness to improve handling properties and often safety for the user See also [ edit ] Ingredient (/wiki/Ingredient) Pesticide formulation (/wiki/Pesticide_formulation) Galenic formulation (/wiki/Galenic_formulation) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "formulation" (https://etymology.en-academic.com/16013/formulation) . Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias . Retrieved 2023-01-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Paints, Coatings and Inks Formulation (http://www.specialchem4coatings.com/index.aspx?lr=wiki) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101229222354/http://www.specialchem4coatings.com/index.aspx?lr=wiki) 2010-12-29 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Daily updated library of Articles and Editorials; Additives, Resins & Pigments Database; Technical Solutions to innovate with Paints, Coatings, and Inks NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐28v29 Cached time: 20240712233600 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.199 seconds Real time usage: 0.290 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 424/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12440/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 469/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7394/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.127/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4021414/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 261.002 1 -total 37.53% 97.942 1 Template:Reflist 29.40% 76.745 1 Template:Cite_web 26.86% 70.112 1 Template:Short_description 23.85% 62.238 1 Template:More_citations_needed 22.07% 57.591 1 Template:Ambox 14.13% 36.890 2 Template:Pagetype 8.87% 23.147 3 Template:Main_other 8.38% 21.884 1 Template:Other_uses 8.17% 21.335 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23876971-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712233600 and revision id 1157255271. 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(Redirected from Cherkesska (/w/index.php?title=Cherkesska&redirect=no) ) High-necked wool coat worn by men in the Caucasus This article is about the Caucasian item of clothing. For the nineteenth-century Indian painter, see Chokha (painter) (/wiki/Chokha_(painter)) . Georgian (/wiki/Georgians) man with goshawk wearing chokha, on Tbilisoba (/wiki/Tbilisoba) festival. Chechens (/wiki/Chechens) wearing chokha at wedding match. A chokha , [a] (#cite_note-2) also known as a cherkeska , [2] (#cite_note-3) is a woolen (/wiki/Wool) coat (/wiki/Coat_(clothing)) with a high neck that is part of the traditional male dress of peoples of the Caucasus (/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus) . [3] (#cite_note-4) It was in wide use among Avars (/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)) , Abazins (/wiki/Abazins) , Abkhazians (/wiki/Abkhazians) , [4] (#cite_note-:0-5) Azerbaijanis (/wiki/Azerbaijanis) , Balkars (/wiki/Balkars) , Chechens (/wiki/Chechens) , Circassians (/wiki/Circassians) , Georgians (/wiki/Georgians) , Ingush (/wiki/Ingush_people) , Karachays (/wiki/Karachays) , Kumyks (/wiki/Kumyks) , Nogais (/wiki/Nogais) , Ossetians (/wiki/Ossetians) , Tats (/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)) , the peoples of Dagestan (/wiki/Dagestan) , as well as Terek (/wiki/Terek_Cossacks) and Kuban (/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks) Cossacks, Eastern Armenians (/wiki/Armenians) [4] (#cite_note-:0-5) who adopted it from the aforementioned peoples. Etymology [ edit ] Although Chokha was worn by other Caucasian peoples in the same period, the Russians named this costume Cherkeska because they first saw it among the Circassians (/wiki/Circassians) . [5] (#cite_note-6) According to Clothing History Specialist Raisa Kirsanova, the name Cherkeska originates from the fact that Russians used the name Circassian ( Cherkes ) for the Caucasian peoples, regardless of their ethnic origin. [6] (#cite_note-7) Later the Kuban Cossacks (/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks) adopted it as part of their costume. [7] (#cite_note-8) Before the Russian invasion, parts of the South Caucasus were under a Persian influence so the word chugha was widely used in the region and still continues to be used to refer to the attire, although, the pronunciation of the word varies among ethnicities. The word chugha is of an Iranian (/wiki/Iranian_languages) origin [8] (#cite_note-9) meaning 'outfit made of textile', but it was also found being used in Turkic languages (/wiki/Turkic_languages) to describe another similar coat chugha (/wiki/Chugha) (çoğa) that was worn during winters in Central Asia. In that context, it is also possible that the word comes from the word chek , which is what the Turks call cotton fabric, from which the outerwear is sewn. Also, the word chek means "pull", "tighten", "tie up". [9] (#cite_note-10) From the Book of Dede Korkut (/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut) , the name of this type of clothing was known among the Oghuz Turks (/wiki/Oghuz_Turks) as "chuga" or "cuha" as well which translates to "cloth". [10] (#cite_note-11) [11] (#cite_note-12) The word chugha was used mostly in regions like the South Caucasus, Chechnya and Dagestan. Georgians call it chokha but the clothing used to be called talavari which is now known as the Khevsur chokha. Azerbaijanis either call the caftan a chukha or chuxa or arkhalig (/wiki/Arkhalig) , although arkhalig is most of the time associated with a lighter jacket but Azerbaijanis use those words interchangeably. However, in Circassian (/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages) languages, the word chugha was not adopted and the outfit is known as shwakh-tsia which means 'covers the horseman', or simply tsey , meaning 'from fabric'. [12] (#cite_note-13) The Turkic groups in North Caucasus such as the Nogais, Balkars, Karachays and Kumyks named the coat chepken (/wiki/Chepken) , which is another word that entered the Russian language in the form of chekmen . [13] (#cite_note-14) History and development [ edit ] A caftan (/wiki/Caftan) worn by a horseman along the Silk Road, 8th–10th century AD. The wearer could have been a man from Alania, in a region then under Khazar domination. Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . A popular theory is that the caftan found in Moschevaya Balka (/wiki/Caftan_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art)) is the prototype of what we know today as chokha. [14] (#cite_note-15) The prototype may have been a common type of clothing among the Khazars (/wiki/Khazars) and the Alans (/wiki/Alans) . [15] (#cite_note-16) It is possible that the caftan has its origins from the Generic Horse Archer Costume which is a clothing style worn by horsemen among the Iranic groups, Western Turks, the Huns (/wiki/Huns) , and also the east Germanic peoples (/wiki/Germanic_peoples) who settled in the Pontic and Danube regions and took the clothes west after the invasion of the Huns in 375 CE. The caftan was worn by horsemen along the Silk Road (/wiki/Silk_Road) in Caucasus (/wiki/Caucasus) during the 8th to 10th centuries, although, the generic horse archer costume remained unchanged in the region for centuries. [16] (#cite_note-K8-17) Due to tensions between Byzantine Empire (/wiki/Byzantine_Empire) and Persia (/wiki/Iran) , Georgia (/wiki/Georgia_(country)) became an important route for steppe merchants to deliver silk to Byzantium. [17] (#cite_note-18) Georgians and other North Caucasian groups started adopting the costume style because of Georgia's role in the silk road and having constant interactions with the neighboring steppe peoples. [18] (#cite_note-K12-19) Sogdian (/wiki/Sogdian_people) soldier. Western Turks of both sexes wearing caftan with lapels. The costume consisted of the following elements: shorts, leggings, caftan or coat (multiple layers), and boots. The large dolman sleeves allow for freedom of movement and the two slits towards the back allow the skirt to cover the legs more fully while seated on horseback. The original use of the coat is very specialized for mounted archery, horse riding, and combat, similar to the use modern chokha. Well-preserved caftans were made of Sogdian and Chinese fabrics. Later in the Khazar reign the caftan started to become associated with aristocracy in the Caucasus and it remained that way until late 19th century. By the period of the Western Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) (206 BCE–8 CE), silk trimming became a regular feature in the steppe environment. Prior to this, garments were trimmed with woven trim or fur. Piping or trimming of the caftan's collar and the chest was a common feature among the noble and common classes of the Parthians (/wiki/Parthian_Empire) , Kushans (/wiki/Kushan_Empire) , Sasanians (/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) , Sogdians (/wiki/Sogdia) , Hephthalites (/wiki/Hephthalites) , Huns (/wiki/Huns) , Turks (/wiki/Turkic_peoples) , Alans (/wiki/Alans) , and the Scythians (/wiki/Scythians) . Another design of the caftan also includes the lapels. Lapels do not feature on Parthian, Kushan, or Sasanian caftans, however they do appear in art from Hepthalite and Sogdian sites, it is suggested that the political ascendance of the Western Turks in the Alan's territory resulted in the adoption of lapels. [19] (#cite_note-20) [20] (#cite_note-K10-21) The caftan prevailed in fashion through the early medieval period in the Near East (/wiki/Near_East) and Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) . [21] (#cite_note-Knauer-22) There is very little evidence for the existence of a separate women's clothing across the Eurasian steppe and in the Caucasus since the Moschevaya Balka graves show distinct sexual dimorphism in the clothes. Sogdian and Hunnic Women wore clothing comparatively more similar to their male counterparts. The differences in fashion between men and women start to become more obvious in later centuries, the male attire continues to follow Persian and Central Asian traditions while the female attire seems to have taken some of its inspiration from eastern Mediterranean models but the steppe influence remains. [22] (#cite_note-K9-23) The 8th century caftan known as chokha evidently does not resemble the military outfit worn in Caucasus and among Cossacks that we know today, it transformed over time - it changed its length and added new elements. For example, earlier on there was no such detail on the chokha like the gazyr (/wiki/Gazyr) . It appeared later when firearms started to be widely used. Initially, gazyrs were carried in leather bags attached to a shoulder strap or belt but a lot of different objects were already attached to the belt, a shashka (/wiki/Shashka) and a gun were worn over the shoulder on belts. This is why the gazyrs began to be sewn on the coat on both sides of the chest. This detail helped soldiers to easily store cartridges. In addition, the location it was sewn made it comfortable for the soldier wearing it so during the battle they did not have to look for them and fiddle around for a long time. Some chokhas had removable gazyrs while others were sown on the chest of the coat. More primitive versions of chokha looked like a looser, sometimes even a baggier type of clothing. The length was up to the knees or up to half of the thigh. Long narrow sleeves sometimes had a triangular protrusion at the bottom, covering the back of the arm. The chest was not as open as in chokhas from later models, and often there was a fastener from the neck to the waist. In some cases, there was a collar in the form of a low stand with bevelled front corners. Another difference between the prototype and the current chokha is the open cut chest of the coat which was most likely a style brought to Near East as a result of numerous Turkic invasions. The Caucasians also adopted numerous headwear and clothing items from the Iranian groups and later from the Turks that started to be worn together with the chokha . By the 18th century, a male costume common for the Caucasus was finally formed which consisted of gazyrs (/wiki/Gazyr) on the chest, beshmet (/wiki/Beshmet) , cherkeska , burka (/wiki/Burka_(Caucasus)) , bashlyk (/wiki/Bashlyk) , papakha (/wiki/Papakha) , etc. [23] (#cite_note-24) Seljuk (/wiki/Seljuk_Empire) ruler in Turkic attire. (long braids, fur hat, boots, fitting coat with lapels and cut open chest) A restoration of the fresco at Betania Monastery (/wiki/Betania_Monastery) . George IV of Georgia (/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia) is depicted left next to his mother, Tamar of Georgia (/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia) ; he wears a belted trimmed caftan with lapels, and she wears Byzantine court dress. (artist - Gagarin GG (/wiki/Grigory_Gagarin) ) Hephthalites (/wiki/Hephthalites) wearing the Generic Horse Archer Costume. Lapels are featured in the coat. Revival [ edit ] Georgian soldier in chokha standing his post at a memorial at Heroes Square (/wiki/Heroes_Square) , Tbilisi Circassians in Israel. The chokha was in wide use among the inhabitants of the Caucasus from 8th century until the Soviet (/wiki/Soviet_Union) era in the early 20th century. [24] (#cite_note-vogue2017-25) Nowadays, the chokha is no longer in everyday use, but continues to still be worn for ceremonial and festive occasions. For many, it is a symbol of a fight for freedom. In Georgia it is used as a symbol of national pride, and is frequently worn by Georgian men at weddings and official functions. [25] (#cite_note-26) Former Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili (/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili) ordered high-ranking Georgian officials working abroad to present themselves in national costumes, including the chokha, at official meetings. [26] (#cite_note-27) On June 9, 2020, Georgia's National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation (/wiki/National_Agency_for_Cultural_Heritage_Preservation_of_Georgia) recognized chokha-wearing tradition as a part of the intangible cultural heritage of Georgia (/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage_of_Georgia) . [27] (#cite_note-28) Types [ edit ] Chokha types and designs vary by region and by culture but there are two types of chokhas worn most commonly in Caucasus: general and weighted. [28] (#cite_note-29) The common features are that the collars of both chokhas are cut open and the skirt of the coats are usually either corrugated or pleated. Chokha is usually made of broadcloth or shawl but some chokhas are made of thinner textiles for festive occasions. It was also common for chokhas to be worn without the bullet pockets or gazyrs. An arkhalig would also be worn under chokha. The style, decorations and patterns on chokha varies among ethnicities. There were also chukha types that included Persian elements such as the folding sleeves, completely unsewn from the armpit to the elbow, and sleeves that are cut in half from top which were worn for casual use. Those persianate style chukhas were predominantly worn among the inhabitants of Transcaucasia (/wiki/South_Caucasus) , especially among Azerbaijanis, Eastern Armenians, inhabitants of southern Dagestan, as well as among the Persians. In some artworks, Georgians are also depicted wearing it. The chukhas with the folding sleeves were the main uniform and clothing attire in the army of the Caucasian khanates. Later, it was in wide use in the Caucasian Convoy of the Imperial army and became a uniform of the chief officers of Muslim(Azerbaijani) and Lezgin Squadron. [29] (#cite_note-30) Along with the coat, a tall Qajar era fur hat was worn. General type [ edit ] This is the most widely used type of chokha in the Caucasus. From the colors, the length and the general design of the chokha, it was possible to know a person's age, profession, and even class. The general cherkeska were sewn not only from gray and black fabric, but also from red, blue, green, golden yellow, purple and brown. The lining of the sleeve of the general chokha is made of silk fabric, the sleeves often have loops and buttons made of string. Chokhas with very long skirts were popular among the nobility. It is cut at the waist with gathers and folds, girded with a black leather belt decorated with silver pieces, the belt buckle served as a chair for carving fire. The outfit was a clothing for combat, it was not supposed to hinder movement, so the sleeves were wide and short, sometimes with rows of buttons down the openings, and hand flaps. Only the old people wore the sleeves long to warm the hands. As mentioned previously, later on cases were added to place cartridges, the cases made it possible to load a flint or match gun at full gallop. Sometimes the cases were located almost under the armpits. An obligatory item of both men's and women's clothing was long tight pants - an element of clothing that was present among the steppe peoples, which was necessary for frequent horseback riding and in harsh climatic conditions. The general outfit almost always includes a dagger called khinjal (/wiki/Khanjali) , a beshmet (/wiki/Beshmet) [30] (#cite_note-31) worn under the chokha, gazyrs (/wiki/Gazyr) (bullet/charge holders), and a bashlyk (/wiki/Bashlyk) (a hood, separate from the robe) or a papakha (/wiki/Papakha) (a tall fur hat). Weighted type [ edit ] Unlike the general chokha, which was typically worn for battle, the main attribute of the weighted chokha is its small bullet-pockets or cartridge holders on both sides of the chest, which over time turned into having a purely decorative significance. Gazyrs for this chokha were made of wood, and in the upper, above-pocket part they had small hoods out of gold or silver with niello or gilt. Sometimes there were golden or silver chains going up front the gazyrs where they were connected with a rosette. It was customary for the weighted chokha to have a set of eight cartridge holders on each breast. Armenian warrior from Nagorno-Karabakh ( F. A. Brockhaus, 1837) Circassian (/wiki/Adyghe_people) from Anapa. (artist - Gagarin GG (/wiki/Grigory_Gagarin) ) Kabardian (/wiki/Kabardians) . (artist - Gagarin GG (/wiki/Grigory_Gagarin) ) A Tatar Bek ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijanis) ) [31] (#cite_note-32) from Karabakh (/wiki/Karabakh) . (artist - Gagarin GG (/wiki/Grigory_Gagarin) ) Georgians [ edit ] Georgian choir singers in chokha at Sistine Chapel (/wiki/Sistine_Chapel) , 2022. Khevsur (/wiki/Khevsur) chokhas for women. Georgian cavalry wearing a Kartli-Kakhetian (/wiki/Kartli-Kakheti) chokha, early 19th century. Among Georgians (/wiki/Georgians) , three types of chokhas are primarily used: the Kartl-Kakheti chokha (Kartli and Kakheti are eastern Georgian provinces), the Khevsur chokha (mainly in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti (/wiki/Mtskheta-Mtianeti) province of Georgia), and the Adjarian chokha (mainly found in western Georgian provinces such as Adjara (/wiki/Adjara) and Guria (/wiki/Guria) , previously also in Lazona (/wiki/Lazistan_Sanjak) ). In Georgia, the color black for chokha was reserved to the "Orden of Chokhosani" who represented the elite society of the citizens: great generals, war heroes, famous poets, and the people who had done some big service to the country. Special decorations were also used to denote their status. [32] (#cite_note-33) Kartli-Kakheti chokha [ edit ] The Kartli-Kakheti version shares similarities with the general Caucasian chokha. In most cases, different decorations fill the bullet spaces. The Kartli-Kakheti chokha is longer than the Khevsur chokha and has triangle-like shapes on the chest, exposing the inner cloth called beshmet. It tends to have gazyrs (/wiki/Gazyr) (locally called masri ) on both sides of the chest-spaces. The skirt usually has slits on the sides. People wear them without belts (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) . The Kartli-Kakheti chokha has long sleeves and is usually black, dark red or blue. This is the most popular chokha used in Georgia, often seen in official meeting and musical performance. Khevsurian chokha [ edit ] The Khevsur chokha was worn in the Khevsureti (/wiki/Khevsureti) province of Georgia in the Greater Caucasus (/wiki/Greater_Caucasus) mountains. The Khevsur chokha is considered to be the closest to the medieval (/wiki/Medieval) version of the chokha as it shares similarities in design with the aforementioned caftan found in Moschevaya Balka (/wiki/Caftan_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art)) . It is mostly short, with trapezoid (/wiki/Trapezoid) shapes. The front side of the chokha has rich decorations and slits on the sides, which extend to the waist. The Khevsur chokha has rich decorations made up of crosses (/wiki/Cross) and icons (/wiki/Icon) . Adjarian chokha [ edit ] Adjarian (/wiki/Adjarians) chokha. The Adjarian chokha is worn in Adjara (/wiki/Adjara) , Guria (/wiki/Guria) regions of Georgia and was worn in historical Lazeti (/wiki/Lazistan) (modern day Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) ), though, the outfit is more similar to the clothing worn by Pontic Greeks (/wiki/Pontic_Greeks) . Adjaran national men's costume consists of a shirt (perangi) and trousers cut out in a specific way (dzigva) and sewn from wool fabric or sateen of black colour. Because trousers are folded, wide on top and narrowed down, they were comfortable and were easy to wear in action. The outer garment was zubuni that was tucked into the trousers. Zubunis were winter clothing, warmed with cotton lining and sleeveless vests. The most expensive and visible part is chokha which was tied around with special broad belt with laces or leather belt. Kabalakhi (or bashlyk (/wiki/Bashlyk) ) is a winter headwear made of thin wool. And, of course, outfit would not be complete without a dagger in sheath, a rifle and bandolier or gazyr. As footwear they used colorful wool knitted socks, pachula (soft leather shoes) and boots tied with belts. [33] (#cite_note-34) North Caucasians [ edit ] Evgenia Nikolaevna Studenetskaya, a well-known scholar and museum figure who worked for more than 50 years at the State Museum of Ethnography (now the Russian Museum of Ethnography (/wiki/Russian_Museum_of_Ethnography) ), was one of the best experts on the customs of the peoples of the Caucasus, as well as the costume of the peoples of the North Caucasus. In 1989, she published the book "Clothes of the peoples of the North Caucasus of the XVIII-XX centuries" ( Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : "Одежда народов Северного Кавказа. XVIII—XX вв." ). [34] (#cite_note-35) [35] (#cite_note-36) [36] (#cite_note-37) Generally, the North Caucasian groups wore a very similar style of the general cherkeska. The only way one could tell to which group the coat belonged to is by inspecting the textile it was made of, the decorations, and the number bullet cases sown on the cherkeska. According to her book, in Circassian (/wiki/Circassians) and Abkhazian (/wiki/Abkhaz_people) societies the cherkeska was worn among the royals, the knights, and of upper class. Different colors of clothing for males were strictly used to distinguish between different social classes, for example white is usually worn by princes, red by nobles, gray, brown, and black by peasants (blue, green and the other colors were rarely worn). Until 1785, Circassia resembled the medieval states of Western Europe due to their feudal systems, however, the spread of Islam in those territories started to diminish the system. Because of the feudalist nature of their society Circassian knightly culture was developed. [37] (#cite_note-38) They made up the troops of the Circassian principalities, almost identical in structure, form, and in other parameters to the European concept of "knightly army". The cherkeska was in wide use among the Circassian cavalry and was worn together with weaponry and armor. It was also common among inhabitants of Northwestern Caucasus to wear cherkeskas with no open cut on the chest. The number of pockets or cases for gazyrs can vary from 4-5 up to 18 on each side of the chest. The numbers of gazyrs is special as its also an indicator of status and ranking among the Circassians especially among the noble warriors. Weapons that are frequently worn with the Circassian attire is a dagger called kama ( Adyghe (/wiki/Adyghe_language) : Къамэ or Сэ ) or kinzhal (when transliterating Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : кинжал ) and a sword called shashka (/wiki/Shashka) ( Adyghe (/wiki/Adyghe_language) : Сашьхъуэ, Sas̨x́ue - a long knife ). It is a special kind of sabre (/wiki/Sabre) ; a very sharp, single-edged, single-handed, and guardless (/wiki/Hilt) sword. Although the sword is used by most of Russian and Ukrainian Cossacks, the typically Adyghean form of the sabre is longer than the Cossack type. The cherkeskas Ossetians (/wiki/Ossetians) wore had a slightly different characteristics. In art, Ossetians are depicted in a short cherkeska without a cutout on the chest, its sides are pulled together by three pairs of strings. Ossetians also have other caftans of similar design to the general cherkeska such karts , a winter sheepskin coat, and a lighter unlined linen caftan with frogging called the kurta , both are words of Iranian origin. [38] (#cite_note-K11-39) Ossetians and Circassians generally wore their coats in similar fashion. The coats were most of the time made of black or gray cloth, with split sleeves. Sometimes the sleeves have a slit on the inside from the armpit and below the elbow, coats with sleeves shortened to the elbow were also commonly used. Ossetians wore gazyrs cases made from leather which held cartridges from 7 to 10 compartments. Materials among the Nakh peoples (/wiki/Nakh_peoples) are poorer. There are various depictions by travellers of Ingush men in a cherkeska with a standing collar, the coat resembles the type worn among the Northwestern Caucasians. In the album published in Paris in 1813, Chechens are depicted in short, knee-length coats with narrow sleeves. Alexander Beggrov (/wiki/Alexander_Beggrov) depicts a Chechen in a short fur coat with a separate gas cap hanging on a belt. In D.A. Milyutin's works, a Chechen is depicted in a short, but wide-open coat with a narrow sleeves. Azerbaijanis [ edit ] See also: Azerbaijani traditional clothing (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Miniature painting of men wearing chukha with removable gazyrs (/wiki/Gazyr) , Palace of Shaki Khans (/wiki/Palace_of_Shaki_Khans) , 1797. Mirza Sadig (/wiki/Sadigjan) , a popular Azerbaijani musician, wearing a chukha and playing tar (/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)) . Azerbaijanis (/wiki/Azerbaijanis) wore chukha with or without the gazyrs. The chukha with sewn bullet pockets was called "hazyrdashly" ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : hazırdaşlı ), it was called "hazyrdashsyz" ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : hazırdaşsız ) if it was without the sewn bullet pockets. The caftan and the bullet cases are decorated with various golden or silver laces and other fabrics, specific decorations and patterns are usually added on their costumes that makes it differ from the other styles. The color of the chukha mattered to Azerbaijanis as well. The colors that were used most often were blue, green, white, brown, and black. The colors white and blue were used for the inside of the coat and as a layer indicator. [39] (#cite_note-40) In Azerbaijani society, chukha was worn among the peasants as well as the upper class, while in other parts of the Caucasus it was worn to attribute to upper class and the aristocracy as a remnant of Khazar traditions, it had more of a symbol of boasting than practicality. Different materials and decorations were used on chukhas and arkhaligs to determine social class and age. [40] (#cite_note-41) Some chukas were not worn for battles and did not have gazyrs, Azerbaijanis wore those for performing their folk music such as mugham (/wiki/Mugham) . Azerbaijani men usually wore the chukha and the arkhalig in the same fashion Turkmens (/wiki/Turkmens) , Volga Tatars (/wiki/Volga_Tatars) and the Crimean Tatars (/wiki/Crimean_Tatars) wore their caftans. Aside from the general and weighted chukha, there are other types that were in wide use among Azerbaijanis such as the "duzyakha" ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : düzyaxa ), "oymayakha" ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : oymayaxa ), and "atmagol" ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : atmagol ) chukhas. Young Tatar Bek (Azerbaijanis) wearing an atmaqol chukha. (artist - Gagarin GG (/wiki/Grigory_Gagarin) ) One of the most popular types of chukhas used among Azerbaijanis was the atmagol chukha, which is a style of chukha worn for battles. [41] (#cite_note-42) [42] (#cite_note-43) The arms of atmagol were long and the entirety of the sleeves were cut and completely detached. The long sleeves could be hung behind the shoulder. Aside from the aesthetic, the sleeves were used to deceive the enemy during battle and also to keep the hands warm. The atmagol chukha is considered to be a huge national pride of the Azerbaijani people and is an important part of the male traditional attire along with the arkhalig. Duzyakha and oymayakha differed from general chukha when it came to the shape of the arm. The lining of the arm with a swollen or rounded tip was made of silk. These sleeves often had loops and buttons made of string. Oymayakha was similar to duzyakha as neither required bullet pockets, however, the two types differed in the design of the collar: duzyakha translates to "plain collar" while oymayakha means "carved collar". Oymayakha was popular in Nakhchivan (/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic) , the collar of the coat was heavily decorated, the design reflected the fashion of the Qajar (/wiki/Qajar) era. [43] (#cite_note-44) Other types of chukhas worn by Azerbaijanis that were recorded are: “kemerchin” ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : kəmərçin ), “buzmely” ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : büzməli ), “takhtaly” ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : taxtalı ), “qolchaqly” ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : qolçaqlı ), “doshuachig” ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : döşüaçıq ), and “doqquztakhta” ( Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : doqquztaxta ). [44] (#cite_note-45) Cossacks [ edit ] A cherkeska of a Cossack officer. (Muzey Russkoy Gvardii, St. Petersburg.) Cherkeska was constantly worn by Terek and Kuban Cossacks and the dress code was identical to the one worn by Caucasians. The main color worn in the army was in black, gray, dark blue, white, and brown; red was only worn for important ceremonies. Although the color of the daily cherkeska was up to the individual's choice, by the time of the Great War each Cossack had to wear a gray cherkeska and black beshmet as a uniform. Some cossacks variated their cherkeskas and beshmets with different kinds of halons and cartridges, sewed initials or namesakes and decorated it with various laces, but that was considered unprofessional. The length of the coat was regulated in the army but was not strongly enforced until later. Before the war of 1914–1918, its length decreased significantly and reached almost a knee. This was partly due to the convenience of movement and landing on a horse, and partly for the sake of aesthetics. But the concept of aesthetics is conditional and in the late 19th century the cherkeska was worn long, reaching many almost heels. On the cutout and at the bottom it is sheathed with a shoelace, black or in the color of the material from which it is sewn. It is fastened on internal hooks or loops tied from the lace with which it is sheathed. Cossacks called such fasteners "gudzyki". In winter, some Cossacks wore cherkeskas with fur called "Bekirks" or "kurks". [45] (#cite_note-knowledge_base/base-17/1144524376-sobstvennyjj-ego-imperatorskogo-velichestva.html#.XyvnESgzbDc-46) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chokha (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chokha) . ^ (#cite_ref-1) Азербайджанская национальная одежда [Azerbaijani national garments] (in Russian). Azclub.ru. Archived from the original (http://www.azclub.ru/index.php?stype=club&slevel=2&sid=2) on 2007-03-21 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "ЧЕРКЕ́СКА" (https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/4682393) . Большая российская энциклопедия . ^ (#cite_ref-4) McGuinness, Damien (10 July 2011). "Close-Up: Why Georgia's national costume is back in vogue" (https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-14077350/close-up-why-georgia-s-national-costume-is-back-in-vogue) . BBC.com . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Jill Condra (2013). Encyclopedia of national dress : traditional clothing around the world . ABC-CLIO (/wiki/ABC-CLIO) . p. 40. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313376375 . Silver belts and long sashes were worn by women from both western and eastern Armenia. Men also wore silver belts and sashes. In the eastern regions wide silver belts were worn over the common chukha, which is similar to the Caucasian cherkeska. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Студенецкая, Е. Н. (1989). Одежда народов Северного Кавказа XVIII-XX вв (in Russian). Наука. p. 288. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-5-02-009903-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Кирсанова Р. На нем чекмень, простой бешмет…// Родина (журнал). № 1-2. М., 2000. С. 36. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Mamedov, Mikail. " 'Going Native' in the Caucasus: Problems of Russian Identity, 1801–64 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20620748) ". The Russian Review (/wiki/The_Russian_Review) , vol. 67, no. 2, 2008, pp. 275–295. Accessed 27 April 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Абаев, В. И. (1958). Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume I . Moscow, Leningrad: Academy Press. p. 316. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Ancient Turkic Dictionary , pages 143 and 154 (https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/dts.pdf) See cek and cögä ^ (#cite_ref-11) Alizade, Samet (2004). Kitabi-Dədə Qorqud (PDF) . Öndər nəşriyyat. p. 323. ^ (#cite_ref-12) The book of Dede Korkut . Harmondsworth, Penguin. 1974. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780140442984 – via Internet Archive. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "CIRCASSIAN COSTUMES & ACCOUTREMENTS, BY AMJAD JAIMOUKHA" (https://www.circassianworld.com/new/general/1379-circassian-costumes-jaimoukha.html) . circassianworld.com . ^ (#cite_ref-14) AKBAEV, Harun (2015). "Karachay-Balkar Military Terminology and Weapons" (https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/288314) . Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi . 8 (16): 285. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Kaftan ca. 7th–9th century A.D." (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327518) The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Kajitani, Nobuko (2001). "A man's caftan and leggings from the North Caucasus of the eighth to tenth century : a conservator's report / Nobuko Kajitani" (https://library.metmuseum.org/record=b1510592~S1) . Metropolitan Museum Journal . 36 . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/1513058 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1513058) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1513058 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513058) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 191380271 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191380271) . ^ (#cite_ref-K8_17-0) Knauer (2001), p. 8 ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Georgia and the Silk Roads" (https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-alongside-silk-road-routes/georgia) . UNESCO . ^ (#cite_ref-K12_19-0) Knauer (2001), p. 123-133 ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Early Turks: Male Costume in the Chinese Art Second half of the 6th – first half of the 8th cc. (Images of 'Others')" (http://www.transoxiana.org/14/yatsenko_turk_costume_chinese_art.html) . Transoxiana.org . ^ (#cite_ref-K10_21-0) Knauer (2001), p. 137 ^ (#cite_ref-Knauer_22-0) Knauer, Elfriede R. (2001). "A Man's Caftan and Leggings from the North Caucasus of the Eighth to Tenth Century: A Genealogical Study" (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Mans_Caftan_Leggings_from_Caucasus_8_to_10_C_Genealogy_The_Metropolitan_Museum_Journal_v_36_2001) . Metropolitan Museum Journal . 36 . The University of Chicago Press: 125–154. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/1513059 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1513059) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1513059 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513059) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 193031322 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193031322) . ^ (#cite_ref-K9_23-0) Knauer (2001), p. 133 ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Why did Cossacks & Caucasusian people need THESE? (PHOTOS)" (https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/332920-gazyr-cherkeska-cossack-caucasian-dress) . Russia Beyond . 29 October 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-vogue2017_25-0) Satenstein, Liana (May 5, 2017). "What Is Georgia's Traditional Chokha and Why Is It in Fashion?" (https://www.vogue.com/article/georgia-traditional-chokha-fashion-trend) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Georgia: Love Your Country, Love Your Chokha" (http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62926) . EurasiaNet.org. 2011-02-20 . Retrieved 2013-04-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "GeorgianDaily Forum" (http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1431&Itemid=86) . georgiandaily.com . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "კულტურული მემკვიდრეობის თვალსაზრისით ღირებული ობიექტებისთვის არამატერიალური კულტურული მემკვიდრეობის ძეგლის სტატუსის მინიჭების შესახებ" (https://matsne.gov.ge/document/view/4897243) . www.matsne.gov.ge . Legislative Herald of Georgia . Retrieved 5 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "CLOTHING xxi. Turkic and Kurdish clothing of Azerbaijan" (https://iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-xxi) . Encyclopædia Iranica . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Рядовой Мусульманского эскадрона Собственного Его Императорского Величества Конвоя. Россия, 1844 г." (http://www.imha.ru/knowledge_base/base-17/1144524376-sobstvennyjj-ego-imperatorskogo-velichestva.html#.XyvnESgzbDc) WWW.IMHA.RU . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "БЕШМЕ́Т" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210617135632/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/1865165) . Большая российская энциклопедия . Archived from the original (https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/1865165) on 2021-06-17 . Retrieved 2021-04-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) In the original, the drawing is called "Bek-Tatar from Karabakh" ( French (/wiki/French_language) : Beck Tatare du Karabakhe ). It is known that in the 19th century Russian travelers also called Azerbaijanis Tatars ^ (#cite_ref-33) "The Meanings Behind the Chokha, Georgia's Traditional National Dress" (https://theculturetrip.com/europe/georgia/articles/the-meanings-behind-the-chokha-georgias-traditional-national-dress/) . culture trip . 19 February 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Adjaran clothing" (https://www.advantour.com/georgia/adjara/culture/clothing.htm) . Advantour . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Студенецкая, Е. Н (1989). Одежда народов Северного Кавказа. XVIII—XX вв . Наука. ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Одежда народов Северного Кавказа. XVIII—XX вв" (http://apsnyteka.org/1354-Studenetskaja_E_Odezhda_narodov_severnogo_kavkaza_XVIII_XX_vv..html) . apsnyteka.org . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Студенецкая Е. Н. Одежда народов Северного Кавказа XVIII—XX вв" (https://www.kitabhona.org.ua/costum_etno/kavkazodechda.html) . www.kitabhona.org.ua . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Gody, Bylye (2018). The Circassian Aristocracy in the late XVIII – the first half of XIX centuries: the Social Structure of Society . pp. 88–96. ^ (#cite_ref-K11_39-0) Knauer (2001), p. 134 ^ (#cite_ref-40) Zubarev, D. Y. (1836). "Gazakh distance" (https://irs-az.com/new/pdf/201306/1372413893183711768.pdf) (PDF) . Review of Russian Possessions Beyond the Caucasus . Part 2. ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Азербайджанский национальный костюм" (http://www.azeri.ru/az/cultur/azerbaydjanskiy_nacionalnyy_kostyum/) . azeri.ru . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Dressing element of a courtier of Nadir Shah - chepken" (http://azhistorymuseum.gov.az/en/exhibit/9) . National Museum of History of Azerbaijan . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Chepken XVIII century" (https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/chepken/BwE3OPz7v4mxpQ) . Google Arts & Culture . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "MİLLİ GEYİMLƏR" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171116021951/http://www.nakhchivan.az/portal-1/mill-geyim.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.nakhchivan.az/portal-1/mill-geyim.htm) on 2017-11-16 . Retrieved 2022-01-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Bayramov, Aslan (2017). GEYİM VƏ BƏZƏK ADLARININ BAYATILARDA ƏKS OLUNMASI (PDF) . Sumqayıt Dövlət Universiteti – “ELMİ XƏBƏRLƏR”– Sosial və humanitar elmlər bölməsi. ^ (#cite_ref-knowledge_base/base-17/1144524376-sobstvennyjj-ego-imperatorskogo-velichestva.html#.XyvnESgzbDc_46-0) Собственный эскорт ЕГО ИМПЕРАТОРСКОГО ВЕЛИЧЕСТВА Knauer, Elfriede R. (2001). "A Man's Caftan and Leggings from the North Caucasus of the Eighth to Tenth Century: A Genealogical Study" (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Mans_Caftan_Leggings_from_Caucasus_8_to_10_C_Genealogy_The_Metropolitan_Museum_Journal_v_36_2001) . Metropolitan Museum Journal . 36 . The University of Chicago Press: 125–154. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/1513059 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1513059) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1513059 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513059) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 193031322 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193031322) . "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud Encyclopedia", II volume. Baku, 2004. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Georgian (/wiki/Georgian_language) : ჩოხა chokha or ტალავარი t'alavari ; Abkhaz (/wiki/Abkhaz_language) : акәымжәы , romanized: akʷymzhʷy ; Adyghe (/wiki/Adyghe_language) : цые , romanized: tsiya ; Kabardian (/wiki/Kabardian_language) : цей , romanized: tsei ; Persian (/wiki/Persian_language) : چوقا (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/) , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian) : chughā ; Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_language) : չուխայ , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian) : choukha(y) ; Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) : çuxa ; [1] (#cite_note-1) Karachay-Balkar (/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language) : чепкен , romanized: çepken ; Kumyk (/wiki/Kumyk_language) : чепген , romanized: çepgen ; Nogai (/wiki/Nogai_language) : шепкен , romanized: şepken ; Chechen (/wiki/Chechen_language) : чокхиб , romanized: ҫoqib ; Ingush (/wiki/Ingush_language) : чокхи , romanized: čoqi ; Lezgian (/wiki/Lezgian_language) : чуха , romanized: çuxa ; Ossetian (/wiki/Ossetian_language) : цухъхъа , romanized: cuqqa ; Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : черкеска , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian) : cherkeska ; Ukrainian (/wiki/Ukrainian_language) : черкеска , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian) : cherkeska External links [ edit ] საქართველოს კულტურული მემკვიდრეობის დაცვის ეროვნული სააგენტოს ოფიციალური ვებგვერდი (https://www.heritagesites.ge/ka) საქართველოს არამატერიალური კულტურული მემკვიდრეობის ძეგლების სია (https://www.heritagesites.ge/uploads/files/5b2b7986e64d6.pdf) ru:Черкеска (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐hrxtm Cached time: 20240720165536 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.622 seconds Real time usage: 0.778 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2583/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 85316/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5152/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 20/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 150737/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.394/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13623730/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 678.585 1 -total 38.25% 259.540 2 Template:Reflist 25.77% 174.884 1 Template:Efn 23.02% 156.235 21 Template:Cite_web 17.07% 115.808 3 Template:Lang 17.01% 115.428 1 Template:Lang-ka 16.76% 113.706 1 Template:Language_with_name 11.28% 76.551 1 Template:Short_description 6.34% 43.007 2 Template:Pagetype 6.12% 41.531 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:6706057-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165536 and revision id 1233545062. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chokha&oldid=1233545062 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chokha&oldid=1233545062) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of the Caucasus (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Caucasus) Clothing of Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:Clothing_of_Georgia_(country)) Persian words and phrases (/wiki/Category:Persian_words_and_phrases) Khazars (/wiki/Category:Khazars) Alans (/wiki/Category:Alans) Circassian culture (/wiki/Category:Circassian_culture) Cossack culture (/wiki/Category:Cossack_culture) Military uniforms (/wiki/Category:Military_uniforms) Azerbaijani clothing (/wiki/Category:Azerbaijani_clothing) Hidden categories: CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) (/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)) Articles containing French-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text) CS1: long volume value (/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value) Articles containing Georgian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Georgian-language_text) Articles containing Abkhaz-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Abkhaz-language_text) Articles containing Adyghe-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Adyghe-language_text) Articles containing Kabardian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kabardian-language_text) Articles containing Persian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text) Articles containing Armenian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Armenian-language_text) Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Azerbaijani-language_text) Articles containing Karachay-Balkar-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Karachay-Balkar-language_text) Articles containing Kumyk-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kumyk-language_text) Articles containing Nogai-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nogai-language_text) Articles containing Chechen-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chechen-language_text) Articles containing Ingush-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ingush-language_text) Articles containing Lezgian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lezgian-language_text) Articles containing Ossetian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ossetian-language_text) Articles containing Russian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text) Articles containing Ukrainian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
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Indian clothing retailer Not to be confused with Lashkara (/wiki/Lashkara) . An editor has performed a search and found that sufficient sources exist (/wiki/Wikipedia:NEXIST) to establish the subject's notability (/wiki/Wikipedia:N) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lashkaraa&action=edit) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Lashkaraa" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lashkaraa%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lashkaraa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lashkaraa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lashkaraa%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lashkaraa%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lashkaraa%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Lashkaraa, Inc. Company type Private company Industry Retail Founded 2014 ; 10 years ago ( 2014 ) [1] (#cite_note-elle-1) Founder Sumeer Kaur [2] (#cite_note-vogue-2) Headquarters United States Area served United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Middle East Products Clothing, fashion accessories, jewelry Website www (https://www.lashkaraa.com/) .lashkaraa (https://www.lashkaraa.com/) .com (https://www.lashkaraa.com/) Lashkaraa is a fashion house (/wiki/Fashion_house) based in the United States. Founded in 2014, the brand is known for manufacturing Indian ethnic wear (/wiki/Indian_fashion) , especially wedding attire (/wiki/Indian_wedding_clothes) . In addition to traditional Indian clothes, Lashkaraa also manufactures jewelry and accessories for women. Lashkaraa products are distributed in more than 40 countries through the company's own website and specialized e-commerce stores. [3] (#cite_note-fnetwork-3) History [ edit ] Lashkaraa brand was launched in 2014 [1] (#cite_note-elle-1) by Sumeer Kaur. [2] (#cite_note-vogue-2) At the time, Sumeer, who was 18 years old, was still working as a waitress in a restaurant and studying in college. The brand was originally founded to make Indian fashion accessible to people living outside India. [4] (#cite_note-indulge-4) The majority of Lashkaraa's consumers are Indians based in the US, Canada, the UK, and the Middle East. In 2020–2021 Lashkaraa focused on increasing its workforce and doubling its design team during the COVID-19 lockdowns. As a result, the company's production increased and 3 to 4 new collections were produced every month. After years of presence in the US market Lashkaraa debuted in India in 2022. [4] (#cite_note-indulge-4) The same year, the brand's Garden of Serenity collection was launched at the Bombay Times Fashion Week held in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) . [3] (#cite_note-fnetwork-3) Lashkaraa brand is also known for applying a "modern approach" to India's traditional ethnic wear. [5] (#cite_note-pinkvilla-5) Operations and retail [ edit ] Lashkaraa's clothing lines are the result of collaboration with local artisans who have experience with Indian fashion, in turn providing them with resources and technology. [6] (#cite_note-vogue2-6) Eventually Lashkaraa made online retailing the core of its business operations, while claiming to provide Indians who are unable to visit their country a Mitti ki Khushboo (fragrance of their soil) experience. The brand's product lines include traditional Indian clothing such as shararas, lehengas, ghagras, saris, churidar, salwar, sherwani and suits. [4] (#cite_note-indulge-4) Brand exposure [ edit ] Lashkaraa's products are worn by collaborators from the television and film industry, including actresses Karishma Kapoor (/wiki/Karishma_Kapoor) [3] (#cite_note-fnetwork-3) and Janhvi Kapoor (/wiki/Janhvi_Kapoor) . [2] (#cite_note-vogue-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Baig, Ruman (2022-11-09). "10 Indian Wear Designers To Add To Your Radar This Wedding Season" (https://elle.in/10-indian-wear-designers-wedding/) . elle.in . ^ Jump up to: a b c Zatakia, Ila (2022-11-12). "Janhvi Kapoor's periwinkle Lashkaraa sharara set came with a hard-to-miss bralette" (https://www.vogue.in/wedding-wardrobe/collection/janhvi-kapoors-periwinkle-lashkaraa-sharara-set-came-with-a-hard-to-miss-bralette/) . www.vogue.in . Vogue. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Lashkaraa showcases first ever bridal collection at Bombay Times Fashion Week" (https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Lashkaraa-showcases-first-ever-bridal-collection-at-bombay-times-fashion-week,1444765.html#fashion-week-paris-haute-couture-rahul-mishra) . www.in.fashionnetwork.com . ^ Jump up to: a b c P., Chokita (2022-09-18). "Fashion brand Lashkaraa revives the spirit of Indian fashion, debuts with trendy ensembles" (https://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/2022/sep/18/fashion-brand-lashkaraa-revives-the-spirit-of-indian-fashion-debuts-with-trendy-ensembles-in-india-44089.html) . www.indulgexpress.com . Indian Express Indulge. ^ (#cite_ref-pinkvilla_5-0) Balani, Ayushi (2022-11-04). "Janhvi Kapoor's Lashkaraa sharara set reminds us why lilac is a love language" (https://www.pinkvilla.com/fashion/CelebFashion/janhvi-kapoors-lashkaraa-sharara-set-reminds-us-why-lilac-is-a-love-language-1197526) . www.pinkvilla.com . ^ (#cite_ref-vogue2_6-0) Jain, Vanshika (2021-10-26). "Global in essence and Indian in inspiration, each offering by Lashkaraa beautifully weaves the conventional with the contemporary" (https://www.vogue.in/story/global-in-essence-and-indian-in-inspiration-each-offering-by-lashkaraa-beautifully-weaves-the-conventional-with-the-contemporary/) . www.vogue.in . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.lashkaraa.com/pages/company-info) This article needs additional or more specific categories (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization) . Please help out (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lashkaraa&action=edit) by adding categories (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#How_do_I_add_an_article_to_a_category?) to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. 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Spanish footwear company Camper Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , Restaurant (/wiki/Restaurant) , Hotel (/wiki/Hotel) Founded Spain (1975) Headquarters Inca (/wiki/Inca,_Spain) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) Products Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Website camper.com (http://www.camper.com) Camper ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ k æ m p ər / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ; Catalan: [kəmˈpe] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan) , 'farmer') is a footwear company with headquarters in Mallorca (/wiki/Majorca) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) . Lorenzo Fluxà founded the company in 1975. The Camper brand is marketed globally and is present in 40 countries, with more than 400 stores and sales of around 4 million pairs of shoes annually. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Company overview [ edit ] In 1877, Antonio Fluxà, a Mallorcan cobbler, introduced the first sewing machines on the island and introduced a mechanized approach to shoe making. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) In 1975, Lorenzo Fluxà, grandson of Antonio Fluxà, founded Camper. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) In 1981, the first Camper store opened in Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) In 1992, Camper opened stores in Paris (/wiki/Paris) and Milan (/wiki/Milan) . [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) An American retail store opened in 1999 in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) In 2005, Camper began brand diversification by launching a hotel concept, Casa Camper , in Barcelona and later in Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) , and Dos Palillos , a Michelin-starred restaurant in the Raval (/wiki/El_Raval) district of Barcelona. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) In 2006, Camper launched Camper Together , a collaboration project with brand partners to create singular products and stores. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) In 2011, Camper became a key sponsorship partner of Emirates Team New Zealand for the Volvo Ocean Race. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2012, Miguel Fluxà (/wiki/Miguel_Flux%C3%A0_Rossell%C3%B3) , representing the fourth generation of the Fluxà family, was appointed CEO. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) In 2013, Camper became a key sponsorship partner of Emirates Team New Zealand in the 34th America's Cup. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2013, after two years as head of menswear at Mugler and eight seasons of collaboration via Camper Together, Romain Kremer (/wiki/Romain_Kremer) began working as main collection consultant at Camper. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) He was named the brand's creative director in 2014. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) In 2018, Queen Letizia (/wiki/Queen_Letizia_of_Spain) awarded Camper the National Special Achievement Award for Large Fashion Companies as part of the 5th National Fashion Industry Awards in Spain. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2019, Finnish shoe designer Achilles Ion Gabriel was appointed Creative Director of CamperLab. [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camper (shoe company) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Camper_(shoe_company)) . ^ (#cite_ref-1) "El Mapa de la moda 2016 (XI): La 'spanish armada' de la moda" (http://www.modaes.es/back-stage/20160719/el-mapa-de-la-moda-2016-xi-los-gigantes-de-la-moda-espanola.html) . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_2-0) Magazine, Wallpaper* (13 May 2015). "Great strides: new exhibition retraces the footsteps of Mallorcan shoe brand Camper | Fashion | Wallpaper* Magazine" (http://www.wallpaper.com/fashion/great-strides-new-exhibition-retraces-the-footsteps-of-mallorcan-shoe-brand-camper) . Wallpaper* . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e expansion.com; expansion.com (8 August 2013). "Camper: una empresa que pisa fuerte por el mundo" (http://www.expansion.com/2013/08/08/directivos/1375983776.html) . Expansion (in Spanish) . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c The Walking Society . Lars Müller Publishers. 2015. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-03778-479-2 . ^ Jump up to: a b c " (http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2015/05/16/actualidad/1431795792_097743.html) "En la empresa familiar se prioriza el largo plazo" (http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2015/05/16/actualidad/1431795792_097743.html) " (http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2015/05/16/actualidad/1431795792_097743.html) . EL PAÍS (in Spanish). 16 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Volvo Ocean Race: Camper team announced" (https://www.yachtingworld.com/news/volvo-ocean-race-camper-team-announced-7031) . 15 December 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Stories: Camper sponsors New Zealand sailing team" (https://www.sportswear-international.com/news/stories/Camper-sponsors-New-Zealand-sailing-team-6705) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Biography" (http://www.romainkremer.com/biography/) . Romain Kremer . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:5_9-0) "Camper: el zapato español como obra de arte" (http://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/20150514/abci-zapato-espanol-como-obra-201505131435.html) . abc (in European Spanish). 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "La Moncloa. 19/12/2018. H.M. The Queen presents the 5th National Fashion Industry Awards [Government/News]" (https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/news/Paginas/2018/20181219fashion-awards.aspx) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Achilles Ion Gabriel Named Creative Director of Camper Lab" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/achilles-ion-gabriel-creative-director-camper-lab-1203182880/) . 18 June 2019. 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Samuel Hubbard Shoe Company Founded 2013 ; 11 years ago ( 2013 ) Founder Bruce R. Katz (/wiki/Bruce_R._Katz) Headquarters Mill Valley (/wiki/Mill_Valley,_California) , California (/wiki/California) Products Shoes (/wiki/Shoe) , belts, leather products Number of employees 21-50 Website SamuelHubbard.com (https://www.samuelhubbard.com/) The Samuel Hubbard Shoe Company is an American footwear brand founded in 2013 by Bruce R. Katz (/wiki/Bruce_R._Katz) . [1] (#cite_note-chesto1-1) [2] (#cite_note-velasquez1-2) A co-founder of the Rockport Shoe Company (/wiki/Rockport_(company)) , Katz founded Samuel Hubbard in Mill Valley, CA (/wiki/Mill_Valley,_CA) to develop premium footwear. History [ edit ] The origins of the Samuel Hubbard Shoe company date back to the 1930s when Samuel J. Katz established the Hubbard Shoe Company in Rochester, NH. [3] (#cite_note-fowler1-3) The company grew to more than 500 employees during the height of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , when it manufactured boots for the armed services. [3] (#cite_note-fowler1-3) By the end of the war, government orders had slowed significantly and Samuel’s son Saul Katz joined the company to help his father rebuild. [4] (#cite_note-tharawat-magazine1-4) The Hubbard Shoe Company prospered through the 1950s and 1960s, partly due to new government contracts to make ski and parachute boots during the Korean conflict (/wiki/Korean_conflict) . [3] (#cite_note-fowler1-3) However, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, overseas manufacturing became cheaper and more readily available. Unable to compete, New England shoe factories began to dwindle and by 1973, the Hubbard Shoe Company was forced to close its doors. [5] (#cite_note-velasquez2-5) In 1971, Saul Katz used $15,000 to start the Rockport Shoe Company (/wiki/Rockport_(company)) with his son Bruce. [6] (#cite_note-meagher1-6) [2] (#cite_note-velasquez1-2) The company embraced the concept of overseas manufacturing and pioneered the idea of the comfort shoe. Revenue grew to almost $100 million in sales before acquisition by Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) in 1986. [7] (#cite_note-dutter1-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) When his stockpile of 24 pairs of Rockports [7] (#cite_note-dutter1-7) [5] (#cite_note-velasquez2-5) began to run out, Katz wondered where his next pairs of shoes would come from. [7] (#cite_note-dutter1-7) This, combined with the passing of his father Saul Katz in 2012 and concern that his eight year old daughter would never know the family’s shoemaking history, convinced Bruce to return to the shoe industry. [10] (#cite_note-10) [5] (#cite_note-velasquez2-5) The Samuel Hubbard company was founded in July 2013, [4] (#cite_note-tharawat-magazine1-4) the name commemorating the family legacy with the first part “Samuel” named after Bruce’s grandfather, and the second part “Hubbard” reflective of his grandfather’s company, Hubbard Shoe Co. [7] (#cite_note-dutter1-7) [1] (#cite_note-chesto1-1) Products and manufacturing [ edit ] Samuel Hubbard is best known for the "Unsneaker", a casual and dress shoe hybrid that resembles a dress shoe on the outside, but feels like a sneaker on the inside. [11] (#cite_note-dustke1-11) The company produces several dozen styles including casual shoes, dress shoes and slip-ons. In 2018, golf shoes and boat shoes were introduced. Uppers and insoles are made from European-sourced leathers, while most models use Vibram (/wiki/Vibram) outsoles. [7] (#cite_note-dutter1-7) Manufacturing is performed in Portugal, a result of Katz’s industry connections and knowledge from his Rockport days. Shoes are sold through the company’s website, major retailers like Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) and Dillards (/wiki/Dillard%27s) , and more than 500 independent shoe retailers across the United States. [7] (#cite_note-dutter1-7) In popular culture [ edit ] Samuel Hubbard shoes have been worn by Ultramarathoner Dean Karnazes (/wiki/Dean_Karnazes) [12] (#cite_note-12) and were worn by Danny Glover (/wiki/Danny_Glover) in the film The Old Man & the Gun (/wiki/The_Old_Man_%26_the_Gun) . [13] (#cite_note-13) They’ve also been worn by singer Peter Gabriel (/wiki/Peter_Gabriel) , [6] (#cite_note-meagher1-6) celebrity chef Brian Malarkey [14] (#cite_note-14) and former president Bill Clinton (/wiki/Bill_Clinton) . [11] (#cite_note-dustke1-11) Philanthropy [ edit ] The company has sponsored the Marin Humane Society and frequently features dogs in its catalogs. [6] (#cite_note-meagher1-6) [15] (#cite_note-15) For every shoe sold in the Freedom collection, $20 is donated to the News Literacy Project [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Chesto, Jon (July 19, 2016). "An old sole is new again" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/07/18/old-sole-new-again/on43h5UOsQOKkruewq7LBI/story.html) . Boston Globe . Boston Globe . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Velasquez, Angela (June 28, 2018). "How Comfort Shoe Brands are Adjusting to the Casualization of Fashion" (https://camtradeinc.com/blogs/news/secret-celebrity-shoes-highlighted-in-comfort-shoe-article) . Camtradeinc.com . Camtrade Footwear . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Fowler, Martha (Mar 28, 2009). "Final part of a series: The history of shoemaking in Rochester The 20th century" (https://www.fosters.com/article/20090528/GJCOMMUNITY04/705289853) . Fosters.com . Seacoastonline.com . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "ENTREPRENEURS: Samuel Hubbard Shoe Company – The Extraordinary Story of How Bruce Katz Found His Way Back to Footwear" (https://www.tharawat-magazine.com/artificial-intelligence/entrepreneurs-samuel-hubbard/#gs.4gyetv) . Tharawat-magazine.com . Tharawat Magazine. November 11, 2016 . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Velasquez, Angela (June 16, 2016). "Chip Off the Old Rock: Bruce Katz Reintroduces Casual Footwear with Samuel Hubbard" (https://sourcingjournal.com/footwear/footwear-brands/chip-off-old-rock-bruce-katz-reintroduces-casual-footwear-samuel-hubbard-100543/) . Sourcingjournal.com . Sourcing Journal . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Meagher, Bill (January 2018). "Going To The Dogs" (https://northbaybiz.com/General_Articles/General_Articles/Going_to_the_Dogs.php) . Northbaybiz.com . North Bay Biz . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dutter, Greg (August 1, 2017). "The Shoe Saviour" (https://footwearplusmagazine.com/2017/08/qa/the-shoe-saviour/) . Footwearplusmagazine.com . Footwear Plus Magazine . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) McKenna, Kathleen (August 12, 2012). "Saul Katz, 95; shoe executive reinvented himself with Rockport brand" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2012/08/11/saul-katz-hubbard-shoe-executive-reinvented-himself-with-rockport-brand/IjAGbAnGnh4Y9x0Ou8q2zJ/story.html) . Bostonglobe.com . Boston Globe . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Bruce R. Katz" (https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=99289&privcapId=99273) . Bloomberg.com . Bloomberg . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Dutter, Greg (August 1, 2017). "The Shoe Saviour" (https://footwearplusmagazine.com/2017/08/qa/the-shoe-saviour/) . Footwearplusmagazine.com . Footwear Plus Magazine . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dustke, Constance (August 3, 2016). "The Hottest Start-Up Market? Baby Boomers" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/04/business/smallbusiness/the-hottest-start-up-market-baby-boomers.html) . Nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Bullock, Christina (August 2017). "Meet Dean Karnazes: The UltraMarathon Man" (https://www.samuelhubbard.com/blog/dean-karnazes) . Samuelhubbard.com . Samuel Hubbard . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "The Old Man & the Gun" (https://www.samuelhubbard.com/blog/the-old-man--the-gun) . Samuelhubbard.com . Samuel Hubbard. October 2018 . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "9 Shoes Chefs Can't Live Without in the Kitchen" (https://www.foodandwine.com/lifestyle/gifts/best-shoes-chefs-cant-live-without-kitchen) . Foodandwine.com . Food & Wine. December 9, 2016 . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "We love our sponsors and in-kind donors!" (https://www.marinhumane.org/get-involved/ways-to-give/corporate-event-sponsors/) . Marinhumane.org . Marin Humane . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Ishizuka, Kathy (November 29, 2018). "Samuel Hubbard's New "Freedom Shoe" to Benefit News Literacy in Schools" (https://www.slj.com/?detailStory=samuel-hubbards-new-freedom-shoe-to-benefit-news-literacy-in-schools) . Slj.com . School Library Journal . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Miller, Alan (September 18, 2018). "New line of support for the News Literacy Project (and democracy)" (https://newslit.org/updates/3224/) . Newslit.org . News Literacy Project . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "The News Literacy Project and Samuel Hubbard stand for the First Amendment" (https://www.samuelhubbard.com/blog/the-news-literacy-project-and-samuel-hubbard-stand-for-the-first-amendment-) . Samuelhubbard.com . Samuel Hubbard. October 2018 . Retrieved April 10, 2019 . 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A Suntiang crown, mid-20th century ( Fernbank Museum of Natural History (/wiki/Fernbank_Museum_of_Natural_History) ) A Minangkabau bride and groom. The bride is wearing a Suntiang Gadang crown. A Suntiang is an elaborate crown (/wiki/Crown_(headgear)) worn normally by Minangkabau women (/wiki/Minangkabau_people) in Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) for festive occasions. It has the shape of a radiant fan and is made out of golden (/wiki/Gold) materials such as brass and copper. A piece worn by a bride (/wiki/Bride) (referred to as Anak Daro) for a wedding is called Suntiang Gadang , while the one worn by traditional dancers is called Pasumandan . [1] (#cite_note-1) Suntiang is worn at wedding parties, and is quite heavy, weighing up to 3.5 kilograms. [2] (#cite_note-2) The headpiece's weight is meant to symbolize the burdens that may arise after marriage, like motherhood and furthering the bride's marriage. In the case of the bride wearing the ornament, the message that is conveyed is that she can carry the weight of a relationship. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Suntiang, a decadent golden headdress" (https://javanesewanderer.wordpress.com/2013/08/23/suntiang-a-decadent-headdress/) . 23 August 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-2) W, Rashida (2016-10-26). "The Learning Gallery Presents:The Minang Suntiang" (https://www.thesilktent.com/single-post/2016/10/25/the-learning-gallery-presentsthe-minang-suntiang) . thesilktent . Retrieved 2021-01-12 . External links [ edit ] http://www.creative-museum.com/en/content/minangkabau-crown-bride-sumatra-6 (http://www.creative-museum.com/en/content/minangkabau-crown-bride-sumatra-6) Image gallery of various (http://minangproduk.blogspot.com/) Suntiang This Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suntiang&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐c795b44dd‐wfv65 Cached time: 20240717175847 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.165 seconds Real time usage: 0.217 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 190/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5906/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 72/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12063/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.110/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2981157/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 186.296 1 -total 56.92% 106.041 1 Template:Reflist 45.93% 85.560 2 Template:Cite_web 43.04% 80.179 1 Template:Indonesia-stub 42.27% 78.753 1 Template:Asbox 0.81% 1.515 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:47833469-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717175847 and revision id 1208446594. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suntiang&oldid=1208446594 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suntiang&oldid=1208446594) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Crowns (headgear) (/wiki/Category:Crowns_(headgear)) Minangkabau (/wiki/Category:Minangkabau) Indonesia stubs (/wiki/Category:Indonesia_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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German fashion company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/S.Oliver) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:S.Oliver) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . 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( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) s.Oliver Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 1969 Founder Bernd Freier Headquarters Rottendorf (/wiki/Rottendorf) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) Area served Europe (except Eastern Europe (CIS)), India, China Products Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Number of employees 7,000+ worldwide Website soliver.com (http://www.soliver.com) s.Oliver , legally s.Oliver Bernd Freier GmbH & Co. KG , is a German fashion company headquartered in Rottendorf (/wiki/Rottendorf) that sells apparel, shoes, accessories, jewellery, fragrances and eyewear worldwide. History [ edit ] The company was founded in 1969 by Bernd Freier (who was also its billionaire CEO (/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer) until 2014 [1] (#cite_note-1) ) as a small boutique (/wiki/Boutique) in Würzburg (/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg) with only 25 square metres of floor space, [2] (#cite_note-2) named Sir Oliver after the hero of Charles Dickens (/wiki/Charles_Dickens) novel, Oliver Twist (/wiki/Oliver_Twist_(character)) . To reflect the spirit of the times, the "Sir" was added to the name in homage to the London (/wiki/London) fashion scene and to add international flair to the boutique, as the British capital's most successful gentleman's outfitters also featured a "Sir" in their names. In the 1970s, fashion suppliers were frequently unable to deliver the quantities ordered by retailers or to deliver them on time. In 1974, Bernd Freier decided to travel to India (/wiki/India) to negotiate directly with local textile manufacturers, thereby gaining independence from the wholesalers. Subsequently, he had his own successful range of "Madras Check shirts" manufactured, which found a ready market in Germany (/wiki/Germany) , sold through, amongst others, E. Breuninger GmbH & Co (/w/index.php?title=E._Breuninger_GmbH_%26_Co&action=edit&redlink=1) , Uli Knecht, Wöhrl (/w/index.php?title=W%C3%B6hrl&action=edit&redlink=1) and Wormland (/w/index.php?title=Wormland&action=edit&redlink=1) . In 1978, following a legal dispute with ' 4711 (/wiki/4711) ', the eau de Cologne (/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne) brand owned by Mäurer & Wirtz GmbH & Co. KG perfume manufacturers, who had registered the name "Sir" as a trademark, "Sir Oliver" was changed to the current brand name, s.Oliver , and registered under that name in 1979 with the German Patent and Trademark Office (/wiki/German_Patent_and_Trademark_Office) (DPMA) in Munich (/wiki/Munich) . In 1987, s.Oliver bought out denim fashion manufacturer Chicago and re-launched the brand under the name Knockout. In 1993, Chaloc GmbH was founded, becoming the well-known comma brand in 2002. comma now operates autonomously and completely independent from s.Oliver. In 1998, the first retail store outside Germany was opened in Austria. Shops in Switzerland, the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) , Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) and Luxembourg (/wiki/Luxembourg) soon followed. Over the next few years, s.Oliver carried on expanding in countries such as the Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) and Poland (/wiki/Poland) . s.Oliver developed in this way into one of Germany's—and Europe (/wiki/Europe) 's—leading fashion companies within a few decades, offering a range of fashion and lifestyle products for all ages. In 2001, s.Oliver took over the German fashion brand comma . [3] (#cite_note-3) 2008 saw the opening and inauguration of the new s.Oliver headquarters in Rottendorf, including "s.Oliver Mini Club", the company's own day care (/wiki/Day_care) . The company currently owns a total of 173 retail stores, as well as running 400 stores in cooperation with partner companies; its products are also sold in 1,991 shops and feature on 2,507 sales floors. Today, s.Oliver is to be found in more than 30 countries, for example in Austria (/wiki/Austria) , Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) , Slovenia (/wiki/Slovenia) , Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) , Poland (/wiki/Poland) , Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) , Serbia (/wiki/Serbia) , Croatia (/wiki/Croatia) , France (/wiki/France) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) , Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) and India (/wiki/India) . The company has managed to more than quadruple its turnover since 1995, passing a billion euros in 2007. In 2009, the s.Oliver Group generated a brand turnover total of 1.16 billion euros. A once tiny retail store has grown into one of Europe's 20 largest fashion companies. The new head office in Rottendorf was completed in September 2008. s.Oliver celebrated its 40th company anniversary in 2009. Bernd Freier left the management of the company in November 2019. Since 4 November 2019 Claus-Dietrich Lahrs (/w/index.php?title=Claus-Dietrich_Lahrs&action=edit&redlink=1) is the current CEO of S.Oliver. Corporate affairs [ edit ] Head office [ edit ] s.Oliver headquarters in Rottendorf s.Oliver store in Würzburg (/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg) The various departments, from design (/wiki/Design) to marketing (/wiki/Marketing) , from human resources (/wiki/Human_resources) to logistics (/wiki/Logistics) and distribution (/wiki/Distribution_(business)) , are all located at the company headquarters in Rottendorf, Germany, near the university town of Würzburg. This is where the products, which go on to be manufactured in production facilities in Europe (/wiki/Europe) , the Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) and Asia (/wiki/Asia) , are developed by different design teams. On an international level there are s.Oliver purchasing organisations in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) (China), Hangzhou (/wiki/Hangzhou) (China), Chennai (/wiki/Chennai) (India), Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) (Indonesia), Dhaka (/wiki/Dhaka) (Bangladesh) and Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) (Turkey). All logistics are centrally managed in Rottendorf. Logistics and warehouse space occupies 70,900 square metres. Up to 400,000 items of clothing are dispatched from here every day to destinations all around the world. More than 2,000 s.Oliver Bernd Freier GmbH & Co. KG staff are employed at the Rottendorf headquarters. Products [ edit ] There are currently three lifestyle (/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)) segments under the s.Oliver brand, all targeting different buyer types. s.Oliver Casual is the company's largest segment, it focuses on ladies and gents leisure fashion. Trendy and fashionable, QS by s.Oliver is aimed at teenagers and young adults, whereas s.Oliver Selection addresses a more sophisticated audience with a generally understated style. Besides these three main elements, s.Oliver also offers additional product lines like 's.Oliver Bodywear' ( lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) , nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) , beachwear (/wiki/Beachwear) and homewear (/w/index.php?title=Homewear&action=edit&redlink=1) for ladies and gentlemen), 's.Oliver Junior' (clothing for newborns, toddlers and children), 'Triangle by s.Oliver' (new segment for sizes from 36 to 54) as well as 's.Oliver Accessories' (bags, belts and leather goods). Through a range of licensed partners, the company also sells 12 licensed lines, including 's.Oliver Shoes', 's.Oliver Eyewear', 's.Oliver Time', 's.Oliver Jewel', 's.Oliver Home', 's.Oliver Fragrances', 's.Oliver Umbrellas', 's.Oliver Garden' and 's.Oliver Baby'. Corporate citizenship [ edit ] s.Oliver is involved in positive corporate citizenship (/wiki/Corporate_citizenship) - for example, raising funds for stroke victims, or supporting victims of the terrible floods in South India in 2005. [4] (#cite_note-4) For several years now, one important element of the fashion house's company culture has been its commitment to the Special Olympics (/wiki/Special_Olympics) Germany. Ever since the event's inauguration back in 1998, s.Oliver has supported athletes, volunteers, and the team that organises the national games. [ citation needed ] The company was supplying the specially designed official volunteers' outfits for the 2010 national games in Bremen (/wiki/Bremen) (Germany), [ citation needed ] it also supplied the outfits for the whole of the German team attending the World Games. [ citation needed ] When the earthquake hit Haiti (/wiki/Haiti) on 12 January 2010, s.Oliver donated from every item sold in the s.Oliver online shop for a week to the victims. [ citation needed ] The full amount of the donations collected went directly to the victims, without any deductions. [ citation needed ] s. Oliver is also a sponsor of Würzburg's annual Africa Festival (/w/index.php?title=Africa_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1) , supporting the fight against Aids (/wiki/Aids) in southern Africa. [ citation needed ] Donations have also been made to the cancer charity "Hilfe im Kampf gegen Krebs e.V." and the "Togo project" of the German leprosy (/wiki/Leprosy) and tuberculosis (/wiki/Tuberculosis) aid organisation "Deutsche Lepra- und Tuberkulosehilfe" (DAHW). s.Oliver also supported the Germany-based humanitarian aid organisation "Diakonie Katastrophenhilfe"'s efforts for the victims of the cyclone (/wiki/Cyclone) that hit Bangladesh in 2008. [ citation needed ] Sponsorship and testimonials [ edit ] In the 1990s, the s.Oliver logo featured on the shirts of tennis player Ivan Lendl (/wiki/Ivan_Lendl) and Würzburg-born basketball star Dirk Nowitzki (/wiki/Dirk_Nowitzki) . [ citation needed ] As main sponsor and team outfitters of the German Football Club Borussia Dortmund (/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund) between 1997 and 1999, [ citation needed ] the company established a presence outside the fashion world, thereby increasing the level of brand awareness both in Germany and elsewhere. [ citation needed ] s.Oliver was also active in motorsport and sponsored Formula One driver Ralf Schumacher (/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher) during his two seasons at Jordan Grand Prix (1997-1998). The following year, s.Oliver's Knock Out brand became German Formula 3 driver Timo Scheider (/wiki/Timo_Scheider) 's main sponsor. His Swiss racing team Bemani Dallara-Opel was Knock Out blue all over; and Timo Scheider even dyed his hair blue. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2003, German Pop singer Dieter Bohlen (/wiki/Dieter_Bohlen) , together with his then-girlfriend Estefania, advertised the 's.Oliver Selection men', because '[...] s.Oliver is a really good brand, they've got cool clothes. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2006, s.Oliver launched a joint fashion collection with pop singer Anastacia (/wiki/Anastacia) . [ citation needed ] 2009 saw star violinist David Garrett as the German fashion labels' brand ambassador. [ citation needed ] In sports sponsorship, s.Oliver has been the main sponsor and outfitter of Polish football club Lech Poznan (/wiki/Lech_Poznan) since March 2010. [7] (#cite_note-7) Since then, the distinctive s.Oliver lettering has been appearing on the stadium on perimeter boards, trainer and players' benches and both goals, the team bus, all the club's relevant printed matter and trainers', assistants' and youth outfits. In 2010, after a run of 17 unsuccessful years, Lech Poznan finally won the national championships again and they can compete in the 2010/2011 season UEFA Champions League (/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League) 2010/11 qualifiers. [ citation needed ] s.Oliver Würzburg (/wiki/S.Oliver_W%C3%BCrzburg) (basketball, 2010–), [8] (#cite_note-8) FC Bayern München (/wiki/FC_Bayern_M%C3%BCnchen) (soccer, 2011–2014), [9] (#cite_note-9) Wladimir Klitschko (/wiki/Wladimir_Klitschko) (Boxing, 2014-) [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Real Emotions - s.Oliver Campaign Fall/Winter 2010/11" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101104070941/http://www.soliver.com/en#/en/company/about/facts) . Archived from the original (http://www.soliver.com/en/#/en/company/about/facts) on 2010-11-04 . Retrieved 2010-11-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "s.Oliver Brandsite - s.Oliver History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100523140440/http://www.soliver.com/de/company/about/history#/de/company/about/history) . Archived from the original (http://www.soliver.com/de/company/about/history#/de/company/about/history) on 2010-05-23 . Retrieved 2010-08-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Comma History (German) (http://www.comma-store.de/History/COMPANY_HISTORY,default,pg.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101224025222/http://www.comma-store.de/History/COMPANY_HISTORY,default,pg.html) 2010-12-24 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Bundeskanzleramt - Ein Jahr nach dem Tsunami: Jahresbilanz der Partnerschaftsinitiative Fluthilfe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110926232141/http://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Archiv16/Pressemitteilungen/BPA/2005/12/__Anlagen/jahresbilanz-der-partnerschaftsinitiative930294,property=publicationFile.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Archiv16/Pressemitteilungen/BPA/2005/12/__Anlagen/jahresbilanz-der-partnerschaftsinitiative930294,property=publicationFile.pdf) (PDF) on 2011-09-26 . Retrieved 2010-09-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Horitont.net - Formula 3 driver sponsored by s.Oliver (http://www.horizont.net/aktuell/marketing/pages/protected/S.-Oliver-Marke-Knock-Out-sponsert-Formel-3-Fahrer_14936.html) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Stern: Bohlens neue Kleider (http://www.stern.de/lifestyle/mode/vertrag-bohlens-neue-kleider-509016.html) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Lech Poznan Official Website - s.Oliver official General Sponsor of KKS Lech Poznań" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110725173758/http://www.lechpoznan.pl/en/art,8095,s.oliver_official_general_sponsor_of_kks_lech_pozna_.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.lechpoznan.pl/en/art,8095,s.oliver_official_general_sponsor_of_kks_lech_pozna_.htm) on 2011-07-25 . Retrieved 2010-09-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Mainpost – s. Oliver steigt bei den Würzburg Baskets ein (http://www.mainpost.de/sport/s-Oliver-Baskets-s-Oliver-steigt-bei-den-Wuerzburg-Baskets-ein;art20799,5672497) ^ (#cite_ref-9) s.Oliver Website – s.Oliver ist offizieller Fashionpartner des FC Bayern München (http://www.soliver.com/pdf/en/media/download/id/28826/file/110705_s.Oliver%20Fashionpartner%20FC%20Bayern%20M%C3%BCnchen.pdf) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-10) Klitschko - die offizielle Website (http://www.klitschko.com/de/startseite/news/article//soliver-is/) External links [ edit ] Media related to S.Oliver (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:S.Oliver) at Wikimedia Commons Official website (http://www.soliver.com) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/188009797) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4603474-2) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐xjmjr Cached time: 20240719050614 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.642 seconds Real time usage: 0.805 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4427/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 85496/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 18024/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30902/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.418/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6391493/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 729.158 1 -total 24.82% 180.953 3 Template:Ambox 20.35% 148.356 1 Template:Reflist 16.79% 122.410 13 Template:Citation_needed 16.21% 118.193 1 Template:Infobox_company 15.42% 112.459 1 Template:Multiple_issues 14.95% 109.018 4 Template:Cite_web 14.46% 105.469 1 Template:Infobox 14.28% 104.108 14 Template:Fix 13.81% 100.715 1 Template:Authority_control Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28307155-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719050614 and revision id 1216404771. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.Oliver&oldid=1216404771 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.Oliver&oldid=1216404771) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : German brands (/wiki/Category:German_brands) Clothing companies of Germany (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Germany) Shoe companies of Germany (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Germany) Companies based in Bavaria (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Bavaria) 1969 establishments in West Germany (/wiki/Category:1969_establishments_in_West_Germany) Clothing retailers of Germany (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Germany) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from April 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2018) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles lacking reliable references from December 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2011) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles that may contain original research from December 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_December_2011) All articles that may contain original research (/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2011) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers)
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Dutch fashion designer Schepers Bosman Industry Fashion Founded 2017 Founders Sanne Schepers, Anne Bosman Headquarters The Netherlands (/wiki/The_Netherlands) Key people Sanne Schepers, Anne Bosman Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) and Interior Design (/wiki/Interior_Design) Website schepersbosman (http://schepersbosman.com) .com (http://schepersbosman.com) Schepers Bosman is a Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) fashion designer duo consisting of Sanne Schepers (born 1989, Heerlen (/wiki/Heerlen) , The Netherlands (/wiki/The_Netherlands) ) and Anne Bosman (born 1988, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (/wiki/The_Netherlands) ). Background [ edit ] Sanne Schepers and Anne Bosman both graduated with honors in 2011 from ArtEZ University of Arts (/wiki/ArtEZ_University_of_Arts) in Arnhem (/wiki/Arnhem) , BA fashion design. Their graduation collections were awarded with various fashion prizes. [1] (#cite_note-Sanne_Schepers_wins_Lichting_2011-1) [2] (#cite_note-Dutch_Anne_Bosman_wins_publics_prize_at_H&M_Design_Award-2) Schepers continued her studies at the Institut Français de la Mode (/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_la_Mode) (IFM) in Paris. She was selected by the team of Robert Clergerie (/wiki/Robert_Clergerie) to specialize her studies further at l’Ēcole-de-Style in Romans-sur-Isère (/wiki/Romans-sur-Is%C3%A8re) . Bosman graduated from Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) London, MA Menswear. They gained work experience at Clergerie (/wiki/Robert_Clergerie) , Christopher Kane (/wiki/Christopher_Kane) , Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) and Alexander van Slobbe (/wiki/Alexander_van_Slobbe) , before starting their designer duo collaboration named Schepers Bosman in 2017. [3] (#cite_note-About_Schepers_Bosman-3) The duo presented their debut collection at the 26th edition of the Amsterdam Fashion Week (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) in 2017. Shortly thereafter they won the Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) Les Etoiles Award on the eve of the Paris fashion week, the jury consisted of Alexis Mabille (/wiki/Alexis_Mabille) and Dita von Teese (/wiki/Dita_von_Teese) among others. [4] (#cite_note-Schepers_Bosman_wins_Mercedes-Benz_Les_Etoiles_2017_competition-4) All Schepers Bosman collections and garments are designed, developed and produced in the Netherlands. New collection presentations and sales take place during the menswear fashionweeks in Paris. [5] (#cite_note-They_are_going_to_make_it-5) Style [ edit ] Schepers and Bosman simply makes strong collections that are original, surprising and extremely well made. [6] (#cite_note-6) Cool items with raw, visible seams and a wide fit. [7] (#cite_note-7) The collection is packed with regal silhouettes, but the oversized shirts are a standout, both in shape and design. [8] (#cite_note-8) Denim was and is their showstopper. [9] (#cite_note-9) Striking an even balance between streetwear and luxe, stand out pieces include the re-designed workwear and suits along with the patchwork-heavy jumpsuits and trousers. The sleek and playful silhouettes are then dressed in vibrant color palettes of pinks, blues and purples, while darker tones are featured heavily on the outerwear looks. [10] (#cite_note-10) Awards [ edit ] 2021 – Dutch Design Awards (/wiki/Dutch_Design_Awards) (Nominee) 2017 – Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) Les Etoiles Award 2012 – H&M Design Award (/wiki/H%26M_Design_Award) Peoples Choice Award 2012 – H&M Design Award (/wiki/H%26M_Design_Award) The Netherlands 2011 – Lichting Talent Award Collaborations [ edit ] Schepers Bosman for Mephisto – Mephisto x Schepers Bosman (2023) [11] (#cite_note-Schepers_Bosman_x_Mephisto-11) Schepers Bosman for Royal Auping (/w/index.php?title=Auping&action=edit&redlink=1) – Royal Auping x Schepers Bosman (2020) [12] (#cite_note-Schepers_Bosman_x_Auping_consumption_quarantine-12) Schepers Bosman for Hacked By (/wiki/Alexander_van_Slobbe) – Hacked By_ x Schepers Bosman (2020) [13] (#cite_note-Schepers_Bosman_joins_forces_with_Hacked_By_-13) Schepers Bosman for Pinqponq (/wiki/Fond_of_Bags) – pinqponq x Schepers Bosman (2019) [14] (#cite_note-Pinqponq_&_Schepers_Bosman_Collide_on_Vibrant_Bag_Collection_for_FW19-14) Exhibitions [ edit ] 2023 – ‘’The Oasis’’, group exhibition, Bureau Europa (/w/index.php?title=Bureau_Europa&action=edit&redlink=1) , Maastricht [15] (#cite_note-15) 2023 – ‘’Piet Paris e.a.’’, group exhibition, Museum Jan (/wiki/Museum_Jan) , Amstelveen [16] (#cite_note-16) 2021 – ‘’ Dutch Design Week (/wiki/Dutch_Design_Week) ’’, group exhibition, MicroLab, Eindhoven [17] (#cite_note-17) 2021 – ‘’Maison Amsterdam’’, group exhibition, Nieuwe Kerk (/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk,_Amsterdam) , Amsterdam [18] (#cite_note-18) 2021 – ‘’CONSUMPTION’’, group exhibition, FDFA Arnhem, Arnhem [19] (#cite_note-19) 2018 – ‘’WOW Fashion Inside Out’’, group exhibition, We Make The City, Amsterdam [20] (#cite_note-20) 2018 – ‘’Schuit@Qade’’, group exhibition, Art Rotterdam, Cruise Terminal (/wiki/Rotterdam_Cruise_Terminal) , Rotterdam [21] (#cite_note-21) 2017 – ‘’Schuit - Stijl Ontkleed’, group exhibition, FDFA Arnhem, Arnhem [22] (#cite_note-22) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Sanne_Schepers_wins_Lichting_2011_1-0) Jetty Ferwerda (15 July 2011). "Sanne Schepers wins Lichting 2011" (https://www.teampeterstigter.com/amsterdam/sanne-schepens-wins-lichting-2011/) . Team Peter Stigter. ^ (#cite_ref-Dutch_Anne_Bosman_wins_publics_prize_at_H&M_Design_Award_2-0) Nathalie Wouters (2 February 2012). "Dutch Anne Bosman wins publics prize at H&M Design Award" (https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/02/02/publieksprijs-voor-een-kimonojas-a1482949) . NRC Handelsblad . ^ (#cite_ref-About_Schepers_Bosman_3-0) AFW. "About Schepers Bosman" (https://amsterdamfashionweek.nl/designer/schepers-bosman/) . Amsterdam FashionWeek. ^ (#cite_ref-Schepers_Bosman_wins_Mercedes-Benz_Les_Etoiles_2017_competition_4-0) Shomara Roosblad (26 September 2017). "Schepers Bosman wins Mercedes-Benz Les Etoiles 2017 competition" (https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Schepers-bosman-wins-mercedes-benz-les-etoiles-2017-competition,873093.html) . UK Fashion Network. ^ (#cite_ref-They_are_going_to_make_it_5-0) Michou Basu (31 August 2017). "They are going to make it" (https://fd.nl/fd-personlijk/1216216/zij-gaan-het-maken) . Het Financieele Dagblad . ^ (#cite_ref-6) JFK (18 December 2020). "Design duo Schepers en Bosman is very strong and original" (https://jfk.men/style/schepers-en-bosman/) . JFK Magazine. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Cécile Narinx & Emilie van Kinschot (5 September 2021). "Roller skates, old masters and a 70+ women's choir: this was Amsterdam Fashion Week" (https://www.volkskrant.nl/cultuur-media/rolschaatsen-oude-meesters-en-een-70-dameskoor-dit-was-de-amsterdam-fashion-week~b5e27473/) . Volkskrant. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Isabelle Hore-Thorburn (21 January 2019). "The Schepers Bosman FW19 Lookbook Is Fit for Royalty" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/schepers-bosman-fw19-lookbook/) . Highsnobiety. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Kim Noach (14 October 2021). "Sanne and Anne make couture from fabrics that they literally pick from waste bins, with great success" (https://www.limburger.nl/cnt/dmf20211014_92552682) . De Limburger. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Mallory Chin (17 January 2020). "Schepers Bosman Spotlights Its DIY Mentality for FW20" (https://hypebeast.com/2020/1/schepers-bosman-fall-winter-2020-collection) . Hypebeast. ^ (#cite_ref-Schepers_Bosman_x_Mephisto_11-0) Nora Veerman (22 September 2023). "Schepers Bosman maakt eerste schoen in samenwerking met Mephisto" (https://fashionunited.nl/nieuws/mode/schepers-bosman-maakt-eerste-schoen-in-samenwerking-met-mephisto/2023092258603) . Fashionunited. ^ (#cite_ref-Schepers_Bosman_x_Auping_consumption_quarantine_12-0) Auping (17 October 2019). "Schepers Bosman x Auping consumption quarantine" (https://www.auping.com/en/schepers-bosman-x-auping-consumption-quarantine) . Auping. ^ (#cite_ref-Schepers_Bosman_joins_forces_with_Hacked_By_13-0) Caitlyn Terra (17 January 2019). "Schepers Bosman joins forces with Hacked By_" (https://fashionunited.nl/nieuws/mode/schepers-bosman-slaat-handen-ineen-met-hacked-by/2020011744598) . Fashionunited. ^ (#cite_ref-Pinqponq_&_Schepers_Bosman_Collide_on_Vibrant_Bag_Collection_for_FW19_14-0) Mallory Chin (2 September 2019). "Pinqponq & Schepers Bosman Collide on Vibrant Bag Collection for FW19" (https://hypebeast.com/2019/9/pinqponq-schepers-bosman-fall-winter-2019-accessories-collaboration) . Hypebeast. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "THE OASIS -" (https://www.bureau-europa.nl/en/the-oasis/) . bureau-europa.nl . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Piet Paris e.a. -" (https://museumjan.nl/exhibitions/piet-paris-illustraties-glaskunst-mode) . museumjan.nl . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "21 SPRING SUMMER, SB SYNERGY -" (https://ddw.nl/en/programme/6373/21-spring-summer-sb-synergy) . ddw.nl . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Baan, Els de (27 September 2021). "Jasje met een Jodenster, een te strakke japon: expositie in de Nieuwe Kerk toont ook hoe onvrij kleding kan maken" (https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b1d06905) . Trouw (in Dutch). ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Consumptie | Wendelien Daan & Mary-Lou Berkulin | BOXED" (https://fdfarnhem.nl/programma/2021/consumptie-wendelien-daan-mary-lou-berkulin-boxed) . FDFA | Fashion + Design Festival Arnhem (in Dutch). ^ (#cite_ref-20) "WOWWOW Fashion Inside Out" (https://www.wow-amsterdam.nl/event/wow-fashion-inside-out/) . www.wow-amsterdam.nl . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Schuit Exhibition Overview" (https://www.schuitcollection.com/) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Lavèn, Jasper (9 June 2017). "de expositie van schuit gaat over de connectie tussen mode en kunst" (https://i-d.vice.com/nl/article/j5p4w8/de-expositie-van-schuit-gaat-over-de-connectie-tussen-mode-en-kunst) . i-D (in Dutch). External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.schepersbosman.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5c9ff5b4d5‐9zrxv Cached time: 20240715215051 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.391 seconds Real time usage: 0.583 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2038/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 38012/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1412/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 80351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.245/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6320077/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 516.707 1 -total 40.00% 206.688 1 Template:Reflist 35.23% 182.033 22 Template:Cite_web 28.24% 145.899 1 Template:Infobox_company 25.84% 133.497 1 Template:Infobox 24.55% 126.864 1 Template:Short_description 11.23% 58.005 9 Template:Main_other 10.74% 55.483 2 Template:Pagetype 10.42% 53.842 1 Template:SDcat 3.70% 19.127 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62175369-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715215051 and revision id 1218377705. 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Portrait of King (/wiki/King_of_Poland) Jadwiga of Poland (/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland) wearing the "Queen's Crown" The Queen's Crown (Polish: "korona królowych" or "korona Jadwigi kaliskiej") was a part of the Polish Crown Jewels (/wiki/Polish_Crown_Jewels) until it was destroyed in 1809. [1] (#cite_note-crowns_angelfire-1) It was mentioned for the first time in the inventory of the Wawel (/wiki/Wawel) Royal Treasury in the 15th century. History [ edit ] The Polish Queen's (/wiki/List_of_Polish_consorts) coronation insignia were originally made for Jadwiga of Kalisz (/wiki/Hedwig_of_Kalisz) , wife of Władysław I the Elbow-high (/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_the_Elbow-high) in 1320, intended for her coronation as a Queen consort of Poland. [2] (#cite_note-lileyko_regalia-2) Since that time it served as the main insignium of the Polish Queens till the end of the 17th century. The crown was stolen from the Wawel Castle by the Prussian troops in 1794 and found its place in the collections of the Hohenzollerns (/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern) in Berlin. [2] (#cite_note-lileyko_regalia-2) After 1809 it was destroyed and melted down just as the majority of Polish regalia. [1] (#cite_note-crowns_angelfire-1) [3] (#cite_note-3) The Queen's Crown consisted of eight segments each crowned with heraldic fleur-de-lis (/wiki/Fleur-de-lis) and interspersed with smaller pinnacles. [2] (#cite_note-lileyko_regalia-2) It was made of pure gold (/wiki/Gold) in the form of the rims covered with the globe and a cross on their intersection. The 18th century surveys of the Wawel Royal Treasury indicate that it was decorated with 40 rubies, 40 sapphires and 63 pearls. [2] (#cite_note-lileyko_regalia-2) The 16th century inventory shows, however, that the crown has been much richer in precious stones for some time, and that their number was greater than those placed on the Crown of Bolesław I the Brave (/wiki/Crown_of_Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave) . [2] (#cite_note-lileyko_regalia-2) In the 18th century the crown was depicted in the portrait of Saint King (/wiki/King_of_Poland) Jadwiga of Poland (/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland) by Marcello Bacciarelli (/wiki/Marcello_Bacciarelli) , painted to embellish the Marble Room at the Royal Castle in Warsaw (/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw) . [2] (#cite_note-lileyko_regalia-2) References [ edit ] ^ a b Margaret Odrowaz-Sypniewska. "Poland's Crowns" (https://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/Crowns.html) . Angelfire (/wiki/Angelfire) . Retrieved 2009-02-16 . ^ a b c d e f Jerzy Lileyko (1987). Regalia Polskie (Polish Regalia) (in Polish). p. 91. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 83-03-02021-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Crown Treasury and Armoury" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150406160358/http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=8,1,5) . www.wawel.krakow.pl . Archived from the original (http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=8,1,5) on 2015-04-06 . Retrieved 2009-02-16 . Further reading [ edit ] Jerzy Lileyko. Regalia Polskie . Warszawa 1987. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 83-03-02021-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-03-02021-8) (in Polish) Janusz Miniewicz. Tajemnica polskich koron. Czy jest szansa ich odnalezienia? . Nowy Sącz 2006. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 83-924034-2-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-924034-2-8) (in Polish) Michał Rożek. Polskie koronacje i korony . Kraków 1987. 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Type of hat Madhalla on display in Shibam (/wiki/Shibam) The madhalla is a traditional hat used in Yemen (/wiki/Yemen) and worn by women. [1] (#cite_note-Walker_Carter_Dunston_2007_p._508-1) [2] (#cite_note-Khan_2017-2) [3] (#cite_note-Walker_Carter_Dunston_2007_p._574-3) [4] (#cite_note-Downey_2007-4) The hats have a wide circular brim and a peaked top. [5] (#cite_note-British_Museum_2017-5) The straw hats are peaked to keep the wearer cool in hot temperatures. [2] (#cite_note-Khan_2017-2) Being almost two feet tall, the design promotes air circulation within the hat. [4] (#cite_note-Downey_2007-4) They have been noted to resemble witch hats. [1] (#cite_note-Walker_Carter_Dunston_2007_p._508-1) [3] (#cite_note-Walker_Carter_Dunston_2007_p._574-3) [6] (#cite_note-Publications_2000_p._103-6) It is made from plaited (/wiki/Braid) strips of date palm (/wiki/Date_palm) ( nakhl , Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : نخل ) leaves. [5] (#cite_note-British_Museum_2017-5) [7] (#cite_note-Royal_Gardens_1895_p._302-7) [8] (#cite_note-Balfour-Paul_2012_p._137-8) They are often worn in Hadhramaut (/wiki/Hadhramaut) by female herders (/wiki/Herder) and field workers who also wear black abayas (/wiki/Abaya) . [1] (#cite_note-Walker_Carter_Dunston_2007_p._508-1) [2] (#cite_note-Khan_2017-2) [3] (#cite_note-Walker_Carter_Dunston_2007_p._574-3) [4] (#cite_note-Downey_2007-4) [9] (#cite_note-Globerovers_Magazine_2015-9) The hat can be obtained at some souqs (/wiki/Souq) . [1] (#cite_note-Walker_Carter_Dunston_2007_p._508-1) See also [ edit ] Pointed hat (/wiki/Pointed_hat) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Walker, J.; Carter, T.; Dunston, L. (2007). Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula . LONELY PLANET ARABIAN PENINSULA (in Indonesian). Lonely Planet. p. 508 (https://archive.org/details/omanuaearabianpe00walk/page/508) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-74104-546-8 . Retrieved 2017-04-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Khan, Gulnaz (2017-04-03). "This Ancient Mud Skyscraper City is the 'Manhattan of the Desert' (http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/travel/this-ancient-mud-skyscraper-city-is-the-manhattan-of-the-desert.aspx) " (http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/travel/this-ancient-mud-skyscraper-city-is-the-manhattan-of-the-desert.aspx) . National Geographic . Retrieved 2017-04-09 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Walker, J.; Carter, T.; Dunston, L. (2007). Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula . LONELY PLANET ARABIAN PENINSULA (in Indonesian). Lonely Planet. p. 574 (https://archive.org/details/omanuaearabianpe00walk/page/574) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-74104-546-8 . Retrieved 2017-04-09 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Downey, Tom (2007-12-30). "Yemen's Exotic Secrets" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/travel/30Yemen.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017-04-09 . ^ Jump up to: a b "hat" (http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3322431&partId=1) . British Museum . 2017-01-12 . Retrieved 2017-04-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-Publications_2000_p._103_6-0) Publications, Jpm (2000). Gulf States . This Way Guides. JPM Publications. p. 103. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-88452-099-7 . Retrieved 2017-04-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-Royal_Gardens_1895_p._302_7-0) Royal Gardens, Kew (1895). Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information . H.M. Stationery Office. p. 302 . Retrieved 2017-04-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-Balfour-Paul_2012_p._137_8-0) Balfour-Paul, J. (2012). Indigo in the Arab World . Taylor & Francis. p. 137. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-136-60324-2 . Retrieved 2017-04-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-Globerovers_Magazine_2015_9-0) "Yemen: Where time stands still..." (http://www.globerovers-magazine.com/yemen-arabian/) Globerovers Magazine . 2015-06-19 . Retrieved 2017-04-09 . 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Indian actress This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soumya_Bollapragada&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Soumya Bollapragada Born ( 1985-06-26 ) June 26, 1985 (age 39) [1] (#cite_note-profile-1) Nagpur (/wiki/Nagpur) , India Occupations Film actress model writer Years active 2005–present Relatives Gautami (/wiki/Gautami) (aunt) U. G. Krishnamurti (/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti) (great-grandfather) Soumya Bollapragada is an Indian actress, writer, director and a model. Life and career [ edit ] She is the niece of actress Gautami (/wiki/Gautami) and great-granddaughter of the Indian thinker U. G. Krishnamurti (/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti) and has acted in Telugu films (/wiki/Telugu_films) primarily. She is also related to Nirmala Sitaraman (/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman) through her mother. Soumya is also the rakhi (/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan) sister (sworn sister) of Prince Manvendra Singh Gohil (/wiki/Manvendra_Singh_Gohil) the first openly gay prince in the world. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Her father Divakar [4] (#cite_note-auto1-4) was an engineer in the Merchant Navy (/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(India)) , her mother a housewife. [1] (#cite_note-profile-1) She graduated from St. Joseph's College for Women (/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_College_for_Women) . [5] (#cite_note-auto2-5) She ran a monthly magazine Evoke for three and half years in Vizag (/wiki/Vizag) . In addition to this, she has won three International awards in poetry at the age of 14. [4] (#cite_note-auto1-4) She holds a bachelor's degree in English literature and Psychology from Andhra University (/wiki/Andhra_University) [4] (#cite_note-auto1-4) [6] (#cite_note-6) She was one of the six finalists in Miss South India (/wiki/Miss_South_India) where girls from Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and AP (/wiki/AP_(India)) had participated. Soumya who is 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) tall [1] (#cite_note-profile-1) secured the Ms Photogenic and Ms Perfect 10 rounds in the contest. [5] (#cite_note-auto2-5) She had also won the Ms. Personality round for her height in the Miss Andhra contest held in Hyderabad in January 2005 and the Miss NIFD title organised by the National Institute of Fashion Design (/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Design) in Visakhapatnam in April 2005. She got trained under the famous Koushik Ghosh (/wiki/Koushik_Ghosh) for this pageant. [5] (#cite_note-auto2-5) [4] (#cite_note-auto1-4) She has modelled for commercials for brands such as KPL Coconut Oil in Kerala, Sun Flower shopping mall, and Anarkali Boutique. [4] (#cite_note-auto1-4) She made her debut in the cross over cult hit film The Angrez (/wiki/The_Angrez) with her portrayal of the character Tanya garnering praise. She has a theatre background which helped her to get into the film industry. [4] (#cite_note-auto1-4) She acted in a play in Andhra University and was spotted by Kuntaa Nikkil, director of The Angrez . This film is still considered a cult classic in Deccani cinema (/wiki/Deccani_film_industry) . She also acted in the English film Stalemate and played the role of an assistant surgeon. [7] (#cite_note-7) She made her debut in Tamil in Thozha (/wiki/Thozha_(2008_film)) with the stars of Chennai 600028 (/wiki/Chennai_600028) . She was paired with Vasanth Vijay in this film and she has a remake of the hit song “Oru Naayagan” to her credit in this film. [ citation needed ] She also played an important role in Ravi Krishna (/wiki/Ravi_Krishna) starring Netru Indru Naalai (/wiki/Netru_Indru_Naalai_(2008_film)) ( Ninna Nedu Repu (/wiki/Ninna_Nedu_Repu) in Telugu). [ citation needed ] She was part of Mugguru (/wiki/Mugguru) produced by Movie Mogul D Ramaniadu and directed by V N Aditya. [8] (#cite_note-8) She acted in the horror thriller Poga and in Ramadandu she and was praised for her performance as a journalist in the latter. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) She is the founder of the theatre group Applause – The Theatre People. [11] (#cite_note-11) She has also hosted TV shows like Jollywood Express , a comedy show with actor AVS (/wiki/AVS_(actor)) on Gemini TV (/wiki/Gemini_TV) and Zee Sound Party on Zee Telugu (/wiki/Zee_Telugu) . She was the winner of the country wide Lucky 13 contest held by author Ashwin Sanghi (/wiki/Ashwin_Sanghi) . In addition to this she has worked as a writer for Chhota Bheem (/wiki/Chhota_Bheem) , Mighty Raju (/wiki/Mighty_Raju) , Arjun (/wiki/Arjun_(TV_series)) , Chimpoo & Simpoo (/w/index.php?title=Chimpoo_%26_Simpoo&action=edit&redlink=1) . [4] (#cite_note-auto1-4) Filmography [ edit ] Year Film Role Language Notes 2005 The Angrez (/wiki/The_Angrez) Tanya Hyderabadi Urdu (/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu) 2007 Stalemate English Aa Roje Telugu 2008 Thozha (/wiki/Thozha_(2008_film)) Manisha Gupta Tamil Netru Indru Naalai (/wiki/Netru_Indru_Naalai_(2008_film)) Tamil Ninna Nedu Repu (/wiki/Ninna_Nedu_Repu) Telugu Call Center Telugu 2010 Young India Keerthi Telugu 2011 Mugguru (/wiki/Mugguru) Mohini Telugu 2012 Poga Telugu Ramadandu Telugu 2013 Neenandre Ishta Kano Anjali Kannada credited as Roopanjali [12] (#cite_note-12) 2014 Chandamama Kathalu (/wiki/Chandamama_Kathalu) Telugu Special appearance References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c " (https://web.archive.org/web/20120104190857/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/soumya_profile.php) 'Telugu' Actress Soumya : Profile" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120104190857/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/soumya_profile.php) . Archived from the original (http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/soumya_profile.php) on 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Soumya all set for a comeback" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-29/news-interviews/29594395_1_kannada-film-soumya-comeback) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-29/news-interviews/29594395_1_kannada-film-soumya-comeback) on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Chitchat with budding actress Soumya" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111222235312/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/chitchat_soumya1.php) . Archived from the original (http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/chitchat_soumya1.php) on 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Soumya; Our Own Telugu juliet" (http://www.telugupeople.com/news/News.asp?newsID=68340) . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Successful debutante on silver screen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060111162919/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/07/stories/2006010702030300.htm) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . 7 January 2006. Archived from the original (http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/07/stories/2006010702030300.htm) on 11 January 2006 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Soumya hots up the screen with Poga" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120512191603/http://cyclestand.in/news/soumya-hots-up-the-screen-with-poga.html) . Archived from the original (http://cyclestand.in/news/soumya-hots-up-the-screen-with-poga.html) on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Film on life and hope" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070312150159/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030613990200.htm) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . 6 March 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030613990200.htm) on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Soumya celebrates birthday" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202654/http://www.sify.com/movies/soumya-celebrates-birthday-news-news-lg1pyqahbdi.html?ref=false) . Sify (/wiki/Sify) . Archived from the original (http://www.sify.com/movies/soumya-celebrates-birthday-news-news-lg1pyqahbdi.html?ref=false) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Soumya to act in 4-D flick" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2807363.ece) . The Hindu . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "I am happy with my career : Soumya" (http://postnoon.com/2012/02/07/i-am-happy-with-my-career-soumya/26430) . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Contest for budding filmmakers" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2776685.ece?textsize=small&test=2) . The Hindu . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Neenandre Ishta Kano Movie Review" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/neenandre-ishta-kano/movie-review/18891930.cms) . The Times of India . External links [ edit ] Soumya Bollapragada (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3760193/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐nrz5w Cached time: 20240713180703 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.490 seconds Real time usage: 0.699 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2823/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 35081/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3314/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 51124/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.312/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10007466/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 665.876 1 -total 29.16% 194.153 1 Template:Infobox_person 22.35% 148.798 1 Template:Reflist 20.27% 134.967 1 Template:Short_description 18.73% 124.728 11 Template:Cite_web 13.73% 91.457 21 Template:Main_other 10.93% 72.770 1 Template:SDcat 9.59% 63.834 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.03% 60.098 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 8.70% 57.940 1 Template:Advert Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36296028-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713180703 and revision id 1231927389. 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American fashion label PETROU\MAN Product type Upscale clothing Owner Nicolas Petrou (/wiki/Nicolas_Petrou) Country United States Introduced Spring/Summer 2009 ; 15 years ago ( 2009 ) [1] (#cite_note-faceless-1) Website Official website (http://petrouman.com) PETROU\Man is an American fashion label with European aesthetics and ethnic influences. Headed by fashion designer and couturier, Nicolas Petrou (/wiki/Nicolas_Petrou) , the label is sold in upscale fashion stores across the globe. The Label [ edit ] Drawing on varied inspirations, from illustrations by the Japanese artists Sirichai to tribal and ethnic art, the upscale menswear label offers unique yet comfortable clothing. [2] (#cite_note-2) The debut collection, which included masked skins (/wiki/Skin-tight_garment) with colorful patterns created media buzz [3] (#cite_note-3) and led to a collaboration with Henrik Vibskov (/wiki/Henrik_Vibskov) for the cover of Dazed & Confused (/wiki/Dazed_%26_Confused_(magazine)) . [1] (#cite_note-faceless-1) PETROU\MAN is known for combining the comfort of sportswear with the elegance and timelessness of tailored high-end menswear and with a special focus on textures and color. [4] (#cite_note-4) With tribal and ethnic influences from Guatemala to West Africa, the label has been hailed "as a beacon for alternative menswear". [5] (#cite_note-anotherafrica-5) Stores [ edit ] The collection is available at stores worldwide, such OAK in New York, I.T. and Joyce in Hong Kong, and SHIPS in Japan. [5] (#cite_note-anotherafrica-5) The collection is also available at MACHINE-A in London [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Faceless= (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/6442/1/faceless) Dazed " (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/6442/1/faceless) . 2010 . Retrieved April 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Nicolas PETROU\MAN-ifique" (http://www.yatzer.com/Nicolas-PETROU-MAN-ifique) . Yatzer . 2012 . Retrieved April 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Petrou Man Womenswear S/S10= (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/4670/1/petrou-man-womenswear-s-s10) Dazed Digital " (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/4670/1/petrou-man-womenswear-s-s10) . 2009 . Retrieved April 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Petrou Man SS 11" (https://archive.today/20140416195032/http://www.theplayground.co.uk/fashion/artist.php?type=3&aID=304&page=1) . The Playground . 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.theplayground.co.uk/fashion/artist.php?type=3&aID=304&page=1) on April 16, 2014 . Retrieved April 10, 2014 . ^ a b "PETROU MAN – A Totemic Fashion Anthropology= (http://www.anotherafrica.net/fashion/petrouman-a-totemic-fashion-anthropology) Another Africa " (http://www.anotherafrica.net/fashion/petrouman-a-totemic-fashion-anthropology) . 2012 . Retrieved April 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Greek Designer Nicolas Petrou Launches New Menswear Collection= (http://usa.greekreporter.com/2011/02/21/greek-designer-nicolas-petrou-launches-new-menswear-collection/) The Greek Reporter " (http://usa.greekreporter.com/2011/02/21/greek-designer-nicolas-petrou-launches-new-menswear-collection/) . 2011 . Retrieved April 10, 2014 . 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Red plastic hat often worn by the American new wave band Devo 2008 energy dome manufactured by FDOS Design An energy dome is a hat often worn by the American new wave (/wiki/New_wave_music) band Devo (/wiki/Devo) as part of the members' stage outfits. The dome was first worn during the band's Freedom of Choice (/wiki/Freedom_of_Choice_(album)) campaign of 1980. It reappeared in the 1982, 1988, and 1990 tours, as well as most performances since 1997. The domes were custom made for the band from vacuum formed (/wiki/Vacuum_forming) plastic, in a distinctive round, ziggurat (/wiki/Ziggurat) shape, and are occasionally—and incorrectly—referred to as "power domes" or " flowerpots (/wiki/Flowerpot) ". The shape is also reminiscent of the Waldviertel Pyramid (/wiki/Waldviertel_Pyramid) . When asked about the story behind the hats, Mark Mothersbaugh (/wiki/Mark_Mothersbaugh) recounted: We designed them, Jerry [Casale] (/wiki/Gerald_Casale) and I. We were influenced both by German Bauhaus (/wiki/Bauhaus) movement and geometric fashion, and Aztec temples. We just liked the look. It looked good, and it didn't look like any other bands out there. We weren't interested in wearing groovy hats or groovy clothing. We kind of looked like Lego toys or something by the time we got those on our heads, and that was a positive thing. [1] (#cite_note-1) A person wearing a Devo "Energy Dome" hat. Variants [ edit ] Three models of Devo energy dome. Left: 1996 dome, Center: 2008 FDOS Design dome, Right: 2005 Disguise dome, made from original Club Devo mold. Though the traditional energy dome is red, several variants of the dome have existed. In 1981, Devo wore green energy domes while performing " Whip It (/wiki/Whip_It_(Devo_song)) " on the Solid Gold (/wiki/Solid_Gold_(TV_series)) television show. In a 1984 Diet Coke (/wiki/Diet_Coke) advertisement, Devo sported white domes. [2] (#cite_note-2) Silver chrome domes were worn by Devo (/wiki/Devo) in concert in 2002, made by covering a regular energy dome with metallic tape. In 2004, for Devo's shows on the Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) -sponsored Run Hit Wonder race/concert, blue domes were used, and sold to fans. In the music video for "Go Monkey Go", Mark Mothersbaugh (/wiki/Mark_Mothersbaugh) can be seen wearing a white dome with a purple bottom tier. [3] (#cite_note-3) An appearance by Devo on the VH1 (/wiki/VH1) show TrueSpin featured charcoal gray domes. Devo also wore safety orange (/wiki/Safety_orange) domes at the 2018 Burger Boogaloo performance, to match new orange jumpsuits. [4] (#cite_note-4) Assorted prototype and fan-made domes in a rainbow of colors also exist. [5] (#cite_note-5) Energy domes sold through Club Devo have come in several forms. The original Club Devo domes were of a smaller size than the stage-worn domes, with raised "DEVO" text on the top and a lip around the edge. [6] (#cite_note-6) This same mold was used again in 2005 for mass-produced energy domes sold as Halloween costumes (/wiki/Halloween_costume) . [7] (#cite_note-7) In 1996, Devo sold new energy domes that roughly matched the stage-worn model, though the new stage domes were slightly smaller than the original. The first versions of these domes were made of white plastic, spray-painted (/wiki/Spray_painting) red. [8] (#cite_note-8) These were later replaced with domes made in a solid red plastic in 2004, manufactured by Chaser Shirts. In 2005, NECA Collectibles began manufacturing energy domes for Devo out of thin, off-color plastic. [9] (#cite_note-9) These were used until 2008 when a fan began custom manufacturing domes out of thick, red plastic for the band. [10] (#cite_note-10) The new domes revert to the dimensions of the original stage energy domes. [11] (#cite_note-11) When Devo's keyboardist and rhythm guitarist Bob Casale (/wiki/Bob_Casale) died in 2014 his cremated remains were committed to a funerary urn (/wiki/Urn#Cremation_urns) in the shape of an energy dome. [12] (#cite_note-12) During the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) (2020) a PPE version was available for sale with an attached face shield. [13] (#cite_note-13) Promotional uses [ edit ] 2010 Blue Domes [ edit ] 2010 Blue energy dome, manufactured by API On February 22, 2010 at an appearance during the 2010 Winter Olympics (/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics) in Whistler, British Columbia (/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia) , blue domes were distributed to the audience and worn on stage. [14] (#cite_note-14) Blue domes were later put on sale in April 2010. The new color for the domes was selected through an online survey and focus group testing as part of the marketing campaign to promote Something for Everybody (/wiki/Something_for_Everybody_(Devo_album)) , Devo's ninth studio album. The newest edition of the domes are cyan (/wiki/Cyan) , while the 2004 domes are a dark blue. [15] (#cite_note-15) Mythology [ edit ] According to Gerald Casale on the Devo website: It was designed according to ancient ziggurat mound proportions used in votive worship. Like the mounds it collects energy and recirculates it. In this case the Dome collects the Orgone energy that escapes from the crown of the human head and pushes it back into the Medulla Oblongata for increased mental energy. It's very important that you use the foam insert...or better yet, get a plastic hardhat liner, adjust it to your head size and affix it with duct tape or Super Glue to the inside of the Dome. This allows the Dome to "float" just above the cranium and thus do its job. Unfortunately, sans foam insert or hardhat liner, the recirculation of energy WILL NOT occur. [16] (#cite_note-16) Devo claimed that their iconic energy dome design was used to recycle the wasted orgone (/wiki/Orgone) energy that flows from a person's head. Devo co-founder Mark Mothersbaugh has said: We did the red energy dome, which was useful—besides being an icon—it was a useful icon. You probably know this very well, but your orgone (/wiki/Orgone) energy goes out the top of your head and it dissipates out the top, but if you wear an energy dome it recycles that energy. It comes back down and showers back down on you and, among other things, you remain manly, shall we say, for maybe another 150 years of your life, probably. I think that's a safe prediction to say that energy domes—if you wore them constantly, night and day—which I don't do, but there are people out there who do, not too many of them but there are some. We get e-mails from them, so we know they're out there, those people will probably live about an extra 150 years because of all that orgone energy that they're saving and not wasting away. [17] (#cite_note-17) Casale stated that ornamentation in his childhood school St. Patrick School (/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Youngstown#Education) in Kent, Ohio (/wiki/Kent,_Ohio) , inspired their creation. [18] (#cite_note-18) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Matheson, Whitney (23 March 2009). "Q&A: Devo answers your questions!" (http://content.usatoday.com/communities/popcandy/post/2009/03/64505961/1#.Uogoyvm-2m6) . POP CANDY . USA TODAY . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) 1985 - Diet Coke - Just For The Taste of It (with Devo & Sgt. Slaughter) Commercial , retrieved 2022-05-06 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Go monkey go - Devo - Quality , retrieved 2022-06-01 ^ (#cite_ref-4) DEVO Girl U Want / Whip It LIVE Oakland CA 6/30/18 - 2 Cam Mix (w/ John Waters Intro) , retrieved 2022-05-06 ^ (#cite_ref-5) "::Plastics- Dome Reissue2::" (https://devo-obsesso.com/html/gear_pgs/plastics/domes_chrome_color.html) . devo-obsesso.com . Retrieved 2022-05-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "::Plastics- Energy Dome::" (https://devo-obsesso.com/html/gear_pgs/plastics/clubdevodome.html) . devo-obsesso.com . Retrieved 2022-06-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "::DEVO - Plastics- Energy Dome::" (https://www.devo-obsesso.com/html/gear_pgs/plastics/dome_disguise05.html) . www.devo-obsesso.com . Retrieved 2022-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "::Plastics- Dome Reissue::" (https://devo-obsesso.com/html/gear_pgs/plastics/reissuedome.html) . devo-obsesso.com . Retrieved 2022-05-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "::DEVO - Plastics- NECA Energy Dome::" (https://devo-obsesso.com/html/gear_pgs/plastics/dome_neca04.html) . devo-obsesso.com . Retrieved 2022-05-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "::DEVO - Plastics- Energy Dome::" (https://devo-obsesso.com/html/gear_pgs/plastics/dome_08.html) . devo-obsesso.com . Retrieved 2022-05-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Photographic collection of Devo Energy domes and other custom plastic gear" (http://www.devo-obsesso.com/html/gear-plastics.html) . Devo-obsesso.com. 2010-05-18 . Retrieved 2013-01-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Fagerberg, Jerard (February 10, 2016). "Peter Saari immortalizes rock n roll royalty" (http://www.citypages.com/news/peter-saari-immortalizes-rock-n-roll-royalty-8033059) . citypages.com . City Pages . Retrieved March 7, 2020 . ...Devo's Bob Casale, whose family received an urn in the shape of the band's iconic energy dome after Casale died in 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-13) "DEVO's Selling $50 'Energy Dome' Face Shields" (https://nerdist.com/article/devo-50-dollar-energy-dome-face-shields/) . Nerdist . Retrieved 2022-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Devo - Live at the Whistler Medals Plaza (2010 Vancouver Olympics) , retrieved 2022-05-06 ^ (#cite_ref-15) "::Plastics- Blue Dome::" (https://devo-obsesso.com/html/gear_pgs/plastics/dome_blue.html) . devo-obsesso.com . Retrieved 2022-05-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Description of the Energy Dome on the official Devo website" (http://www.devo-obsesso.com/html/dome.html) . Devo-obsesso.com . Retrieved 2013-01-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Mark Mothersbaugh Interview" (http://www.fecalface.com/SF/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=949&Itemid=92) . fecalface.com . Fecal Face. 3 January 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Price, Mark J. (2022-09-23). "No place like Devo: Gerald Casale revisits childhood home in Kent" (https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/09/23/devo-gerald-casale-revisits-childhood-home-in-kent/66046669007/) . Akron Beacon Journal (/wiki/Akron_Beacon_Journal) . Retrieved 2022-09-23 . When Casale was attending St. Patrick School in Kent, he would stare at the art-deco sconces on the ceiling. Years later, those ornaments inspired his design of the red hats in Devo. External links [ edit ] Video of the energy dome manufacturing process (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFskUFNI4qA) v t e Devo (/wiki/Devo) Gerald Casale (/wiki/Gerald_Casale) Mark Mothersbaugh (/wiki/Mark_Mothersbaugh) Bob Mothersbaugh (/wiki/Bob_Mothersbaugh) Josh Freese (/wiki/Josh_Freese) Josh Hager Bob Casale (/wiki/Bob_Casale) Alan Myers (/wiki/Alan_Myers_(drummer)) Jim Mothersbaugh (/wiki/Jim_Mothersbaugh) Bob Lewis (/wiki/Bob_Lewis_(musician)) Fred Weber Rod Reisman (/wiki/Rod_Reisman) David Kendrick (/wiki/David_Kendrick) Studio albums Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo! (/wiki/Q._Are_We_Not_Men%3F_A:_We_Are_Devo!) (1978) Duty Now for the Future (/wiki/Duty_Now_for_the_Future) (1979) Freedom of Choice (/wiki/Freedom_of_Choice_(album)) (1980) New Traditionalists (/wiki/New_Traditionalists) (1981) Oh, No! It's Devo (/wiki/Oh,_No!_It%27s_Devo) (1982) Shout (/wiki/Shout_(Devo_album)) (1984) Total Devo (/wiki/Total_Devo) (1988) Smooth Noodle Maps (/wiki/Smooth_Noodle_Maps) (1990) Something for Everybody (/wiki/Something_for_Everybody_(Devo_album)) (2010) Live albums Now It Can Be Told: Devo at the Palace (/wiki/Now_It_Can_Be_Told:_Devo_at_the_Palace) (1989) Devo Live: The Mongoloid Years (/wiki/Devo_Live:_The_Mongoloid_Years) (1992) DEV-O Live (/wiki/DEV-O_Live) (1999) Devo Live 1980 (/wiki/Devo_Live_1980) (2005) Hardcore Devo Live! (/wiki/Hardcore_Devo_Live!) (2015) Compilation albums E-Z Listening Disc (/wiki/E-Z_Listening_Disc) (1987) Devo's Greatest Hits (/wiki/Devo%27s_Greatest_Hits) (1990) Devo's Greatest Misses (/wiki/Devo%27s_Greatest_Misses) (1990) Hardcore Devo: Volume One (/wiki/Hardcore_Devo:_Volume_One) (1990) Hardcore Devo: Volume Two (/wiki/Hardcore_Devo:_Volume_Two) (1991) Hot Potatoes: The Best of Devo (/wiki/Hot_Potatoes:_The_Best_of_Devo) (1993) Adventures of the Smart Patrol (/wiki/Devo_Presents_Adventures_of_the_Smart_Patrol_(album)) (1996) Pioneers Who Got Scalped: The Anthology (/wiki/Pioneers_Who_Got_Scalped:_The_Anthology) (2000) Recombo DNA (/wiki/Recombo_DNA) (2000) This Is the Devo Box (/wiki/This_Is_the_Devo_Box) (2008) Something Else for Everybody (/wiki/Something_for_Everybody_(Devo_album)#Something_Else_for_Everybody) (2013) 50 Years of De-Evolution 1973–2023 (/wiki/50_Years_of_De-Evolution_1973%E2%80%932023) (2023) EPs B Stiff (/wiki/B_Stiff_(EP)) (1977) Mechanical Man (/wiki/Mechanical_Man_(EP)) (1978) DEV-O Live (/wiki/DEV-O_Live) (1981) Theme from Doctor Detroit (/wiki/Theme_from_Doctor_Detroit) (1983) Watch Us Work It (/wiki/Watch_Us_Work_It) (2008) Song Study (/wiki/Song_Study) (2010) Singles " Mongoloid (/wiki/Mongoloid_(song)) " " Jocko Homo (/wiki/Jocko_Homo) " " (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction (/wiki/(I_Can%27t_Get_No)_Satisfaction) " " Be Stiff (/wiki/Be_Stiff) " " Secret Agent Man (/wiki/Secret_Agent_Man_(Johnny_Rivers_song)) " " Girl U Want (/wiki/Girl_U_Want) " " Whip It (/wiki/Whip_It_(Devo_song)) " " Freedom of Choice (/wiki/Freedom_of_Choice_(song)) " " Through Being Cool (/wiki/Through_Being_Cool_(Devo_song)) " " Beautiful World (/wiki/Beautiful_World_(Devo_song)) " " Working in the Coal Mine (/wiki/Working_in_the_Coal_Mine) " " Peek-a-Boo! (/wiki/Peek-a-Boo!) " " That's Good (/wiki/That%27s_Good_(song)) " " Are You Experienced? (/wiki/Are_You_Experienced%3F_(song)) " " Here to Go (/wiki/Here_to_Go) " " Disco Dancer (/wiki/Disco_Dancer_(Devo_song)) " " Watch Us Work It (/wiki/Watch_Us_Work_It) " Home video releases The Men Who Make the Music (/wiki/The_Men_Who_Make_the_Music) Human Highway (/wiki/Human_Highway) We're All Devo (/wiki/We%27re_All_Devo) The Complete Truth About De-Evolution (/wiki/The_Complete_Truth_About_De-Evolution) Devo Live (/wiki/Devo_Live) Devo Live 1980 (/wiki/Devo_Live_1980) Hardcore Devo Live! (/wiki/Hardcore_Devo_Live!) Related articles Discography (/wiki/Devo_discography) Characters (/wiki/Characters_in_Devo_music_videos) ( Booji Boy (/wiki/Booji_Boy) General Boy (/wiki/General_Boy) ) Church of the SubGenius (/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius) Devo 2.0 (/wiki/Devo_2.0) Devo Presents Adventures of the Smart Patrol (/wiki/Devo_Presents_Adventures_of_the_Smart_Patrol_(video_game)) Energy dome Jihad Jerry & the Evildoers (/wiki/Jihad_Jerry_%26_the_Evildoers) Mutato Muzika (/wiki/Mutato_Muzika) The Beginning Was the End (/wiki/The_Beginning_Was_the_End) " Dare to Be Stupid (/wiki/Dare_to_Be_Stupid_(song)) " " The Mutants Are Revolting (/wiki/The_Mutants_Are_Revolting) " NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐4rchz Cached time: 20240712181205 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.343 seconds Real time usage: 0.442 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1258/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 44872/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4534/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 72056/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.220/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4703479/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 365.404 1 -total 49.43% 180.634 1 Template:Reflist 36.99% 135.150 13 Template:Cite_web 24.70% 90.255 1 Template:Devo_Discography 23.69% 86.562 1 Template:Navbox_musical_artist 20.44% 74.675 1 Template:Short_description 11.87% 43.384 2 Template:Pagetype 5.28% 19.286 4 Template:Main_other 4.58% 16.749 1 Template:SDcat 4.20% 15.333 4 Template:Citation Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1751082-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712181205 and revision id 1231316780. 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Traditional Gibson style English clogs made in Lancashire (/wiki/Lancashire) . Similar style clogs are made throughout the Kingdom. Note the plastic soling to protect the wood from wear. A British clog is a wooden-soled clog (/wiki/Clog_(shoe)) from Great Britain (/wiki/Great_Britain) . The uppers (/wiki/Shoe#Construction) are typically leather, and many variations exist in style and fastening. History [ edit ] Lancashire mill girls in 1874 relaxing at lunchtime. Detail showing English style clogs worn by some of the girls. Clogs made by mental patients There are two explanations of the development of the English style clog. They may have evolved from pattens (/wiki/Pattens) which were slats of wood held in place by thonging or similar strapping (/wiki/Strap) . They were usually worn under leather or fabric shoes to raise the wearer's foot above the mud of the unmade road, not to mention commonly dumped human effluent (/wiki/Effluent) and animal dung (/wiki/Feces) . Those too poor to afford shoes (/wiki/Shoe) wore wood directly against the skin or hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) , and thus the clog was developed, made of part leather and part wood. Alternatively they have been described as far back as Roman times, possibly earlier. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkley2012-1) The wearing of clogs in Britain became more visible with the Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) , when industrial workers needed strong, cheap footwear. Men and women wore laced and clasped clogs respectively, the fastening clasps being of engraved brass or more commonly steel. Nailed under the sole at toe and heel were clog irons , called calkers [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartleyIngilby1968101-2) or cokers , generally 3/8" wide x 1/4" thick with a groove down the middle to protected the nail heads from wear. The heyday of the clog in Britain was between the 1840s and 1920s and, although traditionally associated with Lancashire (/wiki/Lancashire) , they were worn all over the country, not just in the industrial North of England (/wiki/North_of_England) . [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECahill2008-3) [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury200130-4) Indeed, Mark Clyndes of Walkleys says "More clogs were worn down south than in the northern industrial towns". [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandscomb1990-5) The London fish docks, fruit markets and the mines of Kent being particularly noted. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandscomb1990-5) Clogs could be manufactured within hospitals to keep down the cost of clothing. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaidstone_Museum-6) Through manufacture, repair and wear clogs could become individually recognised. In the aftermath of disasters they could be a means of identifying the victims, as happened after the Clifton Hall Colliery (/wiki/Clifton_Hall_Colliery) disaster where at least two men could only be identified this way. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Clogs were sometimes handed out as part of poor relief; the Blackburn Weekly Telegraph recorded five people receiving "gifts of clogs or parcels of clothing" in 1912. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn_Weekly_Telegraph2012-10) Although associated in the popular mind with dancing, clogs are still used in industry and are available tested to EN345. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkley2012-1) Such clogs are particularly advantageous in metal working industries where hot swarf or splashes of molten metal may be found on the floor. In 1989 three shiploads of clogs were sent to The Netherlands due to the perceived inferiority of the Dutch clog in wet fields. [a] (#cite_note-11) Construction [ edit ] Sole of Gibson style English clog by Walkleys of Yorkshire. Note the cast at the toe and the rebate for the leather. Sole of Gibson style English clog by Walkleys of Yorkshire. In the past the English tended to employ Welsh and West Country alder (/wiki/Alder) , Scottish birch (/wiki/Birch) and Lincolnshire willow (/wiki/Willow) for the soles (/wiki/Sole_(shoe)) . The Welsh favoured alder (/wiki/Alder) , birch (/wiki/Birch) & sycamore (/wiki/Sycamore) . [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2015-12) for their clog soles (/wiki/Sole_(shoe)) . The traditional method of construction starts with gangs of itinerant woodsmen who would buy a stand of timber for the felling. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen:_Clog_Making2012-13) The regular gangs would operate in a similar fashion to coppice workers and circulate around 12 stands in 12 years to allow regrowth. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen:_CPRW2012-14) The timber was felled and sawn to length. Logs from larger trees were split; that from smaller coppice wood did not require splitting. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins1965-15) The billets were roughly shaped with a stock knife (/wiki/Stock_knife) and a deep notch put in where the sole and heel meet. [b] (#cite_note-16) All the work was done in green wood which is easier to work than seasoned wood. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins1965-15) The clog blocks were then generally stacked up in open pyramids to allow the air to circulate and seasoned for a few months. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins1965-15) The offcuts and waste was sold on, either as pea-sticks and firewood to provide money for food or else as fuel to the wool dyeing trade. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen:_Clog_Making2012-13) [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins1965-15) The seasoned wood was sold on to the master clogger who would finish the work on the now dry, seasoned wood. The same stock knives were used for shaping with two more pivot knives, the hollower and the gripper bit. The latter is used to cut the rebate to hold the upper. The final operation is to finish the sole perfectly smooth by rasps and short bladed knives. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins1965-15) Grew & Neergaard summise that a similar method was used in medieval times, in part from an illustration in the Mendel Housebook. A workman is shown using a small hand adze for finishing pattens with drawknives (or possibly stock knives) hanging on the wall behind. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewDe_Neergaard200498-17) The uppers are made from leather either cut according to patterns or stamped out. At the lighter end are various styles of sandals, then through shoe types to industrial, farming and army boots. When cutting either card or metal patterns are used, with the latter the knife makes a clicking sound and the term used is "clicking out". [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen:_CPRW2012-14) The vamp and the quarters and heel stiffener are stitched together and eyelets or fastenings attached. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins1965-15) Traditionally using Indian Water Buffalo Waxed Kip the uppers were stretched over a solid straight last, using lasting pincers and the hot Half Round Bottom Glazer to heat and soften the leather, and once cooled and set to shape were transferred and tack lasted onto the soles. In the 20th century sprung lasts became used allowing whatever leather utilised to be tacked directly to the soles The junction is secured with brass or steel clog welt tacks nailed over narrow strip of leather (the welt). Most clogs are finished off with external brass or steel toe tins to protect the toe of the clog when kicking or kneeling. Those on the leather welt strip covering the join of leather and wood are called "inners" and those covering the wooden soles are "outers". Clogs could have either or both. The steel toecap used in safety clogs is generally fitted under the leather and is another item again. Finally the soling is applied according to the customer's requirements. Clog-irons have been mentioned above, clogs are also shod (horse-shoe shaped rubber) or fully soled and heeled with rubber. Woods [ edit ] Alder (/wiki/Alder) was plentiful and cheap; the tree grows next to streams. The wood is easy to work by hand, but not durable in damp conditions. Like elm it needs to be fully immersed in water for it to be durable. It is quite light, and could be cut into a thick sole without adding too much weight. According to Grew and de Neergaard it is "resilient and extremely durable when wet, [and] has been the favourite material for clog-making in England right up to the present day". [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewDe_Neergaard200498-17) [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVigeon19771–27-18) It was popular in the hot industries (steel making for example) because replacement woods could be quickly made, [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECahill2008-3) and it was rarely constantly damp. However being relatively soft, it makes a poor dance clog, where sound is important. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen:_Can't_see_the_Trees_for_the_Woods2012-19) Another disadvantage is that the wood has a tendency to split if taken from the centre of the tree. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECahill2008-3) So much alder was used for clogs that in parts of Wales it was called Pren Clocsia (Clog Wood) rather than Gwern . [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen:_CPRW2012-14) Beech is a good wood for machining, but suffers from being heavy and having a short grain. Modern machined-beech soles tend to be thinner with a shallower cast (the curve to the toe). This is not a problem for factory work, but is a disadvantage for dancing and hill walking. In the former case there is less spring and in the latter case the wearer tends to cantilever off the tip of the toe which gets worn quickly. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen:_Can't_see_the_Trees_for_the_Woods2012-19) Machine soles were generally of flatter profile, possibly so as to get more soles from a balk of timber. "I'd sell my Grandmother for a ha'penny a pair". They were comfortable when standing at machinery all day, indeed the safety toecap made only fits a shallower sole with less "cast". Sycamore is light and hard with a longer grain than beech and wears well. It was the wood of choice in much of Pembrokeshire, where it was worked green. In a 1920s government survey of rural trades and crafts it was stated that the Welsh would pay double for Sycamore. However its use was unknown in many other parts of Wales. Sycamore can be worked wet without being seasoned as it is the most stable of woods, indeed it must be if the traditional carving tools are used, as it dries too hard to be commercially viable, possibly the reason it was little used. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECahill2008-3) Ash is considered by Tefor Owen to be the best wood for dance soles, but it does not wear as well as sycamore. If the clogs are only to be used on wooden floors he recommends it, otherwise the better-wearing properties of sycamore win out. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen:_Can't_see_the_Trees_for_the_Woods2012-19) Ash can have a tendency to delaminate along the growth rings when bruised. Willow is another wood with good resistance to moist conditions. It can be tough and resilient. Lincolnshire willow found favour amongst English cloggers, and Willow was also favoured in the Trough of Bowland (/wiki/Trough_of_Bowland) , but was never widely used in Wales. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins1965-15) Which type of Willow was used is uncertain, and as there are many varieties of willow tree, this information is not particularly helpful. (In a parallel example, Sycamore is a Maple, but Field Maple has far less split resistance, and Norway Maple dries out about as heavy as Beech.) United Kingdom legislation Pattens Act 1416 Act of Parliament Parliament of England (/wiki/Parliament_of_England) Long title (/wiki/Short_and_long_titles) No man shall make any pattens of aspe, upon pain of an hundred shillings. Citation (/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation) 4 Hen. 5 Stat. 2 (/wiki/4_Hen._5_Stat._2) . c. 3 Dates Royal assent (/wiki/Royal_assent) 18 November 1416 Commencement (/wiki/Coming_into_force) 19 October 1416 Other legislation Repealed by (/wiki/Repeal) Statute Law Revision Act 1863 (/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1863) Statute Law (Ireland) Revision Act 1872 (/wiki/Statute_Law_(Ireland)_Revision_Act_1872) Status: Repealed United Kingdom legislation Pattens Act 1464 Act of Parliament Parliament of England (/wiki/Parliament_of_England) Long title (/wiki/Short_and_long_titles) Patten-makers may make pattens of such asp as is not fit for shafts. Citation (/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation) 4 Edw. 4 (/wiki/4_Edw._4) . c. 9 Dates Royal assent (/wiki/Royal_assent) 28 March 1465 Commencement (/wiki/Coming_into_force) 21 January 1464 Other legislation Repealed by (/wiki/Repeal) Statute Law Revision Act 1863 (/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1863) Statute Law (Ireland) Revision Act 1872 (/wiki/Statute_Law_(Ireland)_Revision_Act_1872) Status: Repealed Closely related to the willow (in the same family, Salicaceae ) are the poplars, including the Aspen . The Aspen is used for French sabots (/wiki/Sabot_(shoe)) . [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewDe_Neergaard200499-20) In medieval England this wood was specifically banned for patten making by the Pattens Act 1416 ( 4 Hen. 5 Stat. 2 (/wiki/4_Hen._5_Stat._2) . c. 3) in order to preserve the stock for arrows. Anyone caught flouting the law was subject to a hundred shilling (£5) fine, half of which was paid to the Fletchers. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewDe_Neergaard200499-20) After 1464 the Pattens Act 1464 ( 4 Edw. 4 (/wiki/4_Edw._4) . c. 9) permitted the use of "such Timber of Asp, that is not apt, sufficient, nor convenient to be made into (arrowshafts)" because "Asp timber be the best and lightest Timber to make Pattens and Clogs". [c] (#cite_note-21) This may have been due to its resistance to abrasion when used as a bare sole against the ground. Leather [ edit ] Kip full grain leather was a Water Buffalo hide impregnated with tallow, oils and waxes; it was made in India. Split Kip was split leather and was often used just on the heel (the quarters). The presence of wax and oil made the leather hard, and necessitated a heated Half Round Bottom Glazer for shaping over the last. Kip lasts up to 40 years, but is no longer imported. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECahill2008-3) Crust-dyed chrome 2–4 mm thick is used by some makers. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2015-12) Vegetable tan leather can be too stiff, insufficiently strong and not waterproof, although some European Veg Tan can be very supple and tough. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2015-12) Clog-dancing [ edit ] Main article: Clog dance (/wiki/Clog_dance) Clog dancing should not be confused with Morris dancing (/wiki/Morris_dance) , which may be performed in clogs. There is a theory that clogging or clog dancing arose in these industrial textiles (/wiki/Textile) mills as a result of the mill workers entertaining themselves by syncopating foot taps with the rhythmic sounds made by the loom shuttles. Clog dancing (/wiki/Clog_dance) became a widespread pastime during this period in England. During the nineteenth century, competitions were held, and professional clog dancers performed in the music halls. Clog dancing is a continuing tradition in Wales (/wiki/Wales) . The difference between Welsh clogging and other step-dance traditions is that the performances do not only include complicated stepping, but also 'tricks' such as snuffing out a lit candle with the dancer's feet, toby stepping , which is similar to Cossack dancing, and high leaps into the air. Clog Fighting ('Purring') [ edit ] Main article: Shin-kicking (/wiki/Shin-kicking) Clog fighting (or shin-kicking), also known as 'purring', was a combative (/wiki/Combative) means of settling disputes in the mill towns of Lancashire. Clog fighting and its associated betting by spectators was illegal. [19] (#cite_note-22) [20] (#cite_note-23) [21] (#cite_note-24) [22] (#cite_note-25) [23] (#cite_note-26) It is all up and down fighting here. They fought quite naked, excepting their clogs. When one has the other down on the ground he first endeavors to choke him by squeezing his throat, then he kicks him on the head with his clogs. Sometimes they are very severely injured. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady2007Up_and_Down_Fighting-27) Trivia [ edit ] The Cloggies The Cloggies (/wiki/The_Cloggies) was a long running cartoon strip satirising Northerners. The cartoon popularised the existing use of cloggie to refer to people from the Northern industrial areas, particularly Lancashire. To Pop his Clogs The British expression "to pop his clogs" refers to a man dying. The most probably explanation is that if dead his clogs could be "popped" or pawned (/wiki/Pawned) , though some sources allow for the possibility that "pop" may come from "to pop off" or "to pop off the hooks", both meaning to die. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED-28) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-11) Handscomb quotes Mark Clyndes who bought Walkleys: "Three ship loads were dispatched to The Netherlands last year. Clogs are at their best in extremes of temperature or water and the all-wooden Dutch clog was clearly inferior to our own when used in wet fields because it leaked." ^ (#cite_ref-16) A stock knife is a large, long handled knife with a hook at the far end. The hook is engaged into an eye in the work bench and allows the workman to exert great force when required. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Petition by the patten-makers which led to the act. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewDe_Neergaard200499-20) Footnotes [ edit ] ^ a b Walkley 2012 (#CITEREFWalkley2012) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartleyIngilby1968101_2-0) Hartley & Ingilby 1968 (#CITEREFHartleyIngilby1968) , p. 101. ^ a b c d e Cahill 2008 (#CITEREFCahill2008) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadbury200130_4-0) Cadbury 2001 (#CITEREFCadbury2001) , p. 30. ^ a b Handscomb 1990 (#CITEREFHandscomb1990) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaidstone_Museum_6-0) Maidstone Museum (#CITEREFMaidstone_Museum) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Morley 1885 (#CITEREFMorley1885) , p. 19. Evidence of Sarah Valentine. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Morley 1885 (#CITEREFMorley1885) , p. 27. Evidence of Edwin Griffiths and Sarah Valentine. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Morley 1885 (#CITEREFMorley1885) , p. 39. Evidence of Ann Marshall. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn_Weekly_Telegraph2012_10-0) Blackburn Weekly Telegraph 2012 (#CITEREFBlackburn_Weekly_Telegraph2012) . ^ a b c Atkinson 2015 (#CITEREFAtkinson2015) . ^ a b Owen: Clog Making 2012 (#CITEREFOwen:_Clog_Making2012) . ^ a b c Owen: CPRW 2012 (#CITEREFOwen:_CPRW2012) . ^ a b c d e f g Jenkins 1965 (#CITEREFJenkins1965) . ^ a b Grew & De Neergaard 2004 (#CITEREFGrewDe_Neergaard2004) , p. 98. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVigeon19771–27_18-0) Vigeon 1977 (#CITEREFVigeon1977) , pp. 1–27. ^ a b c Owen: Can't see the Trees for the Woods 2012 (#CITEREFOwen:_Can't_see_the_Trees_for_the_Woods2012) . ^ a b c Grew & De Neergaard 2004 (#CITEREFGrewDe_Neergaard2004) , p. 99. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "What was clog fighting?" (https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/qa-what-were-wooden-clog-fights/) . HistoryExtra . Retrieved 5 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Carter, Helen (8 January 2016). "Purring and Parring: the mysterious history of Clog Fighting" (https://www.northernsoul.me.uk/clog-fighting-oldham/) . Northern Soul . Retrieved 5 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Britton, Paul (4 January 2016). "Brutal mill town 'sport' of clog fighting remembered at exhibition in Oldham" (http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/brutal-mill-town-sport-clog-10682401) . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 5 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Clog fighting was a real British martial art" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/clog-fighting-anna-fc-smith-s-gallery-oldham-exhibition-reveals-the-history-of-the-lost-british-martial-art-a6799901.html) . The Independent . 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Southworth, Phoebe (24 November 2021). "Take that, health and safety brigade! Ancient sport of shin-kicking returns" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/11/24/take-health-safety-brigade-shin-kicking-contest-returns/) . The Telegraph . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Retrieved 5 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrady2007Up_and_Down_Fighting_27-0) Brady 2007 (#CITEREFBrady2007) , Up and Down Fighting. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED_28-0) OED (#CITEREFOED) . References [ edit ] Atkinson, Jeremy (2015), Traditional English Clogs , retrieved 31 October 2015 Blackburn Weekly Telegraph (2012) [1912], Fighting Consumption. Blackburn C.O.S. and the Sanatorium Project. , Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council, archived from the original (http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageid=5161&language=eng) on 3 July 2013 , retrieved 11 July 2013 Brady, Chris (12 November 2007), English Clogging in Lancashire in the 1800/1900s , retrieved 25 June 2012 Cadbury, Deborah (2001), The Dinosaur Hunters , London: Fourth Estate, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-85702-963-1 Cahill, Mike (2008), A Brief History , archived from the original (http://www.clogger.eu/) on 5 March 2016 , retrieved 25 June 2012 Cahill, Mike (2006), Log to Clog , retrieved 25 June 2012 Grew, F.; De Neergaard, M. (2004), Shoes and Pattens: Finds from Medieval Excavations in London , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-85115-838-2 Handscomb, Mark (31 May 1990), "Walking roughshod over the shoe" (http://chrisbrady.itgo.com/clogmaker/clogmaker3.htm) , The Independent , London , retrieved 20 June 2012 Hartley, Marie (/wiki/Marie_Hartley_(author)) ; Ingilby, Joan (1968), Life and Tradition in the Yorkshire Dales (new ed.), Skipton: Dalesmen Publishing, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85825-084-7 Jenkins, J. Geraint (1965), "The English Clog Maker or Clogger" (http://chrisbrady.itgo.com/clogmaker/clogmaker1.htm) , Traditional Country Crafts , Routledge and Keegan Paul , retrieved 21 June 2012 Maidstone Museum, Exhibit cabinet , Pair of clogs made by patients and worn in the hospital laundry by patient workers Morley, Arnold, MP (31 July 1885), Report by Arnold Morley, Esq, M.P., upon the circumstances attending a fatal explosion which occurred on the 18th of June, 1885, in the Trencherbone mine of the Clifton Hall Colliery , 19th Century House of Commons Sessional Papers, 1884-85, Vol.XIV, p.813, HMSO {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) "pop" (https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/147790) . Oxford English Dictionary (/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) (Online ed.). Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . (Subscription or participating institution membership (https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.) Owen, Trefor (21 April 2012), Can't see the Trees for the Woods , retrieved 20 June 2012 Owen, Trefor (21 April 2012), Clog Making article 1 , retrieved 20 June 2012 Owen, Trefor (21 April 2012), CPRW article , retrieved 20 June 2012 Walkley (2012), Walkley Clog history continued , retrieved 18 June 2012 Vigeon, Evelyn (1977), "Clogs or Wooden soled shoes", Costume , vol. 11 External links [ edit ] Atkinson video of clog making (https://web.archive.org/web/20151101003447/http://www.clogmaker.co.uk/index.html) . Rough cutting (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCQgkJJz_tI) Hollowing (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ER3NTg_E_IU) Uppers (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgp4QqvaquI) Clasps (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcdvutX2yFA) Clog and Pattern (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYrw_9K8P9U) Walkley Clogs (http://www.clogs.co.uk) , largest clog maker in the UK. Mike Cahill (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305081332/http://www.clogger.eu/) , a brief history of clogging v t e Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Abandoned footwear (/wiki/Abandoned_footwear) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Blucher (/wiki/Blucher_shoe) Brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) Brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) Derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Monks (/wiki/Monk_shoe) Oxfords (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) (/wiki/Spectator_shoe) Winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepicker) Wholecuts (/wiki/Wholecut) Slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoe) Prince Albert slippers (/wiki/Slipper#Types) Loafers (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe#Types_of_loafer) Venetian-style shoes (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) Women's Ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) High-heeled footwear (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) Mojari (/wiki/Mojari) Mules (/wiki/Mule_(shoe)) Peep-toe shoes 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American vlogger Bethany Mota Mota in 2014 Personal information Born Bethany Noel Mota [1] (#cite_note-1) ( 1995-11-07 ) November 7, 1995 (age 28) [2] (#cite_note-draw-2) Merced County, California (/wiki/Merced_County,_California) , U.S. Occupations YouTuber vlogger (/wiki/Vlogger) fashion designer singer dancer YouTube information Channel Bethany Mota (https://www.youtube.com/user/Macbarbie07) Years active 2009–present Genres Vlogs (/wiki/Vlogs) hauls (/wiki/Haul_video) beauty (/wiki/Beauty_YouTubers) DIY (/wiki/DIY) fashion lifestyle food Subscribers 9.47 million [3] (#cite_note-YouTubeStatsBethany_Mota-3) Total views 839 million [3] (#cite_note-YouTubeStatsBethany_Mota-3) Creator Awards (/wiki/YouTube_Creator_Awards) 100,000 subscribers 2011 1,000,000 subscribers 2012 10,000,000 subscribers 2016 Last updated: January 22, 2024 Bethany Noel Mota (born November 7, 1995) is an American video blogger (/wiki/Video_blogger) . Starting with her YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) channel, Macbarbie07, created in 2009, she rose to fame for her haul videos (/wiki/Haul_video) , in which she shows her fashion and style purchases via the internet. She uploads videos of outfit ideas, makeup and hair tutorials, recipes, and do it yourself (/wiki/Do_it_yourself) ideas. She has since expanded into her own fashion line at Aéropostale (/wiki/A%C3%A9ropostale_(clothing)) . She has gone on multiple tours, which she calls her " Motavatours " to meet and interact with fans. She also appeared on Season 19 (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_19)) of Dancing with the Stars (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._TV_series)) . Early life [ edit ] Bethany Noel Mota was born on November 7, 1995, to Tammy and Tony Mota in Merced County, California (/wiki/Merced_County,_California) . [2] (#cite_note-draw-2) Mota is of Mexican (/wiki/Mexican_Americans) and Portuguese (/wiki/Portuguese_American) descent. [4] (#cite_note-4) She grew up in Los Banos, California and has an older sister named Brittany. She was homeschooled through most of her education but attended public school from third to sixth grade. [2] (#cite_note-draw-2) Mota attended dance and acting classes briefly during sixth grade. YouTube career [ edit ] Bethany Mota was one of the most popular YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) celebrities. [5] (#cite_note-5) Bethany Mota's first haul video (/wiki/Haul_video) was in June 2009. She began her YouTube channel in order to escape from the stress of bullying and rapidly gained followers, [6] (#cite_note-bi-6) which numbered 9.5 million in October 2015. [7] (#cite_note-7) Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) described her as "relentlessly upbeat and bouncy" and "a virtuoso of positivity". [6] (#cite_note-bi-6) As hauling became more popular on YouTube, retailers began to use it for marketing, and Mota was offered free cosmetics and gift cards. [8] (#cite_note-lat-8) Mota is ambivalent about promotional videos, [6] (#cite_note-bi-6) but when she does feature free products, she clearly identifies the products that she has not purchased. [8] (#cite_note-lat-8) In January 2014, Business Insider estimated that she made $40,000 a month on her videos. [6] (#cite_note-bi-6) In order to cultivate her fan following, she purchases prizes and awards to give them to fans who promote her videos. [6] (#cite_note-bi-6) Her fans are called "Mota-vators". [9] (#cite_note-9) Besides her fashion-related videos, she also maintains a more personal account, which she uses to discuss whatever interests her. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2014, she was selected to be among the content creators in YouTube's first advertising campaign. [11] (#cite_note-11) Mota has also appeared on YouTube's web show IMO , an opinion show aimed at teenagers. [12] (#cite_note-12) She also interviewed President Barack Obama (/wiki/Barack_Obama) on January 22, 2015 as part of a White House (/wiki/White_House) initiative to reach out to a broader audience following his 2015 State of the Union Address (/wiki/2015_State_of_the_Union_Address) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Personal life [ edit ] Since April 2017, Mota has been in a relationship with Emmy Award-winning choreographer (/wiki/Choreography) and fellow YouTuber Dominic Sandoval (/wiki/Dominic_Sandoval) . [14] (#cite_note-usdaynews.com-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Fashion career [ edit ] She has partnered with J. C. Penney (/wiki/J._C._Penney) and Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) , and, in December 2013, she launched a clothing, perfume, and accessories line at Aéropostale (/wiki/A%C3%A9ropostale_(clothing)) , over which she retains creative control. [6] (#cite_note-bi-6) She maintains a close relationship with her fans and incorporates their ideas into her fashion design. Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) called her style "laid-back-but-girly". [16] (#cite_note-tv-16) New announcements are made first to her social media accounts, which Aéropostale credits with increasing interest among teenage girls. [17] (#cite_note-17) The Salt Lake Tribune (/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune) described this relationship as unique, as both Mota and Aéropostale benefit in prestige from the deal, unlike traditional celebrity endorsements. [18] (#cite_note-18) As of June 2014, the retailer has yet to gain traction from these efforts. [19] (#cite_note-19) Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) reports that the collection has delivered "high average prices and margins" but still underperformed. [20] (#cite_note-20) While resting from YouTube, Mota also became the founder and co-designer of Atom&Matter (https://www.instagram.com/atomandmatter/?hl=en) , a line of delicate jewelry meant for everyday use. The brand came to fruition in 2019. The brand's pieces are described by her as a symbol of personal growth and transformation. She believes it can be a good and a new way to reach those audiences who don't watch her or know who she is. "I want this to also appeal to them," she said. [14] (#cite_note-usdaynews.com-14) In November 2020, she was the subject of a NYT profile, "Can a YouTube Queen Like Bethany Mota Create a Jewelry Realm? [21] (#cite_note-21) " In February 2021, Bloomberg interviewed her for a podcast, "Mota Creates Sustainable Fine Jewelry." [22] (#cite_note-22) Music [ edit ] On October 13, 2014, she released a single, "Need You Right Now", with producer-vocalist Mike Tompkins (/wiki/Mike_Tompkins_(musician)) . [23] (#cite_note-23) The song debuted in the Danish (/wiki/Denmark) top 40 record chart (/wiki/Record_chart) Tracklisten (/wiki/Tracklisten) at number thirty. [24] (#cite_note-den-24) On February 10, 2015, the official music video was released on Tompkin's YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) channel. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-NewMusic-26) On May 4, 2015, in an interview at YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) 's 10th anniversary's YT Fan Meet Up , Mota confirmed she is working on new music and possibly her debut studio album. [26] (#cite_note-NewMusic-26) In June 2015, a video of Bethany Mota singing " Flashlight (/wiki/Flashlight_(Jessie_J_song)) " on Kurt Hugo Scheneider (/wiki/Kurt_Hugo_Schneider) 's YouTube channel was released, which has since amassed over 24 million views. [27] (#cite_note-27) In August 2015, Mota wrote her own song, "Be Who You Wanna Be", and uploaded it on her YouTube channel. [28] (#cite_note-28) Other ventures [ edit ] In January 2014, she embarked on a tour called the "Motavatour", across the United States. [29] (#cite_note-29) In March 2014, Mota reported on the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (/wiki/Nickelodeon_Kids%27_Choice_Awards) for Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) . [30] (#cite_note-30) Mota also served as a guest judge in season 13 of Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) . [31] (#cite_note-31) On September 4, 2014, Mota was announced as a competitor on Dancing with the Stars (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._TV_series)) – season 19 (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_19)) . She paired with five-time champion Derek Hough (/wiki/Derek_Hough) . [32] (#cite_note-32) Mota and Hough reached the finals but were eliminated on Night 1, finishing in 4th place. [33] (#cite_note-33) She has also given talks in October 2015 about anti-bullying as part of National Bullying Prevention Month (/w/index.php?title=National_Bullying_Prevention_Month&action=edit&redlink=1) . [34] (#cite_note-34) In 2016, it was announced that Mota would be publishing her first book, a memoir called Make Your Mind Up: My Guide to Finding Your Own Style, Life, and Motavation!. [35] (#cite_note-35) Mota recently joined UNICEF Kid Power (/wiki/UNICEF_Kid_Power) as a brand ambassador Kid Power Champion. [36] (#cite_note-36) Dancing with the Stars performances [ edit ] average: 36.27 Week # Dance / Song Judges' scores Result Inaba Goodman J. Hough Tonioli 1 Jive (/wiki/Jive_(dance)) / " Shake It Off (/wiki/Shake_It_Off_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " 8 8 8 8 Safe 2 Foxtrot (/wiki/Foxtrot) / " All About That Bass (/wiki/All_About_That_Bass) " 8 9 8 8 Safe 3 Jazz (/wiki/Jazz_(dance)) / " Singin' in the Rain (/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain_(song)) " 10 10 1 10 10 Safe 4 Rumba / " Try (/wiki/Try_(Colbie_Caillat_song)) " 8 9 2 8 8 Safe 5 3 Hip-Hop (/wiki/Hip-hop_dance) / " She Came to Give It to You (/wiki/She_Came_to_Give_It_to_You) " 8 8 4 8 8 No elimination 6 Tango / " Jealous (I Ain't with It) (/wiki/Jealous_(I_Ain%27t_with_It)) " 9 9 5 9 9 Safe 7 Paso doble / " Run Boy Run (/wiki/Run_Boy_Run_(song)) " Team freestyle / " Black Widow (/wiki/Black_Widow_(Iggy_Azalea_song)) " 10 9 9 9 10 9 10 9 Safe 8 Salsa (/wiki/Salsa_(dance)) / " Babalu (/wiki/Babalu_(song)) " Cha-cha-cha dance-off / " Really Don't Care (/wiki/Really_Don%27t_Care) " 9 Awarded 9 3 9 extra 10 points Safe 9 Viennese Waltz / " Say You Love Me (/wiki/Say_You_Love_Me_(Jessie_Ware_song)) " Trio Argentine tango / "Jungle" 9 9 9 10 9 10 9 9 Safe 10 Semi-finals Samba (/wiki/Samba_(ballroom_dance)) / " I Want You Back (/wiki/I_Want_You_Back) " Contemporary (/wiki/Contemporary_dance) / "I Want You Back" (acoustic version) 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 Safe 11 Finals Jive (/wiki/Jive_(dance)) / " Shake It Off (/wiki/Shake_It_Off_(Taylor_Swift_song)) " Freestyle / "Revolution (District 78 Remix)" 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 4th place 1 Score given by guest judge Kevin Hart (/wiki/Kevin_Hart) in place of Goodman. 2 The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges. 3 This week only, for "Partner Switch-Up" week, Mota performed with Mark Ballas (/wiki/Mark_Ballas) instead of Hough. Hough performed with Sadie Robertson (/wiki/Sadie_Robertson) . 4 Score given by guest judge Jessie J (/wiki/Jessie_J) in place of Goodman. 5 Score given by guest judge Pitbull (/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)) in place of Goodman. Artistry [ edit ] Her debut single is generally pop (/wiki/Pop_music) and dance (/wiki/Dance_music) music, and has elements of electropop (/wiki/Electropop) . [26] (#cite_note-NewMusic-26) The follow-up to "I Need You Right Now", is described as an evolution from her first single with a new sound exploring stripped down acoustic music (/wiki/Acoustic_music) . [26] (#cite_note-NewMusic-26) Discography [ edit ] Year Single Peak positions Album DEN (/wiki/Tracklisten) [24] (#cite_note-den-24) 2014 "Need You Right Now" (feat. Mike Tompkins (/wiki/Mike_Tompkins_(musician)) ) 30 Filmography [ edit ] Film and television Year 2036 Title Role Notes 2014 Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) Guest judge Season 13, episode 4 [37] (#cite_note-37) Dancing with the Stars (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._TV_series)) Contestant on season 19 (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_19)) Finished in 4th place. 2018 Celebrity Undercover Boss (/wiki/Celebrity_Undercover_Boss) Boss / Expert advisor on Celebrity Undercover Boss (/wiki/Celebrity_Undercover_Boss) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Association Category Work Result 2014 Young Hollywood Awards (/wiki/2014_Young_Hollywood_Awards) [38] (#cite_note-38) Viral Superstar Herself Nominated Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/2014_Teen_Choice_Awards) [39] (#cite_note-39) Choice Web Star: Female Herself Won Choice Web Star: Fashion/Beauty Nominated Streamy Awards (/wiki/4th_Streamy_Awards) [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) Entertainer of the Year Herself Nominated Fashion Program Won 2015 Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/2015_Teen_Choice_Awards) [42] (#cite_note-42) Choice Web Star: Female Herself Won Choice Web Star: Fashion/Beauty Nominated Choice YouTuber Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/2016_Teen_Choice_Awards) Choice Web Star Female Herself Nominated Choice Web Star: Fashion/Beauty Won 2019 Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/2019_Teen_Choice_Awards) [43] (#cite_note-43) Choice Fashion/Beauty Web Star Herself Nominated Mota was named one of "The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014" by Time magazine (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) in 2014 [44] (#cite_note-44) and 2015. [45] (#cite_note-45) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Bethanynoelm on Instagram" (https://instagram.com/bethanynoelm) . Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . Retrieved September 15, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Mota, Bethany (May 8, 2013). "Draw My Life" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RywVBJKKlbg) . Youtube . Retrieved September 10, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "About Bethany Mota" (https://www.youtube.com/user/Macbarbie07/about) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Acciardo, Kelli (August 4, 2014). "Get to Know YouTube Powerhouse Bethany Mota & Win a $100 Aero Gift Card!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180625022058/http://www.latina.com/beauty/celebrity/bethany-mota-interview) . Latina (/wiki/Latina_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.latina.com/beauty/celebrity/bethany-mota-interview) on June 25, 2018 . Retrieved September 17, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hollister, Sean (January 20, 2014). "Meet Bethany Mota, the teen who turned YouTube shopping sprees into a fashion career" (https://www.theverge.com/culture/2014/1/20/5329356/bethany-mota-youtube-shopping-celebrity-turned-teen-fashion) . The Verge (/wiki/The_Verge) . Retrieved May 12, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Halperin, Alex (January 18, 2014). "THE BIG HAUL: This Teenage YouTube Shopping Star Makes Half-A-Million A Year And Has More Fans Than Vogue" (http://www.businessinsider.com/haul-teenage-youtube-shopping-star-bethany-mota-2014-1) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved May 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Rivera, Zayda (October 27, 2015). "Bethany Mota Confirmed As Most Influential Teen By Top Honor" (http://www.latina.com/entertainment/celebrity/bethany-mota-most-influential-teen-time) . Latina (/wiki/Latina_(magazine)) . Retrieved December 5, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chang, Andrea (August 1, 2010). "Teen 'haulers' become a fashion force" (https://articles.latimes.com/2010/aug/01/business/la-fi-teen-haulers-20100801) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved May 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Lybrand, Sarah (April 21, 2014). "From Bullied to Bank: How Bethany Mota Created a YouTube and Fashion Empire" (https://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/driven/bullied-to-bank--bethany-mota-s-youtube-empire-133655143.html) . Yahoo! Finance (/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance) . Retrieved May 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Kim, Eun Kyung (January 24, 2014). "Bethany Mota is the YouTube star you've never heard of (but your teen has)" (http://www.today.com/style/bethany-mota-youtube-star-youve-never-heard-your-teen-has-2D11988771) . Today.com (/wiki/Today.com) . Retrieved May 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Friedlander, Emilie (May 30, 2014). "Social Anxiety: The Tragic Necessity of YouTube Star Bethany Mota" (http://www.thefader.com/2014/05/30/social-anxiety-the-tragic-necessity-of-youtube-star-bethany-mota/) . The Fader (/wiki/The_Fader) . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Chmielewski, Dawn C. (June 24, 2012). "OMG, it's a YouTube channel just for millennials" (https://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/24/entertainment/la-ca-millennial-tv-20120624) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Sommers, Chloe (January 23, 2015). "YouTube stars interview Obama and things get weird" (http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/23/politics/youtube-obama-interview/) . CNN . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150125030549/http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/23/politics/youtube-obama-interview/) from the original on January 25, 2015 . Retrieved January 24, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "YouTuber's Life From Being Bullied to Bethany Mota's Jewelry" (https://usdaynews.com/celebrities/bethany-mota-jewelry/) . US day News . June 13, 2022 . Retrieved June 26, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Bethany Mota [@bethanynoelm] (April 18, 2020). "Happy 3 year anniversary to my best friend and soul mate 🥰 i love you with all my heart honey ♥️ also this post is making me realize we should take more pictures together. 😆😘" (https://www.instagram.com/p/B_Ie2QYhyRU/) – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-tv_16-0) "Bethany Mota Models Her Aeropostale Threads and Talks Design Inspiration" (http://www.teenvogue.com/fashion/spring-trends/2014-01/bethany-mota-aeropostale) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Retrieved May 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Binns, Jessica (May 19, 2014). "Aeropostale Makes Magic With Blogger Bethany Mota" (http://apparel.edgl.com/news/Aeropostale-Makes-Magic-With-Blogger-Bethany-Mota92846) . Apparel Magazine . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Dalrymple, Jim (February 14, 2014). "You've never heard of YouTube star Bethany Mota, but she's going to change the way you shop" (http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/money/57543300-79/mota-aeropostale-girls-com.html.csp) . The Salt Lake Tribune (/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune) . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Germano, Sara (June 2, 2014). "Aeropostale 'Between a Rock and a Hard Place' (https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/06/02/aeropostale-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/) " (https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/06/02/aeropostale-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Aeropostale's Future Looks Uncertain Following Subdued Results, Downbeat Guidance And Sycamore Deal" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/03/20/aeropostales-future-looks-uncertain-following-subdued-results-downbeat-guidance-and-sycamore-deal/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . March 20, 2014 . Retrieved June 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Felder, Rachel (November 16, 2020). "Can a YouTube Queen Like Bethany Mota Create a Jewelry Realm?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/fashion/jewelry-bethany-mota-youtube.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved March 17, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Mota Creates Sustainable Fine Jewelry (Podcast)" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/audio/2021-02-16/mota-creates-sustainable-fine-jewelry-podcast) . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved March 17, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Lindner, Emily (October 13, 2014). "Bethany Mota's New Song 'Need You Right Now' Proves There's Nothing She Can't Do" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141016062856/http://www.mtv.com/news/1961448/bethany-mota-need-you-right-now/) . MTV (/wiki/MTV) . Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/1961448/bethany-mota-need-you-right-now/) on October 16, 2014 . Retrieved October 13, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Bethany Mota discography" (https://danishcharts.dk/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bethany+Mota) . danishcharts.dk . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 25, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Pittman, Taylor. "Bethany Mota Leads A Colorful Dance Party In 'Need You Right Now' Music Video" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/12/bethany-mota-need-you-right-now-video_n_6670436.html) . Huffington Post . Retrieved May 9, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Van de Wall, Virginia (May 4, 2015). "EXCLUSIVE: Bethany Mota Is Working on New Music!" (http://www.j-14.com/posts/bethany-mota-is-working-on-new-music-57589) . J-14.com . J-14 Magazine . Retrieved May 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Flashlight - Bethany Mota - Pitch Perfect 2 / Jessie J Cover , June 24, 2015 , retrieved March 19, 2020 ^ (#cite_ref-28) Mota, Bethany (August 14, 2015). "Be Who You Want To Be | Bethany Mota" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jP3cKvNesw) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Retrieved March 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Peterson, Hayley (February 4, 2014). "Check Out The Insane Line Of People Waiting To See Teen YouTube Superstar Bethany Mota" (http://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-star-bethany-mota-draws-crowds-2014-2) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved June 13, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Seemayer, Zach (March 30, 2014). "YouTube Star Bethany Mota Gets Celebs' Orange Carpet Beauty Tips" (http://www.etonline.com/awards/144934_Youtube_Star_Bethany_Mota_Gets_Celebs_Orange_Carpet_Beauty_Tips/) . Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) . Retrieved May 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Seikaly, Andrea (June 23, 2014). " (https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/project-runway-season-13-premiere-1201242197/) 'Project Runway' Season 13 Premieres Next Month" (https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/project-runway-season-13-premiere-1201242197/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Retrieved July 12, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Perlman, Jake (September 4, 2014). " (http://insidetv.ew.com/2014/09/04/dwts-season-19-celebrities/) 'Dancing with the Stars': Meet the season 19 competitors" (http://insidetv.ew.com/2014/09/04/dwts-season-19-celebrities/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Retrieved September 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Clarke, Suzan (November 24, 2014). " (https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/dancing-stars-2014-bethany-mota-falls-season-19/story?id=27147221) 'Dancing With the Stars' 2014: Bethany Mota Falls Out of Season 19 Finals" (https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/dancing-stars-2014-bethany-mota-falls-season-19/story?id=27147221) . ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) . Retrieved December 5, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Sawkar, Vineeta (October 21, 2015). "YouTube star Bethany Mota visits Twin Cities for bullying prevention campaign" (http://www.startribune.com/youtube-star-bethany-mota-visits-twin-cities-for-bullying-prevention-campaign/335051361/) . Star Tribune (/wiki/Star_Tribune) . Retrieved December 5, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Mota, Bethany (June 13, 2017). Make Your Mind up: My Guide to Finding Your Own Style, Life, and Motavation! . Gallery Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1501154492 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Bethany Mota: UNICEF Kid Power Champion" (https://unicefkidpower.org/champions/bethany-motas-global-holiday-mission/) . UNICEF Kid Power . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Turnquist, Kristi (August 15, 2014). " (http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/index.ssf/2014/08/project_runway_season_13_episo_3.html) 'Project Runway' Season 13, Episode 4: The designers suit up" (http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/index.ssf/2014/08/project_runway_season_13_episo_3.html) . The Oregonian (/wiki/The_Oregonian) . Retrieved September 4, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "2014 Young Hollywood Awards Nominees Include 'Pretty Little Liars,' 'Fault in Our Stars' (https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/young-hollywood-awards-nominees-2014-announced-1201251383/) " (https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/young-hollywood-awards-nominees-2014-announced-1201251383/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . June 26, 2014 . Retrieved December 22, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Hernandez, Brian Anthony (August 10, 2014). "YouTube and Vine Stars Win Big for #TeamInternet at Teen Choice Awards" (http://mashable.com/2014/08/10/teen-choice-awards-winners-web-youtube-vine/) . Mashable . Retrieved August 22, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Hurwitz, Daniel (September 8, 2014). "Tyler Oakley, Bethany Mota, Shay Carl take home Streamys" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/web-to-watch/entertainment/2014/09/07/web-to-watch-streamy-awards-2014-winners/15258591/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Retrieved September 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Bloom, David (August 27, 2014). "Grace Helbig, Hannah Hart To Host 4th Streamy Awards" (https://deadline.com/2014/08/grace-helbig-hannah-hart-streamy-awards-hosts-825435/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Retrieved September 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Winners Of Teen Choice 2015 Announced" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150818075858/http://www.teenchoice.com/article/winners-of-%E2%80%9Cteen-choice-2015%E2%80%9D-announced) . Fox. August 16, 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.teenchoice.com/article/winners-of-%E2%80%9Cteen-choice-2015%E2%80%9D-announced) on August 18, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Yang, Rachel (August 11, 2019). "Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees" (https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Retrieved December 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014" (http://time.com/3486048/most-influential-teens-2014/) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . October 13, 2014 . Retrieved December 5, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "The 30 Most Influential Teens of 2015" (http://time.com/4081618/most-influential-teens-2015/) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . October 27, 2015 . Retrieved December 5, 2015 . 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British model and actor (born 1979) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Charley_Speed) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Charley_Speed) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article includes a list of references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) , related reading (/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading) , or external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links) , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Please help improve (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check) this article by introducing (/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite) more precise citations. ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) does not include (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any references or sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources: "Charley Speed" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Charley+Speed%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Charley+Speed%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Charley+Speed%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Charley+Speed%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Charley+Speed%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Charley+Speed%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Charley Speed Speed in 2011 Born Charles Rufus Felix Speed ( 1979-07-28 ) 28 July 1979 (age 44) Windsor (/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire) , Berkshire (/wiki/Berkshire) , England Spouse Henriette speed Modelling information Height 6 ft 1.5 in (187 cm) Hair colour Light brown Eye colour Green (/wiki/Green) Agency Models 1 Agency (/w/index.php?title=Models_1_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1) JAM Agency (/w/index.php?title=JAM_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1) Website charleyspeed.co.uk (http://www.charleyspeed.co.uk/) Charley Speed (born 28 July 1979) is a British model (/wiki/Model_(person)) and actor. He became known in 1997 at the age of 17 when he co-modelled with Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) for a global Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) advertising campaign. Later that year, he won Male Model of the Year in the prestigious VH1 (/wiki/VH1) / Vogue Fashion Awards in New York. Speed has started a screen career on TV and film. In 2009 he played Brent in Wrong Turn 3 (/wiki/Wrong_Turn_3) . In 2010, he was one of the judges alongside Elle Macpherson (/wiki/Elle_Macpherson) in Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 6 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_6) . Speed appeared in August 2010 on Channel 5 The Wright Stuff (/wiki/The_Wright_Stuff) , the BBC's Something for the Weekend and on Channel 4's Hollyoaks (/wiki/Hollyoaks) alongside contestants of Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 6 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_6) . In October 2010 he was a guest on Radio 1 with Vernon Kay (/wiki/Vernon_Kay) . Speed again appeared on The Wright Stuff (/wiki/The_Wright_Stuff) , as a guest panelist, from Monday, 5 to Friday, 9 September 2011. Speed is currently filming Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model, Cycle 7 (/wiki/Britain_and_Ireland%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_7) . In this connection, he appeared, in a promotional role, on Channel 5's OK! TV (/wiki/OK!_TV) , on Friday, 23 September 2011, along with the competition's two finalists. Speed made an early New Year return to The Wright Stuff (/wiki/The_Wright_Stuff) by guesting on it daily, from Monday, 9 to Friday, 13 January 2012 and again from Monday, 2 April to Friday, 6 April 2012. References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Charley Speed official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20100106013027/http://charleyspeed.co.uk/) Charley Speed (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2112095/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model judges: Charley Speed (https://web.archive.org/web/20100703051541/http://www.bntm.tv/the-judges/charley-speed) Models 1: Charley Speed (http://www.models1.co.uk/details.asp?sac=&subid=4322&modelid=1851&areaid=&x=&sexid=&careerid=&curpage=3&SubmitSearch=&txtsoftsearch=&cboCareer=&cboSex=&cboEye=&cboHair=&cboBust=&cboCup=&cboEthnic=&cboHeightFrom=&cboHeightTo=&submit=) [ permanent dead link ] RTE Fashion interview with Charley Speed (https://web.archive.org/web/20100703154203/http://www.rte.ie/fashion/2010/0629/speedc.html) Digital Spy interview with Charley Speed (http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/realitybites/a224482/charley-speed-talks-elle-top-model.html) Seven Feet Apart interview with Charley Speed: (https://be.sevenfeetapart.com/the-reinvention-of-charley-speed/) The Reinventions of Charley Speed v t e Britain's Next Top Model (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model) Cycles 1 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_1) 2 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_2) 3 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_3) 4 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_4) 5 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_5) 6 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_6) 7 (/wiki/Britain_%26_Ireland%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_7) 8 (/wiki/Britain_%26_Ireland%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_8) 9 (/wiki/Britain_%26_Ireland%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_9) 10 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_10) 11 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_11) 12 (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_series_12) Hosts Lisa Butcher (/wiki/Lisa_Butcher) Lisa Snowdon (/wiki/Lisa_Snowdon) Elle Macpherson (/wiki/Elle_Macpherson) Abbey Clancy (/wiki/Abbey_Clancy) Paul Sculfor (/wiki/Paul_Sculfor) Judges Marie Helvin (/wiki/Marie_Helvin) Jonathan Phang (/wiki/Jonathan_Phang) Paula Hamilton (/wiki/Paula_Hamilton) Gerry DeVeaux (/wiki/Gerry_DeVeaux) Huggy Ragnarsson (/wiki/Huggy_Ragnarsson) Julien Macdonald (/wiki/Julien_Macdonald) Charley Speed Grace Woodward (/wiki/Grace_Woodward) Tyson Beckford (/wiki/Tyson_Beckford) Whitney Port (/wiki/Whitney_Port) Dannii Minogue (/wiki/Dannii_Minogue) Hilary Alexander (/wiki/Hilary_Alexander) Contestants (/wiki/List_of_Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_contestants) Winners Alex Evans (/wiki/Alex_Evans_(model)) Tiffany Pisani (/wiki/Tiffany_Pisani) Other alumni Abigail Clancy (/wiki/Abbey_Clancy) Jasmia Robinson (/wiki/Jasmia_Robinson) Georgina Edewor-Thorley (/wiki/Eku_Edewor) Rachael Cairns (/wiki/Rachael_Cairns) Sophie Sumner (/wiki/Sophie_Sumner) Jade McSorley (/wiki/Jade_McSorley) Charlotte Holmes (/wiki/Charlotte_Holmes) Susan Loughnane (/wiki/Susan_Loughnane) Juste Juozapaityte (/wiki/Juste_Juozapaityte) Lisa Madden (/wiki/Lisa_Madden) Holly Carpenter (/wiki/Holly_Carpenter) Alannah Beirne (/wiki/Alannah_Beirne) Simone Murphy (/wiki/Simone_Murphy) Related America's Next Top Model: British Invasion (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_18) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐qn5jg Cached time: 20240712182141 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.428 seconds Real time usage: 0.932 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2505/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 65365/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 13930/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18305/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.307/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6067231/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 593.300 1 -total 38.25% 226.953 1 Template:Infobox_model 24.65% 146.264 3 Template:Ambox 20.39% 121.000 1 Template:Short_description 18.75% 111.222 2 Template:Navbox 18.75% 111.219 1 Template:Britain's_Next_Top_Model 15.79% 93.709 1 Template:Multiple_issues 13.90% 82.443 23 Template:Main_other 12.46% 73.929 1 Template:Infobox 11.51% 68.262 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27897837-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712182141 and revision id 1219416063. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1770s fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1770s_fashion) . Fashion in the 1770s. 1720s (/wiki/Category:1720s_fashion) 1730s (/wiki/Category:1730s_fashion) 1740s (/wiki/Category:1740s_fashion) 1750s (/wiki/Category:1750s_fashion) 1760s (/wiki/Category:1760s_fashion) 1770s 1780s (/wiki/Category:1780s_fashion) 1790s (/wiki/Category:1790s_fashion) 1800s (/wiki/Category:1800s_fashion) 1810s (/wiki/Category:1810s_fashion) 1820s (/wiki/Category:1820s_fashion) 13th (/wiki/Category:13th-century_fashion) 14th (/wiki/Category:14th-century_fashion) 15th (/wiki/Category:15th-century_fashion) 16th (/wiki/Category:16th-century_fashion) 17th (/wiki/Category:17th-century_fashion) 18th (/wiki/Category:18th-century_fashion) 19th (/wiki/Category:19th-century_fashion) 20th (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) 21st (/wiki/Category:21st-century_fashion) 22nd 23rd NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fp64j Cached time: 20240721051048 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.137 seconds Real time usage: 0.228 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 276/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6266/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 367/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 23/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6719/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.096/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1524569/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 216.050 1 -total 59.31% 128.136 1 Template:Navseasoncats_with_centuries_below_decade 32.70% 70.654 1 Template:Commons_category 31.73% 68.558 1 Template:Sister_project 30.87% 66.702 1 Template:Side_box 14.08% 30.428 2 Template:If_then_show 6.42% 13.880 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 4.23% 9.148 1 Template:Category_other 3.46% 7.478 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 1.44% 3.119 1 Template:Title_decade Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38830016-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721051048 and revision id 1081501896. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "1770s fashion" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 1750–1775 in Western fashion (/wiki/1750%E2%80%931775_in_Western_fashion) 1775–1795 in Western fashion (/wiki/1775%E2%80%931795_in_Western_fashion) M Macaroni (fashion) (/wiki/Macaroni_(fashion)) P Parfilage (/wiki/Parfilage) Pouf (/wiki/Pouf) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1770s_fashion&oldid=1081501896 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1770s_fashion&oldid=1081501896) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1770s (/wiki/Category:1770s) 18th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:18th-century_fashion) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) 1770s in art (/wiki/Category:1770s_in_art) Fashion by decade (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_decade) Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Category series navigation decade and century (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_decade_and_century) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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Portrait of Susie Schmitt Hanson, c. 1885 Susie Schmitt Hanson (August 13, 1860–October 7, 1956) was a milliner, dressmaker and entrepreneur from Minnesota (/wiki/Minnesota) . As the owner of one of Waconia (/wiki/Waconia,_Minnesota) 's longest-running businesses, she remains a prominent figure in the history of that town. [1] (#cite_note-MNopedia-1) Susan "Susie" Schmitt was born on August 13, 1860, in the village of Chaska (/wiki/Chaska,_Minnesota) . She was one of eight children of John and Rosina Schmitt. The others were Andrew, Casper, Anna, Caroline, Bernice, and twins Joseph and Josephine. [1] (#cite_note-MNopedia-1) Schmitt was a talented seamstress from a young age. She turned that gift into a career spanning nearly seven decades, working on quilts, dresses, hats, hat pins, and more. Susie Schmitt first entered the millinery (/wiki/Millinery) (hat making) business in 1888 as an apprentice for four years in the city of St. Paul (/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota) . Afterward, she returned to Chaska to run a dressmaking (/wiki/Dressmaking) business. That business operated for twelve years. [1] (#cite_note-MNopedia-1) In 1898, Schmitt opened her own dressmaking and millinery shop in Waconia. Four years later, she moved the shop to a prime location on Main Street after purchasing the A. Ed. Kauder property for $2,300. At this new location, the store focused on millinery. Schmitt operated the business for forty-eight years, until she sold it to Mrs. Elva Ellison in 1946. She continued making and remodeling hats in a smaller shop. Schmitt also maintained scrapbooks of newspaper clippings of weddings, obituaries and key events, which are now in the Carver County Historical Society collection along with many of her photographs and examples of her work as a milliner. [1] (#cite_note-MNopedia-1) In July, 1912, Susie Schmitt married Charles Hanson, a local carpenter born in March 1861. The couple never had children of their own, leaving Schmitt to care for and spoil her nieces and nephews. After Hanson died on June 16, 1932, Schmitt outlived him by twenty-four years, until her own death on October 7, 1956, at the age of ninety-six. [1] (#cite_note-MNopedia-1) Notes [ edit ] ^ a b c d e Gould, Heidi. "Hanson, Susie Schmitt, (1860–1956)" (http://mnopedia.org/person/hanson-susie-schmitt-1860-1956) . MNopedia . Retrieved January 14, 2014 . References [ edit ] "Miss Susie Schmitt Married." Waconia Patriot , July 5, 1912. "Mrs. Hansen a Milliner 40 Years." Waconia Patriot , July 12, 1928. "Mrs. Hansen Sells Millinery Store." Waconia Patriot , June 13, 1946. "Purchase Property." Weekly Valley Herald , January 29, 1903. "Waconia's Oldest Citizen Died Sunday." Waconia Patriot , October 11, 1956. Further reading [ edit ] Ben-Yusuf, Anna. The Art of Millinery: A Complete Series of Practical Lessons for the Artiste and the Amateur. New York: Millinery Trade Publishing Co., 1909. Powell, Vee Walker. How to Make Hats and Accessories. Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing Co., 1946. Schilling, Trish Carney. Millinery Preservation : Storage, Display, Tools, Steam, Felt, Straw, Fabric, Trims, Repairs-Hat Bodies, Repairs-Wires & Headsize Chart. Minneapolis: Minneapolis Millinery, 1999. This article incorporates text from MNopedia (/wiki/MNopedia) , which is licensed (http://www.mnopedia.org/copyright) under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License) . 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐88fb86f5‐c92pg Cached time: 20240705074203 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:61351645-0!canonical and timestamp 20240705074203 and revision id 1184263941. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Models from Lagos" The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Damilola Adegbite (/wiki/Damilola_Adegbite) Tana Adelana (/wiki/Tana_Adelana) Somadina Adinma (/wiki/Somadina_Adinma) Afeez Agoro (/wiki/Afeez_Agoro) Adeola Ariyo (/wiki/Adeola_Ariyo) B Tobi Bakre (/wiki/Tobi_Bakre) E Omotola Jalade Ekeinde (/wiki/Omotola_Jalade_Ekeinde) Diana Eneje (/wiki/Diana_Eneje) I IllRymz (/wiki/IllRymz) N Mayowa Nicholas (/wiki/Mayowa_Nicholas) O Olaide Olaogun (/wiki/Olaide_Olaogun) Felix Ugo Omokhodion (/wiki/Felix_Ugo_Omokhodion) Oluchi Onweagba (/wiki/Oluchi_Onweagba) Olajumoke Orisaguna (/wiki/Olajumoke_Orisaguna) Titi Oyinsan (/wiki/Titi_Oyinsan) U Anita Uwagbale (/wiki/Anita_Uwagbale) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_Lagos&oldid=1184263941 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_Lagos&oldid=1184263941) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : People from Lagos by occupation (/wiki/Category:People_from_Lagos_by_occupation) Models by city (/wiki/Category:Models_by_city) Nigerian models (/wiki/Category:Nigerian_models)
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Woman's garment having a loosely draped fabric collar A cowl neck is a neckline (/wiki/Neckline) consisting of a loose draped fabric collar. [1] (#cite_note-bof-1) The term can describe the neckline of a wide variety of garments, from the draped neckline of an evening gown to a raised neckline of knitwear similar to a turtleneck (/wiki/Polo_neck) . [2] (#cite_note-www-2) The neckline was introduced in the 1920s by Madeleine Vionnet (/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet) based on her study of ancient Grecian sculptures (/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture) . [3] (#cite_note-taylor-3) The style is named for the cowl (/wiki/Cowl) , a feature of monastic dress that serves as both a collar and a hood. Cowl-necked pajamas created circa 1930 by Denise Vandervelde-Borgeaud based on designs by Madeleine Vionnet History [ edit ] 20th century [ edit ] Inspired by the draped garments of antiquity, Madeleine Vionnet created the cowl neckline in the 1920s using the bias cut (/wiki/Bias_cut) technique that she helped to popularize. [3] (#cite_note-taylor-3) The cowl neck enjoyed the peak of its popularity in the 1930s. [1] (#cite_note-bof-1) Cowl neck sweaters were popular in the 1970s. [4] (#cite_note-4) Dresses of the disco (/wiki/Disco) era also frequently had cowl necks. [5] (#cite_note-5) Cowl necklines were a common feature of slip dresses (/wiki/Slip_dress) made in the 1990s by designers such as John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) . 21st century [ edit ] Pippa Middleton in her cowl-necked bridesmaid gown. Two of the most notable garments of the early 2010s featured a cowl neckline. Lady Gaga's (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) cowl-necked meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) , created by Franc Fernandez (/wiki/Franc_Fernandez) , caused a stir at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2010_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) . [6] (#cite_note-6) At the 2011 wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) , Pippa Middleton (/wiki/Pippa_Middleton) attracted media attention for wearing a form-fitting dress featuring a cowl neck. [7] (#cite_note-7) Designed by Sarah Burton for Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) , the dress quickly generated demand for high street (/wiki/High_Street) replicas. [8] (#cite_note-8) The cowl neck experienced a resurgence in the late 2010s as part of renewed interest in 1990s fashion (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) . [2] (#cite_note-www-2) Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) has been cited as an important driver of the trend. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) See also [ edit ] Polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) Boat neck (/wiki/Boat_neck) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Morton, Camilla. "Fashion A-Z" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/education/fashion-az/cowl-neckline) . Business of Fashion . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Montgomery, Joy. "Everyone's Favorite Teenage Trend Is Back and All Over Instagram Already" (https://www.whowhatwear.com/cowl-neck-fashion-trend) . Who What Wear . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, Kerry (2017). Vintage Fashion & Couture (2 ed.). Octopus Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781845338565 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Butler, Grant. "Back-to-school fashion: How many of these looks from the 1970s-2000s do you remember?" (https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/erry-2018/08/d71ee009e33151/backtoschool-fashion-how-many.html) . The Oregonian . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bramley, Ellie. "Tommy Hilfiger and Zendaya rock the Apollo for NY fashion week" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/sep/09/tommy-hilfiger-and-zendaya-rock-the-apollo-for-ny-fashion-week) . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Graddon, Frankie. "Raising the steaks: The impact of Lady Gaga's meat dress 10 years on" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/lady-gaga-meat-dress-mtv-vma-awards-shallow-b423422.html) . Independent.co.uk . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Carter, Claire. "Pippa Middleton: my bridesmaid dress fitted a little too well" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/pippa-middleton/10661951/Pippa-Middleton-my-bridesmaid-dress-fitted-a-little-too-well.html) . Telegraph.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Bergin, Olivia. "Debenhams produce £170 copy of Pippa Middleton's bridesmaid dress" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131110152630/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8681704/Debenhams-produce-170-copy-of-Pippa-Middletons-bridesmaid-dress.html) . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8681704/Debenhams-produce-170-copy-of-Pippa-Middletons-bridesmaid-dress.html) on 2013-11-10 . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Freeman, Ellen. "Red Carpet Trend: Return of the Cowl Neck" (https://www.thefashionspot.com/celebrity-fashion/551909-cowl-neck-trend/#/slide/7) . The Fashion Spot . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Leitch, Luke. "Vivienne Westwood Red Label Fall 2015 Ready-to-Wear" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2015-ready-to-wear/vivienne-westwood) . 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Fashion executive (born 1963) Not to be confused with her own cousin, Patrizia Gucci (/wiki/Patrizia_Gucci) , or Maurizio Gucci's ex-wife, Patrizia Reggiani (/wiki/Patrizia_Reggiani) . Patricia Gucci Born ( 1963-03-01 ) 1 March 1963 (age 61) London, England Education Aiglon College (/wiki/Aiglon_College) Occupation Fashion executive Children 3, including Alexandra Zarini (/wiki/Alexandra_Zarini) Parent Aldo Gucci (/wiki/Aldo_Gucci) (father) Relatives Guccio Gucci (/wiki/Guccio_Gucci) (grandfather) Paolo Gucci (/wiki/Paolo_Gucci) (brother) Rodolfo Gucci (/wiki/Rodolfo_Gucci) (uncle) Maurizio Gucci (/wiki/Maurizio_Gucci) (cousin) Patricia Gucci (born 1 March 1963) is an Italian businesswoman and member of the Gucci family. She is the only daughter of Aldo Gucci (/wiki/Aldo_Gucci) and granddaughter of Guccio Gucci (/wiki/Guccio_Gucci) who founded the company in 1921. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes2020-09-09-1) Biography [ edit ] She is the daughter of Aldo Gucci (/wiki/Aldo_Gucci) , the patriarch of the Gucci fashion empire, and Bruna Palombo; the two met when Bruna was working at the Gucci flagship store in Rome. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) He was still married to the mother of his three sons, and adultery was illegal in Italy, so they lived in England. [3] (#cite_note-harpersbazaar2016-05-11-3) They married when Patricia was twenty-four years old. Patricia was elected to Gucci's Board of directors at age nineteen. In 2016, Patricia published a memoir, In the Name of Gucci , [3] (#cite_note-harpersbazaar2016-05-11-3) in which she revealed that she did not learn that her father had another family and wife until she was ten years old. [3] (#cite_note-harpersbazaar2016-05-11-3) Her elder half-brother Paolo Gucci (/wiki/Paolo_Gucci) broke away from the family firm and tried to set up a rival company. [4] (#cite_note-4) In Aldo's last years, he was involved in a tax scandal and his sons, together with his nephew Maurizio, squeezed control of Gucci away from him. Aldo, in turn, made Patricia his sole heir. The Gucci family business was fully sold in 1993 by Patricia's cousin Maurizio Gucci (/wiki/Maurizio_Gucci) . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) In 2018, she founded Aviteur, a luxury travel lifestyle company. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Personal life [ edit ] She has three daughters, Alexandra (/wiki/Alexandra_Zarini) , Victoria, and Isabella. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Gucci was married to Joseph Ruffalo, a music executive who worked with Prince (/wiki/Prince_(musician)) and Earth, Wind & Fire (/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-latimes2020-09-10-6) Gucci divorced Ruffalo in 2007, because he had sexually abused her daughters Alexandra (/wiki/Alexandra_Zarini) and Victoria since the early 1990s. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes2020-09-09-1) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2020, Patricia Gucci was named in a lawsuit brought forward by her daughter Alexandra for the childhood abuse by her stepfather. [1] (#cite_note-nytimes2020-09-09-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Vanessa Friedman (2020-09-09). "Gucci Heir Alleges Child Sexual Abuse: Alexandra Zarini, the great-granddaughter of Guccio Gucci, has filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles against three family members" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/09/style/gucci-family-lawsuit.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . p. D1 . Retrieved 2020-09-09 . In 2016, Patricia Gucci published a memoir, "In the Name of Gucci," about her life and her parents' relationship, which began in secret and lasted 30 years. Aldo Gucci, her father, was already married and had three sons when he met her mother, a sales clerk in the Rome store; they began an affair at a time when adultery was illegal in Italy. ^ a b c d Elizabeth Paton (2019-09-27). "A Gucci Name Comes with Baggage" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/27/style/luggage-patricia-gucci-aviteur.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-10-23 . ^ a b c Kate Storey (2016-05-11). "Sitting Down With the Secret Gucci Love Child" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/a15550/patricia-gucci-interview/) . Harpers Bazaar (/wiki/Harpers_Bazaar) . Retrieved 2020-09-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) E. R. Shipp (1982-07-20). "A GUCCI SUES RELATIVES (Published 1982)" (https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/20/style/a-gucci-sues-relatives.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-10-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Edward Helmore (2020-09-10). "Gucci heiress files lawsuit alleging stepfather sexually abused her" (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/10/alexandra-zarini-gucci-stepfather-joseph-ruffalo-sexual-abuse-lawsuit) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2020-10-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-latimes2020-09-10_6-0) "A Gucci family secret: Heiress alleges she was sexually abused from age 6 onward" (https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-09-10/a-gucci-family-secret-heiress-alleges-she-was-sexually-abused-from-age-6-onward) . Los Angeles Times . 2020-09-10 . Retrieved 2020-10-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Friedman, Vanessa (2021-05-28). "A Sexual Abuse Lawsuit Splits the Gucci Family" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/28/style/child-sexual-abuse-lawsuit-gucci-family.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2021-12-04 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://patriciagucci.com/) v t e Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) People Guccio Gucci (/wiki/Guccio_Gucci) (founder) Cristóbal Balenciaga (/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga) Aldo Gucci (/wiki/Aldo_Gucci) Maurizio Gucci (/wiki/Maurizio_Gucci) Paolo Gucci (/wiki/Paolo_Gucci) Rodolfo Gucci (/wiki/Rodolfo_Gucci) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) Patricia Gucci Brands Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) Boucheron (/wiki/Boucheron) Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) Subsidiaries Doccia porcelain (/wiki/Doccia_porcelain) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐bn22c Cached time: 20240712181513 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.345 seconds Real time usage: 0.472 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2044/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26771/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1498/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39441/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.234/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6147293/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 446.607 1 -total 31.40% 140.228 1 Template:Infobox_person 27.22% 121.584 1 Template:Reflist 22.17% 99.003 6 Template:Cite_news 19.97% 89.179 1 Template:Gucci 19.61% 87.578 1 Template:Navbox 13.98% 62.422 1 Template:Short_description 10.59% 47.288 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.12% 40.724 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 7.80% 34.818 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:65274404-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712181513 and revision id 1222945121. 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This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victorious_22&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( October 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Victorious 22 ( V22LA ) is a Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) based fashion line in denim, leather jackets, pants, purses, and accessories. It was started in 2010 by Frank Rodriguez and his wife Angela. [ citation needed ] History and overview [ edit ] Rj Mitte modeling V22 clothing line Frank Rodriguez got his start as a designer in the 1980s, designing leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) and selling them to stores on Melrose Avenue (/wiki/Melrose_Avenue) in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . [1] (#cite_note-1) It was around this time that Angela Smith was making hand-sewn bags and bone jewelry (/wiki/Jewellery) , which she also sold in stores on Melrose Avenue (/wiki/Melrose_Avenue) and other boutique shops throughout Los Angeles. [2] (#cite_note-2) Being a lifelong rider and builder of bikes and cars, Rodriguez gained notoriety for his luxe custom bikes as owner and operator of Excalibur Choppers. [3] (#cite_note-Dark_Beauty-3) [4] (#cite_note-Biker-4) After leaving the world of custom bike building, Rodriguez and Smith started V22LA out of a small Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_California) apartment with a collection for men, using high quality denim, selvedge denim (/wiki/Selvedge) , and hand-picked leather. The line expanded into jewelry, objets d’art, and handmade items for the home. The couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) women's line came along in 2012, which included bags, motorcycle jackets (/wiki/Motorcycle_jackets) and jewelry in the vein of punk rock, bohemian and rock 'n roll style. [ citation needed ] Expansion [ edit ] V22LA began in a small North Hollywood apartment and later expanded to a 7000- square feet showroom and compound. The company plans to bring all manufacturing to the other floors of the building which it now occupies in the fashion district of Downtown Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , so that all production will be in-house. The company decided to keep operations within the US, and turned down offers to manufacture elsewhere. It ambitions to export high end apparel to overseas markets. [3] (#cite_note-Dark_Beauty-3) A storefront in Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Japan (/wiki/Japan) was opened in 2011. The company plans to expand its business to China (/wiki/China) marketplace by the end of 2015. [ citation needed ] Reception [ edit ] The clothing line has been featured in numerous publications and art magazines, of those include: Dark Beauty (/wiki/Dark_Beauty) , [3] (#cite_note-Dark_Beauty-3) Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) , Astonish, [5] (#cite_note-5) Inked (magazine) (/wiki/Inked_(magazine)) , This is Rock Spain, [6] (#cite_note-this_is_rock-6) Easyriders (/wiki/Easyriders) , [7] (#cite_note-Easyriders-7) Biker, [4] (#cite_note-Biker-4) Etro (/wiki/Etro) Japan, [8] (#cite_note-Etro-8) Relapse, [9] (#cite_note-relapse-9) Sorbet (disambiguation) (/wiki/Sorbet_(disambiguation)) , [10] (#cite_note-Sorbet-10) Corona Beer (/wiki/Corona_(beer)) advertisement. Also the apparel line has gained the attention of rock stars and musicians, including: Steve Vai (/wiki/Steve_Vai) , Dylan McDermott (/wiki/Dylan_McDermott) , Sylvester Stallone (/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone) , Orlando Bloom (/wiki/Orlando_Bloom) , Steve Lukather (/wiki/Steve_Lukather) of Toto (/wiki/Toto_(band)) , Robert Trujillo (/wiki/Robert_Trujillo) of Metallica (/wiki/Metallica) , Usher (/wiki/Usher_(entertainer)) , Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) , Future (/wiki/Future_(rapper)) , Nicole Murphy, Columbus Short (/wiki/Columbus_Short) , and RJ Mitte (/wiki/RJ_Mitte) . [3] (#cite_note-Dark_Beauty-3) V22LA signed a deal to create apparel for the TV series Sons of Anarchy (/wiki/Sons_of_Anarchy) [7] (#cite_note-Easyriders-7) V22LA works with the Claire's Place Foundation (/wiki/Claire%27s_Place_Foundation) , a Cystic fibrosis (/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis) organization, [11] (#cite_note-11) and hosted the 2014 Boot Campaign Boot Bash. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Hollywood (May–June 2003). "This East LA Boy Knows his Toyz". Crossroads Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Victorious 22" (http://victorious22.com/about/) . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Topher, Adam (Fall 2013). "RJ Mitte is Breaking Bad". Dark Beauty (23). ^ Jump up to: a b Rapper (August 1997). "The Legend of Graystroker". Biker (149): 46–52. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Gomilla, Ashley (2014). "Astonish" (2): 87–92. {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-this_is_rock_6-0) "V22 Los Angeles" (http://www.thisisrock.net) . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kress, Joe (June 2014). "Pure Hollywood". Easyriders (158): 46. ^ (#cite_ref-Etro_8-0) Product Listing (May 2014). "BMF Belt Buckle, Cuff and Ring". Etro Japan (5): 225. ^ (#cite_ref-relapse_9-0) "The New Flesh" (http://www.relapsemag.com) . Relapse . Spring–Summer 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-Sorbet_10-0) "The Little Black Book". Sorbet . 1 (2): 202. Winter 2013–2014. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Claire's Place Foundation" (http://clairesplacefoundation.org/) . clairesplacefoundation.org . Retrieved 2023-03-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Boot Campaign" (http://www.bootcampaign.org/) . bootcampaign.org . Retrieved 2023-03-30 . 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(Redirected from Good hair (/w/index.php?title=Good_hair&redirect=no) ) Afro-textured hair types Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) , a popular African American hairstyle. 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Reparations for slavery (/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery) School segregation in the US (/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States) Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers (/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States) Stereotypes (/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans) and media depictions (/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media) Blackface (/wiki/Blackface) Criminal stereotypes (/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans) Hollywood (/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood) Magical Negro (/wiki/Magical_Negro) Minstrel show (/wiki/Minstrel_show) United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Category (/wiki/Category:African-American_people) Index (/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans) v t e African-American hair or Black hair refers to hair types, textures, and styles that are linked to African-American culture (/wiki/African_American_culture) , often drawing inspiration from African hair culture. It plays a major role in the identity and politics of Black culture in the United States and across the diaspora (/wiki/African_diaspora) . [1] (#cite_note-Mitchell_Dove_PhD-1) African-American hair often has a kinky hairy texture, appearing tightly coiled and packed. [2] (#cite_note-2) Black hair has a complex history, culture, and cultural impact, including its relationship with racism. [1] (#cite_note-Mitchell_Dove_PhD-1) Color and texture [ edit ] Natural African American hair Color [ edit ] Black hair is the product of an inherited genetic trait. The most studied black hair gene is MC1R (/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor) which causes the body to produce a protein called melanocortin (/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) This protein causes hair follicles (/wiki/Hair_follicle) to produce a type of melanin pigmentation called eumelanin (/wiki/Eumelanin) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Black hair has the highest concentration of this pigmentation with brown, blonde and red hair following behind. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) In old age, hair comes to turn grey due to the inability of the hair follicle (/wiki/Hair_follicle) to produce eumelanin (/wiki/Melanin) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) This inability happens after the pigmentation cells in hair follicles die off. [4] (#cite_note-4) Texture [ edit ] Hair follicle shapes that result in different textured hair. African-American hair comes in a range of textures, but the most common hair type is curly with lots of volume. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) This curly quality is the product of the shape of the hair follicles (/wiki/Hair_follicle) . [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) More circular-shaped follicles cause hair to grow straighter, while more curly hair is caused by more elongated, oval-shaped hair follicles. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) Hair follicles can also affect the thickness of hair strands. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) African hair is seen to be much thicker and more dense meaning that the hair follicles are larger. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) Density represents the amount of hairs that grow from the head, with denser hair resulting from more hairs growing closer together from the scalp. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) An individual with high-density hair creates a fuller appearance of curls. A protective oil called sebum (/wiki/Sebaceous_gland) is produced from the scalp to strengthen hair follicles, which helps to keep hair from becoming dry and brittle. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) A significant amount of oils are produced but with the curly quality of the hair the oils can not be distributed from root to end easily. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) Without proper moisturizing, hair can become brittle and result in breakage. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) History [ edit ] African origins [ edit ] Since the beginning of African civilizations, hairstyles have been used to convey messages to a greater society. Before boundaries divided Africa into states and countries through colonization, the continent was divided into kingdoms and clans. [6] (#cite_note-6) Within these kingdoms and clans, different hairstyles could "indicate a person's marital status, age, religion, ethnic identity, wealth, rank," surname, health status, geographic origin and the clan to which they belonged. [7] (#cite_note-Matshego-7) [8] (#cite_note-BET-8) A Wolof man's braided beard could indicate that he was preparing for war. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrdTharps20143-9) In the Himba (/wiki/Himba_people) tribe, dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) worn down in front of a female's face was a sign that she was going through puberty, while dreadlocks tied at the back of the head were worn by women seeking marriage. [7] (#cite_note-Matshego-7) Erembe headdresses signified new mothers and married women. [7] (#cite_note-Matshego-7) In Yoruba (/wiki/Yoruba_people) culture, people braided their hair to send messages to the gods. [7] (#cite_note-Matshego-7) As the most elevated part of the body, hair was considered a portal for spirits to pass through to the soul. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrdTharps20144-10) According to a 20th-century study, the Yoruba often shaved the heads of newborns as a marker of each individual arising from the spirit world. A person's head was shaved again at death to signal the individual's return to the spirit world. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteWhite199559-11) Hair maintenance in traditional Africa was a time-consuming process that aimed at creating a sense of beauty and honoring its spiritual power. According to author Sylvia Arden Boone, [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrdTharps20144-10) A woman with long thick hair demonstrated the life force, the multiplying power of profusion, prosperity...a green thumb for raising bountiful farms and many healthy children. Hair was considered divine due to its position at the top of the head, and to allow someone to touch it meant you could trust them. [7] (#cite_note-Matshego-7) [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrdTharps20146-12) Therefore, hair maintenance was only entrusted to relatives and hairdressers for fear of enemies bringing ill-will to the person in need of hair care. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrdTharps20144-10) The hair maintenance process could last anywhere from hours to days and involves “washing, combing, oiling, braiding, twisting, and/or decorating the hair.” [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrdTharps20145-13) The Himba people (/wiki/Himba_people) , for example, styled dreadlocks using ground ochre, goat hair, butter and hair extensions. [7] (#cite_note-Matshego-7) Hair that was clean and neatly braided or arranged with adornments such as beads or shells was a sign of vitality, whereas unkempt and dirty hair signified affliction. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrdTharps20144–5-14) Black Hair during slavery and a historical view of afro-textured hair [ edit ] Slaves were often forced by Europeans to shave their heads to prevent lice contracted from the dirty inhumane quarters of slave ships but also to strip them from their culture. [15] (#cite_note-15) Due to North America's Indigenous population being decimated (/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples#Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas_(pre-1948)) by European colonists' extreme labor conditions, insufficient diet, violence and diseases, [16] (#cite_note-16) Europeans began aiding in kidnapping then forcibly trafficking Africans to British North America (/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States) in the early 1600s. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrow200616-17) Before transporting them, captors and traders shaved the heads of all African adults and children taken captive. [8] (#cite_note-BET-8) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrdTharps201410-18) The claimed purpose for this action was to prepare for the unsanitary conditions of the slave ships (/wiki/Slave_ship) . [19] (#cite_note-19) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrdTharps201410-18) Due to the cultural and spiritual importance of hair for Africans, the practice of having their heads involuntarily shaved before being sold as enslaved people was in itself a dehumanizing act. In Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America , Byrd and Tharps write: [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrdTharps20144–5,_10-20) The shaved head was the first step the Europeans took to erase the slaves’ culture and alter the relationship between the African and his or her hair... [it] stripped them of a lifeline to their home and a connection to their people. Their language was taken away and they were unable to identify with others from their tribe. Once their hair began to grow back, many enslaved people did not have the time or the tools to properly maintain their hair, and it became tangled and matted as a result. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteWhite199550-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) Enslaved people worked every day of the week, lived in poor conditions and faced the risk of head lice and ringworm. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrow200616-17) To protect themselves from the sun, dirt, and scalp afflictions, women repurposed unwanted fabrics into hair scarves or kerchiefs (especially if they worked outdoors), while men who worked outdoors wore sun-hats with their hair cut short or completely shaved off. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrow200616–17-23) In describing runaway enslaved people in wanted ads (/wiki/Wanted_poster) , slaveowners proved that many enslaved people were able to style and maintain their hair after it grew back. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteWhite199550–51-24) ...some slaves wore their hair long and bushy on top and ...others cut it short, or combed and parted it neatly, or shaved it at the back or at the front, or trimmed it to a roll. An African American's hair might be closely cropped on the crown but left long elsewhere; it could be tied behind in a queue, frizzed, combed high from the forehead, plaited, curled on each side of the face, filleted, cut in the form of a circle on the crown, knotted on top of the head, or worn bushy and long below the ears. Men and women were often given similar clothing to wear and labor tasks to complete, so to achieve a more feminine appearance and differentiate themselves from the men, some women ironed their hair to make it sleek. [25] (#cite_note-:13-25) They also wrapped their hair by brushing it and binding small sections of it with a material such as thread or cotton to prevent knotting. [25] (#cite_note-:13-25) This technique, known as "wrapping" or "threading", shaped the hair into a curl pattern that women kept protected under a scarf or kerchief while working, and took down for special occasions such as church service or weddings. [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteWhite199570-26) [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiceKatz-Hyman2010268-27) Plaits, braids (/wiki/Braid) and cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) were the most convenient hairstyles to keep their hair neat and maintained for a week. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrow200617-28) Enslaved people who worked indoors were forced to wear their hair in one of those styles or a style similar to that of their slaveowner if they did not cover their hair with a scarf, kerchief or wig (/wiki/Wig) . [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarkeWebb-HasanYoung2016284-29) [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrow200617-28) By the early 19th century, Sunday was legally declared a day of rest and religious observation, and on Sundays, enslaved people braided each other's hair using the grease or oil they had available, such as butter or goose grease. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrow200617-28) They used wool carding tools to detangle their hair, kerosene, and cornmeal to cleanse the scalp. Fats, oils and eggs were used as conditioner. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrow200617-28) [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiceKatz-Hyman2010266-30) Enslaved people in North America named cornrows for their resemblance to rows of corn in a field. [31] (#cite_note-dabiri-31) (In Central and South America and the Caribbean, enslaved people called the style "canerows" because of its resemblance to sugarcane fields. [31] (#cite_note-dabiri-31) ) Braid patterns became symbols for freedom, and different styles and patterns were used as guides to plantations, resembling roads and paths to travel or avoid. [32] (#cite_note-face2faceafrica.com-32) Racial attitudes among White people in 17th and 18th century America held a negative connotation of the afro-textured hair (/wiki/Afro-textured_hair) of enslaved Africans and African-Americans. [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteWhite199545-33) They called afro-textured hair "wool" in an effort to deem it inferior to the texture of their own hair. [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteWhite199556-34) [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrow200617-28) Since the onset of the enslavement of Africans in British America, the slurs "kinky" and "nappy" were also used by White people to express disapproval of afro-textured hair. [35] (#cite_note-35) It was also mocked through caricatured stereotypes of Africans and African-Americans in the media, which motivated women especially to keep their hair covered. [36] (#cite_note-36) Although the practice of wearing head scarves was forced upon women by law (/wiki/Tignon_law) or by slaveowners, the type of head covering worn came to symbolize respectability, and could distinguish a married woman from an unmarried woman or a fieldworker from a houseworker. [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiceKatz-Hyman2010267-37) After slavery [ edit ] After slavery was abolished in the United States, negative attitudes about the appearance of Black Americans and derogatory terms for afro-textured hair persisted into the Reconstruction (/wiki/Reconstruction_era) and Jim Crow (/wiki/Jim_Crow) eras because Black people were still considered inferior to White people. [38] (#cite_note-pinkney-38) During this time, wig manufacturers were the only companies that advertised a Black standard of beauty. [39] (#cite_note-rooks-39) Afro-textured hair worn in its natural state was still considered undesirable, [40] (#cite_note-nast-40) and media promoted a Eurocentric (/wiki/Eurocentric) beauty ideal that included straight hair. [41] (#cite_note-41) In her article "Hairitage: Women Writing Race in Children's Literature", literary critic Dianne Johnson notes an early 20th-century advertisement: [42] (#cite_note-42) Once upon a time there lived a Good Fairy whose daily thoughts were of pretty little boys and girls and of beautiful women and handsome men and of how she might make beautiful those unfortunate ones whom nature had not given long, wavy hair... One of Winold Reiss (/wiki/Winold_Reiss) 's Brown Madonna (1925) most famous works, reimagines Black women as maternal and spiritual figures (/wiki/Virgin_Mary) with straight hair. [43] (#cite_note-:8-43) The image serves as the frontispiece (/wiki/Book_frontispiece) of The New Negro (/wiki/The_New_Negro) , a text written to counter negative Black stereotypes and redefine Black people during the New Negro Movement (/wiki/New_Negro_Movement) . [43] (#cite_note-:8-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) For some African Americans, the notion of assimilation (/wiki/Cultural_assimilation) in to White American society was ideal, because it held a perceived promise of better socioeconomic (/wiki/Socioeconomic) status. [47] (#cite_note-47) [38] (#cite_note-pinkney-38) One way they attempted to assimilate was by straightening their hair (/wiki/Hair_straightening#Afro-textured_hair) to fit the White American beauty ideal. [48] (#cite_note-Jahangir-48) ...hair straighteners marketed by white companies suggest to blacks that only through changing physical features will persons of African descent be afforded class mobility within black communities and social acceptance by the dominant culture. [39] (#cite_note-rooks-39) — Noliwe M. Rooks To straighten their hair, African-American women used a hair product and wide-bristled pressing or hot comb (/wiki/Hot_comb) , a metal tool that was heated in an oven or on a stove before it was passed through the hair. [49] (#cite_note-kenny-49) [50] (#cite_note-battle-walters-50) It later would be massed produced in a more simple, self-heating form [51] (#cite_note-51) It could take hours to complete the straightening process, and because of the high temperature of the hot comb, burning and damaging the hair or skin were always high-risk. [40] (#cite_note-nast-40) [49] (#cite_note-kenny-49) Because it easily absorbs moisture, afro-textured hair straightened with a hot comb can quickly return to its tightly coiled state if exposed to too much moisture, such as rain or humidity. [49] (#cite_note-kenny-49) [52] (#cite_note-52) African-American men typically wore their hair relatively short, and they avoided passing a hot comb through their hair, because it was more difficult and dangerous to do so. [53] (#cite_note-stylestatus-53) From the early to mid-20th century, conking (/wiki/Conk) was a popular style for African-American men, and required the use of a chemical treatment known as a relaxer or perm (/wiki/Relaxer) , which achieved longer-lasting straightening results. [49] (#cite_note-kenny-49) The practice of using a relaxer began during slavery, when enslaved men covered their hair in axle grease to straighten and dye it. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrow200617-28) Before the late 1960s, there were no publications that explained how to straighten afro-textured hair with chemicals. The earliest chemical straighteners caused severe hair breakage and dyed the hair red, [53] (#cite_note-stylestatus-53) so it was not until the mid-20th century that relaxers became a popular and longer-lasting alternative to hot combs for African-American women. Both men and women coated their hair with a strong acid that stripped the outer layer and altered the shape of the hair shaft, causing it to "relax" or straighten, [49] (#cite_note-kenny-49) and the longer the chemical was left on the hair, the straighter the hair would become. If left on the hair too long, the relaxer could burn the scalp and cause sores to form. [50] (#cite_note-battle-walters-50) Civil Rights era [ edit ] Angela Davis (right) in 1972 with her influential hairstyle Singer-songwriter and actress Jill Scott (/wiki/Jill_Scott_(singer)) in March 2012 The Afro (/wiki/Afro) , which hit its stride in the 1960s, was an expression of pride, connection, power, revolution and differentiation. The Afro first gained popularity with performers, artists, activists, youth and nationalists. [54] (#cite_note-autogenerated2000-54) Young people who did not adopt this trend were for the first time judged and subject to "blacker-than-thou" policing by their peers. [55] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-55) African-Americans began to use their hair as a way to showcase a link to their African ancestors and Blacks throughout the diaspora. [55] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-55) The Afro, in conjunction with the Civil Rights Movement, was helping to define black identity. [55] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-55) Some artists used their actual hair as an expression of art. [56] (#cite_note-:9-56) In David Hammons's American Costume, he pressed his own body onto paper to create an image of what being African-American means and looks like. [56] (#cite_note-:9-56) He crafted the hair on the work by applying fingerprints to the paper. [56] (#cite_note-:9-56) Young Black Americans were ‘froing their hair in great numbers as a way to emulate the style of the Black Panthers and convey their racial pride. [55] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-55) Although the Afro started in New York, it was Angela Davis (/wiki/Angela_Davis) , a college professor at UCLA (/wiki/UCLA) and an associate of the Black Panther Party, who pioneered the Afro as a political statement. [55] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-55) In embracing naturalism, she glorified the Black aesthetic and facilitated its power to connect Black people to the Civil Rights Movement. [55] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-55) Her Afro became especially notorious because of its presence in her "Wanted" ad, as it was her most prominent identifier. [55] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-55) It became a way to celebrate African-ness and embrace heritage while politically rejecting European ideals. [55] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-55) Men and women in Chicago and beyond wore it as a way to support a proud way of carrying oneself in the world and occupying space. [55] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-55) In relation to hair, the time between the 1970s and the 1990s could be described as open and experimental. "Despite occasional political flare-ups, individual choice would increasingly dictate African-American hairstyles in this era" [54] (#cite_note-autogenerated2000-54) Trendy styles like braids (/wiki/Braids) were even adopted by whites, especially after white actress Bo Derek wore them in the movie 10 . Although braids, cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) and dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) were becoming mainstream, they stirred up controversy and continue to when worn in the professional sphere. [57] (#cite_note-57) [58] (#cite_note-58) Popular culture [ edit ] Natural Hair Movement [ edit ] African-American culture has increasingly embraced natural hair through the natural hair movement (/wiki/Natural_hair_movement) . It includes people with afro-textured hair (/wiki/Afro-textured_hair) who resist the images used to represent them and abstain from the use of chemical hair products in favor of products that will promote healthy natural hair. The initial emergence of the natural hair movement occurred in the 1960s with activists such as Angela Davis (/wiki/Angela_Davis) supporting the movement. [59] (#cite_note-:02-59) In the late 1970s-1980s, the natural hair movement began to slow down due to the social pressures placed on African- Americans to assimilate to European Beauty Standards. [59] (#cite_note-:02-59) It wasn't until the 2000s that the second wave of the natural hair movement emerged. [59] (#cite_note-:02-59) The movement has since been greatly influenced by society and media, ranging from the work and appearance of textile artist Sonya Clark (/wiki/Sonya_Clark) , [60] (#cite_note-60) singer Solange Knowles (/wiki/Solange_Knowles) , [61] (#cite_note-61) poet Maya Angelou (/wiki/Maya_Angelou) [62] (#cite_note-62) and actress Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) [63] (#cite_note-63) to an uprising of natural hair-focused YouTube channels and blogs. [64] (#cite_note-64) The movement seeks to continue to encourage African American women to embrace their natural hair despite negative stereotypes about black natural hair that arose from European beauty standards. [65] (#cite_note-65) More recently, the natural hair movement has found momentum online with various Vloggers documenting their natural hair journey to encourage other African American women and men to participate in the movement, educate the public, and create positive images of black hair in media. [66] (#cite_note-66) The movement's popularity has also encouraged corporations and government agencies to create policies that are inclusive of natural black hair. [59] (#cite_note-:02-59) The availability of products for natural black hair has been helped by the founding of Black-owned (/wiki/Black-owned_business) hair product companies such as Ruka Hair in the UK, founded by Tendai Moyo (/wiki/Tendai_Moyo) . [67] (#cite_note-67) "Good hair" [ edit ] "Good hair" is a phrase used in some Black communities to describe the perceived prestige of straight or loosely curled hair, (especially when genetically influenced by non-African ancestry) in contrast to afro-textured hair (/wiki/Afro-textured_hair) . [68] (#cite_note-:11-68) "Good hair" is also used to refer to hair that is strong, thick and soft to the touch. Although many hair stylists or beauticians would define "good hair" as "healthy hair", the phrase is rarely used in this manner in informal African-American circles. [69] (#cite_note-:10-69) Instead, it is used metaphorically to characterize beauty and acceptance. These standards vary for African-American men and women. [69] (#cite_note-:10-69) The term's circulation within the Black community in the North America has an uncertain origin. Artist India.Arie (/wiki/India.Arie) 's song " I Am Not My Hair (/wiki/I_Am_Not_My_Hair) " speaks specifically to the usage of the term "good hair" in the African-American community and in broader contexts. [70] (#cite_note-70) Comedian Chris Rock (/wiki/Chris_Rock) 's 2009 documentary Good Hair (/wiki/Good_Hair) made a wider audience aware of the importance of the term within the Black community. [68] (#cite_note-:11-68) In the documentary, Rock explores the role of hair in the lives of African-Americans. He interviews Reverend Al Sharpton (/wiki/Al_Sharpton) , who asserts, "My relaxed hair is just as African-based as an Afro because it all came out of black culture." [68] (#cite_note-:11-68) Facial hair [ edit ] Maintaining facial hair is more prevalent among African-American men than in other male populations in the U.S. [71] (#cite_note-71) In fact, the soul patch (/wiki/Soul_patch) is so named because African-American men, particularly jazz musicians, popularized the style. [72] (#cite_note-72) The preference for facial hair among African-American men is due partly to personal taste, but also because they are more prone than other ethnic groups to develop a condition known as pseudofolliculitis barbae (/wiki/Pseudofolliculitis_barbae) . The condition is commonly referred to as razor bumps, and due to the condition, many prefer not to shave. [73] (#cite_note-73) Styles [ edit ] Popular African-American Hairstyles in pop-culture include: [8] (#cite_note-BET-8) Afros (/wiki/Afro) Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) Bantu knots (/wiki/Bantu_knots) Box braids (/wiki/Box_braids) Dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) Twists (/wiki/Hair_twists) Waves (/wiki/Waves_(hairstyle)) Discrimination related to black hairstyles [ edit ] In Rogers v. American Airlines (1981) (/wiki/Rogers_v._American_Airlines_(1981)) , Renee Rogers, a black female flight attendant, sued her employer American Airlines (/wiki/American_Airlines) for prohibiting her from wearing cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) and braids (/wiki/Braids) at work. [74] (#cite_note-:4-74) The court dismissed Rogers' arguments that the ban was discriminatory based on race and sex, and ruled in favor of American Airlines. [74] (#cite_note-:4-74) The ban prohibited braids and dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlock) in favor of a bun style (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) , which can be a challenge to achieve with afro-textured hair (/wiki/Afro-textured_hair) that has not been straightened with heat or chemicals. [74] (#cite_note-:4-74) Since the late 20th century, many restrictions have been loosened, and professional African-American women now wear a wider variety of hairstyles. As with women, African American men have also faced hairstyle-based discrimination in the workplace. In the case of Thornton v. Encore Global , [75] (#cite_note-:5-75) Jeffery Thornton, a black man sued his former employer Encore Global denying him a job as a technical supervisor after working for the company for four years. [75] (#cite_note-:5-75) An unnamed hiring manager at Encore told Thornton that he needed to first trim his locks off his ears, eyes and shoulders to land the gig, court documents state. [75] (#cite_note-:5-75) This case was monumental because it was the first time someone has accused an employer of violating California's CROWN Act since the legislation took effect in January 2020. [76] (#cite_note-76) In 2014, the United States Army (/wiki/United_States_Army) implemented a ban on predominantly black hairstyles. [77] (#cite_note-Cooper-77) The ban includes dreadlocks, large cornrows and twists. [77] (#cite_note-Cooper-77) The rationale for this decision is that the aforementioned hairstyles look unkempt. [77] (#cite_note-Cooper-77) African-American women in the Army may be forced to choose between small cornrows and chemically processing their hair, if their natural hair is not long enough to fit a permitted hairstyle. [77] (#cite_note-Cooper-77) Discrimination in schools [ edit ] It is alleged that black students are disciplined at a significant higher rate than their counter-parts, and are allegedly disciplined because their natural hair styles are deemed not appropriate or distracting by their school's dress code. [78] (#cite_note-78) African-American students claim to be discriminated against while participating in school-sanctioned sports. In 2018, wrestler Andrew Johnson was told by his referee, Alan Mahoney, that he needed to cut his dreads or forfeit his match. [79] (#cite_note-:12-79) That same night videos and pictures began to surface online of Andrew having his dreads cut off with a pair of scissors. [79] (#cite_note-:12-79) This sparked public outrage online, with some people questioning why Johnson was able to play in matches prior to this one and not have any problems. [79] (#cite_note-:12-79) People began to question Mahoney's call during the match; some saying that the ultimatum was derived from racism. [79] (#cite_note-:12-79) In 2016, Mahoney was accused of calling his fellow referee a racial slur. [79] (#cite_note-:12-79) Since this incident Mahoney was suspended from officiating (/wiki/Officiating_Football) for two years, and the New Jersey Interscholastic Athletic Association and the states attorney general's office's civil rights division have opened investigations into the incident. [79] (#cite_note-:12-79) Crown Act [ edit ] On March 18, 2022, the United States House of Representatives (/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives) passed the CROWN (Create a Respectful and Open Workplace for Natural Hair) Act (/wiki/CROWN_Act_of_2022) , an act aiming to protect individuals from hair-based discrimination in the workplace. [80] (#cite_note-:0-80) The bill forbids race-based hair discrimination at the federal level, notably when the hair style or hair texture being discriminated against is particularly tied to a culture or race. [80] (#cite_note-:0-80) The intent is to protect workers from discrimination related to questionable African-American styles such as afros, cornrows, Bantu knots, and Dreadlocks [80] (#cite_note-:0-80) Similar acts had already been introduced and passed in several U.S. states including California (/wiki/California) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) , Colorado (/wiki/Colorado) , New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Virginia (/wiki/Virginia) , Washington (/wiki/Washington_(state)) , Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) , and, Maryland (/wiki/Maryland) . [81] (#cite_note-81) See also [ edit ] United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Black is Beautiful (/wiki/Black_is_Beautiful) Brown Paper Bag Test (/wiki/Brown_Paper_Bag_Test) Colorism (/wiki/Colorism) Discrimination based on hair texture in the United States (/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture_in_the_United_States) High yellow (/wiki/High_yellow) Passing (racial identity) (/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)) Pencil test (/wiki/Pencil_test_(South_Africa)) Plaçage (/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age) Protective hairstyle (/wiki/Protective_hairstyle) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ a b Mitchell Dove, Lakindra (2000-01-01). Got Hair that Flows in the Wind: The Complexity of Hair and Identity among African American Female Adolescents in Foster Care (PhD). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.15760/etd.2318 (https://doi.org/10.15760%2Fetd.2318) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Loussouarn, G. (2001-12-23). "African hair growth parameters" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04350.x) . 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"Penalizing Black hair in the name of academic success is undeniably racist, unfounded, and against the law" (https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2021/02/23/penalizing-black-hair-in-the-name-of-academic-success-is-undeniably-racist-unfounded-and-against-the-law/) . Brookings . Retrieved 2022-05-11 . ^ a b c d e f Stubbs, Roman (April 17, 2019). "A wrestler was forced to cut his dreadlocks before a match. His town is still looking for answers" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/04/17/wrestler-was-forced-cut-his-dreadlocks-before-match-his-town-is-still-looking-answers/) . The Washington Post . ^ a b c Watson Coleman, Bonnie (2022-03-21). "Text - H.R.2116 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair Act of 2022" (https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2116/text) . www.congress.gov . Retrieved 2022-04-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-81) "U.S. Congress passes CROWN Act" (http://robinkelly.house.gov/media-center/in-the-news/us-congress-passes-crown-act) . Congresswoman Robin Kelly . 2020-09-29 . Retrieved 2022-04-11 . General and cited sources [ edit ] Battle-Waters, Kimberly (2004). Sheila's Shop: Working-Class African American Women Talk about Life, Love, Race, and Hair (/w/index.php?title=Sheila%27s_Shop:_Working-Class_African_American_Women_Talk_about_Life,_Love,_Race,_and_Hair&action=edit&redlink=1) . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Byrd, Ayana; Tharps, Lori (28 January 2014). Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America . Macmillan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-250-04657-4 . Retrieved 14 October 2021 . Larke, Patricia J.; Webb-Hasan, Gwendolyn; Young, Jemimah L. (1 December 2016). Cultivating Achievement, Respect, and Empowerment (CARE) for African American Girls in PreK?12 Settings: Implications for Access, Equity and Achievement . IAP. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-68123-508-0 . Retrieved 22 October 2021 . Muse, Michael (21 October 2009). "Fracturing Our Hair Part 1: Dear God, Please Give Me Good Hair. Amen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110716224502/http://media.www.thecaupanther.com/media/storage/paper292/news/2009/10/21/StudentLife/Fracturing.Our.Hair.Part.1.Dear.God.Please.Give.Me.Good.Hair.Amen-3811520.shtml) . The Panther . Archived from the original (http://media.www.thecaupanther.com/media/storage/paper292/news/2009/10/21/StudentLife/Fracturing.Our.Hair.Part.1.Dear.God.Please.Give.Me.Good.Hair.Amen-3811520.shtml) on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Page, Philip (1996). Dangerous Freedom: Fusion and Fragmentation in Toni Morrison's Novels . Jackson, MS: UP of Mississippi. Rice, Kym S.; Katz-Hyman, Martha B. (13 December 2010). World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States [2 volumes]: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States . ABC-CLIO. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-34943-0 . Retrieved 22 October 2021 . Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33145-9 . Retrieved 22 October 2021 . Smedley, Audrey (2007). Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780813343570 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Spencer, Kehinde (songwriter) (2009). "A Woman's Reprieve" . White, Shane; White, Graham (February 1995). "Slave Hair and African American Culture in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2211360) . The Journal of Southern History . 61 (1): 45–76. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/2211360 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2211360) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 2211360 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2211360) . 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< User talk:Mujeeb Ur Rehman rko (/wiki/User_talk:Mujeeb_Ur_Rehman_rko) Pakistan (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Pakistan) NA‑class Pakistan portal (/wiki/Portal:Pakistan) This page is within the scope of WikiProject Pakistan (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Pakistan) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Pakistan) and see a list of open tasks. Pakistan Wikipedia:WikiProject Pakistan Template:WikiProject Pakistan Pakistan articles NA (/wiki/Category:NA-Class_Pakistan_articles) This page does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. 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[{infoboxperson}] Name = Mujeeb Ur Rehman rko Birth-date = 21-02-1987 Hight = 178cm Birthplace = 644GB Jaranwala Nationality = Pakistani Education = matric Known_for = SEO wordpress (/wiki/Wordpress) Occupation = [SEO] | parents = Muhammad Ramzan, seraan BIBI, | relatives = [{Ali Hadid}],[{Ali Afzal}],[{Muhammad Sheraz}], | friends, =[{Asif Sahoo]},[{Tahir Gujjar}], = [{Muhammad Shakeel}],[{Muhammad Tayyab}], | spouse = non | children = non | website = www (https://www.facebook.com/rkokr) .facebook (https://www.facebook.com/rkokr) .com (https://www.facebook.com/rkokr) /rkokr (https://www.facebook.com/rkokr) | footnotes = }} Mujeeb-ur-Rehman 644 is a Pakistani Boy from 644 GB Jaranwala Pakistan My Father comes to Pakistan after the partition my mother is from khanpur baraghar I have 3 brothers 1st{Abdul Qayyum} 2nd { Abdul Ghafoor} 3rd {Zia Ur Rehman} I passed matric in 2004 from Govt High School 644GB Jaranwala Faisalabad. I get an automobile Diploma in 2005 from VTI Jaranwala. References [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-References","replies":[]}} External links [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-External_links","replies":[]}} [1] (https://www.instagram.com/king_khan_644/) [2] (https://www.facebook.com/rkokr) [3] (https://mobile.twitter.com/mujeebRkokr644) References [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-References_2","replies":[]}} {{reflist} NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐844cd986b8‐ck8fn Cached time: 20240722142841 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.012 seconds CPU time usage: 0.175 seconds Real time usage: 0.260 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1987/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14849/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 28/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15522/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.099/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2290595/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 179.403 1 -total 56.98% 102.222 1 Template:WikiProject_Pakistan 15.81% 28.358 1 Template:WikiProject_Asia 8.04% 14.422 1 Template:Authority_control 7.88% 14.143 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 6.62% 11.869 1 Template:Reflist 4.37% 7.840 1 Template:URL 1.82% 3.262 3 Template:Pagetype 1.08% 1.938 2 Template:Main_other 0.85% 1.521 1 Template:Para Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:68605308-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722142841 and revision id 1132988310. 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Wen Hair Care Product type Hair care Owner Chaz Dean Produced by Guthy-Renker (/wiki/Guthy-Renker) Country United States of America (/wiki/United_States_of_America) Wen Hair Care , stylized as WEN Hair Care , is an American hair care brand founded by Chaz Dean. History [ edit ] Wen Hair Care was founded by celebrity hairstylist Chaz Dean. [1] (#cite_note-1) The company is most well known for producing cleansing conditioners [2] (#cite_note-2) marketed towards no-poo (/wiki/No-poo) hair treatment methods, similar to the Curly Girl Method (/wiki/Curly_Girl_Method) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Wen products are sold by Dean and Guthy-Renker (/wiki/Guthy-Renker) . In January 2015, actress Brooke Shields (/wiki/Brooke_Shields) became the official brand ambassador for Wen Hair Care. [4] (#cite_note-4) Controversy [ edit ] Wen was at the center of a class-action lawsuit which alleged that the product had caused damage to hair after use. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) In March 2016, the FDA (/wiki/FDA) opened an investigation into complaints about Wen Hair Care products by consumers. [7] (#cite_note-7) In October 2016, Wen agreed to settle out of court for a total of $26 million without admitting any wrongdoing. [8] (#cite_note-8) The lawsuits and investigations prompted researchers to submit a letter to JAMA (/wiki/JAMA_(journal)) , calling for a higher level of regulations in the personal care industry, [9] (#cite_note-9) including allowing the FDA (/wiki/FDA) to recall personal care products. [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Good Housekeeping . Hearst Corporation. 2006. p. 75. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230722224908/https://books.google.com/books?id=GtwxAQAAIAAJ) from the original on 2023-07-22 . Retrieved 2020-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Katee, Annita (2023-04-05). "I Haven't Used Shampoo in 6 Months, and My Hair Has Never Looked Better" (https://www.wellandgood.com/wen-cleansing-conditioner/) . Well+Good . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230528030505/https://www.wellandgood.com/wen-cleansing-conditioner/) from the original on 2023-05-28 . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Weighing in on Wen" (http://www.curlynikki.com/2012/03/weighing-in-on-wen.html) . Natural Hair Care | Curly Nikki . 6 March 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200622173658/http://www.curlynikki.com/2012/03/weighing-in-on-wen.html) from the original on 2020-06-22 . Retrieved 2020-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Sciarretto, Amy. "Brooke Shields and Her Hair Team Up With WEN" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/58781-brooke-shields-is-the-new-face-of-wen-hair-care-and-there-are-3-key) . Bustle . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621140413/https://www.bustle.com/articles/58781-brooke-shields-is-the-new-face-of-wen-hair-care-and-there-are-3-key) from the original on 2020-06-21 . Retrieved 2020-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Peterson, Hayley. "A popular celebrity-backed shampoo brand could owe $26 million after women said it caused balding" (https://www.businessinsider.com/wen-hair-loss-lawsuit-moves-forward-2016-11) . Business Insider . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154741/https://www.businessinsider.com/wen-hair-loss-lawsuit-moves-forward-2016-11) from the original on 2020-06-23 . Retrieved 2020-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Gad, Shayne C. (2018-09-03). Regulatory Toxicology, Third Edition . CRC Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-429-87651-6 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230722224908/https://books.google.com/books?id=zwhpDwAAQBAJ) from the original on 2023-07-22 . Retrieved 2020-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Guglielmetti, Petra (10 March 2016). "The FDA Is Now Getting Involved in That Wen Hair Care Lawsuit" (https://www.glamour.com/story/wen-hair-care-lawsuit-update) . Glamour . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621191434/https://www.glamour.com/story/wen-hair-care-lawsuit-update) from the original on 2020-06-21 . Retrieved 2020-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Class-Action Lawsuit Over Wen Hair Products Gets Preliminary Settlement Approval" (https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2016/10/31/class-action-lawsuit-over-wen-hair-products-gets-preliminary-settlement-approval/) . 2016-10-31. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621080403/https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2016/10/31/class-action-lawsuit-over-wen-hair-products-gets-preliminary-settlement-approval/) from the original on 2020-06-21 . Retrieved 2020-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Oksman, Olga (2016-08-22). "Wen Hair Care baldness suit signals need for toxin testing in beauty products" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/aug/22/wen-hair-care-baldness-toxins-personal-care-fda-regulation) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230717055509/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/aug/22/wen-hair-care-baldness-toxins-personal-care-fda-regulation) from the original on 2023-07-17 . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Mole, Beth (2017-06-28). "WEN hair loss scandal exposed dirty underbelly of personal care products" (https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/06/wen-hair-loss-scandal-cracked-open-dirty-underbelly-of-personal-care-products/) . Ars Technica . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621191434/https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/06/wen-hair-loss-scandal-cracked-open-dirty-underbelly-of-personal-care-products/) from the original on 2020-06-21 . Retrieved 2020-06-20 . 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British model (born 1998) Lottie Moss Moss in April 2015 Born Charlotte Moss ( 1998-01-09 ) 9 January 1998 (age 26) Occupation Fashion model Relatives Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) (half-sister) Lila Moss (/wiki/Lila_Moss) (niece) Charlotte Moss (born 9 January 1998) is an English fashion model and the younger sister of supermodel Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) . Early life [ edit ] Charlotte Moss is the daughter of Inger Solnordal and travel agent Peter Moss. [1] (#cite_note-1) Through her father only, she is the younger sister of model Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) [2] (#cite_note-2) and is the half-aunt of Kate's daughter Lila Moss (/wiki/Lila_Moss) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Career [ edit ] Moss was discovered fashionistically at the 2011 wedding of Kate Moss where she was a bridesmaid. [7] (#cite_note-7) Moss subsequent employment with Storm Management (/wiki/Storm_Management) existed from at least 2014. Moss's first photoshoot was an appearance in Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Moss's first full editorial was via Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) magazine . [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) That same year she was also featured in a series of ads for Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) , whom her sister had also modelled for. [12] (#cite_note-12) Moss was first shown on a Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) front-cover during 2016, appearing on the cover of Paris Vogue alongside model Lucky Blue Smith (/wiki/Lucky_Blue_Smith) . [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2021 Moss announced she would be selling nude photos of herself on the content subscription service OnlyFans (/wiki/OnlyFans) . Moss defended the decision by saying she was a "very sexual person". [14] (#cite_note-14) In an interview with the Private Parts podcast Moss revealed that because her career had heavily benefitted from nepotism she had an uncomfortable relationship with fame. She further explained that she enjoyed the control she had in the creation of her own content. [15] (#cite_note-15) Personal life [ edit ] Moss identifies as pansexual (/wiki/Pansexual) . [16] (#cite_note-16) In November 2020, Moss revealed she had been given an ADHD (/wiki/ADHD) diagnosis. [17] (#cite_note-17) In December 2022, Moss shared a TikTok clip of her getting a face tattoo of the word "lover" underneath her right eye. [18] (#cite_note-18) On Channels 4's Celebs Go Dating Lottie explained that she and Kate have a strained relationship and she felt that her sister 'abandoned' her. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ross, Isabella (28 April 2022). " (https://www.mamamia.com.au/lottie-moss/) 'They wanted me to be Kate 2.0.' Lottie Moss on growing up in the shadow of her very famous sister" (https://www.mamamia.com.au/lottie-moss/) . Mamamia . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230318113113/https://www.mamamia.com.au/lottie-moss/) from the original on 18 March 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kelly, Guy (23 December 2016). "Lottie Moss: 'I never wanted to be a model. I didn't think I could do it – until I was scouted at Kate's wedding' (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/lottie-moss-never-wanted-model-didnt-think-could-do-scouted/) " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/lottie-moss-never-wanted-model-didnt-think-could-do-scouted/) . The Telegraph . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231020082750/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/lottie-moss-never-wanted-model-didnt-think-could-do-scouted/) from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Kate Moss encourages model sister Lottie to leave school - Telegraph" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10840472/Kate-Moss-encourages-model-sister-Lottie-to-leave-school.html) . fashion.telegraph.co.uk . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230523123837/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10840472/Kate-Moss-encourages-model-sister-Lottie-to-leave-school.html) from the original on 23 May 2023 . Retrieved 2 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Lottie Moss" (https://www.thecut.com/tags/lottie-moss/) . The Cut . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231020082412/https://www.thecut.com/tags/lottie-moss/) from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 2 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Lottie Moss news and features" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/person/lottie-moss) . Glamour UK . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221224140944/https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/person/lottie-moss) from the original on 24 December 2022 . Retrieved 2 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Wasilak, Sarah (14 May 2017). "24 Things to Know About Kate Moss's Stylish Little Sister" (https://www.popsugar.com/node/43221346) . POPSUGAR Fashion . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221224140945/https://www.popsugar.com/node/43221346) from the original on 24 December 2022 . Retrieved 2 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Keltner de Valle, Jane (13 March 2014). "Kate Moss's 16-Year-Old Sister Lottie Makes Her Modeling Debut" (https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/lottie-moss) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231020082549/https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/lottie-moss) from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Biography" (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7826451/bio/) . www.imdb.com . IMDb (/wiki/IMDb) . 2024. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240428082551/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7826451/bio/) from the original on 28 April 2024 . Retrieved 7 January 2023 . Her first official shoot was published in Teen Vogue, where she wore a chic red and white striped sweater with a red jacket, followed by her first full editorial in Dazed & Confused not long afterwards. ^ (#cite_ref-9) " (https://www.premiermodelmanagement.com/artists/artists/5462-lottie-moss/) LOTTIE MOSS " (https://www.premiermodelmanagement.com/artists/artists/5462-lottie-moss/) . www.premiermodelmanagement.com . Premier Model Management. 2024. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230515005014/https://www.premiermodelmanagement.com/artists/artists/5462-lottie-moss/) from the original on 15 May 2023 . Retrieved 7 January 2023 . Lottie's first official shoot was published in Teen Vogue, followed by her first full editorial in Dazed. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Keltner de Valle, Jane (13 March 2014). "Kate Moss's 16-Year-Old Sister Lottie Makes Her Modeling Debut" (https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/lottie-moss) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231020082549/https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/lottie-moss) from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 7 January 2023 . She is represented by Storm..."Teen Vogue is my first proper job!" ^ (#cite_ref-11) "From Lottie with love" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/18412/1/from-lottie-with-love) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230522031310/http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/18412/1/from-lottie-with-love) from the original on 22 May 2023 . Retrieved 28 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) MATTHEWS, NATALIE MATTHEWS. "Lottie Moss Channels Sister Kate Moss For New Calvin Klein Campaign" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a25656/lottie-moss-calvin-klein/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221015181532/https://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a25656/lottie-moss-calvin-klein/) from the original on 15 October 2022 . Retrieved 28 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Fernandez, Chantal. "LOTTIE MOSS LANDS HER FIRST 'VOGUE' COVER" (https://fashionista.com/2016/04/lottie-moss-vogue-paris-cover-lucky-blue) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231020083204/https://fashionista.com/2016/04/lottie-moss-vogue-paris-cover-lucky-blue) from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 28 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Gurley, Alex. "Lottie Moss Says Her Older Sister Kate Was A Major Factor In Her Decision To Join OnlyFans" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/alexgurley/lottie-moss-joins-onlyfans) . BuzzFeed (/wiki/BuzzFeed) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230606175608/https://www.buzzfeed.com/alexgurley/lottie-moss-joins-onlyfans) from the original on 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 28 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Jamie Joins OnlyFans with Lottie Moss | Private Parts Podcast" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fmw8CYbYFhk&ab_channel=PrivateParts) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211128015737/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fmw8CYbYFhk&ab_channel=PrivateParts) from the original on 28 November 2021 . Retrieved 28 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Truman, Isabelle. "LOTTIE MOSS REVEALS SHE IS PANSEXUAL" (https://graziamagazine.com/articles/lottie-moss-pansexual/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230820172303/https://graziamagazine.com/articles/lottie-moss-pansexual/) from the original on 20 August 2023 . Retrieved 28 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Damshenas, Sam (18 November 2020). "British model Lottie Moss comes out as pansexual" (https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/life/british-model-lottie-moss-comes-out-as-pansexual/) . GAY TIMES . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240426154206/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/life/british-model-lottie-moss-comes-out-as-pansexual/) from the original on 26 April 2024 . Retrieved 26 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Whitehead, Joanna (12 December 2022). "Lottie Moss reveals new 'lover' face tattoo in TikTok post" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/lottie-moss-face-tattoo-lover-b2243477.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230220233920/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/lottie-moss-face-tattoo-lover-b2243477.html) from the original on 20 February 2023 . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . 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American fashion design house Mad Carpentier was an American fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) house, created in January 1940 in Paris by Mad Maltezos and Suzie Carpentier. [1] (#cite_note-FE-1) It was created after Madeleine Vionnet (/wiki/Vionnet) , their former employer, closed in 1939. [2] (#cite_note-2) They stayed open during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , [3] (#cite_note-3) and were very popular in the 1940s. [1] (#cite_note-FE-1) With an unusual name, newspaper reports of the era sometimes referred to Mad Carpentier as if it was a single person. [4] (#cite_note-vt-4) In fashion history and for many clients, Mad Carpentier represented a continuation of Vionnet's bias cut and elegance. In the late 1940s, Mad Carpentier was celebrated for the evening dresses and its remarkable and popular coats in 1940s and 1950s, breaking with the Vionnet tradition. [1] (#cite_note-FE-1) The partnership ended in late 1957, [1] (#cite_note-FE-1) when Mad Maltezos left to join Patou (/wiki/Patou) . [4] (#cite_note-vt-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Mad Carpentier - Fashion Designer Encyclopedia - women, new, body, history, collection, dresses, look" (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/Le-Ma/Mad-Carpentier.html) . Fashionencyclopedia.com. 1948-04-14 . Retrieved 2013-12-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "New Houses Show Wares" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105780726/new-houses-show-wares/) . Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle (/wiki/Wisconsin_Jewish_Chronicle) . Milwaukee (/wiki/Milwaukee) . March 22, 1940. p. 5 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 – via newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hargrove, Rosette (January 16, 1945). "Paris Fashion Designer Roll Call Includes Many Famous Names" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105781085/paris-fashion-designer-roll-call-include/) . Marshfield News-Herald (/wiki/Marshfield_News-Herald) . Marshfield, Wisconsin (/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin) . p. 7 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 – via newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to: a b "Couturier Joins Patou" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105781931/couturier-joins-patou/) . Valley Times . North Hollywood, Los Angeles (/wiki/North_Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) . New York Herald Tribune Syndicate (/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune_Syndicate) . October 31, 1957. p. 40 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 – via newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Fitzgerald, Adeline (February 28, 1958). "Paris Says Go Dancing In Knee-High Skirts" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105781527/paris-says-go-dancing-in-knee-high-skirt/) . The Charlotte Observer (/wiki/The_Charlotte_Observer) . Charlotte, North Carolina (/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina) . p. 29 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 – via newspapers.com. Bibliography [ edit ] Perkins, Alice K. Paris Couturiers and Milliners . New York: Fairchild Publications, 1949 Picken, Mary Brooks, and Dora Loues Miller, Dressmakers of France: The Who, How and Why of the French Couture , New York, 1956 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐wnmnb Cached time: 20240624062823 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.154 seconds Real time usage: 0.204 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 448/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9668/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 456/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19742/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.099/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4165574/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 192.624 1 -total 61.76% 118.959 1 Template:Reflist 44.44% 85.606 1 Template:Cite_web 35.98% 69.306 1 Template:Short_description 22.92% 44.150 2 Template:Pagetype 8.29% 15.970 4 Template:Cite_news 7.18% 13.821 3 Template:Main_other 6.21% 11.965 1 Template:SDcat 1.05% 2.027 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41199664-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624062823 and revision id 1098841627. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_Carpentier&oldid=1098841627 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_Carpentier&oldid=1098841627) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Haute couture (/wiki/Category:Haute_couture) History of fashion (/wiki/Category:History_of_fashion) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Clothing companies of France (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_France) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
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(Redirected from Princess Leia's bikini (/w/index.php?title=Princess_Leia%27s_bikini&redirect=no) ) Fictional character in the Star Wars franchise "Leia" redirects here. For other uses, see Leia (disambiguation) (/wiki/Leia_(disambiguation)) . Not to be confused with Princess Léa of Belgium (/wiki/Princess_L%C3%A9a_of_Belgium) . Fictional character Princess Leia Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars) character Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia [a] (#cite_note-1) First appearance Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)) (1977) Created by George Lucas (/wiki/George_Lucas) Portrayed by Carrie Fisher (/wiki/Carrie_Fisher) [b] (#cite_note-2) Vivien Lyra Blair (/wiki/Vivien_Lyra_Blair) [c] (#cite_note-3) Aidan Barton [d] (#cite_note-4) Ingvild Deila (/wiki/Ingvild_Deila) [e] (#cite_note-5) Billie Lourd (/wiki/Billie_Lourd) [f] (#cite_note-6) Voiced by Various Carrie Fisher [g] (#cite_note-8) Grey DeLisle (/wiki/Grey_DeLisle) [h] (#cite_note-9) Heather Doerksen (/wiki/Heather_Doerksen) [i] (#cite_note-10) Julie Dolan [j] (#cite_note-12) Lisa Fuson (/wiki/Lisa_Fuson) [k] (#cite_note-13) Anna Graves (/wiki/Anna_Graves) [l] (#cite_note-14) Carolyn Hennesy (/wiki/Carolyn_Hennesy) [m] (#cite_note-16) Joyce Kurtz (/wiki/Joyce_Kurtz) [n] (#cite_note-17) Misty Lee (/wiki/Misty_Lee) [o] (#cite_note-19) Patricia Parris (/wiki/Patricia_Parris) [p] (#cite_note-20) Ann Sachs [q] (#cite_note-21) Catherine Taber (/wiki/Catherine_Taber) [r] (#cite_note-22) April Winchell (/wiki/April_Winchell) [s] (#cite_note-23) Shelby Young (/wiki/Shelby_Young) [t] (#cite_note-24) In-universe information Full name Leia Organa [u] (#cite_note-26) Occupation Princess of Alderaan Imperial Senator General of the Resistance Others in Legends [v] (#cite_note-27) Affiliation Imperial Senate (/wiki/Imperial_Senate) Rebel Alliance (/wiki/Rebel_Alliance) New Republic (/wiki/New_Republic_(Star_Wars)) Resistance (/wiki/Resistance_(Star_Wars)) Family Anakin Skywalker (/wiki/Darth_Vader) (father) Padmé Amidala (/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala) (mother) Luke Skywalker (/wiki/Luke_Skywalker) (brother) Bail Organa (/wiki/Bail_Organa) [w] (#cite_note-28) Breha Organa (/wiki/Breha_Organa) [x] (#cite_note-29) Spouse Han Solo (/wiki/Han_Solo) Children Ben Solo (/wiki/Kylo_Ren) (son) Others in Legends [y] (#cite_note-30) Homeworld Alderaan (/wiki/Alderaan) Princess Leia Organa is a fictional character in the Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars) franchise. Introduced in the original (/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)) Star Wars film (/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)) [z] (#cite_note-EpIV-31) in 1977, Leia is a princess of the planet Alderaan (/wiki/Alderaan) , a member of the Imperial Senate (/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Star_Wars)) , and an agent of the Rebel Alliance (/wiki/Rebel_Alliance) . She thwarts the Sith (/wiki/Sith) Lord Darth Vader (/wiki/Darth_Vader) and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire's superweapon, the Death Star (/wiki/Death_Star) . In The Empire Strikes Back (/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back) (1980), Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler Han Solo (/wiki/Han_Solo) . In Return of the Jedi (/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi) (1983), she helps to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt (/wiki/Jabba_the_Hutt) , and is revealed to be Vader's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker (/wiki/Luke_Skywalker) . Leia is portrayed by Carrie Fisher (/wiki/Carrie_Fisher) in the original film trilogy (/wiki/Star_Wars_original_trilogy) and the sequel trilogy (/wiki/Star_Wars_sequel_trilogy) . The 2005 prequel (/wiki/Star_Wars_prequel_trilogy) film Revenge of the Sith (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith) reveals that Leia's mother is Senator Padmé Amidala (/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala) of Naboo (/wiki/Naboo) , who dies after childbirth. Her father is Anakin Skywalker, a Jedi (/wiki/Jedi) who falls to the dark side of the Force (/wiki/The_Force) and becomes Darth Vader. After her mother's death, Leia is adopted by Senator Bail Organa (/wiki/Bail_Organa) of Alderaan and his wife, Queen Breha (/wiki/Breha_Organa) . In the sequel trilogy (/wiki/Star_Wars_sequel_trilogy) , Leia is a founder and General of the Resistance (/wiki/Resistance_(Star_Wars)) , which fights against the First Order (/wiki/First_Order_(Star_Wars)) . She and Han have a son named Ben Solo, who turned to the dark side and became the First Order warlord Kylo Ren (/wiki/Kylo_Ren) . In The Rise of Skywalker (/wiki/The_Rise_of_Skywalker) (2019), it is revealed that Leia was trained as a Jedi by Luke sometime after the events of Return of the Jedi . Leia is now the mentor of Rey (/wiki/Rey_(Star_Wars)) , the last remaining Jedi. Leia dies towards the end of the film but returns as a Force spirit (/wiki/Force_spirit) alongside Luke. One of the more popular Star Wars characters, Leia has been called a 1980s icon (/wiki/Cultural_icon) , a feminist (/wiki/Feminism) hero and model for other adventure heroines. She has appeared in many derivative works and merchandising, including the now-noncanonical Star Wars Expanded Universe (/wiki/Star_Wars_expanded_to_other_media) , and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films. Her "cinnamon bun" hairstyle from Star Wars (1977) and metal bikini from Return of the Jedi have become cultural icons. Fisher was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Actress (/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actress) for Star Wars and Return of the Jedi . She also received Saturn Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress) for The Force Awakens (/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens) and The Last Jedi (/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Last_Jedi) , the latter being a posthumous nomination. Creation and casting [ edit ] Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas (/wiki/George_Lucas) , who in 1999 explained his early development of the main characters: The first [version] talked about a princess and an old general. The second version involved a father, his son, and his daughter; the daughter was the heroine of the film. Now the daughter has become Luke, Mark Hamill (/wiki/Mark_Hamill) 's character. There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister. The older brother was imprisoned, and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad. [6] (#cite_note-32) The character Princess Leia went through various changes as George Lucas (/wiki/George_Lucas) wrote and refined the Star Wars screenplay. In one early draft, she is the spoiled teenage daughter of King Kayos and Queen Breha of Aquilae. [7] (#cite_note-33) In a later version, she is Luke's cousin and the daughter of Owen Lars (/wiki/Owen_Lars) and his wife Beru (/wiki/Beru_Lars) . [8] (#cite_note-34) A subsequent story synopsis establishes her as Leia Antilles, the child of Bail Antilles (/wiki/Bail_Antilles) from the peaceful world of Organa Major. In the fourth draft, she is Leia Organa of Alderaan, which is how she appears in the finished film. [9] (#cite_note-The_Making_of_Star_Wars:_The_Definitive_Story_Behind_the_Original_Film-35) Fisher was 19 when she was cast as Princess Leia, [10] (#cite_note-Guardian_Melted-36) with actresses including Amy Irving (/wiki/Amy_Irving) , Cindy Williams (/wiki/Cindy_Williams) and Jodie Foster (/wiki/Jodie_Foster) also up for the role. [11] (#cite_note-37) [12] (#cite_note-38) In 2014, InkTank reported that the extended list of "more than two dozen actresses" who had auditioned for Leia included Glenn Close (/wiki/Glenn_Close) , Farrah Fawcett (/wiki/Farrah_Fawcett) , Jessica Lange (/wiki/Jessica_Lange) , Sissy Spacek (/wiki/Sissy_Spacek) , Sigourney Weaver (/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver) , Cybill Shepherd (/wiki/Cybill_Shepherd) , Jane Seymour (/wiki/Jane_Seymour_(actress)) , Anjelica Huston (/wiki/Anjelica_Huston) , Kim Basinger (/wiki/Kim_Basinger) , Kathleen Turner (/wiki/Kathleen_Turner) , Geena Davis (/wiki/Geena_Davis) , Meryl Streep (/wiki/Meryl_Streep) , [13] (#cite_note-39) [14] (#cite_note-40) [15] (#cite_note-41) and Terri Nunn (/wiki/Terri_Nunn) . [16] (#cite_note-42) [17] (#cite_note-Beast_2015-43) In his early story development for The Empire Strikes Back (/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back) , Lucas intended for Luke to have a twin sister—not Leia—who would be the focus of another episode. [18] (#cite_note-44) Following the production of Empire , Lucas was burnt out and decided not to make his planned sequel trilogy (/wiki/Sequel_trilogy) . Needing to explain the identity of the other potential Jedi mentioned by Yoda (/wiki/Yoda) , Lucas decided that Leia would be revealed as Luke's twin. [19] (#cite_note-45) In the second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay, Obi-Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister. She and their mother were "sent to the protection of friends in a distant system. The mother died shortly thereafter, and Luke's sister was adopted by Ben's friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife." [20] (#cite_note-46) Fisher explained in 1983: "Leia's real father left her mother when she was pregnant, so her mother married this King Organa. I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess." [21] (#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_1983-47) Character [ edit ] Anthony Breznican (/wiki/Anthony_Breznican) of Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) describes Leia as a "diplomat, spy, warrior, undercover agent". [22] (#cite_note-EW_More_2015-48) Mark Edlitz calls her "a smart, feisty, brave diplomat and warrior" in The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . [23] (#cite_note-Edlitz-49) Fisher told Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) in 1983: There are a lot of people who don't like my character in these movies; they think I'm some kind of space bitch. She has no friends, no family; her planet was blown up in seconds ... so all she has is a cause. From the first film [ Star Wars ], she was just a soldier, front line and center. The only way they knew to make the character strong was to make her angry. In Return of the Jedi , she gets to be more feminine, more supportive, more affectionate. [21] (#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_1983-47) She said in 2014: I would rather have played Han Solo. When I first read the script I thought that's the part to be, always wry and sardonic. He's always that. I feel like a lot of the time Leia's either worried or pissed or, thank God, sort of snarky. But I'm much more worried and pissed than Han Solo ever was, and those aren't fun things to play ... I had a lot of fun killing Jabba the Hutt (/wiki/Jabba_the_Hutt) . They asked me on the day if I wanted to have a stunt double kill Jabba. No! That's the best time I ever had as an actor. And the only reason to go into acting is if you can kill a giant monster. [10] (#cite_note-Guardian_Melted-36) Appearances [ edit ] Original trilogy [ edit ] Main article: Star Wars original trilogy (/wiki/Star_Wars_original_trilogy) Star Wars [ edit ] Introduced in Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)) (1977), Princess Leia of Alderaan is a member of the Imperial Senate and a leader in the Rebel Alliance. She is captured when Darth Vader boards her ship, demanding that she reveal the location of stolen architectural plans for the Death Star, the Galactic Empire (/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Star_Wars)) 's battle station. Before her interrogation, Leia hid the plans inside the droid (/wiki/Droid_(Star_Wars)) R2-D2 (/wiki/R2-D2) , and sent him to find one of the last remaining Jedi, Obi-Wan Kenobi (/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi) . Vader takes Leia to the Death Star and tortures her, but she offers him no information. The Death Star commander Grand Moff Tarkin (/wiki/Grand_Moff_Tarkin) threatens to destroy Alderaan unless she reveals the location of the Rebel base. She provides the location of an abandoned headquarters on Dantooine, but Tarkin obliterates Alderaan anyway. Leia is rescued by Luke Skywalker, Han Solo and Chewbacca (/wiki/Chewbacca) . They escape aboard Han's ship, the Millennium Falcon (/wiki/Millennium_Falcon) . After analyzing the Death Star schematics, the Rebels find a small weakness in the battle station, which allows Luke to destroy it with torpedoes launched from his X-wing (/wiki/X-wing_fighter) . After the victory, Leia honors Luke, Han and Chewbacca for their heroism. Princess Leia's white gown from the original Star Wars film In 2015, Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) praised Leia's courage and resiliency while experiencing imprisonment, torture, and the destruction of her home planet. [24] (#cite_note-WP_Icon-50) Rosenberg also notes that while Han is almost immediately attracted to Leia, they end up in conflict because she insists on asserting command and he automatically resists, even as she proves herself to be worthy of it. [24] (#cite_note-WP_Icon-50) Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1980 that in the original script, when Luke and Han arrive to rescue Leia, she is unconscious, her eyes are yellow and she is hanging upside down, imagery which alludes to the 1973 horror film The Exorcist (/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)) . Fisher explained that the scene was changed because Chewbacca would have had to carry Leia for an extended period of time. [25] (#cite_note-RS_1980-51) The Empire Strikes Back [ edit ] In The Empire Strikes Back (/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back) (1980), Leia is commanding the Rebel base on Hoth (/wiki/Hoth) . As Han prepares to leave the base to pay off Jabba, he tries to make Leia admit that she has romantic feelings for him. When Imperial forces arrive and assault the base, Leia leads an evacuation. She then flees with Han, Chewbacca and C-3PO (/wiki/C-3PO) in the Falcon . While hiding in an asteroid field, Leia and Han share a kiss. With the ship needing repairs, Han seeks out his old friend Lando Calrissian (/wiki/Lando_Calrissian) in Cloud City (/wiki/Bespin) . Lando welcomes the group graciously, but has betrayed them to the Empire. He turns them over to Vader, who hopes to use them as bait to capture Luke. Leia confesses her love for Han as he is frozen in carbonite (/wiki/Carbonite_(Star_Wars)) and handed over to the bounty hunter Boba Fett (/wiki/Boba_Fett) . As Lando, Leia, and Chewbacca escape from Cloud City, Leia senses that Luke is in trouble, and she orders Chewbacca to turn the ship around and rescue him. He was wounded during a lightsaber (/wiki/Lightsaber) duel with Vader, and used the Force to contact Leia. Commenting on Han's attempt to pry a confession of affection out Leia, Rosenberg asserts that "Han's not wrong that if Leia doesn't figure out that she's a person with needs, she's going to burn out ... In a way, it's an early confession of love: Han's anxious about the bounty hunters who are still pursuing him ... But he would stay and give his love and support to Leia if she could just acknowledge that she needs him." [24] (#cite_note-WP_Icon-50) Return of the Jedi [ edit ] In Return of the Jedi (/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi) (1983), Leia infiltrates Jabba the Hutt's palace on Tatooine disguised as a bounty hunter. She frees Han from the carbonite, but they are both recaptured by Jabba, who chains Leia and outfits her in a metal bikini. After Luke arrives and kills Jabba's rancor (/wiki/Rancor) , the crime lord sentences Luke, Han and Chewbacca to be fed to a Sarlacc (/wiki/Sarlacc) , a deadly ground-dwelling beast. The group overpowers their captors, and Leia strangles Jabba to death with her chain. The companions then escape the planet and return to the Rebel base. Later, they travel to the forest moon of Endor (/wiki/Endor_(Star_Wars)) to disable a shield protecting the second Death Star. There, Luke reveals to Leia that he is her twin brother and that Vader is their father. After joining forces with a tribe of Ewoks (/wiki/Ewoks) , the Rebels manage to destroy the Death Star and defeat the Empire. Fisher told Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) in 1983, "In Return of the Jedi , [Leia] gets to be more feminine, more supportive, more affectionate. But let's not forget that these movies are basically boys' fantasies. So the other way they made her more female in this one was to have her take off her clothes." [21] (#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_1983-47) Rosenberg writes of Han and Leia: And we know those two crazy kids are locked for life in Return of the Jedi when it turns out that Han has accepted a Generalship in the Rebellion, keeping it a secret from Leia. In A New Hope , Leia was grumbling about the quality of Han as a rescuer ... But when she finds out what Han's done, accepting a rank he once found insulting and a mission she knows to be dangerous, Leia is the first person to volunteer to join his strike team. In Star Wars , that's what love looks like: trusting your partner's commitment to the cause and respecting his strategic and technical judgment. [24] (#cite_note-WP_Icon-50) Revenge of the Sith [ edit ] In the prequel film Revenge of the Sith (/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Sith) (2005), Anakin Skywalker's wife Padmé Amidala is pregnant with twins near the end of the Clone Wars (/wiki/Clone_Wars_(Star_Wars)) . After Anakin turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes Darth Vader, Padmé gives birth to Luke and Leia on Polis Massa and then dies. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail Organa (/wiki/Bail_Organa) of Alderaan and his wife, Queen Breha. Sequel trilogy [ edit ] Main article: Star Wars sequel trilogy (/wiki/Star_Wars_sequel_trilogy) The Force Awakens [ edit ] Carrie Fisher (/wiki/Carrie_Fisher) reprised the role of Leia in The Force Awakens (/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens) in 2015 Leia returns in The Force Awakens (/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens) (2015), which takes place thirty years after the events of Return of the Jedi . She is the leader of the Resistance, an organization she formed to fight the First Order. She is also trying to find her brother Luke, who disappeared years earlier. After a battle on the planet Takodana, she reunites with Han. They discuss their son, Ben Solo, who left Jedi training and fell to the dark side of the Force, becoming the First Order warlord Kylo Ren (/wiki/Kylo_Ren) . Leia believes Ren can be brought back from the dark side, and urges Han to bring him home. When Han encounters Ren on Starkiller Base (/wiki/Starkiller_Base) , he asks him to abandon the First Order. Ren refuses and instead kills his father. Leia senses Han's death through the Force, and later shares a moment of grief with the scavenger Rey (/wiki/Rey_(Star_Wars)) , who viewed Han as a father figure. Although Leia appears as a Jedi in various Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars_expanded_to_other_media) Legends works, she is not depicted that way in The Force Awakens . The film's director, J.J. Abrams (/wiki/J._J._Abrams) , explained that Leia's decision to lead the Resistance instead of training as a Jedi was "simply a choice that she made". Nevertheless, he affirmed that Leia's strength with the Force is an intrinsic part of her character. [26] (#cite_note-52) Asked to describe Leia in the film, Fisher said she is under "a lot of pressure" and is likely feeling "somewhat defeated, tired, and pissed." [27] (#cite_note-EW_General-53) Fisher was nominated for a 2016 Saturn Award (/wiki/42nd_Saturn_Awards) for Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress) for her performance. [28] (#cite_note-54) The Last Jedi [ edit ] Fisher returns as Leia in The Last Jedi (/wiki/The_Last_Jedi) , the 2017 sequel to The Force Awakens. When Leia's ship is attacked by the First Order, she is expelled into space, but uses the Force to pull herself back onboard. After recovering, she shoots and stuns the Resistance pilot Poe Dameron (/wiki/Poe_Dameron) , who mutinied against Vice Admiral Holdo (/wiki/Vice_Admiral_Holdo) . From his self-imposed exile on Ahch-To (/wiki/Ahch-To) , Luke uses the Force to project himself to the Resistance stronghold on Crait (/wiki/Crait) . He reunites with Leia and apologizes for Ben's fall to the dark side. Leia says that her son is gone, but Luke assures her that nobody is ever truly gone. While Luke distracts Ren and his troops, Leia and the remaining Resistance forces escape in the Falcon . The filming of Fisher's scenes was completed shortly before her death on December 27, 2016. [aa] (#cite_note-58) The Rise of Skywalker [ edit ] Following Fisher's death, Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) reported that she was slated to appear in The Rise of Skywalker (/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Rise_of_Skywalker) (2019). [30] (#cite_note-:0-56) However, Lucasfilm stated that it was not planning to create a digital version of Fisher for the film. [32] (#cite_note-59) Several months later, Fisher's family granted Lucasfilm the right to use previously-filmed footage of her in the film; it was later announced that Fisher would appear using unseen footage from The Force Awakens . [ab] (#cite_note-63) Fisher's daughter Billie Lourd (/wiki/Billie_Lourd) , who portrays Lieutenant Connix (/wiki/Lieutenant_Connix) in all three sequel trilogy films, stepped in as Leia for a brief flashback scene. Her face was digitally replaced by Fisher's, using imagery from Return of the Jedi . [36] (#cite_note-64) In the film, Leia continues to lead the Resistance while guiding Rey in her Jedi training; a flashback presented later reveals that Leia abandoned her own Jedi instruction with Luke after seeing a vision of her son's death. While Rey and Ren duel on Kef Bir (/wiki/Kef_Bir) , Leia uses all of her remaining strength to reach out to Ren through the Force. Rey impales him while he is distracted, then heals his wound as Leia dies. During the climactic battle on Exegol (/wiki/Exegol) , a transformed Ben Solo utilizes the remainder of his life force to revive a comatose Rey, then vanishes into the Force at the same time as his mother. Rey travels to the Lars homestead on Tatooine and buries the lightsabers that had belonged to Leia and Luke. As the Force spirits of her two mentors look on, Rey tells a passerby that her name is "Rey Skywalker." Rogue One [ edit ] Leia makes a brief appearance in the final scene of the 2016 film Rogue One (/wiki/Rogue_One) . She receives the stolen plans for the Death Star as a lead-up to the beginning of Star Wars . Since Rogue One takes place just prior to the original trilogy, a young Leia was required. To create this effect, a computer-generated image (/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery) of a young Carrie Fisher was superimposed over the face of the actress Ingvild Deila (/wiki/Ingvild_Deila) . Archival audio of Fisher was used to voice the character. [37] (#cite_note-Independent_Rogue_One-65) [38] (#cite_note-66) Series [ edit ] A teenage Princess Leia, voiced by Julie Dolan, appears in a 2016 episode of the animated series Star Wars Rebels (/wiki/Star_Wars_Rebels) , which is set between Revenge of the Sith and Star Wars . In the episode, Leia is sent on a secret mission for the Rebel Alliance. Dave Filoni (/wiki/Dave_Filoni) , the executive producer of Rebels , said the intention was to show Leia developing her leadership abilities. He added that in the series, Leia is "part of the Empire. She doesn't believe in the Empire, but she is acting the part, almost a double agent." [39] (#cite_note-TV_Insider-67) Leia also appears in the web series Forces of Destiny (/wiki/Star_Wars_Forces_of_Destiny) (2017–2018) voiced by Shelby Young (/wiki/Shelby_Young) , [40] (#cite_note-68) and in Star Wars Resistance (/wiki/Star_Wars_Resistance) , voiced by Rachel Butera and Carolyn Hennesy (/wiki/Carolyn_Hennesy) . [3] (#cite_note-CB-15) [41] (#cite_note-69) Leia appears as a ten-year-old child in the 2022 live-action series Obi-Wan Kenobi (/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi_(miniseries)) , portrayed by Vivien Lyra Blair (/wiki/Vivien_Lyra_Blair) . [42] (#cite_note-70) Of Blair's casting, series writer Joby Harold (/wiki/Joby_Harold) said the show wanted an actor who would embody a young Carrie Fisher, [43] (#cite_note-71) and Eric Deggans of NPR (/wiki/NPR) later wrote that Blair "practically channels Carrie Fisher's subversive, wisecracking spirit". [44] (#cite_note-72) Novels [ edit ] Leia makes her first literary appearance in Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (/wiki/Star_Wars:_From_the_Adventures_of_Luke_Skywalker) , the novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars , which was released six months before the film in November 1976. Credited to Lucas but ghostwritten (/wiki/Ghostwriter) by Alan Dean Foster (/wiki/Alan_Dean_Foster) , the novel was based on Lucas' screenplay. [45] (#cite_note-73) Leia later appeared in the novelizations The Empire Strikes Back (/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back_(novel)) (1980) by Donald F. Glut (/wiki/Donald_F._Glut) and Return of the Jedi (/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi_(novel)) (1983) by James Kahn (/wiki/James_Kahn) . She is also a point-of-view (/wiki/Third-person_limited_narrative) character in the 2015 novelization (/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens_(novel)) of The Force Awakens by Foster. [46] (#cite_note-FA_novel_I-74) Foster's 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye (/wiki/Splinter_of_the_Mind%27s_Eye) was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential low-budget sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful. [47] (#cite_note-fry-75) In the story, Luke and Leia seek a crystal on a swampy planet and eventually face Vader in combat. Leia appears in the Journey to (/wiki/Journey_to_Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens) Star Wars: The Force Awakens line of novels and comics, which were introduced to connect The Force Awakens with previous films. [48] (#cite_note-Journey-76) She is featured in the young adult novel Moving Target: A Princess Leia Adventure (2015) by Cecil Castellucci (/wiki/Cecil_Castellucci) and Jason Fry, which is set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , [49] (#cite_note-SFS_Target-77) [50] (#cite_note-Deseret_Target-78) and Claudia Gray (/wiki/Claudia_Gray) 's novels Star Wars: Bloodline (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Bloodline) (2016) [51] (#cite_note-UT_Bloodline-79) [52] (#cite_note-Tor_Bloodline-80) and Leia: Princess of Alderaan (/wiki/Leia:_Princess_of_Alderaan) (2017). The former is set six years before The Force Awakens , while the latter features a 16-year-old Leia before the events of A New Hope . She also leads in Beth Revis (/wiki/Beth_Revis) ' Star Wars: The Princess and the Scoundrel which is set immediately right after Return of the Jedi . [53] (#cite_note-81) Comics [ edit ] Leia appears in the limited series Star Wars: Princess Leia (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Princess_Leia) (2015), which takes place immediately after Star Wars . She is also featured in the four-part series Star Wars: Shattered Empire (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Shattered_Empire) (2015), set immediately after Return of the Jedi . [54] (#cite_note-82) Princess Leia depicts Leia training in martial arts on Alderaan and explores her reaction to the destruction of the planet, while Shattered Empire portrays her as a skilled pilot who undertakes a dangerous mission alongside Poe Dameron (/wiki/Poe_Dameron) 's mother. [55] (#cite_note-PL-83) [56] (#cite_note-SE-84) Leia also appears in Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars_(2015_comic_book)) #12. [57] (#cite_note-85) Other [ edit ] Leia appears briefly in the 1978 television film The Star Wars Holiday Special (/wiki/Star_Wars_Holiday_Special) as a leader and administrator of the new Rebel Alliance base. She and C-3PO contact Chewbacca's wife Mallatobuck (/wiki/Mallatobuck) for assistance in finding Chewbacca and Han. Leia also appears in the animated segment at a different base in an asteroid field, and at the Life Day ceremony at the end of the film. [58] (#cite_note-86) Fisher also appeared in and hosted the November 18, 1978, episode of Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) that aired one day after the special. [59] (#cite_note-87) Star Wars Legends [ edit ] See also: Star Wars in other media (/wiki/Star_Wars_in_other_media) Following the acquisition of Lucasfilm (/wiki/Lucasfilm) by The Walt Disney Company (/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) in 2012, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced between 1977 and 2014 were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise. [ac] (#cite_note-92) In the Legends narrative universe, Leia battles remnants of the Empire after the events of Return of the Jedi . She becomes the chief of state of the New Republic (/wiki/New_Republic_(Star_Wars)) and a Jedi Master (/wiki/Jedi_master) , and raises three children with Han: Jaina (/wiki/Jaina_Solo) , Jacen (/wiki/Jacen_Solo) and Anakin Solo (/wiki/Anakin_Solo) . Novels [ edit ] The 1991 New York Times bestselling (/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list) novel Heir to the Empire (/wiki/Heir_to_the_Empire) by Timothy Zahn (/wiki/Timothy_Zahn) began what would become a large collection of works set before, between and especially after the original films. [64] (#cite_note-SW_Heir-93) Post- Return of the Jedi [ edit ] The bestselling Thrawn trilogy (/wiki/Thrawn_trilogy) (1991–93) by Timothy Zahn begins five years after the events of Return of the Jedi . [64] (#cite_note-SW_Heir-93) In Heir to the Empire (1991), Leia is married to Han and three months pregnant with twins. Noghri (/wiki/Noghri) commandos repeatedly attempt to kidnap her as part of Grand Admiral Thrawn (/wiki/Grand_Admiral_Thrawn) 's plan to restore the Empire and crush the New Republic. [65] (#cite_note-heir-94) In Dark Force Rising (/wiki/Dark_Force_Rising) (1992), Leia realizes that Darth Vader and the Empire deceived the Noghri to secure their allegiance, and by revealing the truth she turns the alien race to the side of the New Republic. [66] (#cite_note-dark_rising-95) At one point, she remembers her adoptive parents on Alderaan, implying that the "mother" she discussed with Luke on Endor was Queen Breha. [67] (#cite_note-96) In The Last Command (/wiki/The_Last_Command_(novel)) (1993), Leia gives birth to the twins Jaina (/wiki/Jaina_Solo) and Jacen Solo (/wiki/Jacen_Solo) on Coruscant (/wiki/Coruscant) during Thrawn's siege. [68] (#cite_note-command-97) Leia, now the Chief of State of the New Republic, is a minor character in the Jedi Academy trilogy (/wiki/Jedi_Academy_trilogy) (1994) by Kevin J. Anderson (/wiki/Kevin_J._Anderson) , set after the Thrawn trilogy. Next in the timeline is the Callista trilogy: Children of the Jedi (/wiki/Children_of_the_Jedi) (1995) by Barbara Hambly (/wiki/Barbara_Hambly) , Darksaber (/wiki/Darksaber_(novel)) (1995) by Anderson and Planet of Twilight (/wiki/Planet_of_Twilight) (1997) by Hambly. In The Crystal Star (/wiki/The_Crystal_Star) (1994) by Vonda McIntyre (/wiki/Vonda_McIntyre) , young Jacen, Jaina and their three-year-old brother Anakin (/wiki/Anakin_Solo) are kidnapped in a plot to restore the Empire, but are rescued by Leia and Chewbacca. Leia struggles with the responsibilities of her position in The Black Fleet Crisis (/wiki/The_Black_Fleet_Crisis) trilogy (1996) by Michael P. Kube-McDowell (/wiki/Michael_P._Kube-McDowell) . In The New Rebellion (/wiki/The_New_Rebellion) (1996) by Kristine Kathryn Rusch (/wiki/Kristine_Kathryn_Rusch) , she avoids an assassination attempt and then aids in the defeat of the Dark Jedi (/wiki/Dark_Jedi) Kueller, whom she shoots to death. The (/wiki/The_Corellian_trilogy) Corellian trilogy (/wiki/The_Corellian_trilogy) (1995) by Roger MacBride Allen (/wiki/Roger_MacBride_Allen) finds Han and Leia swept up in a civil war while visiting his homeworld of Corellia (/wiki/Corellia) with their children. In the two Hand of Thrawn (/wiki/The_Hand_of_Thrawn) novels by Timothy Zahn (1997's Specter of the Past (/wiki/Specter_of_the_Past) and 1998's Vision of the Future (/wiki/Vision_of_the_Future) ), Leia tries to hold the New Republic together as Moff Disra conspires for its volatile factions to destroy each other. Leia appears periodically in the Young Jedi Knights (/wiki/Young_Jedi_Knights) series (1995–98) by Kevin J. Anderson and Rebecca Moesta (/wiki/Rebecca_Moesta) . The 14-volume young adult fiction (/wiki/Young_adult_fiction) series covers the Jedi training of Jacen and Jaina. [69] (#cite_note-THR_Jacen-98) [70] (#cite_note-Slate_Jacen-99) [71] (#cite_note-ScreenRant_Jacen-100) [72] (#cite_note-DenofGeek_Jacen-101) In The Truce at Bakura (/wiki/The_Truce_at_Bakura) (1993) by Kathy Tyers (/wiki/Kathy_Tyers) , set one day after the ending of Return of the Jedi , Leia establishes New Alderaan, a sanctuary for the destroyed planet's surviving inhabitants. The spirit of Anakin Skywalker appears to Leia and pleads for her forgiveness, but she angrily banishes him. The six-volume Jedi Prince series (/wiki/Jedi_Prince_series) (1992–93) by Paul Davids (/wiki/Paul_Davids) and Hollace Davids, later contradicted by other novels, is set within a year after Return of the Jedi . In The Glove of Darth Vader (/wiki/The_Glove_of_Darth_Vader) (1992), the self-proclaimed son of the defeated Emperor Palpatine (/wiki/Palpatine) , Trioculus (/wiki/Trioculus) , seeks the titular glove to cement himself as the new Emperor. Entranced by Leia's beauty in The Lost City of the Jedi (/wiki/The_Lost_City_of_the_Jedi) (1992), Trioculus vows to make her his queen. He captures her in Zorba the Hutt's Revenge (/wiki/Zorba_the_Hutt%27s_Revenge) (1992), but Jabba the Hutt's vengeful father, Zorba (/wiki/Zorba_the_Hutt) , offers to trade his own prisoner Ken (/wiki/Ken_(Star_Wars)) —Palpatine's real grandson whom Trioculus has been seeking—for Leia, his son's killer. But Leia and Ken are rescued and Trioculus is frozen in carbonate by Zorba. Mission from Mount Yoda (/wiki/Mission_from_Mount_Yoda) (1993) finds Ken's father Triclops (/wiki/Triclops_(Star_Wars)) alive and willing to join the Rebels against the Empire. Leia, now engaged to Han, is captured by Zorba in Queen of the Empire (/wiki/Queen_of_the_Empire) (1993). Trioculus is revived and seizes Leia before Zorba can kill her. Leia is rescued and replaced with a lookalike droid decoy, which kills Trioculus. In Prophets of the Dark Side (/wiki/Prophets_of_the_Dark_Side) (1993), Leia looks forward to her wedding to Han and has a vision of their two children. Matthew Stover (/wiki/Matthew_Stover) 's 2008 standalone novel Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor (/wiki/Luke_Skywalker_and_the_Shadows_of_Mindor) picks up the story soon after, as Luke, Leia and the Rebels fight the Sith (/wiki/Sith) Lord Shadowspawn. In The Courtship of Princess Leia (/wiki/The_Courtship_of_Princess_Leia) (1994) by Dave Wolverton (/wiki/Dave_Wolverton) , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy, Leia is presented with an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder (/wiki/Prince_Isolder) of the planet Hapes. A jealous Han abducts Leia and takes her to the planet Dathomir; Luke and Isolder follow, and there they all find the hidden forces of the Imperial warlord Zsinj. [73] (#cite_note-102) Defeating him, Han and Leia marry. [74] (#cite_note-103) The 2003 novels A Forest Apart (/wiki/A_Forest_Apart) and Tatooine Ghost (/wiki/Tatooine_Ghost) by Troy Denning (/wiki/Troy_Denning) are set immediately after The Courtship of Princess Leia . The newly married Leia fears that any children she has may succumb to the dark side like her father. During an adventure on Tatooine (/wiki/Tatooine) in Tatooine Ghost , she discovers the diary of her grandmother Shmi Skywalker (/wiki/Shmi_Skywalker) and meets some of young Anakin's childhood friends. When she learns of Anakin's childhood as a slave and the traumatic death of his mother, Leia learns to forgive her father. Works set between films [ edit ] In Shadows of the Empire (/wiki/Shadows_of_the_Empire_(novel)) (1996) by Steve Perry (/wiki/Steve_Perry_(author)) , the only Star Wars novel set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , Leia is searching for Boba Fett to find a captive Han. She is bewitched by the crime lord Prince Xizor (/wiki/Prince_Xizor) using pheromones, but Chewbacca helps her elude the seduction. [75] (#cite_note-Shadows-104) Allegiance (/wiki/Allegiance_(novel)) (2007) and Choices of One (2011) by Timothy Zahn are set between Star Wars: A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back , and feature Leia and her cohorts seeking new allies for their Rebellion against the Empire. Razor's Edge (/wiki/Empire_and_Rebellion:_Razor%27s_Edge) (2013) by Martha Wells (/wiki/Martha_Wells) and Honor Among Thieves (/wiki/Empire_and_Rebellion:_Honor_Among_Thieves) (2014) by James S. A. Corey (/wiki/James_S._A._Corey) take place in the same time period and also chronicle the adventures of Leia and Han. New Jedi Order [ edit ] In the New Jedi Order (/wiki/New_Jedi_Order) series (1999–2003), Leia resigns as Chief of State, and on the heels of her warnings before the Senate, the alien Yuuzhan Vong (/wiki/Yuuzhan_Vong) invade the galaxy. They destroy system after system and defeat both the Jedi and the New Republic forces in countless battles. Chewbacca dies in Vector Prime (/wiki/Vector_Prime) (1999) by R.A. Salvatore (/wiki/R.A._Salvatore) , which sends Han into a deep depression that causes a rift between him and Leia. They reunite after Leia is gravely wounded at the Battle of Duro in Kathy Tyers' Balance Point (/wiki/Balance_Point) (2000). She is targeted by a deadly Voxyn slayer in Troy Dennings' Star By Star (/wiki/Star_By_Star) (2001), and though she manages to evade death, her son Anakin is later killed during a mission to prevent more Voxyn from being cloned. The Vong are finally defeated in The Unifying Force (/wiki/The_Unifying_Force) (2003) by James Luceno (/wiki/James_Luceno) . In Denning's The (/wiki/The_Dark_Nest_trilogy) Dark Nest trilogy (/wiki/The_Dark_Nest_trilogy) (2005), Leia, Han, and several Jedi become involved in an escalating border dispute between the Chiss (/wiki/Chiss) and the insidious insectoid Killiks, and Leia makes a bitter enemy in the Twi'lek (/wiki/Twi%27lek) warrior Alema Rar (/wiki/Alema_Rar) . In The Joiner King (/wiki/The_Joiner_King) (2005), Leia asks Saba Sebatyne (/wiki/Saba_Sebatyne) to train her as a Jedi Knight. R2-D2 malfunctions in The Unseen Queen (/wiki/The_Unseen_Queen) (2005) and shows Luke a holoclip of his father Anakin and a pregnant woman, whom Luke learns is his and Leia's biological mother, Padmé Amidala. Anakin and Padmé are discussing a dream of Anakin's in which Padmé dies in childbirth; later, Luke and Leia watch a clip in which Padmé is talking to Obi-Wan Kenobi about Anakin. Tenel Ka (/wiki/Tenel_Ka) , Queen Mother of the Hapes Consortium, has a daughter, Allana (/wiki/Allana_Solo) , secretly fathered by Jacen. In The Swarm War (/wiki/The_Swarm_War) (2005), Luke and Leia view holoclips of their mother's death, and Leia is promoted to Jedi Knight. Legacy of the Force [ edit ] The bestselling Legacy of the Force (/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Force) series (2006–08) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia's son Jacen to the dark side of the Force while the Jedi, Solos, and Skywalkers fight against his growing power. [69] (#cite_note-THR_Jacen-98) [70] (#cite_note-Slate_Jacen-99) [71] (#cite_note-ScreenRant_Jacen-100) [72] (#cite_note-DenofGeek_Jacen-101) In Betrayal (/wiki/Betrayal_(Star_Wars_novel)) (2006) by Aaron Allston (/wiki/Aaron_Allston) , Jacen turns to the dark side, believing that it is the only way to save the galaxy from the chaos brewing among the member systems of the Galactic Alliance. Jacen realizes in Bloodlines (/wiki/Bloodlines_(Star_Wars_novel)) (2006) by Karen Traviss (/wiki/Karen_Traviss) that the Sith discipline will require him to kill one of his loved ones, which he decides is an acceptable sacrifice to save the galaxy. In Troy Denning's Tempest (/wiki/Tempest_(Denning_novel)) (2006), Han and Leia thwart the assassination of Tenel Ka and Allana but become caught up in a Corellian conspiracy. They are almost killed when the Millennium Falcon is attacked by a Star Destroyer (/wiki/Star_Destroyer) controlled by an increasingly powerful Jacen—who knows that his parents are on board. With Han injured, Leia and Lando further investigate the Corellians in Aaron Allston's Exile (/wiki/Exile_(Star_Wars_novel)) (2007), but Alema reappears to exact her vengeance on Leia. Sacrifice (/wiki/Sacrifice_(Star_Wars_novel)) (2007) by Karen Traviss finds Leia and Han on the run, hunted by Jacen as traitors to the Galactic Alliance. He kills Luke's wife Mara Jade (/wiki/Mara_Jade) as his final sacrifice to become Darth Caedus, the new ruler of the Sith. In Inferno (/wiki/Inferno_(Star_Wars_novel)) (2007) by Troy Denning, Han and Leia are faced with the reality that their son, now Joint Chief of State, is the enemy. Leia attempts unsuccessfully to manipulate Jacen in Aaron Allston's Fury (/wiki/Fury_(Star_Wars_novel)) (2007) so that the Jedi can both thwart him and neutralize Alema. Finally, in Invincible (/wiki/Invincible_(Star_Wars_novel)) (2008) by Troy Denning, Jaina kills Jacen in a lightsaber duel. At Tenel Ka's request, Leia and Han adopt Allana, disguised with the name "Amelia" to protect her from any future vengeance against Cadeus or the Hapes Consortium. Multiple novels in the series made The New York Times Best Seller list (/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list) . [76] (#cite_note-105) [77] (#cite_note-106) [78] (#cite_note-107) [79] (#cite_note-108) [80] (#cite_note-109) The nine-volume Fate of the Jedi (/wiki/Fate_of_the_Jedi) series (2009–12) by Aaron Allston, Troy Denning, and Christie Golden (/wiki/Christie_Golden) finds Han and Leia become caught up in the intensifying conflict between the Galactic Alliance and the Jedi. In the wake of Darth Cadeus' death, the now-peaceful Galactic Alliance harbors a growing mistrust toward the Jedi, and the situation is worsened by a Force-induced psychosis that begins afflicting individual Jedi, sending them on violent rampages. In Millennium Falcon (/wiki/Millennium_Falcon_(novel)) (2008) by James Luceno, set between Legacy of the Force and Fate of the Jedi , a mysterious device hidden inside the eponymous spacecraft sends Han, Leia and Allana on an adventure to investigate the ship's past before it came into Han's possession. Troy Denning's Crucible (/wiki/Crucible_(Star_Wars_novel)) (2013), set after Fate of the Jedi and the last novel to date in the Star Wars Legends chronology, reunites Leia, Han and Luke with Lando as they aid him to thwart a vast criminal enterprise threatening his asteroid mineral refinery in the Chilean Rift nebula (/wiki/Nebula) . Comics [ edit ] Leia's youth is depicted in the Star Wars Tales (/wiki/Star_Wars_Tales) story The Princess Leia Diaries . Leia develops a disdain for the Empire, as well as a conflict with Tarkin. She discovers and decides to support the Rebellion. During the events of the comic series Dark Empire (/wiki/Dark_Empire) (1991–92), Palpatine has been resurrected in a clone body. As part of his plan to restore the Empire, he seduces Luke to the dark side of the Force. Leia resists Palpatine's attempts to turn her as well, and escapes with the Jedi Holocron (/wiki/Holocron) , an artifact he needs to secure his power. When Luke pursues her, Leia manages to turn him back. Luke and Leia then fight Palpatine with the light side of the Force, destroying him with his own Force-generated storm. In Dark Empire II (/wiki/Dark_Empire_II) (1994–95), Leia gives birth to a third child, Anakin Solo (/wiki/Anakin_Solo) . Palpatine is reborn in a rapidly deteriorating clone body in Empire's End (/wiki/Empire%27s_End) (1995), and seeks to possess the body of the infant Anakin. Video games [ edit ] Leia is a playable character in Star Wars Battlefront , [81] (#cite_note-110) Star Wars Battlefront II , [82] (#cite_note-111) Disney Infinity 3.0 (/wiki/Disney_Infinity_3.0) , [ citation needed ] and many Lego (/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars_video_games) Star Wars video games (/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars_video_games) . [83] (#cite_note-112) Cultural impact [ edit ] Princess Leia cosplay (/wiki/Cosplay) ( Star Wars Celebration (/wiki/Star_Wars_Celebration) in Anaheim, California (/wiki/Anaheim,_California) , April 2015) Princess Leia has been called a 1980s icon, [84] (#cite_note-EW_Schou-113) a feminist hero [85] (#cite_note-WP_Bikini-114) and "an exemplary personification of female empowerment". [23] (#cite_note-Edlitz-49) In 2008, Leia was selected by Empire (/wiki/Empire_(magazine)) magazine as the 89th greatest film character of all time, [86] (#cite_note-Empire_89-115) and in 2010 UGO Networks (/wiki/UGO_Networks) listed Leia as one of the best heroes of all time. [87] (#cite_note-UGO_Heroes-116) The character has been referenced or parodied (/wiki/Parody) in several TV shows and films, [88] (#cite_note-EW_Film+TV-117) and is celebrated in cosplay (/wiki/Cosplay) . [ citation needed ] In 2013, cartoonist Jeffrey Brown (/wiki/Jeffrey_Brown_(cartoonist)) published the bestselling Star Wars: Vader's Little Princess , a comic strip-style book featuring Darth Vader and a young Leia in humorous father-daughter situations. [89] (#cite_note-118) [90] (#cite_note-119) [91] (#cite_note-120) Leia has been used in a wide range of Star Wars merchandise. [92] (#cite_note-Daily_Beast_2011-121) [93] (#cite_note-Newsweek-122) In her one-woman show Wishful Drinking (/wiki/Wishful_Drinking) , Fisher called the Princess Leia Pez dispenser (/wiki/Star_Wars_Pez) one of the "merchandising horrors" of the series. [94] (#cite_note-123) In a 2011 interview, Fisher said: I signed away my likeness for free. In those days, there was no such thing as a "likeness" ... There was no merchandising tied to movies. No one could have known the extent of the franchise. Not that I don't think I'm cute or anything, but when I looked in the mirror, I didn't think I was signing away anything of value. Lately I feel like I'm Minnie Mouse (/wiki/Minnie_Mouse) —the identity of Princess Leia so eclipses any other identity that I've ever had. [92] (#cite_note-Daily_Beast_2011-121) After the 2012 acquisition of LucasFilm by the Walt Disney Company, the Disney Store (/wiki/Disney_Store) stated in May 2014 that the company had "no plans for Leia products". [95] (#cite_note-Time_2014-124) After public criticism, Disney told Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) in June 2014 that it would be releasing several Leia products. [95] (#cite_note-Time_2014-124) Funko (/wiki/Funko) has since produced several versions of Leia (at least one for each film) in their POP! line of 4.5-inch vinyl figures in the Japanese super deformed (/wiki/Super_deformed) style. Hasbro (/wiki/Hasbro) is set to release an action figure of Leia as she appears in the Star Wars Rebels (/wiki/Star_Wars_Rebels) animated series. [96] (#cite_note-125) "Cinnamon buns" hairstyle [ edit ] Leia's unique hairdo in Star Wars —arranged in two large buns, one on each side of her head—has come to be known as the "doughnut" or " cinnamon buns (/wiki/Cinnamon_bun) " hairstyle, [97] (#cite_note-Merlock-126) and is iconic of the character and series. [88] (#cite_note-EW_Film+TV-117) When asked in a 2002 interview about the origins of Leia's hairstyle, Lucas said he was aiming for "a kind of Southwestern Pancho Villa (/wiki/Pancho_Villa) woman revolutionary look" from "turn-of-the-century Mexico." [98] (#cite_note-127) An exhibit at the Denver Art Museum (/wiki/Denver_Art_Museum) credited a particular revolutionary—later identified as Clara de la Rocha (/wiki/Clara_de_la_Rocha) —as an inspiration for the coiffure. [99] (#cite_note-snopes-128) The museum stated that Leia's hair arrangement was also influenced by a hairstyle worn by indigenous Hopi (/wiki/Hopi) women of North America. [99] (#cite_note-snopes-128) Empire (/wiki/Empire_(magazine)) suggested that Leia's hairdo was based on that of Queen Fria (/wiki/Queen_Fria) , a character from the 1930s Flash Gordon comic serial (/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(serial)) . [100] (#cite_note-129) Lucas had originally wanted to film an adaptation of Flash Gordon , but unable to obtain the rights, he began developing an original project which would become Star Wars . [101] (#cite_note-130) A February 1978 cover story for the British teen magazine Jackie (/wiki/Jackie_(magazine)) included step-by-step instructions on how to replicate Leia's hair buns. [102] (#cite_note-SW_Covers_Jackie-131) [103] (#cite_note-Jackie_1978-132) In the 1978 short film parody Hardware Wars (/wiki/Hardware_Wars) , Princess Anne-Droid has actual cinnamon buns on the side of her head. [104] (#cite_note-133) Miss Piggy (/wiki/Miss_Piggy) of The Muppet Show (/wiki/The_Muppet_Show) copied the hairdo in a Star Wars -themed episode (/wiki/Star_Wars_(The_Muppet_Show)) of the series in February 1980. [105] (#cite_note-134) In the 1987 Mel Brooks (/wiki/Mel_Brooks) comedy film Spaceballs (/wiki/Spaceballs) , Princess Vespa ( Daphne Zuniga (/wiki/Daphne_Zuniga) ) appears to have the hairstyle, which is soon revealed to in fact be a large pair of headphones. [88] (#cite_note-EW_Film+TV-117) In the parody film Thumb Wars (/wiki/Thumb_Wars) , the role of Leia was filled by a character named Princess Bunhead, who has two cinnamon rolls for hair. In 2015, Fisher's daughter Billie Lourd (/wiki/Billie_Lourd) 's character in the horror-comedy TV series Scream Queens (/wiki/Scream_Queens_(2015_TV_series)) , a rich and disaffected sorority girl known as Chanel No. 3, wears earmuffs in every scene as an homage to Fisher's iconic Leia hairstyle. [106] (#cite_note-135) [107] (#cite_note-136) Lourd also has a cameo in The Force Awakens (2015) in which she wears Leia's distinctive hair buns. [108] (#cite_note-137) Feminist analysis [ edit ] Leia has been the subject of feminist (/wiki/Feminism) analysis. Mark Edlitz wrote for The Huffington Post in 2010 that "Leia is an exemplary personification of female empowerment." [23] (#cite_note-Edlitz-49) David Bushman, television curator at the Paley Center for Media (/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media) , said in 2012, "From the male perspective ... Princess Leia was a very creditable character for her time—not perfect, but certainly defiant, assertive, and strong." [84] (#cite_note-EW_Schou-113) Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post wrote in 2015, "Leia wasn't just the first great heroine of science fiction and fantasy to capture my imagination. She was one of the first characters I encountered whose power came from her political conviction and acumen." [24] (#cite_note-WP_Icon-50) In her 2007 article "Feminism and the Force: Empowerment and Disillusionment in a Galaxy Far, Far Away", Diana Dominguez cited Leia as a welcome change from the previous portrayals of women in film and TV. [97] (#cite_note-Merlock-126) She wrote: Here was a woman who could play like and with the boys, but who didn't have to become one of the boys and who could, if and when she wanted to, show she liked the boys, a woman who is outspoken, unashamed, and, most importantly, unpunished for being so. She isn't a flirty sex-pot, tossing her hair around seductively to distract the enemy ... She doesn't play the role of "Maternal caretaker", although she does display caring and compassion, or "the sweet innocent damsel" who stands passively by while the men do all the work, but does step aside to let them do what they're good at when it is wise to do so ... Leia is a hero without losing her gendered status; she does not have to play the cute, helpless sex kitten or become sexless and androgynous to get what she wants. She can be strong, sassy, outspoken, bossy, and bitchy, and still be respected and seen as feminine. [97] (#cite_note-Merlock-126) [109] (#cite_note-138) Rosenberg writes that, though at first Luke is an apolitical innocent in search of adventure and Han is a detached opportunist in search of money, both are "influenced by Leia's passion [and] take their places as full participants in the Rebellion". [24] (#cite_note-WP_Icon-50) She notes, "Everyone else eventually comes around to Leia's view of the world." [24] (#cite_note-WP_Icon-50) Leia herself, singularly dedicated to her political movement against the Empire, "finds a partner in Han, acknowledging that personal happiness can help her sustain her commitment to building a better galactic order". [24] (#cite_note-WP_Icon-50) Rosenberg cites "Leia's willingness to see the best in him, and Han's desire to live up to her belief in him" as a foundation of their relationship, also pointing out his attempts to make her recognize that she has needs like anyone else and should acknowledge that she needs him. [24] (#cite_note-WP_Icon-50) In their 2012 essay "Lightsabers, Political Arenas, and Marriages", Ray Merlock and Kathy Merlock Jackson cite Leia as the successor of earlier science fiction heroines Wilma Deering (/wiki/Wilma_Deering) of Buck Rogers (/wiki/Buck_Rogers) and Dale Arden (/wiki/Dale_Arden) of Flash Gordon (/wiki/Flash_Gordon) , and the embodiment of "a new stage in the ongoing presentation of the fairy-tale princess in jeopardy". Writing that "after Leia, no longer would princesses be passive and salvaged simply with a kiss," they note the reflection of the character in later Disney Princess (/wiki/Disney_Princess) animated films and in woman warriors such as Ellen Ripley (/wiki/Ellen_Ripley) from the Alien franchise (/wiki/Alien_(franchise)) and Xena (/wiki/Xena) of the adventure TV series Xena: Warrior Princess (/wiki/Xena:_Warrior_Princess) . [97] (#cite_note-Merlock-126) A. O. Scott (/wiki/A._O._Scott) of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) described Leia as "a foremother of Hermione Granger (/wiki/Hermione_Granger) and Katniss Everdeen (/wiki/Katniss_Everdeen) and of countless latter-day Disney princesses. She also foretold the recent, somewhat belated feminist turn in the Star Wars cycle itself". [110] (#cite_note-scott20161228-139) Mark Hamill described Fisher's performance as: She was effortlessly feminist, you know? She wasn't some shrinking violet that needed a guy to come to rescue her. In fact, she made Han and Luke look like chumps. She was anything but what I expected. I mean, I sort of thought, "Well, she's 19, that's barely out of high school." And in many ways, she was a lot older and wiser than I was. [111] (#cite_note-140) Fisher herself described Leia as a "huge" feminist icon, dismissing the suggestion that the character was ever a " damsel in distress (/wiki/Damsel_in_distress) ". Fisher said of Leia, "She bossed them around. I don't know what your idea of distress is, but that wasn't it! And I wasn't some babe running through the galaxy with my tits bouncing around. So I wasn't threatening to women". [112] (#cite_note-RS_Strike_2015-141) She added, "I like Princess Leia. I like how she was feisty. I like how she killed Jabba the Hutt". [110] (#cite_note-scott20161228-139) "I think I am Princess Leia, and Princess Leia is me. It's like a Möbius (/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip) striptease (/wiki/Striptease) ." [113] (#cite_note-142) [114] (#cite_note-143) Metal bikini [ edit ] Princess Leia figure wearing the metal bikini costume at Madame Tussauds London (/wiki/Madame_Tussauds_London) Leia's slave costume when she is held captive by Jabba the Hutt (/wiki/Jabba_the_Hutt) at the beginning of Return of the Jedi —made of brass and dubbed Leia's "Metal Bikini" or "Gold Bikini"—immediately made the character (and Fisher) a "generational sex symbol (/wiki/Sex_symbol) " celebrated by pin-up (/wiki/Pin-up) posters, [84] (#cite_note-EW_Schou-113) [115] (#cite_note-Merlock_79-144) and later merchandising and cosplay (/wiki/Cosplay) . [85] (#cite_note-WP_Bikini-114) [116] (#cite_note-Blastr_Merch-145) [117] (#cite_note-SWCA-146) [118] (#cite_note-Townsend-147) Philip Chien of Wired (/wiki/Wired_(website)) wrote in 2006, "There's no doubt that the sight of Carrie Fisher in the gold sci-fi swimsuit was burned into the sweaty subconscious of a generation of fanboys hitting puberty in the spring of 1983." [119] (#cite_note-Wired-148) Fisher said in 2015, "I am not a sex symbol, so that's an opinion of someone. I don’t share that". [120] (#cite_note-149) [121] (#cite_note-150) Allie Townsend of Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) wrote in 2011 that the so-called "slave Leia" outfit has gained a cult following of its own. [118] (#cite_note-Townsend-147) Rosenberg noted that "the costume has become culturally iconic in a way that has slipped loose from the context of the scenes in which Leia wore it and the things she does after she is forced into the outfit." [85] (#cite_note-WP_Bikini-114) Acknowledging the opinion of some that the "slave Leia" iconography tarnishes the character's position as "feminist hero", [85] (#cite_note-WP_Bikini-114) Rosenberg argued: Leia may be captive in these scenes, but she's not exactly a compliant fantasy. Instead, she's biding her time for the moment when she can put that fury into action, carrying out a carefully laid plan to rescue her lover. And when that moment comes, the bikini doesn't condemn Leia to passivity. She rises, and uses the very chains that bind her to strangle the creature who tried to take away her power by turning her into a sex object. [85] (#cite_note-WP_Bikini-114) Science fiction filmmaker Letia Clouston concurred, saying "Sci-fi has had a long history of strong female characters. Yes, Princess Leia was in a gold bikini, but she was also the one who single-handedly killed Jabba. When you take into account movies and TV shows like Terminator (/wiki/Terminator_(franchise)) , Aliens (/wiki/Alien_(franchise)) , Battlestar Galactica (/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica) , and even video games like Metroid (/wiki/Metroid) , you can see sci-fi has consistently promoted the strength of women more than any other genre." [84] (#cite_note-EW_Schou-113) Peter W. Lee argues that the bikini connotes Leia's hopelessness and helplessness, but even in that demeaning costume she retains her dignity and remains an icon of feminism. [122] (#cite_note-151) Noah Berlatsky argued in The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) for a deeper significance to the costume beyond its function as a sex symbol, stating that the outfit represents an important stage in Princess Leia's complicated relationship with Han Solo (/wiki/Han_Solo) . [123] (#cite_note-152) The outfit was created by Aggie Guerard Rodgers and Nilo Rodis-Jamero, costume designers for Return of the Jedi . [119] (#cite_note-Wired-148) [124] (#cite_note-153) According to Rodgers, the design was inspired by the work of fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta (/wiki/Frank_Frazetta) . [119] (#cite_note-Wired-148) Author Rikke Schubart (/wiki/Rikke_Schubart) suggested the design was also inspired by the work of science fiction illustrator Earle K. Bergey (/wiki/Earle_K._Bergey) . [125] (#cite_note-154) The outfit featured a sculpted metal string bikini (/wiki/String_bikini) top, paired with a bottom consisting of sculpted metal plates in the front and back covering a red silk loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) . Fisher wore leather boots, serpentine jewelry and a collar and chain that bound her to her captor, which she ultimately uses to strangle him. [115] (#cite_note-Merlock_79-144) Multiple versions of the metal bikini were created to accommodate different scenes in the film, including metal pieces by sculptor Richard Miller (/wiki/Richard_Miller_(visual_effects)) for scenes in which Fisher remained still, [119] (#cite_note-Wired-148) [126] (#cite_note-155) and a rubber version she and stuntwoman Tracy Eddon could wear comfortably while performing stunts. [119] (#cite_note-Wired-148) The costume designers made a mold of Fisher's torso so it could be designed to a custom fit. [119] (#cite_note-Wired-148) Fisher quipped that the bikini was "what supermodels will eventually wear in the seventh ring of hell." [93] (#cite_note-Newsweek-122) Fisher posed in the costume for a 1983 cover story in Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . [127] (#cite_note-156) [128] (#cite_note-157) The costume has been parodied in various TV series and films, including Friends (/wiki/Friends) (1996), Family Guy (/wiki/Family_Guy) (2000) and Fanboys (/wiki/Fanboys_(film)) (2009). [88] (#cite_note-EW_Film+TV-117) [119] (#cite_note-Wired-148) [129] (#cite_note-158) Yvonne Strahovski (/wiki/Yvonne_Strahovski) 's appearance wearing the costume in Chuck (/wiki/Chuck_(TV_series)) (2009) prompted Wizard (/wiki/Wizard_(magazine)) to rank her No. 24 of the 25 sexiest women on TV in 2008. [130] (#cite_note-159) IGN (/wiki/IGN) gave Strahovski the top honor in a similar list. [131] (#cite_note-160) Comedian Amy Schumer (/wiki/Amy_Schumer) wore a replica of the outfit for the August 2015 cover of GQ (/wiki/GQ) . [132] (#cite_note-161) [133] (#cite_note-162) An original rubber version of the costume sold for $96,000 at auction in 2015. [134] (#cite_note-163) Despite its iconic status among many fans of the franchise, the slave Leia outfit has sometimes incited controversy. [135] (#cite_note-164) [136] (#cite_note-fox_29-165) In response to a 2015 news segment in which parents described difficulties explaining toys featuring the costume (including a chain around Leia's neck) to their children. Fisher called Disney's decision "stupid," saying, "Tell [the kids] that a giant slug captured me and forced me to wear that stupid outfit, and then I killed him because I didn't like it." [136] (#cite_note-fox_29-165) [137] (#cite_note-166) See also [ edit ] Skywalker family (/wiki/Skywalker_family) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Comics (/wiki/Portal:Comics) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) United States (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Speculative fiction (/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) Politics (/wiki/Portal:Politics) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Promotional image for Star Wars (1977) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Original trilogy, sequel trilogy ^ (#cite_ref-3) Obi-Wan Kenobi (/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi_(miniseries)) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Revenge of the Sith (/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Sith) (infant) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Rogue One (/wiki/Rogue_One) , motion capture ^ (#cite_ref-6) The Rise of Skywalker ^ (#cite_ref-8) Holiday Special (/wiki/Star_Wars_Holiday_Special) , Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens (/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens) , archival audio on Rogue One and Rebels (/wiki/Star_Wars_Rebels) [1] (#cite_note-7) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Star Wars: Force Commander (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Force_Commander) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles (/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars:_The_Yoda_Chronicles) , Lego Star Wars: Droid Tales (/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars:_Droid_Tales) ^ (#cite_ref-12) Star Wars: Uprising (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Uprising) , Rebels , Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures (/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars:_The_Freemaker_Adventures) , Disney Infinity 3.0 (/wiki/Disney_Infinity_3.0) [2] (#cite_note-11) ^ (#cite_ref-13) Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Shadows_of_the_Empire_(video_game)) , Star Wars: Masters of Teräs Käsi (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Masters_of_Ter%C3%A4s_K%C3%A4si) , Star Wars: Rebellion (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Rebellion_(video_game)) , Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Galactic_Battlegrounds) , Lego Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Out (/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars:_The_Empire_Strikes_Out) ^ (#cite_ref-14) Disney Infinity 3.0 ^ (#cite_ref-16) Lego Star Wars: All-Stars (/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars:_All-Stars) , Star Wars Resistance (/wiki/Star_Wars_Resistance) [3] (#cite_note-CB-15) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Star Wars: Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Rogue_Squadron_III:_Rebel_Strike) , Star Wars: Battlefront II (/wiki/Star_Wars:_Battlefront_II_(2005_video_game)) ^ (#cite_ref-19) Star Wars Battlefront (/wiki/Star_Wars_Battlefront_(2015_video_game)) , Star Wars Battlefront II (/wiki/Star_Wars_Battlefront_II_(2017_video_game)) [4] (#cite_note-18) ^ (#cite_ref-20) Read-along storybook CDs ^ (#cite_ref-21) Radio drama (/wiki/Star_Wars_(radio_series)) ^ (#cite_ref-22) Star Wars: The Force Unleashed (/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Unleashed) , Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II (/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Unleashed_II) and Star Wars Detours (/wiki/Star_Wars_Detours) ^ (#cite_ref-23) Phineas and Ferb (/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb:_Star_Wars) ^ (#cite_ref-24) Star Wars Forces of Destiny (/wiki/Star_Wars_Forces_of_Destiny) , Lego Star Wars: Summer Vacation ^ (#cite_ref-26) Leia's birth name is Leia Amidala Skywalker. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeecroftHidalgo201620-25) ^ (#cite_ref-27) Chief of State of the New Republic ^ (#cite_ref-28) Adoptive father ^ (#cite_ref-29) Adoptive mother ^ (#cite_ref-30) Leia's children in the Star Wars Legends narrative universe include her daughter Jaina Solo (/wiki/Jaina_Solo) and her sons Jacen Solo (/wiki/Jacen_Solo) and Anakin Solo (/wiki/Anakin_Solo) . ^ (#cite_ref-EpIV_31-0) Later titled (/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)#Theatrical_re-releases) Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope ^ (#cite_ref-58) Attributed to multiple references: [29] (#cite_note-55) [30] (#cite_note-:0-56) [31] (#cite_note-:1-57) ^ (#cite_ref-63) Attributed to multiple references: [33] (#cite_note-60) [34] (#cite_note-61) [35] (#cite_note-62) ^ (#cite_ref-92) Attributed to multiple references: [60] (#cite_note-THR_Legends2-88) [61] (#cite_note-SW_Legends2-89) [62] (#cite_note-SW_Adult2-90) [63] (#cite_note-91) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-7) Britt, Ryan (March 5, 2018). "Every 'Star Wars'...Voice Easter Egg Explained" (https://www.inverse.com/article/41856-star-wars-rebels-time-travel-world-voices-canon-easter-eggs) . Inverse (/wiki/Inverse_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200806152828/https://www.inverse.com/article/41856-star-wars-rebels-time-travel-world-voices-canon-easter-eggs) from the original on August 6, 2020 . Retrieved July 31, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Chatting With Julie Dolan – The New Voice of Princess Leia!" (http://disneyinfinitycodes.com/chatting-with-julie-dolan-the-new-voice-of-princess-leia/) . disneyinfinitycodes.com . April 13, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050937/http://disneyinfinitycodes.com/chatting-with-julie-dolan-the-new-voice-of-princess-leia/) from the original on October 5, 2017 . Retrieved May 15, 2017 . ^ a b Hurley, Laura (December 10, 2018). "Princess Leia Was Apparently Recast For (https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2463224/princess-leia-was-apparently-recast-for-star-wars-resistances-winter-finale) Star Wars Resistance 's Winter Finale" (https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2463224/princess-leia-was-apparently-recast-for-star-wars-resistances-winter-finale) . cinemablend.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172709/https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2463224/princess-leia-was-apparently-recast-for-star-wars-resistances-winter-finale) from the original on December 15, 2018 . Retrieved December 15, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Mitch Dyer [@MitchyD] (November 18, 2017). "I'm trying to avoid spoilers, but @misty_lee's Leia was such an important role when we see the Rebellion and she absolutely nailed it. She captures the empathy and heart of the character beautifully" (https://x.com/MitchyD/status/931938091484532737) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved December 9, 2017 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeecroftHidalgo201620_25-0) Beecroft & Hidalgo 2016 (#CITEREFBeecroftHidalgo2016) , p. 20. ^ (#cite_ref-32) Clouzot, Claire (1999). "The Morning of the Magician: George Lucas and Star Wars ". In Kline, Sally (ed.). The George Lucas Interviews . Jackson, Mississippi (/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi) : University Press of Mississippi (/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi) . pp. 57–58. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-57806-125-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Bouzereau, Laurent (1997). Star Wars: The Annotated Screenplays . New York City: Ballantine Books (/wiki/Ballantine_Books) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-345-40981-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Pollock, Dale (/wiki/Dale_Pollock) (1999). Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas . New York City: Da Capo Press. p. 146. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-306-80904-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Making_of_Star_Wars:_The_Definitive_Story_Behind_the_Original_Film_35-0) Rinzler, J. 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Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2081310_2080985_2081016,00.html) on July 9, 2011 . Retrieved August 15, 2013 . ^ a b c d e f g Chien, Philip (July 11, 2006). "The Cult of Leia's Metal Bikini" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161227174837/https://www.wired.com/2006/07/the-cult-of-leias-metal-bikini/) . Wired (/wiki/Wired_(website)) . Archived from the original (http://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2006/07/71267) on December 27, 2016 . Retrieved March 14, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-149) Ridley, Daisy (/wiki/Daisy_Ridley) (October 28, 2015). "Daisy Ridley" (https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/daisy-ridley) . Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) (Interview). Interviewed by Carrie Fisher (/wiki/Carrie_Fisher) . Retrieved June 1, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-150) McMillan, Graeme (October 30, 2015). " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/star-wars-carrie-fisher-tells-835546/) Star Wars : Carrie Fisher Tells Daisy Ridley 'Don't Be a Slave Like I Was' (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/star-wars-carrie-fisher-tells-835546/) " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/star-wars-carrie-fisher-tells-835546/) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170805/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/star-wars-carrie-fisher-tells-835546/) from the original on September 20, 2022 . Retrieved September 18, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-151) Lee, Peter W. (2016). A Galaxy Here and Now: Historical and Cultural Readings of Star Wars . McFarland & Co. (/wiki/McFarland_%26_Co.) pp. 68–69. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4766-2408-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-152) Berlatsky, Noah (November 5, 2015). "The 'slave Leia' controversy is about more than objectification" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/nov/05/slave-leia-controversy-star-wars-objectification) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231004104109/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/nov/05/slave-leia-controversy-star-wars-objectification) from the original on October 4, 2023 . Retrieved December 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-153) "Princess Leia Slave Costume" (http://www.padawansguide.com/leia_bikini.shtml) . The Padawan's Guide . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210516201307/http://www.padawansguide.com/leia_bikini.shtml) from the original on May 16, 2021 . Retrieved May 26, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-154) Schubart, Rikke (2007). Super Bitches and Action Babes: The Female Hero in Popular Cinema, 1970–2006 . McFarland & Co. (/wiki/McFarland_%26_Co.) p. 225. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7864-2924-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-155) Tinoco, Armando (December 10, 2022). "Richard Miller Dies: Sculptor Behind Princess Leia's Gold Bikini Was 80" (https://deadline.com/2022/12/richard-miller-dead-sculptor-behind-princess-leia-gold-bikini-1235195768/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240603040400/https://deadline.com/2022/12/richard-miller-dead-sculptor-behind-princess-leia-gold-bikini-1235195768/) from the original on June 3, 2024 . Retrieved December 11, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-156) Wharton, David (November 29, 2013). "Carrie Fisher Talks Feminism and Gold Bikinis in Vintage (http://www.giantfreakinrobot.com/scifi/carrie-fisher-talks-feminism-gold-bikinis-vintage-return-jedi-rolling-stone-interview.html) Return of the Jedi (http://www.giantfreakinrobot.com/scifi/carrie-fisher-talks-feminism-gold-bikinis-vintage-return-jedi-rolling-stone-interview.html) Rolling Stone Interview" (http://www.giantfreakinrobot.com/scifi/carrie-fisher-talks-feminism-gold-bikinis-vintage-return-jedi-rolling-stone-interview.html) . GiantFreakinRobot . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240603050413/https://www.giantfreakinrobot.com/ent/scifi/carrie-fisher-talks-feminism-gold-bikinis-vintage-return-jedi-rolling-stone-interview.html) from the original on June 3, 2024 . Retrieved November 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-157) Wild, Chris (January 4, 2016). "1983: The Gold Bikini at the Beach, Because that Makes Sense" (https://mashable.com/2016/01/04/princess-leia-beach/) . Mashable (/wiki/Mashable) . 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Retrieved December 1, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-160) "25 Boob Tube Babes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080225213611/http://stars.ign.com/articles/852/852183p5.html) . IGN (/wiki/IGN) . February 15, 2008. Archived from the original (http://stars.ign.com/articles/852/852183p5.html) on February 25, 2008 . Retrieved December 1, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-161) Seliger, Mark (July 15, 2015). "Photos: Amy Schumer's Sexy (http://www.gq.com/gallery/amy-schumer-photos-star-wars-trainwreck#1) Star Wars -Themed (http://www.gq.com/gallery/amy-schumer-photos-star-wars-trainwreck#1) GQ Shoot" (http://www.gq.com/gallery/amy-schumer-photos-star-wars-trainwreck#1) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151117160627/http://www.gq.com/gallery/amy-schumer-photos-star-wars-trainwreck#1) from the original on November 17, 2015 . Retrieved November 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-162) Breznican, Anthony (/wiki/Anthony_Breznican) (July 16, 2015). "Amy Schumer's sultry (http://www.ew.com/article/2015/07/16/amy-schumer-star-wars-gq-cover) Star Wars cover wasn't authorized by Lucasfilm" (http://www.ew.com/article/2015/07/16/amy-schumer-star-wars-gq-cover) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151026081346/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/07/16/amy-schumer-star-wars-gq-cover) from the original on October 26, 2015 . Retrieved October 26, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-163) Stone, Natalie (October 3, 2015). "Princess Leia's (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/princess-leias-star-wars-bikini-829279/) Star Wars Bikini Costume Sells for $96K at Auction" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/princess-leias-star-wars-bikini-829279/) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230127192952/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/princess-leias-star-wars-bikini-829279/) from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved June 1, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-164) Silvio, Carl; Vinci, Tony M. (2007). Culture, Identities, and Technology in the Star Wars Films . McFarland & Co. (/wiki/McFarland_%26_Co.) p. 117. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7864-2910-0 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240527101543/https://books.google.com/books?id=VVKQBQAAQBAJ&q=bikini&pg=PR4) from the original on May 27, 2024 . Retrieved May 27, 2024 – via Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) . ^ a b O'Connell, Chris (July 13, 2015). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20160205205854/http://www.fox29.com/news/2029186-story) Star Wars Action Figure Has Parents Furious" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160205205854/http://www.fox29.com/news/2029186-story) . WTXF-TV (/wiki/WTXF-TV) Fox 29. Archived from the original (https://www.fox29.com/news/2029186-story) on February 5, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-166) Calia, Michael (December 3, 2015). "Carrie Fisher on Her Return to (https://www.wsj.com/articles/carrie-fisher-on-her-return-to-star-wars-1449088590) Star Wars " (https://www.wsj.com/articles/carrie-fisher-on-her-return-to-star-wars-1449088590) . Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151203042728/https://www.wsj.com/articles/carrie-fisher-on-her-return-to-star-wars-1449088590) from the original on December 3, 2015. Works cited [ edit ] Beecroft, Simon; Hidalgo, Pablo (2016). Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: Updated and Expanded (eBook ed.). New York: DK Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781465454966 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230115160953/https://books.google.com/books?id=taVyDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on January 15, 2023 . Retrieved June 21, 2024 . Further reading [ edit ] Trotta, Daniel (January 27, 2011). "Carrie Fisher is fat but "not like Jabba the Hutt" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-carriefisher/carrie-fisher-is-fat-but-not-like-jabba-the-hutt-idUSTRE70Q3V320110127) " (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-carriefisher/carrie-fisher-is-fat-but-not-like-jabba-the-hutt-idUSTRE70Q3V320110127) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Retrieved March 4, 2022 . External links [ edit ] Princess Leia (https://www.starwars.com/databank/leia-organa/) in the StarWars.com Databank Wikiquote has quotations related to Princess Leia (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Princess_Leia) . 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Decorative clasp to fix sleeve cuffs together Anglo-Saxon wrist clasp A wrist clasp is a mechanism made of a metal hook and an eye closure, used for closing the wrist opening on a tunic (/wiki/Tunic) . Wrist clasps are considered to be an important piece of dress accessories for both Vikings (/wiki/Vikings) and Anglo Saxons (/wiki/Anglo_Saxons) . [1] (#cite_note-1) See also [ edit ] Watch strap (/wiki/Watch_strap) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Wrist Clasps – What are they and How to use them (http://eirny.com/2013/05/06/wrist-clasps-what-are-they-and-how-to-use-them/) , May 6, 2013, eirny.com This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wrist_clasp&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐6hs9q Cached time: 20240713020728 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.107 seconds Real time usage: 0.156 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 259/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4084/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 568/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5516/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.066/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1502919/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 134.973 1 -total 44.95% 60.677 1 Template:Short_description 44.51% 60.080 1 Template:Clothing-stub 43.26% 58.396 1 Template:Asbox 25.29% 34.140 2 Template:Pagetype 12.35% 16.673 3 Template:Main_other 11.06% 14.928 1 Template:SDcat 9.57% 12.912 1 Template:Reflist 1.34% 1.802 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55432796-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713020728 and revision id 1164828304. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wrist_clasp&oldid=1164828304 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wrist_clasp&oldid=1164828304) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Fashion accessories (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessories) Fasteners (/wiki/Category:Fasteners) Wrist (/wiki/Category:Wrist) Handwear (/wiki/Category:Handwear) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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This redirect does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) : Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This redirect is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles Biography (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) This redirect is within the scope of WikiProject Biography (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography) , a collaborative effort to create, develop and organize Wikipedia's articles about people. All interested editors are invited to join the project (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography/Members) and contribute to the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Biography) . For instructions on how to use this banner, please refer to the documentation (/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Biography/doc) . Biography Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography Template:WikiProject Biography biography articles This template was considered for merging (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) with Template:Infobox person (/wiki/Template:Infobox_person) on 2017 August 31 . The result of the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2017_August_31#Template:Infobox_fashion_designer) was " merge ". __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-ShaneMc2010-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Net_Worth-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z","replies":["c-ShaneMc2010-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z-Net_Worth"],"text":"Net Worth","linkableTitle":"Net Worth"} Net Worth [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-ShaneMc2010-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Net_Worth-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z","replies":["c-ShaneMc2010-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z-Net_Worth"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-ShaneMc2010-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z-Net_Worth","timestamp":"2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-ShaneMc2010-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Net_Worth-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z","replies":["c-ShaneMc2010-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z-Net_Worth"],"text":"Net Worth","linkableTitle":"Net Worth"} There should also be an optional net worth parameter, as some fashion designers such as Ralph Lauren are quite wealthy. I tried to change it, but I reverted my own edit as it made no difference and I don't know how to add parameters. ShaneMc2010 (/wiki/User:ShaneMc2010) 03:43, 27 December 2012 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_fashion_designer#c-ShaneMc2010-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z-Net_Worth) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z","author":"ShaneMc2010","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-ShaneMc2010-2012-12-27T03:43:00.000Z-Net_Worth","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-0x0077BE-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-RfC_on_Template:Infobox_person-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z","replies":["c-0x0077BE-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z-RfC_on_Template:Infobox_person"],"text":"RfC on Template:Infobox person","linkableTitle":"RfC on Template:Infobox person"} RfC on Template:Infobox person (/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_person) [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-0x0077BE-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-RfC_on_Template:Infobox_person-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z","replies":["c-0x0077BE-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z-RfC_on_Template:Infobox_person"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-0x0077BE-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z-RfC_on_Template:Infobox_person","timestamp":"2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-0x0077BE-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-RfC_on_Template:Infobox_person-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z","replies":["c-0x0077BE-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z-RfC_on_Template:Infobox_person"],"text":"RfC on Template:Infobox person","linkableTitle":"RfC on Template:Infobox person"} This message is to notify you that there is an RfC ongoing on whether to add pronunciation info to {{ Infobox person (/wiki/Template:Infobox_person) }} , a discussion which may also affect this template. Your comments on the matter are appreciated. The discussion can be found here (/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_person#RfC:_Proposed_addition_of_pronunciations_to_infobox_person) . Thanks! 0x0077BE ( talk · contrib ) 17:17, 16 November 2014 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_fashion_designer#c-0x0077BE-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z-RfC_on_Template:Infobox_person) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z","author":"0x0077BE","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-0x0077BE-2014-11-16T17:17:00.000Z-RfC_on_Template:Infobox_person","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-DESiegel-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Date_of_birth-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z","replies":["c-DESiegel-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z-Date_of_birth"],"text":"Date of birth","linkableTitle":"Date of birth"} Date of birth [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-DESiegel-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Date_of_birth-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z","replies":["c-DESiegel-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z-Date_of_birth"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-DESiegel-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z-Date_of_birth","timestamp":"2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-DESiegel-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Date_of_birth-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z","replies":["c-DESiegel-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z-Date_of_birth"],"text":"Date of birth","linkableTitle":"Date of birth"} The doc now advises use of {{ birth date and age (/wiki/Template:Birth_date_and_age) }} , which requires a full date. However, as per WP:DOB (/wiki/Wikipedia:DOB) the exact birth date should normally not be included in articles about living people unless it is widely published already, or has clearly been published with the approval of the person. Many editors seem to be automaically following this documetation and insertig full dates of birth where they should not. I have now included a warning about this in the doc. DES (/wiki/User:DESiegel) (talk) 18:25, 27 June 2015 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_fashion_designer#c-DESiegel-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z-Date_of_birth) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z","author":"DESiegel","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-DESiegel-2015-06-27T18:25:00.000Z-Date_of_birth","replies":[],"displayName":"DES"}} NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐8rrkh Cached time: 20240721065008 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.011 seconds CPU time usage: 0.158 seconds Real time usage: 0.205 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1393/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20384/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 446/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13929/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.094/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2062988/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 161.280 1 -total 88.11% 142.108 1 Template:WikiProject_banner_shell 42.92% 69.222 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 16.94% 27.315 1 Template:WikiProject_Biography 8.98% 14.482 1 Template:Old_TfD 6.05% 9.750 1 Template:Tmbox 3.10% 4.992 5 Template:Pagetype 2.60% 4.193 14 Template:Yesno 1.99% 3.204 1 Template:Template 1.85% 2.982 2 Template:Date Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10528550-0!dateformat=default and timestamp 20240721065008 and revision id 1232086220. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_fashion_designer&oldid=1232086220 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_fashion_designer&oldid=1232086220) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : NA-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-Class_fashion_articles) NA-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles) Redirect-Class biography articles (/wiki/Category:Redirect-Class_biography_articles)
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John Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge (/wiki/John_Coleridge,_1st_Baron_Coleridge) , wearing the Coleridge Collar. The Coleridge Collar is a gold (/wiki/Gold) necklace whose provenance (/wiki/Provenance) is disputed. It is said to be either a 16th-century chain of office (/wiki/Livery_collar) , given by King Henry VIII (/wiki/King_Henry_VIII) to his adviser Sir Edward Montagu (/wiki/Edward_Montagu_(judge)) , on the latter's appointment as Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas) in 1546; or a 17th-century copy. [1] (#cite_note-BBC-2012-02-07-1) A former owner, William Coleridge, 5th Baron Coleridge (/wiki/William_Coleridge,_5th_Baron_Coleridge) , was advised by Sotheby's (/wiki/Sotheby%27s) that the collar was a 22- carat (/wiki/Carat_(purity)) copy, and so sold it privately, in 2006, for £35,000. [1] (#cite_note-BBC-2012-02-07-1) However, on 6 November 2008 the purchaser resold it, as a 20-carat original, for more than £300,000, via Sotheby's rival Christie's (/wiki/Christie%27s) . [1] (#cite_note-BBC-2012-02-07-1) In 2012, Lord Coleridge sued Sotheby's, at the High Court (/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice) , London, for the difference. [1] (#cite_note-BBC-2012-02-07-1) Lord Coleridge lost the case and had to pay some 90% of the costs, about £1 million. [2] (#cite_note-2) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d "Coleridge Collar: Baron sues Sotheby's over gold chain" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-16932334) . BBC Online (/wiki/BBC_Online) . 2012-02-07 . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "More on the Coleridge Collar" (http://www.arthistorynews.com/articles/1173_More_on_the_Coleridge_collar) . arthistorynews . March 23, 2012 . Retrieved August 26, 2020 . This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coleridge_Collar&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.canary‐59959768fb‐zlwrk Cached time: 20240712221040 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.173 seconds Real time usage: 0.212 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 201/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5869/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 80/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12680/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.120/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2995930/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 183.451 1 -total 63.36% 116.230 1 Template:Reflist 49.77% 91.310 1 Template:Cite_news 36.61% 67.153 1 Template:Clothing-stub 35.61% 65.331 1 Template:Asbox 2.58% 4.727 1 Template:Cite_web 0.86% 1.585 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34643427-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712221040 and revision id 1122043346. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coleridge_Collar&oldid=1122043346 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coleridge_Collar&oldid=1122043346) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Chains (/wiki/Category:Chains) Gold (/wiki/Category:Gold) Individual necklaces (/wiki/Category:Individual_necklaces) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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British fashion designer (born 1949) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "David Shilling" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22David+Shilling%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22David+Shilling%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22David+Shilling%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22David+Shilling%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22David+Shilling%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22David+Shilling%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) David Shilling Born ( 1949-06-27 ) 27 June 1949 (age 74) London (/wiki/London) , UK Education St Paul's School, London (/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London) Known for The Hats, David Shilling: A Decade of Design Parent(s) Gertrude Shilling (deceased, 1999) Ronald Shilling (deceased, 1988) David Shilling (born 27 June 1949) [1] (#cite_note-1) is an English milliner (/wiki/Hatmaking) , [2] (#cite_note-2) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) , and interdisciplinary artist. (/wiki/Interdisciplinary_arts) Shilling is best known for his flamboyant hat and clothing designs worn on Ladies' Day (/wiki/Ladies%27_Day_(Ascot)) at Royal Ascot (/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse) . His clients include royalty, rock stars' wives, heads of state and notably, his mother Gertrude, who famously wore his creations while attending Ascot. [3] (#cite_note-3) Shilling's career encompasses all areas of art, fashion and jewellery design, sculpture, men's and women's bespoke clothing, home furnishings, theatre, ballet, opera and interior design. His art is in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , [4] (#cite_note-4) the Philadelphia Museum of Art (/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art) , the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) , [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) the Louvre's Musee des Arts Decoratifs (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris) , and the British Government Art Collection. Childhood [ edit ] David Shilling was born in London and attended St Paul's School, London (/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-davidshilling.com-8) By the age of twelve he was designing hats and outfits for his mother, Gertrude, for her to wear to the Ascot horse races (/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse) [9] (#cite_note-9) until her death in 1999. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) By the age of thirteen he was creating toys to sell at his local shop, and later, scarves and accessories to major British retailers such as Fenwick (/wiki/Fenwick_(department_store)) , Fortnum & Mason (/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason) , and Liberty (/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)) . Career [ edit ] Shilling opened his first store in Marylebone High Street (/wiki/Marylebone_High_Street) in 1976: two days after its opening the store received an order from a rock star's wife for twenty four hats. [8] (#cite_note-davidshilling.com-8) His first collection was purchased in America by Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) ; and other stores began selling his creations soon afterwards. In the late 1970s Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) charged up to $3,000 for a David Shilling hat. BBC (/wiki/BBC) British TV series " Arena (/wiki/Arena_(British_TV_series)) " created a film on Shilling titled How to Get Ahead in Fashion (1980). [11] (#cite_note-11) In 1988, he was invited by the USSR to show his hats during the first Miss USSR (/wiki/Miss_USSR) Pageant in Moscow, the first live TV broadcast throughout the USSR. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 1990, he headed a successful mission for the United Nations (/wiki/United_Nations) in Ecuador which led to other projects as an art and design ambassador with the UN in Africa and Asia. Shilling eventually stopped wholesale hat-making and moved to producing only made-to-order garments. He designed the emblem for Britain's Festival of Arts and Culture in 1994; due to this he became a driving force behind the new " Cool Britannia (/wiki/Cool_Britannia) " re-branding of Britain. [13] (#cite_note-Archived_copy-13) His designs for theatre, opera, ballet, film and TV formed an exhibition at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre (/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre) in 1998. [14] (#cite_note-14) In 2007 he displayed the first of an expected ten collections of hats (each priced at £1,000,000) at Top Marques Monaco (/wiki/Top_Marques_Monaco) . [15] (#cite_note-15) In November 2009 he held his first show in mainland China at the Ritz-Carlton (/wiki/The_Ritz-Carlton_Hotel_Company) in Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) . His work encompasses all areas of art, fashion and design, outdoor sculpture, jewellery, men's and ladies' bespoke clothing, accessories, home furnishings, theatre, ballet, opera and interior design. In 2010, a hat with diamonds created by David in the late 1970s was nominated by the Guinness World Records (/wiki/Guinness_World_Records) as the most expensive hat in the world in the 21st century. [13] (#cite_note-Archived_copy-13) He previewed a collection of hats designed for men at the Embassy of Monaco, London (/wiki/Embassy_of_Monaco,_London) in 2012. In 2021, he applied to join a ten-day mission to the International Space Station (/wiki/International_Space_Station) (ISS) in a mixed crew of professional and privately funded astronauts. [16] (#cite_note-16) Charitable work [ edit ] Shilling has worked with many charities, including Consortium for Street Children for whom he designed their logo & helped organise their launch at 10 Downing Street (/wiki/10_Downing_Street) , World Horse Welfare (/wiki/World_Horse_Welfare) and the Darwin Centre (/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London#The_Darwin_Centre) , Natural History Museum (/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London) , London. He is a patron of Action on Addiction (/wiki/Action_on_Addiction) and created a millinery course for HM Prison, The Mount (/wiki/HM_Prison_The_Mount) . Personal life [ edit ] He currently lives in Monaco. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) Notable events [ edit ] 2005: a series of 40-foot-tall (12 m) stainless steel and aluminium sculptures collectively called "Hope" were installed atop Primrose Hill in London's Regent's Park (/wiki/Regent%27s_Park) as part of "Discover - Positive Elements of Life". 2018: he launched World Yacht Party, a collection of music videos and recordings. In collections [ edit ] Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) [17] (#cite_note-17) (New York) Philadelphia Museum of Art (/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art) [18] (#cite_note-18) Los Angeles County Museum (/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art) [19] (#cite_note-19) The Louvre's Musée des Arts Décoratifs (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris) Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) (London) [20] (#cite_note-20) British Government Art Collection (/wiki/Government_Art_Collection) Acrylic on Canvas (London) [21] (#cite_note-21) Holdenby House (/wiki/Holdenby_House) Steel Sculptures ( Northampton, England (/wiki/Northampton) ) [22] (#cite_note-22) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Shilling, David | Encyclopedia.com" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/shilling-david) . encyclopedia.com . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Pearson, L. (4 April 2003). "A head for design" (https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle-2-15039/a-head-for-design-1-602335) . The Scotsman (/wiki/The_Scotsman) . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Tyers, Alan (19 June 2017). "David Shilling: 'Mother was terrified of her big giraffe Ascot hat' (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/racing/2017/06/19/david-shilling-mother-terrified-wearing-big-giraffe-ascot-hat/) " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/racing/2017/06/19/david-shilling-mother-terrified-wearing-big-giraffe-ascot-hat/) . The Telegraph . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Retrieved 13 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "David Shilling | Hat | British" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/116347) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 13 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Museum, Victoria and Albert. "Search Results | V&A Explore the Collections" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 13 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Milliner David Shilling" (https://www.rte.ie/archives/2020/0817/1159551-milliner-david-shilling/) . RTÉ Archives . Retrieved 31 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Answers - the Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions" (http://www.answers.com/topic/david-shilling) . Answers.com (/wiki/Answers.com) . ^ a b "David Shilling - the world's most exclusive designer" (http://www.davidshilling.com/development.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Anstead, Mark (4 October 2003). "The Ascot hat designer who really got ahead" (https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2003/oct/04/features.jobsmoney2) . the Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b Sigee, Rachael (9 June 2014). " (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/to-get-ahead-men-need-an-outrageous-hat-9511619.html) 'To get ahead, men need an outrageous hat' (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/to-get-ahead-men-need-an-outrageous-hat-9511619.html) " (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/to-get-ahead-men-need-an-outrageous-hat-9511619.html) . Evening Standard . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Milliner David Shilling" (https://www.rte.ie//archives/2020/0817/1159551-milliner-david-shilling/) . RTÉ Archives . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "David Shilling: Single events and specific projects" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100621140329/http://www.davidshilling.com/services/servicesspecial.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.davidshilling.com/services/servicesspecial.html) on 21 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . ^ a b "David Shilling - from Ascot to Monaco" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100107031542/http://www.couttswoman.com/2008/may/features/david-shilling.asp) . Archived from the original (http://www.couttswoman.com/2008/may/features/david-shilling.asp) on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "David Shilling - the world's most exclusive designer" (http://www.davidshilling.com/uptonow.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "David Shilling - from Ascot to Monaco" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100107031542/http://www.couttswoman.com/2008/may/features/david-shilling.asp) . Archived from the original (http://www.couttswoman.com/2008/may/features/david-shilling.asp) on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Rocket man: meet the £40m space tourist" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rocket-man-meet-the-40m-space-tourist-twt6r9txp) . The Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Met Museum Collections" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/93890) . www.metmuseum.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220110044213/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/93890) from the original on 10 January 2022 . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : Woman's Hat: The Cocktail Hat" (https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/89169.html?mulR=943677359%7C1) . www.philamuseum.org . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Woman's Cartwheel Hat | LACMA Collections" (https://collections.lacma.org/node/252160) . collections.lacma.org . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Museum, Victoria and Albert. "Hat | David Shilling | V&A Explore The Collections" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O357629/hat-david-shilling/) . Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "AUTH9376 Archives" (https://artcollection.culture.gov.uk/person/shilling-david/) . Government Art Collection . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "- David Shilling" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090523203736/http://www.holdenby.com/rpmServer/generatorSystem/asp/rpmServer_GoGenerate.asp?intSiteID=15&intPageID=33&intNavbarOpen_Level1_ID=12) . Archived from the original (http://www.holdenby.com/rpmServer/generatorSystem/asp/rpmServer_GoGenerate.asp?intSiteID=15&intPageID=33&intNavbarOpen_Level1_ID=12) on 23 May 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.davidshilling.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐thngw Cached time: 20240623105233 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.461 seconds Real time usage: 0.702 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2748/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47264/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2311/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 82472/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.298/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10498223/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 661.692 1 -total 33.53% 221.881 1 Template:Reflist 28.21% 186.695 20 Template:Cite_web 25.24% 167.000 1 Template:Infobox_person 18.93% 125.282 1 Template:Short_description 14.04% 92.881 2 Template:Pagetype 12.65% 83.704 1 Template:BLP_sources 11.75% 77.772 1 Template:Ambox 7.39% 48.924 1 Template:Wikidata_image 7.13% 47.146 4 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26933111-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623105233 and revision id 1216522172. 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The CA Identification Number , also "CA Number", is a number used to identify a person (/wiki/Person) or a company (/wiki/Company) who deals with textile (/wiki/Textile) products (/wiki/Product_(business)) in Canada. The textile dealer uses the CA number on products in place of a name and a postal address. The Competition Bureau (/wiki/Competition_Bureau) is responsible for allocating CA numbers. [1] (#cite_note-name1-1) The use of CA numbers is regulated by the Textile Labelling Act. [1] (#cite_note-name1-1) See also [ edit ] Australian Company Number (/wiki/Australian_Company_Number) Registered identification number (/wiki/Registered_identification_number) , used in the United States References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "CA Identification Number - FAQs" (http://www.competitionbureau.gc.ca/eic/site/cb-bc.nsf/eng/02576.html) . competitionbureau.gc.ca . Competition Bureau (/wiki/Competition_Bureau) , Government of Canada (/wiki/Government_of_Canada) . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . External links [ edit ] Textile Labelling Act (https://www.laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/T-10/index.html) , Justice Laws website NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐6f5ccb59c8‐t884x Cached time: 20240622232030 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.119 seconds Real time usage: 0.147 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 128/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1790/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 88/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4685/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.069/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2489357/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 129.723 1 Template:Reflist 100.00% 129.723 1 -total 81.44% 105.644 1 Template:Cite_web 1.40% 1.822 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39867705-0!canonical and timestamp 20240622232030 and revision id 1110166630. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CA_Identification_Number&oldid=1110166630 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CA_Identification_Number&oldid=1110166630) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Company identification numbers (/wiki/Category:Company_identification_numbers)
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Japanese artist (1966–2020) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Katsuya_Kamo) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Katsuya_Kamo) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Katsuya_Kamo&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Katsuya+Kamo&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Katsuya+Kamo) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Katsuya_Kamo) for suggestions. ( April 2024 ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Katsuya Kamo" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Katsuya+Kamo%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Katsuya+Kamo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Katsuya+Kamo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Katsuya+Kamo%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Katsuya+Kamo%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Katsuya+Kamo%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Katsuya Kamo ( Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_language) : かつや かも) was a milliner (/wiki/Hatmaking) , hairstylist, and artist from Fukuoka, Japan. [1] (#cite_note-1) After training as a hairstylist, Kamo spent time in Paris assisting the Japanese stylist Tetsuya Tamura. [2] (#cite_note-2) After spending two years in Paris, he returned to Tokyo in 1995. Around this time, he became acquainted with Jun Takahashi (/wiki/Jun_Takahashi) of Undercover and Junya Watanabe (/wiki/Junya_Watanabe) of Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) . [3] (#cite_note-3) In 1996, he began collaborating on hair and makeup design for the Undercover and Comme des Garçons runway shows. [4] (#cite_note-4) He created headpieces for clients including Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Haider Ackermann (/wiki/Haider_Ackermann) , and Maison Martin Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Martin_Margiela) for both runway shows and campaign images. [5] (#cite_note-5) He began directing hair for Chanel Haute Couture shows in 2008. Kamo died in March 2020 at the age of 54, and is survived by a daughter named Noi. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Borelli-Persson, Laird (March 9, 2020). "A Look Back at the Magical Creations of Katsuya Kamo" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/katsuya-kamo-milliner-hair-stylist) . Vogue . p. 1 . Retrieved September 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) de Clercq, Emma (February 28, 2018). "People: Meet the Japanese designer and artist Katsuya Kamo, who is renowned for crafting unique, off-kilter headpieces" (https://www.infringe.com/katsuya-kamo/) . Infringe . p. 1 . Retrieved September 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hayashi, Kazumi Asamura (April 2014). "Katsuya Kamo" (https://purple.fr/magazine/ss-2014-issue-21/katsuya-kamo/) . Purple . Retrieved September 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Godoy, Tiffany (July 4, 2017). "Enter Japanese master Katsuya Kamo's world of fantasy headpieces" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/katsuya-kamo/index.html) . CNN Style . p. 1 . Retrieved September 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Roussou, Vasiliki (October 11, 2013). "Katsuya Kamo: "100 Headpieces" Exhibition @ Tokyo's Laforet Museum" (https://en.ozonweb.com/fashion/katsuya-kamo-100-headpieces-exhibition-tokyos-laforet-museum) . Ozon . Retrieved September 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Baker, Scarlett (March 2, 2020). "Favoured by Karl Lagerfeld and Junya Watanabe hair stylist Katsuya Kamo has passed away" (https://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/article/favoured-by-karl-lagerfeld-and-junya-watanabe-hair-stylist-katsuya-kamo-has-passed-away) . The Love Magazine UK . Retrieved September 4, 2022 . 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Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) United Kingdom portal (/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom) This category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is for articles about costume designers (/wiki/Costume_designer) from the European country of the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) . Classification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Classification) : People (/wiki/Category:People) : By occupation (/wiki/Category:People_by_occupation) : Fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers) : Costume designers (/wiki/Category:Costume_designers) : By nationality (/wiki/Category:Costume_designers_by_nationality) : British Also: United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom) : People (/wiki/Category:British_people) : By occupation (/wiki/Category:British_people_by_occupation) : Fashion designers (/wiki/Category:British_fashion_designers) : Costume designers NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐9crps Cached time: 20240713082157 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.072 seconds Real time usage: 0.150 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 180/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4245/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 594/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1367/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.038/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 973023/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 133.369 1 -total 52.93% 70.595 1 Template:Fooian_fooers 44.48% 59.317 4 Template:Resolve_category_redirect 33.48% 44.651 1 Template:Portal 13.35% 17.803 1 Template:Category_explanation 11.88% 15.840 1 Template:Hatnote 2.78% 3.705 3 Template:COLON Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22537483-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713082157 and revision id 921932448. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. E English costume designers (/wiki/Category:English_costume_designers) (45 P) Pages in category "British costume designers" The following 95 pages are in this category, out of 95 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A James Acheson (/wiki/James_Acheson) Adele Änggård (/wiki/Adele_%C3%84ngg%C3%A5rd) Michael Annals (/wiki/Michael_Annals) John Armstrong (artist) (/wiki/John_Armstrong_(artist)) Janet Arnold (/wiki/Janet_Arnold) Joey Attawia (/wiki/Joey_Attawia) B B. J. Simmons & Co. (/wiki/B._J._Simmons_%26_Co.) Isabel Brodie Babianska (/wiki/Isabel_Brodie_Babianska) Michael Baldwin (designer) (/wiki/Michael_Baldwin_(designer)) Alan Barrett (costume designer) (/wiki/Alan_Barrett_(costume_designer)) Joseph Bato (/wiki/Joseph_Bato) Jon Bausor (/wiki/Jon_Bausor) Nadine Baylis (/wiki/Nadine_Baylis) Sue Blane (/wiki/Sue_Blane) Raymond Boyce (theatre designer) (/wiki/Raymond_Boyce_(theatre_designer)) Joan Bridge (/wiki/Joan_Bridge) John Bright (costume designer) (/wiki/John_Bright_(costume_designer)) Daphne Brooker (/wiki/Daphne_Brooker) Paul Brown (costume designer) (/wiki/Paul_Brown_(costume_designer)) Alexandra Byrne (/wiki/Alexandra_Byrne) Kiki Byrne (/wiki/Kiki_Byrne) C Alice Comyns Carr (/wiki/Alice_Comyns_Carr) Deirdre Clancy (/wiki/Deirdre_Clancy) Willy Clarkson (/wiki/Willy_Clarkson) Gordon Conway (costume designer) (/wiki/Gordon_Conway_(costume_designer)) Dave Crossman (/wiki/Dave_Crossman) D Phyllis Dalton (/wiki/Phyllis_Dalton) Odile Dicks-Mireaux (/wiki/Odile_Dicks-Mireaux) Arthur Frederick Dicks (/wiki/Arthur_Frederick_Dicks) Dykwynkyn (/wiki/Dykwynkyn) E Christine Edzard (/wiki/Christine_Edzard) Terry English (/wiki/Terry_English) Matilda Etches (/wiki/Matilda_Etches) F Robin Fraser-Paye (/wiki/Robin_Fraser-Paye) John Furniss (costume designer) (/wiki/John_Furniss_(costume_designer)) G Gabriella Slade (/wiki/Gabriella_Slade) Andrea Galer (/wiki/Andrea_Galer) Nicholas Georgiadis (/wiki/Nicholas_Georgiadis) Julian Gilbey (/wiki/Julian_Gilbey) Tim Goodchild (/wiki/Tim_Goodchild) Duncan Grant (/wiki/Duncan_Grant) Ti Green (/wiki/Ti_Green) Tilly Grimes (/wiki/Tilly_Grimes) H Elizabeth Haffenden (/wiki/Elizabeth_Haffenden) Patience Harris (/wiki/Patience_Harris) Shuna Harwood (/wiki/Shuna_Harwood) Desmond Heeley (/wiki/Desmond_Heeley) Lindy Hemming (/wiki/Lindy_Hemming) Christian Holder (/wiki/Christian_Holder) Andrée Howard (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Howard) Irene Howard (/wiki/Irene_Howard) Monica Howe (/wiki/Monica_Howe) Rob Howell (/wiki/Rob_Howell) June Hudson (/wiki/June_Hudson) K Patrick Kinmonth (/wiki/Patrick_Kinmonth) Charles Knode (/wiki/Charles_Knode) Natasha Korniloff (/wiki/Natasha_Korniloff) M Cathleen Mann (/wiki/Cathleen_Mann) Kevin McCloud (/wiki/Kevin_McCloud) Peter McKintosh (/wiki/Peter_McKintosh) Anthony Mendleson (/wiki/Anthony_Mendleson) Elizabeth Montgomery (designer) (/wiki/Elizabeth_Montgomery_(designer)) Judy Moorcroft (/wiki/Judy_Moorcroft) Motley Theatre Design Group (/wiki/Motley_Theatre_Design_Group) Brian Muir (sculptor) (/wiki/Brian_Muir_(sculptor)) Ruth Myers (costume designer) (/wiki/Ruth_Myers_(costume_designer)) N Sheena Napier (/wiki/Sheena_Napier) Ada Nettleship (/wiki/Ada_Nettleship) O Mike Ockrent (/wiki/Mike_Ockrent) James Haldane O'Hare (/wiki/James_Haldane_O%27Hare) Christopher Oram (/wiki/Christopher_Oram) P Neville Page (/wiki/Neville_Page) Mr. Pearl (/wiki/Mr._Pearl) Anthony Powell (designer) (/wiki/Anthony_Powell_(designer)) Sandy Powell (costume designer) (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) R Tom Rand (costume designer) (/wiki/Tom_Rand_(costume_designer)) Bob Ringwood (/wiki/Bob_Ringwood) Jane Robinson (costume designer) (/wiki/Jane_Robinson_(costume_designer)) Penny Rose (/wiki/Penny_Rose) May Routh (/wiki/May_Routh) Hugo Rumbold (/wiki/Hugo_Rumbold) S Rae Smith (/wiki/Rae_Smith) Melly Still (/wiki/Melly_Still) T Alfred Thompson (librettist) (/wiki/Alfred_Thompson_(librettist)) Dolly Tree (/wiki/Dolly_Tree) Alexandra Tynan (/wiki/Alexandra_Tynan) W Holly Waddington (/wiki/Holly_Waddington) Zena Walker (/wiki/Zena_Walker) Tony Walton (/wiki/Tony_Walton) Anthony Ward (/wiki/Anthony_Ward) Hazel Webb-Crozier (/wiki/Hazel_Webb-Crozier) Michael Whittaker (costume designer) (/wiki/Michael_Whittaker_(costume_designer)) C. Wilhelm (/wiki/C._Wilhelm) Y Janty Yates (/wiki/Janty_Yates) Z Doris Zinkeisen (/wiki/Doris_Zinkeisen) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_costume_designers&oldid=921932448 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_costume_designers&oldid=921932448) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : British fashion designers (/wiki/Category:British_fashion_designers) Costume designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Costume_designers_by_nationality)
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Audrey Withers OBE Withers in 1953 by Lida Moser (/wiki/Lida_Moser) Born 28 March 1905 Hale (/wiki/Hale,_Halton) , Lancashire, England Died 26 October 2001 (2001-10-26) (aged 96) London, England Occupation(s) Magazine editor, author Known for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) Spouses Alan Hay Stewart ( m. 1933; div. 1952) Victor Asarius Kennett ( m. 1953; died 1980) Elizabeth Audrey Withers OBE (/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) (28 March 1905 – 26 October 2001), known as Audrey Withers , was an English journalist, also active as a member of the Council of Industrial Design (/wiki/Council_of_Industrial_Design) . She edited the British magazine Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) between 1940 and 1960 and was the author of The Palaces of Leningrad (1973) and an autobiography. While she used her own name professionally, in some other contexts she was known by her married names, Mrs A. H. Stewart from 1933 to 1952 and Mrs Victor Kennett from 1953 until her death. Early life [ edit ] Derwent Water (/wiki/Derwentwater) Withers was born at Hale (/wiki/Hale,_Halton) in Lancashire (a parish later transferred to Cheshire (/wiki/Cheshire) ), the daughter of Dr Percy Withers (1867–1945), a physician and author, by his marriage to Mary Wolley Summers (1870–1947). [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) Her mother, who had lost both parents at an early age, belonged to a family which owned John Summers & Sons, a company operating a steelworks on the Wirral (/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula) , and was herself a graduate of Somerville College (/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford) , Oxford (/wiki/University_of_Oxford) . [2] (#cite_note-times-2) The family soon moved to the Lake District (/wiki/Lake_District) , where Withers grew up with an older sister and a younger brother on the shores of Derwent Water (/wiki/Derwentwater) . The girls were first educated at home by a governess (/wiki/Governess) . [2] (#cite_note-times-2) Their father had literary friends, including the Poet Laureate (/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom) , Robert Bridges (/wiki/Robert_Bridges) , and the artist Paul Nash (/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)) . [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) Withers went as a boarder (/wiki/Boarding_school) to St Leonards School (/wiki/St_Leonards_School) , St Andrews (/wiki/St_Andrews) , then to Somerville, her mother's old college, graduating from Oxford in 1927 with a Second in philosophy, politics, and economics (/wiki/Philosophy,_politics,_and_economics) . [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) Career [ edit ] Hoping for a career in publishing, Withers took a job in a London bookshop, J. and E. Bumpus, then worked in the advertising section of a book publisher. During the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) she lost her job and was unemployed for several months, during which she lived on an allowance of £2 a week from an uncle. This gave her a sympathy for the political left, and she was a Labour (/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)) supporter for most of her life, [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) until she joined the SDP (/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)) in the 1980s. [2] (#cite_note-times-2) In 1931 she secured a new job as a sub-editor (/wiki/Sub-editor) on Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications) 's Vogue . The magazine had a small staff and she rose quickly, so that in 1940 Harry Yoxall (/wiki/Harry_Yoxall) appointed her as editor. She also joined the Condé Nast board. [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) Golden Square (/wiki/Golden_Square) , site of the Vogue offices During the war years Condé Nast treated Vogue as part of the war effort, printing advice and information, often from British government ministries. Women's magazines were powerful, and Vogue was a favourite publication of the ruling class (/wiki/Ruling_class) , making Withers one of the most influential women in the country. [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) During the London blitz (/wiki/London_blitz) she printed the iconic photograph by Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) of an impeccably dressed model alongside the bomb site of the Temple, London (/wiki/Temple,_London) , with the caption "Fashion is indestructible". Also in 1940 photographs by Therese Bonney (/wiki/Therese_Bonney) of women and children refugees in France appeared in the magazine. [3] (#cite_note-breward-3) On the home front, Withers joined the London Fire Brigade (/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade) as a volunteer and acted as a driver to senior officers. [2] (#cite_note-times-2) She was disappointed to be given no chance of driving fire engines, despite gaining a heavy goods vehicle (/wiki/Heavy_goods_vehicle) licence. [2] (#cite_note-times-2) She kept the offices of Vogue in Golden Square (/wiki/Golden_Square) , Westminster (/wiki/City_of_Westminster) , open, cycling to work. [4] (#cite_note-woodhead-4) Meanwhile, Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) advertised in Vogue "Especially designed gas protection costumes... in oiled silk and available in dawn apricot, amethyst, eau-de-nil and rose pink". [4] (#cite_note-woodhead-4) In the summer of 1944, the American photographer Lee Miller (/wiki/Lee_Miller) persuaded Withers to send her to Normandy (/wiki/Normandy) to produce an article on nurses there, bringing Vogue into the actual coverage of the war; Withers was astonished by what came back, calling it "the most exciting journalistic experience of my war". [3] (#cite_note-breward-3) She allowed Miller to follow the Allied advance through Europe, and Miller reported the liberation of Paris (/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris) and even sent a story from Buchenwald (/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp) . [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) After the end of the world war, Withers promoted advanced causes, and alongside its traditional coverage of beauty and fashion Vogue developed a highbrow streak, publishing articles by Simone de Beauvoir (/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir) , Bertrand Russell (/wiki/Bertrand_Russell) , Marghanita Laski (/wiki/Marghanita_Laski) , Dylan Thomas (/wiki/Dylan_Thomas) , Kingsley Amis (/wiki/Kingsley_Amis) , and work by features editors Lesley Blanch (/wiki/Lesley_Blanch) , and later (1947-1955 Siriol Hugh-Jones (/w/index.php?title=Siriol_Hugh-Jones&action=edit&redlink=1) . Elizabeth David (/wiki/Elizabeth_David) wrote on food, while the critic Penelope Gilliatt (/wiki/Penelope_Gilliatt) got her start in a Vogue talent contest inaugurated by Withers. Her photographers included Norman Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) , Antony Armstrong-Jones (/wiki/Antony_Armstrong-Jones,_1st_Earl_of_Snowdon) , and Irving Penn (/wiki/Irving_Penn) . [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) She twice employed John Deakin (/wiki/John_Deakin) as a staff photographer and twice dismissed him. [5] (#cite_note-5) Her personal style was frugal, preferring sandwiches to expensive restaurants and buses to taxis, and she became a member of the Council of Industrial Design (/wiki/Council_of_Industrial_Design) . [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) Surprisingly, apart from hats, Withers lacked an interest in fashion, [6] (#cite_note-6) so she delegated fashion coverage to others. She later wrote I am very well aware that I would not have been an appropriate editor of Vogue at any other period in its history. I had come up through copy-writing and administration, with no fashion training. [7] (#cite_note-7) She resigned as editor of Vogue in 1960, sensing a wind of change. [2] (#cite_note-times-2) Private life [ edit ] On 2 September 1933 Withers married Alan Hay Stewart, a salesman known as "Jock", who was the son of a musician. The marriage was childless and ended in divorce in 1952. On 20 February 1953 she married Victor Asarius Kennett (1895–1980), a Russian photographer whom she had first met in New York City during the war. With her second husband she lived on a farm, and while still at Vogue divided her time between London and the country. After her retirement they travelled widely, not least in the Soviet Union. [2] (#cite_note-times-2) With Kennett she produced a book, The Palaces of Leningrad (1973), the fruit of nine visits to the city. [8] (#cite_note-8) They also collaborated on the introduction to In the Russian Style (1975), edited by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) . [2] (#cite_note-times-2) In the 1980s Withers became a volunteer in the membership department of David Owen (/wiki/David_Owen) 's Social Democratic Party (/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)) , a centre-left breakaway from the Labour Party. Many years after her husband's death she published an autobiography called Lifespan (1994) and herself died on 26 October 2001 at St Mary's Hospital, London (/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Hospital,_London) , aged ninety-six. [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) Honours [ edit ] In 1954 Withers was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) , and in 1962 she was appointed as a Dame (/wiki/Dame) . [1] (#cite_note-odnb-1) In 1961 she was the winner of the Bicentenary Medal (/wiki/Bicentenary_Medal_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Arts) of the Royal Society of Arts (/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts) , an award given to "a person who, in a manner other than as an industrial designer, has applied art and design to great effect as instruments of civic innovation". [9] (#cite_note-9) Notes [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Drusilla Beyfus, 'Withers [married names Stewart, Kennett], (Elizabeth) Audrey (1905–2001), magazine editor' in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography) (Oxford University Press, 2005) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h 'Audrey Withers, Editor of Vogue during the years of war and austerity when prettiness mattered more than chic', Obituary in The Times (/wiki/The_Times) , issue 67284 dated 31 October 2001, p. 19 ^ Jump up to: a b Christopher Breward & Caroline Evans, Fashion and Modernity , p. 43 ^ Jump up to: a b Lindy Woodhead, War Paint: Madame Helena Rubinstein and Miss Elizabeth Arden (2003), p. 259 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JmICH8OBLrcC&pg=PT259) : "Miss Blanche and all her colleagues at the magazine, led by editor Audrey Withers, braved the bombing of their offices and bicycled to work, dodging the debris, but still looking soignée in suits from Creed, Goodbrook, Angèle Delanghe, Lachasse (/wiki/Lachasse) , Ravhis and Bradleys." ^ (#cite_ref-5) Robin Muir, A Maverick Eye: the Street Photography of John Deakin (London: Thames & Hudson, 2002; ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0500542449 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500542449) ), pp. 8–9, 204 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Beyfus (2005): "Neither did she have a personal interest in fashion..." ^ (#cite_ref-7) Audrey Withers, Lifespan: an autobiography (1994), p. 54 ^ (#cite_ref-8) 'The Palaces of Leningrad, by Victor and Audrey Kennett' in The Times , issue 58951 dated 29 November 1973, p. VII ^ (#cite_ref-9) Journal of the Royal Society of Arts , vol. 133 (Published for the Society by George Bell, 1985), p. 254 Media offices Preceded by Elizabeth Penrose (/wiki/Elizabeth_Penrose_(fashion_journalist)) Editor of British Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) 1940–1960 Succeeded by Ailsa Garland (/wiki/Ailsa_Garland) External links [ edit ] Audrey Withers portraits (http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp70419/audrey-withers) at npg.org.uk ( National Portrait Gallery, London (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) ) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/355303/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000120214493) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/15302817) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtX7rRctcmwKXJJbhgh73) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1227399731) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007518764005171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95031238) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0135779&CON_LNG=ENG) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072244232) Poland (https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810530754805606) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/21992452X) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐69f74dcdf6‐lc4gr Cached time: 20240721231536 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.445 seconds Real time usage: 0.646 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3731/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22947/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7448/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 16/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17655/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.238/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4908591/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 597.799 1 -total 55.55% 332.076 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.39% 169.720 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 21.88% 130.782 2 Template:Unbulleted_list 20.23% 120.926 2 Template:Marriage 16.69% 99.770 1 Template:Authority_control 12.67% 75.734 1 Template:Wikidata_image 9.84% 58.794 1 Template:Reflist 9.73% 58.177 2 Template:Str_≠_len 9.49% 56.722 8 Template:YEAR Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35297483-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721231536 and revision id 1235926629. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Traditional clothing (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Traditional_clothing) . The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 9 subcategories, out of 9 total. Clothing by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_country) (83 C, 1 P) Clothing by culture (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_culture) (6 C, 2 P) Clothing by ethnicity (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_ethnicity) (17 C, 10 P) Costume by period (/wiki/Category:Costume_by_period) (1 C, 2 P) F Folk footwear (/wiki/Category:Folk_footwear) (1 C, 35 P) H Highland dress (/wiki/Category:Highland_dress) (1 C, 32 P) R Russian folk clothing (/wiki/Category:Russian_folk_clothing) (10 P) U Ukrainian folk clothing (/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_folk_clothing) (12 P) W Western wear (/wiki/Category:Western_wear) (1 C, 27 P) Pages in category "Folk costumes" The following 105 pages are in this category, out of 105 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) A Adras (fabric) (/wiki/Adras_(fabric)) Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo gấm (/wiki/%C3%81o_g%E1%BA%A5m) Armenian dress (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Nikola Arsenović (/wiki/Nikola_Arsenovi%C4%87) Azerbaijani traditional clothing (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) B Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Black Forest Costume Museum (/wiki/Black_Forest_Costume_Museum) Bollenhut (/wiki/Bollenhut) Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Bridal crown (/wiki/Bridal_crown) Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Burmese clothing (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) C Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Chedda of Tlemcen (/wiki/Chedda_of_Tlemcen) Chugurma (/wiki/Chugurma) Croatian national costume (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Czech traditional clothing (/wiki/Czech_traditional_clothing) D Dangui (/wiki/Dangui) Daura-Suruwal (/wiki/Daura-Suruwal) Deel (clothing) (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) E Ethiopian suit (/wiki/Ethiopian_suit) F Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Folk costumes of Podhale (/wiki/Folk_costumes_of_Podhale) G Ginza Motoji (/wiki/Ginza_Motoji) Gomesi (/wiki/Gomesi) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) H Habesha kemis (/wiki/Habesha_kemis) Hakchangui (/wiki/Hakchangui) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Hifu (garment) (/wiki/Hifu_(garment)) I Icelandic national costume (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) National costume of Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) It's a Small World (/wiki/It%27s_a_Small_World) J Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) K Kalabubu (/wiki/Kalabubu) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kaupinam (/wiki/Kaupinam) Kazakh clothing (/wiki/Kazakh_clothing) Khalili Collection of Kimono (/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Kimono) Khara dupatta (/wiki/Khara_dupatta) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Kira (Bhutan) (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Kokumin-fuku (/wiki/Kokumin-fuku) Kosode (/wiki/Kosode) Traditional clothing of Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) Koteka (/wiki/Koteka) Koto (traditional clothing) (/wiki/Koto_(traditional_clothing)) Kroje (/wiki/Kroje) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Kurti top (/wiki/Kurti_top) L Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) List of Trinidad and Tobago Carnival character costumes (/wiki/List_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival_character_costumes) M Macedonian national costume (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Madras (costume) (/wiki/Madras_(costume)) Mordovian national costume (/wiki/Mordovian_national_costume) Museum of World Costumes (/wiki/Museum_of_World_Costumes) Mushanana (/wiki/Mushanana) Muslin (/wiki/Muslin) Myeonbok (/wiki/Myeonbok) N Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Newar traditional clothing (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) List of national costumes of Norway (/wiki/List_of_national_costumes_of_Norway) O Ottoman clothing (/wiki/Ottoman_clothing) P Parzenica (folk pattern) (/wiki/Parzenica_(folk_pattern)) National costumes of Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Punjabi clothing (/wiki/Punjabi_clothing) Punjabi paranda (/wiki/Punjabi_paranda) Q Quadrille dress (/wiki/Quadrille_dress) R Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Romani dress (/wiki/Romani_dress) Romanian dress (/wiki/Romanian_dress) S Sampot (/wiki/Sampot) Sampot chang samluy (/wiki/Sampot_chang_samluy) Sarashi (/wiki/Sarashi) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Serbian traditional clothing (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Sinh (clothing) (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) T Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Takshita (/wiki/Takshita) Formal Thai national costume (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) History of Thai clothing (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Traditional Thai clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Toego (/wiki/Toego) Tricana poveira (/wiki/Tricana_poveira) Turkish folk dress (/wiki/Turkish_folk_dress) U Ukrainian national clothing (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) V Volhynian folk costume (/wiki/Volhynian_folk_costume) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) W Wedding sari (/wiki/Wedding_sari) Traditional Welsh costume (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) White clothing in Korea (/wiki/White_clothing_in_Korea) Wonju (Bhutan) (/wiki/Wonju_(Bhutan)) Wrapper (clothing) (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) X Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Z Ziad Zukkari (/wiki/Ziad_Zukkari) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Folk_costumes&oldid=1012036079 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Folk_costumes&oldid=1012036079) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Ceremonial clothing (/wiki/Category:Ceremonial_clothing) Clothing by function (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) Costumes (/wiki/Category:Costumes) Folk culture (/wiki/Category:Folk_culture) Formal wear (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) History of fashion (/wiki/Category:History_of_fashion) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
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Tahounia Rubel Born ( 1988-02-20 ) February 20, 1988 (age 36) Gondar (/wiki/Gondar) , Ethiopia Occupations Model singer television personality presenter Modeling information Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Hair color Black Eye color Brown Agency MC2 Model Management (Tel Aviv) Vision Models (Cape Town) Tahounia Rubel ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) : טהוניה רובל , often written as Tahuonia or Tahunia ; born February 20, 1988) is an Israeli (/wiki/Israelis) fashion model, singer, and television personality. She became widely known as the first person of Ethiopian (/wiki/Ethiopia) origin to win HaAh HaGadol (/wiki/HaAh_HaGadol) (the Israeli version of Big Brother ), in the fifth season (/wiki/HaAh_HaGadol_5) . [1] (#cite_note-haaretz1-1) Biography [ edit ] Tahounia Rubel was born in Gondar (/wiki/Gondar) , Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) , to an Ethiopian-Jewish (/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews) family. Her name "Tahounia" derives from the word meaning "staying for a prolonged term" in Amharic (/wiki/Amharic_language) . Rubel moved to Israel (/wiki/Aliyah_from_Ethiopia) with her family when she was three, under the widely known immigration drive called Operation Solomon (/wiki/Operation_Solomon) . She served as a Driving Course Instructor in the Logistics Corps (/wiki/Logistics_Corps) of the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces) . During her military service, she completed 12 years of schooling. In 2012, Rubel went to London (/wiki/London) , where she lived for eight months in a models apartment. She has since led campaigns for familiar designer brands in London (/wiki/London) , including Sleek Makeup, MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) and Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) for Glamour magazine (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . She has also been likened to a young Iman (/wiki/Iman_(model)) . [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2012, Rubel was named "The Israeli Supermodel" in an Israeli beauty pageant, becoming the first woman of Ethiopian origin to win a local beauty pageant. She subsequently represented Israel at the World Supermodel Pageant in Fiji (/wiki/Fiji) , but missed a place in the final. In 2013, Rubel won the fifth series of HaAh HaGadol (/wiki/HaAh_HaGadol) (the Israeli version of Big Brother (/wiki/Big_Brother_(TV_series)) ) and worth NIS one million. [1] (#cite_note-haaretz1-1) [3] (#cite_note-3) Roni Maili, one of the houseguests in the show who was eliminated later because of aggressive behavior, made racist comments about her. [4] (#cite_note-jpost1-4) [5] (#cite_note-thehollywoodreporter1-5) In September 2013, Rubel participated in a special fundraiser broadcast of Latet (/wiki/Latet) on Channel 2 (/wiki/Channel_2_(Israel)) and she was chosen to voice-over an animated character in a TV commercial (/wiki/TV_commercial) for Klik of Unilever (/wiki/Unilever) company. In October 2013, Rubel was invited with her family to the president's residence, where President Shimon Peres (/wiki/Shimon_Peres) held a salute ceremony honoring Ethiopian Jews (/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews) in celebration of Sigd (/wiki/Sigd) . The same month, she performed Eyal Golan (/wiki/Eyal_Golan) 's song Kol HaHalomot ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew) : כל החלומות, "All The Dreams") on the Israeli reality TV program HaKokhav HaBa (/wiki/HaKokhav_HaBa) (the Israeli version of Rising Star ). A 45-minute documentary film (/wiki/Documentary_film) about Rubel, Tahounia - By Herself , was produced by Galit Gutman (/wiki/Galit_Gutman) . It reveals Rubel's most intimate moments in the span of eight months and tells about her tough childhood, until entering the HaAh HaGadol (/wiki/HaAh_HaGadol) (the Israeli version of Big Brother ). The documentary was broadcast on May 15, 2014 on Channel 2 (/wiki/Channel_2_(Israel)) to 611.3 thousand viewers and it was the second highest rating for that day. A few days later it was broadcast in Europe and the United States on the Israeli Network (/wiki/Israeli_Network) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2021, she took part in the second season of the Israeli production (/wiki/The_Singer_in_the_Mask) of The Masked Singer (/wiki/The_Masked_Singer) as the Babushka (/wiki/Matryoshka_doll) and was the eighth contestant eliminated. See also [ edit ] Israel portal (/wiki/Portal:Israel) Africa portal (/wiki/Portal:Africa) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Ethiopian Jews in Israel (/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel) Yityish Titi Aynaw (/wiki/Yityish_Titi_Aynaw) References [ edit ] ^ a b Izikovich, Gili (2013-08-28). "Ethiopian-born contestant wins Israel's 'Big Brother' (http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/.premium-1.543867) " (http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/.premium-1.543867) . Haaretz . Retrieved 2013-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Tahounia - Ethiopian Model Makes Good in London - A Young Iman" (http://www.sourcewire.com/news/71480/tahounia-ethiopian-model-makes-good-in-london-a) . SourceWire. 2013-04-24 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Ethiopia-Born Model Wins Israel's 'Big Brother' (http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/ethiopia-born-model-wins-israels-big-brother/2013/08/29/) " (http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/ethiopia-born-model-wins-israels-big-brother/2013/08/29/) . The Jewish Press. 2013-08-29 . Retrieved 2013-12-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-jpost1_4-0) Brown, Hannah (2013-05-30). "Really annoying 'reality' shows" (http://www.jpost.com/Arts-and-Culture/Entertainment/Really-annoying-reality-shows-314844) . Jpost . Retrieved 2013-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-thehollywoodreporter1_5-0) Caspi, David (2013-07-11). "Racism, Homophobia Stir Controversy on Israeli 'Big Brother' (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/racism-homophobia-stir-controversy-israeli-583215) " (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/racism-homophobia-stir-controversy-israeli-583215) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013-12-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Tahounia - By Herself (http://tin.tv/site/article/%D7%97%D7%93-%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99/tahunia-by-herself) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tahounia Rubel . Tahounia Rubel (https://www.facebook.com/tahuonia.rubel) on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)) Tahounia Rubel (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6013742/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Tahounia Rubel at Zone Models (http://www.zone-models.com/2014/Zoom.aspx?model_id=641) Tahounia Rubel at MC2 Model Management (https://web.archive.org/web/20140103140517/http://www.mc2models.com/tel-aviv/celeb-s/tahounia-rubel) Tahounia Rubel at Vision Models Cape Town (http://www.visionmodels.co.za/details.aspx?modelID=729016&subid=9666&int=1) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/2472149068527565730008) National Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007423511805171) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐5ljhq Cached time: 20240720164453 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.503 seconds Real time usage: 0.634 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2393/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26602/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2805/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32093/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.364/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 22416757/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 593.037 1 -total 40.53% 240.371 1 Template:Infobox_model 18.17% 107.747 1 Template:Lang-he 17.43% 103.358 1 Template:Reflist 15.04% 89.174 5 Template:Cite_web 9.86% 58.450 1 Template:Authority_control 7.03% 41.709 1 Template:Infobox 5.57% 33.033 1 Template:Height 5.45% 32.312 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 5.29% 31.396 1 Template:Flatlist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41264245-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164453 and revision id 1123044899. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahounia_Rubel&oldid=1123044899 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahounia_Rubel&oldid=1123044899) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1988 births (/wiki/Category:1988_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Israeli Jews (/wiki/Category:Israeli_Jews) Jewish female models (/wiki/Category:Jewish_female_models) Israeli female models (/wiki/Category:Israeli_female_models) Israeli people of Ethiopian-Jewish descent (/wiki/Category:Israeli_people_of_Ethiopian-Jewish_descent) Ethiopian emigrants to Israel (/wiki/Category:Ethiopian_emigrants_to_Israel) Big Brother (franchise) winners (/wiki/Category:Big_Brother_(franchise)_winners) Israeli beauty pageant winners (/wiki/Category:Israeli_beauty_pageant_winners) People from Beit Shemesh (/wiki/Category:People_from_Beit_Shemesh) Ono Academic College alumni (/wiki/Category:Ono_Academic_College_alumni) People from Gondar (/wiki/Category:People_from_Gondar) Hidden categories: Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Hebrew-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers)
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(Redirected from Brassière or bra (/w/index.php?title=Brassi%C3%A8re_or_bra&redirect=no) ) Women's undergarment for supporting the breasts For other uses, see Bra (disambiguation) (/wiki/Bra_(disambiguation)) and BRA (disambiguation) (/wiki/BRA_(disambiguation)) . "Brassiere" redirects here. For the type of restaurant, see Brasserie (/wiki/Brasserie) . Full-cup bra Plunge bra Balconette bra A bra , short for brassiere or brassière ( US (/wiki/American_English) : / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) b r ə ˈ z ɪər / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) , UK (/wiki/British_English) : / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ b r æ s ɪər , (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ b r æ z -/ (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ; French: [bʁasjɛʁ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ), is a form-fitting (/wiki/Form-fitting) underwear (/wiki/Underwear) that is primarily used to support and cover a woman's breasts (/wiki/Breast) . A typical bra consists of a chest band that wraps around the torso, supporting two breast cups that are held in place by shoulder straps. A bra usually fastens in the back, using a hook and eye fastener (/wiki/Hook-and-eye_closure) , although bras are available in a large range of styles and sizes (/wiki/Bra_size) , including front-fastening and backless designs. Some bras are designed for specific functions, such as nursing bras (/wiki/Nursing_bra) to facilitate breastfeeding (/wiki/Breastfeeding) or sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) to minimize discomfort during exercise. Although women in ancient Greece and Rome wore garments to support their breasts, the first modern bra is attributed to 19-year-old Mary Phelps Jacob (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) who created the garment in 1913 by using two handkerchiefs and some ribbon. After patenting her design in 1914, she briefly manufactured bras at a two-woman factory in Boston, Massachusetts (/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts) before selling her patent to the Warner Brothers Corset Company (/wiki/Warnaco_Group) , which began mass-producing the garment. The bra gained widespread adoption during the first half of the twentieth century, when it largely replaced the corset (/wiki/Corset) . The majority of Western women today wear bras, with a minority choosing to go braless (/wiki/Bralessness) . Bra manufacturing and retailing are key components of the multi-billion-dollar global lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) industry. Etymology [ edit ] The term brassiere , from French brassière , was used by the Evening Herald in Syracuse, New York, in 1893. [1] (#cite_note-1) It gained wider acceptance in 1904 when the DeBevoise Company used it in their advertising copy—although the word is actually French for a child's undershirt. In French, it is called a soutien-gorge (literally, "throat-supporter"). [2] (#cite_note-angel-2) It and other early versions resembled a camisole (/wiki/Camisole) stiffened with boning (/wiki/Bone_(corsetry)) . [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApsan2006186-3) Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine first used the term brassiere in 1907, [4] (#cite_note-NYMag-4) [5] (#cite_note-USA_Today-5) and by 1911 the word had entered the Oxford English Dictionary (/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) . [6] (#cite_note-words-6) On 3 November 1914, the newly formed US patent category for "brassieres" was inaugurated with the first patent issued to Mary Phelps Jacob (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) , later and better known as Caresse Crosby (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-duron-8) In the 1930s, brassiere / brassière was gradually shortened to bra . [2] (#cite_note-angel-2) History [ edit ] Main article: History of bras (/wiki/History_of_bras) Corset (/wiki/Corset) , 1808 Corset, 2010 The history of the brassière is full of myths in which people like Caresse Crosby (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) , Howard Hughes (/wiki/Howard_Hughes) , Herminie Cadolle (/wiki/Herminie_Cadolle) and Otto Titzling (/wiki/Otto_Titzling) command center stage. [9] (#cite_note-9) Before the spread of brassières, the female bust was encased in corsets (/wiki/Corset) and structured garments called " bust improvers (#Falsies) [ broken anchor ] ", made of boning (/wiki/Bone_(corsetry)) and lace. [10] (#cite_note-10) The history of corsets (/wiki/History_of_corsets) indicates they started to go out of fashion by 1917, when metal was needed to make tanks and munitions for World War I, [11] (#cite_note-JForbes-11) and when 1920s fashions emphasized boyish figures. [12] (#cite_note-JFields-12) When corsets became unfashionable, brassières and padding helped to project, display and emphasize the breasts. In 1893, New Yorker Marie Tucek was granted a patent for a "breast supporter", described as a modification of the corset, and was very similar to a modern push-up bra (/wiki/Push-up_bra) designed to support the breasts. It consisted of a plate made of metal, cardboard or other stiff material shaped to fit against the torso under the breasts, following the contour of the breasts. It was covered with silk, canvas or other cloth, which extended above the plate to form a pocket for each breast. The plate curved around the torso and ended near the armpits. [13] (#cite_note-Tucek-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Early brassières [ edit ] Venus (/wiki/Venus) or Aphrodite (/wiki/Aphrodite) prepares to put on an apodesmos , bronze statuette, 0-400 CE Roman women wearing breast-bands during sport, Villa Romana del Casale (/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale) , Sicily, 4th century AD Wearing a garment to support the breasts may date back to ancient Greece (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) . [15] (#cite_note-HISTORY-15) Women wore an apodesmos , [16] (#cite_note-16) later stēthodesmē , [17] (#cite_note-17) mastodesmos [18] (#cite_note-18) and mastodeton , [19] (#cite_note-19) all meaning "breast-band", a band of wool or linen that was wrapped across the breasts and tied or pinned at the back. [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeoty18939-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Roman women wore breast-bands during sport, such as those shown on the Coronation of the Winner mosaic (also known as the "Bikini mosaic"). Fragments of linen textiles found at Lengberg Castle (/wiki/Lengberg_Castle) in East Tyrol (/wiki/East_Tyrol) in Austria dated to between 1440 and 1485 are believed to have been bras. Two of them had cups made from two pieces of linen sewn with fabric that extended to the bottom of the torso with a row of six eyelets for fastening with a lace or string. One had two shoulder straps and was decorated with lace in the cleavage. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) From the 16th century, the undergarments of wealthier women in the Western world were dominated by the corset (/wiki/Corset) , which pushed the breasts upwards. In the later 19th century, clothing designers began experimenting with alternatives, splitting the corset into multiple parts: a girdle (/wiki/Girdle) -like restraining device for the lower torso, and devices that suspended the breasts from the shoulder to the upper torso. [15] (#cite_note-HISTORY-15) Modern bra [ edit ] "Breast Supporter" c. 1893 Though the first bra, a linen and lace garment that looks almost exactly like a modern bra, was discovered in an early 15th century collection from Lengberg Castle (/wiki/Lengberg_Castle) in Tyrol (/wiki/Tyrol) , Austria (/wiki/Austria) , there is no other evidence of any use of bras in the 1400s. In 1914, the first modern bra was patented by New York publisher, activist, and socialite Caresse Crosby (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) (born Mary Phelps Jacob). [24] (#cite_note-24) [11] (#cite_note-JForbes-11) Frustrated with a whale bone (/wiki/Whale_bone) corset that kept popping through a new party dress, [25] (#cite_note-Deccan-25) she created the bra from two handkerchiefs and some ribbon to create cleavage (/wiki/Cleavage_(breasts)) . [26] (#cite_note-MKetch-26) Crosby sold bras to friends for one dollar. Soon she founded the Fashion Form Brassière Company (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Form_Brassi%C3%A8re_Company&action=edit&redlink=1) , with a factory in Boston staffed by two women. Crosby patented the first bra as "the backless brassière" in 1914. After making a few hundred bras and some orders from department stores, she was persuaded by her husband to close the company. [ why? ] She sold the patent to The Warner Brothers Corset Company (/wiki/Warner_Brothers_Corset_Company) for US$1,500. In the next 30 years, Warner Brothers made more than US$15 million from the design. [26] (#cite_note-MKetch-26) Corset from 1898 Bodice from 1900 According to Cadolle Lingerie House, Herminie Cadolle (/wiki/Herminie_Cadolle) , a French inventor, was the first inventor to patent the modern 'brassiere', called the "corselet-gorge", lingerie which separated the upper bra portion from the lower corset, the first step toward the modern bra. [27] (#cite_note-27) An urban legend (/wiki/Urban_legend) that the brassière was invented by a man named Otto Titzling (/wiki/Otto_Titzling) ("tit sling") who lost a lawsuit with Phillip de Brassière ("fill up the brassière") originated with the 1971 book Bust-Up: The Uplifting Tale of Otto Titzling and the Development of the Bra and was propagated in a comedic song from the movie Beaches (/wiki/Beaches_(1988_film)) . [28] (#cite_note-28) Half the patents filed for the design and manufacture of the bra were created by women. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau2002-29) The Dresden (/wiki/Dresden) -based German, Christine Hardt, patented the first modern brassière in 1899. [30] (#cite_note-30) Sigmund Lindauer from Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Germany, developed a brassière for mass production and patented it in 1912. It was mass-produced by Mechanische Trikotweberei Ludwig Maier und Cie. in Böblingen, Germany. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) In the United States, Mary Phelps Jacob (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) received a patent in 1914 for the first brassière design that is recognized as the basis for modern bras. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2005111-34) Mass production in the early 20th century made the garment widely available to women in the United States, England, Western Europe, and other countries influenced by western fashion. [2] (#cite_note-angel-2) Metal shortages in World War I encouraged the end of the corset. Padded bra Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Development of the underwire bra started in the 1930s, [35] (#cite_note-Napoleon-35) though it did not gain widespread popularity until the 1950s, when the end of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) freed metal for domestic use. [36] (#cite_note-Kanner-36) [37] (#cite_note-Seigel-37) Aviator and filmmaker Howard Hughes (/wiki/Howard_Hughes) designed a prototype for an aerodynamic underwire bra for Jane Russell (/wiki/Jane_Russell) when filming The Outlaw (/wiki/The_Outlaw) in 1941. According to Hughes, the resultant amount was "the length of the actual cleavage is five and one-quarter inches." [38] (#cite_note-divide-38) Bras in 1940s left a substantial amount of fabric in the center, thus creating a separation of breasts instead of the pushed-together cleavage of today. [39] (#cite_note-39) Frederick Mellinger (/wiki/Frederick_Mellinger) of Frederick's of Hollywood created the first padded bra in 1947, followed by an early push-up bra a year later (dubbed "The Rising Star" [11] (#cite_note-JForbes-11) ). [25] (#cite_note-Deccan-25) A padded bra adds material (foam, silicone, gel, air, or fluid) to the cups to help the breasts look fuller. [40] (#cite_note-40) There are different designs, from a slight lift to a highly pushed-up effect, that provide coverage and support, hides nipples, add shape to breasts that are far apart and adds comfort. [41] (#cite_note-Grady-41) Graduated padding uses more padding at the bottom of the cups that gradually tapers off towards the top. [42] (#cite_note-42) There also are semi-padded bras that suits deep neck dresses. [43] (#cite_note-PAti-43) With the advent of padded bras, sales of removable pads took a plunge, [44] (#cite_note-44) though some padded bras also have removable inserts. [41] (#cite_note-Grady-41) Actress Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) was required to wear a custom made silicone gel filled bra for the movie Erin Brockovich (/wiki/Erin_Brockovich_(film)) in order to increase her cleavage. [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) Brassières were initially manufactured by small production companies and supplied to retailers. The term "cup" was not used until 1916, and manufacturers relied on stretchable cups to accommodate different sized breasts. [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau200273-47) Women with larger or sagging breasts had the choice of long-line bras, built-up backs, wedge-shaped inserts between the cups, wider straps, Lastex (/wiki/Lastex) , firm bands under the cup, and light boning. [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau200273-47) In October 1932, the S.H. Camp and Company correlated the size and pendulousness of breasts to letters A through D. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApsan2006186-3) Camp's advertising featured letter-labeled profiles of breasts in the February 1933 issue of Corset and Underwear Review . In 1937, Warner began to feature cup sizing in its products. [48] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau2002Steele201073-48) Adjustable bands were introduced using multiple hook and eye closures in the 1930s. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau2002Steele201056,_81-49) By the time World War II ended, most fashion-conscious women in Europe and North America were wearing brassière, and women in Asia, Africa, and Latin America began to adopt it. [2] (#cite_note-angel-2) 1960s–1980s [ edit ] Push up bra Plunge bra In fall 1963 and spring 1964, the Western fashion trends were dominated by plunging necklines, while the movie goers were charmed by movies like Tom Jones (/wiki/Tom_Jones_(1963_film)) that portrayed "aggressive cleavages". Lingerie and Shapewear manufacturers like Warner Brothers (/wiki/Warnaco_Group) , Gossard (/wiki/Gossard_Limited) , Formfit (/wiki/Formfit) , and Bali (/wiki/Bali_(lingerie)) took the opportunity to market plunge bras. [50] (#cite_note-Up144-50) A plunge bra covers the nipples and bottom of the breasts while leaving the top part bare making it suitable for low-cut tops and deep V-necks. [43] (#cite_note-PAti-43) It also has a lower, shorter and narrower center gore (/wiki/Gore_(fabrics)) that maintains support while increasing cleavage by allowing the gore to drop several inches below the middle of the breasts. [51] (#cite_note-51) [52] (#cite_note-CHarr-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) Plunge bras comes in different depths that provide great cleavage. Like a push up bra these have some padding and provide support, [41] (#cite_note-Grady-41) as well as to help push the breasts together and create cleavage. [52] (#cite_note-CHarr-52) Bali and Vassarette (/wiki/Vassarette) also marketed lace bras that maximized cleavage. [55] (#cite_note-55) The first push-up bra (/wiki/Push-up_bra) was created in 1964 by Canadian Louise Poirier and patented for Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) (trademarked in 1935), then owned by Canadelle, a Canadian lingerie company in 1971. [56] (#cite_note-SStall-56) [57] (#cite_note-57) A push up bra is designed to press the breasts upwards and closer together to give a fuller appearance with help of padded cups, [58] (#cite_note-58) differing from other padded bras in location of the pads. [41] (#cite_note-Grady-41) It leaves the upper and inner area of breasts uncovered adding more cleavage. These are available in many designs and every size starting from A to E (/wiki/Bra_size) . [43] (#cite_note-PAti-43) Most of the push-up bras have underwires for added lift and support, [43] (#cite_note-PAti-43) while the padding is commonly made of foam. [41] (#cite_note-Grady-41) 1990s onward [ edit ] Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) (1975) Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) (2014) The Wonderbra brand was acquired, in 1994, by Sara Lee Corporation (/wiki/Sara_Lee_Corporation) and, since 2006, licensed to HanesBrands Inc (/wiki/Hanes) and Sun Capital (/wiki/Sun_Capital_Partners) for different markets. [59] (#cite_note-59) [60] (#cite_note-60) It had 54 design elements, including a three-part cup, underwires, a precision-angled back, rigid straps, and removable "cookies". [56] (#cite_note-SStall-56) When the push-up plunge bra first appeared in the US market one Wonderbra sold every 15 seconds, driving a first year sale of US$120 million. [56] (#cite_note-SStall-56) The bra became one of the most complex pieces of lingerie ever created. [61] (#cite_note-61) In 1994, supermodel Eva Herzigova (/wiki/Eva_Herzigova) 's cleavage photographed by Ellen von Unwerth (/wiki/Ellen_von_Unwerth) for Wonderbra's controversial advertising campaign Hello Boys helped shape the ideal of women, an experience Herzigova described as "empowering". [62] (#cite_note-62) In 1999, the advertising poster was placed at 10th position in the Poster of the Century competition compiled by trade magazine Campaign (/wiki/Campaign_(magazine)) . In 2011, it was voted the top advertising campaign of all time in a poll by Outdoor Media Centre, and advertising and marketing portal, and was featured in an exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum. [63] (#cite_note-63) It helped to bring the brand into forefront of the competition for cleavage after 30 years of relative obscurity. [11] (#cite_note-JForbes-11) On the first Friday of every April in South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) , brassière (/wiki/Brassi%C3%A8re) marketer Wonderbra sponsors a National Cleavage Day (/wiki/National_Cleavage_Day) . [64] (#cite_note-WONDERBRA-64) [65] (#cite_note-IOLTSDJFYC-65) America's largest lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) was launched by Roy Raymond, a Stanford alumnus, in San Francisco in late 1970s with a similar appeal. [66] (#cite_note-Pelling-66) Victoria's Secret Angels (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Angels) held its first fashion show at Plaza Hotel (/wiki/Plaza_Hotel) in New York in 1995. [67] (#cite_note-Krueger-67) Even traditional brands, who were producing 1950s style pointy-cups, low-backs, low-fronts and no-straps, [50] (#cite_note-Up144-50) like Maidenform (/wiki/Maidenform) joined the competition in 1995. [68] (#cite_note-68) In 1999 the event was first webcast. By 2001, the event was being aired on network television with 12 million viewers for the first broadcast. Other lingerie manufacturers like Frederick's of Hollywood and Agent Provocateur also joined the competition by that time, [67] (#cite_note-Krueger-67) with the former introducing a design called Hollywood Extreme Cleavage Bra that helped give the impression of a spherical cleavage like augmented breasts that was popularized by stars like Pamela Anderson (/wiki/Pamela_Anderson) . [69] (#cite_note-69) The underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) utilizes a wire sewn into the bra fabric and under each cup, from the center gore to under the wearer's armpit. It helps to lift, separate, shape, and support the breasts. These bras use a thin strip of metal, plastic or resin, usually with a nylon coating at both ends. [70] (#cite_note-Goo-70) [71] (#cite_note-madaras-71) Some underwire bra styles also come in soft cup versions. [72] (#cite_note-72) Underwire bras accounted for 60% of the United Kingdom bra market in 2000 [73] (#cite_note-73) and 70% in 2005. [74] (#cite_note-74) About 70% of women who wear bras wear a steel underwire bra according to underwear manufacturer industries of New York in 2009. [70] (#cite_note-Goo-70) In 2001, 70% (350 million) of the bras sold in the United States were underwire bras. [13] (#cite_note-Tucek-13) [70] (#cite_note-Goo-70) In 2005, underwire bras were the fastest growing segment of the market. [75] (#cite_note-Mintel-75) There has been complaints that underwire bras restrict the flow of blood and lymph fluid (/wiki/Lymph_fluid) around the breasts preventing drainage of toxins, though there has been no evidence of that. [76] (#cite_note-76) In the next decade, particularly during the COVID-19 lockdowns (/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns) , [77] (#cite_note-77) bralettes (/wiki/Bralette) and soft bras started replacing underwired and padded bras, [78] (#cite_note-78) sometimes also serving as an outerwear. [79] (#cite_note-Dyett-79) At the same time popularity of brands like Victoria's Secret decreased significantly. [80] (#cite_note-80) Because, according to Sarah Shotton, creative director of Agent Provocateur, "Now it's about the athletic body, health and wellbeing", than "about the male gaze (/wiki/Male_gaze) ," [81] (#cite_note-81) while according to independent lingerie designer Araks Yeramyan "It was #MeToo (#MeToo) [ broken anchor ] that catapulted the bralette movement into what it is today." [79] (#cite_note-Dyett-79) Some bralettes still provide plunging designs, light padding, bottom support or significant cleavage. [82] (#cite_note-82) [83] (#cite_note-83) [84] (#cite_note-84) [85] (#cite_note-85) See also: List of bra designs (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) Manufacture [ edit ] Construction [ edit ] A seamstress sews a bra in Puerto Rico Mass-produced bras are manufactured to fit a prototypical woman standing with both arms at her sides. The design assumes that both breasts are equally sized and symmetrical. [86] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenLaBatBye2010-86) Manufacturing a well-fitting bra is a challenge since the garment is supposed to be form-fitting but women's breasts may sag, vary in volume, width, height, shape, and position on the chest. [86] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenLaBatBye2010-86) [87] (#cite_note-87) [88] (#cite_note-cope-88) Manufacturers make standard bra sizes that provide a "close" fit, however even a woman with accurate measurements can have a difficult time finding a correctly fitted bra because of the variations in sizes between different manufacturers. Some manufacturers create " vanity sizes (/wiki/Vanity_sizing) " and deliberately mis-state the size of their bras in an attempt to persuade women that they are slimmer and more buxom. [89] (#cite_note-89) [90] (#cite_note-times2018-90) A bra is one of the most complicated garments to make. A typical design has between 20 and 48 parts, including the band, gore, side panel, cup, apex, neckline, underwire, strap, ring, slider, strap join, and closure. Bras are built on a square frame model. Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) designer Chantal Thomass said, It's a highly technical garment, made of lots of tiny pieces of fabric, with so many sizes to consider for the different cups, etc. It's a garment you wash every day, so the seams and structure need to be extremely robust. It's very different from a piece of clothing; it's in direct contact with the skin, it needs to be super solid. [91] (#cite_note-91) The primary component offering the most support is a chest band that wraps around the torso. It supports two cups that are usually held in place by two shoulder straps (/wiki/Shoulder_strap) . The chest band is usually closed in the back by a hook and eye fastener (/wiki/Fastener) , but smaller busted models may be fastened at the front. [92] (#cite_note-franklin-92) Sleep bras or athletic bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) do not have fasteners and are pulled on over the head and breasts. The section between the cups is called a gore. The section under the armpit where the band joins the cups is called the "back wing". [93] (#cite_note-hanesglos-93) Bra components, including the cup top and bottom (if seamed), the central, side and back panels, and straps, are cut to manufacturer's specifications. Many layers of fabric may be cut at the same time using computer-controlled lasers or bandsaw shearing devices. The pieces are assembled by piece workers using industrial sewing machines or automated machines. Coated metal hooks and eyes are sewn in by machine and heat processed or ironed into the back ends of the band and a tag or label is attached or printed onto the bra itself. [93] (#cite_note-hanesglos-93) The completed bras are folded (mechanically or manually), and packaged for shipment. [94] (#cite_note-gale-94) The chest band and cups, not the shoulder straps, are designed to support the weight of women's breasts. Strapless bras rely on an underwire (/wiki/Underwire_bra) and additional seaming and stiffening panels to support them. The shoulder straps of some sports bras cross over at the back to take the pressure off the shoulders when arms are raised. Manufacturers continually experiment with proprietary frame designs. For example, the Playtex "18-Hour Bra" model utilizes an M-Frame design. [93] (#cite_note-hanesglos-93) Materials [ edit ] Selection of bras in Cairo (/wiki/Cairo) , Egypt, 2013 Bras were originally made of linen, cotton broadcloth, and twill weaves and sewn using flat-felled or bias-tape seams. They are now made of a variety of materials, including Tricot (/wiki/Tricot_(fabric)) , Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) , Spanette, Latex (/wiki/Latex) , microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) , satin (/wiki/Satin) , Jacquard (/wiki/Jacquard_loom) , foam, mesh, and lace (/wiki/Lace) , [93] (#cite_note-hanesglos-93) which are blended to achieve specific purposes. Spandex, a synthetic fiber with built-in "stretch memory", can be blended with cotton, polyester, or nylon. Mesh is a high-tech synthetic composed of ultra-fine filaments that are tightly knit for smoothness. [93] (#cite_note-hanesglos-93) Sixty to seventy per cent of bras sold in the UK and US have underwired (/wiki/Underwire_bra) cups. The underwire is made of metal, plastic, or resin. [95] (#cite_note-95) [13] (#cite_note-Tucek-13) The antecedents for underwire in bras date to at least 1893, when Marie Tucek of New York City patented a breast supporter , a sort of early push-up bra made of either metal or cardboard and then covered with fabric. [70] (#cite_note-Goo-70) Underwire is built around the perimeter of the cup where it attaches to the band, increasing its rigidity to improve support, lift, and separation. [92] (#cite_note-franklin-92) Wirefree or softcup bras have additional seaming and internal reinforcement. By the late 1970s, wire-free bras were emerging both at Hanky Panky and at Hanro (/wiki/Hanro) in Switzerland. Cosabella in Italy and in France followed in the 1980s, as did Eberjey (/w/index.php?title=Eberjey&action=edit&redlink=1) in the 1990s. [96] (#cite_note-96) Others use padding or shaping materials to enhance bust size or cleavage. [97] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuciani2009224-97) Size and fitting [ edit ] Main article: Bra size (/wiki/Bra_size) In most countries, bras come in a band and cup size, such as 34C; 34 is the chest band, or the measurement around the torso directly underneath the breasts, and C is the cup size, which refers to the volume of the breasts. Most bras are offered in 36 sizes; the Triumph "Doreen" comes in 67 sizes, up to 46J. [98] (#cite_note-KingJune2005-98) The cup size varies depending on the band size. A D cup on a 38 band is larger in volume than a D cup on a 34 band, as the volume of a woman's breast increases as her chest band dimension increases. [99] (#cite_note-bravissimo_fit-99) In countries that have adopted the European EN 13402 (/wiki/EN_13402) dress-size standard, the measurement is rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 centimetres (2.0 in). [100] (#cite_note-bra_fitting_services-100) [101] (#cite_note-womens_hour_bras-101) 1958 illustration of how to measure cup and band size International manufacturing standards and measurement systems vary widely. Bras are designed for an ideal body, but women's anatomy vary widely. Ten percent of women's breasts are asymmetrical, with the left breast being larger in 62 percent of cases. [102] (#cite_note-102) One woman's breasts may be ptotic and widely spaced, another's might be centered closely on the chest, upright, and very full. As a result, finding a correctly fitting bra is extremely difficult. When women find a bra that appears to fit, they tend to stay with that size, even though they may lose and gain weight. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell-BeckGau2002-29) [90] (#cite_note-times2018-90) [103] (#cite_note-103) [104] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGheeSteele2006-104) In a survey in the United Kingdom, 60 per cent of over 2,000 women between the ages of 16 and 75 said they had had a bra fitting, and 99 per cent said that fit was the least important factor when selecting a bra. [105] (#cite_note-robson-105) Increased publicity about the issue of poorly fitted bras has increased the number of women seeking a fitting. The UK retailer Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) stated that about 8,000 women are fitted for bras in their stores weekly. [106] (#cite_note-guardian1117-106) Despite this, about 80–85 percent of women still wear the wrong bra size. [107] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGheeSteele2010WoodCameronFitzgerald2008-107) [108] (#cite_note-bbc2008-108) Bra experts recommend professional bra fittings from the lingerie department of a clothing store or a specialty lingerie store, especially for cup sizes D or larger, and particularly if there has been significant weight gain or loss, or if the wearer is continually adjusting her bra. [98] (#cite_note-KingJune2005-98) Women in the UK change their bra size on average six times over their lifetimes. [109] (#cite_note-109) Bra extension for the band Signs of a loose bra band include the band riding up the back. If the band causes flesh to spill over the edges, it is too small. [110] (#cite_note-fantasie-110) A woman can test whether a bra band is too tight or loose by reversing the bra on her torso so that the cups are in the back and then check for fit and comfort. [111] (#cite_note-111) Experts suggest that women choose a band size that fits using the outermost set of hooks. This allows the wearer to use the tighter hooks as the bra stretches during its lifetime. [112] (#cite_note-112) Styles [ edit ] Main article: List of bra designs (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) Bras may be designed to enhance a woman's breast size, or to create cleavage (/wiki/Decolletage) , or for other aesthetic, fashion, or more practical considerations. Nursing bras (/wiki/Nursing_bra) are designed to aid breastfeeding (/wiki/Breastfeeding) . [15] (#cite_note-HISTORY-15) Compression bras, such as sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) , push against and minimize breast movement, whereas encapsulation bras have cups for support. [113] (#cite_note-113) Breast support may be built into some swimsuits, camisoles and dresses. [114] (#cite_note-114) [115] (#cite_note-115) Cancer (/wiki/Cancer) bras are designed specifically for breast cancer (/wiki/Breast_cancer) patients who have undergone a mastectomy (/wiki/Mastectomy) . The styles provide post-surgical support, and some include pads or pockets for stuffing. Bras come in a variety of styles, including backless, balconette, convertible, shelf, full cup, full coverage bra, demi-cup, minimizing, padded, plunge, lounge bra, posture, push-up, racerback, sheer, strapless, T-shirt, underwire, unlined, and soft cup. [116] (#cite_note-116) Culture [ edit ] Fashion [ edit ] Patti Page (/wiki/Patti_Page) wearing a bullet bra (/wiki/Bullet_bra) , 1955 Women's choices about what bra to wear are consciously and unconsciously affected by social perceptions of the ideal female body shape (/wiki/Female_body_shape) , which changes over time. [117] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino2007-117) As lingerie, women wear bras for sex appeal. Bras can also be used to make a social statement as evidenced by Jean-Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier) 's designs and the cone-shaped bra Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) wore outside her clothing on her Blond Ambition World Tour (/wiki/Blond_Ambition_World_Tour) . [118] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2010-118) In the 1920s in the United States, the flapper (/wiki/Flapper) aesthetic involved flattening the breasts. [ citation needed ] During the 1940s and 1950s, the sweater girl (/wiki/Sweater_girl) became fashionable, supported by a bullet bra (/wiki/Bullet_bra) (known also as a torpedo or cone bra) as worn by Jane Russell (/wiki/Jane_Russell) and Patti Page (/wiki/Patti_Page) . [119] (#cite_note-toknow-119) In the early 1960s, smaller breasts gained popularity. [ according to whom? ] As outerwear, bras in the form of bikini tops in the 1950s became an acceptable public display. [118] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2010-118) During the 1960s, designers and manufacturers introduced padded and underwire bras. After the Miss America protest (/wiki/Miss_America_protest) in September 1968, manufacturers were concerned that women would stop wearing bras. In response, many altered their marketing and claimed that wearing their bra was like "not wearing a bra". [120] (#cite_note-Vecchione-120) In the 1970s women sought more comfortable and natural-looking bras. [119] (#cite_note-toknow-119) In the late 1990s larger breasts became more fashionable in England. [106] (#cite_note-guardian1117-106) Iris Marion Young (/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young) described preferences in the United States in 1990: "round, sitting high on the chest, large but not bulbous, with the look of firmness." This is regarded as contradictory in several ways. [121] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino200732-121) [ by whom? ] Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) commissions a fantasy bra every autumn. In 2003 it hired the jeweller Mouawad (/wiki/Mouawad) to design one containing more than 2500 carats of diamonds and sapphires; valued at US$10 million, it was the world's most valuable bra at the time. [122] (#cite_note-independent15aug-122) Undergarment as outerwear [ edit ] See also: Underwear as outerwear (/wiki/Underwear_as_outerwear) Amy Winehouse (/wiki/Amy_Winehouse) with a visible bra strap at a 2007 performance in France Women wearing bras as bikini (/wiki/Bikini) tops at the 2011 Woodstock Festival in Poland (/wiki/Woodstock_Festival_(Poland)) A black bralette (/wiki/Bralette) , United States, 2019 Sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) were invented in 1975. Women wore them under other clothing for the next 25 years. [123] (#cite_note-komar-123) But on 10 July 1999, Brandi Chastain (/wiki/Brandi_Chastain) scored the fifth kick in the penalty shootout (/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(football)) to give the United States the win over China (/wiki/China_women%27s_national_football_team) in the final game of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final (/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_Final) . In celebration, she spontaneously whipped off her jersey, exposing her sports bra. Her act is regarded by some as a historical event that boosted wearing sports bras alone. [123] (#cite_note-komar-123) [124] (#cite_note-Distillations-124) From that point forward, sports bras were increasingly worn as outerwear. [125] (#cite_note-krucoff-125) Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) was one of the first to start showing her bra straps, in the late 1980s. [126] (#cite_note-126) A corset she wore as outerwear during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour (/wiki/Blond_Ambition_World_Tour) sold for US$52,000 in 2012 at the Christie's Pop Culture auction in London. [127] (#cite_note-127) Versace (/wiki/Versace) 's autumn 2013 couture collection featured fashions that were open in the front, revealing underwire bras. [128] (#cite_note-128) It became fashionable from the early 1990s to wear clothing that showed bra straps. [129] (#cite_note-129) [130] (#cite_note-130) [131] (#cite_note-131) [132] (#cite_note-132) Wearing clothes that reveal the bra or straps became so common that Cosmopolitan created guidelines in 2012 on how to expose them. Advice included avoiding plain, flesh-toned, smooth-cup bras, so that the exposure does not appear accidental; making sure the bra is in good condition; and wearing a style that either matches the colour of the outerwear or is dramatically different. [133] (#cite_note-cosmor22Aug-133) Decreasing Western usage [ edit ] While a few women have a medical and surgical need to wear a brassiere, informal surveys have found that many women began wearing bras to be fashionable, to conform to social or maternal pressure, or for physical support. Very few cited comfort as the reason. In fact, many women experience so much discomfort that they remove their bra as soon as they can. [134] (#cite_note-adams-134) [135] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino200730–32Sischo200858-135) [2] (#cite_note-angel-2) In Western society, since the 1960s, there has been a slow but steady trend towards bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) among a number of women, especially millennials, who have expressed opposition to and are giving up wearing bras. [136] (#cite_note-136) Being seen in public while not wearing a bra has become more acceptable over the past 6 decades, encouraging more women to go without. In 2016, Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) magazine fashion director Rachael Wang wrote, "Going braless is as old as feminism but it seems to be bubbling to the surface more recently as a direct response to Third Wave (/wiki/Third-wave_feminism) moments like #freethenipple (/wiki/Free_the_Nipple_(campaign)) hashtag campaign, increased trans-visibility like Caitlyn Jenner (/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner) 's Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) cover ... and Lena Dunham (/wiki/Lena_Dunham) 's show Girls (/wiki/Girls_(TV_series)) (which features young women often without bras)." [137] (#cite_note-mallenbaum-137) Back view and front view of sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) worn by US beach volleyball (/wiki/Beach_volleyball) players In an online survey for All You (/wiki/All_You) magazine in 2013, 25 percent of women reported that they do not wear a bra every day. [138] (#cite_note-usigan-138) Surveys have reported that 5–25 per cent of Western women do not wear a bra. [122] (#cite_note-independent15aug-122) [139] (#cite_note-139) [140] (#cite_note-140) A National No Bra Day (/wiki/No_Bra_Day) was first observed in the United States on 9 July 2011. [141] (#cite_note-141) Women posted on Twitter about the relief they felt when taking off their bra. [142] (#cite_note-142) More than 250,000 people expressed an interest in "attending" the day on a Facebook page. [143] (#cite_note-143) No Bra Day is now observed internationally on 13 October. [122] (#cite_note-independent15aug-122) A Harris Poll (/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics) commissioned by Playtex (/wiki/Playtex) asked more than 1,000 women what they like in a bra. Among the respondents, 67 per cent said they prefer wearing a bra to going braless, while 85 per cent wanted to wear a "shape-enhancing bra that feels like nothing at all." They were split as regards underwire bras: 49 per cent said they prefer underwire bras, the same percentage as those who said they prefer wireless bras. [97] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuciani2009224-97) According to underwire manufacturer S & S Industries of New York, who supply bras to Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , Bali (/wiki/Bali_(lingerie)) , Warner's (/wiki/Warner%27s) , Playtex (/wiki/Playtex) , Vanity Fair (/wiki/VF_Corporation) , and other labels, about 70 per cent of bra-wearing women wear underwire bras. [70] (#cite_note-Goo-70) COVID-19 lockdowns led to more women adopting wireless bras and bralettes for comfort. The company Knix (/wiki/Joanna_Griffiths) , which manufactures exclusively soft-cup bras, reported a 100 percent increase in sales between January 2020 and January 2021. "I don't think women are going to want to go back to wearing their regular everyday bras," stated the chief product officer for Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) . [144] (#cite_note-144) Usage in the developing world [ edit ] Bras are not universally worn around the world; in some developing countries bras may cost up to 10–30 hours of a woman's wages, making them unaffordable to most of the population. [145] (#cite_note-hooked-145) [146] (#cite_note-hinson-146) [147] (#cite_note-frip-147) As of 2011 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra&action=edit) , women in Fiji (/wiki/Fiji) needed to pay up to a week's wages for a new bra. [148] (#cite_note-haxton-148) Bras are highly prized at second-hand markets in West Africa (/wiki/West_Africa) . [146] (#cite_note-hinson-146) [147] (#cite_note-frip-147) The Uplift Project provides recycled bras to women in developing countries. [149] (#cite_note-149) Since 2005 they have shipped 330,000, including to Fiji, Vanuatu, Tonga, and Cambodia. [145] (#cite_note-hooked-145) In 2009 Somalia's hard-line Islamic group Al-Shabaab (/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)) forced women to shake their breasts at gunpoint to see if they were wearing bras, which they called "un-Islamic". [150] (#cite_note-radiocanada-150) [151] (#cite_note-151) A resident of Mogadishu (/wiki/Mogadishu) whose daughters were whipped said, "The Islamists say a woman's chest should be firm naturally, or flat." [150] (#cite_note-radiocanada-150) Economic impact [ edit ] Consumers spend around $16 billion a year worldwide on bras. [152] (#cite_note-redbook-152) In the US during 2012, women owned an average of nine bras and wore six on a regular basis. [152] (#cite_note-redbook-152) That increased from 2006, when the average American woman owned six, one of which was strapless, and one in a colour other than white. [153] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActonAdamsPacker200638-153) British women in a 2009 survey reported that they owned an average of 16 bras. [106] (#cite_note-guardian1117-106) The average bra size among North American women has changed from 34B in 1983 to a 34DD in 2012–2013, [154] (#cite_note-racked-154) and from 36C in 2013 to 36DD in the UK during 2014–2015. [155] (#cite_note-crook-155) The change in bra size has been linked to growing obesity rates, breast implants, increased birth control usage, estrogen mimicking pollutants, the availability of a larger selection of bras, and women wearing better fitting bras. [154] (#cite_note-racked-154) [156] (#cite_note-156) Bra shirt with built-in breast support (on left), 2015 Bras are made in Asian countries, including Sri Lanka, India, and China. While there has been some social pressure from the anti-sweatshop (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) and anti-globalization movements (/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement) on manufacturers to reduce use of sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) labour, most major apparel manufacturers rely on them directly and indirectly. Prior to 2005, a trade agreement limited textile imports to the European Union and the US. China was exporting US$33.9 billion in textiles and clothing each year to the EU and the US. When those quotas expired on 1 January 2005, the so-called Bra Wars began. Within six months, China shipped 30 million more bras to the two markets: 33 per cent more to the US and 63 per cent more to the EU. [157] (#cite_note-watson-157) As of 2014 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra&action=edit) , an average bra cost £29.80. [158] (#cite_note-158) As of 2012 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra&action=edit) , Africa imported US$107 million worth of bras, with South Africa accounting for 40 per cent. Morocco was second and Nigeria third, while Mauritius topped purchasing on a per capita (/wiki/Per_capita) basis. [159] (#cite_note-159) In countries where labour costs are low, bras that cost US$5–7 to manufacture sell for US$50 or more in American retail stores. As of 2006 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra&action=edit) , female garment workers in Sri Lanka earned about US$2.20 per day. [157] (#cite_note-watson-157) Similarly, Honduran garment factory workers in 2003 were paid US$0.24 for each $50 Sean John (/wiki/Sean_John) sweatshirt they made, less than one-half of one per cent of the retail price. [160] (#cite_note-seanjohn-160) In 2009, residents in the textile manufacturing city of Gurao in the Guangdong (/wiki/Guangdong) province of China made more than 200 million bras. Children were employed to assemble bras and were paid 0.30 yuan (/wiki/Chinese_yuan) for every 100 bra straps they helped assemble. In one day they could earn 20 to 30 yuan. [161] (#cite_note-161) Western feminist opinions [ edit ] In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest (/wiki/Miss_America_protest) , protesters symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can". These included bras, [162] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDow2003-162) which were among items the protesters called "instruments of female torture" [163] (#cite_note-Duffett_1968,_p._4-163) and accoutrements of what they perceived to be enforced femininity (/wiki/Femininity) . A local news story in the Atlantic City Press erroneously reported that "the bras, girdles, falsies, curlers, and copies of popular women's magazines burned in the 'Freedom Trash Can ' ". [164] (#cite_note-164) [165] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010109–110-165) Individuals who were present said that no one burned a bra nor did anyone take off her bra. [163] (#cite_note-Duffett_1968,_p._4-163) [166] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2003-166) However, a female reporter (Lindsy Van Gelder) covering the protest drew an analogy between the feminist protesters and Vietnam War (/wiki/Vietnam_War) protesters who burned their draft cards (/wiki/Draft-card_burning) , and the parallel between protesters burning their draft cards and women burning their bras was encouraged by some organizers including Robin Morgan (/wiki/Robin_Morgan) . "The media picked up on the bra part", Carol Hanisch (/wiki/Carol_Hanisch) said later. "I often say that if they had called us 'girdle burners,' every woman in America would have run to join us." [166] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2003-166) [167] (#cite_note-Greenfieldboyce-167) Feminism and "bra-burning" became linked in popular culture. [168] (#cite_note-168) [169] (#cite_note-169) The analogous term jockstrap-burning has since been coined as a reference to masculism (/wiki/Masculism) . [170] (#cite_note-jockburning-170) While feminist women did not literally burn their bras, some stopped wearing them in protest. [171] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornblum2011-171) [172] (#cite_note-172) The feminist author Bonnie J. Dow has suggested that the association between feminism and bra-burning was encouraged by individuals who opposed the feminist movement. [162] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDow2003-162) "Bra-burning" created an image that women were not really seeking freedom from sexism, but were attempting to assert themselves as sexual beings. [173] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDow2003130-173) This might lead individuals to believe, as Susan J. Douglas (/wiki/Susan_J._Douglas) wrote, that the women were merely trying to be "trendy, and to attract men." [174] (#cite_note-174) [175] (#cite_note-175) [176] (#cite_note-176) [177] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2005Spongberg1993-177) Some feminist activists believe that anti-feminists (/wiki/Anti-feminist) use the bra burning myth and the subject of going braless to trivialize what the protesters were trying to accomplish at the feminist 1968 Miss America protest (/wiki/Miss_America_protest) and the feminist movement in general. [178] (#cite_note-178) [179] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDow1999-179) [180] (#cite_note-burnbra-180) The trope (/wiki/Trope_(philosophy)) of feminists burning their bras was anticipated by an earlier generation of feminists who called for burning corsets as a step toward liberation. In 1873, American novelist Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward (/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_Phelps_Ward) wrote: So burn up the corsets! ... No, nor do you save the whalebones, you will never need whalebones again. Make a bonfire of the cruel steels that have lorded it over your thorax and abdomens for so many years and heave a sigh of relief, for your emancipation I assure you, from this moment has begun. [181] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps187379-181) Some feminists began arguing in the 1960s and 1970s that the bra was an example of how women's clothing shaped and even deformed women's bodies to male expectations. In 1964, Professor Lisa Jardine (/wiki/Lisa_Jardine) described her dinner with Australian writer and public intellectual Germaine Greer (/wiki/Germaine_Greer) during a formal college dinner in Newnham College, Cambridge (/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge) : At the graduates' table, Germaine was explaining that there could be no liberation for women, no matter how highly educated, as long as we were required to cram our breasts into bras constructed like mini-Vesuviuses, two stitched white cantilevered cones which bore no resemblance to the female anatomy. The willingly suffered discomfort of the Sixties bra, she opined vigorously, was a hideous symbol of female oppression. [182] (#cite_note-dangermouth-182) Germaine Greer (/wiki/Germaine_Greer) 's book The Female Eunuch (/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch) (1970) became associated with the anti-bra movement because she pointed out how restrictive and uncomfortable a bra could be. [183] (#cite_note-183) "Bras are a ludicrous invention," she wrote, "but if you make bralessness a rule, you're just subjecting yourself to yet another repression." [184] (#cite_note-184) Susan Brownmiller (/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller) in her book Femininity (1984) took the position that women without bras shock and anger men because men "implicitly think that they own breasts and that only they should remove bras." [185] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2005192-185) The feminist author Iris Marion Young (/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young) wrote in 2005 that the bra "serves as a barrier to touch" and that a braless woman is " deobjectified (/wiki/Sexual_objectification) ", eliminating the "hard, pointy look that phallic culture posits as the norm." Without a bra, in her view, women's breasts are not consistently shaped objects but change as the woman moves, reflecting the natural body. [185] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2005192-185) Other feminist anti-bra arguments from Young in 2005 include that training bras (/wiki/Training_bra) are used to indoctrinate girls into thinking about their breasts as sexual objects and to accentuate their sexuality. [185] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2005192-185) Young also wrote in 2007 that, in American culture, breasts are subject to "[c]apitalist, patriarchal (/wiki/Patriarchy) American media-dominated culture [that] objectifies breasts before such a distancing glance that freezes and masters." [186] (#cite_note-186) The academic Wendy Burns-Ardolino wrote in 2007 that women's decision to wear bras is mediated by the " male gaze (/wiki/Male_gaze) ". [187] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns-Ardolino200730–32-187) Health [ edit ] Fit [ edit ] Some women experience generalized breast discomfort and tenderness from fibrocystic breast changes (/wiki/Fibrocystic_breast_changes) , and their breast tissue is often described as "lumpy", "rope-like", or "doughy". [188] (#cite_note-NEJM2005-188) Doctors often recommend that women wear a well-fitted, supportive bra to help resolve the symptoms. [189] (#cite_note-189) [190] (#cite_note-Fer2019-190) Exercise [ edit ] Swimsuit sports bra Biomechanical studies have demonstrated that, depending on the activity and the size of a woman's breast, when she walks or runs braless, her breasts may move up and down by 4 to 18 centimetres (1.6 to 7.1 in) or more, and also oscillate side to side. [191] (#cite_note-nhsuk-191) Researchers have also found that as women's breast size increased, they took part in less physical activity, especially vigorous exercise. Few very-large-breasted women jogged, for example. To avoid exercise-related discomfort and pain, medical experts suggest women wear a well-fitted sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) during activity. [191] (#cite_note-nhsuk-191) Breast sagging [ edit ] Women sometimes wear bras because they mistakenly believe they prevent breasts from sagging ( ptosis (/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)) ) as they get older. [192] (#cite_note-burn-192) Physicians, lingerie retailers, teenagers, and adult women used to believe that bras were medically required to support breasts. In a 1952 article in Parents' Magazine , Frank H. Crowell erroneously reported that it was important for teen girls to begin wearing bras early. According to Crowell, this would prevent sagging breasts, stretched blood vessels, and poor circulation later on. [193] (#cite_note-brumberg-193) This belief was based on the false idea that breasts cannot anatomically support themselves. [192] (#cite_note-burn-192) [194] (#cite_note-007b_Breast-194) A 2013 study by Jean-Denis Rouillon said that wearing a bra may actually weaken supportive tissue. [195] (#cite_note-195) Bra manufacturers are careful to claim that bras only affect the shape of breasts while they are being worn. [194] (#cite_note-007b_Breast-194) [196] (#cite_note-cawthorne-196) The key factors influencing breast ptosis (/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)) over a woman's lifetime are cigarette (/wiki/Cigarette) smoking, her number of pregnancies (/wiki/Gravidity) , gravity (/wiki/Gravity) , higher body mass index (/wiki/Body_mass_index) , larger bra cup size, and significant weight gain and loss. [197] (#cite_note-thompson-197) [198] (#cite_note-:0-198) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Basque (clothing) (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Handbra (/wiki/Handbra) , covering the breasts with one's hands Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Pasties (/wiki/Pasties) References [ edit ] Notes ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Empire Corset". Evening Herald . Syracuse. March 1893. Still of course the short-waisted gowns mean short-waisted corsets and those ladies who wish to be in the real absolute fashion are adopting for evening wear the six-inch straight boned band or brassiere which Sarah Bernhardt made a necessity with her directoire gowns. ^ a b c d e "Brassiere" (http://angelasancartier.net/brassiere) . Clothing and Fashion Encyclopedia . 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101129043157/http://angelasancartier.net/brassiere) from the original on 29 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . ^ a b Apsan 2006 (#CITEREFApsan2006) , p. 186. ^ (#cite_ref-NYMag_4-0) Berry, Cheree (2007). "Boom and Busts" (http://nymag.com/guides/everything/bras/41548/) . New York . Vol. 40, no. 44. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140203101106/http://nymag.com/guides/everything/bras/41548/) from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-USA_Today_5-0) Mendehlson, Matt (4 December 2007). "The Bra Has Held up Famously for 100 years" (http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-12-03-bra-history_n.htm) . USA Today . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141116203446/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-12-03-bra-history_n.htm) from the original on 16 November 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-words_6-0) Quinion, Michael. "Brassiere" (http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-bra5.htm) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20060927180544/http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-bra5.htm) from the original on 27 September 2006 . Retrieved 16 November 2006 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) US patent 1115674 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1115674) , Mary Phelps Jacob, "Backless Brassiere", issued 1914-November-3 ^ (#cite_ref-duron_8-0) Duron, Alexandra. "History of the Bra" (http://www.womenshealthmag.com/health/bra-history) . Women's Health . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121209031941/http://www.womenshealthmag.com/health/bra-history) from the original on 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Jane Farrell-Beck and Colleen Gau, Uplift: The Bra in America , page XI, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780812218350 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812218350) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Jill Fields, An Intimate Affair: Women, Lingerie, and Sexuality , page 81, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520223691 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520223691) ^ a b c d "A Brief History of the Bra" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a15269/history-of-the-bra/) . ELLE . 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-JFields_12-0) Jill Fields, An Intimate Affair: Women, Lingerie, and Sexuality , page 75, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520223691 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520223691) ^ a b c Riordan, Teresa (28 October 2002). "Patents; In bra technology, an incremental improvement can translate into comfort" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090423032636/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/28/business/patents-in-bra-technology-an-incremental-improvement-can-translate-into-comfort.html?sec=technology&spon=&pagewanted=all) . The New York Times . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/28/business/patents-in-bra-technology-an-incremental-improvement-can-translate-into-comfort.html?sec=technology&spon=&pagewanted=all) on 23 April 2009 . 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Retrieved 11 September 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-thompson_197-0) Rinker, B.; Veneracion, M.; Walsh, C. (2008). "The Effect of Breastfeeding on Breast Aesthetics" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asj.2008.07.004) . Aesthetic Surgery Journal . 28 (5): 534–537. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.asj.2008.07.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asj.2008.07.004) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 19083576 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19083576) . Andrea Thompson (2 November 2007). "Breastfeeding Does Not Make Breasts Sag, Study Suggests" (http://www.livescience.com/1998-breastfeeding-breasts-sag-study-suggests.html) . LiveScience . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120703153917/http://www.livescience.com/1998-breastfeeding-breasts-sag-study-suggests.html) from the original on 3 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_198-0) Rinker, Brian; Veneracion, Melissa; Walsh, Catherine P. (May 2010). "Breast ptosis: causes and cure". 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Getting It Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-26209-6 . Campo, Natasha (2005). " 'Having It All' or 'Had Enough'? Blaming Feminism in the Age and the Sydney Morning Herald , 1980–2004". Journal of Australian Studies . 28 (84): 63–72. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/14443050509387992 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14443050509387992) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1835-6419 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1835-6419) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 145446215 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145446215) . Chen, Chin-Man; LaBat, Karen; Bye, Elizabeth (2010). "Physical Characteristics Related to Bra Fit". Ergonomics . 53 (4): 514–24. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00140130903490684 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00140130903490684) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20309747 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20309747) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 11425741 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11425741) . Collins, Gail (/wiki/Gail_Collins) (2003). America's Women: Four Hundred Years of Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates, and Heroines . New York: HarperCollins. Dow, Bonnie J. (1999). "Spectacle, Spectatorship, and Gender Anxiety in Television News Coverage of the 1970 Women's Strike for Equality". Communication Studies . 50 (2): 143–157. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/10510979909388481 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10510979909388481) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1745-1035 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1745-1035) . Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology" (http://www.public.asu.edu/~kleong/missamericacommodificationfeminist.pdf) (PDF) . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . 6 (1): 127–149. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/rap.2003.0028 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frap.2003.0028) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1094-8392 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1094-8392) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 41939812 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41939812) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 143094250 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143094250) . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Farrell-Beck, Jane; Gau, Colleen (2002). Uplift: The Bra in America . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8122-3643-9 . Jenkins, Simon P. R. (2005). Sports Science Handbook: The Essential Guide to Kinesiology, Sport and Exercise Science . Vol. 1. Multi-Science Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-906522-36-3 . Kornblum, William (2011). Sociology in a Changing World (9th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-111-30157-6 . Leoty, Ernest (1893). Le Corset à travers les âges (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Le_Corset_%C3%A0_travers_les_%C3%A2ges) [ The Corset Through the Ages ] (in French). Paris: Paul Ollendorf – via Wikisource. Luciani, Jene (2009). The Bra Book: The Fashion Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra . Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-933771-94-6 . McGhee, D. E.; Steele, J. R. (2006). "How Do Respiratory State and Measurement Method Affect Bra Size Calculations?" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2577461) . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 40 (12): 970–974. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1136/bjsm.2005.025171 (https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.2005.025171) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2577461 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2577461) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 17021004 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17021004) . McGhee, Deirdre E.; Steele, Julie R. (2010). "Optimising Breast Support in Female Patients Through Correct Bra Fit: A Cross-Sectional Study". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport . 13 (6): 568–572. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.003 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsams.2010.03.003) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20451452 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20451452) . Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart (/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_Phelps_Ward) (1873). What to Wear? . Boston, Massachusetts: James R. Osgood and Company. LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 09022399 (https://lccn.loc.gov/09022399) . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Scott, Lesley (2010). Lingerie: A Modern Guide . London: Quantum Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7858-2672-9 . Sischo, Lacey (2008). Women's Experiences with Breast Augmentation and Reconstruction: Bodies, Emotions, and the Self (PhD dissertation). Tallahassee, Florida: Florida State University. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-549-94998-5 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Spongberg, Mary (1993). "If She's So Great, How Come So Many Pigs Dig Her? Germaine Greer and the Malestream Press" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612029300200036) . Women's History Review . 2 (3): 407–419. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/09612029300200036 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612029300200036) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1747-583X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1747-583X) . Steele, Valerie (/wiki/Valerie_Steele) (2010). The Berg Companion to Fashion . Oxford: Berg Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-592-0 . Wood, Katherine; Cameron, Melainie; Fitzgerald, Kylie (2008). "Breast Size, Bra Fit and Thoracic Pain in Young Women: A Correlational Study" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275741) . Chiropractic & Osteopathy . 16 : 1. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1186/1746-1340-16-1 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-1340-16-1) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2275741 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275741) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 18339205 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18339205) . Young, Iris Marion (/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young) (2005). On Female Body Experience: "Throwing Like a Girl" and Other Essays . New York: Oxford University Press. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/0195161920.001.0001 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0195161920.001.0001) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-516192-2 . Further reading Casselman, Anne (2005). "The Physics of Bras" (http://discovermagazine.com/2005/nov/physics-of-bras) . Discover . Vol. 26, no. 11. Chicago. pp. 18–19. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0274-7529 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0274-7529) . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Eisenberg, Ted; Eisenberg, Joyne K. (2012). The Scoop on Breasts: A Plastic Surgeon Busts the Myths . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Incompra Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9857249-0-0 . Ewing, Elizabeth (1971). Fashion in Underwear . London: Batsford. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7134-0857-7 . Freeman, Susan K. (2004). "In Style: Femininity and Fashion Since the Victorian Era". Journal of Women's History . 16 (4): 191–206. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/jowh.2004.0081 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjowh.2004.0081) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1527-2036 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2036) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 145072148 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145072148) . " (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7136248.stm) 'Intelligent Bra' Battles Bounce" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7136248.stm) . BBC News . 10 December 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Love, Susan M. (/wiki/Susan_Love) ; Lindsey, Karen (2000). Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book (3rd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7382-0235-8 . Pedersen, Stephanie (2004). Bra: A Thousand Years of Style, Support and Seduction . Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7153-2067-9 . Seigel, Jessica (13 February 2004). "The Cups Runneth Over" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/13/opinion/the-cups-runneth-over.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Steele, Valerie (/wiki/Valerie_Steele) (1998). " Le Corset : A Material Culture Analysis of a Deluxe French Book". The Yale Journal of Criticism . 11 (1): 29–38. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/yale.1998.0023 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fyale.1998.0023) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1080-6636 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6636) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 161904223 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161904223) . Steele, Valerie (/wiki/Valerie_Steele) (2001). The Corset: A Cultural History . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-09953-9 . Stoppard, Miriam (/wiki/Miriam_Stoppard) (1996). The Breast Book: The Essential Guide to Breast Care & Breast Health for Women of All Ages . New York: DK Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7894-0420-6 . Summers, Leigh (2001). Bound to Please: A History of the Victorian Corset . Oxford: Berg. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-510-7 . Warner, Lucien T. (1948). Always Starting Things: Through 75 Eventful Years . Bridgeport, Connecticut: Warner Brothers. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 7054524 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7054524) . Yu, W.; Fan, J.; Harlock, S. C.; Ng, S. P. (2006). Innovation and Technology of Women's Intimate Apparel . Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8493-9105-7 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brassieres (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brassieres) . US PAT No. 2,433 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US24033) —1859 Combined breast pads and arm-pit shield US PAT No. 844,242 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US844242) —1907 Bust supporter US PAT No. 1,115,674 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US1115674) —1914 Mary Phelps Jacob's (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) Brassiere v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear 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Indian television actor and model Suman Dey is an Indian television actor and model. [1] (#cite_note-1) who started his career as a model. He is known for his portrayal in MithiJhora, Bodhuboron (/wiki/Bodhuboron) , Membou (/wiki/Membou) , E Amar Gurudakshina, Nokshi Kantha (/wiki/Nokshi_Kantha) , Khirer Putul, Harano Sur (/wiki/Harano_Sur_(TV_series)) , Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni (/wiki/Karunamoyee_Rani_Rashmoni) and many others. Suman Dey Born Siliguri (/wiki/Siliguri) , West Bengal (/wiki/West_Bengal) , India Nationality Indian Citizenship India Occupations Actor Model Years active 2011–present Television [ edit ] Year Show Channel Notes 2011 Mata Ki Chowki (/wiki/Mata_Ki_Chowki) Sahara One (/wiki/Sahara_One) Arjun 2011–2012 Ami Sei Meye Sananda TV (/wiki/Sananda_TV) Siddhartha [2] (#cite_note-2) 2012–2014 Chirosathi Star Jalsha (/wiki/Star_Jalsha) Arka [3] (#cite_note-3) 2012–2013 Sayangsiddha ETV Bangla (/wiki/ETV_Bangla) Rahul 2013 CID Kolkata Beureu Sony Aath (/wiki/Sony_Aath) Guest appearance 2013–2017 Bodhuboron (/wiki/Bodhuboron) Star Jalsha (/wiki/Star_Jalsha) Abhra Choudhury 2016–2017 Membou (/wiki/Membou) Zico 2017–2018 E Amar Gurudakshina Colors Bangla (/wiki/Colors_Bangla) Rudrajit [4] (#cite_note-4) 2018–2020 Nokshi Kantha (/wiki/Nokshi_Kantha) Zee Bangla (/wiki/Zee_Bangla) Dr. Josojit Basu [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) 2020 Khirer Putul Raja Agni [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) 2020–2021 Harano Sur (/wiki/Harano_Sur_(TV_series)) Sun Bangla (/wiki/Sun_Bangla) Sid [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) 2021–2022 Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni (/wiki/Karunamoyee_Rani_Rashmoni) Zee Bangla (/wiki/Zee_Bangla) Dwarikanath Biswas [11] (#cite_note-11) 2022–2024 Tumii Je Amar Maa (/wiki/Tumii_Je_Amar_Maa) Colors Bangla (/wiki/Colors_Bangla) Aniruddha [12] (#cite_note-12) 2024–Present Mithijhora (/wiki/Mithijhora) Zee Bangla (/wiki/Zee_Bangla) Dr.Anirban Sen Reality shows [ edit ] Year Show Channel Notes 2019 Didi No. 1 (/wiki/Didi_No._1) Zee Bangla (/wiki/Zee_Bangla) [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Actor Suman Dey celebrates birthday in hometown" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-suman-dey-celebrates-birthday-at-hometown/articleshow/76136321.cms) . The Times of India . 2020-06-01. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-8257 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257) . Retrieved 2024-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "আজকাল || শুধু অভিনয়ই টিকিয়ে রাখতে পারে আমাকে" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210803135646/https://www.aajkaal.in/news/entertainment/interview-8l17) . aajkaal.in . 2021-08-03 . Retrieved 2024-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) chameli (2020-03-25). "দ্বিতীয় প্রোমোতে ধরা দিলেন সুওরানি-রাজামশাই, ফিরছে অভ্র-ঝিলমিল জুটি!" (https://newsfront.co/second-promo-of-khirer-putul-launched/) . News Front . Retrieved 2024-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Nayan to meet with a deadly accident in E Amar Gurudakshina?" (http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nayan-meet-deadly-accident-e-amar-gurudakshina-170807) . Retrieved 2024-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Daily soap 'Nakshi Kantha' to spice up its episodes with a new twist" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/daily-soap-nakshi-kantha-to-spice-up-its-episodes-with-anews-twist/articleshow/70396944.cms) . The Times of India . 2019-07-26. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-8257 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257) . Retrieved 2024-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) " (https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-serial-nakshikantha-hero-suman-dey-talks-about-hindu-muslim-bonding-141390/) 'শবনম যে হিন্দু নয়, সেটা নিয়ে দর্শক মোটেই বিচলিত নন' (https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-serial-nakshikantha-hero-suman-dey-talks-about-hindu-muslim-bonding-141390/) " (https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-serial-nakshikantha-hero-suman-dey-talks-about-hindu-muslim-bonding-141390/) . Indian Express Bangla (in Bengali). 2019-09-16 . Retrieved 2024-03-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "টেলিপাড়া ছন্দে ফিরলেই আসছে 'ক্ষীরের পুতুল', রাজা সুমন দে" (https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-upcoming-serial-khirer-putul-to-hit-soon-second-promo-released-205771/) . Indian Express Bangla (in Bengali). 2020-03-26 . Retrieved 2024-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) " (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/nakshi-kantha-actor-suman-dey-bags-a-new-project/articleshow/74809604.cms) 'Nakshi Kantha' actor Suman Dey bags a new project" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/nakshi-kantha-actor-suman-dey-bags-a-new-project/articleshow/74809604.cms) . The Times of India . 2020-03-25. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-8257 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257) . Retrieved 2024-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Suman's new project" (https://www.anandalok.in/storydetails?catid=33223&link=81509) . Anandalok . Retrieved 24 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Sid and I share many similarities: Actor Suman Dey" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sid-and-i-share-many-similarities-actor-suman-dey/articleshow/81208651.cms) . The Times of India . 2021-02-25. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-8257 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257) . Retrieved 2024-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Sengupta, Rupsa. "I will never forget this journey; Dwarikanath's character remains etched in my heart: Suman Dey on 'Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni' going off-air" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-will-never-frget-this-journey-dwarikanaths-character-remains-etched-in-my-heart-suman-dey-on-krunamoyee-rani-rashmoni-going-off-air/photostory/89512355.cms) . The Times of India . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-8257 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257) . Retrieved 2024-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Actor Suman Dey to play a doting dad in 'Tumii Je Amar Maa' (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-suman-dey-to-play-adoting-dad-in-tumii-je-amar-maa/articleshow/91064298.cms) " (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-suman-dey-to-play-adoting-dad-in-tumii-je-amar-maa/articleshow/91064298.cms) . The Times of India . 2022-04-25. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-8257 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257) . Retrieved 2024-03-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Suman Dey shares screen with his mother on Didi No. 1" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/suman-dey-shares-screen-with-his-mother-on-didi-no-1-heres-what-the-actor-has-to-say/articleshow/68989416.cms) . The Times of India . 2019-04-22. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-8257 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257) . Retrieved 2024-03-24 . External links [ edit ] Suman Dey (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4434202/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Suman Dey (https://www.instagram.com/sumandey321/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐6hxn4 Cached time: 20240714074932 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.287 seconds Real time usage: 0.375 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2211/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 32484/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1321/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 53279/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.173/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6219638/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 351.658 1 -total 39.04% 137.284 1 Template:Reflist 28.32% 99.590 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.31% 99.571 8 Template:Cite_news 17.77% 62.501 1 Template:Short_description 10.02% 35.235 2 Template:Pagetype 8.79% 30.918 18 Template:Main_other 8.56% 30.093 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.58% 19.638 5 Template:Cite_web 5.33% 18.758 1 Template:IMDb_name Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76342676-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714074932 and revision id 1234421623. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suman_Dey&oldid=1234421623 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suman_Dey&oldid=1234421623) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bengali actors (/wiki/Category:Bengali_actors) Bengali male television actors (/wiki/Category:Bengali_male_television_actors) 21st-century Indian male actors (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Indian_male_actors) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) 1986 births (/wiki/Category:1986_births) Hidden categories: CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Bengali-language_sources_(bn)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
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Chanderi sari A Chanderi sari outside a home in Pranpur (/wiki/Pranpur) Type Sari (/wiki/Sari) Material Silk (/wiki/Silk) or cotton Place of origin Chanderi (/wiki/Chanderi) , Madhya Pradesh (/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh) , India (/wiki/India) The Chanderi sari is a traditional Koli (/wiki/Koli_people) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) sari (/wiki/Sari) made in Chanderi (/wiki/Chanderi) , Madhya Pradesh (/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh) , India (/wiki/India) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) History [ edit ] The weaving culture of Chanderi emerged between the 2nd and 7th centuries. It is situated on the boundary of two cultural regions of the state, Malwa (/wiki/Malwa) and Bundelkhand (/wiki/Bundelkhand) . The people of the Vindhyachal Ranges (/wiki/Vindhya_Range) have a wide range of traditions. In the 11th century the trade locations Malwa, Medwa, central India (/wiki/Central_India) and south Gujarat (/wiki/South_Gujarat) increased the region's importance. [6] (#cite_note-6) The Chanderi sari tradition began in the 13th century Around 1350 by Koli (/wiki/Koli_people) weavers. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Themes and motifs [ edit ] Chanderi saris are produced from three kinds of fabric: pure silk, Chanderi cotton and silk cotton. [ clarification needed ] Traditional coin, floral art, peacocks and modern geometric designs are woven into different Chanderi patterns. The saris are among the finest in India and are known for their gold and silver brocade (/wiki/Brocade) or zari (/wiki/Zari) , fine silk, and opulent embroidery. See also [ edit ] Surel (/wiki/Surel) Banarasi sari (/wiki/Banarasi_sari) Ilkal saree (/wiki/Ilkal_saree) Mysore silk (/wiki/Mysore_silk) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Verma, Garima. "The changing craft of Chanderi" (https://www.deccanherald.com/lifestyle/design/the-changing-craft-of-chanderi-2745674) . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 2023-11-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Handloom and Handicraft Mela To be Organised in Nagpur - The Live Nagpur" (https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/08/01/handloom-and-handicraft-mela-to-be-organised-in-nagpur/) . 2023-08-01 . Retrieved 2023-11-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) LALITHAA KRISHNAN. "Cool textures for hot clime" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120510015203/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2090455.ece) . The Hindu . Archived from the original (http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2090455.ece) on 2012-05-10 . Retrieved 2013-01-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Handloom expo in Bhubaneswar" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130407052124/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-20/bhubaneswar/36445272_1_handloom-expo-silk-saris-traditional-handlooms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-20/bhubaneswar/36445272_1_handloom-expo-silk-saris-traditional-handlooms) on 2013-04-07. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Shefalee Vasudev (21 December 2012). "2012: Fashion's firsts" (http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/7yxHhV9DyXqQ2UbqnRPH1J/2012-Fashions-firsts.html) . livemint.com . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Chanderi Sari : An age-old legency of the loom https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/mp/visual-escape/photo-gallery/chanderi-sari-age-old-legacy-loom/ (https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/mp/visual-escape/photo-gallery/chanderi-sari-age-old-legacy-loom/) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "This village thanks Aamir, Kareena but. . " (https://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-this-village-thanks-aamir-kareena-but/20110426.htm) . Rediff . Retrieved 2023-11-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "देशभर में प्रसिद्ध मध्य प्रदेश की चंदेरी साड़ियों का बाजार मंदी के दौर में, स्टाक भरपूर, लेकिन अपेक्षित बिक्री नहीं - Market of Chanderi sarees of Madhya Pradesh famous across the country in recession stock plentiful but not expected sales" (https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/ashoknagar-market-of-chanderi-sarees-of-madhya-pradesh-famous-across-the-country-in-recession-stock-plentiful-but-not-expected-sales-6960814) . Nai Dunia (in Hindi). 2021-07-04 . Retrieved 2023-11-02 . v t e Sari (/wiki/Sari) Central (/wiki/Central_India) Chanderi Kosa (/wiki/Tussar_silk) East (/wiki/East_India) Baluchari (/wiki/Baluchari_sari) Berhampuri (/wiki/Berhampur_Patta) Bhagalpur (/wiki/Bhagalpur_sari) Bomkai (/wiki/Bomkai_sari) Dhakai (/wiki/Dhakai) Dhaniakhali (/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari) Garad (/wiki/Garad_Saree) Habaspuri (/wiki/Habaspuri_sari) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Khandua (/wiki/Khandua) Mekhela (/wiki/Mekhela_chador) Murshidabad (/wiki/Murshidabad_silk) Pasapali (/wiki/Pasapali_sari) Rajshahi (/wiki/Rajshahi_silk) Sambalpuri (/wiki/Sambalpuri_sari) Shantipuri (/wiki/Shantipuri_sari) Tangail (/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)) Tant (/wiki/Tant_sari) Tussar (/wiki/Tussar_silk) North (/wiki/North_India) Banarasi (/wiki/Banarasi_sari) Shalu (/wiki/Shalu_(sari)) South (/wiki/South_India) Arani (/wiki/Arani_Sari) Coimbatore (/wiki/Kovai_Cora_Cotton) Gadwal (/wiki/Gadwal_sari) Gollabhama (/wiki/Gollabhama_sari) Ilkal (/wiki/Ilkal_sari) Kanchipuram (/wiki/Kanchipuram_silk_sari) Kandangi (/wiki/Kandangi) Kuthampully (/wiki/Kuthampully_Saree) Madurai (/wiki/Madurai_Sungudi) Mangalagiri (/wiki/Mangalagiri_Sarees_and_Fabrics) Molakalmuru (/wiki/Molakalmuru_sari) Mundum Neriyathum (/wiki/Mundum_Neriyathum) Mysore (/wiki/Mysore_silk) Pochampally (/wiki/Pochampally_sari) Salem (/wiki/Salem_silk) Thirubuvanam (/wiki/Thirubuvanam_Silk_Sarees) Uppada Jamdani (/wiki/Uppada_Jamdani_Sari) Venkatagiri (/wiki/Venkatagiri_Sari) West (/wiki/West_India) Bandhani (/wiki/Bandhani) Kasta (/wiki/Kasta_sari) Kota Doria (/wiki/Kota_Doria) Paithani (/wiki/Paithani) Patola (/wiki/Patola_sari) Related topics Sari diplomacy (/wiki/Sari_diplomacy) Wedding sari (/wiki/Wedding_sari) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐bmqzr Cached time: 20240721210425 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.309 seconds Real time usage: 0.387 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 688/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 28997/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 735/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 37751/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.214/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4096676/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 331.993 1 -total 42.93% 142.528 1 Template:Reflist 37.04% 122.975 7 Template:Cite_web 28.06% 93.149 1 Template:Saree 26.25% 87.134 1 Template:Navbox 15.39% 51.103 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_type 14.78% 49.083 1 Template:Infobox 12.29% 40.802 1 Template:Clarify 10.92% 36.253 1 Template:Fix-span 7.73% 25.650 2 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38250869-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721210425 and revision id 1183117157. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanderi_sari&oldid=1183117157 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanderi_sari&oldid=1183117157) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Saris (/wiki/Category:Saris) Culture of Madhya Pradesh (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Madhya_Pradesh) Ashoknagar district (/wiki/Category:Ashoknagar_district) Geographical indications in Madhya Pradesh (/wiki/Category:Geographical_indications_in_Madhya_Pradesh) Hidden categories: CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Hindi-language_sources_(hi)) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2018)
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Canadian interior and household goods designer Christiane Lemieux Born ( 1969-04-11 ) April 11, 1969 (age 55) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa) , Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) , Canada Education Queen's University (/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston) , Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) Occupation(s) Interior and household goods designer Christiane Lemieux (born April 11, 1969) is an interior and household goods designer. She is a founder of The Inside, a direct-to-consumer home furnishings company. [1] (#cite_note-1) Formerly, she was the founder and creative director of DwellStudio, a fashion and home design brand that was bought by Wayfair in 2013. [ citation needed ] Early life and education [ edit ] Lemieux was born in Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa) , Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) on April 11, 1969. She attended undergraduate at Queen's University (/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston) in Kingston, Ontario (/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario) . Then at Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) in New York; where she received the Golden Thimble Award in her senior year Career [ edit ] Lemieux began her career in fashion as a fabric assistant for Isaac Mizrahi (/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi) . [2] (#cite_note-Crains-2) She then worked at the Gap as an assistant designer of women's woven clothing, fabric design, development and merchandising. She took a position as design director with Portico, a New York-based home company. Lemieux developed furniture, home accessories, gift items, bed linens and bath products for the company. [3] (#cite_note-NY_Ent-3) Lemieux left Portico to launch Dwell Home Furnishings in 1999, [4] (#cite_note-4) introducing a collection of bedding and textiles. [5] (#cite_note-5) The company has since expanded to include custom upholstered furniture, [6] (#cite_note-6) tabletop, baby, children's furniture, [7] (#cite_note-7) gift and travel items. [3] (#cite_note-NY_Ent-3) In 2005 she had her wonderful and favorite first child Isabelle Violet Young on December 28. Lemieux launched DwellStudio for Target in January 2008. [2] (#cite_note-Crains-2) In March 2011, Lemieux published a book, Undecorate, The No-Rules Approach to Interior Design (https://books.google.com.ua/books/about/Undecorate.html?id=6nGqbDNKCiMC&redir_esc=y) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In June 2012, DwellStudio opened a store in SoHo, New York, [9] (#cite_note-9) followed by an in-store boutique at Los Angeles. In 2012, Lemieux was interviewed for the show Apartment Therapy , [10] (#cite_note-10) and, in 2013, her apartment was featured in the Lifestyle section of The Sunday Telegraph . [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2014, Lemieux was named executive creative director of Wayfair. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2015, Lemieux appeared as a contest judge on the television show Ellen's Design Challenge . [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2017, Britt Bunn, Lemieux founded the direct-to-consumer home furnishings company The Inside. [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) McGrath, Katherine. "Christiane Lemieux Announces The Inside, a New Home Decor Brand Poised to Turn the Industry on Its Head" (https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/christiane-lemieux-the-inside-new-home-decor-brand) . Architectural Digest . Conde Nast . Retrieved May 28, 2019 . ^ a b Traster, Tine (August 10, 2008). "Designer Scales Up to be a National Brand" (http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20080810/SMALLBIZ/488397739) . Crain's . Retrieved October 31, 2011 . ^ a b Meoli, Daria (March 22, 2010). "Modern for the Masses - Interview with Christiane Lemieux of DwellStudio" (http://nyreport.com/articles/74033/dwell_studio_modern_for_the_masses) . New York Enterprise Reporter . Retrieved October 31, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Misty Gibbs (April 12, 2013). "Christiane Lemieux: From Bootstrapping to Multi Million $ Retail Brand" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140901184032/http://www.thenextwomen.com/2013/04/12/christiane-lemieux-bootstrapping-multi-million-retail-brand) . The Next Women . Archived from the original (http://www.thenextwomen.com/2013/04/12/christiane-lemieux-bootstrapping-multi-million-retail-brand) on September 1, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Interview: Christiane Lemieux" (http://houseandhome.com/design/interview-christiane-lemieux) , House & Home , 14 September 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Living by Christiane Lemieux midcentury-style George sofa" (http://www.retrotogo.com/2015/04/living-by-christiane-lemieux-midcentury-style-george-sofa.html) . Retro to Go , 15 April 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Loos, Ted (September 2011). "Style to Spare" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111017213941/http://www.architecturaldigest.com/resources/features/2011/09/dwell-studio-furniture-collection-slideshow#slide=1) . Architectural Digest : 48. Archived from the original (http://www.architecturaldigest.com/resources/features/2011/09/dwell-studio-furniture-collection-slideshow#slide=1) on October 17, 2011 . Retrieved October 31, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Suqi, Rima (March 23, 2011). " (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/garden/24books.html) 'Undecorate' by Christiane Lemieux" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/garden/24books.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Tim McKeough (May 31, 2012). "DwellStudio's new Dwelling" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/garden/dwellstudio-opens-its-first-furnishings-and-accessories-store-in-soho.html) . New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "An Interview with Christiane Lemieux of DwellStudio" (http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/an-interview-with-christiane-lemieux-of-dwellstudio-apartment-therapy-design-evenings-180843) , Apartment Therapy Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140122070101/http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/an-interview-with-christiane-lemieux-of-dwellstudio-apartment-therapy-design-evenings-180843) 2014-01-22 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-11) David Nicholls (April 14, 2013). "Inside Christine Lemieux's stunning New York apartment" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130414025258/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/interiorsandshopping/9984656/Inside-Christine-Lemieuxs-stunning-New-York-apartment.html) . The Sunday Telegraph . Archived from the original (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/interiorsandshopping/9984656/Inside-Christine-Lemieuxs-stunning-New-York-apartment.html) on April 14, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Jason Del Rey, "Wayfair Names DwellStudio Founder Christiane Lemieux as Executive Creative Director" (http://recode.net/2014/01/23/wayfair-names-dwellstudio-founder-christiane-lemieux-as-executive-creative-director) . Re/Code , 23 January 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ryan Gajewski, "Ellen DeGeneres Pulls Prank on 'Ellen's Design Challenge' Season 2 Contestants (http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/ellen-degeneres-pulls-prank-on-ellens-design-challenge-watch-w160931) . US Weekly , 7 January 2016 - Charlinda Robinson, "'Ellen's Design Challenge' Kicks Off A New Season" (http://www.inquisitr.com/2685809/ellens-design-challenge-kicks-off-a-new-season-with-a-special-preview-show/) . The Inquisitr , 6 January 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-14) Olson, Katy. "With $2.6 million in new funding, The Inside co-founders are ready for prime time" (https://businessofhome.com/articles/with-2-6-million-in-new-funding-the-inside-co-founders-are-ready-for-prime-time) . Business of Home . JSN Global Media . Retrieved May 28, 2019 . External links [ edit ] Profile in The New York Enterprise Report (http://www.nyreport.com/christianelemieux) DwellStudio (http://www.dwellstudio.com/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/305445621) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxvYWdFbQ34CcD4qGT73) National Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007434347305171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2013070758) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/13341180X) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐v47n2 Cached time: 20240713180043 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.495 seconds Real time usage: 0.721 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2288/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29593/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2197/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 44026/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.334/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7114936/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 675.088 1 -total 32.27% 217.884 1 Template:Reflist 25.29% 170.724 1 Template:Infobox_person 21.89% 147.760 4 Template:Cite_web 17.52% 118.244 1 Template:Authority_control 13.88% 93.716 1 Template:Short_description 7.46% 50.336 19 Template:Main_other 7.09% 47.895 2 Template:Pagetype 6.97% 47.074 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 6.65% 44.889 1 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33596036-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713180043 and revision id 1221438530. 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American clothing company Johnston & Murphy Company type Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary) Industry Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Predecessor William J. Dudley Shoe Company, The James Johnston Company Founded Newark, NJ (/wiki/Newark,_NJ) , United States (1850 ( 1850 ) ) Founder William J. Dudley, James Johnston, William A. Murphy Headquarters Nashville, TN (/wiki/Nashville,_TN) , United States Number of locations 158 Products Shoes (/wiki/Shoes) , Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) , Leather goods, Luggage (/wiki/Luggage) Revenue US$314,759,000 (2023) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) US$14,364,000 (2023) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) US$194,417,000 (2023) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Genesco (/wiki/Genesco) (1951–present) Divisions (/wiki/Division_(business)) Retail Operations, Wholesale Website www (http://www.johnstonmurphy.com) .johnstonmurphy (http://www.johnstonmurphy.com) .com (http://www.johnstonmurphy.com) Footnotes / references [1] (#cite_note-10-K-1) Johnston & Murphy is an American footwear and clothing company based in Nashville, Tennessee (/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee) . Johnston & Murphy designs, sources, markets and distributes footwear (/wiki/Footwear) , apparel (/wiki/Apparel) , leather goods and luggage (/wiki/Luggage) . A subsidiary of Genesco Inc. (/wiki/Genesco) , the Johnston & Murphy Group operates retail and wholesale businesses. History [ edit ] Johnston & Murphy traces its roots to the William J. Dudley Shoe Company, founded in 1850 in Newark, New Jersey (/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey) by William J. Dudley, a European immigrant (/wiki/Immigrant) and master craftsman (/wiki/Master_craftsman) who had been schooled (/wiki/Apprenticeship) in the classic tradition of English shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) . [2] (#cite_note-Newman-2) The William J. Dudley Shoe Company specialized in quality, highly durable work shoes for men, women and children. During its first 25 years, the company's growth forced five moves to increasingly larger locations. The Factory was originally located in a three-story structure on Market Street, near Lawrence Street, close to Pennsylvania Station (/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(Newark)) . [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) It has been noted by the late historian William Starr Myers (/wiki/William_Starr_Myers) that Charles Goodyear (/wiki/Charles_Goodyear) , inventor of the Goodyear Welt (/wiki/Goodyear_welt) , was a frequent visitor of Dudley's, conferring into the night with Dudley. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) In 1880, Newark businessman James Johnston joined the company as Dudley's partner. Johnston's vision was to expand product lines and distribution channels. The company took the durability of its work shoes and built that into a line of higher-fashion footwear, which quickly became popular. In 1881, founder William Dudley died, and Johnston assumed control of the company under a new name, The James Johnston Company. A Manufacturing Journal Published in 1887, however, indicates W.H. Dudley was succeeded in 1879 by James Johnston. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) In 1882, William A. Murphy, another prominent Newark businessman from a distinguished family, was intrigued by the success of Johnston's local shoe company. A partnership (/wiki/Partnership) was formed and the company became known as Johnston & Murphy. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) By 1887, Johnston & Murphy was producing over two thousand pairs of shoes and slippers weekly in a seven-story factory with 250 operators and steam-driven equipment. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) In 1892, the firm occupied a newly built factory on 46 to 54 Lincoln Street in the Springfield Belmont Section of Newark, between Mercer and Court Streets. [5] (#cite_note-5) This factory was later expanded to nearly twice its size in 1925. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) In 1895, Murphy sold his interest in the company to Herbert P. Gleason, a former top salesman of the company. Gleason knew the value of a recognized brand name and decided to keep the Johnston & Murphy name as well as establish a national sales and marketing force. James Johnston died in 1903. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) In the 1920s, Gleason's son, George Gleason, coined the company's first slogan, "The best shoes anybody can buy." He also developed a series of "handsome lifestyle" advertisements and ran campaigns in high-profile magazines such as Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) and The Saturday Evening Post (/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post) . Ads featured the Country Club Series, a line of golf shoes, which became one of Johnston & Murphy's most popular. Genesco (/wiki/Genesco) (then General Shoe Corporation) purchased Johnston & Murphy in 1951. Genesco closed Johnston & Murphy's Newark, New Jersey, location and moved the operations to Genesco's headquarters city of Nashville, Tennessee. In 1971, Johnston & Murphy opened its first retail shop in Schaumburg, Illinois (/wiki/Schaumburg,_Illinois) . Johnston & Murphy then expanded its retail operations in specialty shops and department stores nationwide and in 1983, the company opened the first Johnston & Murphy Factory Store in Clearwater, Florida (/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida) . In the '80s, Johnston & Murphy also launched its direct mail catalog featuring men's footwear. In 1996, Johnston & Murphy started opening stores in busy airports, train stations and on prominent streets to better reach professional men on the go. [1] (#cite_note-10-K-1) In 2017, Johnston & Murphy stopped making shoes in the U.S.A. [6] (#cite_note-6) Operations [ edit ] In 1996, Johnston & Murphy launched its official website. In 1998, Johnston & Murphy opened a flagship (/wiki/Flagship) on the corner of Madison and 54th Street in New York City and started signing licensing agreements for collections of belts, hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) , shoe care products, leather outerwear and small leather goods. [1] (#cite_note-10-K-1) The company has since expanded the men's line to include business cases and luggage (/wiki/Luggage) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Johnston & Murphy introduced a new line of women’s footwear, leather goods, accessories and outerwear in the fall of 2008. [8] (#cite_note-8) Johnston & Murphy's Retail Operations division operates 160 company owned stores and sells products via direct mail catalogs and via the company's web site. The Wholesale division sells Johnston & Murphy branded shoes to more than 2,100 premier department and specialty stores, direct mail and on its web site. [1] (#cite_note-10-K-1) Johnston & Murphy branded products are manufactured by independent, third-party contractors. [1] (#cite_note-10-K-1) In November 2010, to highlight a new line of Johnston & Murphy men’s comfort shoes, the XC4 collection, the brand asked consumers, by way of juxtaposition, for their most uncomfortable moments in their online Ultimate Comfort Contest. The letters in XC4 are meant to stand for “extreme comfort,” while the number alludes to four aspects of the shoes: they are moisture-wicking, light weight, have additional cushioning and include an extra removable insole to ensure proper fit. XC4 styles are available in dress casual and casual styles – representative of Johnston & Murphy's shift to offering more casual footwear in addition to traditional dress shoes. [2] (#cite_note-Newman-2) Horween Leather Company (/wiki/Horween_Leather_Company) in Chicago supplies leather shells for footwear to Johnston & Murphy. [9] (#cite_note-horween1-9) [10] (#cite_note-encyclopedia1-10) [11] (#cite_note-chicagotribune2003-11) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e "Form 10-K" (https://www.genesco.com/static-files/0610304c-f467-476b-a1e7-281155053219) (PDF) . Genesco. March 22, 2023 . Retrieved November 25, 2023 . ^ a b Newman, Adam Andrew (December 22, 2010). "Collecting Humiliations of Life to Sell Comfort in Shoes" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/business/media/23adco.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160628112216/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/business/media/23adco.html) from the original on June 28, 2016. ^ a b c d Myers, William Starr (2000). Prominent Families of New Jersey - Volume 1 . Clearfield Publishing. p. 517. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780806350363 . Retrieved January 19, 2020 . ^ a b c "New Jersey's Leading Manufacturing Centers - A Quarter Century of Progress. City of New Brunswick" (https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hb0i1d&view=1up&seq=7&size=150) . New Jersey's Leading Manufacturing Centers . New York, New York: International Publishing Company: 66. 1887 – via HathiTrust. ^ (#cite_ref-5) American Trade Index . New York: National Association of Manufacturers. 1906. p. 116 (https://archive.org/details/americantradein00manugoog/page/n130) . Johnston & Murphy, 42-54 Lincoln street, Newark, N. J. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "End Of An Era | Johnston & Murphy Shuts Down Us Production/Factory/Services" (https://www.styleforum.net/threads/end-of-an-era-johnston-murphy-shuts-down-us-production-factory-services.591592/) . Style Forum . November 13, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Johnston & Murphy bringing luggage, leather line in house" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110805122418/http://www.bizjournals.com/nashville/stories/2007/03/05/daily31.html) . Nashville Business Journal . American City Business Journals, Inc. March 9, 2007. Archived from the original (http://nashville.bizjournals.com/nashville/stories/2007/03/05/daily31.html) on August 5, 2011 . Retrieved October 4, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Johnston & Murphy launches women's footwear line" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090915234454/http://nashville.bizjournals.com/nashville/stories/2008/08/11/daily61.html) . Nashville Business Journal . American City Business Journals, Inc. August 15, 2008. Archived from the original (http://nashville.bizjournals.com/nashville/stories/2008/08/11/daily61.html) on September 15, 2009 . Retrieved October 4, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-horween1_9-0) "A Brief History « Horween Leather Company" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130705053917/http://horween.com/about/a-brief-history/) . Horween.com. Archived from the original (http://horween.com/about/a-brief-history/) on July 5, 2013 . Retrieved March 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-encyclopedia1_10-0) Horween Leather Company . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved March 26, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-chicagotribune2003_11-0) "Horween's leather bound by tradition" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-10-27/business/0310270217_1_bob-clevenhagen-rawlings-glove) . Chicago Tribune. October 27, 2003 . Retrieved March 27, 2013 . External links [ edit ] Johnston & Murphy (http://www.johnstonmurphy.com) Genesco Inc. 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Fashion in Muslim communities Moslema (/wiki/Muslim) in style fashion show at PWTC. Islamic Fashion as a phenomenon stemmed from the combination of a set of Islamic practices (in which the need to cover a specific set of body parts is present) and of the rising need and desire to include these specific clothing items in a broader fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) . The global growth of “an Islamic consumer (/wiki/Consumer) sector, which explicitly forges links between religiosity and fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , encouraging Muslims to be both covered and fashionable, modest and beautiful,” is relatively fresh: Islamic Fashion as a particular phenomenon started appearing toward the 1980s. [1] (#cite_note-LoC-1) The most recent developments in the field have caused a varied public discourse (/wiki/Public_discourse) on a series of different levels, from the political, to the religious, to the cultural. Different positions are taken by different participants in the discussion of the politics and cultures of Islamic fashion. Islamic Fashion market nowadays presents the rapidly expanding niche that is still relatively empty in a global scale. Big brands (/wiki/Brands) are trying to present their collections related to Muslim religious observances, however, without any visible attempts to single-handedly secure the Muslim customers (/wiki/Customers) in Western countries (/wiki/Western_countries) leaving the space for the emerging young designers (/wiki/Designers) mainly from Muslim states. In the United Arab Emirates, particularly Dubai, are steadily laying the ground to become the Islamic Fashion center with a highly curated Designers District and housing of the leading Islamic brands. History of Islamic fashion [ edit ] To understand the controversy over Islamic fashion and how it has evolved, it's vital to understand the historical and religious meaning behind the clothing. It's important to remember that the specific styles of clothing vary among time periods and across geographical regions. Arabic dress dates back to the 13th century—men and women from this time period both wore a simple tunic dress with a loose garment over their head. The difference between the genders was that women had to cover more of their body, and usually had more accessories and embellishments. Another region that largely influenced modern Islamic dress is Turkey. It was different from Arabic dress in that " traditional Turkish ensemble for either men or women consisted of loose fitting trousers ( şalvar, don) and a shirt ( gömlek ), topped by a variety of jackets ( cebken ), vests ( yelek ), and long coats ( entâri, kaftan, üç etek )." [2] (#cite_note-2) Something these two regions had in common with their dress is that what people wore was an indication of their social status. In Arabic regions such as Iraq and Palestine, the way men covered their heads, turban or shawl, was related to their status. In Turkey, they also used headgear to show status in addition to layering clothes and using certain "richer" materials. Since Arabic clothing came long before Turkish and other regions' clothing, it's clear it had a large influence on Islamic fashion for all the subsequent cultures. A big part of the current Islamic fashion market is women's headdresses. Although men and women were both supposed to dress modestly, "The veil is a vehicle for distinguishing between women and men and a means of controlling male sexual desire". [3] (#cite_note-3) There are four main styles of wearing a veil or headscarf in Islamic tradition. The first, is named the Hijab. The hijab is made with one or two scarves, covering both the head and the neck. The face may remain unveiled. This style is most widely seen in the West, as well as still being popular within Middle Eastern countries. The next veil is called the Niqab, which covers the entirety of the body as well as the face, while leaving an opening for the eyes. There are two main styles of Niqab. A half-niqab is identified by a scarf veiling the face, while leaving the eyes and part of the forehead uncovered. A Gulf niqab only leaves narrow slits for the eyes. A third veil is the Chador, which is a full-body length shawl, pinned closed at the neck. The head and body are covered in this style, while leaving the face visible. This style is commonly seen in Iran. A fourth veiling style is called the Burqa. The burqa is a full-body covering where the entire face and body are veiled and there is a mesh screen in front of the eyes. [4] (#cite_note-4) Economics of Islamic fashion [ edit ] Moslema in style fashion show in Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur) Today the Islamic Fashion market (/wiki/Market_(economics)) is still in its early development stage; however, according to the numbers provided by the Global Islamic Economy Indicator [5] (#cite_note-5) the dynamics will rapidly change: Muslim (/wiki/Muslim) consumers (/wiki/Consumers) spent an estimated $266bn on clothing in 2014, a number that is projected to grow up to $484bn by 2019. Despite the fact that the figures show the purchase of clothing that cannot be translated directly into Islamic fashion the trend clearly proves that the modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) industry will be flourishing. Furthermore, the Pew Research [6] (#cite_note-6) predicts that the global population of Muslims will equal the number of Christians by 2050; hence, the purchasing power of young Muslim (/wiki/Muslim) customers (/wiki/Customers) will steadily grow that presents new opportunities for both young designers (/wiki/Designer) and big fashion brands (/wiki/Fashion_brands) . As for the seasonal profit the famous companies like DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) , Hilfiger (/wiki/Hilfiger) are starting paying more attention to observances like Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) when the number of Muslim consumers rockets. [7] (#cite_note-7) However, currently the world-famous designers (/wiki/Designer) present their collections whether in Gulf States or online only while omitting the opportunities and growing demand presented in Western countries as it expresses Amani Al-Khatahtbeh, the editor-in-chief of MuslimGirl.net: “What's the point of having these Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) collections from these huge brands and huge designers if they're only being made available to people overseas who are already well aware of Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) and inclusive of it? Really, it's here in the U.S. or other Western countries (/wiki/Western_countries) where that kind of visibility would go a long way.” - Amani Al-Khatahtbeh (/wiki/Amani_Al-Khatahtbeh) , interview to Fortune, 15 July 2015 [8] (#cite_note-8) Considering the slow realization of emerging capacities by the global brands the niche of Islamic fashion (/wiki/Fashion) market (/wiki/Market_(economics)) would be likely occupied by Middle Eastern enterprises and start-ups. As Abdul Rahman Saif Al Ghurair (/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Saif_Al_Ghurair) , a member of the Dubai Islamic Economy Development Centre board, said in the interview to Bloomberg: “The lack of a global Islamic clothing brands (/wiki/Brands) presents a unique opportunity for U.A.E. (/wiki/U.A.E.) fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designers) .” [9] (#cite_note-9) Dubai, after opening Design District, is on its way to become the Islamic fashion capital as well as the global centre of the Islamic economy (/wiki/Islamic_economics) even if being challenged by the Turkish Muslim clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) . Despite big designer brands making an entrance into the Muslim world, there is still a distinct lack of opportunities for young Muslim designers. This is because in most Muslim countries fashion is not taken seriously as a career path, instead math science and engineering have long taken priority. Recently, with more women entering the workforce the demand for fashion education has increased. The Creative Space Beirut School of Design is the future of the industry. It provides free education, while also putting emphasis on respecting cultural differences of students in order to build a safe community and allow talented young artists to create freely. Politics and culture [ edit ] Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , as all creative and artistic fields, does not exist in a vacuum, it has to relate with the socio-political culture in which it exists, and therefore the way such culture responds to it. Islamic Fashion witnessed a series of commentaries since mid 2014, when DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) launched its first ever Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) fashion line, [10] (#cite_note-10) as many others did such as Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , Oscar de la Renta (/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta) , Mango (/wiki/Mango_(retailer)) , UNIQLO (/wiki/UNIQLO) , Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) [11] (#cite_note-11) and Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Internal criticism [ edit ] Considering the controversial nature of the topic, a plethora of reactions was expected and it was varied in nature and sources. Internal reception was varied, encompassing reactions such as the one by fashion graduate Tabinda-Kauser Ishaq, who designed a ‘poppy hijab (/wiki/Hijab) ’ for Remembrance Day, [13] (#cite_note-13) who welcomed the arrival of mainstream Islam fashion and deemed it “a good move for the business of fashion”, and the one by Mariah Idrissi, the first hijab (/wiki/Hijab) -wearing model in an H&M (/wiki/H%26M) ad [14] (#cite_note-14) who said that, "Seeing Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) launch in this market is definitely a positive thing". A reminder of the religious connotation of the hijab (/wiki/Hijab) came from Shelina Janmohamed (/wiki/Shelina_Zahra_Janmohamed) , author of Love In A Headscarf, who pointed out how, “Today's fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) is about consumerism (/wiki/Consumerism) and objectification (/wiki/Objectification) - buy, buy, buy and be judged by what you wear. Muslim fashion is teetering between asserting a Muslim woman's right (/wiki/Woman%27s_right) to be beautiful and well-turned out, and buying more stuff than you need, and being judged by your clothes - both of which are the opposite of Islamic values.” [15] (#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-15) On the subject of the high-end commercialization (/wiki/Commercialization) of Islamic fashion, Ruqaiya Haris explained how Dolce & Gabbana's (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) hijab (/wiki/Hijab) range was aimed at people like her, and yet made her feel excluded: “It is difficult for me to feel excited and grateful for a fashion line that supposedly caters to me and the requirements of my faith when it feels as though the overwhelming message is that the only desirable Muslim is a wealthy one; that Muslim fashion (/wiki/Fashion) is acceptable, but only when legitimised by a major western fashion label (/wiki/Fashion_label) . And that ultimately western society will always have the monopoly on what is fashionable and relevant.” [16] (#cite_note-theguardian.com-16) Similarly, Somali-American model and humanitarian, Halima Aden, who is credited with being one of the first Hijabi women to appear on the cover of Vogue, spoke out in 2020 about the darker side of being a trailblazer for Muslim women within the fashion industry. After setting out to give back to the Muslim community through humanitarian aid work and increasing visibility for Hijabi women in fashion, Aden famously took a step back from her career when she revealed that she was becoming less and less in control of her ability to stay true to her Muslim values due to violations of contract clauses, and feelings of being tokenized by the organizations that she worked with. Aiden stated in one 2021 interview with BBC “I just decided I'm done with the NGO world using me for 'my beautiful story of courage and hope' [17] (#cite_note-17) On this ethical side of the discourse the argument made by Sabah Haneen Choudhry, a third-year Social Anthropology student at SOAS (/wiki/SOAS) , was that in 2016, the rise in Islamic fashion must be seen as a political matter: “My issue is this: why is the hijab (/wiki/Hijab) ‘acceptable’ only when it's appropriated and managed by major corporations— Western regimes that, in other words, have the power to permit and regulate what is deemed tolerable, capitalizable and not? Why can't Muslim women (/wiki/Muslim_women) decide the parameters of their Islamic identity and sexual morality, without facing harsh scrutiny from within and outside the ‘imagined’ Muslim community (/wiki/Muslim_community) ?” [15] (#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-15) The premise of the cultural appropriation side of the discourse, addressed online by different sources, [18] (#cite_note-18) can be summed up by Haris’ words when she states how Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) ’s range “looks like an appropriation of existing traditions without giving them any real recognition.” [16] (#cite_note-theguardian.com-16) As the IFDC Islamic Fashion and Design Council (/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Fashion_and_Design_Council&action=edit&redlink=1) noticed, we are witnessing the emergence of a segment they called “Muslim Futurists”: people who choose to live a life they feel is both faithful and modern, and who believe that both of these aspects are their right. It's the first recognition of a Muslim consumer (/wiki/Consumer) who wants the best brands (/wiki/Brands) , products (/wiki/Product_(business)) and services (/wiki/Service_(business)) – they want to be fashion-forward, for example, but only when it meets the requirements of their faith. [19] (#cite_note-19) External criticism [ edit ] Public comment came also from outside the Islamic community (/wiki/Islamic_community) , a rather controversial statement by former fashion mogul Pierre Bergé (/wiki/Pierre_Berg%C3%A9) , life and business partner of designer (/wiki/Designer) Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) , who accused designers catering to the Islamic audience of taking part in the “enslavement of women”. [20] (#cite_note-20) Bergé’s statement stirred different reactions, particularly regarding this part of his statement: “"In life you have to chose the side of freedom," said Bergé (/wiki/Pierre_Berg%C3%A9) . "Rather than covering women up, "we must teach [Muslim] women to revolt, to take their clothes off, to learn to live like most of the women in the rest of the world."” [21] (#cite_note-21) Which, as Julianne Shepherd writes in her article for Jezebel, expresses a rather sexist (/wiki/Sexist) commentary behind the travesty of feminist (/wiki/Feminist) defence. [22] (#cite_note-22) Another strong criticism came from French's minister for women’s rights (/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_rights) Laurence Rossignol, who, speaking to BFTV over the decision by fashion (/wiki/Fashion) companies including Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) and Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) to produce and promote fashion aimed at Muslims (/wiki/Muslims) , criticised the fashion labels, saying the clothing was not “socially responsible” and “from a certain point of view ... promotes the shutting away of women's bodies”. When the interviewer suggested certain women made the decision of their own free will to cover themselves, Rossignol replied: “Of course, they are women who make the choice ... there were also ... American negroes who were in favour of slavery.” [23] (#cite_note-23) A petition was launched by a French student, Hawa N’Dongo, on change.org calling for Rossignol to be punished: “It is with anger and exasperation that we have been once again confronted with the verbal violence of a political leader,” wrote N’Dongo. “Asked about the false debate on ‘Islamic fashion’ she came out with scandalous propositions that feed the confusion and stigmatisation of Muslim women and the millions of transported slaves.” It's clearly a controversial subject and one that many Muslim women (/wiki/Muslim_women) feel strongly about, [24] (#cite_note-24) since it covers a wide variety of issues and problems that have a history of not being addressed and that are only now seeing recognition on a larger, more global scale. Islamic fashion on the web [ edit ] Young generation - main target of Islamic Fashion market. The growing popularity of online shopping (/wiki/Online_shopping) worldwide among young Muslims (/wiki/Muslims) has proved that the Internet (/wiki/Internet) nowadays is playing crucial role in promoting exclusivist Muslim identities as well as is enabling unexpected convergences and connections between individuals of different backgrounds and between the demands of fashion (/wiki/Fashion) and faith (/wiki/Faith) . [25] (#cite_note-Interventions-25) Moreover, the Islamic Fashion online stores (/wiki/Online_stores) are promoting ethical commerce as part of their revenue goes to charity. The past decade has seen the diversification and spread of Islamic fashion commerce in Britain (/wiki/Great_Britain) , the United States (/wiki/The_United_States) and around the world, both on and off the Web, with some entrepreneurs catering to the higher end of the market. Partially, the opposition to hijab ban (/wiki/Hijab_ban) in some countries and limiting regulations for doing sports pushed for transformation of Islamic clothing (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) and spurred the activity on the Internet (/wiki/Internet) ( fashion blogs (/wiki/Fashion_blogs) , social networks (/wiki/Social_networks) , etc.), notably, contributed to the growth of the wide range of Islamic Fashion e-shops (/wiki/Online_Store) . However, the emergence of online stores (/wiki/Online_stores) alongside the Muslim (/wiki/Muslim) lifestyle magazines and fashion blogs (/wiki/Fashion_blogs) has risen the wave of criticism related to both the commercialization of religion and veiled religious propaganda. On the other hand, some scholars interpret the matter the other way: “[...] the entrepreneurs involved in promoting hijab (/wiki/Hijab) online may be motivated by a mixture of religious, ethical, political and commercial concerns which grow out of their personal experiences of living in a multicultural urban environment and which reflect and respond to the desire expressed by many young Muslim women living in the West to be both fashionable and modest.” - Emma Tarlo, HIJAB ONLINE, 2010 [25] (#cite_note-Interventions-25) Especially for the Muslim women (/wiki/Muslim_women) , hijab (/wiki/Hijab) has become an important part for their appearance: they are increasingly looking for fashion that doesn't set them apart from the rest of society. With the rapid growth of digital networks and social media users, the need of these “digital platforms” is increasing and the purchasing power of young consumers tends to grow over the years. Apart from the traditional websites as online stores, it's possible to use social media (/wiki/Social_media) to market the hijab (/wiki/Hijab) by saving time and costs, starting from Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) , to Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) and Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) . Islamic fashion online stores [ edit ] Islamic Fashion and Design Council (IFDC) is a platform that provides support, initiatives and programmes to help make the industry more cohesive for Islamic fashion by bringing the industry players together to help them to generate more opportunities. [26] (#cite_note-khaleejtimes.com-26) “This clothing is beautiful, and the beauty is made for every woman.”- Indonesian Fashion Designer Amy Atmanto Clothing companies and brands (/wiki/Brands) are quite fragmented globally. In most OIC (/wiki/OIC) (Organization of Islamic Cooperation) countries, local clothing companies that are local culture - driven dominate the market: a special segment (/wiki/Market_segmentation) of Islamic/modest clothing (/wiki/Modest_fashion) companies is emerging globally, some of the most established producers and labels (/wiki/Labels) understandably come from Muslim-majority countries. However, new labels (/wiki/Labels) from other countries - especially those targeting the younger generation of Muslim women (/wiki/Muslim_women) - are quickly gaining tractions in their local markets and beyond. [27] (#cite_note-27) Social media [ edit ] There is undeniably a modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) craze that has been going on this past years with big brands in fashion, celebrities and independent entrepreneurs on this movement. This trend is seeing mainstream brands like Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , Mango (/wiki/Mango_(retailer)) , Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) and DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) coming up with modest collections they never did before. We are also seeing many celebrities including Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) and Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) wearing and posting on their social media profiles the Islamic headscarf, the hijab and Beyoncé dressing in an abaya. [28] (#cite_note-28) It is a continuing growing trend: some women designed their own clothes that suited their needs because the mainstream market could not provide it, these personalities on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) and several blogging sites (/wiki/Blog) started getting attention. They became the icons (/wiki/Icons) people looked up to for fashion inspiration: “Young hijabi Instagrammers like Maryam Asadullah, Sobia Masood and many other social media (/wiki/Social_media) personalities have made a huge impact in the modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) industry. These personalities created a trend whereby they shared their stylish modest outfits, tips and tutorials while other people admired their style thus gaining them big followership. They were able to provide what the mainstream fashion industry was not giving them and the modest wearer. This inspired and helped many other young people who were following them. More and more people started sharing their modest styles on social media (/wiki/Social_media) and it became a buzz (/wiki/Marketing_buzz) that changed the view of modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) ”. [29] (#cite_note-29) Asadullah is just one of many fashion-forward hijab-clad Muslim women (/wiki/Muslim_women) showcasing their personal style on the popular photo-sharing social media (/wiki/Social_media) site. [30] (#cite_note-30) These Instagrammers fill a gap that mainstream media has still to cover: inspiration and advice for women who want to maintain religious standards of modesty without sacrificing personal style. Fashion Vlogger (/wiki/Vlogger) , designer and co-owner of Vela Scarves Marwa Atik is another example of Muslim women taking charge of their religious and fashion identity. Since the fashion industry hasn't been marketed much towards Muslim women, Atik took it upon herself to edit existing scarfs and create designs for her friends from her garage, until the weight and volume of her work became too much, and her sister decided to step in. [31] (#cite_note-31) Vela Scarves is a scarf fashion line based out of California, U.S.A., started up by Atik in 2009 and officially launched in 2010 with partner and sister Tasneem Atik Sabri. [32] (#cite_note-32) This brand focuses on hijab (/wiki/Hijab) styles for Muslim women, with "empowerment, modern flair, and individual style" in mind. [33] (#cite_note-33) Social media has made it possible for users around the globe to contribute to the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) , and is now serving as a platform to introduce Islamic fashion to the world. Vela has a 104,000 [34] (#cite_note-34) following on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , and a 7,500 [35] (#cite_note-35) following on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) , allowing the company a large platform for advertising and selling their scarves local and worldwide. Fashion hijab (/wiki/Hijab) appendages such as Islamic fashion is also greatly increased its sales through social networking (/wiki/Social_networking) . Social media (/wiki/Social_media) is acting as a catalyst in making the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) more accepting to couture that isn't Western-centric. [26] (#cite_note-khaleejtimes.com-26) In September 2015, Swedish brand H&M was the first of international fashion retailers to feature a Muslim model (/wiki/Muslim_women) wearing a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) in a video designed to encourage consumers to recycle their clothes. There are many Muslim fashion influencers on Instagram and TikTok, either showcasing their own modest fashion or giving tips to others who dress modestly. The Urban Hijabi, run by Nabeeha Fakih Sheikh has over 70,000 followers. Sheikh told a reporter that the goal of her account was to showcase her hijab, which she emphasizes is her choice, and emphasize to followers that one can be fashionable and wear a hijab. The year 2016 saw modesty going mainstream in Western culture. The first hijabi posed on the cover of Playboy Magazine, Anniesa well-known New York Fashion Week show had all of the models wearing modest clothing and Hijabs. [36] (#cite_note-36) Islamic Fashion by Country [ edit ] Indonesia [ edit ] Muslim and Muslim fashion in Indonesia is experiencing rapid progress. Various local Indonesian products are now known to the world with musilim fashion estimated to be worth around 13.5 billion USD. [37] (#cite_note-37) The State Global Islamic Economy report for 2018/19 revealed that Indonesia was runner-up as the country that develops the best Muslim fashion in the world. Some Muslim fashion products in Indonesia that are well known abroad include Rabbani, Elzatta, Zoya, Zaskia Mecca (ZM), Dian Pelangi. [38] (#cite_note-38) See also [ edit ] Islam (/wiki/Islam) Women in Islam (/wiki/Women_in_Islam) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Islam and clothing (/wiki/Islam_and_clothing) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Consumer culture (/wiki/Consumer_culture) Politics (/wiki/Politics) Market (/wiki/Market_(economics)) Muslim world (/wiki/Muslim_world) Capitalism (/wiki/Capitalism) E-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) Social networks (/wiki/Social_networks) Media (/wiki/Media_(communication)) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-LoC_1-0) Tarlo E. Hijab in London: Metamorphosis, Resonance and Effects. Journal of Material Culture. Vol. 12(2): 138 ^ (#cite_ref-2) "CLOTHING" (http://char.txa.cornell.edu/islamicclothes.htm) . char.txa.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2019-11-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "A Brief History of the Veil in Islam" (https://www.facinghistory.org/civic-dilemmas/brief-history-veil-islam) . Facing History and Ourselves . Retrieved 2019-11-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "A Brief History of the Veil in Islam" (https://www.facinghistory.org/civic-dilemmas/brief-history-veil-islam) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) State of the Global Islamic Economy Report 2015 (http://www.dinarstandard.com/state-of-the-global-islamic-economy-report-2015/) . Dinar Standard . ^ (#cite_ref-6) The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050 (https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/) . Pew Research Center . ^ (#cite_ref-7) La Ferla R. For Ramadan, Courting the Muslim Shopper (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/25/fashion/for-ramadan-courting-the-muslim-shopper.html?ref=fashion&_r=1) . NY Times . 24 June 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Petrilla M. The next big untapped fashion market: Muslim women (http://fortune.com/2015/07/15/muslim-women-fashion/) . Fortune . 15 July 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Y-Sing L., Solovieva D. Islamic Fashion's Expanding Market Attracts Shariah Financiers (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-08/islamic-fashion-s-expanding-market-attracts-shariah-financiers) . Bloomberg . 9 April 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-10) Gandhi L. DKNY Launches First Ever Ramadan Fashion Line (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/dkny-launches-first-ever-ramadan-fashion-line-n151541) . NBC News . 9 July 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Sanghani R. How the hijab went high-fashion and divided Muslim women (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/how-the-hijab-went-high-fashion-and-divided-muslim-women/) . The Telegraph .18 February 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Minthe C. Exclusive: The Dolce & Gabbana Abaya Collection Debut (http://arabia.style.com/fashion/news/exclusive-dolce-gabbana-abaya-line/) . Style.com/Arabia . 3 January 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Sanghani, Radhika. "Why British Muslims Need a 'poppy Hijab' to Remember World War One." (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11985648/World-War-One-Remembrance-Day-British-Muslims-must-wear-poppy-hijab.html) The Telegraph . 10 Nov. 2105 ^ (#cite_ref-14) Halime, Farah. "Meet the First Hijab-wearing Model in an H&M Ad." (http://fusion.net/story/203380/mariah-idrissi-hm-hijabi-fashion-model/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170331150045/http://fusion.net/story/203380/mariah-idrissi-hm-hijabi-fashion-model/) 2017-03-31 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Fusion . 25 Sept. 2015 ^ a b Sanghani, Radhika. "How the Hijab Went High-fashion and Divided Muslim Women." (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/how-the-hijab-went-high-fashion-and-divided-muslim-women/) The Telegraph . 18 Feb. 2016 ^ a b Haris, Ruqaiya. "D&G's Hijab Range Is Aimed at People like Me – so Why Do I Feel Excluded?" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/11/dolce-gabbana-hijab-collection-muslim-women-western-fashion) The Guardian . 11 Jan. 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Supermodel Halima Aden: 'Why I quit' (https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-55653029) " (https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-55653029) . BBC News . 14 January 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Torkia, Dina. "DESIGNER ABAYAS, WHAT’S NEW?" (http://www.dinatorkia.co.uk/style/designer-abbayas-whats-new/) DINA TORKIA . 07 Jan. 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Alawa, Laila. "Badass Young Women Are Showing the World What "Muslim Style” IFDC." (http://ifdcouncil.org/badass-young-women-are-showing-the-world-what-muslim-style-looks-like/) IFDC . 16 Aug. 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-20) "French Fashion Mogul Pierre Bergé Hits out at 'Islamic' Clothing." (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/mar/30/fashion-mogul-pierre-berge-hits-out-at-islamic-clothing) The Guardian . 30 Mar. 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-21) Manning, Emily. "Exploring the Backlash against High-fashion Hijabs." (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/exploring-the-backlash-against-high-fashion-hijabs) ID.vice.com . 30 Mar. 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-22) Shepherd, Julianne Escobedo. "YSL Partner Slams Designers Who Cater to Muslim Women as 'Enslavement'" (http://jezebel.com/ysl-partner-slams-designers-who-cater-to-muslim-women-a-1767981402) Jezebel . 30 Mar. 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-23) Willsher, Kim. "French Women's Rights Minister Accused of Racism over Term 'negro'" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/30/french-womens-rights-minister-laurence-rossignol-accused-racism-negro) The Guardian . 30 Mar. 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Sanghani R. How the hijab went high-fashion and divided Muslim women (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/how-the-hijab-went-high-fashion-and-divided-muslim-women/) The Telegraph .18 February 2016 ^ a b Tarlo, Emma. "Hijab Online." Interventions 12.2 (2010): 209-25. ^ a b Shabeeh, Rabiya. "Social Media Providing Platform to Promote Islamic Fashion" (http://www.khaleejtimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/social-media-providing-platform-to-promote-islamic-fashion) Khaleej Times . 31 Oct. 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-27) Brugnoni, Antea. "Modest Fashion: The Way to Multicultural Fashion." (http://www.assaif.org/index.php/NewsCom/Agenda-from-1986/28-January-2014) SMI - Sistema Moda Italia - Federazione Tessile Moda, Milano. Assaif.org . 28 January 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-28) "The Impact of Social Media on the Modest Fashion Industry." (http://ifdcouncil.org/social-media-taking-modest-fashion-to-another-level/) IFDC . 06 Jan. 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-29) "The Impact of Social Media on the Modest Fashion Industry" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160125015024/http://ifdcouncil.org/social-media-taking-modest-fashion-to-another-level) . ifdcouncil.org . Archived from the original (http://ifdcouncil.org/social-media-taking-modest-fashion-to-another-level/) on 2016-01-25. ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Meet The Hijabi Fashionistas Of Instagram: Chic Muslim Women Share Their Modest Style On Social Media." (http://www.ibtimes.com/meet-hijabi-fashionistas-instagram-chic-muslim-women-share-their-modest-style-social-2178021) International Business Times . 10 Nov. 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Vela Scarves covers new ground by making traditional hijab headscarves with a fashionable twist" (https://www.ocregister.com/2014/05/27/vela-scarves-covers-new-ground-by-making-traditional-hijab-headscarves-with-a-fashionable-twist/) . Orange County Register . 2014-05-27 . Retrieved 2018-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "The Designer" (https://www.velascarves.com/pages/the-designer) . Vela . Retrieved 2018-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Our Purpose" (https://www.velascarves.com/pages/our-purpose) . Vela . Retrieved 2018-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "V E L A™ by Marwa Atik (@velascarves) • Instagram photos and videos" (https://www.instagram.com/velascarves/) . www.instagram.com . Retrieved 2018-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Marwa Atik" (https://www.youtube.com/user/VelaScarves/featured) . YouTube . Retrieved 2018-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Follow These Instagram Influencers Now for the Ultimate Modest Fashion Inspiration" (https://en.vogue.me/fashion/modest-fashion-influencers-instagram/) . 16 June 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Who are the Muslim Youth in Indonesia? - Janio" (https://www.janio.asia/resources/articles/muslim-youth-in-indonesia#:~:text=With%20the%20Muslim%20clothing%20market,increasingly%20celebrated%20in%20the%20country.) . www.janio.asia . Retrieved 2024-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Rizqiyah, Aslamatur. "Pemikiran Progresif Linda Anggrea Pemilik Buttonscarves, Produk Lokal yang Kini Mendunia" (https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2024/06/25/pemikiran-progresif-linda-anggrea-pemilik-buttonscarves-produk-lokal-yang-kini-mendunia) . www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2024-06-26 . References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamic fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamic_fashion) . Tarlo E. "Hijab in London: Metamorphosis, Resonance and Effects." Journal of Material Culture . Vol. 12(2): 138 Tarlo E. "Hijab Online." Interventions 12.2 (2010): 209–25. Gökariksel B., McLarney E. "Muslim Women, Consumer Capitalism, and the Islamic Culture Industry." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies . Volume 6, Number 3, Fall 2010, pp. 1–18 Abbas J. A., Abdulrahman A.-A. Marketing and Ethics: What Islamic Ethics Have Contributed and the Challenges Ahead . Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. 2014 Killian, Caitlin. “The Other Side of the Veil.” Gender & Society 17, no. 4 (2003): 567–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243203253541 Jirousek, Charlotte. “Islamic Clothing,” 2004. http://char.txa.cornell.edu/islamicclothes.htm. v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design 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The cyclas is an unfitted rectangle of cloth with an opening for the head that was worn in Europe in the Middle Ages. Sleeveless overgowns or tabards (/wiki/Tabard) derive from the cyclas. By the early 14th century, the sides began to be sewn together, creating a sleeveless overgown or surcoat. [1] (#cite_note-1) See also [ edit ] 1300–1400 in European fashion (/wiki/1300%E2%80%931400_in_European_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Payne, Blanche: History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century, Harper & Row, 1965 This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclas_(garment)&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐wwkfb Cached time: 20240712173136 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.092 seconds Real time usage: 0.111 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 124/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3157/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 80/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5421/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.058/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 851190/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 97.149 1 -total 72.16% 70.105 1 Template:Fashion-stub 70.49% 68.481 1 Template:Asbox 27.76% 26.972 1 Template:Reflist 1.87% 1.820 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:53755779-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712173136 and revision id 1185236717. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclas_(garment)&oldid=1185236717 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclas_(garment)&oldid=1185236717) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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Australian women's lingerie chain store Bras N Things Bras N Things store in Westfield Carousel (/wiki/Westfield_Carousel) Company type Subsidiary Industry Retail Predecessor The Bra Shop Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Hanes Australasia (/wiki/Hanes_Australasia) Website brasnthings (https://brasnthings.com/) .com (https://brasnthings.com/) Bras N Things is a lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) retailer. It is owned by Hanes Australasia (/wiki/Hanes_Australasia) and operates in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States. History [ edit ] In 1986, Blundy sold his 60% stake in the Jetts music store chain to his former partner for $600,000. This left Blundy to pursue an idea he had three months before the Jetts sell-off, after he noticed one of his "fashionable" female store managers kept wearing a broken bra (/wiki/Bra) , held together with a safety pin (/wiki/Safety_pin) . Knowing that most lingerie at that time were beige in colour with unflattering cuts, he wanted to sell underwear in various cuts and colours, alongside G-strings (/wiki/G-string) that were unheard of for casual wear. Three months later, he took out his first franchise in The Bra Shop chain at Chirnside Park Shopping Centre (/wiki/Chirnside_Park_Shopping_Centre) , mainly selling brand name product, but gradually sourcing different lines independently of the franchise (his first run of 15 G-strings sold out in one day). Bryan Luca, the franchisor of The Bra Shop, entered into an agreement with Blundy to buy his three Victorian (/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)) stores in exchange for Luca's four underperforming Bras N Things outlets in New South Wales (/wiki/New_South_Wales) and a guarantee to not trade in Victoria. Brazin Limited officially commenced operation after Blundy expanded Bras 'N' Things into South Australia (/wiki/South_Australia) and then Queensland (/wiki/Queensland) . [1] (#cite_note-Brett_Kelly-1) [2] (#cite_note-Forbes-2) [3] (#cite_note-Deloitte-3) In 1990, with Bras 'N' Things expanded to 60 stores around the country, Luca started to progressively sell his remaining Victorian Bra Shop outlets to Blundy in groups of six at a time with all eventually being sold and renamed to Bras 'N' Things. [1] (#cite_note-Brett_Kelly-1) [2] (#cite_note-Forbes-2) [3] (#cite_note-Deloitte-3) In May 1999, Brazin created Viva Lingerie, targeting a different demographic to Bras 'N' Things – the former, focused on young, price-conscious women. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Also in that year, Brazin acquired another 9 lingerie retail stores from Triumph International. [3] (#cite_note-Deloitte-3) By the end of 2008, BBRC (/wiki/BBRC_(investment_company)) sold its controlling interest in Bras 'N' Things to ANZ (/wiki/Australia_%26_New_Zealand_Banking_Group) and IMF Investors. [6] (#cite_note-BRW-6) [7] (#cite_note-Smart_Company-7) [8] (#cite_note-Inside_Retail-8) In November 2013, Blundy and Sanity (/wiki/Sanity_(music_store)) owner Ray Itaoui each bought 50 per cent stakes in Bras N Things from ANZ and IMF Investors. Announcing the deal, Blundy said to the media, "Today, more than ever, I believe in Bras 'N' Things and our business model. I believe in our customer and I believe in our people." Asked about Itaoui, he added, "Ray has done a remarkable job with Sanity. We have always worked well together and I'm excited about our next venture taking Bras 'N' Things to the next level." [6] (#cite_note-BRW-6) [7] (#cite_note-Smart_Company-7) [8] (#cite_note-Inside_Retail-8) In March 2016, Bras N Things expanded to South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) , opening a store in Johannesburg (/wiki/Johannesburg) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In February 2018, Bras N Things was sold to Hanes Australasia (/wiki/Hanes_Australasia) for an estimated A$500 Million. [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Kelly, Brett (2012). "Brett Blundy" (https://books.google.com/books?id=cr5KBZ4GDsYC&q=Brett+Blundy+Disco+Duck&pg=PA20) . Business Owners' Wisdom: Great Business Owners Share Their Stories . Clown Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-980776-53-9 . ^ Jump up to: a b Schmidt, Lucinda (30 January 2013). "Meet Brett Blundy, Flogger of Lingerie, Jewelry, Adventure and Pies" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2013/01/30/meet-brett-blundy-flogger-of-lingerie-jewelry-adventure-and-pies/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Brazin Limited: Independent Expert's Report (1 December 2006)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210922055140/http://www.blair.com.au/SIA/page4/files/Brazin_IER.pdf/) . Deloitte (/wiki/Deloitte) . Archived from the original (http://www.blair.com.au/SIA/page4/files/Brazin_IER.pdf) (PDF) on 22 September 2021 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Brazin Limited (7 May 1999)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080805032128/http://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/articles/Brazin-Limited-BRZ/Stocks-in-Brief-10865-.cfm) . Intelligent Investor. Archived from the original (http://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/articles/Brazin-Limited-BRZ/Stocks-in-Brief-10865-.cfm) on 5 August 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Brazin outperforms, but is it under-priced? (27 August 1999)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080805032044/http://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/articles/Brazin-Limited-BRZ/Brazin-outperforms-but-is-it-under-priced-.cfm) . Intelligent Investor. Archived from the original (http://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/articles/Brazin-Limited-BRZ/Brazin-outperforms-but-is-it-under-priced-.cfm) on 5 August 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Heathcote, Andrew (6 November 2013). "Brett Blundy goes overweight on underwear and buys other half of Bras N Things" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123611/http://www.brw.com.au/p/entrepreneurs/brett_blundy_goes_overweight_bras_UhuCISNC1ahujsNaiXSYEL) . BRW (/wiki/BRW_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.brw.com.au/p/entrepreneurs/brett_blundy_goes_overweight_bras_UhuCISNC1ahujsNaiXSYEL) on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Redrup, Yolanda (6 November 2013). "Bras N Things and BrightEyes Sunglasses bought back by previous owners" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402210031/http://www.smartcompany.com.au/leadership/strategy/34446-bras-n-things-and-brighteyes-sunglasses-bought-back-by-previous-owners.html) . Smart Company . Archived from the original (http://www.smartcompany.com.au/leadership/strategy/34446-bras-n-things-and-brighteyes-sunglasses-bought-back-by-previous-owners.html) on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Blundy buys back Bras N Things (5 November 2013)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402165123/http://www.insideretail.com.au/blog/2013/11/05/blundy-buys-back-bras-n-things/) . Inside Retail. Archived from the original (http://www.insideretail.com.au/blog/2013/11/05/blundy-buys-back-bras-n-things/) on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Bras N Things expands to South Africa" (https://insideretail.com.au/news/bras-n-things-expands-to-south-africa-201603) . Inside Retail Australia . 2016-03-08 . Retrieved 2023-09-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Bras N Things sold to Hanes Australasia for $500 million" (https://finance.nine.com.au/business-news/bras-n-things-acquired-for-500-million/731cee6d-5773-4d19-87a1-1ed68c9e2afc) . 9Finance . 2018-02-09 . Retrieved 2022-05-28 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.brasnthings.com/us-en/) v t e Hanesbrands (/wiki/Hanesbrands) Bali (/wiki/Bali_(lingerie)) Barely There Bras N Things Bonds (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Duofold Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) Hanes Hosery Just My Size L'eggs (/wiki/L%27eggs) Outer Banks Playtex (/wiki/Playtex) Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5d7979cbdd‐k7k7r Cached time: 20240715225046 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.318 seconds Real time usage: 0.405 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1589/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29196/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1261/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 48837/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.220/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5922214/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 367.940 1 -total 23.42% 86.161 1 Template:Infobox_company 21.57% 79.367 1 Template:Cite_book 21.36% 78.594 1 Template:HanesBrands 20.83% 76.638 1 Template:Navbox 20.41% 75.090 1 Template:Infobox 18.02% 66.300 1 Template:Short_description 10.15% 37.347 2 Template:Pagetype 9.34% 34.361 9 Template:Cite_web 5.10% 18.770 7 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72672128-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715225046 and revision id 1234744756. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion shows (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion_shows) . The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐dn54n Cached time: 20240720165652 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.091 seconds Real time usage: 0.134 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 197/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3465/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 398/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.049/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1117611/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 121.425 1 -total 54.37% 66.024 1 Template:Commons_category 52.54% 63.795 1 Template:Sister_project 50.53% 61.358 1 Template:Side_box 23.56% 28.606 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 21.86% 26.547 1 Template:Cat_main 18.56% 22.534 1 Template:Category_other 16.95% 20.577 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 4.84% 5.877 1 Template:Replace 1.57% 1.911 1 Template:Template_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10140714-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165652 and revision id 1183325594. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 6 subcategories, out of 6 total. Fashion events in Africa (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Africa) (2 C, 5 P) Fashion events by country (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_by_country) (30 C) F Fashion exhibitions (/wiki/Category:Fashion_exhibitions) (18 P) Fashion festivals (/wiki/Category:Fashion_festivals) (17 P) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) (3 C, 49 P) M Modeling competitions (/wiki/Category:Modeling_competitions) (5 C, 6 P) Pages in category "Fashion events" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) * List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) F Fashion Rocks (/wiki/Fashion_Rocks) M Mercedes-Benz Fashion (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion) Modepalast (/wiki/Modepalast) T Top Marques Monaco (/wiki/Top_Marques_Monaco) W World Beard and Moustache Championships (/wiki/World_Beard_and_Moustache_Championships) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_events&oldid=1183325594 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_events&oldid=1183325594) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion industry (/wiki/Category:Fashion_industry) Events by medium (/wiki/Category:Events_by_medium) Cultural events (/wiki/Category:Cultural_events) Hidden categories: Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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British costumer Zack Pinsent (born c. 1994) is a British costumer who dresses in flamboyant and historical clothing from the 19th century. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Biography [ edit ] Pinsent is a native of Hove (/wiki/Hove) , East Sussex (/wiki/East_Sussex) , England (/wiki/England) . According to him, he started wearing historical clothes when he was 14 years old, after finding a box of his great-grandfather's old suits. [4] (#cite_note-4) He has collaborated with Colonial Williamsburg (/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg) ; [5] (#cite_note-5) Zack is also the owner of Pinsent Tailoring, usually commissioned by individuals and historical museums interested in historical fashion. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) During the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , Pinsent started designing and selling history-themed face masks. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Zack Pinsent" (https://www.colonialwilliamsburg.org/learn/ongoing-initiatives/revolutionaries-residence/zack-pinsent/) . www.colonialwilliamsburg.org . Retrieved 2021-07-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Zack Pinsent, l'influenceur qui s'habille comme au siècle de la reine Victoria" (https://www.vanityfair.fr/savoir-vivre/story/zack-pinsent-linfluenceur-qui-shabille-comme-au-siecle-de-la-reine-victoria-instagram/12505) . Vanity Fair (in French). 2020-09-22 . Retrieved 2021-07-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "My Friend Jane: Zack's story" (https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-sussex-40610691) . BBC News . Retrieved 2021-07-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Man Identifies As Being From The 1820s And Only Dresses That Way" (https://www.ladbible.com/news/news-man-identifies-as-being-from-the-1820s-and-only-dresses-that-way-20190627) . Ladbible . Retrieved 2022-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Doiron, Alexa (2020-02-05). "First ever 'Colonial Fashion Days' coming to Williamsburg" (https://wydaily.com/local-news/2020/02/05/first-ever-colonial-fashion-days-coming-to-williamsburg/) . Williamsburg Yorktown Daily . Retrieved 2022-01-03 . ^ Jump up to: a b " (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/zack-pinsent-tailoring-period-face-masks-184416859.html) 'Dandy' famed for Regency-era outfits is now designing historical face masks: 'Masks are now becoming a fashion statement' (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/zack-pinsent-tailoring-period-face-masks-184416859.html) " (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/zack-pinsent-tailoring-period-face-masks-184416859.html) . Yahoo . Retrieved 2021-07-19 . This British biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zack_Pinsent&action=edit) . v t e This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Magazines (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines) File‑class This file is within the scope of WikiProject Magazines (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of magazines (/wiki/Magazine) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Magazines) and see a list of open tasks. Magazines Wikipedia:WikiProject Magazines Template:WikiProject Magazines magazine articles File (/wiki/Category:File-Class_magazine_articles) This file does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. See WikiProject Magazines' writing guide (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines/Writing_guide) for tips on how to improve this article. 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Concept of serviceability of textiles Cloak, 1580–1600 V&A Museum no. 793–1901 Techniques – Red satin, couched and embroidered with silver, silver-gilt and coloured silk threads, trimmed with silver-gilt and silk thread fringe and tassel, and lined with pink linen Blue satin strapless cocktail dress by Yves Saint Laurent for Christian Dior, Paris, 1959. Aesthetics in textiles is one of the basic concepts of serviceability of textiles (/wiki/Textile_performance) . It is determined by the perception (/wiki/Perception) of touch (/wiki/Somatosensory_system) and sight. (/wiki/Visual_perception) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) Aesthetics imply the appearance and attraction of textile products; it includes the color (/wiki/Color_of_clothing) and texture (/wiki/Texturizing#Texture) of the material (/wiki/Textile) . It is a statement about the end user (consumer) and the target market. When combined with fabric construction, the finish of the clothing material, garment fit, style, and fashion compatibility, colours create an aesthetic comfort. All of these elements work together to satisfy our visual perception. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Aesthetics incorporates the role of evaluation (analysing and judging) also. [4] (#cite_note-4) There are various arts (/wiki/Textile_arts) and applications (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) that imparts aesthetic properties in textiles. Additionally, the use of LEDs (/wiki/Light-emitting_diode) and optical fibres (/wiki/Optical_fiber) enables the creation of aesthetic properties such as illuminated textiles (/wiki/E-textiles) . [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) History [ edit ] Infant's hat From antiquity until the eighteenth century, the majority of textiles were crafted and decorated by hand. Human ingenuity and the urge to improve one's appearance led, over time, to the development of complex fabrics and, in the last hundred years, to remarkable technological advancement. [6] (#cite_note-6) Self-decoration is prevalent in societies and is a fundamental human characteristic. Clothing's decorative values are regarded as primary. The most important clothing value is "protection" from the elements (/wiki/Pancha_Bhoota) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Following that, it is a well-known fact that one of the primary reasons for wearing clothes was for self-decoration. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) Self-decoration is a fundamental aspect of human life. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) Every culture recorded some form of decoration, even if they were not clothed. [9] (#cite_note-9) [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) Factors [ edit ] Aesthetics is defined as the way a textile appears and feels. [10] (#cite_note-10) In terms of aesthetics, the material is a combination of texture, color, and pattern. Material for clothing include fabric (cloth, fur, leather) and accessories (buttons, zips, gemstones, and embellishments, etc.). These aesthetic elements work together to determine how the material looks, fits, and feels. [11] (#cite_note-:4-11) There are various factors that affect the aesthetics of a textile product; [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) many are listed below. These factors are produced using methods of textiles manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) and the application of finishes such as dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) , printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) , glazing, and napping (/wiki/Nap_(fabric)) . [11] (#cite_note-:4-11) Color [ edit ] Color is a visual characteristic that is described by terms like red (/wiki/Red) , orange (/wiki/Orange_(colour)) , yellow (/wiki/Yellow) , green (/wiki/Green) , blue (/wiki/Blue) , purple (/wiki/Purple) , etc. Typically, it is the color of an object that attracts the most attention. [12] (#cite_note-12) Color is one of the primary properties that is noticed when a consumer makes a decision to buy a dress. [13] (#cite_note-:6-13) The colors are distinctive and distinguishable; we frequently refer to clothing by its color, for instance, a "blue shirt." [13] (#cite_note-:6-13) Luster [ edit ] This wedding dress and veil were designed by Sybil Connolly while she was working at Richard Alan on Grafton St, Dublin. The dress is satin with a full-length Limerick lace veil. Isabelle De Strange, Brocade Costume, c. 1938, NGA 13643. Devoré velvet (also known as burnout technique) Luster (/wiki/Luster_(textiles)) is a physical property (/wiki/Physical_property) that makes them appear bright, glossy, and shiny. The amount of light reflected from the surface of a fiber is referred to as its luster. The level of luster is determined by how light reflects (/wiki/Reflection_(physics)#Reflection_of_light) off the surface. [14] (#cite_note-14) [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) Certain natural fibers (/wiki/Natural_fiber) , such as linen (/wiki/Linen) and silk (/wiki/Silk) , have an inherent luster. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Texture [ edit ] Texture in textiles characterizes the surface as rough or smooth, which is determined by tactile and visual perception. The texture of textiles is affected by yarn manipulations, finishing techniques (/wiki/Finishing_(textile)) , and fabric structures. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) Drape [ edit ] Drape (draping or fabric drape) is the property of different textile materials how they fold, fall, or hang along with a three-dimensional body. Draping depends upon the fiber (/wiki/Fiber) characteristics and the flexibility, looseness, and softness of the material. Drape finishes can also alter the draping properties of clothes. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) Hand [ edit ] Hand or hand feel (/wiki/Hand_feel) in textiles is the property of fabrics related to the touch that expresses sensory comfort. [17] (#cite_note-17) It refers to the way fabrics feel against the skin or in the hand and conveys information about the cloth's softness and smoothness. [18] (#cite_note-18) Techniques of improving aesthetics in textiles [ edit ] Texturising [ edit ] The fibres, which serve as the building blocks, contribute to the aesthetic appeal of a fabric. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Natural fibres have inherent aesthetics, whereas synthetic fibres are altered during the manufacturing process to meet desired specifications. Texture in textiles refers to the surface's roughness or smoothness, as determined by tactile and visual perception. Yarn manipulations, finishing techniques, and fabric structures all have an impact on textile texture. [21] (#cite_note-21) Textile fibers come in a variety of shapes and forms. The fiber shape of synthetic fibers is controlled with a device spinneret (/wiki/Spinneret_(polymers)) during manufacturing (extrusion) process, whereas natural fibers conceive their shape with a variety of factors such as cellulose built up in plant fibers (/wiki/Fiber_crop) , and in silk, the shape of orifice (/wiki/Body_orifice) from where the silk (/wiki/Silk) fibers are extruded. In hair fibers (/wiki/Animal_fiber) , it is hair (/wiki/Hair) follicle (/wiki/Follicle_(anatomy)) that is responsible for the shape. [22] (#cite_note-22) Shape of fibers and characteristics [23] (#cite_note-23) : 27 Shape Characteristics of the fiber Oval or round Smooth, soft and slippery feel, reflectance value high, poor covering properties. Dog bone Feels harsher than round shaped fibers, high luster, covering properties excellent. Flat Reflection of light is higher than that of a round shape. Trilobal Trilobal fibers have three sides. They feel like silk fibers and their reflection of light is higher than those round shaped fibers. Pentalobal Pentalobal is a structure resembling a five-sided star. The Pentalobal shaped fibre imparts a subtle sheen and bulkiness. Octolobal Octolobal, a shape with compressed hexagons. The fibers with Octolobal shape have subdued luster. Flatter sides reflect or disperse the light. Multilobal Multilobal, a fibre shape characterised by a large number of pentalobal lobes. Each lobe reflects light in some way. Blending [ edit ] Blending of textile fibers, and yarns during manufacturing also results in various aesthetic effects (/wiki/Blend_(textile)#Aesthetic_advantages) such as Devoré (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) , and Heather (/wiki/Heather_(fabric)) , etc. [24] (#cite_note-24) Zari [ edit ] Zari (/wiki/Zari) is used in brocade; these are the threads of gold (/wiki/Gold) or silver (/wiki/Silver) . [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) Brocade [ edit ] Brocade (/wiki/Brocade) is a decorative weaving (/wiki/Weaving) . [27] (#cite_note-27) Embroidery [ edit ] Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) is the art or handicraft of decorating fabrics with thread patterns using a needle. [28] (#cite_note-28) Finishing [ edit ] printed textile Finishing of textiles (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) include improving of looks and functionality of the treated goods. Dyeing [ edit ] Dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) is the process of applying color to textiles. [29] (#cite_note-29) Printing [ edit ] Textile printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) is a method of applying patterns to textile materials with various printing techniques. [30] (#cite_note-30) Aesthetic finishes [ edit ] There is a range of textile finishes that alter the appearance and feel of the textiles. [31] (#cite_note-:5-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) Mechanical finishes [ edit ] Mechanical finish signifies machine (/wiki/Machine) finishes such as embossing, heat setting (/wiki/Heatsetting) , sanforizing (/wiki/Sanforization) , sheering, various, luster imparting, surface finishes, and glaze finishes. [33] (#cite_note-33) [31] (#cite_note-:5-31) Mechanical Finishes [31] (#cite_note-:5-31) Raised surface finishes Luster imparting Glaze and design Gigging (/wiki/Gig-mill) Calendering (/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)) Embossing Napping (/wiki/Nap_(fabric)) Beetling (/wiki/Beetling) Moire (/wiki/Moire) Sueding (/wiki/Sueded_fabrics) Flocking (/wiki/Flocking_(texture)#Flocked_fabrics) Calendering can be done in a variety of ways, including moiréing, embossing, glazing and ciréing. The fabric is passed through heated cylinders to achieve a variety of finishes with varying surface effects. [34] (#cite_note-34) Chemical finishes [ edit ] Chemical finishes (/wiki/Chemical_finishing_of_textiles) is a part of the textile finishing process (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) where the emphasis is on chemical substances (/wiki/Chemical_substance) instead of mechanical finishing. [35] (#cite_note-35) These are some chemical finishes that change the surface characteristics: Silk surfacing (/wiki/Silk_surfacing) , is a surface finishing (/wiki/Surface_finishing) of cotton (/wiki/Cotton) to obtain an appearance similar to silk. [36] (#cite_note-36) Parchmentising (/wiki/Parchmentising) , is an acid finish that turns the cellulosic (/wiki/Cellulosic) fabrics into crisp and sheer fabrics (/wiki/Sheer_fabrics) such as Organdy (/wiki/Organdy) . [37] (#cite_note-37) Wrinkle-resistant finish (/wiki/Wrinkle-resistant_fabric) is a finish that capacitates treated fabric with wrinkle (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wrinkle) resistant. [38] (#cite_note-38) Deweighting (/wiki/Deweighting) , or weight reduction, is a treatment for polyester to make it like silk. The treatment peels the surface and reduces the fiber weight and strength while making them softer and finer. Additionally, the treatment enhances the absorbency of the treated substrates. [39] (#cite_note-39) Evaluation [ edit ] Most of the aesthetic properties of textile materials are subjective and determined by visual and tactile sensations. However, some of them are measurable with KES ( Kawabata evaluation system (/wiki/Kawabata_evaluation_system) ). [40] (#cite_note-:8-40) The system is equipped with standardised testing machines capable of objectively determining specific physical properties. KES-F can be used to determine the fabric's roughness and smoothness, friction, sheerness, thickness, tensile strength, elasticity, drape, and compression, among other properties. [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) [40] (#cite_note-:8-40) Significance [ edit ] It is an interesting question how far men would retain their relative rank if they were divested of their clothes. Henry David Thoreau (/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau) [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) Users have five basic performance criteria to consider: appearance (aesthetics of the product), comfort, durability, maintenance, and cost. [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 21 According to the consumer preference study, the appearance factor is considered one of the top priorities when making buying decisions about clothing. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) Aesthetics in textiles is important in many ways, clothing is a visual signifier. [47] (#cite_note-:7-47) It has communicative powers. [47] (#cite_note-:7-47) Semiotics of dress [ edit ] The study of semiotics (/wiki/Semiotics) deciphers the ways in which ideologies get transmitted through dress. [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) The study of how people use clothing and adornments to signify cultural and societal status is known as the " semiotics of dress (/wiki/Semiotics_of_dress) ." [50] (#cite_note-50) Fashion symbolism [ edit ] A video on social expression through dress Margaret Thatcher wearing a typical power dressing outfit. [51] (#cite_note-51) Different cultures (/wiki/Culture) , occasions (/wiki/Ceremony) , and social statuses (/wiki/Social_status) command specific aesthetics that include clothing and decorations. [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) The art of applying design, aesthetics, clothing construction, and natural beauty to clothing (/wiki/Clothing) is known as fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) . Fashion symbolism is used in fashion designs (/wiki/Fashion_design) to convey expressive content and emotions by fashion designers. In fashion symbolism (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) , fashion designs can communicate emotions like "excitement, calmness, strength, and delicacy" through aesthetic expression. [11] (#cite_note-:4-11) The term " power dressing (/wiki/Power_dressing) " refers to a fashion trend popular in the 1970s and 1980s in the business and political worlds. [54] (#cite_note-54) During the 1960s, Jackie Kennedy (/wiki/Jackie_Kennedy) was a great fashion icon (/wiki/Fashion_icon) for American women, and her style became a sign of wealth, power, and distinction. [55] (#cite_note-55) Personal appearance [ edit ] Personal appearance is important because others judge us based on how we look. When meeting someone for the first time (/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)) , the first seven to ten seconds have a significant impact on others. Most certainly, it is based on physical appearance (/wiki/Physical_attractiveness) . [56] (#cite_note-56) Problems [ edit ] Pilling (/wiki/Pill_(textile)) , Color fastness (staining of certain fabrics) (/wiki/Colour_fastness) ,and snagging are a few problems associated with aesthetics in synthetic textiles. [57] (#cite_note-57) See also [ edit ] Product development (textiles) (/wiki/Product_development_(textiles)) Surface contour (fiber) (/wiki/Surface_contour_(fiber)) Cross section (fiber) (/wiki/Cross_section_(fiber)) Texturizing (/wiki/Texturizing) Structuralism (/wiki/Structuralism) Visual sociology (/wiki/Visual_sociology) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Kadolph, Sara J. (2007). Textiles . Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 24, 28. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-13-118769-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles . Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill. pp. 11, 22, 23. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-13-494592-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Aesthetic Comfort – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/aesthetic-comfort) . www.sciencedirect.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213443/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/aesthetic-comfort) from the original on 2021-06-02 . Retrieved 2022-01-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) DeLong, Marilyn Revell (1998). The way we look : dress and aesthetics . Internet Archive. New York : Fairchild Publications. p. 2. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56367-071-8 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Aesthetic Property – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/aesthetic-property) . www.sciencedirect.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220124170735/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/aesthetic-property) from the original on 2022-01-24 . Retrieved 2022-01-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Joseph, Marjory L. (1977). Introductory textile science . Internet Archive. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 5. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-03-089970-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Horn, Marilyn J. (1968).pp.6–7 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Horn, Marilyn J. (1968). The second skin: an interdisciplinary study of clothing . Internet Archive. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. pp. 8, 9. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Tortora, Phyllis G. (1998). Survey of historic costume : a history of Western dress . Internet Archive. New York : Fairchild Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56367-142-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Williams, Bryan; Attwood, Louise; Treuherz, Pauline; Larby, Dave; Fawcett, Ian; Hughes, Dan (2017-09-25). AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology: Textile-Based Materials . Hodder Education. p. 187. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5104-0214-0 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045407/https://books.google.com/books?id=yiEzDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Aesthetics%22+textile+-wikipedia&pg=PT187) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-30 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sproles, George B.; Burns, Leslie Davis (1994). Changing appearances : understanding dress in contemporary society . Internet Archive. New York : Fairchild Publications. pp. 10, 219. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56367-014-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Maycock, Mark M. (1896). A Class-book of Color: Including Color Definitions, Color Scaling, and the Harmony of Colors . Milton Bradley. p. 47. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045413/https://books.google.com/books?id=9nEBAAAAYAAJ&dq=Color+of+dress+attracts+attention&pg=PA47) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b Steele, Valerie (2015-08-01). The Berg Companion to Fashion . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 159. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4742-6470-9 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045408/https://books.google.com/books?id=hLUIEAAAQBAJ&dq=Color+attracts+attention%2C+creates+an+emotional+connection%2C+and+leads+the+consumer+to+the+product+%28Brannon%2C+p.+117&pg=PA159) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). Joseph's introductory textile science . Internet Archive. Fort Worth : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. p. 24. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-03-050723-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd; Davies, Glenys (2007). Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z . Routledge. p. 113. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-134-58916-6 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045405/https://books.google.com/books?id=nTaCAgAAQBAJ&dq=linen+and+silk+have+natural+shine&pg=PA113) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Priest; Faiola-Priest, Theodora (1990). Guide to Clothing . McGraw-Hill School Division. p. 123. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-07-050943-6 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045408/https://books.google.com/books?id=zqlKAAAAYAAJ&q=linen+and+silk+have+natural+shine) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Hollen, Norma R.; Saddler, Jane (1968),p.10 ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Fabric Hand – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fabric-hand) . www.sciencedirect.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220124151701/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fabric-hand) from the original on 2022-01-24 . Retrieved 2022-01-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Hollen, Norma R.; Hollen, Norma R. Textiles (1988). Textiles . Internet Archive. New York : Macmillan. p. 5. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-02-367530-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Treuherz, Pauline; Dick, Amanda; Davies, Denise (2018-03-12). AQA AS/A-Level Design and Technology: Fashion and Textiles . Hodder Education. p. 6. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5104-1367-2 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045406/https://books.google.com/books?id=iM5MDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Aesthetics%22+textile+-wikipedia&pg=PT6) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Kadolph (2009). Textiles . Pearson Education. pp. 24, 28. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-317-2570-2 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105145048/https://books.google.com/books?id=gIzOkQXARpsC&dq=Surface+contour+(fiber)&pg=PA22) from the original on 2022-01-05 . Retrieved 2022-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Hollen, Norma R.; Saddler, Jane (1968). Textiles . Internet Archive. New York, Macmillan. pp. 6, 7. ^ (#cite_ref-23) Gioello, Debbie Ann (1982). Understanding fabrics : from fiber to finished cloth . Internet Archive. New York : Fairchild Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-87005-377-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Hollen, Norma Rosamond (1979). Textiles . Internet Archive. New York : Macmillan. p. 143. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-02-356130-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Mahapatra, N. N. (2016). Sarees of India . Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited. p. 24. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-93-85059-69-8 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045417/https://books.google.com/books?id=pWioDwAAQBAJ&dq=Zari+threads+of+gold&pg=PA24) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Shukla, Pravina (2015-10-16). The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India . Indiana University Press. p. 88. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-253-02121-2 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045409/https://books.google.com/books?id=MlObCgAAQBAJ&dq=Zari+threads+of+gold&pg=PA88) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "brocade | Etymology, origin and meaning of brocade by etymonline" (https://www.etymonline.com/word/brocade) . www.etymonline.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220215024901/https://www.etymonline.com/word/brocade) from the original on 2022-02-15 . Retrieved 2022-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Gostelow, Mary (1977). Embroidery : traditional designs, techniques and patterns from all over the world . Internet Archive. London : Marshall Cavendish. pp. 1–10. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-85685-236-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Aspland, J. Richard (1997). Textile Dyeing and Coloration . AATCC. pp. 1–10. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9613350-1-4 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045409/https://books.google.com/books?id=5fMBJZ8NPcgC&q=Dyeing) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Cole, Alan Summerly (1911). "Textile-printing" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Textile-printing) . In Chisholm, Hugh (/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm) (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition) . Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 694–708. ^ Jump up to: a b c Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). Joseph's introductory textile science . Internet Archive. Fort Worth : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. pp. 336, 337, 338, 339, 340. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-03-050723-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Cadigan, Erin (2014-02-13). Sourcing and Selecting Textiles for Fashion: Sourcing and Selection . A&C Black. p. 76. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-940496-10-5 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045413/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWrgAAAAQBAJ&dq=aesthetic+finishes+in+textiles&pg=PA76) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Schindler, W. D.; Hauser, P. J. (2004-08-10). Chemical Finishing of Textiles . Elsevier. pp. 1, 2. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84569-037-3 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220129141714/https://books.google.com/books?id=S42kAgAAQBAJ&q=Mechanical+finish+signifies+machine+finishes) from the original on 2022-01-29 . Retrieved 2022-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "textile – Finishes enhancing appearance | Britannica" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/textile/Finishes-enhancing-appearance) . www.britannica.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220131125329/https://www.britannica.com/topic/textile/Finishes-enhancing-appearance) from the original on 2022-01-31 . Retrieved 2022-01-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Schindler, W. D.; Hauser, P. J. (2004-08-10). Chemical Finishing of Textiles . Elsevier. pp. 1–20. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84569-037-3 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045413/https://books.google.com/books?id=S42kAgAAQBAJ) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Nystrom, Paul Henry (1916). Textiles . D. Appleton. p. 228. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045415/https://books.google.com/books?id=MH81AAAAMAAJ) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-02-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). Joseph's introductory textile science . Internet Archive. Fort Worth : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. p. 343. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-03-050723-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Potter, Maurice David; Corbman, Bernard P. (1959). Fiber to fabric . New York, Gregg Pub. Division., McGraw-Hill. pp. 105, 106 – via Internet Archive. ^ (#cite_ref-39) Kolanjikombil, Mathews (2019). Pretreatment of Textile Substrates . Woodhead Publishing India. pp. 116, 117. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-93-85059-99-5 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Kawabata Evaluation System – Textile Protection And Comfort Center – NC State University" (https://textiles.ncsu.edu/tpacc/comfort-performance/kawabata-evaluation-system/) . Textile Protection And Comfort Center . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220215120843/https://textiles.ncsu.edu/tpacc/comfort-performance/kawabata-evaluation-system/) from the original on 2022-02-15 . Retrieved 2022-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Allerkamp, Dennis (2010-09-08). Tactile Perception of Textiles in a Virtual-Reality System . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 53. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-642-13974-1 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045410/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNlfJ1CFKoQC&dq=Kawabata+evaluation+system&pg=PA53) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-02-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Johnson, James S.; Mansdorf, Seymour Zack (1996). Performance of Protective Clothing: Fifth volume . ASTM International. p. 329. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8031-1987-1 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045412/https://books.google.com/books?id=DfbB7Yc7r8IC&dq=Kawabata+evaluation+system&pg=PA329) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-02-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Thoreau, Henry David (1899). Walden: Or, Life in the Woods . T.Y. Crowell. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045416/https://books.google.com/books?id=UnNbAAAAMAAJ&dq=It+is+an+interesting+question+how+far+men+would+retain+their+relative+rank+if+they+were+divested+of+their+clothes&pg=PA22) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Thoreau, Henry David (2020-07-31). Walden . Google Auto-narrated Demo. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045406/https://books.google.com/books?id=VhvxDwAAQBAJ&dq=It+is+an+interesting+question+how+far+men+would+retain+their+relative+rank+if+they+were+divested+of+their+clothes&pg=PT23) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Smith, Betty F.; Block, Ira (1982). Textiles in Perspective . Prentice-Hall. p. 19. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-13-912808-0 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045424/https://books.google.com/books?id=etPxWSU5gwMC&q=user+textiles+consider%3A+appearance%2C+comfort%2C+durability%2C+maintenance%2C+and+cost.) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Binggeli, Corky (2013-08-26). Materials for Interior Environments . John Wiley & Sons. pp. 15–98. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-118-42160-4 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045420/https://books.google.com/books?id=jSiRAAAAQBAJ&q=user+textiles+consider%3A+appearance%2C+comfort%2C+durability%2C+maintenance%2C+and+cost.) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-30 . ^ Jump up to: a b White, Carolyn L. (2005). American Artifacts of Personal Adornment, 1680–1820: A Guide to Identification and Interpretation . Rowman Altamira. p. 4. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7591-0589-8 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045412/https://books.google.com/books?id=-rHmq8CXIMwC&dq=clothing+and+adornments+to+signify+various+cultural+and+societal+positions&pg=PA4) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Barthes, Roland (1990-07-25). The Fashion System . University of California Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-07177-3 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045426/https://books.google.com/books?id=jvpwygq9i3UC&q=Roland+Barthes+fashion) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Barthes, Roland (2013-10-24). The Language of Fashion . A&C Black. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4725-3432-3 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045417/https://books.google.com/books?id=MbHwAAAAQBAJ&q=Roland+Barthes+fashion) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Owyong, Yuet See Monica (2009-06-01). "Clothing semiotics and the social construction of power relations" (https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330902816434) . Social Semiotics . 19 (2): 191–211. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/10350330902816434 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10350330902816434) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1035-0330 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1035-0330) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 144239853 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144239853) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045429/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10350330902816434) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Phelan, Hayley. "Margaret Thatcher Set the Bar for Power Dressing" (https://fashionista.com/2013/04/margaret-thatcher-set-the-bar-for-power-dressing) . Fashionista . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045414/https://fashionista.com/2013/04/margaret-thatcher-set-the-bar-for-power-dressing) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Harlow, Mary (2018-11-01). A Cultural History of Dress and Fashion in Antiquity . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 152. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-350-11403-6 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045417/https://books.google.com/books?id=4RGEDwAAQBAJ&dq=Different+cultures%2C+occasions%2C+and+social+statuses+demand+specific+clothing+and+decoration&pg=PA152) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) Adams, Reginald B.; Adams, Reginald B. Jr.; Ambady, Nalini; Nakayama, Ken; Shimojo, Shinsuke (2011). The Science of Social Vision: The Science of Social Vision . OUP USA. p. 198. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-533317-6 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045416/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qu3aYV24bWgC&dq=clothing+and+adornments+to+signify+various+cultural+and+societal+positions&pg=PA198) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Institute, Kyoto Costume; Fukai, Akiko; Zaidan, Kyōto Fukushoku Bunka Kenkyū (2002). Fashion: The Collection of the Kyoto Costume Institute : a History from the 18th to the 20th Century . Taschen. p. 513. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-8228-1206-8 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045420/https://books.google.com/books?id=ARLmnMFZ9rcC&dq=The+term+%22power+dressing%22+refers+to+a+fashion+trend+popular+in+the+1970s+and+1980s+in+the+business+and+political+worlds.&pg=PA513) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Newsweek Staff (1994-08-28). "Return Of The Jackie Look--Sort Of Fashion From A-Line Dresses To Fitted Jackets" (https://www.newsweek.com/return-jackie-look-sort-fashion-line-dresses-fitted-jackets-187932) . Newsweek . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220205050622/https://www.newsweek.com/return-jackie-look-sort-fashion-line-dresses-fitted-jackets-187932) from the original on 2022-02-05 . Retrieved 2022-02-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Stulz, Karin M.; Shumack, Kellie A.; Fulton-Calkins, Patsy (2012-01-01). Procedures & Theory for Administrative Professionals . Cengage Learning. p. 33. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-133-71277-0 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045420/https://books.google.com/books?id=cQ0KAAAAQBAJ&dq=Most+impressions+are+made+or+destroyed+in+the+first+7+seconds+of+meeting+anyone&pg=PA33) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Family Economics Review . Consumer and Food Economics Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1973. p. 10. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220306045430/https://books.google.com/books?id=WyomfJ9WjsAC&q=user+textiles+consider%3A+appearance%2C+comfort%2C+durability%2C+maintenance%2C+and+cost.) from the original on 2022-03-06 . Retrieved 2022-01-30 . 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Paul Sika Born ( 1985-01-07 ) 7 January 1985 (age 39) Abidjan (/wiki/Abidjan) , Côte d'Ivoire Nationality Ivorian Education Software engineering at University of Westminster (/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering_at_University_of_Westminster&action=edit&redlink=1) Known for Photography Paul Sika is an Ivorian (/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire) fashion and advertising photographer/creative director/artist, who was born on 7 January 1985, in Abidjan (/wiki/Abidjan) , Côte d'Ivoire. He studied software engineering at University of Westminster (/wiki/University_of_Westminster) , United Kingdom between 2003 and 2007 and became a freelance photographer in 2008. In 2009 he was awarded a Chinua Achebe Center Fellowship. [1] (http://achebecenter.bard.edu/) His works consist of the vibrant views of Africa in Technicolor (/wiki/Technicolor) - saturation, they are in general oversaturated color shots. In his works; he creates carefully staged environments using actors. When he discovered American artist Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) ; he referred to himself as Warhol's grandson. He said ""When I saw LaChapelle's work, I thought, this is amazing. How can someone have such imagination? And when you go back in history, David LaChappelle (/wiki/David_LaChappelle) was mentored by Andy Warhol. So it was more of the artistic-father thing, that's why I referred to myself as Andy Warhol's grandson ." [2] (http://www.theafricareport.com/archives2/society-a-culture/3286501-creativity-knows-no-limits-.html) As CNN World (/wiki/CNN_World) wrote; "Ivorian artist Paul Sika is no ordinary photographer. His "one-frame films" are eye-catching explosions of color, falling somewhere between cinema and photography. The influence of the big screen is obvious in Sika's photographs, which resemble stills from an ultra-stylish, slightly surreal movie shot in glorious Technicolor." [3] (http://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-10/world/paul.sika.images_1_cnn-images-photography?_s=PM:WORLD) Exhibitions [ edit ] November 2008 Galerie Le Lab, Abidjan October 2009 Chinua Achebe (/wiki/Chinua_Achebe) Center, New York [4] (http://achebecenter.bard.edu/) Bibliography [ edit ] "At the Heart of Me" 8x10 inches, 80 pgs, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-615-31362-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-31362-7) (Hard Cover) / ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-615-31363-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-31363-4) (Soft Cover) See also [ edit ] Contemporary African Art (/wiki/Contemporary_African_Art) Culture of Côte d'Ivoire (/wiki/Culture_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire) External links [ edit ] Official homepage of Paul Sika (http://www.paulsika.com) "Ivorian artist Paul Sika's glorious Technicolor world " on CNN, written by Mark Tutton on May 10, 2010 (http://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-10/world/paul.sika.images_1_cnn-images-photography?_s=PM:WORLD) "Paul Sika Photography" on Cool Hunting (http://www.coolhunting.com/culture/paul-sika-photo.php) An interview with Paul Sika (http://www.featureshoot.com/2009/05/paul-sika-cote-divoire/) "Creativity knows no limits" article by Belinda Otas dated February 01,2010 on The Africa Report (http://www.theafricareport.com/archives2/society-a-culture/3286501-creativity-knows-no-limits-.html) An audio interview with Paul Sika on BBC (https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/2009/07/090707_paulsika_photography.shtml) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/390086) This article needs additional or more specific categories (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization) . 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Traditional Japanese straw raincoat This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mino_(straw_cape)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Mino" straw cape (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mino%22+straw+cape) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mino%22+straw+cape+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mino%22+straw+cape&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mino%22+straw+cape+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mino%22+straw+cape) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mino%22+straw+cape&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A mino straw cape A mino ( 蓑 ) is a traditional Japanese raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) made out of straw (/wiki/Straw) . Traditional mino are an article of outerwear covering the entire body, although shorter ones resembling grass skirts (/wiki/Grass_skirt) were also historically used to cover the lower body alone. Similar straw capes were also used in China (/wiki/China) , [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) and Korea (/wiki/Korea) . Overview [ edit ] Several namahage (/wiki/Namahage) wearing outfits incorporating mino . Rice (/wiki/Rice) straw has naturally water-repellent (/wiki/Waterproofing) properties, with water droplets that hit a mat of straw tending to flow along the length of the fibres, rather than penetrating underneath it. For this reason, early Japanese rain gear was often made of straw, which had the added benefit of being cheap to acquire, easy to weave and fasten, and being light in weight; however, this rain gear was also bulky in size, and highly flammable. In earlier eras, [ when? ] straw clothing had the additional advantage of affording a significant degree of camouflage (/wiki/Camouflage) in certain terrain, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) including forests and wetlands, similar to modern ghillie suits (/wiki/Ghillie_suit) . As synthetic fibers (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) and later plastics (/wiki/Plastic) were introduced to Japan, mino lost much of their practicality and fell out of use. Today, however, they are still worn as costumes in various traditional folk traditions and festivals (/wiki/Matsuri) , such as the New Year celebrations of the Oga Peninsula (/wiki/Oga_Peninsula) , where men dress as ogre (/wiki/Ogre) -like namahage (/wiki/Namahage) wearing masks and mino . Mino are also seen in some kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) plays. [2] (#cite_note-2) Popular culture [ edit ] Sarumino (/wiki/Sarumino) ( 猿蓑 , "The Monkey's Raincoat") is a 1691 anthology of Bashō (/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D) -school poetry. It is widely considered to be one of the most important compilations of classical Japanese (/wiki/Classical_Japanese_language) verse. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) The bagworm (/wiki/Bagworm_moth) Pokémon (/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon) , Burmy, is called Minomucchi ( ミノムッチ ) in Japanese, which is a portmanteau (/wiki/Portmanteau) of ミノムシ ( minomushi ) , the Japanese word for bagworm, and the Japanese suffix -cchi , which denotes a cute nickname. Minomushi itself is a portmanteau of mino and mushi , meaning "bug". This means that Burmy's Japanese name roughly translates to mean "a cutie in a straw coat". [5] (#cite_note-5) The Ice-type Pokémon Snorunt is based on a yukinko , a Japanese folklore spirit from the snow, which also wears a mino . [ citation needed ] The sound ninja from Naruto (/wiki/Naruto_(TV_series)) Dosu Kinuta wears a Mino on his shoulders. [6] (#cite_note-6) See also [ edit ] Straw hat (/wiki/Straw_hat) Asian conical hat (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Thatching (/wiki/Thatching) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Japanese Mino (Rainwear)" (http://costumes.unc.edu/costar/view/NowesArk/public/Spage.jsp?spageId=377) . costumes.unc.edu . Archived (https://archive.today/20220924120436/http://costumes.unc.edu/costar/view/NowesArk/public/Spage.jsp%3FspageId=377) from the original on 24 September 2022 . Retrieved 2019-11-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) M. Shaver, Ruth (1966). "6". Kabuki Costume (1st ed.). Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company: Publishers. p. 91. "Actors went to great lengths to produce striking effects. For example, Bandō Shūka, playing the role of an onna hinin (beggar woman), appeared on the stage covered with a komo (straw mat sometimes used as a raincape) made of gold threads instead of the usual rice straw. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Sarumino (The Monkey's Raincoat), book in hanshibon format, two volumes Edited by Kyorai and Boncho Genroku 4 (1691) Izutsuya Shobei, publisher | 細道・より道・松尾芭蕉" (https://basho-yamadera.com/en/yamadera/sarumino/) . basho-yamadera.com . Retrieved 2019-11-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Shirane, Haruo (2008-04-21). Early Modern Japanese Literature: An Anthology, 1600-1900 (Abridged ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-231-51614-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Schmidt-Jeffris, R. A.; Nelson, J. C. (2018-09-15). "Gotta Catch 'Em All!Communicating Entomology with Pokémon" (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fae%2Ftmy048) . American Entomologist . 64 (3): 159–164. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/ae/tmy048 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fae%2Ftmy048) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1046-2821 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1046-2821) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Kishimoto, Masashi (2006-07-05). Naruto Anime Profiles, Vol. 1 . Vol. 15. Viz media. p. 221. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1421506572 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mino (Japanese rain gear) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mino_(Japanese_rain_gear)) . Signboard for Mino seller (https://www.flickr.com/photos/anthroview/35145598711/) in Torii-no-moto ( Hikone (/wiki/Hikone,_Shiga) , Shiga prefecture) on the Nakasendo (/wiki/Nakasend%C5%8D) route (June 2017). v t e Japanese clothing (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) List of items traditionally worn in Japan (/wiki/List_of_items_traditionally_worn_in_Japan) Traditional Chihaya (/wiki/Chihaya_(clothing)) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Furisode (/wiki/Furisode) Hanten (/wiki/Hanten) Hakama (/wiki/Hakama) Haori (/wiki/Haori) Happi (/wiki/Happi) Jinbei (/wiki/Jinbei) Jōe (/wiki/J%C5%8De) Jūnihitoe (/wiki/J%C5%ABnihitoe) Keikogi (/wiki/Keikogi) Kosode (/wiki/Kosode) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Kyahan (/wiki/Kyahan) Mawashi (/wiki/Mawashi) Mino Nemaki (/wiki/Nemaki) Samue (/wiki/Samue) Shitagi (/wiki/Shitagi) Sokutai (/wiki/Sokutai) Uwagi (/wiki/Uwagi) Yukata (/wiki/Yukata) Headgear Benkan (/wiki/Benkan) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kanmuri (/wiki/Kanmuri_(headwear)) Kanzashi (/wiki/Kanzashi) Kasa (/wiki/Kasa_(hat)) Raikan (/wiki/Raikan) Shaguma (/wiki/Shaguma) Tenugui (/wiki/Tenugui) Tokin (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) Belt / sash Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Uwa-obi (/wiki/Uwa-obi) Tasuki (/wiki/Tasuki_(sash)) Footwear Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐9pmvg Cached time: 20240720170355 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.513 seconds Real time usage: 0.706 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1651/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 57331/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2001/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 34771/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.368/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14564520/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 648.864 1 -total 23.04% 149.475 55 Template:Transliteration 22.75% 147.632 1 Template:Reflist 19.69% 127.755 1 Template:Japanese_clothing 19.33% 125.434 1 Template:Navbox 16.83% 109.213 2 Template:Cite_web 13.13% 85.166 1 Template:Short_description 10.89% 70.637 1 Template:More_citations_needed 10.05% 65.181 1 Template:Ambox 6.39% 41.472 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43655336-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720170355 and revision id 1216827484. 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Caftan Year 8th century Location Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) Accession No. 1996.78.1 Identifiers The Met object ID: 327518 (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327518) [ edit on Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29384537) ] A caftan (/wiki/Kaftan) or coat of linen with silk borders in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) represents the typical clothing worn by horsemen along the Silk Road (/wiki/Silk_Road) in the North Caucasus (/wiki/North_Caucasus) during the 8th–10th centuries. [1] (#cite_note-Met-1) [2] (#cite_note-Knauer-2) The caftan is reconstructed from garment fragments excavated from a burial ground near Moshchevaja Balka (located by the Bolshaya Laba River (/wiki/Bolshaya_Laba_River) in Karachay-Cherkessia (/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia) , on the Pontic–Caspian steppe (/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe) ). Moshchevaja Balka is considered part of the Saltovo-Mayaki (/wiki/Saltovo-Mayaki) archaeological culture. [3] (#cite_note-Kajitani-3) The caftan is associated with a pair of silk leggings with linen feet, also in the Met. Along with fragmentary garments from Moshchevaja Balka in the collection of the Hermitage Museum (/wiki/Hermitage_Museum) in Saint Petersburg, the caftan and leggings represent rare survivals of garments from the Caucasus, where the climate—unlike that of more arid regions—is not generally conducive to the preservation of organic materials. [2] (#cite_note-Knauer-2) [4] (#cite_note-Harper-4) Context [ edit ] The Silk Road (/wiki/Silk_Road) was the great overland trade route of the Ancient World, carrying goods including silks from China to the Mediterranean. By the 6th century C.E., tensions between Byzantium (/wiki/Byzantium) and the Sasanian Empire (/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) disrupted trade along the traditional route. Central Asian (/wiki/Central_Asia) merchants developed a new route to Byzantium, going north from the Caspian Sea (/wiki/Caspian_Sea) and crossing the Caucasus Mountains (/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains) via steep passes (most prominently in the North Caucasus, the Darial Gorge (/wiki/Darial_Gorge) ). The first caravan carrying Chinese silks traveled via this North Caucasus route in 568. The Caucasus silk routes remained in use through the Middle Ages, losing their importance only in the 14th century. [2] (#cite_note-Knauer-2) [5] (#cite_note-UNESCO-5) In the 20th century, many textile finds of this period were discovered near the mountain passes and on the piedmont (/wiki/Foothills) below. The main site is a burial ground at Moshchevaja Balka ("Ravine of the Mummies or Relics"), in a densely wooded area about 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) above sea level. [6] (#cite_note-K4-6) Anna A. Ierusalimskaja, curator of the North Caucasian antiquities in the Hermitage, has written extensively on the finds (in Russian and in German), but Elfriede R. Knauer (/wiki/Elfriede_Knauer) concludes that "neither the age and places of manufacture of the majority of Chinese silks nor of those from the eastern Mediterranean recovered at the North Caucasian sites can as yet be defined with absolute certainty. In the absence of further criteria, Ierusalimskaja's dates can only be accepted with caution." [6] (#cite_note-K4-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) These finds provide the context for the Met's caftan. It is consistent with documented finds from Moshchevaja Balka, where several tribes of the North Caucasus "seem to have shared a fairly uniform and—were it not for the textile finds—unspectacular material culture, known as the Saltovo-Majaki (/wiki/Saltovo-Mayaki) culture". [6] (#cite_note-K4-6) The wearer could have been a man from Alania (/wiki/Alania) , in a region then under Khazar domination. [3] (#cite_note-Kajitani-3) These tribal horsemen would have served as local guides and carriers, collecting short lengths of silk as "tolls and rewards" in kind from among the textiles shipped via the northern route of the ancient Silk Road. [8] (#cite_note-K8-8) Construction [ edit ] Rear view of the caftan, showing the silk borders on the slits of the skirt panels. The caftan is made of dense, bleached plain weave (/wiki/Plain_weave) linen (/wiki/Linen) , now discolored from the grave. It is trimmed with a border of two distinct woven silk (/wiki/Silk) textiles, and had a sheepskin [1] (#cite_note-Met-1) lining of which only traces remain. The cut or shape of the caftan is distinctive to men's coats of the Adygo (/wiki/Circassians) - Alanic (/wiki/Alans) tribes of the central Caucasus, although the style shows influences from Persia (/wiki/Persia) , Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) , and the nomads of the steppe. [9] (#cite_note-K10-9) The caftan is fitted to the upper body and has a flared skirt attached at the waist. The front is double-breasted, with the "proper left front closing toward the right and the right front overlapping it". [10] (#cite_note-K11-10) Two long slits at the back, below the hipline, also trimmed with silk borders, accommodate a seated rider. The garment is secured with three sets of frogs (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) , fabric-covered buttons and twisted loops of cording made of bias (/wiki/Bias_(textile)) -cut strips of linen. The caftan is made from linen cloth woven as a bolt of fabric and cut using a "semistraight" structure, with triangles and trapezoids—some of them pieced from smaller fragments of cloth—assembled to shape the garment. This type of construction is common to traditional garments of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. [11] (#cite_note-K16-11) [3] (#cite_note-Kajitani-3) [12] (#cite_note-Burnham-12) The lower sleeves and upper neckline of the caftan have not survived, and it is unknown whether a collar or cuffs were part of the garment. The pieces are sewn with linen thread in neat flat-felled seams (/wiki/Felled_seam) , and the upper body and skirts were assembled and trimmed separately before being joined at the waist. [13] (#cite_note-K95-13) "Overall, the high quality of the linen cloth, garment design, cutting, assembling, and sewing demonstrated remarkable professional coordination in comparison with ontemporaneous examples from other cultures, attesting to this region's elevated standards in artistic and technical achievements regarding textile culture and perhaps even social decorum.' [10] (#cite_note-K11-10) Silk borders [ edit ] Silk leggings (/wiki/Leggings) associated with the caftan. The caftan's borders, each about 8 centimetres (3.1 in) wide, are made of two different designs of polychrome samite (/wiki/Samite) (weft-faced compound twill weave) patterned silks. One textile is used for the lapels and the outer border of the lower panels, and the second for the inner border of the lower panels. Both would be visible when the garment was worn. The silk borders are pieced (one from three different bolts of the same general design). They are padded with wool (/wiki/Wool) wadding to approximate the thickness of the linen coat with its sheepskin lining. The two silks now appear as patterns of off-white on dark brown, but analysis shows that each is patterned in four colors. It is no longer possible to determine with certainty what colors were used; likely, the designs were originally dark blue from an indigotin-bearing plant (/wiki/Indigo_dye) , yellow, brilliant red from safflower (/wiki/Safflower) , and white (undyed silk) on a dark brown or black ground. [1] (#cite_note-Met-1) [3] (#cite_note-Kajitani-3) Ierusalimskaja categorized the silk fragments found at Moshchevaja Balka into groups by likely origin. The majority are suggested to be Sogdian (/wiki/Sogdia) , products of silk-weaving centers in the region surrounding Samarkand (/wiki/Samarkand) . However, within this group is a subset, including the trims on the caftan, that is probably of purely local origin. "Fragments of this very circumscribed group have so far not been unearthed beyond sites in the northwestern Caucasus. ... Within the range of "Sogdian" they are technically much inferior to the rest of the material, in both dyeing and weaving." [14] (#cite_note-K9-14) Safflower red dye, especially, degrades rapidly, but all of the dyes used in the silk borders are of poor quality. The circle-and-cross designs are simplified, and the roundels themselves vary in size and shape. All of these factors suggest rural production, likely intended for export. [15] (#cite_note-K113-15) References [ edit ] ^ a b c "Caftan" (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327518) . Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . ^ a b c Knauer, Elfriede R. (2001). "A Man's Caftan and Leggings from the North Caucasus of the Eighth to Tenth Century: A Genealogical Study" (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Mans_Caftan_Leggings_from_Caucasus_8_to_10_C_Genealogy_The_Metropolitan_Museum_Journal_v_36_2001) . Metropolitan Museum Journal . 36 . The University of Chicago Press: 125–154. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/1513059 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1513059) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1513059 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513059) . ^ a b c d Kajitani, Nobuko (2001). "A Man's Caftan and Leggings from the North Caucasus of the Eighth to Tenth Century: A Conservator's Report" (http://library.metmuseum.org/record=b1510592~S1) . Metropolitan Museum Journal . 36 : 85–124. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/1513058 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1513058) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1513058 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513058) . ^ (#cite_ref-Harper_4-0) Harper, Prudence O. (2001). "A Man's Caftan and Leggings from the North Caucasus of the Eight to Tenth Century: Introduction" (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Mans_Caftan_Leggings_from_Caucasus_8_to_10_C_Intro_The_Metropolitan_Museum_Journal_v_36_2001) . Metropolitan Museum Journal . 36 . The University of Chicago Press: 83–84. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1086/met.36.1513057 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fmet.36.1513057) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1513057 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513057) . ^ (#cite_ref-UNESCO_5-0) "Georgia - SILK ROAD - UNESCO" (https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-alongside-silk-road-routes/georgia) . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . ^ a b c Knauer (2004), p. 4 ^ (#cite_ref-7) See Ierusalimskaja, Anna A (1996). Die Gräber der Moščevaja Balka : frühmittelalterliche Funde an der nordkaukasischen Seidenstrasse (in German). Editio Maris. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783925801228 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 36220234 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36220234) . ^ (#cite_ref-K8_8-0) Knauer (2001), p. 8 ^ (#cite_ref-K10_9-0) Knauer (2001), p. 10 ^ a b Kajitani (2001), p. 11 ^ (#cite_ref-K16_11-0) Knauer (2001), p. 16 ^ (#cite_ref-Burnham_12-0) Burnham, Dorothy K. (1997). Cut my cote . Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. pp. 22–28. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780888540461 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 37984987 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37984987) . ^ (#cite_ref-K95_13-0) Kajitani, p. 95 ^ (#cite_ref-K9_14-0) Knauer, 2001, p. 9 ^ (#cite_ref-K113_15-0) Kajitani (2001), pp. 113–115 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐lfp5h Cached time: 20240624024536 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.630 seconds Real time usage: 0.747 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5682/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22155/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1080/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33154/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.386/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6554088/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 2/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 705.287 1 -total 71.71% 505.757 1 Template:Infobox_artwork/wikidata 68.73% 484.725 1 Template:Infobox 41.65% 293.783 1 Template:Wikidata_ID 40.41% 285.040 1 Template:Br_separated_entries 37.87% 267.103 200 Template:Wikidata_ID_line 34.52% 243.469 206 Template:Wikidata 19.75% 139.308 1 Template:Reflist 12.04% 84.887 2 Template:Cite_web 6.37% 44.933 2 Template:Convert Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54100722-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624024536 and revision id 1181614553. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caftan_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art)&oldid=1181614553 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caftan_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art)&oldid=1181614553) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Category:Clothing_in_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) History of the North Caucasus (/wiki/Category:History_of_the_North_Caucasus) Silk Road (/wiki/Category:Silk_Road) Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) (/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)) Articles with infoboxes completely from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_infoboxes_completely_from_Wikidata) Metropolitan Museum of Art 2017 drafts (/wiki/Category:Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_2017_drafts)
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Nigerian special effects artist Hakeem Effects Born ( 1978-03-05 ) March 5, 1978 Ibadan (/wiki/Ibadan) , Nigeria Nationality Nigerian Citizenship Nigerian Occupation make-up artist (/wiki/Make-up_artist) Spouse Oluwaseun Onilogbo ( m. 2008) Hakeem Effects (born Hakeem Onilogbo Ajibola ), is a Nollywood make-up artist (/wiki/Make-up_artist) ; with specialties include special effects (/wiki/Special_effects) , [1] (#cite_note-THE_NATION-1) eyebrows and eyelashes. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) He is the founder and Chief Executive Officer (/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer) of "Tricks International"; a special effects and prosthetics company serving a range of productions in the Nollywood film industry. [4] (#cite_note-4) He is known for working on several major films such as King of Boys (/wiki/King_of_Boys) and Omo Ghetto: The Saga (/wiki/Omo_Ghetto:_The_Saga) , as well as several music videos. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2017, he won the "Best Make-up" Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award (/wiki/2017_Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards) for Oloibiri (/wiki/Oloibiri_(film)) [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) and Africa’s Best Makeup Artist at the 2016 and 2017 Africa Movie Academy Awards (/wiki/Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards) in both 2016 and 2017. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Filmography [ edit ] Film and television [ edit ] Year Work Role Notes 2012 Okafor's Law (/wiki/Okafor%27s_Law) special makeup effects 2017 House on the Hill special makeup effects 2018 The Delivery Boy (/wiki/The_Delivery_Boy) special effects coordinator King of Boys special effects supervisor 2019 Blameless make-up, special effects 2020 The Milkmaid make-up Omo Ghetto: The Saga (/wiki/Omo_Ghetto:_The_Saga) make-up, special effects 2021 Lugard special effects 2021 Plus Hubby Special effects 2021 King of Boys: The Return of the King (/wiki/King_of_Boys:_The_Return_of_the_King) special effects coordinator 2021 Online Special effects 2021 Manifestation Special effects Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award ceremony Prize Work Result Ref 2017 2017 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards (/wiki/2017_Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards) Best Make-up Artist Oloibiri Won [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) 2018 2018 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards (/wiki/2018_Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards) Tatu Won [11] (#cite_note-11) Disguise Nominated 2023 2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (/wiki/2023_Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards) Anikulapo (/wiki/An%C3%ADk%C3%BAl%C3%A1p%C3%B3) Pending [12] (#cite_note-12) Shanty Town (/wiki/Shanty_Town_(TV_series)) Pending Battle on Buka Street (/wiki/Battle_on_Buka_Street) Pending References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-THE_NATION_1-0) "My husband and I never dated–LOLA MAJA OKOJEVOH" (http://www.thenationonlineng.net/my-husband-and-i-never-dated-lola-maja-okojevoh/) . The NATION. 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Hunger motivated my interest in special effects make-up — Hakeem Onilogbo" (https://punchng.com/hunger-motivated-my-interest-in-special-effects-make-up-hakeem-onilogbo/) . Punch Newspapers . 2018-09-09 . Retrieved 2022-07-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Alawode, Abisola (2017-01-12). "Can you tell if this gory video is real or its just makeup?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220722113607/https://www.legit.ng/1082269-meet-hakeem-effects-makeup-artiste-a-difference.html) . Legit.ng - Nigeria news . Archived from the original (https://www.legit.ng/1082269-meet-hakeem-effects-makeup-artiste-a-difference.html) on 2022-07-22 . Retrieved 2022-07-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) " (https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/media-46172167) 'I don turn black pesin to oyibo before' (https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/media-46172167) " (https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/media-46172167) . BBC News Pidgin . 2018-11-12 . Retrieved 2022-07-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Nollywood award winning Makeup Artist Hakeem Onilogbo – he makes Buhari look-alike turned a black person white for the movies - CyberTranic" (https://cybertranic.com/nollywood-award-winning-makeup-artist-hakeem-onilogbo-he-makes-buhari-look-alike-turned-a-black-person-white-for-the-movies/) . cybertranic.com . 2018-11-16 . Retrieved 2022-07-22 . ^ a b " (https://punchng.com/breaking-76-is-best-movie-at-amvca-2017/) '76' is Best movie at AMVCA 2017" (https://punchng.com/breaking-76-is-best-movie-at-amvca-2017/) . Punch Newspapers . 2017-03-04 . Retrieved 2022-07-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) BusinessDay (2017-03-05). " (http://businessday.ng/arts-bdlife-arts/article/76-biggest-winner-amvca-2017/) "76" biggest winner at AMVCA 2017" (http://businessday.ng/arts-bdlife-arts/article/76-biggest-winner-amvca-2017/) . Businessday NG . Retrieved 2022-07-22 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : |last= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-8) Inyang, Ifreke (2017-03-05). " (https://dailypost.ng/2017/03/05/76-wins-five-awards-amvca-2017-see-full-list-winners/) '76' wins five awards at AMVCA 2017 [See full list of winners]" (https://dailypost.ng/2017/03/05/76-wins-five-awards-amvca-2017-see-full-list-winners/) . Daily Post Nigeria . Retrieved 2022-07-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) enkay. "Hakeem Onilogbo Ajibola wins in Best Makeup artist category" (https://www.ivory-ng.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Hakeem-Onilogbo-Ajibola-wins-in-Best-Makeup-artist-category.jpg) . Ivory NG . Retrieved 2022-07-22 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-10) PositiveNaija (2019-10-31). "Winners Of 2019 Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" (https://www.positivenaija.com/winners-of-2019-africa-movie-academy-awards-amaa/) . PositiveNaija . Retrieved 2022-07-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "AMVCA 2018: Full list of winners" (https://punchng.com/amvca-2018-full-list-of-winners/) . Punch Newspapers . 2018-09-02 . Retrieved 2022-07-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees" (https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news) . AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees . Retrieved 2023-04-23 . [ permanent dead link ] External links [ edit ] Hakeem Effects (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4747937/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) This biographical article related to film in Nigeria is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Kuwaiti women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Kuwait portal (/wiki/Portal:Kuwait) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Kuwaiti fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Kuwaiti_fashion_designers) . It includes Kuwaiti fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐rhg7n Cached time: 20240720204857 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.082 seconds Real time usage: 0.187 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3973/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 301/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.045/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 940646/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 93.641 1 -total 47.63% 44.597 1 Template:Portal 39.77% 37.242 1 Template:Non-diffusing 31.70% 29.681 1 Template:Cmbox 12.33% 11.550 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 9.58% 8.969 2 Template:Category_other 7.32% 6.856 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 4.47% 4.183 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.63% 1.526 1 Template:Template_other 1.52% 1.427 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72302936-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720204857 and revision id 1177798559. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Kuwaiti women fashion designers" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Ascia AKF (/wiki/Ascia_AKF) B Nejoud Boodai (/wiki/Nejoud_Boodai) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Kuwaiti_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798559 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Kuwaiti_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798559) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Kuwaiti fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Kuwaiti_fashion_designers) Kuwaiti women artists (/wiki/Category:Kuwaiti_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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Argentinian fashion designer This article includes a list of general references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) , but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Please help to improve (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability) this article by introducing (/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite) more precise citations. ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Giorgio_di_Sant%27_Angelo) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Giorgio di Sant' Angelo" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Giorgio di Sant'Angelo Born Jorge Alberto Imperatrice ( 1933-05-05 ) 5 May 1933 Rosario (/wiki/Rosario) , Argentina Died 29 August 1989 (1989-08-29) (aged 56) New York. New York Nationality American / Argentinian Education Institute of Industrial Design, Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) , Spain Sorbonne (/wiki/University_of_Paris) University, Paris, France Awards Coty (/wiki/Coty_Award) American Fashion Critics award, 1968, 1970 Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) Award, 1988 Giorgio di Sant' Angelo (Jorge Alberto Imperatrice) , commonly known as Giorgio Sant'Angelo, (1933–1989) was an Italian (/wiki/Italy) /Argentinian fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) based in the United States. He was known for creating ethnic-inspired looks early in his career, for which he won the prestigious American Coty Fashion Critic's award (/wiki/Coty_Fashion_Award) in 1968 and in 1970. Using fabrics like tie-dyed (/wiki/Tie-dye) chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) , leather (/wiki/Leather) and cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , he created romantic clothing that reflected the hippie culture (/wiki/Hippie_culture) of the era. But his innovative use of knitwear (/wiki/Knitwear) , which he continuously developed throughout his career, was often his signature and was an influence on other designers. Early years [ edit ] Sant'Angelo was born as Jorge Alberto Imperatrice in Rosario, Argentina, to a middle class family. Son of Domingo Antonio Imperatrice and Leila Ratti, he had a younger brother, Hector Daniel Imperatrice (born 10/4/1945). Later in life, he said he was born a nobleman (/wiki/Nobleman) in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy, the son of a Florentine count. He received a degree in architecture (/wiki/Architecture) at the University of Florence (/wiki/University_of_Florence) , then studied industrial design (/wiki/Industrial_design) and ceramics (/wiki/Ceramic) . He also studied with Picasso (/wiki/Pablo_Picasso) for six months, as the result of winning an international ceramics competition, sponsored by the French government. Picasso encouraged his student to "trust his own restless creativity and to keep on trying new artistic ventures," and Sant'Angelo created an animated film cartoon and submitted it to Walt Disney (/wiki/Walt_Disney) . Impressed by the film's inventiveness, Disney brought him to Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) and gave him an apprenticeship (/wiki/Apprenticeship) . But unable to speak English well, Sant'Angelo was lost in the vastness of Los Angeles and quit after 15 days. [1] (#cite_note-1) New York [ edit ] Sant'Angelo moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) after his experience at Disney. He first worked as textile artist (/wiki/Textile_arts) , and later worked in interior design (/wiki/Interior_design) . For fun, he started making Lucite (/wiki/Lucite) and plastic (/wiki/Plastic) jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) . Catherine Murray di Montezemolo (/wiki/Catherine_Murray_di_Montezemolo) first noticed the jewelry, then later Diana Vreeland (/wiki/Diana_Vreeland) , who started featuring it in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine. This set his career into motion. Ms. Vreeland recognized the talent that Sant'Angelo showed, and hired him as a freelance stylist. It was out of this collaboration that some of the most iconic fashion photographs of the 1960s were taken. Shots like the model Verushka (/wiki/Verushka) wrapped in fur in the desert, or psychedelic (/wiki/Psychedelia) flower makeup around one of Twiggy's (/wiki/Twiggy) eyes. Seventh Avenue [ edit ] Sant'Angelo with friend, guitarist Michael Laucke (/wiki/Michael_Laucke) who often provided the music for Sant'Angelo's New York fashion shows Sant'Angelo opened his own ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) business in 1966. He experimented with knits, and developed new fabrications with textile mills (/wiki/Textile_mill) like DuPont (/wiki/DuPont) . He also collaborated with textile converters like Crantex (/w/index.php?title=Crantex&action=edit&redlink=1) , to create his own prints, and leather makers like Calderon, for his accessories. He cited various native and ethnic cultures as the inspiration for his collections, like the American Indian (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) or the Bohemian Gypsy (/wiki/Romani_people) . But his most important contribution to modern women's clothing at the time was his liberating construction techniques and his use of stretch fabrics (/wiki/Stretch_fabric) . He rejected the traditional shift with the zipper-up-the-back, and instead, designed clothing that wrapped, tied, hung or clung to the body. He didn't simply design clothes, he ornamented the body and made fantasy wearable. He made couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) pieces for celebrities and entertainers as well. Eventually, he started to license his name and expand into cheaper, more affordable clothing. The first line was called Sant'Angelo 4U2, which were less expensive versions of his fantasy pieces. Then there was the 'Marjer Parts' line, which was also more affordable, but more trend-influenced. Later, he dropped the 'di' from his last name and licensed out his name as Giorgio Sant'Angelo. Unfortunately, much of that clothing did not have his own hand involved, and instead, was overly commercial and did not possess his innovative signature. In 1976, Sant'Angelo befriended guitarist Michael Laucke (/wiki/Michael_Laucke) , whom he met through jewelry designer, philanthropist and former fashion model Elsa Peretti (/wiki/Elsa_Peretti) , and Sant'Angelo frequently hired Laucke to play at the launching of his new lines in New York, setting "the pace for a more subdued Sant'Angelo". [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Comeback [ edit ] In the mid-1980s, Sant'Angelo added the "di" back to his last name and continued to design his high end signature line (/w/index.php?title=Signature_line&action=edit&redlink=1) . Made almost entirely out of stretch knits, critics hailed it, confirming the return of his influence. The versatile, wrap stretch pieces of clothing, in unique materials, colors and patterns, proved an antidote to the overly tailored styles of the time. Unfortunately, di Sant'Angelo died of lung cancer in 1989, [4] (#cite_note-4) so his comeback was short-lived. But his legend continues in the minds of modern-day fashionistas, with designers like John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) and Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) citing him as an influence. He was given a plaque on the 7th Avenue walk of fame along with his contemporaries such as Halston (/wiki/Halston) and Stephen Burrows. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Fantasy Fashions", Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) , U.S. 7 March 1969. Retrieved 27 April 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Galloway, Myron (19 May 1990). "From Montreal's Waverly Street to a castle in Spain". The Suburban (/wiki/The_Suburban) . During those years [the early 1970s] he was also taken up by New York's jet set. Through Peretti, he became friendly with … Andy Warhol, and designers Giorgio di Santangelo, Halston and Calvin Klein, and was frequently hired to play at the launching of their new lines. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "SA spring collections: Fresh and wearable". Women's Wear Daily . 5 November 1976. The classical guitar played at Giorgio Sant'Angelo's collection set the pace for a more subdued Sant'Angelo--less hysterical but still idea-filled. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fashion Designer Georgio Sant'Angelo Dies at 56" (https://apnews.com/article/67f4c4bcfcfa67f0bdeed201048f2fff) . AP NEWS . Retrieved 21 June 2023 . Life magazine, article on Giorgio di Sant'Angelo titled 'Fantasy Fashions', 7 March 1969 New York Fashion, The Evolution of American Style, by Caroline Reynolds Milbank, book published by Harry N. Abrams, 1989 The Fashion Makers, by Bernadine Morris & Barbara Walz, book published by Random House, 1978 External links [ edit ] Arts portal (/wiki/Portal:Arts) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 1933–1989 Giorgio di Sant' Angelo (http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f116/1933-1989-giorgio-di-sant-angelo-41848.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110103192525/http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f116/1933-1989-giorgio-di-sant-angelo-41848.html) 3 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/309815550) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWQVVT67vFBpWDD669Xd) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97845606) Artists ULAN (https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500335105) v t e American sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) 20th century sportswear designers Adri (/wiki/Adrienne_Steckling-Coen) Bill Atkinson (/wiki/Bill_Atkinson_(designer)) Louella Ballerino (/wiki/Louella_Ballerino) Jhane Barnes (/wiki/Jhane_Barnes) Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) Tom Brigance (/wiki/Tom_Brigance) Donald Brooks (/wiki/Donald_Brooks) Stephen Burrows (/wiki/Stephen_Burrows_(designer)) Jeanne Campbell (/wiki/Jeanne_S._Campbell) Bonnie Cashin (/wiki/Bonnie_Cashin) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_(designer)) Liz Claiborne (/wiki/Liz_Claiborne) Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) Anne Fogarty (/wiki/Anne_Fogarty) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Rudi Gernreich (/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Elizabeth Hawes (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawes) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) Norma Kamali (/wiki/Norma_Kamali) Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) Muriel King (/wiki/Muriel_King) Anne Klein (/wiki/Anne_Klein_(fashion_designer)) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Tina Leser (/wiki/Tina_Leser) Vera Maxwell (/wiki/Vera_Maxwell) Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) Isaac Mizrahi (/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi) Clare Potter (/wiki/Clare_Potter) Clovis Ruffin (/wiki/Clovis_Ruffin) Giorgio di Sant' Angelo Carolyn Schnurer (/wiki/Carolyn_Schnurer) Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) John Weitz (/wiki/John_Weitz) Emily Wilkens (/wiki/Emily_Wilkens) Sydney Wragge (/wiki/Sydney_Wragge) Zoran (/wiki/Zoran_(designer)) 21st century sportswear designers Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) Mary Ping (/wiki/Mary_Ping) Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) Behnaz Sarafpour (/wiki/Behnaz_Sarafpour) Notable designs Popover (dress) (/wiki/Popover_(dress)) Wrap dress (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Other associated people Richard Martin (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) Dorothy Shaver (/wiki/Dorothy_Shaver) See also The American Look (/wiki/American_Look_(fashion_movement)) Clothing terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) History of clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐k8hw8 Cached time: 20240713001406 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.507 seconds Real time usage: 0.777 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2434/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 44461/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2146/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30990/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.330/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6238095/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 716.638 1 -total 27.29% 195.601 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 16.74% 119.944 1 Template:Short_description 15.67% 112.322 1 Template:Reflist 12.89% 92.404 2 Template:Cite_news 12.76% 91.449 1 Template:Authority_control 11.56% 82.841 18 Template:Main_other 9.66% 69.239 2 Template:Ambox 8.98% 64.365 1 Template:SDcat 8.05% 57.711 1 Template:More_footnotes_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24718784-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713001406 and revision id 1225216345. 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Indian model and beauty queen (born 1984) Zabina Khan Born Zabina Abdul Rashid Khan 1984 (age 39–40) Mumbai, Maharashtra (/wiki/Mumbai,_Maharashtra) , India Other names Zabyn, Zabyn Khan Occupation(s) Model, actress, director Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Gladrags Megamodel Tourism Queen 2004 (/wiki/Gladrags_Manhunt_and_Megamodel_Contest) Miss Tourism Queen International 2004 Major competition(s) Miss Tourism Queen International 2004 Zabina Khan , also known as Zabyn Khan , is an Indian model, beauty queen, actress, assistant director. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) She was crowned the first Miss Tourism Queen International in the year 2004. Early life and career [ edit ] Born in India in 1985 to a Muslim family. At the age of 19, she competed in Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest (/wiki/Gladrags_Manhunt_and_Megamodel_Contest) in 2004 and was selected to compete in the first edition of Miss Tourism Queen International. She also competed in the first edition of Miss Tourism Queen International held in China in 2004 and was declared the eventual winner. She is the first ever winner in the pageant's history. Zabina aka Zabyn Khan is an actress and assistant director, known for Hulchul (2004), Ek Hasina Ek Khiladi (2005), Bluffmaster (2005), Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu (2006), Godava(2007), Jagadam (2007), Panga na Lo (2007), Aashique banaya aapne (2007), Villu (2008), Sanchalam (2011), Shivajinagar (2014).Assistant director for Action Jackson (2014), Solo (2017), Navrasa (2021) She is currently working as Entertainment Director for Big Daddy casino and Strike Casino, Goa known for her shows Our Stage your Talent (2019). Big Bash (2018 - 2022), Freedom Fiesta (2018 - 2021) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "2004 Miss Tourism Queen International" (http://misstourismqueenintltitleholders.blogspot.in/2012/07/2004-miss-tourism-queen-international.html) . blogspot.in . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Miss Tourism Queen International 2004 Contest" (http://www.rmhb.com.cn/chpic/htdocs/english/content/200409/5-3.htm) . rmbh.com.cn . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Miss Tourism Queen International" (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-06/30/content_344307.htm) . chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . 4. https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1930298/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 (https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1930298/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0) 5. https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Big-Daddy-entertainment-to-hold-first-edition-of-%E2%80%98Our-Stage-Your-Talent%E2%80%99-for-Goans/150061 (https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Big-Daddy-entertainment-to-hold-first-edition-of-%E2%80%98Our-Stage-Your-Talent%E2%80%99-for-Goans/150061) 6. https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/09/09/magazines/bnc/countdown-to-the-our-stage-your-talent-competition/ (https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/09/09/magazines/bnc/countdown-to-the-our-stage-your-talent-competition/) External links [ edit ] Miss Tourism Queen International Official Website (http://www.misstqi.com/) Awards and achievements Preceded by --- Gladrags Megamodel Tourism Queen (/wiki/Gladrags_Manhunt_and_Megamodel_Contest) 2004 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_India_Tourism_Pageant&action=edit&redlink=1) Succeeded by Neha Oberoi Preceded by --- Miss Tourism Queen International 2004 Succeeded by Nikoletta Ralli This Indian (/wiki/India) biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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(Redirected from Net-a-Porter (/w/index.php?title=Net-a-Porter&redirect=no) ) Italian online fashion retailer YOOX Net-a-Porter Group S.p.A. Company type Società per Azioni (/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_per_Azioni) Industry Fashion and leisure Founded 5 October 2015 ; 8 years ago ( 2015-10-05 ) Founder Natalie Massenet (/wiki/Natalie_Massenet) Federico Marchetti (/wiki/Federico_Marchetti_(businessman)) Headquarters Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy Area served Worldwide Key people Alison Loehnis (/wiki/Alison_Loehnis) Products Fashion products Brands Net-A-Porter Mr. Porter YOOX THE OUTNET Revenue €1.82 billion (2016) [1] (#cite_note-AR2016-1) Number of employees 4,700+ [2] (#cite_note-EM2016-2) (2018) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Richemont (/wiki/Richemont) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) United Kingdom, United States, Japan, France, Spain, China, and Hong Kong Website www (https://www.ynap.com) .ynap (https://www.ynap.com) .com (https://www.ynap.com) YOOX Net-a-Porter Group S.p.A. is an Italian online fashion (/wiki/Fashion) retailer created on 5 October 2015 after the merger between Yoox Group and Net-a-porter Group (NAP). Yoox was originally founded by Federico Marchetti (/wiki/Federico_Marchetti_(businessman)) in Milan (/wiki/Milan) in 2000, and Net-a-Porter was founded by Natalie Massenet (/wiki/Natalie_Massenet) in London (/wiki/London) in 2000. Beginning in 2003, Richemont (/wiki/Richemont) invested in NAP. In 2015, Yoox purchased NAP shares from Richemont (/wiki/Richemont) and merged with Net-a-Porter to establish the Yoox-Net-a-Porter Group. In May 2018, Richemont (/wiki/Richemont) acquired the YNAP Group by purchasing 95% of the company's available shares. [3] (#cite_note-3) The combined company has become a global e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) player that serves more than 180 countries. [4] (#cite_note-Yoox:_The_Group-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) History [ edit ] Net-a-Porter Group [ edit ] Net-a-Porter founder Natalie Massenet (/wiki/Natalie_Massenet) is an American (/wiki/United_States_citizen) -born former fashion (/wiki/Fashion) journalist with Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) and Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) . [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) She developed the concept of a magazine in website format where users could 'click' to buy while trying to source product online for a fashion shoot. [7] (#cite_note-Observer_Wiseman-7) Having raised the £1.2m (approx $2m) start-up costs with the assistance of her then-husband and co-founder Mark Quinn-Newall, they launched the company from Massanet's flat in Chelsea, London (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) . [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) [8] (#cite_note-8) In the early days, the operation was so low-key that the company's black delivery boxes were stacked up in the bathtub (/wiki/Bathtub) . [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) Initially, designers and investors were reluctant to support Net-a-Porter because it lacked a physical (/wiki/Brick_and_mortar) retail (/wiki/Retail) outlet. Massenet recalled the credibility gap in a 2013 interview in The Observer (/wiki/The_Observer) : "They'd listen and they'd nod and then afterwards they'd say, 'Just tell me one more thing: where is your store?'" However, in 2001, Roland Mouret (/wiki/Roland_Mouret) was persuaded to sell his collection via the website. [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) By 2004, the same year in which it won best fashion shop at the British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) , the company was profitable. [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) In 2010, Massenet sold a majority stake in Net-a-Porter to Swiss luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) holding company (/wiki/Holding_company) Richemont (/wiki/Richemont) for an estimated £50m. [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) She remains an investor and executive chairwoman. [7] (#cite_note-Observer_Wiseman-7) At the time it was bought by Richemont (/wiki/Richemont) in 2010, Net-a-Porter was valued at $533 million. [9] (#cite_note-Luxury-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) The Outnet, a site focusing on previous seasons' designs at discount prices, was launched in 2009; in 2011, a menswear (/wiki/Menswear) site, Mr Porter, was established [11] (#cite_note-11) under the stewardship of Toby Bateman who then said: "The original concept around the Mr Porter customer was that he was the man in the Net-A-Porter girl's life." [12] (#cite_note-12) Bateman left Mr Porter in 2019 and was replaced by Fiona Firth as managing director. [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2013 beauty was launched under the leadership of David Olsen. [14] (#cite_note-14) [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) In August 2014, The Outnet launched a partnership with Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) to sell items of her clothing to raise funds for the nonprofit organization mothers2mothers (/wiki/Mothers2mothers) to educate women about HIV/AIDS in Africa (/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa) . [15] (#cite_note-15) The business continues to grow and in 2013 it retailed products from more than 350 designers, attracted more than two million monthly visitors to the site and an average spend of £500 (around $850). [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) Brands it retails include Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) and Diane von Furstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_Furstenberg) . Labels such as Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) , Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) and RM by Roland Mouret (/wiki/Roland_Mouret) have created capsule collections specifically for the site. Writing in The Observer in 2010, Eva Wiseman noted that being stocked by Net-a-Porter is becoming important to designers as it: "not only guarantees new customers but its [Net-a-Porter's] credibility gives a fashion brand value". [7] (#cite_note-Observer_Wiseman-7) As of September 2013, Net-a-Porter employed 2,600 people in the UK (/wiki/UK) , US (/wiki/US) , and Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , with further offices in Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) and fulfillment centres on the outskirts of three cities. [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) [16] (#cite_note-VF_Reardon-16) In early 2014, Net-a-Porter launched a print magazine called Porter , with an associated app and digital version of the magazine. [17] (#cite_note-WSJ_Binkley-17) Some 400,000 copies will be distributed six times a year in 60 countries. [18] (#cite_note-Vogue_timeline-18) Playing off of its name, Net-a-Porter recently added a sportswear section to their website called Net-a-Sporter. The sportswear section of the website was launched in July 2014. [19] (#cite_note-19) When speaking of the addition of Net-a-Sporter to the e-tailer's online roster, the company's President Alison Loehnis (/wiki/Alison_Loehnis) said "We spotted a gap in the market for being a one-stop shop for workout wear where fashion meets function and where performance and style are equally valued." [20] (#cite_note-20) In August 2014, Massenet revealed that she originally wanted to call the website "What's New, Pussycat?" [21] (#cite_note-21) YOOX Group [ edit ] The name YOOX was created by Costas Constantinou and is composed of the male (Y) and female (X) chromosome (/wiki/Chromosome) letters linked by OO, the infinity (/wiki/Infinity) symbol ∞ or "the 'zero' from the binary code (/wiki/Binary_code) , the fundamental language of the digital age". [22] (#cite_note-yoox.com-22) YOOX's concept is to buy up overstocked or unsold items from previous seasons in "a direct relationship" [23] (#cite_note-stevieawards.com-23) from renowned fashion houses "including Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_S.p.A.) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Armani (/wiki/Armani) and Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) " [24] (#cite_note-zdnet.de-24) as well as "manufacturers and authorized dealers" [23] (#cite_note-stevieawards.com-23) and sell them online at discounted outlet prices. This is to enable "luxury brands to off-load last year's merchandise without undermining their brands or cannibalizing sales at their existing stores". [25] (#cite_note-25) Vintage designer clothing ( Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) etc.) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) is collected with the help of fashion editor Polly Allen Mellen (/wiki/Polly_Allen_Mellen) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) and sold at special occasions. Some fashion designers have created capsule collections exclusively for yoox.com, such as Hussein Chalayan (/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan) (menswear) [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) or Alexandre Herchcovitch (/wiki/Alexandre_Herchcovitch) . In 2006, YOOX Group launched its first online flagship store for Marni.com (/wiki/Marni_(fashion_house)) . Since then, the company has worked with individuals in the fashion and luxury industry in the development of their e-tail strategies, launching websites for brands such as Armani (/wiki/Armani) and Marni (/wiki/Marni_(fashion_house)) . In 2007 Yoox began building its own warehouses, as previously goods had shipped directly from the design houses, rather than from Yoox itself. Yoox also began selling additional items beyond fashion, including artwork from artists like Damien Hirst, Mark Quinn and Peter Blake. [32] (#cite_note-32) In 2008, Yoox launched its full-price online menswear (/wiki/Menswear) retail store The Corner featuring established designer brands and a selection of niche fashion labels from Italy and elsewhere. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) September 2009 saw the launch of womenswear at The Corner. [36] (#cite_note-36) Merger [ edit ] The combined revenues of the two companies prior to the merger was about $1.4 billion and their websites received a combined 24 million unique visitors annually. The deal was announced in March 2015, and went into effect in September. The combined network reached about 180 countries. The parent company of Net-A-Porter, Richemont (/wiki/Richemont) , received 50% of the total available shares; however, their voting rights were capped at 25%, giving Yoox the ability to run the company. [37] (#cite_note-37) Yoox founder Federico Marchetti became the group's CEO and Net-a-Porter founder Natalie Massenet left the company after the merger was completed. [38] (#cite_note-38) In August 2022, Richemont announced it would sell a 47.5% stake in YOOX Net-A-Porter (YNAP) to rival Farfetch (/wiki/Farfetch) and a 3.2% stake to a Mohamed Alabbar (/wiki/Mohamed_Alabbar) investment vehicle in exchange for about an 11% stake in Farfetch. [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) However, in December 2023, the agreement were terminated after Coupang (/wiki/Coupang) announced its acquisition of Farfetch. [41] (#cite_note-41) In June 2024, YNAP announced it would exit the Chinese market. [42] (#cite_note-42) A Net-a-Porter branded taxi in London Distribution [ edit ] There are seven "logistic centres" in Italy, the UK, the US, China, Hong Kong, and Japan. [43] (#cite_note-43) International warehouses, that serve as hubs, exist in New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) and Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) . [44] (#cite_note-44) Yoox also maintains 20 studios to make pictures of the merchandise with 50 photographers in the UK and the US. Corporate structure [ edit ] Backed by venture capital (/wiki/Venture_capital) firm Balderton Capital (/wiki/Balderton_Capital) , [45] (#cite_note-45) Yoox was founded as a privately held company (/wiki/Privately_held_company) [46] (#cite_note-46) and achieved total revenues (/wiki/Revenue) of £18m by 2009. By the end of 2011 it had reached £29m; in 2015, it reported sales of £41m, "a 68% increase from 2009". [47] (#cite_note-Where_To_Shop_For_Web_Deals-47) 75% of Yoox is owned by private equity (/wiki/Private_equity) with Capital Kiwi (Italy), 360 Capital Partner (Net Partners, Italy) and Balderton Capital (/wiki/Balderton_Capital) (then the European offshoot of Benchmark Capital (/wiki/Benchmark_Capital) - now independent), Co-founder Federico Marchetti (/wiki/Federico_Marchetti_(businessman)) owned 9% and 16% were owned by senior managers. Yoox went public (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) at the Milan Stock Exchange (/wiki/Milan_Stock_Exchange) in December 2009. [48] (#cite_note-48) The stock subsequently also joined the FTSE (/wiki/FTSE_Group) London/ Italia Mid Cap index27 and, since 23 December 2013, it has been included in the FTSE MIB - the main index of Borsa Italiana (/wiki/Borsa_Italiana) comprising the top 40 London & Italian companies by market capitalisation and liquidity. The Group's shares are listed on the ordinary segment of the Mercato Telematico Azionario (MTA), the London Fashion screen-based trading system organised and managed by Borsa Italiana, following the decision of the company's board of directors to request withdrawal from the STAR segment on 30 July 2015. This decision was prompted by the merger between Yoox Group and the Net-A-Porter Group, the Group's high stock market capitalisation, as well as the inclusion of the stock in the FTSE MIB from 2013. [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) Following the effectiveness of the merger on 5 October 2016, the newly issued shares of Yoox Net-A-Porter Group – resulting from the transaction itself, as well as the ordinary shares already outstanding at that date, were admitted to listing on the MTA with the new ticker "YNAP" and were included in the FTSE MIB index. [51] (#cite_note-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) The company was delisted in 2018. [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) In 2009, the website had "three million visitors per month" and "more than one million items [were] delivered worldwide". [55] (#cite_note-55) In 2013, over 1.7 million products were shipped to 53 countries by the group. [56] (#cite_note-56) Yoox's CEO and founder is Federico Marchetti, [57] (#cite_note-57) the head of marketing and sales is Massimiliano Benedetti. Marchetti, who had worked for " Bain & Co. (/wiki/Bain_%26_Co.) as a strategic consultant, Lehman Brothers (/wiki/Lehman_Brothers) as an expert in luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) and as a banker in mergers and acquisitions (/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions) " [58] (#cite_note-internetretailer.com-58) studied economics at Bocconi University (/wiki/Bocconi_University) in Milan (/wiki/Milan) [58] (#cite_note-internetretailer.com-58) and holds an MBA (/wiki/MBA) from Columbia Business School (/wiki/Columbia_Business_School) . [59] (#cite_note-59) The company's US subsidiary, Yoox Corp, is a Delaware corporation (/wiki/Delaware_corporation) with offices in TriBeCa (/wiki/TriBeCa) , New York and logistic centres in New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) . [60] (#cite_note-60) For the U.S. market, Yoox partnered with Port Logistics Group (PLG) of Houston (/wiki/Houston) for supply chain management (/wiki/Supply_chain_management) , such as merchandise returns (/wiki/Returning) , re-packaging and shipping within the United States. The partnership also allowed for "a direct relationship with U.S. designers and U.S. branches of European designers". [61] (#cite_note-61) In spring 2009, Yoox Group announced its plans for an initial public offering (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) at the end of 2009. [62] (#cite_note-online.wsj.com-62) [47] (#cite_note-Where_To_Shop_For_Web_Deals-47) [63] (#cite_note-63) This initial public offering (IPO) was realised at the end of November 2009, being priced at the top of the range of its valuation (/wiki/Financial_modeling) , and the deal being coordinated by Goldman Sachs (/wiki/Goldman_Sachs) and the Milan (/wiki/Milan) based investment bank Mediobanca (/wiki/Mediobanca) [64] (#cite_note-64) Yoox.com was named on Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) magazine's list of '50 Coolest Websites 2004' in the Lifestyle and Culture category. [65] (#cite_note-65) In November 2020, Yoox Net-A-Porter announced Geoffroy Lefebvre as its new CEO, effective from January 2021. [66] (#cite_note-66) See also [ edit ] Asos (/wiki/ASOS.com) Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) Farfetch (/wiki/Farfetch) Gilt Groupe (/wiki/Gilt_Groupe) MatchesFashion.com (/wiki/Matches_Fashion) Overstock.com (/wiki/Overstock.com) Zappos (/wiki/Zappos) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-AR2016_1-0) "Annual Results 2016" (http://www.ynap.com/document/2016-full-year-results/) . ^ (#cite_ref-EM2016_2-0) "People in YNAP" (http://www.ynap.com/pages/people/) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Richemont clinches takeover of Yoox Net-A-Porter" (https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-ynap-m-a-cmpne-financiere/richemont-clinches-takeover-of-yoox-net-a-porter-idUKKCN1IQ0K3) . Reuters . 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Yoox:_The_Group_4-0) YNAP: What we do (http://www.ynap.com/pages/about-us/what-we-do/) ynap.com. Retrieved: 05-09-2017 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bargain hunting easy in cyber boutiques (http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/12/23/spark.yoox/index.html) cnn.com. 01-04-2005 ^ a b c d e f g h i Groskop, Viv. "Natalie Massenet: style leader who means business" (https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2013/sep/22/observer-profile-natalie-massenet) . The Observer . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ a b c Wiseman, Eva (11 July 2010). "One click wonder: the rise of Net-a-Porter" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/11/natalie-massenet-net-a-porter-internet-fashion) . The Observer . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Cult Beauty taken over by the Hut Group in £275m deal" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/aug/04/cult-beauty-taken-over-by-the-hut-group-in-275m-deal) . the Guardian . 2021-08-04 . Retrieved 2021-11-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-Luxury_9-0) Chevalier, Michel (2012). Luxury Brand Management . Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-118-17176-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Muller, Tom; Roberts, Andrew (1 April 2010). "Richemont Buys Net-a-Porter, Valuing Web Fashion Retailer at $533. Million" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-04-01/richemont-buys-net-a-porter-valuing-web-fashion-retailer-at-533-million.html) . Bloomberg . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Smith, Ray A.; Sonne, Paul (10 February 2011). "Mr Porter to Test Men's Urge to Shop Online" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704364004576132633867667602) . Wall Street Journal . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Sebra, Matt (18 February 2016). "How Mr Porter Changed Menswear E-Commerce In Just Five Years" (https://www.gq.com/story/mr-porter-fifth-anniversary-bateman-langmead-interview) – via GQ. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Fraser, Kristopher (19 December 2019). "Fiona Firth named managing director of Mr Porter" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/people/fiona-firth-named-managing-director-of-mr-porter/2019121946724) – via Fashion United. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Felder, Rachel (22 December 2015). "Net-a-Porter's Unexpected King of Beauty" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/fashion/net-a-porters-unexpected-king-of-beauty.html) . The New York Times – via NYTimes.com. ^ (#cite_ref-15) mothers2mothers, VICTORIA BECKHAM Presents an Exclusive Sale at THE OUTNET.COM for mothers2mothers (http://www.m2m.org/victoria-beckham-charity-sale/) ^ (#cite_ref-VF_Reardon_16-0) Reardon, Kate. "V.F. portrait: Natalie Massenet" (http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2012/09/natalie-massenet-netaporter-fashion) . Vanity Fair . No. September 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-WSJ_Binkley_17-0) Binkley, Christina. "Net-A-Porter launches magazine" (https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303442704579362900001314062) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_timeline_18-0) "Timeline Natalie Massenet" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/person/natalie-massenet) . Vogue . 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Net-a-Sporter Has Arrived" (http://fashionista.com/2014/07/net-a-sporter-launch) . Fashionista . 9 July 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Frank, Julia. "What every woman needs in her gym kit - Vogue Australia" (http://www.vogue.com.au/beauty/wellbeing/what+every+woman+needs+in+her+gym+kit,31583) . www.vogue.com.au . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Net-A-Porter's NATALIE MASSENET: "I wanted to call my website What's New, Pussycat?" - 032c Workshop" (http://032c.com/2014/net-a-porters-natalie-massenet-i-wanted-to-call-my-website-whats-new-pussycat/) . 13 August 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-yoox.com_22-0) "The Fundamental Language Of The Digital Age: YOOX.COM" (http://www.boramag.com/2008/06/02/the-fundamental-language-of-the-digital-age-yooxcom/) . boramag.com . June 2, 2008 . Retrieved November 30, 2018 . The name itself reveals the personality of YOOX.COM: Y and X, the male and female chromosomes, flank the 'zero' from the binary code (/wiki/Binary_code) , the fundamental language of the digital age. ^ a b The International Business Awards: Yoox SpA (http://www.stevieawards.com/pubs/iba/awards/408_2624_20308.cfm) Stevie Awards. Retrieved: 07-23-2011 ^ (#cite_ref-zdnet.de_24-0) HP Technology Helps Business Growth for YOOX (http://www.zdnet.de/whitepaper/60165821/hp-technology-helps-business-growth-for-yoox.htm) zdnet.com. Retrieved: 07-23-2011 ^ (#cite_ref-25) Yoox: Discounted Luxury (https://web.archive.org/web/20030103134430/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_52/b3814090.htm) businessweek.com. 12-30-2002 ^ (#cite_ref-26) Yoox to sell vintage Chanel (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/News/Columns/Yoox_to_sell_vintage_Chanel_200711062281/) fashionunited.co.uk. 2009-11-06. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Vintage Dior at Yoox (http://www.jcreport.com/intelligence/yooxcom/030608/vintage-dior-yoox) JC Report. 2008-06-03. ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Login" (http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/fashion/article994314.ece) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Polly Allen Mellen - Legendary Editor & Stylist (http://www.thefashionspot.com/forums/f71/polly-allen-mellen-legendary-editor-stylist-1292.html) thefashionspot.com. Retrieved on 2009-04-12. ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Wallpaper: Hussein Chalayan for Yoox" (http://www.wallpaper.com/fashion/hussein-chalayan-for-yoox/2022) . wallpaper.com . 27 May 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Heard on the Runway - WSJ" (https://blogs.wsj.com/runway/2007/10/03/) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Williams, Greg. "How Yoox turned the luxury-goods industry onto digital" (https://www.wired.co.uk/article/yoox) . Wired UK . ^ (#cite_ref-33) About us (http://www.thecorner.com/aboutus.asp?tskay=7B4C1203) thecorner.com. Retrieved 2009-04-12. ^ (#cite_ref-34) Yoox launches thecorner.com (http://daily.chictoday.com/2008/03/11/yoox-launches-thecornercom/) daily.chictoday.com. 2008-03-11. ^ (#cite_ref-35) Just around the corner (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/2008-03/080310-just-around-the-corner.aspx) vogue.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-03-10. ^ (#cite_ref-36) FashionWindows (http://www.fashionwindows.net/2009/06/thecorner-at-pitti-uomo/) Retrieved 2009-09-02 ^ (#cite_ref-37) Bain, Marc (31 March 2015). "The Yoox and Net-a-Porter merger is creating a tech giant as much as a fashion giant" (http://qz.com/373470/the-yoox-and-net-a-porter-merger-is-creating-a-tech-giant-as-much-as-a-fashion-giant/) . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Conlon, Scarlett (5 October 2015). "Yoox And Net-A-Porter Merger: Marchetti Speaks" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/net-a-porter-yoox-officially-merged-first-day-business) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Koltrowitz, Silke; Spencer, Mimosa (August 24, 2022). "Richemont to sell online retailer stake to Farfetch, takes 2.7 bln euro writedown" (https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/richemont-sell-ynap-stake-farfetch-takes-27-bln-euro-writedown-2022-08-24/) . Reuters . Retrieved July 3, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Merced, Michael J. de la (2022-08-24). "Farfetch strikes a deal to build a luxury e-commerce giant" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/business/farfetch-yoox-net-a-porter-richemont-ecommerce.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2024-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Richemont scraps agreement to sell online retailer YNAP to Farfetch" (https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/richemont-scraps-agreement-sell-online-retailer-ynap-farfetch-2023-12-18/) . Reuters . December 19, 2023 . Retrieved July 3, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Hale, Thomas (2024-06-15). "Yoox Net-a-Porter exits China to focus on more profitable markets" (https://www.ft.com/content/1b775653-72bc-4b4f-8696-6f00cadd7618) . Financial Times . Retrieved 2024-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "UPS Fashion case study: Yoox" (http://www.upsalamode.com/de/pdf/FASHION_CASESTUDIES_EN.pdf) (PDF) . upsalamode.com . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Breaking News, World News & Multimedia" (https://www.nytimes.com/) . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Portfolio - Balderton Capital" (http://www.balderton.com/portfolio/yoox-group) . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Women's Wear Daily: E-tailer YOOX Continues to Expand, Sees IPO on the Horizon" (http://www.wwd.com/notavailable/dotcom?target=/financial/article/103442&articleId=103442&articleType=A&industryKw=financial) . wwd.com . 5 September 2018. ^ a b Where To Shop For Web Deals (https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/09/shop-web-deals-lifestyle-style-shop-web.html) forbes.com. 2009-04-09. ^ (#cite_ref-48) Reuters Intesa SP to list asset manager in IPO breakthrough (https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE61M29A20100223) (23 February 2010) ^ (#cite_ref-49) "Borsa: dal 23 dicembre Yoox nel Ftse Mib, escono Diasorin e Parmalat - Il Sole 24 ORE" (http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/finanza-e-mercati/2013-12-11/borsa-23-dicembre-yoox-ftse-mib-escono-diasorin-e-parmalat-090230.shtml?uuid=ABYfILj&refresh_ce=1) . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "La Stampa - Finanza" (http://finanza.lastampa.it/notizie/0,739371/YOOX_NET_A_PORTER_GROUP_debutta_sul_Mercato.aspx) . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Yoox Net-A-Porter Group SpA, YNAP:MIL summary - FT.com" (http://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=YNAP:MIL) . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "YOOX NET-A-PORTER GROUP: €100m capital increase subscribed for by Alabbar Enterprises - MENA Herald" (https://menaherald.com/en/2016/04/19/yoox-net-porter-group-e100m-capital-increase-subscribed-alabbar-enterprises/) . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Richemont announces delisting of ordinary shares of Yoox Net-A-Porter" (https://www.reuters.com/article/richemont-yoox-delisting/richemont-announces-delisting-of-ordinary-shares-of-yoox-net-a-porter-idUSFWN1TL0QG) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Reuters Editorial. 20 June 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-54) Zargani, Luisa (20 June 2018). "Yoox Net-a-porter Delisting Effective June 20" (https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/yoox-net-a-porter-delisting-effective-june-1202721145/) . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "IP Intelligence & Geolocation Solutions - Neustar" (http://www.quova.com/page.php?id=33&news_id=174) . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Zimbio CEO Talk: Federico Marchetti, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, YOOX Group (http://www.zimbio.com/Federico+Marchetti/articles/viMrDlg9xOH/CEO+Talk+Federico+Marchetti+Founder+Chief) (9 September 2009) ^ (#cite_ref-57) Interview with Federico Marchetti (http://www.modabot.de/yoox-gruender-federico-marchetti-im-interview) modabot.de. 2008-12-03. ^ a b "Internet Retailer - E-Commerce - Online Retailing - Top 500 - Online Sales" (http://www.internetretailer.com/internet/top-500-guide/47562-internet-retailer-ir2006-multimedia-cd-rom-speakers-marchetti.html) . internetretailer.com . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Find Local Contractors - Home Remodeling Contractors on Ecnext" (http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-3917696/PROFILE-FEDERICO-MARCHETTI-Dressed-to.html) . goliath.ecnext.com . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Yoox privacy policy (http://www.yoox.com/cms/legal/privacypolicy.asp) yoox.com. Retrieved on 2009-04-12. ^ (#cite_ref-61) PLG Develops a U.S. Supply Chain Solution for YOOX (http://www.portlogisticsgroup.com/pdf/plg_supply_chain_solution.pdf) portlogisticsgroup.com. Retrieved: 07-23-2011 ^ (#cite_ref-online.wsj.com_62-0) Yoox Hires Goldman, Mediabanca to Underwrite Its IPO (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123794570428733443) wsj.com. 2009-03-25. ^ (#cite_ref-63) Online retailer Yoox names IPO advisers-sources (https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLP64083620090325) reuters.com. 2009-03-25. ^ (#cite_ref-64) Relief over pricing of Yoox IPO (https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4d9cf9ee-de19-11de-b8e2-00144feabdc0.html) Financial Times FT.com, 2009-12-01. ^ (#cite_ref-65) "Time.com: 50 coolest web sites 2004" (https://web.archive.org/web/20040627015751/http://www.time.com/time/techtime/200406/lifestyle.html) . time.com . Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/techtime/200406/lifestyle.html) on June 27, 2004. ^ (#cite_ref-66) Jahshan, Elias (November 30, 2020). "Yoox Net-A-Porter names Geoffroy Lefebvre as new CEO" (https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/11/yoox-net-a-porter-new-ceo-geoffroy-lefebvre-federico-marchetti-ynap/) . retailgazette.co.uk . v t e FTSE MIB (/wiki/FTSE_MIB) companies of Italy A2A (/wiki/A2A) Amplifon (/wiki/Amplifon) Atlantia (/wiki/Atlantia_(company)) Azimut (/wiki/Azimut_Holding) Banca Generali (/wiki/Banca_Generali) Banca Mediolanum (/wiki/Banca_Mediolanum) Banco BPM (/wiki/Banco_BPM) BPER Banca (/wiki/BPER_Banca) Buzzi Unicem (/wiki/Buzzi_Unicem) Campari (/wiki/Campari_Group) CNH Industrial (/wiki/CNH_Industrial) DiaSorin (/wiki/DiaSorin) Enel (/wiki/Enel) Eni (/wiki/Eni) Exor (/wiki/Exor_(company)) Ferrari (/wiki/Ferrari) FinecoBank (/wiki/FinecoBank) Generali (/wiki/Assicurazioni_Generali) Hera (/wiki/Hera_Group) Interpump (/wiki/Interpump_Group) Intesa Sanpaolo (/wiki/Intesa_Sanpaolo) INWIT (/wiki/INWIT) Italgas (/wiki/Italgas) Leonardo (/wiki/Leonardo_(company)) Mediobanca (/wiki/Mediobanca) Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) Nexi (/wiki/Nexi) Pirelli (/wiki/Pirelli) Poste Italiane (/wiki/Poste_Italiane) Prysmian (/wiki/Prysmian_Group) Recordati (/w/index.php?title=Recordati&action=edit&redlink=1) Saipem (/wiki/Saipem) Snam (/wiki/Snam) Stellantis (/wiki/Stellantis) STMicroelectronics (/wiki/STMicroelectronics) Telecom Italia (/wiki/Telecom_Italia) Tenaris (/wiki/Tenaris) Terna (/wiki/Terna_Group) UniCredit (/wiki/UniCredit) Unipol (/wiki/Unipol) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐5tqzh Cached time: 20240712165412 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.574 seconds Real time usage: 0.707 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3450/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 82967/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2116/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 177147/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.364/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6415579/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 633.983 1 -total 48.19% 305.528 1 Template:Reflist 31.06% 196.925 30 Template:Cite_web 22.13% 140.321 1 Template:Infobox_company 20.60% 130.616 1 Template:Infobox 13.44% 85.185 1 Template:FTSE_MIB_companies 13.13% 83.262 1 Template:Navbox 11.17% 70.840 1 Template:Short_description 7.76% 49.189 11 Template:Cite_news 6.36% 40.313 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17676089-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712165412 and revision id 1232361927. 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Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Bracelets (/wiki/Bracelets) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bracelets (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bracelets) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐znz5t Cached time: 20240720171536 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.163 seconds Real time usage: 0.208 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 166/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3955/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 250/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2569/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.105/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1511780/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 187.313 1 -total 45.60% 85.420 1 Template:Commons_category 43.40% 81.303 1 Template:Sister_project 41.93% 78.534 1 Template:Side_box 39.06% 73.173 1 Template:Portal 21.96% 41.142 2 Template:If_then_show 15.05% 28.195 1 Template:Cat_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22856700-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720171536 and revision id 1127520220. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Bracelets" The following 31 pages are in this category, out of 31 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Bracelet (/wiki/Bracelet) B Bangle (/wiki/Bangle) Charm bracelet (/wiki/Charm_bracelet) C Chura (bangles) (/wiki/Chura_(bangles)) Crepundia (/wiki/Crepundia) E Entry wristband (/wiki/Entry_wristband) F Friendship bracelet (/wiki/Friendship_bracelet) G Gel bracelet (/wiki/Gel_bracelet) H Hologram bracelet (/wiki/Hologram_bracelet) Horn-shaped jade ring (/wiki/Horn-shaped_jade_ring) I Nomination bracelet (/wiki/Nomination_bracelet) K Kandi bracelet (/wiki/Kandi_bracelet) L Lanyard (/wiki/Lanyard) Love bracelet (Cartier) (/wiki/Love_bracelet_(Cartier)) M MagicBand (/wiki/MagicBand) Medical identification tag (/wiki/Medical_identification_tag) N Nike+ FuelBand (/wiki/Nike%2B_FuelBand) P Pandora (jewelry) (/wiki/Pandora_(jewelry)) POW bracelet (/wiki/POW_bracelet) Power Balance (/wiki/Power_Balance) R Red string (Kabbalah) (/wiki/Red_string_(Kabbalah)) Reminderband (/wiki/Reminderband) S Salvation bracelet (/wiki/Salvation_bracelet) Silly Bandz (/wiki/Silly_Bandz) Slap bracelet (/wiki/Slap_bracelet) Slave bracelet (/wiki/Slave_bracelet) W World Poker Tour bracelet (/wiki/World_Poker_Tour_bracelet) World Series of Poker bracelet (/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker_bracelet) Wrist-band.com (/wiki/Wrist-band.com) Wristband (/wiki/Wristband) Wristpack (/wiki/Wristpack) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bracelets&oldid=1127520220 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bracelets&oldid=1127520220) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Types of jewellery (/wiki/Category:Types_of_jewellery) Armwear (/wiki/Category:Armwear) Wrist (/wiki/Category:Wrist) Handwear (/wiki/Category:Handwear) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
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American luxury fashion brand Tory Burch LLC Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded February 2004 ; 20 years ago ( 2004-02 ) Founder Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) Headquarters New York, New York (/wiki/New_York,_New_York) , U.S. Number of locations 378 (2024) [1] (#cite_note-ft0206-1) Area served Worldwide Key people Pierre-Yves Roussel (/wiki/Pierre-Yves_Roussel) (CEO) Number of employees 4,800 (2024) [1] (#cite_note-ft0206-1) Website toryburch (https://toryburch.com) .com (https://toryburch.com) Tory Burch LLC is an American mid-luxury women's fashion label based in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) , New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , United States (/wiki/United_States) . It was founded by American designer Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) in 2004. As of 2019 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tory_Burch_LLC&action=edit) , Pierre-Yves Roussel is the CEO of the company. History [ edit ] Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) began her fashion label – "Tory by TRB", later known as "Tory Burch" – in February 2004, launching it with a retail store in Manhattan's Nolita (/wiki/Nolita) district. [2] (#cite_note-ATB-2) [3] (#cite_note-RLveteran-3) [4] (#cite_note-HTBFHS-4) Most of the inventory sold out on the first day. [5] (#cite_note-perfectly-5) [6] (#cite_note-perpetually-6) When Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) endorsed her line on The Oprah Winfrey Show (/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show) in April 2005, calling Burch "the next big thing in fashion", Burch's website received eight million hits the following day. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-voguepedia-8) Since launch, the company has grown to include more than 370 Tory Burch stores worldwide, [9] (#cite_note-9) including flagships in New York, Los Angeles, London (/wiki/London) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Rome (/wiki/Rome) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , and Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , and ecommerce sites in seven languages. [10] (#cite_note-Tory_Burch's_Personal_Touch-10) [11] (#cite_note-An_American_in_Paris-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) The company’s Shanghai flagship, which launched in 2014, is its largest. [10] (#cite_note-Tory_Burch's_Personal_Touch-10) The fashion line, which encompasses ready-to-wear, shoes, handbags, accessories, watches, home decor, and a fragrance and beauty collection, is also carried at over 3,000 department and specialty stores worldwide, [13] (#cite_note-passed_up-13) [6] (#cite_note-perpetually-6) [14] (#cite_note-14) including Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) , Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) , [15] (#cite_note-15) Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) , and Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) , [16] (#cite_note-16) as well as Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) , Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) , [17] (#cite_note-17) Galeries Lafayette (/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette) , [18] (#cite_note-18) Lane Crawford (/wiki/Lane_Crawford) , [19] (#cite_note-19) and Isetan (/wiki/Isetan) . [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2009, Burch sold a minority stake in her company to a Mexican private equity firm, Tresalia Capital. [21] (#cite_note-21) Additional minority investors were added in December 2012 in conjunction with the settlement of a legal dispute between Burch and her ex-husband. This settlement is said to have removed a substantial obstacle to a forthcoming IPO, which has been the subject of considerable discussion in the financial and fashion industries. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) As of 2015, Burch had stated that there were no plans for the company to go public. [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2018, the company bought back Tresalia Capital's minority stake in the business. [25] (#cite_note-25) Burch at the 2007 Accessories Council Excellence Awards In September 2011, Burch did her first runway fashion show, and has continued to show each season at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [8] (#cite_note-voguepedia-8) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) In Fall 2013, Burch launched her first fragrance and a beauty capsule collection with Estée Lauder. [29] (#cite_note-29) In Summer 2014, she introduced a line of accessories for the Fitbit Flex activity-tracking device, making hers the first major fashion brand to move into wearable technology (/wiki/Wearable_technology) . Fall 2014 marked the publication of her first and bestselling book, Tory Burch in Color , and the launch of watches with Fossil (/wiki/Fossil,_Inc.) . [10] (#cite_note-Tory_Burch's_Personal_Touch-10) [30] (#cite_note-30) In March 2015, Burch extended her home line with a collection of lettuce ware created in collaboration with Palm Beach (/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida) artist and potter Dodie Thayer. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) In July 2015, Burch launched her first boutique in Paris. [11] (#cite_note-An_American_in_Paris-11) In August 2019, the brand announced that it had entered a long-term partnership with Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) to develop, market, and distribute Tory Burch beauty brands, beginning in January 2020. [34] (#cite_note-34) In 2021, the Tory Burch company and the School of Fashion at Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) announced a five-year multi-disciplinary educational partnership. [35] (#cite_note-35) In 2022, the brand launched Essence of Dreams, a collection of five fragrances, with Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) . [36] (#cite_note-36) In January 2024, Tory collaborated with Humberto Leon (/wiki/Humberto_Leon) on a concept shop on Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles that showcased her Spring 2024 collection; the boutique’s façade, interior, and some of the fashions featured animal portraits by German photographer Walter Schels. [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) In 2024, the company was included on Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) ' s list of the 100 Most Influential Companies, [40] (#cite_note-Time-40) and Burch was one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world (/wiki/Time_100) . [41] (#cite_note-41) Tory Sport [ edit ] In September 2015, Burch also introduced Tory Sport, a separate performance activewear line, on a dedicated website, [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) and in a pop-up shop (/wiki/Pop-up_retail) on Elizabeth Street in Manhattan in the space where she had launched her brand's first boutique in 2004. [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-voguesport-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) A stand-alone store on Fifth Avenue in New York, as well as boutiques in East Hampton (/wiki/East_Hampton_(town)) and Dallas, were opened in 2016. [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) As of late 2017 Tory Sport has stores in several cities around the U.S. and an in-store boutique at the Tory Burch store in Hong Kong. [50] (#cite_note-Lockwood-50) The collection includes designs for running, studio (/wiki/Studio#Yoga_and_martial_arts_studios) , tennis, swimming, and golf, as well as clothes for before and after a workout. [51] (#cite_note-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) Both the Tory Burch line and the Tory Burch Sport line support the Tory Burch Foundation, which empowers women entrepreneurs by providing access to capital, business education, networking, and a fellows program. [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) [45] (#cite_note-voguesport-45) [55] (#cite_note-55) Management [ edit ] Pierre-Yves Roussel joined the company as CEO in 2019. [56] (#cite_note-56) In November 2020, Tory Burch LLC named Thibault Villet president of the Asia-Pacific region, effective on December 28, 2020. In his new position, Villet will manage all facets of the brand’s activities. [57] (#cite_note-57) A REVA ballet flat designed by Burch Design style [ edit ] Burch's style has been described as preppy-boho (/wiki/Boho-chic) and preppy-bohemian luxe, [58] (#cite_note-TBNY-58) and is associated with her T- logo (/wiki/Logo) medallion. [59] (#cite_note-TT-59) Known for being easy to wear and versatile, [59] (#cite_note-TT-59) [60] (#cite_note-AEOHO-60) [61] (#cite_note-61) [62] (#cite_note-62) Tory Burch styles are popular with women of all ages, [63] (#cite_note-63) including the viewers and fans of the television show Gossip Girl (/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(TV_series)) , where they were often featured. [64] (#cite_note-64) In 2007, there were wait lists to buy Tory Burch fashions, [65] (#cite_note-65) which are known for color and print and often pay homage to styles of the 1960s and 1970s. [66] (#cite_note-66) [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) Burch named her line of Reva ballerina flats after her mother. [60] (#cite_note-AEOHO-60) [69] (#cite_note-69) In the 2020s, after Burch relinquished her CEO role to focus almost exclusively on designing, the aesthetic has evolved in what she calls a "creative reinvention" of the brand. [70] (#cite_note-70) Awards [ edit ] 2005 Rising Star Award for Best New Retail Concept, Fashion Group International (/wiki/Fashion_Group_International) [2] (#cite_note-ATB-2) 2007 Accessory Brand Launch of the Year, Accessories Council Excellence Awards [2] (#cite_note-ATB-2) [71] (#cite_note-71) 2008 Accessories Designer of the Year, Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) [72] (#cite_note-72) 2023 Designer of the Year, Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) [73] (#cite_note-73) [74] (#cite_note-74) 2024 100 Most Influential Companies, Time magazine [40] (#cite_note-Time-40) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Fernandez, Chantal (February 6, 2024). "How Tory Burch found her edge" (https://www.ft.com/content/b6e70e6e-7969-4721-9e02-b1fd713be852) . Financial Times . ^ Jump up to: a b c "About Tory Burch" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070708055302/http://www.toryburch.com/about.aspx) . ToryBurch.com. Archived from the original (http://www.toryburch.com/about.aspx) on July 8, 2007 . Retrieved 2008-08-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-RLveteran_3-0) Wahba, Phil (September 25, 2014). "Tory Burch takes on Ralph Lauren veteran as co-CEO" (http://fortune.com/2014/09/25/tory-burch-ceo-ralph-lauren/) . Fortune (/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)) . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-HTBFHS_4-0) Agins, Teri. "How Tory Burch Found Her Stride". Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) . February 1, 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-perfectly_5-0) Merkin, Daphne (December 1, 2011). "Perfectly Perfect: Tory Burch" (http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/perfectly-perfect-tory-burch/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0) . T: The New York Times Style Magazine (/wiki/T:_The_New_York_Times_Style_Magazine) . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Portillo, Caroline McMillan (2014-07-23). "Exclusive: Tory Burch on life 'Perpetually' out of her comfort zone and why big risks pay big dividends" (http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/bizwomen/news/profiles-strategies/2014/07/exclusive-tory-burch-on-life-perpetually-out-of.html?page=all) . Columbus Business First . Retrieved 2014-07-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Berkus, Nate (January 1, 2008). "Fashion Designer Tory Burch" (http://www.oprah.com/style/Fashion-Designer-Tory-Burch) . Oprah.com . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Tory Burch" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140804181121/http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Tory_Burch) . Voguepedia . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Tory_Burch) on August 4, 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Changemakers Advisory Board: Tory Burch" (https://www.cnbc.com/tory-burch-changemakers/) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . October 3, 2023 . Retrieved April 5, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Chu, Jeff (2010-08-18). "Tory Burch's Personal Touch" (http://www.fastcompany.com/3033480/tory-burchs-personal-touch.php) . Fast Company . Retrieved 2014-08-18 . ^ Jump up to: a b "An American in Paris" (http://www.wmagazine.com/parties/2015/07/tory-burch-paris-store/photos/) . W Magazine . 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Haskell, Rob (23 July 2015). "Tory Burch on Her New Sports Line, Finding Love, and Redefining Success" (http://www.vogue.com/13279848/tory-burch-workout-clothes-tory-sport) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Socha, Miles (2014-03-29). "Tory Burch talks expansion" (http://wwd.com/markets-news/designer-luxury/tory-burch-talks-expansion-in-europe-and-beyond-7622212) . Women’s Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 2014-03-28 . "Tory Burch Celebrates the Opening of her New Manhattan Flagship" (http://www.sohautestyle.com/2011/09/tory-burch.html) . So Haute . 2011-09-15 . Retrieved 2011-09-15 . Brown, Rachel (2014-01-15). "Tory Burch Toasts New Beverly Hills Store" (http://wwd.com/eye/parties/tory-burch-toasts-new-beverly-hills-store-7363726) . Women’s Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 2014-01-15 . Lo, Danica (2010-06-25). "Tory Burch Opens in Seoul" (http://www.racked.com/2010/6/25/7795417/tory-burch-opens-in-seoul) . Racked . Retrieved 2010-06-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-passed_up_13-0) Clifford, Catherine (May 12, 2017). "Why one exec passed up the chance to be president of this $127 billion company" (https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/12/this-exec-passed-up-the-being-president-of-this-127-billion-company.html) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . Retrieved May 17, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Zinko, Carolyne (2013-01-25). "Empowerment in fashion for Tory Burch" (http://www.sfgate.com/style/article/Empowerment-in-fashion-for-Tory-Burch-4223935.php) . San Francisco Chronicle (/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle) . Retrieved 2013-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Tory Burch at Neiman Marcus" (http://www.neimanmarcus.com/store/catalog/templates/P9.jhtml?itemId=cat14310735&parentId=cat9210745&masterId=cat8450747&navAction=saleIndex) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Tory Burch at Bloomingdales" (http://www1.bloomingdales.com/search/index.ognc?SearchTarget=*&Keyword=tory+burch&KEYWORD_GO_BUTTON.x=0&KEYWORD_GO_BUTTON.y=0&KEYWORD_GO_BUTTON=KEYWORD_GO_BUTTON) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Join an Exclusive Event at Tory Burch" (http://splashofmemichelle.blogspot.com/2013/02/tory-burch.html) . Splash of Me . February 20, 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Gilles, Florent (April 1, 2014). "Tory Burch sets up shop in Galeries Lafayette" (http://us.fashionmag.com/news/Tory-Burch-sets-up-shop-in-Galeries-Lafayette,396555.html) . FashionMag.com . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Tory Burch's First Hong Kong Store" (http://www.fashionindustrynetwork.com/profiles/blogs/tory-burchs-first-hong-kong) . Fashion Industry Network . December 3, 2010 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Tory Burch expands into Japan and Korea" (http://www.just-style.com/news/tory-burch-expands-into-japan-and-korea_id103766.aspx) . Just Style . April 1, 2009 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Designer Tory Burch Sells Minority Stake" (http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/designer-tory-burch-sells-minority-stake/) . The New York Times . 2009-07-24 . Retrieved 2010-05-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Steigrad, Alexandra. "Battle of the Burches Over" (http://www.wwd.com/business-news/legal/battle-of-the-burches-over-6557982) , Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , 2012-12-31. Retrieved on 2013-1-1. ^ (#cite_ref-23) O'Connor, Claire. "Why Tory Burch Should Be Fashion's Next Billionaire - and How Her Ex Could Stop Her" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/11/26/why-tory-burch-should-be-fashions-next-billionaire-and-how-her-ex-could-stop-her/) , Forbes , 2012-11-26 (online; in magazine dated 2012-12-10). Retrieved on 2013-1-1. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Phil Wahba (October 27, 2015). "Tory Burch: 'I think being private it a luxury' (http://fortune.com/2015/10/27/tory-burch-ipo/) " (http://fortune.com/2015/10/27/tory-burch-ipo/) . Fortune . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Chitrakorn, Kati (November 27, 2018). "Tory Burch Buys Back Stake" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-bites/tory-burch-buys-back-stake) . Business of Fashion (/wiki/Business_of_Fashion) . Retrieved April 15, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Critchell, Samantha (September 13, 2011). "It's the season of newbies at NY Fashion Week" (http://newsok.com/its-the-season-of-newbies-at-ny-fashion-week/article/feed/296011) . Associated Press . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Tory Burch Holds Her First Fashion Show" (http://perezhilton.com/cocoperez/2011-09-13-tory-burch-spring-2012-collection-new-york-fashion-week) . PerezHilton.com . September 13, 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Tory Burch Spring 2014 New York Fashion Week Interviews and Runway" (http://videos.huffingtonpost.com/tech/tory-burch-spring-2014-new-york-fashion-week-interviews-and-runway-518028592) . Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) . October 29, 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Selene Milano (September 26, 2013). "Tory Burch Launches Her First Fragrance and Beauty Collection" (http://news.instyle.com/2013/09/26/tory-burch-fragrance-beauty-collection/) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Best Sellers" (https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2014-11-02/fashion-manners-and-customs/list.html) . New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . November 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Owens, Mitchell (March 11, 2015). "TORY BURCH COLLABORATES WITH SOCIETY'S FAVORITE CERAMIST, DODIE THAYER" (http://www.architecturaldigest.com/blogs/daily/2015/03/dodie-thayer-tory-burch-collaboration) . Architectural Digest (/wiki/Architectural_Digest) . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Bray, Sarah (March 10, 2015). "The Preppy Porcelain That's Making A Comeback" (http://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/collectibles/news/a2834/tory-burch-introduces-dodie-thayer-cabbage-and-lettuce-ware-revival/) . Town & Country (/wiki/Town_%26_Country_(magazine)) . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Moratto, Rié (March 15, 2015). "Dodie Thayer Exclusive Iconic Lettuce Ware Collection For Tory Burch" (http://portobellodesign.blogspot.com/2015/03/dodie-thayer-exclusive-iconic-lettuce.html) . Portobello Design . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Stych, Anne (August 19, 2019). "Tory Burch, Japanese firm Shiseido partner on beauty brands" (https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2019/08/tory-burch-japanese-firm-shiseido-partner-on.html?page=all) . Bizwomen (/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals) . Retrieved September 7, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Braun, Jennifer (October 26, 2021). "Tory Burch and Parsons partner on new scholarship fund" (https://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/Tory-burch-and-parsons-partner-on-new-scholarship-fund,1347176.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved February 5, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Manso, James (August 3, 2022). "Tory Burch Debuts Essence of Dreams Fragrance Collection" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/tory-burch-debuts-essence-dreams-040105846.html) . Yahoo! (/wiki/Yahoo!) . Retrieved May 28, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Fratti, Karen (24 January 2024). "Inside Tory Burch's Purrrrrrfect Concept Store" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/tory-burch-cat-store/) . Highsnobiety (/wiki/Highsnobiety) . Retrieved May 7, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Schmidt, Ingrid (January 23, 2024). "Tory Burch x Humberto Leon's New L.A. Pop-Up Features Hollywood-Loved Hoop Dress" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/tory-burch-humberto-leon-los-angeles-pop-up-store-1235805366/) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved May 7, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Lafayette 148 Rings In Women's History Month With an Arty Collab" (https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/best-fashion-collaborations-launches-capsules-2023) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . March 8, 2024 . Retrieved May 7, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Steinberg, Don (May 30, 2024). "Tory Burch: A fashion reinvention" (https://time.com/6978971/tory-burch-2/) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Retrieved June 12, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Watts, Naomi (/wiki/Naomi_Watts) (April 17, 2024). "Time 100: Tory Burch" (https://time.com/6964618/tory-burch/) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Friedman, Vanessa (July 30, 2015). "Tory Burch's New Tory Sport Line: First Look" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/31/fashion/tory-burchs-new-tory-sport-line-first-look.html) . New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . Retrieved May 4, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Tory Sport (http://www.torysport.com/) – Official website. TorySport.com . Retrieved September 18, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-44) Sherman, Lauren (17 September 2015). "What Tory Burch Did Next" (http://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/tory-burch-tory-sport-activewear) . Business of Fashion . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Haskell, Rob (23 July 2015). "Tory Burch on Her New Sports Line, Finding Love, and Redefining Success" (http://www.vogue.com/13279848/tory-burch-workout-clothes-tory-sport/) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Friedman, Vanessa (30 July 2015). "Tory Burch's New Tory Sport Line: First Look" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/31/fashion/tory-burchs-new-tory-sport-line-first-look.html) . New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Gonzales, Erica (March 23, 2016). "Tory Sport Opens Its First Store In New York" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a14743/tory-burch-tory-sport-nyc-store/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Goldstein, Tiffany (June 3, 2016). "Tory Sport Opens East Hampton Boutique" (http://www.kdhamptons.com/tory-sport-opens-east-hampton-boutique) . KDHamptons . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Halkias, Maria (September 3, 2016). "It's fall y'all: A look at new stores around North Texas, including Draper James" (http://www.dallasnews.com/business/retail/20160903-it-s-fall-y-all-a-look-at-new-stores-around-north-texas-including-draper-james.ece) . Dallas Morning News (/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News) . ^ (#cite_ref-Lockwood_50-0) Lockwood, Lisa (July 13, 2017). "Tory Sport to Be Carried on Mytheresa.com" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/tory-sport-to-be-carried-on-mytheresa-com-10943632/) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved September 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Silver, Dena (17 September 2015). "Tory Burch Discusses Her New Athleisure Label and Her All-Time Favorite Sport" (https://observer.com/2015/09/tory-burch-discusses-her-new-athleisure-label-and-her-all-time-favorite-sport/) . The New York Observer (/wiki/The_New_York_Observer) . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Shop by Sport (http://www.torysport.com/shop-by-sport/) . TorySport.com . Retrieved 19 September 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-53) Stych, Anne (May 23, 2019). "Tory Burch Foundation expands fellowships to include 50 entrepreneurs" (https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2019/05/tory-burch-foundation-expands-fellowships-to.html) . BizWomen (/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals#The_Business_Journals) . Retrieved April 15, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Weisul, Kimberly (March 7, 2019). "How Tory Burch's Foundation Is Working to Get More Money, and Confidence, to Women Entrepreneurs" (https://www.inc.com/kimberly-weisul/how-tory-burch-foundation-money-confidence-women-entrepreneurs.html) . Inc. (/wiki/Inc._(magazine)) Retrieved April 15, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Holt, Emily (August 14, 2015). "Tory Burch Debuts Activewear Line, Tory Sport" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/tory-burch-debuts-activewear-line-tory-sport-1439565330) . Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Tory Burch Names Pierre-Yves Roussel CEO" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/luxury/tory-burch-names-pierre-yves-roussel-ceo) . 11 December 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-57) Lockwood, Lisa (2 November 2020). "Tory Burch Names Thibault Villet as President of APAC" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/tory-burch-names-thibault-villet-as-president-of-apac-1234650677/) . WWD . Retrieved 3 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-TBNY_58-0) "Tory Burch" (http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/toryburch/) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . New York Media LLC . Retrieved 2008-08-14 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kroll, Betsy (2007-09-21). "Tory's Turn" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071113221252/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1664387,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Time Inc. (/wiki/Time_Inc.) Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1664387,00.html) on November 13, 2007 . Retrieved 2008-08-14 . ^ Jump up to: a b Michael Shnayerson (2007-02-01). "An Empire Of Her Own" (http://www.vanityfair.com/style/features/2007/02/tory-burch-200702) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2014-10-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Horyn, Cathy (2005-09-16). "Frayed Nerves and Visions as Two Worlds Compete" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/16/fashion/shows/16fashion.html?) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 2008-08-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) Prabhakar, Hitha (2007-03-14). "Tastemakers: Fashion Design" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071013161233/http://www.forbes.com/style/2007/03/13/tastemaker-designer-fashion-forbeslife-cx_hp_0314fashion.html) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://www.forbes.com/style/2007/03/13/tastemaker-designer-fashion-forbeslife-cx_hp_0314fashion.html) on October 13, 2007 . Retrieved 2008-08-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) Van Dyk, Deirdre (February 21, 2008). "Who's Holding the Handbag?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080308124155/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/style_design/article/0,28804,1714683_1714625_1714280,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Time Inc. (/wiki/Time_Inc.) Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/style_design/article/0,28804,1714683_1714625_1714280,00.html) on March 8, 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-64) La Ferla, Ruth (2008-07-08). "Forget Gossip, Girl; the Buzz Is About the Clothes" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/08/fashion/08gossip.html?) . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-08-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) Kroll, Betsy (2007-02-27). "Pointe Guard" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070314235931/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1594145,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Time Inc. (/wiki/Time_Inc.) Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1594145,00.html) on March 14, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-66) Fisher, Lauren (October 13, 2014). "Preview: (https://web.archive.org/web/20141026111451/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/reviews/tory-burch-in-color-book) Tory Burch in Color " (https://web.archive.org/web/20141026111451/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/reviews/tory-burch-in-color-book) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Archived from the original (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/reviews/tory-burch-in-color-book) on 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) "About the Designer: Tory Burch" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/designers/tory-burch/) . Elle.com . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) Moore, Booth (June 1, 2008). "Stylish, To A 'T' (http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/01/image/ig-notebook1) " (http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/01/image/ig-notebook1) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved October 29, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-69) Betts, Kate (September 6, 2007). "Style & Design: Global Luxury Survey" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090114113653/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/style_design/article/0,28804,1659346_1659838_1659836,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Time Inc. (/wiki/Time_Inc.) Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/style_design/article/0,28804,1659346_1659838_1659836,00.html) on January 14, 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-70) Testa, Jessica (February 9, 2023). "That's Tory Burch?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/09/style/tory-burch-new-york-fashion-week.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved April 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) "Tory Burch and Kerry Washington" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081009135040/http://www.instyle.com/instyle/parties/party/0,,20158510_20363599,00.html) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Time Inc. (/wiki/Time_Inc.) Archived from the original (http://www.instyle.com/instyle/parties/party/0,,20158510_20363599,00.html) on 2008-10-09 . Retrieved 2008-08-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) "Letter to Fashion Community 25 August 2008" (http://www.cfda.com/index.php?option=com_cfda_content&task=news_display_all) . The Council of Fashion Designers of America. ^ (#cite_ref-73) "Women of the Year Awards 2023: the winners portfolio" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/g45719408/women-of-the-year-awards-2023-winners-portfolio/) . Harper's Bazaar . November 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 26, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) Slater, Lydia (November 16, 2023). "The Awards issue: Tory Burch" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a45788367/the-awards-issue-tory-burch/) . Harper's Bazaar . Retrieved April 26, 2024 . 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Women's fragrance introduced in 1993 Classique Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) Top notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Rose (/wiki/Rose) rum (/wiki/Rum) Heart notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Narcissus (/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)) vanilla orchid (/wiki/Vanilla_(genus)) Base notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) Vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) amber (/wiki/Amber) tonka bean (/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata) sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) Released 1993 ( 1993 ) Label Beauté Prestige International (/wiki/Shiseido) (1993–2015) Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) (2016–present) Flanker(s) (/wiki/Flanker_(perfume)) List of flanker fragrances (#Flanker_fragrances) Website Classique (http://www.jeanpaulgaultier.com/en-us/classique/) Classique (originally JPGaultier Eau de Parfum ) is a women's fragrance created by Jacques Cavallier (/wiki/Jacques_Cavallier) for Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) in 1993. It has been manufactured by Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) since 2016, and was previously manufactured by Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) subsidiary Beauté Prestige International from 1995 until 2015. The men's fragrance Le Male (/wiki/Le_Male) was developed as a counterpart to Classique, and was introduced in 1995. A number of flanker fragrances (/wiki/Fighter_brand) have since been released on the strength of the Classique name. The most recent fragrance, La Belle Le Parfum, was launched in 2021. [ citation needed ] Conception and scent [ edit ] Classique is described as an oriental floral women's fragrance, a classification which is identified by the combination of a "sweet, warm, powdery base" and flowery or spicy notes. [1] (#cite_note-1) The eau de parfum Classique contains top notes of rose (/wiki/Rose) and rum (/wiki/Rum) ; middle notes of narcissus (/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)) and vanilla orchid (/wiki/Vanilla_(genus)) ; and base notes of vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) , amber (/wiki/Amber) , tonka bean (/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata) , and sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The bottle design, a female torso wearing a pink corset (/wiki/Corset) , [3] (#cite_note-HeavenlyBodies-3) has been compared to the corset Gaultier designed for Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) for her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour (/wiki/Blond_Ambition_World_Tour) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The fragrance is packaged in an aluminum can (/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans) , a motif he has used in his collections since 1980; [5] (#cite_note-5) Gaultier felt that "it was in some way a kind of a provocation to put it in something very industrial," and noted that some perfume shops did not offer the fragrance because it was "scandalous". [3] (#cite_note-HeavenlyBodies-3) Media personality Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) was accused of copying the Classique bottle design for her KKW Body fragrance in April 2018. [6] (#cite_note-Kim-6) She claimed that "[Classique is] iconic and celebrates the woman’s body, but [that her] inspiration was a statue [and] wanted [hers] to be really personal with [her] exact mold." [6] (#cite_note-Kim-6) Gaultier responded that "[he] couldn’t put [his] body [for a women's perfume], so [he] put a different body. She did her own body, so it's different." [3] (#cite_note-HeavenlyBodies-3) Release and impact [ edit ] The fragrance was released as JPGaultier Eau de Parfum in 1993, and renamed as Classique in 1995. [7] (#cite_note-7) Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) subsidiary Beauté Prestige International distributed Jean Paul Gaultier fragrances, including Classique from launch in 1993, through a license agreement (/wiki/Brand_licensing) that was to extend from 1991 through June 30, 2016. [8] (#cite_note-8) On January 1, 2016, Puig (/wiki/Puig_(company)) acquired the fragrance license from Shiseido for $79.2 million and compensated the early termination of the license for $22.6 million. [9] (#cite_note-9) With this purchase, Puig now holds control of both the fashion and fragrance divisions of the Jean Paul Gaultier brand. [10] (#cite_note-10) A new advertising campaign was premiered in Paris during a relaunch party held by Puig on January 28, 2016, in which a joint commercial for Classique and Le Male retains the " Casta diva (/wiki/Norma_(opera)) " aria from the original commercial and Dutch model Daphne Groeneveld (/wiki/Daphne_Groeneveld) portrays the lead female figure. [11] (#cite_note-11) The brand's fragrance general manager Thomas James acknowledged Classique and Le Male as "the flagship of the brand [that] represent all the Jean Paul Gaultier values [and will] continue to be an emblematic and historical pillar" at the launch of the women's fragrance Scandal in 2017. [12] (#cite_note-12) Products [ edit ] Eau de toilette (/wiki/Eau_de_toilette) spray – 3.3 fl oz (100 ml) [13] (#cite_note-13) Flanker fragrances [ edit ] Indicates repackaging of the original fragrance List of Classique flanker fragrances Year Name Concentration Perfumer Ref. 1997 Jean Paul Gaultier Summer Classique L'Eau d'Ete 1998 Classique Robe Velours Eau de toilette 2001 Classique La Robe Chinoise Eau de toilette 2003 Classique Eau d'été 2003 Eau de toilette Classique Limited Edition 2003 2004 Classique L'Eau d'Ete Sans Alcohol 2005 Classique Bien Roulee Classique Corset Couture Perfume extract Classique Les d'Ete 2005 Classique Rock Star 2006 Classique Alcohol Free Summer Fragrance 2006 Classique Autumn Winter Classique Prestige Steve DeMercado 2007 Classique l'Eau d'Ete 2007 2008 Classique Gold Collection Eau de toilette Classique Summer Fragrance 2008 2009 Classique Summer Fragrance 2009 2010 Classique Charm Edition Eau de toilette Classique Summer 2010 Eau de toilette Classique X Eau de toilette Jacques Cavallier Classique X Extrait Perfume extract 2011 Classique Love Actually Jacques Cavallier Classique X Jewel Edition Jacques Cavallier Classique Silver My Skin Jacques Cavallier Classique Summer 2011 Eau de toilette Classique X Love Actually Jacques Cavallier 2012 Classique Summer 2012 Eau de toilette Classique X Eau de Parfum Eau de parfum Classique X L'Eau Eau de toilette Jacques Cavallier 2013 Classique Belle en Corset Classique Couple Eau de toilette Classique Summer 2013 Eau de toilette 2014 Classique Edition Collector Jacques Cavallier Classique Intense Eau de parfum Francis Kurkdjian Classique Summer Edition 2014 Eau de toilette 2015 Classique Collector Glam Edition Classique Intense Collector Glam Edition Classique Pirate Edition Eau de toilette Jacques Cavallier Classique Summer 2015 Eau de toilette 2016 Classique Betty Boop Eau Fraiche Eau de toilette Daphne Bugey Classique Essence de Parfum Eau de parfum Daphne Bugey 2017 Classique Eau de Parfum Collector 2017 Eau de parfum Jacques Cavallier Classique Eau de Toilette Collector 2017 Eau de toilette Classique Wonder Woman Eau Fraiche Eau de toilette Daphne Bugey 2018 Classique Collector Edition 2018 Classique Eau Fraiche André Edition Eau de toilette Daphne Bugey Classique Eau Fraiche Gaultier Airlines Eau de toilette Daphne Bugey [14] (#cite_note-14) 2019 Classique Cabaret Eau de Parfum Eau de parfum Classique Collector's Snow Globe Jacques Cavallier La Belle Quentin Bisch [15] (#cite_note-15) Sonia Constant 2020 Classique Pin Up Classique Airlines Eau de parfum Classique Eau de Toilette X-Mas Edition 2020 Eau de toilette 2021 La Belle Le Parfum Parfum Quentin Bisch Sonia Constant References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Oriental Floral – Perfume Group" (https://www.fragrantica.com/groups/oriental+floral.html) . Fragrantica . Retrieved March 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Classique Eau de Parfum Jean Paul Gaultier perfume" (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Jean-Paul-Gaultier/Classique-Eau-de-Parfum-8304.html) . Fragrantica . Retrieved March 19, 2020 . ^ a b c Phelps, Nicole (May 7, 2018). "Jean Paul Gaultier Talks "Heavenly Bodies," That KKW Perfume Bottle, and Being a Fashion Freak" (https://www.vogue.com/article/jean-paul-gaultier-fragrance-le-classique-kkw-body-met-gala-new-york) . Vogue . Retrieved March 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Moss, Jack (April 9, 2018). "The Subversive Power of the Jean Paul Gaultier Corset" (https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/10742/the-subversive-power-of-the-jean-paul-gaultier-corset) . Another Magazine . Retrieved March 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Birrell, Alice (March 9, 2016). "10 things to know about Jean Paul Gaultier" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/10-things-to-know-about-jean-paul-gaultier/news-story/900c2850ec61203c4f6501d9690c5fa5) . Vogue Australia . Retrieved March 19, 2020 . ^ a b Cardellino, Carly (April 26, 2018). "Kim Kardashian Responds to Claims That She Ripped Off Her New Perfume Bottle" (https://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/a20078115/kim-kardashian-responds-to-jean-paul-gaultier-fragrance/) . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved March 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Jean Paul Gaultier Classique Eau de Toilette for Women" (https://www.amazon.co.uk/Jean-Paul-Gaultier-Classique-Toilette/dp/B000C1VY9I) . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 20, 2020 . Jean Paul Gaultier was launched in 1993. [...] The name was changed to Jean Paul Gaultier Classique in 1995. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The Shiseido group started negotiation with Puig to sell IP rights of Jean Paul Gaultier regarding fragrance products" (https://corp.shiseido.com/en/newsimg/archive/00000000001773/1773_b3y79_en.pdf) (PDF) . Shiseido . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Noor, Hibah (February 9, 2015). "Puig and Shiseido to terminate Jean Paul Gaultier fragrance license" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200720045027/https://www.dutyfreemag.com/gulf-africa/business-news/industry-news/puig-and-shiseido-to-terminate-jean-paul-gaultier-fragrance-license.html#.XnFney3Myt8) . DutyFree Magazine . Archived from the original (https://www.dutyfreemag.com/gulf-africa/business-news/industry-news/puig-and-shiseido-to-terminate-jean-paul-gaultier-fragrance-license.html#.XnFney3Myt8) on July 20, 2020 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Rozario, Kevin (January 5, 2016). "Puig takes on JPG scents and targets €2bn" (https://www.trbusiness.com/regional-news/international/puig-takes-on-jpg-scents-targets-e2bn-by-2017/99797) . TRBusiness . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Pawson, Helen (February 1, 2016). "Puig and Jean Paul Gaultier turn on the glamour in Paris" (https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/puig-and-jean-paul-gaultier-turn-on-the-glamour-in-paris/) . The Moodie Davitt Report . Retrieved March 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Pawson, Helen (June 26, 2017). "Notes on a Scandal: Puig unveils new Jean Paul Gaultier feminine fragrance" (https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/notes-on-a-scandal-puig-unveils-new-jean-paul-gaultier-feminine-fragrance/) . The Moodie Davitt Report . Retrieved March 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Jean Paul Gaultier "Classique" Eau de Toilette Spray, 3.3 oz. & Reviews" (https://www.macys.com/shop/product/jean-paul-gaultier-classique-eau-de-toilette-spray-3.3-oz.?ID=2210&CategoryID=31717) . Macy's . Retrieved March 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Pentol, Andrew (June 18, 2018). "Puig launches Jean-Paul Gaultier travel exclusives" (https://www.trbusiness.com/regional-news/international/puig-launches-jean-paul-gaultier-travel-exclusives/144160) . TRBusiness . Retrieved March 19, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Turner, Charlotte (September 25, 2019). "Jean Paul Gaultier's Classic and Le Mâle reborn for Belle & Beau scents" (https://www.trbusiness.com/regional-news/international/jean-paul-gaultiers-classic-and-le-male-reborn-for-belle-beau-scents/173366) . TRBusiness . Retrieved March 19, 2020 . 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Footwear secured by straps worn in Ancient Rome A c. 37 AD statue of the emperor (/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors) Tiberius (/wiki/Tiberius) recovered from a theater at Herculaneum (/wiki/Herculaneum) . Depicted performing a religious ritual (/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion) with his toga pulled over his head (/wiki/Capite_velato) , the emperor is shown wearing the calceus patricius of the patrician class (/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)) . Calcei in a Roman fresco (/wiki/Ancient_Roman_painting) from Paestum (/wiki/Paestum) , in southern Italy The calceus ( pl. : calcei ) was the common upper-class (/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome) male footwear of the Roman Republic (/wiki/Roman_Republic) and Empire (/wiki/Roman_Empire) . Normally made of leather (/wiki/Leather) and hobnailed (/wiki/Hobnail) , it was flat soled (/wiki/Sole_(shoe)) and typically reached the lower shin (/wiki/Shin_(leg)) , entirely covering the foot and ankle (/wiki/Ankle) . It was secured with crossed thongs or laces. Equivalent to a short boot (/wiki/Boot) or high-top shoe (/wiki/High-top_shoe) , it was lighter than the military (/wiki/Ancient_Roman_military_clothing) caliga (/wiki/Caliga) but sturdier than slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) like the soccus (/wiki/Soccus) and able to easily handle outdoor use. Name [ edit ] The Latin (/wiki/Latin_language) word calceus derives from calx (" heel (/wiki/Heel) ") and the usually Grecian suffix -eus , meaning essentially "heely" or "thing for the heel". It is frequently taken loosely as the general Latin word for any laced and covered shoe (/wiki/Shoe) [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrisman1920[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZK4uA-Eh7x4CpgPA235_235]-1) distinguished from sandals, slippers, and boots. Theodor Mommsen (/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen) even considered it to sometimes intend sandals as well. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCkAvbQD7E-kCpgPA55_55]-2) Similarly, medieval Latin (/wiki/Medieval_Latin) used the adjective discalceātus (/wiki/Discalced) to indicate both mendicant orders (/wiki/Mendicant_orders) which only used sandals and those which went entirely barefoot. Design [ edit ] A bronze calceus at the Vesunna Gallo-Roman Museum (/wiki/Vesunna_Gallo-Roman_Museum) Normally made of leather (/wiki/Leather) and hobnailed (/wiki/Hobnail) , the calceus was flat soled (/wiki/Sole_(shoe)) and typically reached the lower shin (/wiki/Shin_(leg)) , entirely covering the foot and ankle (/wiki/Ankle) . It was secured with crossed thongs or laces. Equivalent to a short boot (/wiki/Boot) or high-top shoe (/wiki/High-top_shoe) , it was lighter than the military (/wiki/Ancient_Roman_military_clothing) caliga (/wiki/Caliga) but sturdier than slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) like the soccus (/wiki/Soccus) and able to easily handle outdoor use. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1994105–113-3) Calcei were considered a distinctive part of the national dress of male Roman citizens (/wiki/Roman_citizenship) , alongside the toga (/wiki/Toga) . The combination of toga and calcei was impressive, but also hot and uncomfortable. The Roman poet (/wiki/Roman_poetry) Martial (/wiki/Martial) claimed that, in their leisure time and in the more relaxed surroundings of rural life, hardly anyone used it by the early imperial period. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurser1890-4) Even in Rome, some high-ranking citizens preferred to wear light Grecian sandals or socci (/wiki/Socci) rather than calcei to "go with the crowd". [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumba2008191-5) [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson200845-47_and_n._75-6) Types [ edit ] A bronze senatorial calceus discovered in Spain The calcei of most plebs (/wiki/Plebs) were made of undyed but tanned leather. (The version made with untanned rawhide (/wiki/Rawhide_(material)) instead was known as the pero.) The " patrician (/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)) calceus" ( calceus patricius ) seems to have often been dyed red, Tyrian purple (/wiki/Tyrian_purple) , or some equivalent. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox194832-7) Senators (/wiki/Roman_Senate) and higher ranking priests (/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome#Public_priesthoods_and_religious_law) were likewise expected to wear the mulleus or "red calceus" ( calceus mulleus ) along with their red-edged toga praetexta (/wiki/Toga_praetexta) while engaged in their public duties. Festus (/wiki/Festus_(historian)) claimed the mulleus was originally used by the kings of Alba Longa (/wiki/Alba_Longa) before being adopted by the patricians. [8] (#cite_note-festivus-8) Cassius Dio (/wiki/Cassius_Dio) states that the patrician shoes were originally marked with the letter R (/wiki/Letter_R) , [9] (#cite_note-9) although early forms of Latin used an R closer in shape to the later P (/wiki/Letter_P) . Francis X. Ryan has offered that this class distinction in footwear—rather than procedural status—may have been responsible for the name of the backbencher (/wiki/Backbencher) senatores pedarii . [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCkAvbQD7E-kCpgPA55_55]-2) Cato the Elder (/wiki/Cato_the_Elder) stated that, by the end of the Republic, plebs who had reached curule office (/wiki/Curule_office) were entitled to the formerly patrician footwear. [8] (#cite_note-festivus-8) Plebeian generals like Marius (/wiki/Marius_(general)) who celebrated a triumph (/wiki/Triumph_(Rome)) were likewise permitted to wear them. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCkAvbQD7E-kCpgPA56_56]-10) Talbert (/wiki/Richard_J.A._Talbert) states that by the imperial era there is no conclusive evidence that footwear continued to differ between the classes as a whole, [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbert1984219-11) possibly because the emperors began to restrict the use of certain status symbols to themselves. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCkAvbQD7E-kCpgPA55_55]-2) Other calcei were distinguished by their ornamentation. The " equestrian (/wiki/Equites) calceus" ( calceus equestris or equester ) included distinct crescent-shaped buckles. [ citation needed ] The "senatorial calceus" ( calceus senatorius ) was likewise distinguished by a crescent-shaped ornament, an ivory (/wiki/Ivory) lunula (/wiki/Lunula_(amulet)) attached to the back of the shoe. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaveley1983-12) By the mid-imperial period, this was probably made of black leather. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandys1910199–200-13) The "turned calceus" ( New Latin (/wiki/New_Latin) calceus repandus ) was an unrelated pointy-toed unisex Etruscan (/wiki/Etruscan_civilization) form of footwear, which received its name from a passage in Cicero (/wiki/Cicero) where he references Juno Sospita (/wiki/Juno_Sospita) 's calceoli , "little calceus-like shoes". [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfante197561-14) See also [ edit ] Look up calceus (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/calceus) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calceus . Clothing in ancient Rome (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome) Soccus (/wiki/Soccus) , Solea, & Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Discalced (/wiki/Discalced) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrisman1920[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZK4uA-Eh7x4CpgPA235_235]_1-0) Chrisman (1920) (#CITEREFChrisman1920) , p. 235 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK4uA-Eh7x4C&pg=PA235) . ^ a b c Ryan (1998) (#CITEREFRyan1998) , p. 55 (https://books.google.com/books?id=CkAvbQD7E-kC&pg=PA55) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1994105–113_3-0) Goldman (1994) (#CITEREFGoldman1994) , pp. 105–113. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurser1890_4-0) Purser (1890) (#CITEREFPurser1890) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumba2008191_5-0) Shumba (2008) (#CITEREFShumba2008) , p. 191. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmondson200845-47_and_n._75_6-0) Edmondson (2008) (#CITEREFEdmondson2008) , pp. 45-47 and n. 75. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilcox194832_7-0) Wilcox (1948) (#CITEREFWilcox1948) , p. 32. ^ a b Festus (/wiki/Festus_(historian)) , Breviarium Rerum Gestarum Populi Romani , §128L. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Cassius Dio (/wiki/Cassius_Dio) , Historia Romana , Book II, §10 (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/2*.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCkAvbQD7E-kCpgPA56_56]_10-0) Ryan (1998) (#CITEREFRyan1998) , p. 56 (https://books.google.com/books?id=CkAvbQD7E-kC&pg=PA56) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbert1984219_11-0) Talbert (1984) (#CITEREFTalbert1984) , p. 219. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaveley1983_12-0) Staveley (1983) (#CITEREFStaveley1983) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandys1910199–200_13-0) Sandys (1910) (#CITEREFSandys1910) , pp. 199–200. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonfante197561_14-0) Bonfante (1975) (#CITEREFBonfante1975) , p. 61. Bibliography [ edit ] Bonfante, Larissa (1975), Etruscan Dress , Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780801874130 . Carlson, I. Mark (2002), "Roman Shoes", Footwear of the Middle Ages , Tulsa: University of Tulsa, archived from the original (http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/shoe/SHOES/ROME/romshoe1.htm) on 2012-05-20 , retrieved 2023-07-04 . Chrisman, Oscar (1920), The Historical Child , Boston: Gorham Press . Edmondson, J.C. (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture , Toronto: University of Toronto Press . Goldman, N. (1994), The World of Roman Costume , Wisconsin Studies in Classics, University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780299138547 . Purser, Louis Claude (/wiki/Louis_Claude_Purser) (1890), "Calceus" (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=calceus-cn) , A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , London: William Wayte . Ryan, Francis Xavier (1998), Rank and Participation in the Republican Senate , Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-515-07093-1 . Sandys, John Edwin (1910), A Companion to Latin Studies , Cambridge (/wiki/Cambridge,_England) : Cambridge University Press (/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) . Shumba, L. (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture , Toronto: University of Toronto Press . Staveley, E. Stuart (1983), "The Nature and Aims of the Patriciate" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435830) , Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte , vol. 32, Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 24–57, ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0018-2311 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311) , JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 4435830 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435830) . Talbert, Richard John Alexander (/wiki/Richard_J.A._Talbert) (1984), The Senate of Imperial Rome , Princeton: Princeton University Press . Wilcox, Ruth Turner (1948), The Mode in Footwear... , New York: Scribner's, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-486-46761-0 . v t e Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Abandoned footwear (/wiki/Abandoned_footwear) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Blucher (/wiki/Blucher_shoe) Brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) Brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) Derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Monks (/wiki/Monk_shoe) Oxfords (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) (/wiki/Spectator_shoe) Winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepicker) Wholecuts (/wiki/Wholecut) Slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoe) Prince Albert slippers (/wiki/Slipper#Types) Loafers (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe#Types_of_loafer) Venetian-style shoes (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) Women's Ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) High-heeled footwear (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) Mojari (/wiki/Mojari) Mules (/wiki/Mule_(shoe)) Peep-toe shoes (/wiki/Peep-toe_shoe) Saddle shoes (/wiki/Saddle_shoe) Slingbacks (/wiki/Slingback) Other shoes Driving moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin#Driving_moccasins) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Galoshes (/wiki/Galoshes) Platform shoes (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Sandals (/wiki/Sandal) Self-tying shoes (/wiki/Self-tying_shoes) Slides (/wiki/Slide_(footwear)) Slippers (/wiki/Slipper) ( Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) ) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Veldskoens (/wiki/Veldskoen) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) Wooden footwear (/wiki/Clog) Bakya (/wiki/Bakya) British clogs (/wiki/Clog_(British)) Cantabrian albarcas (/wiki/Cantabrian_albarcas) Clogs (/wiki/Clog) Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Klompen (/wiki/Klomp) Namaksin (/wiki/Namaksin) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Padukas (/wiki/Paduka) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Sabot (/wiki/Sabot_(shoe)) Träskor (/wiki/Tr%C3%A4skor) Boots Military Ammunition boots (/wiki/Ammunition_boot) Bunny boots (/wiki/Bunny_boots) Combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) Jackboots (/wiki/Jackboot) Jump boots (/wiki/Jump_boot) Jungle boots (/wiki/Jungle_boot) Tanker boots (/wiki/Tanker_boot) Trench boots (/wiki/Trench_boot) Munson Last (/wiki/Edward_Lyman_Munson#Munson_last) Work Australian work boots (/wiki/Australian_work_boot) Cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) Engineer boots (/wiki/Engineer_boot) Hip boots (/wiki/Hip_boot) Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) Rigger boots (/wiki/Rigger_boot) Steel-toe boots (/wiki/Steel-toe_boot) Waders (/wiki/Waders_(footwear)) Fashion boots (/wiki/Fashion_boot) Chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) ( Beatle boots (/wiki/Beatle_boot) ) Chukka boots (/wiki/Chukka_boot) Go-go boots (/wiki/Go-go_boot) Knee-high boots (/wiki/Knee-high_boot) Over-the-knee boots (/wiki/Over-the-knee_boot) Platform boots (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Thigh-high boots (/wiki/Thigh-high_boots) Ugg boots (/wiki/Ugg_boots) Other Jodhpur boots (/wiki/Jodhpur_boot) Wellington boots (/wiki/Wellington_boot) Ballet boots (/wiki/Ballet_boot) Sport-related footwear Athletic shoes (/wiki/Sneaker) Ballet 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Chinese actress (1995–2021) Sun Qiaolu (12 June 1995 – 1 January 2021) was a Chinese actress. Biography [ edit ] Sun Qiaolu appeared in the Chinese children's television series, Ba La La Little Demon Fairy , as the fairy Ling Meiqi. [ citation needed ] [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) After the show ended, she started a fashion business and became a social media influencer. She studied Acting at New York Film Academy (/wiki/New_York_Film_Academy) . Death [ edit ] She died of a heart attack (/wiki/Heart_attack) on 1 January 2021, aged 25. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) References [ edit ] ^ a b "《小魔仙》孙侨潞被指饮酒过量去世，妈妈发文证实死讯，死因曝光_女儿" (http://www.sohu.com/a/442056461_120781357) . Sohu.com . Retrieved 2021-01-03 . This article about a Chinese actor is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Qiaolu&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐x2pxs Cached time: 20240713194557 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.241 seconds Real time usage: 0.333 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 485/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8111/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1050/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8952/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.174/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4394323/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 319.951 1 -total 29.98% 95.928 1 Template:Reflist 25.26% 80.807 1 Template:Cite_web 24.25% 77.581 1 Template:China-actor-stub 23.46% 75.071 1 Template:Asbox 22.76% 72.815 1 Template:Short_description 12.62% 40.386 1 Template:Citation_needed 11.82% 37.824 2 Template:Pagetype 10.90% 34.879 1 Template:Fix 9.73% 31.117 1 Template:Authority_control Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66273848-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713194557 and revision id 1176361289. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Qiaolu&oldid=1176361289 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Qiaolu&oldid=1176361289) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1995 births (/wiki/Category:1995_births) 2021 deaths (/wiki/Category:2021_deaths) Chinese television actresses (/wiki/Category:Chinese_television_actresses) Chinese actor stubs (/wiki/Category:Chinese_actor_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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Social shopping app Depop Limited Type of business Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary) Available in English, Italian Founded 2011 ; 13 years ago ( 2011 ) in Roncade, Italy (/wiki/Roncade,_Italy) Headquarters London , United Kingdom No. of locations London Manchester Milan Los Angeles New York City Area served Worldwide Founder(s) (/wiki/Organizational_founder) Simon Beckerman (/w/index.php?title=Simon_Beckerman&action=edit&redlink=1) CEO Kruti Patel Goyal Industry Online shopping (/wiki/Online_shopping) Employees 400 (2021) [1] (#cite_note-1) Parent (/wiki/Holding_company) Etsy (/wiki/Etsy) URL depop (http://depop.com/) .com (http://depop.com/) Users (/wiki/Registered_user) 30 million (2021) [2] (#cite_note-2) Depop is a social (/wiki/Social_networking_service) e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) company based in London (/wiki/London) , with additional offices in Manchester (/wiki/Manchester) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) and New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . The company has an expanding global presence being popularised in countries such as the United States (/wiki/United_States) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) , New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) , and Italy (/wiki/Italy) . It allows users to buy and sell items, most of which are used and vintage pieces of clothing. History [ edit ] Depop was founded in 2011 by entrepreneur Simon Beckerman at an Italian technological incubator and business H-Farm start-up (/wiki/Startup_company) centre. [3] (#cite_note-3) Paolo Barberis and Nana Bianca were two of the first investors in the platform in 2012 with a seed investment (/wiki/Seed_investment) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Its headquarters were moved to London in 2012. [5] (#cite_note-politico-5) Depop expanded and opened additional offices in Milan and New York City. [6] (#cite_note-crunch-6) Beckerman raised €1 million in funding in October 2013 from Red Circle Investment and brought on Faroese Runar Reistrup as new CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) . [5] (#cite_note-politico-5) In 2015, Depop secured another investment of $8 million from Balderton Capital (/wiki/Balderton_Capital) and Holtzbrinck Ventures. [6] (#cite_note-crunch-6) Most active users of Depop are located in the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) , United States (/wiki/United_States) and Italy (/wiki/Italy) . In March 2016, former CEO, Runar Reistrup, stated that Depop's growth was achieved through word of mouth. [7] (#cite_note-7) Depop was the official app sponsor of the 2016 Vans Warped Tour (/wiki/Warped_Tour) . [8] (#cite_note-8) [ better source needed ] In June 2019, Depop raised $62 million in Series C from General Atlantic to fund its expansion. Previous investors HV Holtzbrinck Ventures, Balderton Capital (/wiki/Balderton_Capital) , Creandum, Octopus Ventures (/wiki/Octopus_Ventures) , TempoCap and Sebastian Siemiatkowski also participated. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2020, Depop's gross merchandise sales and revenue both more than doubled to $650 million and $70 million respectively. [10] (#cite_note-10) In June 2021, Etsy (/wiki/Etsy) announced it would acquire Depop for $1.6 billion in cash, making it Etsy's most expensive acquisition, but that Depop would continue operate as a standalone brand independent from Etsy. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-tcacq-12) Overview [ edit ] Depop is a social (/wiki/Social_networking_service) e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) platform where users can buy and resell their items. As a mobile app (/wiki/Mobile_app) , it is available on iOS and Android platforms. [13] (#cite_note-13) Most of the items sold on Depop are used, vintage, and repurposed pieces of clothing. Its user interface (/wiki/User_interface) is modeled after that of Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , and users can sell items by posting pictures of them to their profiles, along with descriptions, hashtags, and prices. Many sellers model the clothes they sell themselves. [14] (#cite_note-voxacq-14) Users can also follow other sellers, whose posts will appear in their feeds. The platform's "Explore" page features items picked out by Depop staff. Users can pay for items using PayPal (/wiki/PayPal) . [15] (#cite_note-atlantic-15) Depop users are also encouraged by the platform to use other social networking services such as Instagram to promote their shop profiles. [16] (#cite_note-vergeacq-16) Celebrities have resold their own items on Depop, with some donating proceeds to charitable causes. [17] (#cite_note-17) As of 2021, Depop has over 21 million users, 90 percent of whom are under the age of 26. [12] (#cite_note-tcacq-12) It is the 10th most-visited shopping platform for Gen Z consumers in the US, [18] (#cite_note-18) and, in a poll conducted by The Strategist (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) in 2019, Depop was voted by teenagers as their favorite resale website. [19] (#cite_note-instyle-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) According to Taylor Lorenz (/wiki/Taylor_Lorenz) of The Atlantic (/wiki/The_Atlantic) , Depop draws in Gen Z users through being easily accessible and having affordable prices, and much of its user base uses it to track trends in fashion. Popular sellers on the platform often go on to become social media influencers (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) . [15] (#cite_note-atlantic-15) Criticism [ edit ] Depop has garnered criticism from users and critics due to a number of its sellers buying clothes from thrift shops (/wiki/Charity_shop) and reselling them for higher prices than they were purchased for. [21] (#cite_note-21) The platform has also been criticised by its users for picking predominantly thin models wearing straight size clothing to showcase on its explore page, which some have described as sizeist (/wiki/Sizeism) . [22] (#cite_note-22) [19] (#cite_note-instyle-19) In November 2019, Business of Fashion (/wiki/Business_of_Fashion) reported that users within the Depop app were receiving sexually suggestive messages. [23] (#cite_note-23) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Stych, Anne (2 June 2021). "Etsy acquires clothing resale platform Depop for $1.6 billion" (https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2021/06/etsy-acquires-clothing-resale-platform-depop.html?page=all) . American City Business Journals (/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Huang, Kalley (25 July 2022). "Gen Z Designers Made It Big on This App. Now They're Graduating" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/25/technology/depop-gen-z-designers.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Morrison, Emma. "Artefact – In conversation with | Depop founder Simon Beckerman" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150716080409/http://www.artefactmagazine.com/2015/01/14/in-conversation-with-depop-founder-simon-beckerman/) . Artefact (/w/index.php?title=Artefact_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1) . Archived from the original (https://www.artefactmagazine.com/2015/01/14/in-conversation-with-depop-founder-simon-beckerman/) on 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "TechTalk con Simon Beckerman, Riccardo Donadon e Paolo Barberis su Depop, la startup diventata unicorno" (https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2021/06/03/news/techtalk_con_simon_beckerman_riccardo_donadon_e_paolo_barberis_su_depop_la_startup_diventata_unicorno-304109175/) . la Repubblica (in Italian). 3 June 2021 . Retrieved 11 June 2021 . ^ a b Azeez, Wale (27 October 2015). "Depop: We're all shopkeepers now" (http://www.politico.eu/article/depop-were-all-shopkeepers-now/) . Politico Europe (/wiki/Politico_Europe) . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ a b Lunden, Ingrid (29 January 2015). "Social Shopping App Depop Raises $8M, Hires Ex-Reddit GM To Break Into US Market" (https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/29/social-shopping-app-depop-raises-8m-hires-ex-reddit-gm-to-break-into-us-market/) . TechCrunch (/wiki/TechCrunch) . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Reistrup, Runar (31 March 2016). "The Entrepreneur: Runar Reistrup, Depop" (http://startups.co.uk/entrepreneur-runar-reistrup-depop/) . Startups.co.uk . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Vans Warped Tour" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160618065229/http://vanswarpedtour.com/sponsors/) . Vans Warped Tour . Archived from the original (http://vanswarpedtour.com/sponsors/) on 18 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Depop, a social app targeting millennial and Gen Z shoppers, bags $62M, passes 13M users" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190629162200/https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/06/depop-a-social-app-targeting-millennial-and-gen-z-shoppers-bags-62m-passes-13m-users/) . TechCrunch . 7 June 2019. Archived from the original (http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/06/06/depop-a-social-app-targeting-millennial-and-gen-z-shoppers-bags-62m-passes-13m-users/) on 29 June 2019 . Retrieved 7 June 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Scott, Charity L.; Kellaher, Colin (2 June 2021). "Etsy Buys Depop, Fashion Resale Site Popular With Gen Z, for $1.6 Billion" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/etsy-to-buy-fashion-resale-marketplace-depop-for-1-63-billion-11622635621) . Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 25 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Paton, Elizabeth (2 June 2021). "Etsy is buying the fashion resale app Depop for $1.6 billion" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/business/etsy-is-buying-the-fashion-resale-app-depop-for-1-6-billion.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2 June 2021 . ^ a b Lunden, Ingrid (2 June 2021). "Etsy is acquiring UK-based social selling site Depop for $1.625B in a mostly cash deal" (https://techcrunch.com/2021/06/02/etsy-is-acquiring-social-selling-site-depop-for-1-625b-in-a-mostly-cash-deal/) . TechCrunch . Retrieved 29 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Satenstein, Liana (31 March 2016). "All Those Millennials Can't Be Wrong: Why Depop Just Might Change the Way You Shop" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160606071802/http://www.vogue.com/13422129/depop-millennial-friendly-shopping-app/) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/13422129/depop-millennial-friendly-shopping-app/) on 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-voxacq_14-0) Heilweil, Rebecca (2 June 2021). "Why Etsy dropped $1.6 billion on Depop" (https://www.vox.com/recode/22465048/depop-etsy-1-6-billion-tiktok-youtube-social-media-gen-z) . Vox (/wiki/Vox_(website)) . Retrieved 29 September 2021 . ^ a b Lorenz, Taylor (13 June 2019). "Why Teens Are Selling Clothes Out of Their Closets" (https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/06/depop-live-selling-clothes-influencers/591595/) . The Atlantic (/wiki/The_Atlantic) . Retrieved 29 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-vergeacq_16-0) Vincent, James (2 June 2021). "Etsy targets Gen Z shoppers with $1.6 billion Depop acquisition" (https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/2/22464572/etsy-targets-gen-z-shoppers-with-1-6-billion-depop-acquisition) . The Verge (/wiki/The_Verge) . Retrieved 29 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Jones, Georgina (13 July 2016). "9 Celebs With Depop: The Millennial Thrift Shop" (http://www.bustle.com/articles/172373-9-celebrities-with-depop-shops-to-start-frequenting-immidiately) . Bustle (/wiki/Bustle_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160908123306/http://www.bustle.com:80/articles/172373-9-celebrities-with-depop-shops-to-start-frequenting-immidiately) from the original on 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "United States B2C Ecommerce Market Report 2022: Market is Expected to Grow by 11.80% to Reach $1,574.5 Billion in 2022 - Forecasts to 2026" (https://finance.yahoo.com/news/united-states-b2c-ecommerce-market-101800632.html) . finance.yahoo.com . 27 September 2022 . Retrieved 23 October 2022 . ^ a b Gates, Meggie (27 August 2021). "Depop Is the New Instagram — but Not in a Good Way" (https://www.instyle.com/fashion/depop-sellers-body-dysmorphia) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Retrieved 29 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Sherwood, Jessica (25 October 2019). "Depop: Can pre-loved clothes make fast fashion sustainable?" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-49677383) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . Retrieved 26 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Norvill, Yasmin (13 August 2020). "Is Depop being gentrified? Sellers and users weigh in on the debate" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/50108/1/depop-gentrification-rare-vintage-expensive-prices-secondhand-sustainability) . Dazed (/wiki/Dazed_(magazine)) . Retrieved 21 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Smothers, Hannah (9 April 2021). "Everyone's Favorite Thrifting App Favors Thin White Models" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7bje8/depop-thrifting-secondhand-resell-app-favors-thin-white-models) . Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) . Retrieved 29 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Lieber, Chavie (12 November 2019). "The Dark Side of Depop" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/technology/depop-sexual-harassment-internet-safety) . Business of Fashion (/w/index.php?title=Business_of_Fashion_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 21 April 2020 . External links [ edit ] Homepage (https://www.depop.com/) Google Play link (https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.depop&hl=ru&gl=US) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5cff68b999‐m9lxt Cached time: 20240709023008 Cache expiry: 1978194 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.434 seconds Real time usage: 0.570 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2411/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 54701/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2079/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 91476/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.273/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6359060/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 527.656 1 -total 41.70% 220.015 1 Template:Reflist 32.03% 169.025 20 Template:Cite_web 27.99% 147.671 1 Template:Infobox_website 26.23% 138.410 1 Template:Infobox 18.78% 99.089 1 Template:Short_description 12.25% 64.614 2 Template:Pagetype 7.18% 37.909 1 Template:Hlist 6.51% 34.342 19 Template:If_empty 6.50% 34.279 1 Template:Better_source_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:50892973-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709023008 and revision id 1230237367. 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Among the most important relics of the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages "Jesus sandals" redirects here. For the type of footwear, see Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sandals_of_Jesus_Christ) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sandals of Jesus Christ" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sandals+of+Jesus+Christ%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sandals+of+Jesus+Christ%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sandals+of+Jesus+Christ%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sandals+of+Jesus+Christ%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sandals+of+Jesus+Christ%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sandals+of+Jesus+Christ%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The Sandals of Jesus displayed in Prüm Abbey (/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Abbey) in Germany The Sandals of Jesus Christ were among the most important relics (/wiki/Relic) of the Catholic Church (/wiki/Catholic_Church) in the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) . They were donated to Prüm Abbey (/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Abbey) by Pepin the Short (/wiki/Pepin_the_Short) who received them from Pope Stephen II (/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II) (752–757). Description [ edit ] The sandals are the remains of an ornate fabric shoe (slipper) allegedly given to the Abbey by Pepin the Short in the Carolingian (/wiki/Carolingian) period (7th to 9th centuries). [1] (#cite_note-Mees-1) They are mentioned by Pepin in the deed of 762, and he is said to have received them from Rome (/wiki/Rome) as a gift of Pope Stephen II (/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II) . Stephen and Pepin first met at Ponthion (/wiki/Ponthion) in 754 on January 6, Epiphany (/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)) , a feast day that commemorates the Magi (/wiki/Biblical_Magi) presenting gifts to the Christ child (/wiki/Christ_child) . The chronicle of Count Nibelung (/wiki/Nibelungids) says that the pope bestowed many gifts on the king and his retinue. Apart from its religious significance, the relic was the physical embodiment of the Frankish (/wiki/Franks) king's legitimization by the church. [1] (#cite_note-Mees-1) Pepin managed the expansion of the small Prüm Abbey (/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Abbey) over 30 years, leaving it as a huge property named Saint Salvador (Holy Saviour), the favourite monastery of the Carolingian dynasty, which was legitimized by the relic. The sandals never became the focus of a formal liturgical cult. [1] (#cite_note-Mees-1) Competition for pilgrims [ edit ] The possession of important relics was a means of sustaining church influence and status. In order to compete with a powerful abbey, it was important to acquire relics of similar provenance and significance. In the 12th Century, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier (/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Trier) became increasingly powerful and obtained a robe thought to belong to Jesus. Called the Seamless robe of Jesus (/wiki/Seamless_robe_of_Jesus) , it was seen as more significant than the sandals. Over the following four centuries, Trier won the power struggle against Prüm and, by 1524, had become the major pilgrimage destination. In 1574, Prüm became subordinated to Trier. [2] (#cite_note-2) See also [ edit ] Holy Chalice (/wiki/Holy_Chalice) Holy Grail (/wiki/Holy_Grail) Holy Prepuce (/wiki/Holy_Prepuce) Holy Sponge (/wiki/Holy_Sponge) Holyrood (cross) (/wiki/Holyrood_(cross)) Nail (relic) (/wiki/Nail_(relic)) Shroud of Turin (/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin) Titulus Crucis (/wiki/Titulus_Crucis) True cross (/wiki/True_cross) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Meens, Rob et alia. (https://books.google.com/books?id=E3a5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Sandals+of+Jesus+Christ&pg=PT378) Religious Franks: Religion and power in the Frankish Kingdoms: Studies in honour of Mayke de Jong , Manchester University Press, 2016 (https://books.google.com/books?id=E3a5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Sandals+of+Jesus+Christ&pg=PT378) ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781784997953 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784997953) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Löffler, Klemens. "Prüm." The Catholic Encyclopedia (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12519a.htm) Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 2 January 2023 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain (/wiki/Public_domain) . Literature [ edit ] Ludwig Petry (/wiki/Ludwig_Petry) (Hrsg.): Handbuch der historischen Stätten|Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands, Bd. 5: Rheinland-Pfalz und Saarland . Kinder Stuttgart 1958, Seite 295 ( Scan from the source (https://books.google.com/books?id=VQdPAAAAMAAJ&q=Sandale+Christi) ). External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abtei Prüm (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abtei_Pr%C3%BCm) . Die Abtei Prüm und die Reliquien der Sandalen Christi im Portal „Regionalgeschichte Mittelrhein“ (http://www.regionalgeschichte.net/hauptportal/bibliothek/texte/geschichte-mittelrhein/fuerstabtei-pruem.html) Webseite der Basilika Prüm mit Erwähnung der Sandalenreliquie (https://web.archive.org/web/20101229110412/http://www.basilika-pruem.de/geschichte/geschichte_start.htm) Zeitungsbeitrag zur Abtei Prüm und zur Reliquie der Sandalen Christi, 2010 (http://www.grenzecho.net/ArtikelLoad.aspx?a=%7B3B35D2D3-C833-4B1E-A1F4-9B99D703CC6E%7D&cempf=&mode=all&prn=1) WikiMiniAtlas 50°12′23″N 6°25′33″E / 50.20639°N 6.42583°E / 50.20639; 6.42583 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐6b76898595‐f5ztf Cached time: 20240720222311 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.223 seconds Real time usage: 0.352 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 895/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17369/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1425/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 10010/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.129/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2623229/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 322.031 1 -total 21.03% 67.724 1 Template:Short_description 20.62% 66.391 1 Template:Reflist 19.70% 63.448 1 Template:Commons_category 19.63% 63.207 1 Template:Refimprove 17.75% 57.169 1 Template:Ambox 16.52% 53.188 1 Template:Sister_project 15.79% 50.860 1 Template:Side_box 14.69% 47.297 1 Template:ISBN 12.54% 40.371 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40883956-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720222311 and revision id 1217547401. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandals_of_Jesus_Christ&oldid=1217547401 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandals_of_Jesus_Christ&oldid=1217547401) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Relics associated with Jesus (/wiki/Category:Relics_associated_with_Jesus) 8th century in Francia (/wiki/Category:8th_century_in_Francia) Sandals (/wiki/Category:Sandals) Christianity in Rhineland-Palatinate (/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Rhineland-Palatinate) Hidden categories: Source attribution (/wiki/Category:Source_attribution) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from January 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2023) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Commons category link is locally defined (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined) Coordinates on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)
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African hairstyle originating from the Fulani ethnic group This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fulani_braids##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulani_braids&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Fulani braids" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fulani+braids%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fulani+braids%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fulani+braids%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fulani+braids%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fulani+braids%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fulani+braids%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2022 ) Fulani braids (also known as Fulani style, Fulani hairstyle) are a type of hair braiding (/wiki/Braid) originating among Senegalese woman (/wiki/Women_in_Senegal) that can be seen today in various African countries. History [ edit ] Sénégal-Femme Peulh du Cayor (AOF) Hair styling have played a significant role in the culture of Senegal (/wiki/Senegal) . It symbolizes origins, social status and marital status. Fulani (/wiki/Fula_people) women throughout Senegalese society used to decorate their styled hair with beads and other accessories. [1] (#cite_note-1) Fulani braids can be distinguished from other Senegalese hairstyles (/wiki/Senegalese_hairstyles) by two or more long strands braided on each side. Decorative jewelry is then added to the braids. Many celebrities such Bo Derek (/wiki/Bo_Derek) , Alicia Keys (/wiki/Alicia_Keys) , and Cicely Tyson (/wiki/Cicely_Tyson) have worn the famous Fulani braids. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Les mots du patrimoine : le Sénégal . Moussa Daff, Geneviève N'Diaye-Correard, Equipe du projet IFA. Paris: Éditions de archives contemporaines. 2006. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-914610-33-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 71887592 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71887592) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐866f7f976b‐4jzql Cached time: 20240711225609 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.197 seconds Real time usage: 0.275 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 330/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12353/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 695/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6554/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.135/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3534157/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 254.142 1 -total 45.58% 115.839 1 Template:Reflist 40.01% 101.681 1 Template:Cite_book 27.14% 68.979 1 Template:Short_description 26.47% 67.263 1 Template:One_source 24.56% 62.412 1 Template:Ambox 15.79% 40.124 2 Template:Pagetype 6.44% 16.361 3 Template:Main_other 5.56% 14.130 1 Template:SDcat 5.17% 13.146 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:70677923-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711225609 and revision id 1213246397. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulani_braids&oldid=1213246397 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulani_braids&oldid=1213246397) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of Senegal (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Senegal) Hairstyles originating in Senegal (/wiki/Category:Hairstyles_originating_in_Senegal) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: others (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from July 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2022) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)
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Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5486b6fcc7‐6pdpk Cached time: 20240628160911 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.035 seconds Real time usage: 0.047 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 13/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 720/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.019/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 630273/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 39.182 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 39.182 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38666742-0!canonical and timestamp 20240628160911 and revision id 972638280. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Fashion events in Indonesia" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . I Indonesia Fashion Week (/wiki/Indonesia_Fashion_Week) J Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_%26_Food_Festival) Jakarta Fashion Week (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Jember Fashion Carnaval (/wiki/Jember_Fashion_Carnaval) S Solo Batik Carnival (/wiki/Solo_Batik_Carnival) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_events_in_Indonesia&oldid=972638280 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_events_in_Indonesia&oldid=972638280) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Indonesian fashion (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_fashion) Fashion events by country (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_by_country) Entertainment events in Indonesia (/wiki/Category:Entertainment_events_in_Indonesia)
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Promotional concert by Lady Gaga For the concert tour, see ArtRave: The Artpop Ball (/wiki/ArtRave:_The_Artpop_Ball) . ArtRave Promotional concert by Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) Promotional poster for the event Location Brooklyn Navy Yard (/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard) , New York, U.S. Venue Duggal Greenhouse Associated album Artpop (/wiki/Artpop) Start date November 10, 2013 End date November 11, 2013 Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) concert chronology Born This Way Ball (/wiki/Born_This_Way_Ball) (2012–2013) ArtRave (2013) Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Live_at_Roseland_Ballroom) (2014) ArtRave (stylized as artRAVE ) was a two-day event hosted by Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) from November 10–11, 2013, as part of the promotional campaign for her third studio album (/wiki/Studio_album) , Artpop (/wiki/Artpop) (2013). The event, held in a large warehouse in the Brooklyn Navy Yard (/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard) in New York, served as an album release party and included a press conference (/wiki/Press_conference) and a live performance. During the press conference, Gaga revealed "the world's first flying dress", called the Volantis (/wiki/TechHaus_Volantis) , confirmed plans to stage a performance in space in 2015, and introduced new works by Marina Abramović (/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87) , Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin (/wiki/Inez_van_Lamsweerde_and_Vinoodh_Matadin) , Jeff Koons (/wiki/Jeff_Koons) , and Robert Wilson (/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)) . The warehouse contained a giant statue of Gaga created by Koons on one side and other artworks, while screens all around displayed videos of Gaga's performances with Abramović. There were contortionists, a DJ booth, as well as free food and drink for the assembled crowd. The event was to have been sponsored by American Express (/wiki/American_Express) , however they backed out at the last moment failing to come to terms regarding ArtRave's production. Gaga performed a concert which was streamed live on Vevo (/wiki/Vevo) and later rebroadcast through the website's syndication partners. The set list consisted of songs from Artpop . On November 11, Clear Channel (/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications) aired a half-hour special called Album Release Party with Lady Gaga , hosted by Ryan Seacrest (/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest) on more than 150 radio stations throughout the United States. On November 19, The CW (/wiki/The_CW) aired a television special with footage from the album release party. ArtRave received generally positive reviews from critics who noted the enormity of the production, as well as Gaga's performance and enthusiasm; the launch of Volantis was generally criticised. Background and conception [ edit ] Lady Gaga collaborated with multiple artists, including Marina Abramović (/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87) and Jeff Koons (/wiki/Jeff_Koons) for the project. Development of Lady Gaga's third studio album, Artpop (/wiki/Artpop) , began shortly after the release of her second one, Born This Way (/wiki/Born_This_Way_(album)) in 2011. By the following year, Gaga started collaborating with producers Fernando Garibay (/wiki/Fernando_Garibay) and DJ White Shadow (/wiki/DJ_White_Shadow) . [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [2] (#cite_note-DJWS-2) [3] (#cite_note-albumname-3) In the meantime, she began presenting tracks to her record company and hoped to announce the album's working title by September 2013; [4] (#cite_note-4) a revelation that was actually disclosed one month earlier. [5] (#cite_note-ds2-5) The artist later claimed that Artpop was her first "real album" comparing herself to a "phoenix rising from the ashes", which reflected her heightened confidence in writing material for the album compared to her previous efforts. [6] (#cite_note-6) Gaga recruited artist Jeff Koons (/wiki/Jeff_Koons) for the project in early 2013; the two had met previously at a Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) fashion event three years earlier, where Gaga had a live performance. According to Koons, Gaga "just kind of grabbed ahold of me and gave me a big hug around my waist and replied, 'You know, Jeff, I've been such a fan of yours, and when I was a kid just hanging out in Central Park I would talk to my friends about your work'." [7] (#cite_note-Koonsmtv-7) In addition to Interscope Records (/wiki/Interscope_Records) notifying mainstream media outlets about upcoming releases for Artpop in July 2013, Gaga announced plans for a multimedia (/wiki/Multimedia) software application (/wiki/Application_software) which "combines music, art, fashion, and technology with a new interactive worldwide community." [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-ARTPOPAnnouncements-9) A public announcement, posted on July 12, 2013, revealed plans for an ArtRave event the night before the release of Artpop , unveiling projects Gaga had been working on in collaboration with her creative team, the Haus of Gaga, Dutch photographer duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) , avant -garde theater director Robert Wilson (/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)) , performance artist Marina Abramović (/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87) , and Koons. [10] (#cite_note-BBDate-10) [11] (#cite_note-NMEDate-11) The announcement featured Gaga covering her bare breasts with her arms, with her forearm "Artpop" tattoo (/wiki/Tattoo) in plain sight, wearing a visor (/wiki/Visor) designed by London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) alumna Isabell Yalda Hellysaz. [12] (#cite_note-12) Another promotional image showed Gaga with long brown hair, sporting a pair of spectacles, sitting completely naked on a chair crafted from motherboards as she displays her unicorn thigh tattoo. [13] (#cite_note-13) Development and sponsors [ edit ] ArtRave was held at Duggal Greenhouse in the Brooklyn Navy Yard (/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard) (pictured in 2007). The event was held at the reportedly "top secret" [14] (#cite_note-Spangler-14) [15] (#cite_note-Baggs-15) Duggal Greenhouse, a large warehouse in the Brooklyn Navy Yard (/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard) in Brooklyn, New York. [16] (#cite_note-Anderson-16) It spanned two days, starting with a press conference on November 10 and extending into the morning of November 11, 2013, the album's release date in the United States. [17] (#cite_note-itunesUS-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) New York's OneNine Design company was responsible for the event planning and the production. [19] (#cite_note-19) Gaga also employed the Roschman Dance group to perform during the party and the event. [20] (#cite_note-20) The interior of the yard was strewn with art pieces and art works. There was a food truck and open bar, and at one end there was a white stage with a spiral staircase. Opposite the stage, across the room, stood a giant statue of Gaga depicted naked, with her hands covering the breasts, created by Koons. In between her spread legs, Koons' characteristic blue gazing ball was placed; the statue was photographed and used in the album cover design for Artpop . [21] (#cite_note-pitchfork-21) Between the stage and the Gaga sculpture stood four other statues created by Koons In flagrante delicto (/wiki/In_flagrante_delicto) , [22] (#cite_note-howlady-22) as well as the open bars where contortionists (/wiki/Contortionists) performed their intricate moves. The area was surrounded by large video screens which displayed Gaga's work with Abramović (showing the singer stumbling through a forest naked), Inez and Vinoodh, as well as with Wilson. [21] (#cite_note-pitchfork-21) Adjacent to the main space, there was a side area which featured an art installation called Binary Room , by artist Benjamin Rollins Caldwell (/wiki/Benjamin_Rollins_Caldwell) , consisting of a room with all the furniture and flooring made up of old computer parts. Another room was dedicated to the display and usage of the Artpop app, as well as the fashions created by the Haus of Gaga for the ArtRave. [21] (#cite_note-pitchfork-21) There were personnel dressed in matching future-esque uniforms to walkthrough (/wiki/Software_walkthrough) the app and its uses, including "the ability to read auras, create animated 3D Gifs (/wiki/GIF) and remix Gaga's music." [22] (#cite_note-howlady-22) ArtRave was an "extravagant spectacle" according to Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) ' s Andrew Hampp. However, he also noted that though the event did not have any sponsors, Gaga "was part of a select group of artists who have firmly thrown their branding lot in with the tech–music innovation space". Projects like Creators with Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) and Intel (/wiki/Intel) , as well as artists like will.i.am (/wiki/Will.i.am) , Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) and Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) were cited as precedents for crafting events and merging music and technology with art. [22] (#cite_note-howlady-22) Gaga, who had been named a creative director of Polaroid Corporation (/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation) in 2010, had been involved in technical projects like Backplane with her former manager Troy Carter (/wiki/Troy_Carter_(music_industry)) ; Gaga separated from Carter a few days before the ArtRave. But Hampp believed that the explicit nature of the art works and the videos being shown had deprived Gaga of the opportunity of any "overt" sponsorship for the event. He explained that Billboard had reached out to three executives from American Express (/wiki/American_Express) (AmEx), the company which was supposed to sponsor ArtRave but had "backed out" due to creative differences. Speaking off the record, the executives confirmed that AmEx had been slated to bear the expenses of the event as well as the live streaming (/wiki/Streaming_media) . They later issued an apology statement: American Express had been in discussions to potentially live stream Lady Gaga's performance during Sunday's ArtRave event. American Express decided not to proceed with the live stream because of an inability to reach a mutual agreement on the production of the event. However, American Express honored its commitments to Lady Gaga and her team, and the event was able to proceed without an official role for American Express. Lady Gaga is an incredible artist and we hope to work together in the future. [22] (#cite_note-howlady-22) Press conference [ edit ] See also: TechHaus Volantis (/wiki/TechHaus_Volantis) Gaga hosted a press conference, where she introduced Volantis (/wiki/TechHaus_Volantis) , a battery-powered vehicle described as "the world's first flying dress." [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) The white vehicle, described by Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) as a "hover dress", [16] (#cite_note-Anderson-16) features a central column to which the wearer is clamped by a safety harness, in turn covered by a white plastic "dress". The column also houses the batteries and other equipment. Six lifting fan units are mounted on booms in a hexagonal formation radiating from the top of the column, giving the device the ability to hover three feet above the ground. [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) The dress was designed by TechHaus, the Haus of Gaga's technology branch, and it took them two years to create. [24] (#cite_note-Shenton-24) Gaga promoted the dress by tweeting (/wiki/Twitter) earlier in the day, "At 6pm EST today we will beta test Volantis with the world. We invite you into our creative process during her initial stages of lift off." For the demonstration, she transitioned from a white astronaut suit down to black tights and a black body wrap. [24] (#cite_note-Shenton-24) According to Amy Phillips from Pitchfork Media (/wiki/Pitchfork_Media) , "[Volantis] roared to life and lurched forward a few feet, hovering. Then it did the same thing, backwards. Then it stopped. That was it." [21] (#cite_note-pitchfork-21) Hampp reported that "one attendee disparagingly referred to [it] as a 'Zamboni with fans'." [22] (#cite_note-howlady-22) Gaga quipped that the dress was "maybe a small step for Volantis... but a big-time step" for her. The singer also announced plans to stage the first musical performance from space, [16] (#cite_note-Anderson-16) following previous reports about her singing at Zero G Colony, a music festival scheduled to occur at Spaceport America (/wiki/Spaceport_America) in New Mexico in 2015. [25] (#cite_note-25) The concert was later cancelled when a test flight for the project crashed. [26] (#cite_note-26) Concert and broadcast [ edit ] Gaga performing on ArtRave Following the press conference, Gaga performed a live-streamed (/wiki/Live-streamed) concert that included songs from Artpop . [16] (#cite_note-Anderson-16) She appeared at 12:45 a.m., more than an hour after her expected start time of 11:30 p.m. [27] (#cite_note-Panisch-27) Traffic overload to the music video (/wiki/Music_video) website Vevo (/wiki/Vevo) , which had exclusive rights to broadcast the concert portion of the event, [14] (#cite_note-Spangler-14) [15] (#cite_note-Baggs-15) was given as the reason for her delay. [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) Following the site's crash, Gaga tweeted, "We're working on fixing the Livestream, there's A LOT of traffic. If Vevo does not work in your territory, fear not, we're posting video." Subsequently, she posted of her fans: "Only little monsters can crash Vevo. *face palm*." [24] (#cite_note-Shenton-24) The live broadcast was available on-demand (/wiki/Video_on_demand) through various Vevo platforms in the: United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. [14] (#cite_note-Spangler-14) [28] (#cite_note-28) Immediately following the initial broadcast, which began at 11:30 p.m. on November 10, the event was rebroadcast continuously for 48 hours. [14] (#cite_note-Spangler-14) Prior to the official concert, DJs Madeon (/wiki/Madeon) , White Shadow and Lady Starlight (/wiki/Lady_Starlight) played for the crowd. [29] (#cite_note-huff-29) The concert started with Gaga performing two songs, beginning with " Aura (/wiki/Aura_(song)) " and then " Artpop (/wiki/Artpop_(song)) ". [16] (#cite_note-Anderson-16) Next she performed " Venus (/wiki/Venus_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " followed by choreographed performances of "Manicure" and " Sexxx Dreams (/wiki/Sexxx_Dreams) ". She then performed " Gypsy (/wiki/Gypsy_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " and " Dope (/wiki/Dope_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " with a live band. [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) " Applause (/wiki/Applause_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " and " Do What U Want (/wiki/Do_What_U_Want) " served as an encore (/wiki/Encore) ; R. Kelly (/wiki/R._Kelly) 's vocals from the latter song were supplied by a backing track. [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) Koons' sculpture of Gaga served as her backdrop. The stage and the performers' costumes were solid white. Gaga wore a "clown-like" white mask with black-and-white buoys. [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) It was designed by Gareth Pugh (/wiki/Gareth_Pugh) for his Spring/Summer 2007 collection, and was the dress that had made him famous. [30] (#cite_note-30) She also made other costume changes throughout the night, including a set of three dresses during her performance of "Applause". [31] (#cite_note-rsreview-31) On November 11, Clear Channel (/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications) broadcast a half-hour special called Album Release Party with Lady Gaga , hosted by Ryan Seacrest (/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest) , and available on more than 150 radio stations throughout the United States. [32] (#cite_note-spin-32) Video on demand access was available through Vevo's syndication partners, including YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) , beginning on November 14. The CW (/wiki/The_CW) aired a television special with footage from the album release party on November 19. [14] (#cite_note-Spangler-14) [33] (#cite_note-Grow-33) Critical reception [ edit ] Gaga's dress designed by Gareth Pugh (/wiki/Gareth_Pugh) for the opening performance of " Aura (/wiki/Aura_(song)) ". Marisa G. Muller from Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) compared the outfit to Michelin Man (/wiki/Michelin_Man) , the symbol of the Michelin tire company. [31] (#cite_note-rsreview-31) Amy Phillips of Pitchfork Media (/wiki/Pitchfork_Media) commended Gaga's performance saying that it was "amazing as usual – a master class in over-the-top theatrics, campy gender-bending, and cheeky fun... But it was almost beside the point. The whole Gaga machine, the whole Gaga world we were immersed in – that was the point. It was overwhelming, all consuming. Something even the best album promo cycles only dream of being." Phillips wondered how Gaga would be able to "top" the ArtRave event and listed it as an unprecedented promotional tool for an artist's album release cycle. [21] (#cite_note-pitchfork-21) Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) 's Andrew Hampp and Jason Lipshutz compared Gaga's outfit to a "bizarro" version of Jack Box (/wiki/Jack_Box) , the mascot for Jack in the Box (/wiki/Jack_in_the_Box) , and wrote that the lip-synched portion of her performance was "more pop art than artistic pop music." [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) Hampp and Lipshutz summarized their experience by writing, "Even if the 'ARTPOP' live show still needs a bit of tinkering to fully captivate, Lady Gaga showed on Sunday night that she knows how to meld low art and high art at a party." [23] (#cite_note-Hampp-23) Michael Baggs of Gigwise (/wiki/Gigwise) described the concert as "sparse but impressive" and wrote that Gaga appeared "wide-eyed and slightly manic... but impressed with live vocals and a hugely energetic performance." [15] (#cite_note-Baggs-15) Writing for Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) , Marisa G. Muller noted that Gaga spoke of the artists and the personnel involved with the event continuously throughout the night, and "[despite] being more than an hour late, Gaga made her tight-knit audience of little monsters feel special... Sober, Gaga was still at her outlandish peak." [31] (#cite_note-rsreview-31) David Drake of Complex (/wiki/Complex_(magazine)) found the ArtRave to be quite a production but like all things Gaga does he found it to be a "blend of the high-brow and the trashy, depth and superficiality, the thoughtful and the impulsive, and lots of other contradictions that make you think about the nature of philosophy and life and art." He gave a positive review of the main show, praising the sound system, the performances of "Gypsy" and "Do What U Want", and deduced that: "Perhaps this kind of ambition is music's future, at least for a certain breed of artist. Although Artpop doesn't sound retro per se, Lady Gaga's project as a whole does feel like a reaction to the idea that as far as the music goes, there's nothing new under the sun." [34] (#cite_note-complexreview-34) Carl Swanson of New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) magazine was amazed by the ArtRave, from the Volantis display to the actual party area, and added that "[the] event, mostly staged for Gaga's cameras as well as those of the feverishly Instagramming (/wiki/Instagram) guests, was surprisingly well organized for something so manifestly difficult. The idea was clearly to be in control of it." However, he noticed a bit of "vulnerability" in Gaga as she performed onstage. Swanson relegated Gaga's lectures about Koons and their collaboration as "borderline gibberish", adding that: "It's less of a collaboration than a feeling that she is searching to attach herself to something bigger than herself, something less evanescent than pop, or maybe just something to contain herself before she flames out completely, like a hashtag (/wiki/Hashtag) in the wind." [35] (#cite_note-nymagreview-35) Kia Makarechi of The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) was critical of the set up when Gaga had to wade through a crowd to reach the stage, but wrote that "[o]nce Gaga took the stage, however, all was nearly forgotten. The singer worked through the new album with an impressive commitment to weirdness." [29] (#cite_note-huff-29) Nick Murray of Spin (/wiki/Spin_(magazine)) magazine criticized the "underwhelming display" of Volantis and found that Gaga's ideas about "changing the world" with the album and the technology were "both dry and ridiculous, vaguely utopian but overly confident in the liberating power of technology, and just when the whole thing was beginning to seem more and more like a farce, [Gaga] cannily explained that beyond whether the Volantis is ever mass-produced, 'the important thing is about the possibilities'." [36] (#cite_note-spinreview-36) Set list [ edit ] " Aura (/wiki/Aura_(song)) " " Artpop (/wiki/Artpop_(song)) " " Venus (/wiki/Venus_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " "MANiCURE" " Sexxx Dreams (/wiki/Sexxx_Dreams) " " Gypsy (/wiki/Gypsy_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " " Dope (/wiki/Dope_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " Encore " Applause (/wiki/Applause_(Lady_Gaga_song)) " " Do What U Want (/wiki/Do_What_U_Want) " Source: [31] (#cite_note-rsreview-31) See also [ edit ] 2013 in art (/wiki/2013_in_art) 2013 in aviation (/wiki/2013_in_aviation) Performance art (/wiki/Performance_art) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-:1_1-0) Shewey, Don (July 30, 2013). "Lady Gaga's 'ARTPOP': What We Know So Far" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/eight-things-we-know-about-lady-gagas-artpop-20130730) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131127124958/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/eight-things-we-know-about-lady-gagas-artpop-20130730) from the original on November 27, 2013 . 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"Lady Gaga Teases New Album News" (http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/483555/lady-gaga-teases-new-album-news) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130524145532/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/483555/lady-gaga-teases-new-album-news) from the original on May 24, 2013 . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-ds2_5-0) Rowley, Alison (August 5, 2012). "Lady GaGa's new album to be called 'ARTPOP' (http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a397438/lady-gagas-new-album-to-be-called-artpop/) " (http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a397438/lady-gagas-new-album-to-be-called-artpop/) . Digital Spy . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151212104109/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a397438/lady-gagas-new-album-to-be-called-artpop/) from the original on December 12, 2015 . Retrieved August 6, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Iandoli, Kathy (February 9, 2013). "Lady Gaga Promises "Fun, Dirty Dance Music" On 'Artpop' (http://idolator.com/7440120/lady-gaga-artpop-details) " (http://idolator.com/7440120/lady-gaga-artpop-details) . Idolator (/wiki/Idolator_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131101164852/http://www.idolator.com/7440120/lady-gaga-artpop-details) from the original on November 1, 2013 . Retrieved September 14, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Koonsmtv_7-0) Ehrlich, Brenna (November 8, 2013). "Lady Gaga's ARTPOP Cover: Artist Jeff Koons Explains What It All Means" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161126133843/http://www.mtv.com/news/1717125/lady-gaga-artpop-album-art-jeff-koons/) . MTV News. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/1717125/lady-gaga-artpop-album-art-jeff-koons/) on November 26, 2016 . Retrieved November 9, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Harrison, Lily (July 31, 2013). "Lady Gaga Reveals Lyrics to Upcoming 'Applause' Single, Talks ARTPOP App Details" (http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/444381/lady-gaga-reveals-lyrics-to-upcoming-applause-single-talks-artpop-app-details) . E!. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104040/http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-artpop-review/) from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved July 31, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-ARTPOPAnnouncements_9-0) Kaufman, Gil (July 31, 2013). "Lady Gaga Announces (https://web.archive.org/web/20141026221325/http://www.mtv.com/news/1710440/lady-gaga-artpop-announcement/) ARTPOP Release Date, New Single" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141026221325/http://www.mtv.com/news/1710440/lady-gaga-artpop-announcement/) . MTV News. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/1710440/lady-gaga-artpop-announcement/) on October 26, 2014 . Retrieved July 31, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-BBDate_10-0) Brandle, Lars (July 12, 2013). "Lady Gaga's 'ARTPOP' Album, App to Arrive This November" (http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1570766/lady-gagas-artpop-album-app-to-arrive-this-november) . Billboard . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131225041810/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1570766/lady-gagas-artpop-album-app-to-arrive-this-november) from the original on December 25, 2013 . Retrieved August 6, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-NMEDate_11-0) Renshaw, David (July 7, 2013). "Lady Gaga confirms 'ARTPOP' release date and app details" (http://www.nme.com/news/music/lady-gaga-197-1259124) . NME (/wiki/NME) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104040/http://www.spin.com/2013/11/lady-gaga-artrave-artpop-review/) from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved August 6, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Vagliate, Dreva (July 12, 2013). 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(/wiki/Tony_Bennett_and_Lady_Gaga:_Cheek_to_Cheek_Live!) Super Bowl LI halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_LI_halftime_show) One Last Time: An Evening with Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga (/wiki/One_Last_Time:_An_Evening_with_Tony_Bennett_and_Lady_Gaga) Gaga Chromatica Ball (/wiki/Gaga_Chromatica_Ball) Bibliography Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_x_Terry_Richardson) Fragrances and cosmetics Lady Gaga Fame (/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Fame) Eau de Gaga (/wiki/Eau_de_Gaga) Haus Labs (/wiki/Haus_Labs) Fashion Armadillo shoe (/wiki/Armadillo_shoe) Meat dress of Lady Gaga (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) Related articles Cynthia Germanotta (/wiki/Cynthia_Germanotta) (mother) Born This Way Foundation (/wiki/Born_This_Way_Foundation) Doll Domination Tour (/wiki/Doll_Domination_Tour) Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop (/wiki/Lady_Gaga:_Queen_of_Pop) One World: Together at Home (/wiki/Together_at_Home) " Perform This Way (/wiki/Perform_This_Way) " Theatricality (/wiki/Theatricality) TechHaus Volantis (/wiki/TechHaus_Volantis) Aleiodes gaga (/wiki/Aleiodes_gaga) Gaga (plant) (/wiki/Gaga_(plant)) Gagadon (/wiki/Gagadon) Kaikaia gaga (/wiki/Kaikaia) Category (/wiki/Category:Lady_Gaga) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) New York City (/wiki/Portal:New_York_City) New York (state) (/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)) Visual arts (/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐hgs2l Cached time: 20240720165336 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.813 seconds Real time usage: 1.026 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3344/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 105951/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4775/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 159924/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.492/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6138849/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 873.273 1 -total 40.70% 355.462 1 Template:Reflist 16.86% 147.277 9 Template:Cite_magazine 14.27% 124.611 1 Template:Lady_Gaga 14.19% 123.895 22 Template:Cite_web 13.82% 120.691 1 Template:Navbox_Musical_artist 9.83% 85.868 1 Template:Short_description 6.43% 56.135 1 Template:Infobox_concert 6.42% 56.029 6 Template:Main_other 6.18% 53.926 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41228484-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165336 and revision id 1232956149. 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