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Tarah Valencia Born Justine Tarah Marie Valencia Baguio, Philippines (/wiki/Baguio,_Philippines) Education University of Baguio (/wiki/University_of_Baguio) ( BSc (/wiki/BSc) ) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Supranational Philippines 2025 Major competition(s) Miss Baguio 2023 (Miss Baguio Turismo 2023) Miss Universe Philippines 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Philippines_2024) (3rd Runner-Up) Miss Supranational 2025 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2025&action=edit&redlink=1) (TBD) Justine Tarah Marie Valencia is a Filipina beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Supranational Philippines 2025. She is set to represent the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) at the Miss Supranational 2025 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2025&action=edit&redlink=1) pageant. Valencia recently represented the city of Baguio (/wiki/Baguio) in the Miss Universe Philippines 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Philippines_2024) and finished as 3rd runner-up to the winner, Chelsea Manalo (/wiki/Chelsea_Manalo) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Later that night, Valencia was appointed and crowned as Miss Supranational Philippines 2025. [2] (#cite_note-2) Review waiting, please be patient. This may take 3 months or more, since drafts are reviewed in no specific order. There are 2,826 pending submissions waiting for review (/wiki/Category:Pending_AfC_submissions) . If the submission is accepted , then this page will be moved into the article space. If the submission is declined , then the reason will be posted here. In the meantime, you can continue to improve this submission by editing normally. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tarah+Valencia%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tarah+Valencia%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tarah+Valencia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tarah+Valencia%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Tarah+Valencia%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Tarah+Valencia%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tarah+Valencia%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Tarah+Valencia%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Tarah_Valencia) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) \| Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Tarah_Valencia&defaults=y) Reviewer tools Instructions (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Reviewing_instructions) · What links here (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tarah_Valencia) · Tarah Valencia (/w/index.php?title=Tarah_Valencia&action=edit&redlink=1) ( talk (/w/index.php?title=Talk:Tarah_Valencia&action=edit&redlink=1) : + (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Tarah_Valencia&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/banner_editintro&preload=Template:AfC_submission/banner_preload) · bio (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Tarah_Valencia&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/banner_editintro&preload=Template:AfC_submission/banner_preload_(bio)) ) · ( log (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Index.php&title=Special:Log&page=Tarah_Valencia) ) · Copyvios report (https://copyvios.toolforge.org/?lang=en&project=wikipedia&title=Draft:Tarah_Valencia&url=) · reFill (https://refill.toolforge.org/result.php?page=Draft:Tarah_Valencia&defaults=y) · Citation Bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=toolbar&slow=1&user=&page=Draft:Tarah_Valencia) · (Search: Google (https://www.google.com/search?q=Tarah+Valencia) , Bing (https://www.bing.com/search?q=Tarah+Valencia) , Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=Tarah+Valencia&fulltext=Search) ) · Submitted 56 days ago by NathalieMendoza (/wiki/Special:Contributions/NathalieMendoza) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:NathalieMendoza) : D (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:NathalieMendoza&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_(declined)&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_(declined)&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) · + (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:NathalieMendoza&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) ) · Last edited 2 days ago by NathalieMendoza (/w/index.php?title=User:NathalieMendoza&action=edit&redlink=1) Early life and education [ edit ] Valencia attended the University of Baguio (/wiki/University_of_Baguio) and studied a Bachelor of Science (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science) in International Tourism Management (/wiki/International_Tourism_Management) where she graduated as cum laude (/wiki/Latin_honors) in 2023. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) In her Miss Universe Philippines 2024 introduction video, she mentions that her education was funded through the winnings of various scholarships. [4] (#cite_note-4) Pageantry [ edit ] Miss Baguio 2023 [ edit ] On September 1, 2023, Valencia competed in her local pageant, Miss Baguio where she received the title and was crowned as Miss Baguio Turismo 2023. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) This lead to her appointment as Miss Universe Philippines Baguio 2024. Miss Universe 2024 [ edit ] On February 19, 2024, Valencia was introduced as a representative of Baguio (/wiki/Baguio) competing in Miss Universe Philippines 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Philippines_2024) among 53 other candidates. [5] (#cite_note-5) Soon after the introduction of the pageants candidates, Valencia was named as a candidate to "look out for" by Mega , describing her as a "queen from Baguio, [that] brings a touch of class and sophistication to the stage, with her statuesque frame and a resume that reads like a travel brochure." [6] (#cite_note-6) During the preliminary interview, Valencia stated her advocacy on the importance of sustainable and responsible tourism. [7] (#cite_note-7) During the preliminary competition, special awards were given out to the competitors by sponsors where Valencia was awarded Miss Mags and Miss Villa Medica. [8] (#cite_note-8) On the coronation night, Valencia advanced to the top 5, alongside Ahtisa Manalo (/wiki/Ahtisa_Manalo) , Stacey Daniella Gabriel, Chelsea Manalo (/wiki/Chelsea_Manalo) , and Christi Lynn McGarry (/wiki/Christi_McGarry) . [9] (#cite_note-9) During the final question and answer round, Valencia was asked, "What is your breakthrough or big achievement? How did it improve you as a person?" In which she answered: "To be in this prestigious pageant, Miss Universe Philippines 2024, is my greatest achievement. The Tarah before is someone who really limited herself when it came to her achievements. I stepped here on Miss Universe Philippines, and I see the transformation and improvement and how I was able to become the inspirational woman that I am now and that is somewhat something that I will be proud of after this journey." [10] (#cite_note-10) At the end of the event, Valencia placed as 3rd runner-up to Chelsea Manalo (/wiki/Chelsea_Manalo) , and was appointed and crowned as Miss Supranational Philippines 2025 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_Philippines_2025&action=edit&redlink=1) at a separate coronation after the event. [11] (#cite_note-11) Miss Supranational 2025 [ edit ] Valencia is expected to compete in the Miss Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational) pageant in 2025 as a representative of the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) . [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lim, Ron. "Miss Bulacan Chelsea Manalo takes the Miss Universe Philippines 2024 crown" (https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/112750/miss-bulacan-chelsea-manalo-takes-the-miss-universe-philippines-2024-crown/story) . www.gmanetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-05-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Sibal, Gianna (2024-05-23). "The Four Queens from Miss Universe Philippines 2024 Competing in International Pageants" (https://mega-onemega.com/the-four-queens-from-miss-universe-philippines-2024-competing-in-international-pageants/) . MEGA . Retrieved 2024-05-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Who is Tarah Valencia? 5 things to know about the new Miss Supranational Philippines \| GMA News Online" (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/907896/who-is-tarah-valencia-5-things-to-know-about-the-new-miss-supranational-philippines/story/?amp) . www.gmanetwork.com . Retrieved 2024-05-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Empire Philippines (2024-03-15). BAGUIO - Tarah Valencia \| INTRODUCTION VIDEO \| Miss Universe Philippines 2024 . Retrieved 2024-05-28 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Pagulong, Charmie Joy. "MUPH 2024: Fresh faces, pageant pros among 54 candidates competing for crown" (https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2024/02/24/2335632/muph-2024-fresh-faces-pageant-pros-among-54-candidates-competing-crown) . Philstar.com . Retrieved 2024-05-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) III, Sean Castelo (2024-02-21). "10 Miss Universe Philippines 2024 Candidates to Look Out For" (https://mega-onemega.com/these-are-the-miss-universe-philippines-2024-candidates-to-look-out-for/) . MEGA . Retrieved 2024-05-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Empire Philippines (2024-05-19). Miss Universe Philippines 2024 PRELIMINARY INTERVIEWS \| Full Video . Retrieved 2024-05-26 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Miss Universe Philippines 2024 candidates shine during preliminaries at the Manila Hotel" (https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/20/miss-universe-philippines-2024-candidates-shine-during-preliminaries-at-the-manila-hotel) . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved 2024-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) News, CARBY BASINA, GMA Integrated (2024-05-23). "Miss Universe Philippines 2024 reveals Top 5" (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/907620/miss-universe-philippines-2024-top-5/story/) . GMA News Online . Retrieved 2024-05-26 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : \|last= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Mallorca, Hannah (2024-05-23). "TRANSCRIPT: Miss Universe Philippines 2024 Top 5 Q&A segment" (https://entertainment.inquirer.net/557741/transcript-miss-universe-philippines-2024-top-5-qa-segment) . INQUIRER.net . Retrieved 2024-05-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Chelsea Manalo crowned Miss Universe Philippines 2024 » Borneo Bulletin Online" (https://borneobulletin.com.bn/chelsea-manalo-crowned-miss-universe-philippines-2024/) . Chelsea Manalo crowned Miss Universe Philippines 2024 . 2024-05-23 . Retrieved 2024-05-27 . 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Belarus portal (/wiki/Portal:Belarus) This category describes traditional and historic Belarusian clothing . Modern Polish clothing should be included in: Category:Belarusian fashion (/wiki/Category:Belarusian_fashion) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Traditional clothing of Belarus (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Traditional_clothing_of_Belarus) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐z8mks Cached time: 20240720215233 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.081 seconds Real time usage: 0.120 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 138/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3437/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 464/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2243/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.048/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1099378/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 105.899 1 -total 59.50% 63.010 1 Template:Commons_category 56.70% 60.043 1 Template:Sister_project 54.31% 57.518 1 Template:Side_box 40.33% 42.704 1 Template:Portal 5.34% 5.656 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23741241-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720215233 and revision id 1174786283. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Belarusian clothing" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . K Kontusz (/wiki/Kontusz) P Pas kontuszowy (/wiki/Pas_kontuszowy) V Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) W Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Belarusian_clothing&oldid=1174786283 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Belarusian_clothing&oldid=1174786283) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_country) Culture of Belarus (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Belarus) Embroidery of the Slavs (/wiki/Category:Embroidery_of_the_Slavs) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
British fashion personality (born 1983) Olivia Buckingham Buckingham in 2011 Born 1983 (age 40–41) British Hong Kong (/wiki/British_Hong_Kong) Education Heathfield School (/wiki/Heathfield_School,_Ascot) Alma mater London School of Fine Arts Occupation(s) Photographer, editor, designer Olivia Croucher Buckingham (born 1983) is a Hong Kong-born British socialite, magazine editor, and former photographer. She is a contributing editor to Hong Kong Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) and Thailand Tatler . Biography [ edit ] Buckingham was born in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) in 1990. [1] (#cite_note-scmp-1) Her family has been in Hong Kong for four generations. Her maternal great-grandfather was the philanthropist and businessman Noel Croucher (/wiki/Noel_Croucher) . [2] (#cite_note-hk-2) She boarded at Heathfield School, Ascot (/wiki/Heathfield_School,_Ascot) and studied photography at the London School of Fine Arts . [2] (#cite_note-hk-2) Career [ edit ] Buckingham worked as a portrait and landscape photographer, with her first exhibit shown at China Tang (/wiki/China_Tang) in London. [2] (#cite_note-hk-2) She later began working for a public relations firm but left the public relations job to become a fashion stylist. [1] (#cite_note-scmp-1) Buckingham is a contributing editor to Hong Kong Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) and Thailand Tatler . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2019 she partnered with Lady Emily Compton (/wiki/Lady_Emily_Compton) to release a jewellery collection called RockChic. [5] (#cite_note-auto-5) She also partnered with Lady Emily to launch Emily & Olivia , a styling service. [6] (#cite_note-6) She was named number six on Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) 's 2023 best dressed list. [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Out of My Closet: Olivia Buckingham \| South China Morning Post" (https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-watches/article/1130202/out-my-closet-olivia-buckingham) . Scmp.com. 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Ross, Madeleine (10 August 2015). "Blonde Ambition: Olivia Croucher Buckingham" (https://hk.asiatatler.com/society/blonde-ambition-olivia-croucher-buckingham) . Hong Kong Tatler . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Olivia Buckingham news and features" (https://www.tatler.com/person/olivia-buckingham) . Tatler . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Buckingham, Olivia (24 September 2018). "Olivia Buckingham Shares 10 Highlights From London Fashion Week" (https://www.thailandtatler.com/style/olivia-buckingham-shares-10-highlights-from-london-fashion-week) . Thailand Tatler . ^ (#cite_ref-auto_5-0) Law, Jocelyn (22 November 2019). "Stylists Lady Emily Compton And Olivia Buckingham Debut An Exclusive Jewellery Collection With Pragnell This November" (https://hk.asiatatler.com/style/society-stylists-lady-emily-compton-olivia-buckingham-debut-exclusive-jewellery-collection-pragnell) . Hong Kong Tatler . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "ABOUT" (https://www.emilyandolivia.com/about) . Emily & Olivia . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Tatler's best dressed: the 25 top style mavens and mavericks are crowned in the sizzling September issue" (https://www.tatler.com/gallery/tatler-best-dressed-in-britain-2023) . Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) . 28 July 2023 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . 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Eyelashes before (left) and after (right) a perm. Eyelash permanent wave , or more commonly called an eyelash perm , and may also refer to permanent relaxer (/wiki/Relaxer) that straightens the hair (/wiki/Straightens_the_hair) is a cosmetics procedure performed only by licensed cosmetologists to flip up eyelashes (/wiki/Eyelash) using hair perming (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) technology. Context [ edit ] Lashes are treated with a perm solution and then followed by the neutralizer. Sometimes, depending on which system you use, a nourishing oil will be the last step to recondition and strengthen the lashes. Each step is left on for ten to fifteen minutes. Traditionally, when lash perming was introduced, a soft sponge in the shape of a rod would be placed at the base of the lashes to shape them. However, in recent years, people have started using silicone pads placed on the eyelids. There are small, medium, or large silicone pads depending on the natural length of the lashes and preference on degree of curl. This new style of perming lashes creates more of a natural shape and curve. The original way of perming lashes, still used today, gives a less natural curve or shape to the lash. Another way to perm lashes is by using a plastic instrument that looks a lot like an eyelash curler (/wiki/Eyelash_curler) . This plastic instrument is then placed at the base of your lashes and the instrument pinches them upwards, the way a lash curler would. It rests on your eye for support and the rest of the procedure is performed the same way you would with rods or silicone pads. Once your lashes have been applied (by a special glue that does not harm the lashes) to the perm rod or silicone pad the perming solution is applied to the upturned lash, and then it is left to set for ten to fifteen minutes, followed by the neutralizer which is also left on for ten to fifteen minutes. In certain systems there will be a nourishing oil as the last step, this nourishing oil also helps to break up the glue that was used to place the lashes on the silicone pad, making it easier for the removal of the silicone pad. Once the silicone pad has been removed the eyelids and lashes are cleansed of any residue left over. The overall procedure takes about 30–45 minutes to perform. The results may last for two to three months. The chemical reaction breaks and reforms the bonds of the hair. This reaction softens the lash's inner structure between the protein chains of the hair. The hair swells, stretches, and softens, and then is molded around the shape of the perm rod or silicone pad to form a curl. The procedure is performed in a salon or spa by a trained, licensed, certified individual. Every state requires individuals performing the procedure to have a valid cosmetology (/wiki/Cosmetology) license. History [ edit ] Historically, to achieve an upturned look, lash curlers and mascara were used. The first eyelash curler (/wiki/Eyelash_curler) was invented by the Kurlash company. An early alternative method for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in 1905 by German hairdresser Charles Nessler (/wiki/Charles_Nessler) . Eyelash perming developed as a widely available solution sometime after 2000. Considerations [ edit ] Due to the chemicals involved, like any procedure, there is some risk. Side effects of the procedure have been known to include stinging around the eyes. There is also the possibility that they may damage the eyelashes. [1] (#cite_note-1) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration) (FDA), while approving of hair treatment, has not yet approved the procedure for use around the eyes. See also [ edit ] False eyelashes (/wiki/False_eyelashes) U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act) List of cosmetic ingredients (/wiki/List_of_cosmetic_ingredients) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Society of Cosmetic Chemists (/wiki/Society_of_Cosmetic_Chemists) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Jill Provost (24 June 2016). "Eyelash perms: Bigger, brighter eyes — no makeup required!" (https://www.today.com/style/eyelash-perms-bigger-brighter-eyes-no-makeup-required-t74201) . NBC Today (/wiki/NBC_Today) . Retrieved 2019-09-22 . Sources [ edit ] "Karl L. Nessler" (http://www.nessler-todtnau.de/index.php) (in German) . Retrieved 2006-07-24 . Calvete, L.G., "Permanent Waving: The Golden Years", Publish and be damned, Toronto, Canada, 2007 \| ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-897312-34-2 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897312-34-2) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐nx698 Cached time: 20240623050240 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.128 seconds Real time usage: 0.186 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 365/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3885/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 206/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9602/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.072/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2976467/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 138.289 1 -total 81.49% 112.688 1 Template:Reflist 71.45% 98.803 2 Template:Cite_web 15.54% 21.496 1 Template:ISBN 10.74% 14.859 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 2.85% 3.943 3 Template:Yesno-no 1.82% 2.521 4 Template:Yesno 1.42% 1.967 2 Template:Main_other 1.33% 1.841 1 Template:Yesno-yes Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33042712-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623050240 and revision id 1216654115. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clothing (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothing) . The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 38 subcategories, out of 38 total. Clothing by century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_century) ‎ (3 C) Clothing by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_country) ‎ (83 C, 1 P) Clothing by culture (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_culture) ‎ (6 C, 2 P) Clothing by decade (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_decade) ‎ (12 C) Clothing by ethnicity (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_ethnicity) ‎ (17 C, 10 P) Clothing by function (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) ‎ (28 C, 22 P) Clothing by material (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_material) ‎ (5 C, 11 P) Clothing by type (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_type) ‎ (32 C, 1 P) Clothing by year (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_year) ‎ (33 C) * Clothing-related lists (/wiki/Category:Clothing-related_lists) ‎ (29 P) + Women's clothing (/wiki/Category:Women%27s_clothing) ‎ (4 C, 79 P) C Clothing and the environment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) ‎ (2 C, 38 P) Clothing containers (/wiki/Category:Clothing_containers) ‎ (1 C, 10 P) Clothing in politics (/wiki/Category:Clothing_in_politics) ‎ (2 C, 39 P) Clothing industry (/wiki/Category:Clothing_industry) ‎ (11 C, 43 P) Clothing-related organizations (/wiki/Category:Clothing-related_organizations) ‎ (4 C, 7 P) Color of clothing (/wiki/Category:Color_of_clothing) ‎ (1 C, 7 P) Clothing controversies (/wiki/Category:Clothing_controversies) ‎ (6 C, 93 P) Costumes (/wiki/Category:Costumes) ‎ (7 C, 12 P) D Dress codes (/wiki/Category:Dress_codes) ‎ (10 C, 8 P) F Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) ‎ (39 C, 91 P) Fashion accessories (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessories) ‎ (19 C, 101 P) Fashion museums (/wiki/Category:Fashion_museums) ‎ (5 C, 22 P) G Gender and clothing (/wiki/Category:Gender_and_clothing) ‎ (4 C, 2 P) H History of clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) ‎ (14 C, 115 P) I Images of clothing (/wiki/Category:Images_of_clothing) ‎ (2 C, 4 F) Individual garments (/wiki/Category:Individual_garments) ‎ (8 C, 7 P) L Laundry (/wiki/Category:Laundry) ‎ (9 C, 15 P) M Minimalist clothing (/wiki/Category:Minimalist_clothing) ‎ (14 P) Modesty (/wiki/Category:Modesty) ‎ (2 C, 13 P) Mythological clothing (/wiki/Category:Mythological_clothing) ‎ (1 C, 18 P) N Nudity (/wiki/Category:Nudity) ‎ (15 C, 45 P, 1 F) P Parts of clothing (/wiki/Category:Parts_of_clothing) ‎ (7 C, 43 P) S Sewing (/wiki/Category:Sewing) ‎ (5 C, 71 P) Sizes in clothing (/wiki/Category:Sizes_in_clothing) ‎ (1 C, 20 P) Songs about clothing (/wiki/Category:Songs_about_clothing) ‎ (2 P) T Tailors (/wiki/Category:Tailors) ‎ (27 C, 5 P) Σ Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) ‎ (506 P) Pages in category "Clothing" The following 17 pages are in this category, out of 17 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) C Cloth modeling (/wiki/Cloth_modeling) Clothing insulation (/wiki/Clothing_insulation) Clothing material (/wiki/Clothing_material) Clothing physiology (/wiki/Clothing_physiology) Clothing terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) E Enclothed cognition (/wiki/Enclothed_cognition) F Fit and flare (/wiki/Fit_and_flare) Form-fitting garment (/wiki/Form-fitting_garment) P Pheichom (/wiki/Pheichom) R Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) S Semiotics of dress (/wiki/Semiotics_of_dress) Souban cloth (/wiki/Souban_cloth) T Trademark look (/wiki/Trademark_look) W Wardrobe (clothing) (/wiki/Wardrobe_(clothing)) Π Portal:Clothing (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing&oldid=1173731085 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing&oldid=1173731085) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture (/wiki/Category:Culture) Consumer goods (/wiki/Category:Consumer_goods) Human appearance (/wiki/Category:Human_appearance) Softlines (retail) (/wiki/Category:Softlines_(retail)) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Navbox templates relating to clothing (/wiki/Clothing) . The pages listed in this category are meant to be navigation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Navigation_template) templates. This page is part of Wikipedia's administration (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_administration) and not part of the encyclopedia. Further template category notes This category (/wiki/Help:Category) contains pages in the template namespace (/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace) . It should not be used to categorize articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_an_article%3F) or pages in other namespaces (/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace) . To add a template to this category: If the template has a separate documentation page (usually called "Template: template name /doc"), add [[Category:Clothing navigational boxes]] to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of that page. Otherwise, add <noinclude>[[Category:Clothing navigational boxes]]</noinclude> to the end of the template code, making sure it starts on the same line as the code's last character. 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Template:Clothing (/wiki/Template:Clothing) A Template:Academic dress (/wiki/Template:Academic_dress) Template:Afghan clothing (/wiki/Template:Afghan_clothing) Template:American sportswear (/wiki/Template:American_sportswear) B Template:Bengali clothing (/wiki/Template:Bengali_clothing) Template:British military clothing (/wiki/Template:British_military_clothing) Template:Burmese clothing (/wiki/Template:Burmese_clothing) C Template:Coronation (/wiki/Template:Coronation) Template:Corsetry (/wiki/Template:Corsetry) Template:Crowns (/wiki/Template:Crowns) E Template:Eyewear (/wiki/Template:Eyewear) F Template:Folk costumes (/wiki/Template:Folk_costumes) Template:Footwear (/wiki/Template:Footwear) H Template:Types of Han Chinese clothing (/wiki/Template:Types_of_Han_Chinese_clothing) Template:Hats (/wiki/Template:Hats) Template:Headgear (/wiki/Template:Headgear) Template:Helmets (/wiki/Template:Helmets) Template:Historical clothing (/wiki/Template:Historical_clothing) Template:Hosiery (/wiki/Template:Hosiery) I Template:Clothing in India (/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_India) Template:Clothing in South Asia (/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia) J Template:Japanese clothing (/wiki/Template:Japanese_clothing) K Template:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa clothing (/wiki/Template:Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_clothing) L Template:Laundry navbox (/wiki/Template:Laundry_navbox) Template:Lingerie (/wiki/Template:Lingerie) M Template:Malaysian clothing (/wiki/Template:Malaysian_clothing) Template:Clothing materials and parts (/wiki/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts) Template:Medieval armor components (/wiki/Template:Medieval_armor_components) Template:Men's undergarments (/wiki/Template:Men%27s_undergarments) N Template:Nightwear (/wiki/Template:Nightwear) P Template:Pakistani clothing (/wiki/Template:Pakistani_clothing) Template:Fashion and clothing in the Philippines (/wiki/Template:Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Template:Punjabi clothing (/wiki/Template:Punjabi_clothing) R Template:Regalia and crown jewels by country (/wiki/Template:Regalia_and_crown_jewels_by_country) Template:Running shoe brands (/wiki/Template:Running_shoe_brands) S Template:Sari (/wiki/Template:Sari) Template:Shoe museums (/wiki/Template:Shoe_museums) Template:Competitive swimwear (/wiki/Template:Competitive_swimwear) T Template:Types of crowns (/wiki/Template:Types_of_crowns) U Template:US Army uniforms (/wiki/Template:US_Army_uniforms) Template:Uzbek clothing (/wiki/Template:Uzbek_clothing) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_navigational_boxes&oldid=1055093176 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_navigational_boxes&oldid=1055093176) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion navigational boxes (/wiki/Category:Fashion_navigational_boxes) Society and social science navigational boxes (/wiki/Category:Society_and_social_science_navigational_boxes) Clothing templates (/wiki/Category:Clothing_templates) Hidden category: Wikipedia template categories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_template_categories)
Dress worn by Australian model Red Tarvydas dress of Rebecca Twigley Artist Ruth Tarvydas (/wiki/Ruth_Tarvydas) Year 2004 ( 2004 ) Type Red Tarvydas dress The red Tarvydas dress of Rebecca Twigley was a revealing dress worn by Australian model (/wiki/Model_(person)) Rebecca Twigley (who assumed the married name Rebecca Judd (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) in 2010), to the 2004 Brownlow Medal (/wiki/2004_Brownlow_Medal) ceremony on 20 September 2004 at the Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex (/wiki/Crown_Casino_and_Entertainment_Complex) in Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) , Australia. The custom-made dress was designed by Ruth Tarvydas (/wiki/Ruth_Tarvydas) and was valued at A$ (/wiki/Australian_dollar) 2,000. [1] (#cite_note-Hellard-1) Reception [ edit ] Although Twigley's then boyfriend and future husband, Chris Judd (/wiki/Chris_Judd) , won the Brownlow Medal at that ceremony, much of the media attention focused on Twigley's dress. [2] (#cite_note-Fjeldstad-2) Twigley received more hits on Australian news website news.com.au (/wiki/News.com.au) than did the crowning of Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) 2004, Jennifer Hawkins (/wiki/Jennifer_Hawkins) , surpassing all previous records for a single news day. [3] (#cite_note-3) Australian Football League (/wiki/Australian_Football_League) CEO Andrew Demetriou (/wiki/Andrew_Demetriou) described Twigley as one of the 20 highlights of the 2004 AFL season. [2] (#cite_note-Fjeldstad-2) Speaking about the dress, Twigley said: "I really didn't think it would grab that much attention, but I got hounded on the red carpet. Everyone wanted an interview and pictures." [1] (#cite_note-Hellard-1) Radio presenter Jon Faine (/wiki/Jon_Faine) criticised Twigley's choice of fashion, saying that: "A lot of effort has gone in this season by football codes... to try to stop footballers looking at women as objects as nothing other than sexual desire or bits of meat and flesh... It's kind of like they are undoing all the work that was done earlier in the season." Faine's colleague Virginia Trioli (/wiki/Virginia_Trioli) disagreed, saying that "They are powerful, individual, attractive, strong women who want to look nice." [4] (#cite_note-Gold_Coast-4) Aftermath [ edit ] Twigley donated the dress to national children's charity TLC for Kids. The dress was auctioned off in October 2004, going for A$ (/wiki/Australian_dollar) 23,000. [5] (#cite_note-5) TLC later rejected the winning bid when it discovered the buyer had links to adult dating agency RedHotPie. The charity then offered the underbidders the dress, but later changed their mind because they could not guarantee media coverage for the purchaser. The dress was returned to Twigley, who donated it to Chris Judd's then football club, the West Coast Eagles (/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Following Tarvydas's death in 2014, Rebecca Judd acknowledged the dress in her tribute to the designer on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) , saying "You changed my life with your red dress Ruth. RIP beautiful lady x". [7] (#cite_note-paige-7) The dress was the final gown in the Tarvydas tribute show at the Perth Fashion Festival. [8] (#cite_note-pfw-8) Even in the 2020s, the media still refers to the dress as "that dress". [9] (#cite_note-Ganska-9) [10] (#cite_note-Papain-10) [11] (#cite_note-pn_2023-09-11-11) In an article entitled "Brownlow: The show stopping and jaw dropping fashion moments" and published in 2020, Jackie Epstein of the Herald Sun (/wiki/Herald_Sun) described the wearing of the "... barely there red dress that got the nation talking and kickstarted a career ..." as "... [p]erhaps the Brownlow’s most iconic moment." Epstein also claimed that by wearing the dress, "Rebecca Twigley who became Rebecca Judd etched her name into the world forever." [12] (#cite_note-n_2020-10-19-12) A different opinion was expressed by radio personality Bridget Hustwaite (/wiki/Bridget_Hustwaite) in an article in The Age (/wiki/The_Age) in 2023. Hustwaite, who had recently begun a relationship with professional footballer Oscar McDonald (/wiki/Oscar_McDonald) , was lamenting the tendency of her acquaintances and colleagues, upon being told about the new "someone", to ask "Oh, so you're a WAG (/wiki/WAGs) now?" After noting that the expression WAG, as an acronym for "wives and girlfriends" of footballers, had originated in England in the early to mid-2000s, she commented, "Locally, it was the reporting of Bec Judd’s 2004 Brownlow Medal dress that promoted WAG into the Australian vocabulary and was consequently embraced by trolls who used it to objectify women." [13] (#cite_note-ta_2023-09-15-13) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) White shift dress of Jean Shrimpton (/wiki/White_shift_dress_of_Jean_Shrimpton) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Hellard, Peter (24 September 2005). "Bec steals the show". Herald Sun . p. 9. ^ Jump up to: a b Fjeldstad, Jesper; Dawe, Peter; Barich, Anthony (10 October 2004). "Rebecca wows them with another winner". Sunday Mail . p. 72. ^ (#cite_ref-3) McCann, Edwina (24 September 2004). "A dash of red goes a long way". The Australian . p. 18. ^ (#cite_ref-Gold_Coast_4-0) "Little red herring: Mixed message claim over sexy dresses". The Gold Coast Bulletin . 22 September 2004. p. 2. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Lloyd-McDonald, Holly (2 October 2004). "Stunning price for red dress". Herald Sun . p. 13. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Byrne, Fiona (8 May 2005). "Charity sale goes awry". Sunday Herald Sun . p. 127. ^ (#cite_ref-paige_7-0) Taylor, Paige (17 May 2014). "Friends baffled by death of designer Ruth Tarvydas" (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/friends-baffled-by-death-of-designer-ruth-tarvydas/story-e6frg6nf-1226920726719?nk=d1f6ec154da370a5a5ec74a11344b517) . The Australian . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-pfw_8-0) Davies, Claire; Uren, Kate. "Telstra Perth Fashion Festival: Day three" (http://www.perthnow.com.au/lifestyle/perth-fashion-festival/telstra-perth-fashion-festival-day-three/story-fnj08do5-1227063403921) . Perth Now . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ganska_9-0) Ganska, Helen (7 January 2007). "Rebecca Twigley's new TV role" (http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,21020105-5007222,00.html) . Sunday Times . p. 3 . Retrieved 16 January 2007 . ^ (#cite_ref-Papain_10-0) Papain, Jessie (19 September 2014). "Judd pays tribute to Tarvydas" (https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/full-coverage/perth-fashion-festival-2014/a/25053532/judd-pays-tribute-to-tarvydas/) . The West Australian (/wiki/The_West_Australian) . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-pn_2023-09-11_11-0) Fenner, Rachel (11 September 2023). "West Coast Eagles Rhett Bazzo's sister Kameron has Bec Judd moment at Sandover medal in plunging yellow dress" (https://www.perthnow.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/west-coast-eagles-rhett-bazzos-sister-kameron-has-bec-judd-moment-at-sandover-medal-in-plunging-yellow-dress-c-11871800?fbclid=IwAR3FpI42C-bmzzLqLIRUbz1RWTgdC5sLzeFIX59koCWAuKZvYX6OJCMINwc) . PerthNow . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-n_2020-10-19_12-0) Epstein, Jackie (19 October 2020). "Brownlow: The show stopping and jaw dropping fashion moments" (https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/celebrity/brownlow-the-show-stopping-and-jaw-dropping-fashion-moments/news-story/d102031bb3e2badcd410fd4634a728c8) . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-ta_2023-09-15_13-0) Hustwaite, Bridget (15 September 2023). "When Bridget Hustwaite met her boyfriend, people kept asking her one specific question" (https://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/life-and-relationships/when-bridget-hustwaite-met-her-boyfriend-people-kept-asking-her-one-specific-question-20230904-p5e1sd.html) . The Age (/wiki/The_Age) . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shirts (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shirts) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐pknkd Cached time: 20240720165646 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.070 seconds Real time usage: 0.363 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 151/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2802/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 232/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.040/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1180133/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 352.986 1 -total 51.65% 182.329 1 Template:Commons_category 50.91% 179.712 1 Template:Sister_project 50.39% 177.871 1 Template:Side_box 48.28% 170.436 1 Template:Cat_main 44.36% 156.578 2 Template:If_then_show Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26621446-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165646 and revision id 928321996. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. S Sleeves (/wiki/Category:Sleeves) ‎ (10 P) T T-shirts (/wiki/Category:T-shirts) ‎ (13 P, 1 F) Pages in category "Shirts" The following 42 pages are in this category, out of 42 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) A Aloha shirt (/wiki/Aloha_shirt) Army Combat Shirt (/wiki/Army_Combat_Shirt) B Bench shirt (/wiki/Bench_shirt) Bowling shirt (/wiki/Bowling_shirt) C Camp shirt (/wiki/Camp_shirt) List of Charvet customers (/wiki/List_of_Charvet_customers) Clerical shirt (/wiki/Clerical_shirt) Croc O' Shirt (/wiki/Croc_O%27_Shirt) Crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) D Deborah & Clare (/wiki/Deborah_%26_Clare) Dickey (garment) (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Dress shirt (/wiki/Dress_shirt) E Eton Shirts (/wiki/Eton_Shirts) G Ghillie shirt (/wiki/Ghillie_shirt) Ghost shirt (/wiki/Ghost_shirt) Gitman Bros (/wiki/Gitman_Bros) Grandfather shirt (/wiki/Grandfather_shirt) H C.F. Hathaway Company (/wiki/C.F._Hathaway_Company) Henley shirt (/wiki/Henley_shirt) J Jester blouse (/wiki/Jester_blouse) K Kahala (apparel) (/wiki/Kahala_(apparel)) Kariyushi shirt (/wiki/Kariyushi_shirt) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Kuspuk (/wiki/Kuspuk) M Madiba shirt (/wiki/Madiba_shirt) N National Day for Truth and Reconciliation (/wiki/National_Day_for_Truth_and_Reconciliation) P Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Polo shirt (/wiki/Polo_shirt) R Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Rugby shirt (/wiki/Rugby_shirt) S Sanbenito (/wiki/Sanbenito) Shirt of Flame (/wiki/Shirt_of_Flame) Shirt of Nessus (/wiki/Shirt_of_Nessus) Sleeveless shirt (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) T T. M. Lewin (/wiki/T._M._Lewin) Talismanic shirt (/wiki/Talismanic_shirt) Thomas Mason (apparel) (/wiki/Thomas_Mason_(apparel)) Thomas Pink (/wiki/Thomas_Pink) Tunica molesta (/wiki/Tunica_molesta) V Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Shirts&oldid=928321996 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Shirts&oldid=928321996) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Tops (clothing) (/wiki/Category:Tops_(clothing)) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
1920 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1920) 1921 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1921) 1922 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1922) 1923 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1923) 1924 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1924) 1925 1926 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1926) 1927 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1927) 1928 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1928) 1929 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1929) 1930 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1930) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5fdc497c9b‐q9sws Cached time: 20240718031852 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.090 seconds Real time usage: 0.233 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 38/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1906/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.069/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 933335/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 226.601 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 226.601 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54572120-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718031852 and revision id 974957115. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1925" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . F Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) N Nocona Boots (/wiki/Nocona_Boots) R Rochas (/wiki/Rochas) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1925&oldid=974957115 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1925&oldid=974957115) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1920s fashion (/wiki/Category:1920s_fashion) Design companies established in 1925 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1925) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Manufacturing companies established in 1925 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1925) Clothing companies established in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_20th_century)
Hat shop in London, England Lock & Co. Hatters Company type Private limited company (/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares) Industry Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Founded 1676 ; 348 years ago ( 1676 ) in London, England Founder Robert Davis Headquarters 6 St James's Street, London , United Kingdom Products Hats (/wiki/Hat) Website www (http://www.lockhatters.co.uk) .lockhatters (http://www.lockhatters.co.uk) .co (http://www.lockhatters.co.uk) .uk (http://www.lockhatters.co.uk) Lock & Co. Hatters (formally James Lock and Co. Ltd ) is the world's oldest hat (/wiki/Hat) shop, the world's 34th oldest family-owned business and is a Royal warrant holder (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) . Its shop is located at 6 St James's Street (/wiki/St_James%27s_Street) , London, and is a Grade II* listed (/wiki/Listed_building) building. [1] (#cite_note-NHLE-1) History [ edit ] The company was founded in 1676 by Robert Davis. His son Charles continued the business and took James Lock (1731–1806) on as an apprentice in 1747. James later married Charles Davis's only child, Mary. When Davis died in 1759, James Lock inherited the company from his former master, and the Lock family, James's descendants, still own and run the company today. The shop has been in its current location since 1765. The company is responsible for the origination of the bowler hat (/wiki/Bowler_hat) . In 1849, Edward Coke (/wiki/Edward_Coke_(1824%E2%80%931889)) , nephew of Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (/wiki/Thomas_Coke,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester_(seventh_creation)) , and the younger brother of Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester (/wiki/Thomas_Coke,_2nd_Earl_of_Leicester) , requested a hat to solve the problem of gamekeepers (/wiki/Gamekeeper) ' headgear. Traditional top hats (/wiki/Top_hat) were too fragile and too tall (often getting knocked off by low branches) for the job. The company commissioned London hat-makers William and Thomas Bowler to solve the problem. Anecdotally, when Coke returned for his new hat, he dropped it on the floor and stamped on it twice to test its strength before paying 12 shillings and leaving satisfied. [2] (#cite_note-2) Admiral Lord Nelson (/wiki/Lord_Nelson) wore a bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) of the brand’s into the Battle of Trafalgar (/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar) complete with eye-shade. The eternally rakish Beau Brummell (/wiki/Beau_Brummell) procured its hats as part of his sartorial arsenal. Winston Churchill (/wiki/Winston_Churchill) adopted their Cambridge and Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_(hat)) hats as sartorial signatures and Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden) was never without his trusty Lock Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_(hat)) . Notable customers of the past include Admiral Lord Nelson (/wiki/Lord_Nelson) and Oscar Wilde (/wiki/Oscar_Wilde) . Later famous clients have included Terry Pratchett (/wiki/Terry_Pratchett) , Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) , David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) , Victor Borge (/wiki/Victor_Borge) , Pierce Brosnan (/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan) , Jackie Chan (/wiki/Jackie_Chan) , Charlie Chaplin (/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin) , Eric Clapton (/wiki/Eric_Clapton) , Douglas Fairbanks Jr (/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks_Jr) (who lived in a flat above the shop [3] (#cite_note-3) ), Alec Guinness (/wiki/Alec_Guinness) , Jeremy Irons (/wiki/Jeremy_Irons) , Patrick Macnee (/wiki/Patrick_Macnee) (while playing John Steed (/wiki/John_Steed) [4] (#cite_note-4) ), Peter O'Toole (/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole) , Gary Oldman (/wiki/Gary_Oldman) , Laurence Olivier (/wiki/Laurence_Olivier) , Michael Palin (/wiki/Michael_Palin) , Donald Sinden (/wiki/Donald_Sinden) , Jon Voight (/wiki/Jon_Voight) and the Duke of Windsor (/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor) . [ citation needed ] Lock & Co. is a royal warrant holder (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) as Hatter to the Prince of Wales (/wiki/Charles_III) [5] (#cite_note-5) (later King Charles III). The hatmaker formerly had a Royal warrant from Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh) , until his death in 2021. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-NHLE_1-0) Historic England (/wiki/Historic_England) . "Lock's of St James's, 6 St James's Street SW1 (1264869)" (https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1264869?section=official-list-entry) . National Heritage List for England (/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England) . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Bloxham, Andy (5 October 2010). "Bowler hat makes a comeback" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/8043423/Bowler-hat-makes-a-comeback.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Journey Through Our Heritage" (http://www.lockhatters.co.uk/heritage/) . www.lockhatters.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Patrick Macnee: The last great bowler hat-wearer" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33285870) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . 27 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) By Royal Appointment . ITV3 (/wiki/ITV3) . 2012. Event occurs at 8:00pm. Archived from the original (http://www.itv.com/itvplayer/video/?Filter=319628) on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . External links [ edit ] Media related to James Lock & Co. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Lock_%26_Co.) at Wikimedia Commons Official website (http://www.lockhatters.co.uk/) 51°30′21″N 0°08′18″W / 51.5057°N 0.1382°W / 51.5057; -0.1382 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐zrpcw Cached time: 20240721171457 Cache expiry: 888305 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.305 seconds Real time usage: 0.484 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2026/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24415/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2696/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20979/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.182/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5618654/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 447.422 1 -total 29.65% 132.645 1 Template:Reflist 22.25% 99.530 1 Template:NHLE 22.04% 98.624 1 Template:Infobox_company 19.60% 87.688 1 Template:Infobox 16.17% 72.357 1 Template:Short_description 14.92% 66.746 1 Template:Commons_category-inline 14.53% 65.029 1 Template:Sister-inline 9.36% 41.889 2 Template:Pagetype 7.38% 33.036 1 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36356946-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721171457 and revision id 1216219973. 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Polish-American fashion designer Karolina Zmarlak Born ( 1982-10-15 ) October 15, 1982 (age 41) Krosno (/wiki/Krosno) , Poland Citizenship Poland United States Education Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) Occupation Fashion designer Labels Karolina Zmarlak KZ_K Studio Awards Gen Art Styles Award for Eveningwear (2005) Karolina Zmarlak (born October 15, 1982) is a Polish-American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . She is known for founding the fashion company KZ_K Studio. [1] (#cite_note-citation1-1) Early life and education [ edit ] Zmarlak was born in Poland (/wiki/Poland) . She immigrated to Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) in 1992 through the Diversity Visa (/wiki/Diversity_Visa) (DV) program. She was inspired to become a clothing designer after taking her first sewing (/wiki/Sewing) class in high school. Zmarlak attended the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [1] (#cite_note-citation1-1) [2] (#cite_note-citation2-2) [3] (#cite_note-citation3-3) While in college, she was awarded the Gen Art Styles Award for evening wear in 2005. [4] (#cite_note-citation8-4) [5] (#cite_note-citation29-5) Career [ edit ] Zmarlak began her career in the fashion industry by interning at the fashion brands Theory (/wiki/Theory_(clothing_retailer)) and Carolina Herrera (/wiki/Carolina_Herrera) . [6] (#cite_note-citation6-6) [7] (#cite_note-citation7-7) [8] (#cite_note-citation9-8) After graduating from college, she partnered with Jesse Keyes (/wiki/Jesse_Keyes) to launch her eponymous fashion label Karolina Zmarlak in 2009 [1] (#cite_note-citation1-1) [7] (#cite_note-citation7-7) [9] (#cite_note-citation24-9) which launched its first clothing collection, Fluid Foundations, through the stores Takashimaya (/wiki/Takashimaya) and Eva. [10] (#cite_note-citation19-10) [11] (#cite_note-citation25-11) [12] (#cite_note-citation31-12) In 2011, she collaborated with Belvedere Vodka (/wiki/Belvedere_Vodka) on the fashion film Double Identity . [13] (#cite_note-citation17-13) [14] (#cite_note-citation18-14) In 2013, Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) began carrying her clothing collections. [15] (#cite_note-citation26-15) In 2014, she became one of the first recipients of the New York City Fashion Production Fund because she produced her clothes in the Garment district. [16] (#cite_note-citation12-16) [17] (#cite_note-citation13-17) In 2015, Zmarlak collaborated with costume designer Daniel Lawson (/wiki/Daniel_Lawson) to provide costumes for the TV series The Good Wife (/wiki/The_Good_Wife) . [18] (#cite_note-citation14-18) [19] (#cite_note-citation15-19) In 2015, her Fall ready-to-wear collection was featured in Vogue . [20] (#cite_note-citation30-20) In Spring 2015, she also showcased her clothing designs in the fashion film Transience at Video Fashion Week. [21] (#cite_note-citation16-21) In September 2015, Zmarlak spoke at an event promoting the development of New York’s fashion industry alongside other speakers such as U.S. Representative Carolyn B. Maloney (/wiki/Carolyn_B._Maloney) . [22] (#cite_note-citation20-22) [23] (#cite_note-citation28-23) In 2016, Zmarlak and Keyes founded a new fashion label, KZ_K Studio . [1] (#cite_note-citation1-1) In 2018, Zmarlak served as a critic at the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) 's annual fashion show. [24] (#cite_note-citation27-24) In 2022, Zmarlak and Keyes opened a new KZ_K Studio location on Great Jones Street (/wiki/Great_Jones_Street) in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) . [25] (#cite_note-:0-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) The Great Jones Street studio officially launched on April 12, 2022. [25] (#cite_note-:0-25) See also [ edit ] Jesse Keyes (/wiki/Jesse_Keyes) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d "How Covid-19 helped Karolina Zmarlak reclaim the soul of her fashion company" (https://www.nbcnews.com/know-your-value/feature/how-covid-19-helped-karolina-zmarlak-reclaim-soul-her-fashion-ncna1253005) . NBC News . 6 January 2021 . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation2_2-0) Thomas, Rob; McSharry, Patrick (2015-01-05). Big Data Revolution: What farmers, doctors and insurance agents teach us about discovering big data patterns . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-118-94372-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation3_3-0) Hathorn, Abby (2013-05-05). "VIP Interview: Renowned Polish Designer, Karolina Zmarlak" (https://vintageinspiredpassionista.com/2013/05/05/vip-interview-renowned-polish-designer-karolina-zmarlak/) . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation8_4-0) "Stories: SPAIN AND UK WIN BIG AT GEN ART" (https://www.the-spin-off.com/news/stories/SPAIN-AND-UK-WIN-BIG-AT-GEN-ART-221) . the-spin-off.com . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation29_5-0) "WWD" (https://wwd.com/wp-content/uploads/2005/05/issue-81575.pdf) (PDF) . wwd.com . May 19, 2005 . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation6_6-0) "Karolina Zmarlak Is Reinventing the Concept of Convertible Wear" (https://www.thecut.com/2010/03/talent_scout_7.html) . The Cut . 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ a b Klein, Alyssa Vingan (6 March 2015). "Karolina Zmarlak Is a Label to Watch" (https://fashionista.com/2015/03/karolina-zmarlak-interview) . Fashionista . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation9_8-0) Pieri, Kerry (2014-06-11). "Brand Watch: Karolina on My Mind" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-designers/karolina-zmarlak-interview) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation24_9-0) "Designer profile : Karolina Zmarlak" (http://theunlimitedmag.com/designer-profile/2014/11/4/designer-profile-karolina-zmarlak) . THE UNLIMITED Magazine, Interactive Quarterly for Art, Music and Fashion . 7 November 2014 . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation19_10-0) ELLE (2009-07-17). "Designer Karolina Zmarlak Celebrates with M.A.C" (https://www.elle.com/news/shop/designer-karolina-zmarlak-celebrates-mac-2372) . ELLE . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation25_11-0) "The Many Shapes of Karolina Zmarlak" (https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/the-many-shapes-of-karolina-zmarlak) . Interview Magazine . 2009-11-11 . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation31_12-0) Elizabeth (2009-02-26). "Karolina Zmarlak" (https://stylecaster.com/karolina-zmarlak-3/) . StyleCaster . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation17_13-0) "Double Identity: Karolina Zmarlak F/W 2011 by Matt Kliegman" (https://trendland.com/double-identity-karolina-zmarlak-fw-2011/) . TRENDLAND \| Online Trend News . 2011-04-16 . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation18_14-0) Rankin, Nina Westervelt/MCV Photo,Seija. "Karolina Zmarlak - NYC Studio And Showroom" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/karolina-zmarlak) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-citation26_15-0) Silver, Dena (2014-08-07). "Karolina Zmarlak On Her Fifth Year In Business And Her Fall Collection" (https://fashionweekdaily.com/karolina-zmarlak-fifth-year-business-fall-collection/) . Daily Front Row . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation12_16-0) Feitelberg, Rosemary (2015-06-23). "NYC Fashion Production Fund Awards Six Loans" (https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/nyc-fashion-production-fund-awards-six-grants-10165410/) . WWD . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation13_17-0) "Fact Sheet: Celebrating and Supporting New York City's Fashion Industry" (http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/858-14/fact-sheet-celebrating-supporting-new-york-city-s-fashion-industry) . The official website of the City of New York . 2014-09-03 . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation14_18-0) Chan, Stephanie (2016-05-06). " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/good-wife-series-finale-costume-891248/) 'The Good Wife' Costume Designer Recalls Series' Favorite Fashion Moments" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/good-wife-series-finale-costume-891248/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation15_19-0) "The Good Wife: Alicia's Black-and-White Jacket" (https://www.instyle.com/news/good-wife-work-outfit-inspo-week-rock-new-classic) . InStyle . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation30_20-0) Farra, Emily (17 March 2015). "Karolina Zmarlak Fall 2015 Ready-to-Wear Collection" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2015-ready-to-wear/karolina-zmarlak) . Vogue . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation16_21-0) "Karolina Zmarlak: Spring 2015 Video Fashion Week" (https://www.vogue.com/video/watch/karolina-zmarlak-spring-2015-video-fashion-week) . Vogue . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation20_22-0) Palmieri, Rosemary Feitelberg,Jean E. (2015-09-14). "New York Fashion Week Generates $900 Million for NYC" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/new-york-fashion-week-economic-impact-carolyn-maloney-10223460/) . WWD . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-citation28_23-0) "Pols cheer Fashion Week's impact on city's economy" (https://town-village.com/2015/02/12/fashion-week/) . Town & Village . 2015-02-12 . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-citation27_24-0) "2018 Critics" (https://fashionshow.fitnyc.edu/2018-archive/2018-critics/) . The Future of Fashion - Fashion Institute of Technology . 2019-03-06 . Retrieved 2021-07-08 . ^ a b Feitelberg, Rosemary (2022-03-31). "KZ_K Studio Readies New SoHo Space" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/kz_k-studio-readies-new-soho-space-1235146821/) . WWD . Retrieved 2022-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Fraser, Kristopher (2022-04-19). "KZ_K Studio opens new Manhattan studio" (https://fashionunited.com/news/retail/kz-k-studio-opens-new-manhattan-studio/2022041947160) . FashionUnited . Retrieved 2022-06-20 . External links [ edit ] Karolina Zmarlak Official Site (http://www.karolinazmarlak.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐56c65df4d5‐nt4tl Cached time: 20240703105821 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.472 seconds Real time usage: 0.572 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2656/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47870/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2033/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 100689/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.315/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7173022/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 533.209 1 -total 48.04% 256.139 1 Template:Reflist 37.84% 201.773 23 Template:Cite_web 34.88% 185.988 1 Template:Infobox_person 14.64% 78.079 1 Template:Short_description 8.76% 46.707 2 Template:Pagetype 8.31% 44.288 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.16% 38.202 1 Template:Hlist 6.10% 32.534 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 5.96% 31.758 17 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66248500-0!canonical and timestamp 20240703105821 and revision id 1215736951. 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Shoes and boots made to order for an individual customer The shoe lasts of Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) from 1898 and Earl Mountbatten of Burma (/wiki/Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma) at John Lobb Bootmaker (/wiki/John_Lobb_Bootmaker) in London Bespoke shoes or custom shoes are shoes made especially for a certain customer by a shoemaker (/wiki/Shoemaker) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The feet are measured and a last (/wiki/Last) for each foot is created. At the fitting, the customer tries the prototype pair of shoes made in an inexpensive leather (/wiki/Leather) and the shoemaker checks if anything needs to be changed. If so, the changes are applied to the lasts and the shoes are created with a precious leather. After the final lasts are created, the customer can order more pairs of shoes without more measurements and fittings. See also [ edit ] Bespoke (/wiki/Bespoke) Bespoke tailoring (/wiki/Bespoke_tailoring) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Carl, Michael (June 6, 2012). "Custom Cobbling" (http://www.vanityfair.com/style/2012/06/six-best-custom-bespoke-mens-shoes) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . vanityfair.com . 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(/wiki/Tights) Toe socks (/wiki/Toe_sock) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) List of shoe styles (/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐54fcf Cached time: 20240716055352 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.342 seconds Real time usage: 0.444 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 507/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 37766/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 800/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15115/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.213/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16907625/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 372.459 1 -total 56.42% 210.146 4 Template:Navbox 55.79% 207.787 1 Template:Footwear 27.64% 102.938 7 Template:Transl 26.59% 99.021 1 Template:Reflist 22.68% 84.465 1 Template:Cite_web 17.32% 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Melville Shoe Corporation Industry Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Founded 1892 ; 132 years ago ( 1892 ) Founder Frank Melville (/wiki/Ward_Melville) Defunct 1922 ( 1922 ) Fate Operating Successor Melville Corporation (/wiki/Melville_Corporation) (now CVS Corp (/wiki/CVS_Corp) ) Headquarters Harrison, New York Area served United States (/wiki/United_States) Products Shoes The Melville Shoe Corporation was a Harrison, New York (/wiki/Harrison,_New_York) -based [1] (#cite_note-based-1) shoe (/wiki/Shoe) company. Founded by Frank Melville in 1892, [2] (#cite_note-nyt-2) the company was incorporated in 1916. From its inception through 1923 it never had an unprofitable year, and paid dividends on preferred stock (/wiki/Preferred_stock) from 1916 to 1923. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 1922 the company was reorganized as the Melville Corporation (/wiki/Melville_Corporation) , which would grow into a major retail conglomerate. [2] (#cite_note-nyt-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-based_1-0) Melville Closes Acquisition , Wall Street Journal, April 15, 1976, pg. 16. ^ a b Steinhauer, Jennifer (/wiki/Jennifer_Steinhauer) (October 25, 1995). "Melville Plans To Split Into 3 Companies" (https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/25/business/company-reports-melville-plans-to-split-into-3-companies.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved February 1, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Chain Shoe Store's Rapid Growth , Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) , December 20, 1923, pg. 9. Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/171044602) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011077840) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6dff5cf5c8‐6b869 Cached time: 20240701104107 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.267 seconds Real time usage: 0.343 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1267/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13686/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 861/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11620/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.185/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3473251/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 318.433 1 -total 41.84% 133.228 1 Template:Infobox_company 37.17% 118.357 1 Template:Infobox 29.89% 95.190 1 Template:Reflist 27.39% 87.230 1 Template:Authority_control 26.12% 83.164 1 Template:Cite_news 3.15% 10.022 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 2.33% 7.419 1 Template:Start_date_and_age 0.78% 2.472 1 Template:Years_or_months_ago 0.73% 2.326 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22134590-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701104107 and revision id 1172972011. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melville_Shoe_Corporation&oldid=1172972011 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melville_Shoe_Corporation&oldid=1172972011) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shoe brands (/wiki/Category:Shoe_brands) Shoe companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_the_United_States) Clothing companies established in 1892 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1892) American companies established in 1892 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1892) 1892 establishments in New York (state) (/wiki/Category:1892_establishments_in_New_York_(state)) American companies disestablished in 1922 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_disestablished_in_1922) 1922 disestablishments in New York (state) (/wiki/Category:1922_disestablishments_in_New_York_(state)) Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York (state) (/wiki/Category:Defunct_manufacturing_companies_based_in_New_York_(state)) Hidden categories: Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers)
Clothing brand Phat Farm is a clothing brand that was founded by Russell Simmons (/wiki/Russell_Simmons) in 1992. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Phat Farm was known for its bold and colorful designs that married classic preppy style with hip-hop culture. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] Phat Farm was established in 1992 by Russell Simmons, co-founder of Def Jam Recordings (/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The brand was initially a men's clothing line and sold clothing items such as T-shirts, jeans, and jackets. The brand's early success was attributed to its association with hip-hop culture, which was growing in popularity at the time. [3] (#cite_note-3) Phat Farm became a recognizable name in urban fashion and expanded its product offerings to include women's clothing as well. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2004, Phat Farm was sold to the Kellwood Company (/wiki/Kellwood_Company) for a reported $140 million. [5] (#cite_note-5) Despite the change in ownership, the brand continued to develop and remained popular with hip-hop fans and urban fashion enthusiasts until 2010, when the excess of early 2000's popular culture became passé. [6] (#cite_note-6) Legacy and future [ edit ] Phat Farm's popularity began to decline in the late 2000s as the urban fashion market shifted away from excess towards more minimalist and streetwear-inspired styles. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2007, Simmons announced that he would be stepping down as CEO of Phat Fashions, the parent company of Phat Farm, to focus on other business ventures. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2002, former wife and business partner of Russell Simmons, Kimora Lee Simmons (/wiki/Kimora_Lee_Simmons) , reacquired the Phat Farm label. In the holiday season of 2022, Phat Farm was relaunched as part of a capsule collection with American fashion retailer Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) . [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ a b Reed, Sam (2017-11-30). "Russell Simmons' Apparel Line, Phat Farm, Died Long Before His Reputation" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/russell-simmons-apparel-line-phat-farm-died-long-before-his-reputation-1063102/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "From Nike to Nautica, Here Are the 90s Brands that Defined the Decade" (https://www.complex.com/style/the-best-brands-of-the-90s) . Complex . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Phat fashion" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-04-20-0404210092-story.html) . Chicago Tribune . 20 April 2004 . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) DeCarlo, Lauren (2006-04-20). "Phat Farm Sets Mideast Growth" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/phat-farm-sets-mideast-growth-538104/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Rozhon, Tracie (2004-01-09). "Phat Fashions Is Being Sold To Kellwood for $140 Million" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/09/business/phat-fashions-is-being-sold-to-kellwood-for-140-million.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Dazed (2019-03-12). "A brief history of Baby Phat, the cult 00s label bringing sexy back" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/43682/1/baby-phat-cult-00s-y2k-fashion-label-hip-hop-kimora-lee-simmons-lil-kim-aaliyah) . Dazed . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Porter, Nia (2016-01-11). "Where Did These Hip-Hop Clothing Labels Go?" (https://www.racked.com/2016/1/11/10737956/hip-hop-brands-fubu-sean-john-rocawear-phat-farm) . Racked . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Watkins (@GrouchyGreg), Grouchy Greg (2007-08-24). "Russell Simmons Steps Down As CEO Of Phat Fashions" (https://allhiphop.com/news/russell-simmons-steps-down-as-ceo-of-phat-fashions/) . AllHipHop . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Hargrove, Channing. "The Under-$25 Baby Phat x Forever 21 Items You'll See Everywhere This Summer" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/06/235280/baby-phat-forever-21-collaboration) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2023-05-05 . 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(Redirected from Slacks (/w/index.php?title=Slacks&redirect=no) ) Clothing for the legs and lower body This article is about the clothing item. For the 1920 British film, see Trousers (film) (/wiki/Trousers_(film)) . "Pants" and "Pair of pants" redirect here. For the object in topology, see Pair of pants (mathematics) (/wiki/Pair_of_pants_(mathematics)) . For the undergarment, see Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) . This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Trousers) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Trousers" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Trousers%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Trousers%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Trousers%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Trousers%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Trousers%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Trousers%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Trousers Man wears a pant. Material Materials used to produce Pants Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Polyester (/wiki/Polyester) Wool (/wiki/Wool) Linen (/wiki/Linen) Denim (/wiki/Denim) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Viscose (/wiki/Viscose) Elastane (/wiki/Elastane) Silk (/wiki/Silk) Leather (/wiki/Leather) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Twill (/wiki/Twill) Gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Velvet (/wiki/Velvet) Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Place of origin Turpan (/wiki/Turpan) , Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) , China (/wiki/China) [1] (#cite_note-auto5-1) Manufacturer Various Trousers ( British English (/wiki/British_English) ), slacks , or pants ( American (/wiki/American_English) and Canadian English (/wiki/Canadian_English) ) are an item of clothing (/wiki/Clothing) worn from the waist to anywhere between the knees and the ankles, covering both legs separately (rather than with cloth extending across both legs as in robes (/wiki/Robe) , skirts (/wiki/Skirts) , dresses (/wiki/Dress) and kilts (/wiki/Kilt) ). In the United Kingdom, the word pants generally means underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and not trousers. [2] (#cite_note-2) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) are similar to trousers, but with legs that come down only to around the area of the knee, higher or lower depending on the style of the garment. To distinguish them from shorts, trousers may be called "long trousers" in certain contexts such as school uniform (/wiki/School_uniform) , where tailored shorts may be called "short trousers" in the UK. The oldest known trousers, dating to the period between the thirteenth and the tenth centuries BC, were found at the Yanghai cemetery (/wiki/Yanghai_cemetery) in Turpan (/wiki/Turpan) , Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) ( Tocharia (/wiki/Tocharia) ), in present-day western China. [3] (#cite_note-3) [1] (#cite_note-auto5-1) Made of wool, the trousers had straight legs and wide crotches and were likely made for horseback riding. [4] (#cite_note-sciencedirect1-4) [5] (#cite_note-sciencenews1-5) In most of Europe (/wiki/Europe) , trousers have been worn since ancient times and throughout the Medieval (/wiki/Medieval) period, becoming the most common form of lower-body clothing for adult males in the modern world. Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) were worn instead of trousers in early modern Europe by some men in higher classes of society. Distinctive formal trousers (/wiki/Formal_trousers) are traditionally worn with formal (/wiki/Formal_attire) and semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_attire) day attire (/wiki/Morning_dress) . Since the mid-twentieth century, trousers have increasingly been worn by women as well. Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , made of denim, are a form of trousers for casual wear widely worn all over the world by people of all genders. Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) are often preferred in hot weather (/wiki/Weather) or for some sports (/wiki/Sport) and also often by children and adolescents. Trousers are worn on the hips or waist and are often held up by buttons, elastic, a belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) or suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) (braces). Unless elastic, and especially for men, trousers usually provide a zippered or buttoned fly (/wiki/Fly_(clothing)) . Jeans usually feature side and rear pockets (/wiki/Pockets) with pocket openings placed slightly below the waist band. It is also possible for trousers to provide cargo pockets (/wiki/Cargo_pants) further down the legs. Maintenance of fit is more challenging for trousers than for some other garments. Leg-length can be adjusted with a hem (/wiki/Hem) , which helps to retain fit during the adolescent and early adulthood growth years. Tailoring (/wiki/Tailor) adjustment of girth to accommodate weight gain (/wiki/Weight_gain) or weight loss (/wiki/Weight_loss) is relatively limited, and otherwise serviceable trousers may need to be replaced after a significant change in body composition (/wiki/Body_composition) . Higher-quality trousers often have extra fabric included in the centre-back seam allowance, so the waist can be let out further. Terminology [ edit ] "Slacks" redirects here. For other uses, see Slack (disambiguation) (/wiki/Slack_(disambiguation)) and Slacks (disambiguation) (/wiki/Slacks_(disambiguation)) . This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Trousers) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Silk trousers, Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) In Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) , a type of tartan trousers traditionally worn by Highlanders as an alternative to the Great Plaid and its predecessors is called trews (/wiki/Trews) or in the original Gaelic (/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic) triubhas . This is the source of the English word trousers . Trews are still sometimes worn instead of the kilt at ceilidhs, weddings etc. Trousers are also known as breeks (/wiki/Breeks) in Scots (/wiki/Scots_language) , the cognate (/wiki/Cognate) of breeches . The item of clothing worn under trousers is called pants . The standard English form trousers is also used, but it is sometimes pronounced in a manner approximately represented by [ˈtruːzɨrz] (/wiki/Help:IPA) , as Scots did not completely undergo the Great Vowel Shift (/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift) , and thus retains the vowel sound of the Gaelic triubhas , from which the word originates. [6] (#cite_note-6) In North America, Australia and South Africa, [7] (#cite_note-7) pants is the general category term, whereas trousers (sometimes slacks in Australia and North America) often refers more specifically to tailored (/wiki/Tailor) garments with a waistband, belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) -loops, and a fly (/wiki/Fly_(clothing)) -front. In these dialects, elastic-waist knitted garments would be called pants , but not trousers (or slacks ). [ citation needed ] North Americans call undergarments underwear , underpants , undies , or panties (the last are women's garments specifically) to distinguish them from other pants that are worn on the outside. The term drawers (/wiki/Undergarment) normally refers to undergarments, but in some dialects, may be found as a synonym for breeches , that is, trousers. In these dialects, the term underdrawers is used for undergarments. Many North Americans refer to their underpants by their type, such as boxers (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) or briefs (/wiki/Briefs) . [ citation needed ] In Australia (/wiki/Australia) , men's underwear also has various informal terms including under-dacks , undies , dacks or jocks . In New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) , men's underwear is known informally as undies or dacks . [ citation needed ] In India, underwear is also referred to as innerwear . [ citation needed ] The words trouser (or pant ) instead of trousers (or pants ) is sometimes used in the tailoring and fashion industries as a generic term, for instance when discussing styles, such as "a flared trouser", rather than as a specific item. The words trousers and pants are pluralia tantum (/wiki/Pluralia_tantum) , nouns that generally only appear in plural form—much like the words scissors and tongs , and as such pair of trousers is the usual correct form. However, the singular form is used in some compound words, such as trouser-leg , trouser-press and trouser-bottoms . [8] (#cite_note-8) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) are trousers typically made from denim (/wiki/Denim) or dungaree (/wiki/Dungaree_(fabric)) cloth. In North America skin-tight (/wiki/Skin-tight_clothing) leggings are commonly referred to as tights (/wiki/Tights) . [ citation needed ] Types [ edit ] See also: Category:Trousers and shorts (/wiki/Category:Trousers_and_shorts) There are several different main types of pants and trousers, such as dress pants (/wiki/Dress_pants) , jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , khakis (/wiki/Khakis) , chinos (/wiki/Chinos) , leggings (/wiki/Leggings) , overalls (/wiki/Overalls) , and sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) . They can also be classified by fit, fabric, and other features. There is apparently no universal, overarching classification. [ citation needed ] History [ edit ] Roman Bronze Statuette of a Suebian (/wiki/Suebi) wearing trousers. First to third century AD Prehistory [ edit ] There is some evidence, from figurative art (/wiki/Figurative_art) , of trousers being worn in the Upper Paleolithic (/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic) , as seen on the figurines found at the Siberian sites of Mal'ta and Buret' (/wiki/Mal%27ta-Buret%27_culture) . [9] (#cite_note-infob-9) Fabrics and technology for their construction are fragile and disintegrate easily, so often are not among artefacts discovered in archaeological sites. The oldest known trousers were found at the Yanghai cemetery, extracted from mummies in Turpan (/wiki/Turpan) , Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) , western China, belonging to the people of the Tarim Basin (/wiki/Tarim_Basin) ; [1] (#cite_note-auto5-1) dated to the period between the thirteenth and the tenth century BC and made of wool, the trousers had straight legs and wide crotches, and were likely made for horseback riding. [4] (#cite_note-sciencedirect1-4) [5] (#cite_note-sciencenews1-5) Antiquity [ edit ] Scythian wearing trousers Trousers enter recorded history (/wiki/Recorded_history) in the sixth century BC, on the rock carvings and artworks of Persepolis (/wiki/Persepolis) , [10] (#cite_note-10) [ self-published source? ] and with the appearance of horse-riding Eurasian nomads (/wiki/Eurasian_nomads) in Greek ethnography. At this time, Iranian peoples (/wiki/Iranian_peoples) such as Scythians (/wiki/Scythians) , Sarmatians (/wiki/Sarmatians) , Sogdians (/wiki/Sogdians) and Bactrians (/wiki/Bactrians) among others, along with Armenians (/wiki/Armenians) and Eastern (/wiki/East_Asian) and Central Asian (/wiki/Central_Asian) peoples such as the Xiongnu (/wiki/Xiongnu) / Hunnu (/wiki/Hunnu) , are known to have worn trousers. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Trousers are believed to have been worn by people of any gender among these early users. [13] (#cite_note-13) The ancient Greeks (/wiki/Ancient_Greeks) used the term ἀναξυρίδες ( anaxyrides ) for the trousers worn by Eastern (/wiki/Eastern_world) nations [14] (#cite_note-14) and σαράβαρα ( sarabara ) for the loose trousers worn by the Scythians. [15] (#cite_note-15) However, they did not wear trousers since they thought them ridiculous, [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) using the word θύλακοι ( thulakoi ), pl. of θύλακος ( thulakos ) 'sack', as a slang term for the loose trousers of Persians (/wiki/Persians) and other Middle Easterners (/wiki/Middle_East) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Republican Rome (/wiki/Rome) viewed the draped clothing (/wiki/Himation) of Greek (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) and Minoan (/wiki/Minoan_civilization) ( Cretan (/wiki/Crete) ) culture as an emblem of civilization and disdained trousers as the mark of barbarians. [19] (#cite_note-19) As the Roman Empire expanded beyond the Mediterranean (/wiki/Mediterranean) basin, however, the greater warmth provided by trousers led to their adoption. [20] (#cite_note-20) Two types of trousers eventually saw widespread use in Rome: the feminalia (/wiki/Femoralia) , which fit snugly and usually fell to knee length or mid-calf length, [21] (#cite_note-21) and the braccae (/wiki/Braccae) , loose-fitting trousers that were closed at the ankles. [22] (#cite_note-22) Both garments were adopted originally from the Celts (/wiki/Celts) of Europe, although later familiarity with the Persian Near East (/wiki/Near_East) and the Germanic peoples (/wiki/Germanic_peoples) increased acceptance. Feminalia and braccae both began use as military garments, spreading to civilian dress later, and were eventually made in a variety of materials, including leather, wool, cotton and silk. [23] (#cite_note-23) Medieval Europe [ edit ] Trousers of various designs were worn throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, especially by men. Loose-fitting trousers were worn in Byzantium (/wiki/Byzantium) under long tunics (/wiki/Tunics) , [24] (#cite_note-24) and were worn by many tribes, such as the Germanic tribes that migrated to the Western Roman Empire in Late Antiquity (/wiki/Late_Antiquity) and the Early Middle Ages (/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages) , as evidenced by both artistic sources and such relics as the fourth-century costumes recovered from the Thorsberg (/wiki/Thorsberg) peat bog (/wiki/Peat_bog) (see illustration). [25] (#cite_note-25) Trousers in this period, generally called braies (/wiki/Braies) , varied in length and were often closed at the cuff or even had attached foot coverings, although open-legged pants were also seen. [26] (#cite_note-26) Psalter (the 'Shaftesbury Psalter') with calendar and prayers, England, second quarter of the twelfth century By the eighth century there is evidence of the wearing in Europe of two layers of trousers, especially among upper-class males. [27] (#cite_note-27) The under layer is today referred to by costume historians as drawers , although that usage did not emerge until the late sixteenth century. Over the drawers were worn trousers of wool or linen, which in the tenth century began to be referred to as breeches in many places. Tightness of fit and length of leg varied by period, class, and geography. (Open legged trousers can be seen on the Norman (/wiki/Normans) soldiers of the Bayeux Tapestry (/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry) .) [28] (#cite_note-28) Although Charlemagne (/wiki/Charlemagne) (742–814) is recorded to have habitually worn trousers, donning the Byzantine tunic only for ceremonial occasions, [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) the influence of the Roman past and the example of Byzantium led to the increasing use of long tunics by men, hiding most of the trousers from view and eventually rendering them an undergarment for many. As undergarments, these trousers became briefer or longer as the length of the various medieval outer garments changed, and were met by, and usually attached to, another garment variously called hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) or stockings (/wiki/Stockings) . [ citation needed ] In the fourteenth century it became common among the men of the noble and knightly classes to connect the hose directly to their pourpoints (/wiki/Pourpoint) [31] (#cite_note-31) (the padded under jacket worn with armoured breastplates that would later evolve into the doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) ) rather than to their drawers. In the fifteenth century, rising hemlines led to ever briefer drawers [32] (#cite_note-32) until they were dispensed with altogether by the most fashionable elites who joined their skin-tight hose back into trousers. [33] (#cite_note-33) These trousers, which we would today call tights but which were still called hose or sometimes joined hose at the time, emerged late in the fifteenth century and were conspicuous by their open crotch which was covered by an independently fastening front panel, the codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) . The exposure of the hose to the waist was consistent with fifteenth-century trends, which also brought the pourpoint/doublet and the shirt (/wiki/Shirt) , previously undergarments, into view, [34] (#cite_note-34) but the most revealing of these fashions were only ever adopted at court and not by the general population. [ citation needed ] Men's clothes in Hungary in the fifteenth century consisted of a shirt and trousers as underwear, and a dolman (/wiki/Dolman) worn over them, as well as a short fur-lined or sheepskin coat. Hungarians generally wore simple trousers, only their colour being unusual; the dolman covered the greater part of the trousers. [35] (#cite_note-35) Europe before the 20th century [ edit ] Around the turn of the sixteenth century it became conventional to separate hose into two pieces, one from the waist to the crotch which fastened around the top of the legs, called trunk hose, and the other running beneath it to the foot. The trunk hose soon reached down the thigh to fasten below the knee and were now usually called " breeches (/wiki/Breeches) " to distinguish them from the lower-leg coverings still called hose or, sometimes stockings . By the end of the sixteenth century, the codpiece had also been incorporated into breeches which featured a fly or fall front opening. [ citation needed ] As a modernization measure, Tsar Peter the Great (/wiki/Peter_the_Great) of Russia issued a decree in 1701 commanding every Russian man, other than clergy and peasant farmers, to wear trousers. [36] (#cite_note-36) Western dress shall be worn by all the boyars, members of our councils and of our court...gentry of Moscow, secretaries...provincial gentry, gosti,[3] government officials, streltsy,[4] members of the guilds purveying for our household, citizens of Moscow of all ranks, and residents of provincial cities...excepting the clergy and peasant tillers of the soil. The upper dress shall be of French or Saxon cut, and the lower dress...--waistcoat, trousers, boots, shoes, and hats--shall be of the German type During the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) of 1789 and following, many male citizens of France adopted a working-class costume including ankle-length trousers, or pantaloons (named from a Commedia dell'Arte (/wiki/Commedia_dell%27Arte) character named Pantalone (/wiki/Pantalone) ) [37] (#cite_note-37) in place of the aristocratic knee-breeches ( culottes (/wiki/Culottes) ). (Compare sans-culottes (/wiki/Sans-culottes) .) The new garment of the revolutionaries differed from that of the ancien regime upper classes in three ways: [ citation needed ] it was loose where the style for breeches had most recently been form-fitting it was ankle length where breeches had generally been knee-length for more than two centuries they were open at the bottom while breeches were fastened Pantaloons became fashionable in early nineteenth-century England and the Regency era (/wiki/Regency_era) . The style was introduced by Beau Brummell (/wiki/Beau_Brummell) (1778–1840) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) and by mid-century had supplanted breeches as fashionable street-wear. [41] (#cite_note-41) At this point, even knee-length pants adopted the open bottoms of trousers (see shorts (/wiki/Shorts) ) and were worn by young boys, for sports, and in tropical climates. Breeches proper have survived into the twenty-first century as court dress (/wiki/Court_dress) , and also in baggy mid- calf (/wiki/Calf_(leg)) (or three-quarter length) versions known as plus-fours (/wiki/Plus-fours) or knickers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) worn for active sports and by young schoolboys. Types of breeches are also still worn today by baseball (/wiki/Baseball) and American football (/wiki/American_football) players, and by equestrians. [ citation needed ] Sailors may [ original research? ] have played a role in the worldwide dissemination of trousers as a fashion. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, sailors wore baggy trousers known as galligaskins (/wiki/Galligaskins) . Sailors also pioneered the wearing of jeans (/wiki/Jeans) – trousers made of denim (/wiki/Denim) . [42] (#cite_note-42) These became more popular in the late nineteenth century in the American West (/wiki/American_West) because of their ruggedness and durability. [ citation needed ] Starting around the mid-nineteenth century, Wigan (/wiki/Wigan) pit-brow women scandalized Victorian society (/wiki/Victorian_era) by wearing trousers for their work at the local coal mines (/wiki/Coal_mine) . They wore skirts over their trousers and rolled them up to their waists to keep them out of the way. Although pit-brow lasses (/wiki/Pit_brow_women) worked above ground at the pit-head, their task of sorting and shovelling coal involved hard manual labour, so wearing the usual long skirts of the time would have greatly hindered their movements. [ citation needed ] Medieval Korea [ edit ] Main article: hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) The Korean word for trousers, baji (/wiki/Baji_(clothing)) (originally pajibaji ) first appears in recorded history around the turn of the fifteenth century, but pants may have been in use by Korean society for some time. From at least this time pants were worn by both sexes in Korea. Men wore trousers either as outer garments or beneath skirts, while it was unusual for adult women to wear their pants (termed sokgot (/wiki/Sokgot) ) without a covering skirt. As in Europe, a wide variety of styles came to define regions, time periods and age and gender groups, from the unlined gouei to the padded sombaji . [43] (#cite_note-43) Women wearing trousers [ edit ] Main article: Trousers as women's clothing (/wiki/Trousers_as_women%27s_clothing) See also: the Laws (#Laws) section below. Amazon (/wiki/Amazons) wearing trousers and carrying a shield with an attached patterned cloth and a quiver. Ancient Greek (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) Attic white-ground alabastron (/wiki/Alabastron) , c. 470 BC , British Museum (/wiki/British_Museum) , London In Western society, it was Eastern culture that inspired French designer Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) (1879–1944) to be one of the first to design pants for women. In 1913, Poiret created loose-fitting, wide-leg trousers for women called harem pants, which were based on the costumes of the popular ballet Sheherazade . Written by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov) in 1888, Sheherazade was based on a collection of legends from the Middle East called 1001 Arabian Nights. [44] (#cite_note-44) In the early twentieth century, women air pilots and other working women often wore trousers. Frequent photographs from the 1930s of actresses Marlene Dietrich (/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich) and Katharine Hepburn (/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn) in trousers helped make trousers acceptable for women. During World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , women employed in factories or doing other "men's work" on war service wore trousers when the job demanded it. In the post-war era, trousers became acceptable casual wear for gardening, the beach, and other leisure pursuits. In Britain during World War II the rationing of clothing prompted women to wear their husbands' civilian clothes, including trousers, to work while the men were serving in the armed forces. This was partly because they were seen as practical for work, but also so that women could keep their clothing allowance for other uses. As this practice of wearing trousers became more widespread and as the men's clothing wore out, replacements were needed. By the summer of 1944, it was reported that sales of women's trousers were five times more than the previous year. [45] (#cite_note-45) Women wearing slacks, Sydney, 1946 In 1919, Luisa Capetillo (/wiki/Luisa_Capetillo) challenged mainstream society by becoming the first woman in Puerto Rico to wear trousers in public. Capetillo was sent to jail for what was considered to be a crime, but the charges were later dropped. [ citation needed ] In the 1960s, André Courrèges (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Courr%C3%A8ges) introduced long trousers for women as a fashion item, leading to the era of the pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) and designer jeans (/wiki/Designer_jeans) and the gradual erosion of social prohibitions against girls and women wearing trousers in schools, the workplace and in fine restaurants. [ citation needed ] In 1969, Rep. Charlotte Reid (/wiki/Charlotte_Reid) (R-Ill.) became the first woman to wear trousers in the US Congress (/wiki/US_Congress) . [46] (#cite_note-46) Pat Nixon (/wiki/Pat_Nixon) was the first American First Lady (/wiki/First_Lady) to wear trousers in public. [47] (#cite_note-47) In 1989, California state senator Rebecca Morgan (/wiki/Rebecca_Morgan) became the first woman to wear trousers in a US state senate. [48] (#cite_note-48) Hillary Clinton (/wiki/Hillary_Clinton) was the first woman to wear trousers in an official American First Lady portrait. [49] (#cite_note-49) Women were not allowed to wear trousers on the US Senate floor until 1993. [50] (#cite_note-auto-50) [51] (#cite_note-auto1-51) In 1993, Senators Barbara Mikulski (/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski) and Carol Moseley Braun (/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun) wore trousers onto the floor in defiance of the rule, and female support staff followed soon after; the rule was amended later that year by Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Martha Pope (/wiki/Martha_Pope) to allow women to wear trousers on the floor so long as they also wore a jacket. [50] (#cite_note-auto-50) [51] (#cite_note-auto1-51) In Malawi (/wiki/Malawi) women were not legally allowed to wear trousers under President Kamuzu Banda (/wiki/Kamuzu_Banda) 's rule until 1994. [52] (#cite_note-Malawi_in_Pictures-52) This law was introduced in 1965. [53] (#cite_note-152.111.1.88-53) Since 2004 the International Skating Union (/wiki/International_Skating_Union) has allowed women to wear trousers instead of skirts in ice-skating competitions. [54] (#cite_note-54) In 2009, journalist Lubna Hussein (/wiki/Lubna_Hussein) was fined the equivalent of $200 when a court found her guilty of violating Sudan's decency laws by wearing trousers. [55] (#cite_note-auto2-55) In 2012 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police) began to allow women to wear trousers and boots with all their formal uniforms. [56] (#cite_note-56) In 2012 and 2013, some Mormon (/wiki/Mormon) women participated in "Wear Pants to Church Day", in which they wore trousers to church instead of the customary dresses to encourage gender equality within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints) . [57] (#cite_note-57) [58] (#cite_note-auto3-58) More than one thousand women participated in 2012. [58] (#cite_note-auto3-58) In 2013, Turkey's parliament ended a ban on women lawmakers wearing trousers in its assembly. [59] (#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-59) Also in 2013, an old bylaw requiring women in Paris, France to ask permission from city authorities before "dressing as men", including wearing trousers (with exceptions for those "holding a bicycle handlebar or the reins of a horse") was declared officially revoked by France's Women's Rights Minister, Najat Vallaud-Belkacem (/wiki/Najat_Vallaud-Belkacem) . [60] (#cite_note-newsfeed.time.com-60) The bylaw was originally intended to prevent women from wearing the pantalons fashionable with Parisian rebels in the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) . [60] (#cite_note-newsfeed.time.com-60) In 2014, an Indian family court in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) ruled that a husband objecting to his wife wearing a kurta (/wiki/Kurta) and jeans (/wiki/Jeans) and forcing her to wear a sari (/wiki/Sari) amounts to cruelty inflicted by the husband and can be a ground to seek divorce. [61] (#cite_note-gulfnews1-61) The wife was thus granted a divorce on the ground of cruelty as defined under section 27(1)(d) of the Special Marriage Act, 1954. [61] (#cite_note-gulfnews1-61) Until 2016 some female crew members on British Airways (/wiki/British_Airways) were required to wear British Airways' standard "ambassador" uniform, which has not traditionally included trousers. [62] (#cite_note-thinkprogress.org-62) In 2017, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints) announced that its female employees could wear "professional pantsuits and dress slacks" while at work; dresses and skirts had previously been required. [63] (#cite_note-63) In 2018 it was announced that female missionaries of that church could wear dress slacks except when attending the temple and during Sunday worship services, baptismal services, and mission leadership and zone conferences. [64] (#cite_note-64) In 2019, Virgin Atlantic (/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic) began to allow its female flight attendants to wear trousers. [65] (#cite_note-65) Parts of trousers [ edit ] Parts of men's trousers Pleats [ edit ] Pleats (/wiki/Pleats) just below the waistband on the front typify many styles of formal and casual trousers, including suit (/wiki/Suit_(clothing)) trousers and khakis (/wiki/Khakis) . There may be one, two, three, or no pleats, which may face either direction. When the pleats open toward the pockets they are called reverse pleats (typical of most trousers today) and when they open toward the fly they are known as forward pleats. [ citation needed ] Pockets [ edit ] Further information: Pocket (/wiki/Pocket) and Trousers as women's clothing § Pockets (/wiki/Trousers_as_women%27s_clothing#Pockets) In modern trousers, men's models generally have pockets for carrying small items such as wallets (/wiki/Wallet) , keys or mobile phones (/wiki/Mobile_phone) , but women's trousers often do not – and sometimes have what are called Potemkin pockets, a fake slit sewn shut. [66] (#cite_note-Clark-66) If there are pockets, they are often much smaller than in men's clothes. [66] (#cite_note-Clark-66) In 2018, journalists at The Pudding (/wiki/The_Pudding) found less than half of women's front pockets could fit a thin wallet, let alone a handheld phone and keys. [66] (#cite_note-Clark-66) [67] (#cite_note-Pudding-67) 'On average, the pockets in women's jeans are 48% shorter and 6.5% narrower than men's pockets.' [67] (#cite_note-Pudding-67) This gender difference is usually explained by diverging priorities; as French fashion designer Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) allegedly said in 1954: 'Men have pockets to keep things in, women for decoration.' [67] (#cite_note-Pudding-67) Cuffs/Bottom hem [ edit ] Trouser-makers can finish the legs by hemming (/wiki/Hem) the bottom to prevent fraying. [ citation needed ] Trousers with turn-ups (/wiki/Turn-ups) (cuffs in American English), after hemming, are rolled outward and sometimes pressed or stitched into place. [ citation needed ] Fly [ edit ] Main article: Fly (clothing) (/wiki/Fly_(clothing)) A fly is a covering over an opening join concealing the mechanism, such as a zipper (/wiki/Zipper) , velcro (/wiki/Velcro) , or buttons, used to join the opening. In trousers, this is most commonly an opening covering the groin (/wiki/Groin) , which makes the pants easier to put on or take off. The opening also allows men to urinate (/wiki/Urination) without lowering their trousers. [ citation needed ] Trousers have varied historically in whether or not they have a fly. Originally, hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) did not cover the area between the legs. This was instead covered by a doublet or by a codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) . When breeches were worn, during the Regency period for example, they were fall-fronted (or broad fall). Later, after trousers (pantaloons) were invented, the fly-front (split fall) emerged. [68] (#cite_note-68) The panelled front returned as a sporting option, such as in riding breeches, but is now hardly ever used, a fly being by far the most common fastening. Most flies now use a zipper, though button-fly pants continue to be available. [ citation needed ] Trouser support [ edit ] At present, most trousers are held up through the assistance of a belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) which is passed through the belt loops on the waistband of the trousers. However, this was traditionally a style acceptable only for casual trousers and work trousers; suit trousers and formal trousers were suspended by the use of braces (/wiki/Suspenders) ( suspenders in American English) attached to buttons located on the interior or exterior of the waistband. Today, this remains the preferred method of trouser support amongst adherents of classical British tailoring. Many men claim this method is more effective and more comfortable because it requires no cinching of the waist or periodic adjustment. [ citation needed ] Society [ edit ] In modern Western society, males customarily wear trousers and not skirts or dresses. There are exceptions, however, such as the ceremonial Scottish kilt (/wiki/Kilt) and Greek fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) , as well as robes or robe-like clothing such as the cassocks (/wiki/Cassock) of clergy and the academic robes, both rarely worn today in daily use. (See also Men's skirts (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) .) Convertible Ventilated Trousers shown with one leg cover removed Based on Deuteronomy (/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy) 22:5 in the Bible (/wiki/Bible) ("The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man"), some groups, including the Amish, Hutterites, some Mennonites, some Baptists, a few Church of Christ groups, and most Orthodox Jews, believe that women should not wear (/wiki/Dress_code) trousers. These groups permit women to wear underpants (/wiki/Underpants) as long as they are hidden. By contrast, many Muslim sects approve of pants as they are considered more modest than any skirt that is shorter than ankle length. However, some mosques require ankle length trousers for both Muslims and non-Muslims on the premises. [69] (#cite_note-69) Among certain groups, low-rise, baggy trousers exposing underwear (/wiki/Underwear) became fashionable (/wiki/Fashion) ; for example, among skaters (/wiki/Skateboarding) and in 1990s hip hop fashion (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) . This fashion is called sagging (/wiki/Sagging_(fashion)) or, alternatively, "busting slack." [70] (#cite_note-busting_slack-70) Cut-offs are homemade shorts (/wiki/Shorts) made by cutting the legs off trousers, usually after holes have been worn in fabric around the knees. This extends the useful life of the trousers. The remaining leg fabric may be hemmed or left to fray after being cut. [ citation needed ] Laws [ edit ] See also: Trousers as women's clothing § Changing norms (/wiki/Trousers_as_women%27s_clothing#Changing_norms) France [ edit ] In 2013, a law requiring women in Paris to ask permission from city authorities before "dressing as men", including wearing trousers (with exceptions for those "holding a bicycle handlebar or the reins of a horse") was declared officially revoked by France's Women's Rights Minister, Najat Vallaud-Belkacem (/wiki/Najat_Vallaud-Belkacem) . [60] (#cite_note-newsfeed.time.com-60) The bylaw was originally intended to prevent women from wearing the pantalons fashionable with Parisian rebels in the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) . [60] (#cite_note-newsfeed.time.com-60) India [ edit ] In 2014, an Indian family court in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) ruled that a husband objecting to his wife wearing a kurta (/wiki/Kurta) and jeans (/wiki/Jeans) and forcing her to wear a sari (/wiki/Sari) amounts to cruelty inflicted by the husband and can be a ground to seek divorce. [61] (#cite_note-gulfnews1-61) The wife was thus granted a divorce on the ground of cruelty as defined under section 27(1)(d) of Special Marriage Act, 1954. [61] (#cite_note-gulfnews1-61) Italy [ edit ] In Rome (/wiki/Rome) in 1992, a 45-year-old driving instructor was accused of rape. When he picked up an 18-year-old for her first driving lesson, he allegedly raped her for an hour, then told her that if she was to tell anyone he would kill her. Later that night she told her parents and her parents agreed to help her press charges. While the alleged rapist was convicted and sentenced, the Supreme Court of Cassation (/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)) overturned the conviction in 1998 because the victim wore tight jeans. It was argued that she must have necessarily have had to help her attacker remove her jeans, thus making the act consensual (/wiki/Consensual) ("because the victim wore very, very tight jeans, she had to help him remove them...and by removing the jeans...it was no longer rape but consensual sex"). The court stated in its decision "it is a fact of common experience that it is nearly impossible to slip off tight jeans even partly without the active collaboration of the person who is wearing them." [71] (#cite_note-auto4-71) This ruling sparked widespread feminist protest. The day after the decision, women in the Italian Parliament protested by wearing jeans and holding placards that read "Jeans: An Alibi for Rape." As a sign of support, the California Senate and Assembly followed suit. Soon Patricia Giggans (/wiki/Patricia_Giggans) , executive director of the Los Angeles Commission on Assaults Against Women, (now Peace Over Violence) made Denim Day (/wiki/Denim_Day) an annual event. As of 2011 at least 20 U.S. states officially recognize Denim Day in April. Wearing jeans on this day, 22 April, has become an international symbol of protest. [ citation needed ] In 2008 the Supreme Court of Cassation overturned the ruling, so there is no longer a "denim" defense to the charge of rape. [72] (#cite_note-72) Malawi [ edit ] In Malawi (/wiki/Malawi) , women were not legally allowed to wear trousers under President Kamuzu Banda (/wiki/Kamuzu_Banda) 's rule until 1994. [52] (#cite_note-Malawi_in_Pictures-52) This law was introduced in 1965. [53] (#cite_note-152.111.1.88-53) Puerto Rico [ edit ] In 1919, Luisa Capetillo (/wiki/Luisa_Capetillo) challenged mainstream society by becoming the first woman in Puerto Rico to wear trousers in public. Capetillo was sent to jail for what was then considered to be a crime, but, the judge later dropped the charges against her. [ citation needed ] Turkey [ edit ] In 2013, Turkey's parliament ended a ban on women lawmakers wearing trousers in its assembly. [59] (#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-59) Sudan [ edit ] In Sudan, Article 152 of the Memorandum to the 1991 Penal Code prohibits the wearing of "obscene outfits" in public. This law has been used to arrest and prosecute women wearing trousers. Thirteen women including journalist Lubna al-Hussein (/wiki/Lubna_al-Hussein) were arrested in Khartoum in July 2009 for wearing trousers; ten of the women pleaded guilty and were flogged with ten lashes and fined 250 Sudanese pounds apiece. Lubna al-Hussein considers herself a good Muslim and asserts "Islam does not say whether a woman can wear trousers or not. I'm not afraid of being flogged. It doesn't hurt. But it is insulting." She was eventually found guilty and fined the equivalent of $200 rather than being flogged. [55] (#cite_note-auto2-55) United States [ edit ] In May 2004, in Louisiana (/wiki/Louisiana) , Democrat (/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) and state legislator Derrick Shepherd (/wiki/Derrick_Shepherd) proposed a bill that would make it a crime to appear in public (/wiki/In_public) wearing trousers below the waist (/wiki/Sagging_(fashion)) and thereby exposing one's skin or "intimate clothing". [73] (#cite_note-73) The Louisiana bill did not pass. [ citation needed ] In February 2005, Virginia (/wiki/Virginia) legislators tried to pass a similar law that would have made punishable by a $50 fine "any person who, while in a public place, intentionally wears and displays his below-waist undergarments, intended to cover a person's intimate parts, in a lewd or indecent manner". (It is not clear whether, with the same coverage by the trousers, exposing underwear was considered worse than exposing bare skin, or whether the latter was already covered by another law.) The law passed in the Virginia House of Delegates (/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates) . However, various criticisms to it arose. For example, newspaper columnists and radio talk show (/wiki/Talk_show) hosts consistently said that since most people that would be penalized under the law would be young African-American (/wiki/African-American) men, the law would thus be a form of racial discrimination (/wiki/Discrimination#Race_discrimination) . Virginia's state senators voted against passing the law. [74] (#cite_note-74) [75] (#cite_note-75) In California (/wiki/California) , Government Code Section 12947.5 (part of the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (/wiki/California_Fair_Employment_and_Housing_Act) (FEHA)) expressly protects the right to wear pants. [76] (#cite_note-76) Thus, the standard California FEHA discrimination complaint form includes an option for "denied the right to wear pants." [77] (#cite_note-77) See also [ edit ] Capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) Churidar (/wiki/Churidar) Clothing sizes (/wiki/Clothing_sizes) Low-rise pants (/wiki/Low-rise_pants) Oxford bags (/wiki/Oxford_bags) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Thai fisherman pants (/wiki/Thai_fisherman_pants) Trouser clips (/wiki/Trouser_clips) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Kiona N., " The world's oldest pants are a 3,000-year-old engineering marvel (https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/04/the-worlds-oldest-pants-are-a-3000-year-old-engineering-marvel/) ", Ars Technica , 4 April 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hanks, Patrick, ed. (1979). Collins English Dictionary . London: Collins. p. 1061. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-00-433078-5 . pants pl. n. 1. British. an undergarment reaching from the waist to the thighs or knees. 2. the usual U.S. name for trousers. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Mayke Wagner; Moa Hallgren-Brekenkamp, Dongliang Xu, Xiaojing Kang, Patrick Wertmann, Carol James, Irina Elkina, Dominic Hosner, Christian Leipeg, Pavel E.Tarasovh, " The invention of twill tapestry points to Central Asia: Archaeological record of multiple textile techniques used to make the woollen outfit of a ca. 3000-year-old horse rider from Turfan, China (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226721000908) ", Archaeological Research in Asia , Volume 29, March 2022, 100344, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.ara.2021.100344 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2021.100344) . ^ Jump up to: a b Beck, Ulrike; Wagner, Mayke; Li, Xiao; Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond; Tarasov, Pavel E. (22 May 2014). "The invention of trousers and its likely affiliation with horseback riding and mobility: A case study of late 2nd millennium BC finds from Turfan in eastern Central Asia". Quaternary International . 348 : 224–235. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2014QuInt.348..224B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QuInt.348..224B) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.04.056) . ^ Jump up to: a b Beck, Ulrike; Wagner, Mayke; Li, Xiao; Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond; Tarasov, Pavel E. (2014). "First pants worn by horse riders 3,000 years ago" (https://www.sciencenews.org/article/first-pants-worn-horse-riders-3000-years-ago) . Quaternary International . 348 . Science News: 224–235. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2014QuInt.348..224B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QuInt.348..224B) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.04.056) . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The History and Tradition of Highland Dancing" (https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/Highland-Dancing/) . Historic UK . Retrieved 18 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Mackenzie, Laurel; Bailey, George; Danielle, Turton (2016). "Our Dialects: Mapping variation in English in the UK" (https://www.ourdialects.uk/maps/clothing/) . www.ourdialects.uk . University of Manchester. Lexical Variation > Clothing . Retrieved 21 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Pair of pants" (http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-pai1.htm) . World Wide Words. 28 April 2001 . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-infob_9-0) Nelson, Sarah M. (2004). Gender in archaeology: analyzing power and prestige . Gender and Archaeology. Vol. 9. Rowman Altamira. p. 85. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7591-0496-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "AS old As a History*" (http://persianwondersvideo.blogspot.com.au/) . persianwondersvideo.blogspot.com.au . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Payne, Blanche. History of Costume . Harper & Row, 1965. pp. 49–51 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Sekunda, Nicholas. The Persian Army 560–330 BC . Archived from the original (http://www.ospreypublishing.com/store/book.aspx?bookcode=p2501) on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Lever, James (1995, 2010). Costume and Fashion: A Concise History . Thames and Hudson. p. 15. ^ (#cite_ref-14) ἀναξυρίδες (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29nacuri%2Fdes) , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library ^ (#cite_ref-15) σαράβαρα (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsara%2Fbara) , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library ^ (#cite_ref-16) Euripides, Cyclops , 182 ^ (#cite_ref-17) Aristophanes, Wasps , 1087 ^ (#cite_ref-18) θύλακος (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dqu%2Flakos) , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library ^ (#cite_ref-19) Lever, James. Costume and Fashion: A Concise History . Thames and Hudson, 1995, 2010. p. 50. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Payne, Blanche (1965). History of Costume . Harper & Row. p. 97 ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Feminalia." 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Harper & Row, 1965. pp. 142, 154 ^ (#cite_ref-29) Einhard. The Life of Charlemagne . University of Michigan Press, 1960. ^ (#cite_ref-30) Lever, James. Costume and Fashion: A Concise History . Thames and Hudson, 1995, 2010. pp. 50–51. ^ (#cite_ref-31) Payne, Blanche. History of Costume . Harper & Row, 1965. p. 180 ^ (#cite_ref-32) Lever, James. Costume and Fashion: A Concise History . Thames and Hudson, 1995, 2010. p. 58. ^ (#cite_ref-33) Payne, Blanche. History of Costume . Harper & Row, 1965. p. 207 ^ (#cite_ref-34) Payne, Blanche. History of Costume . Harper & Row, 1965. p. 200 ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Pannonian Renaissance" (http://mek.oszk.hu/01900/01919/html/index20.html) . Mek.oszk.hu . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Edicts and Decrees" (http://college.cengage.com/history/primary_sources/world/edicts_and_decrees.htm) . Cengage Learning . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Italian Culture in the Drama of Shakespeare and His Contemporaries , ed. 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"Sudan Court Fines Woman for Wearing Trousers" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/08/world/africa/08sudan.html?_r=0) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Moore, Dene (16 August 2012). "Female Mounties earn right to wear pants and boots with all formal uniforms" (https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/Female+Mounties+earn+right+wear+pants+boots+with+formal+uniforms/7102550/story.html?__lsa=067d-6627) . The Vancouver Sun . The Canadian Press . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Gryboski, Michael (16 December 2013). "Mormon Women Observe 'Wear Pants to Church' Sunday to Promote Gender Equality" (http://www.christianpost.com/news/mormon-women-observe-wear-pants-to-church-sunday-to-promote-gender-equality-110882/) . Christian Post . ^ Jump up to: a b Seid, Natalie (14 December 2013). "LDS Women Suit Up For Second 'Wear Pants to Church Day' (https://web.archive.org/web/20190408230251/https://www.boiseweekly.com/CityDesk/archives/2013/12/14/lds-women-suit-up-for-second-wear-pants-to-church-day) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20190408230251/https://www.boiseweekly.com/CityDesk/archives/2013/12/14/lds-women-suit-up-for-second-wear-pants-to-church-day) . Boise Weekly . Archived from the original (http://www.boiseweekly.com/CityDesk/archives/2013/12/14/lds-women-suit-up-for-second-wear-pants-to-church-day) on 8 April 2019 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Turkey lifts ban on trousers for women MPs in parliament" (https://news.yahoo.com/turkey-lifts-ban-trousers-women-mps-parliament-101916575.html) . Yahoo! News . 14 November 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "It Is Now Legal for Women to Wear Pants in Paris" (http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/04/it-is-now-legal-for-women-to-wear-pants-in-paris/#ixzz2kp0hXoqW) . Time . New York. 4 February 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Wife's jeans ban is grounds for divorce, India court rules" (http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/wife-s-jeans-ban-is-grounds-for-divorce-india-court-rules-1.1353273) . Gulf News . Dubai. PTI. 28 June 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thinkprogress.org_62-0) "Because It Is 2016, British Airways Finally Agrees Female Employees May Wear Pants To Work" (http://thinkprogress.org/culture/2016/02/06/3746877/british-airways-pants/) . ThinkProgress . 6 February 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-63) Dalrymple II, Jim (30 June 2017). "The Mormon Church Just Allowed Female Employees To Wear Pants. Here's Why That's A Big Deal" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/the-mormon-church-just-allowed-female-employees-to-wear) . Buzzfeed News . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) "Female Mormon missionaries given option to wear dress slacks" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073904/https://www.wsbradio.com/news/national/female-mormon-missionaries-given-option-wear-dress-slacks/3JvcGA9xS8XaSPLDJZAaJI/) . News 95.5 and AM750 WSB . 20 December 2018. Archived from the original (https://www.wsbradio.com/news/national/female-mormon-missionaries-given-option-wear-dress-slacks/3JvcGA9xS8XaSPLDJZAaJI/) on 24 December 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) Yeginsu, Ceylan (5 March 2019). "Virgin Atlantic Won't Make Female Flight Attendants Wear Makeup or Skirts Anymore" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/05/business/virgin-atlantic-flight-attendants-makeup.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Clark, Pilita (7 November 2022). "Women are big losers in the politics of pockets" (https://www.ft.com/content/58904cf6-198b-4a70-abee-c2c821a4b318) . Financial Times . Retrieved 10 November 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Diehm, Jan; Thomas, Amber (August 2018). "Women's Pockets are Inferior" (https://pudding.cool/2018/08/pockets/) . The Pudding . Retrieved 18 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) Croonborg, Frederick: The Blue Book of Men's Tailoring . Croonborg Sartorial Co. New York and Chicago, 1907. p. 123 ^ (#cite_ref-69) "Mosque Manners : Dress Code" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112705/http://www.szgmc.ae/en/img/Mosque-Manners.jpg) . Szgmc.ae . Archived from the original (http://www.szgmc.ae/en/img/Mosque-Manners.jpg) (JPG) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-busting_slack_70-0) "Huckaby: Pants off to the kids busting slack at school" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151204064044/http://onlineathens.com/stories/082607/news_20070826123.shtml) . Online Athens. 26 August 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/082607/news_20070826123.shtml) on 4 December 2015 . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto4_71-0) Faedi, Benedetta (2009). "Rape, Blue Jeans, and Judicial Developments in Italy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204433/http://www.cjel.net/online/16_1-faedi) . Columbia Journal of European Law . Archived from the original (http://www.cjel.net/online/16_1-faedi) on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) Owen, Richard (23 July 2008). "Italian court reverses 'tight jeans' rape ruling" (https://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/italian-court-reverses-tight-jeans-rape-ruling-26464014.html) . Irish Independent . Dublin . Retrieved 23 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-73) "House Bill number 1626" (https://web.archive.org/web/20040605150629/http://www.legis.state.la.us/leg_docs/04RS/CVT6/OUT/0000LE3D.PDF) (PDF) . Legislature of Louisiana. Archived from the original (http://www.legis.state.la.us/leg_docs/04RS/CVT6/OUT/0000LE3D.PDF) (PDF) on 5 June 2004 . Retrieved 30 September 2009 . It shall be unlawful for any person to appear in public wearing his pants below his waist and thereby exposing his skin or intimate clothing. ^ (#cite_ref-74) "Bill Tracking - 2005 session : Legislation" (http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?051+ful+HB1981H1) . Leg1.state.va.us . 4 February 2005 . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-75) "LOCI-HEREIN:A Blog About Today And Tomorrow, With Insights From Yesterday.: 50 bucks to Freeball" (http://lociherein.blogspot.com/2005/02/50-bucks-to-freeball.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-76) "California Government Code - GOV § 12947.5" (http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/cacode/GOV/1/2/d3/2.8/6/1/s12947.5) . Codes.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-77) "Instructions for Obtaining a Right-to-Sue Notice" (https://calcivilrights.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2021/01/Intake-Form_Right-to-Sue_ENG.pdf#page=5&:~:text=Denied%20the%20right%20to%20wear%20pants) (PDF) . California Department Of Fair Employment & Housing. July 2021. p. 5 (https://calcivilrights.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2021/01/Intake-Form_Right-to-Sue_ENG.pdf#page=5&:~:text=Denied%20the%20right%20to%20wear%20pants) . DFEH-IF903-7X-ENG. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220927040245/https://calcivilrights.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2021/01/Intake-Form_Right-to-Sue_ENG.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2022 . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . I ALLEGE THAT I EXPERIENCED: [...] AS A RESULT I WAS: Denied the right to wear pants External links [ edit ] Quotations related to Trousers (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Trousers) at Wikiquote The dictionary definition of trousers at Wiktionary Media related to Trousers (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trousers) at Wikimedia Commons (video) Etymology of 'Pants' (https://vimeo.com/40556736) , from Mysteries of Vernacular (http://www.mysteriesofvernacular.com/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121001183602/http://mysteriesofvernacular.com/) 1 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (video) The Invention of the Trousers (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pl7siWwzibs&ab_channel=DeutschesArch%C3%A4ologischesInstitut) , from German Archaeological Institute (/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology 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(/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear 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black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak 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Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Tainia (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Taranga (/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)) Welsh Wig (/wiki/Welsh_Wig) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbills (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Episcopal sandals (/wiki/Episcopal_sandals) Hessian (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Manchu platform shoes (/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Ascot tie (/wiki/Ascot_tie) Belt hook (/wiki/Belt_hook) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Cravat (early) (/wiki/Cravat_(early)) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) Jabot (/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Oes (/wiki/Oes) Partlet (/wiki/Partlet) Perfumed gloves (/wiki/Perfumed_gloves) Ruff (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Visard (/wiki/Visard) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119877484) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119877484) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4160686-3) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553670805171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85138084) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1060150&CON_LNG=ENG) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐js6cj Cached time: 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Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trousers&oldid=1234702404#Terminology (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trousers&oldid=1234702404#Terminology) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Medieval European costume (/wiki/Category:Medieval_European_costume) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) History of fashion (/wiki/Category:History_of_fashion) Women's clothing (/wiki/Category:Women%27s_clothing) Trousers and shorts (/wiki/Category:Trousers_and_shorts) Hidden categories: CS1 Afrikaans-language sources (af) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Afrikaans-language_sources_(af)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2023) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Use dmy dates from May 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2024) Use Oxford spelling from April 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_April_2024) Articles needing additional references from July 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2012) Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scottish_Gaelic-language_text) Articles containing Scots-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scots-language_text) Pages with undetermined IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_undetermined_IPA) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023) All articles with self-published sources (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources) Articles with self-published sources from February 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_February_2023) All articles that may contain original research (/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research) Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_October_2017) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2011) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NKC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers)
Perfumes from niche perfume (/wiki/Niche_perfume) houses NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐74d8dfd75‐8lg2r Cached time: 20240718130412 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.020 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:65956108-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718130412 and revision id 991348724. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Niche perfumes" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Niche perfume (/wiki/Niche_perfume) A Aedes de Venustas (/wiki/Aedes_de_Venustas) L'Artisan Parfumeur (/wiki/L%27Artisan_Parfumeur) B Byredo (/wiki/Byredo) D D.S. & Durga (/wiki/D.S._%26_Durga) J Jo Loves (/wiki/Jo_Loves) L Le Labo (/wiki/Le_Labo) S Santal 33 (/wiki/Santal_33) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Niche_perfumes&oldid=991348724 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Niche_perfumes&oldid=991348724) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Perfumes (/wiki/Category:Perfumes)
Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Peerage) on Peerages in the United Kingdom Ranks Duke / Duchess (/wiki/Duke) Marquess / Marchioness (/wiki/Marquess) Earl / Countess (/wiki/Earl) Viscount / Viscountess (/wiki/Viscount) Baron / Baroness (/wiki/Baron) (in Scotland (/wiki/Scotland) , replaced by Lord / Lady of Parliament (/wiki/Lord_of_Parliament) ) Types Hereditary (/wiki/Hereditary_peer) Life (/wiki/Life_peer) Representative (/wiki/Representative_peer) Divisions England (/wiki/Peerage_of_England) Scotland (/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland) Great Britain (/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain) Ireland (/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland) United Kingdom (/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom) Topics Nobility (/wiki/British_nobility) Welsh (/wiki/Welsh_peers_and_baronets) History (/wiki/History_of_the_British_peerage) Privileges (/wiki/Privilege_of_peerage) Robes Courtesy titles (/wiki/Courtesy_titles_in_the_United_Kingdom) ( list (/wiki/List_of_courtesy_titles_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland) ) Forms of address (/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom) Family seat (/wiki/Family_seat) Territorial designation (/wiki/Territorial_designation) House of Lords Politics portal (/wiki/Portal:Politics) United Kingdom portal (/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom) v t e Peers in their robes at the State Opening of Parliament (/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament) , 4 February 1512. Left to right: the Lord Chamberlain, a Marquess, with white rod of office, several Earls The 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu (/wiki/Edward_Douglas-Scott-Montagu,_3rd_Baron_Montagu_of_Beaulieu) wearing the parliamentary robes of a baron (/wiki/Baron) Peerage robes are worn in the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) by peers (/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom) and are of two varieties for two occasions: Parliament robes, worn on ceremonial occasions in the House of Lords (/wiki/House_of_Lords) , and Coronation robes, worn at coronations (/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch) of monarchs. Peers wear a robe differentiated by features identifying their rank (/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks) . History [ edit ] Since the early Middle Ages, robes (/wiki/Robe) have been worn as a sign of nobility (/wiki/Nobility) . At first, these seem to have been bestowed on individuals by the monarch (/wiki/Monarch) or feudal lord (/wiki/Feudal_lord) as a sign of special recognition; but in the 15th century the use of robes became formalised, with peers all wearing robes of the same design, though varied according to the rank of the wearer. [1] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-1) Two distinct forms of robe emerged, and these remain in current use: one is worn for parliamentary occasions (such at the State Opening of Parliament (/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament) ); the other is generally worn only at coronations (/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch) . (Formerly, new peers were invested with their coronation robe by the monarch, but this Investiture (/wiki/Investiture) ceremony has not taken place since 1621.) Coronets (/wiki/Coronets) are worn with the Coronation robe; the robes and coronets used at Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953 cost about £1,250 [2] (#cite_note-arma-2) (roughly £44,100 in present-day terms). [3] (#cite_note-inflation-UK-3) (Peers under the rank of an Earl, however, were allowed in 1953 to wear a cheaper "cap of estate" in place of a coronet, as were peeresses of the same rank, for whom a simpler robe was also permitted: a one-piece gown with wrap-around fur cape, designed by Norman Hartnell (/wiki/Norman_Hartnell) .) [1] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-1) Parliament robes [ edit ] Lords Temporal [ edit ] Parliament robe of a viscount (/wiki/Viscount) , with 2½ bars (Robes of Viscount Nuffield (/wiki/Viscount_Nuffield) , Nuffield Place, Oxfordshire) The Parliament robe of a peer is a full-length garment of scarlet wool (/wiki/Wool) with a collar of white miniver (/wiki/Miniver) fur. It is closed at the front with black silk satin ribbon ties (except for a short slit at the neck down half the length of the robe) but open from the shoulder on the right-hand side. (The opposite side is usually tied up with a ribbon to free the left arm.) The back is cut long, as a train, but this is usually kept hooked up inside the garment. Miniver bars (edged with gold oak-leaf lace) on the right-hand side of the robe indicate the rank of the wearer: 4 for a duke, 3½ for a marquess, 3 for an earl, 2½ for a viscount, and 2 for a baron. [2] (#cite_note-arma-2) Today the principal supplier of such robes is the London tailor Ede & Ravenscroft, founded in 1689. [4] (#cite_note-4) These robes are worn by peers at their Introduction to the House of Lords (/wiki/Introduction_(House_of_Lords)) as well as at the State Opening of Parliament (/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament) . They are also worn by Lords Commissioners (/wiki/Lords_Commissioners) when representing the King. They are directed to be worn 'when the peers attend as a body a church service or other ceremony'; [5] (#cite_note-5) however in the twentieth century they were only twice worn outside Parliament: at the Investitures of the Prince of Wales (/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Prince_of_Wales) in 1911 and 1969. The Parliament robe is only worn by Peers who are sworn (/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(United_Kingdom)#CITEREFAsley1998) members of the House of Lords, and the robe is the same for female peers as for males. (Unlike the Coronation robe, there is no equivalent garment for the wives of peers to wear.) A black bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) hat is the official headdress for male peers; female peers wear a specially designed tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) hat, though these are now restricted to certain peers carrying out an official duty where hat doffing is required, e.g. Lords Commissioners at the prorogation of parliament or the approbation of a Speaker of the House of Commons. Before, they were worn at Introductions before the ceremony was simplified to remove the hat doffing portion of the ceremony. The 12th Duke of Manchester (/wiki/Angus_Montagu,_12th_Duke_of_Manchester) wearing the parliamentary robes of a Duke (/wiki/Duke) Lords Spiritual [ edit ] Bishops in the House of Lords have their own distinctive parliamentary robe, which is worn at the State Opening of Parliament. It is akin to the cappa clausa of Cambridge University: a full-length scarlet cloak with a cape of plain white fur. This is worn over rochet & chimere (/wiki/Chimere) , which is the normal day dress for Bishops in the House of Lords. As it is a parliament robe, it is not worn at coronations. Coronation robes [ edit ] Coronation robes The 3rd Duke of Roxburghe (/wiki/John_Ker,_3rd_Duke_of_Roxburghe) wearing Coronation robes The Countess of Dartmouth, 1757 (matching robe and kirtle worn over a white court dress (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) ). Peers [ edit ] For male peers, the Coronation robe is a cloak of crimson velvet extending to the feet, open in the front (with white silk satin ribbon ties) and trailing behind. Attached to the robe is a cape and collar of miniver pure (/wiki/Miniver) ; the rank of the peer is indicated by rows of " ermine (/wiki/Stoat) tails (or the like)" on the miniver cape: 4 for a duke, 3½ for a marquess, 3 for an earl, 2½ for a viscount and 2 for a baron. [6] (#cite_note-Gazette1952.1-6) ( Royal dukes (/wiki/Royal_duke) have six rows of ermine, and additional rows on the collar and on the front edges of the garment.) Peers are entitled to wear the Coronation robe whether or not they are members of the House of Lords. The robes are worn over court uniform (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) and with collars of an order of chivalry if entitled. Peeresses [ edit ] Peeresses (both female peers and the wives of male peers) also wear a crimson robe at coronations, but it is of a different design: a crimson velvet kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) , edged in miniver, is worn closely over a full evening dress; the robe itself is attached at the shoulder, and takes the form of a long train of matching crimson velvet, edged with miniver. At the top of the train is a miniver cape (the same width as the train) which has rows of ermine indicating rank, as for their male counterparts. The length of the train also denotes the rank of the wearer: duchesses have two-yard trains, marchionesses one and three quarters, countesses one and a half, viscountesses one and a quarter, and baronesses (and female holders of lordships of Parliament) one. [2] (#cite_note-arma-2) In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, very precise details about the design of peers' and peeresses' robes (and what is to be worn underneath them) were published by the Earl Marshal (/wiki/Earl_Marshal) in advance of each coronation. [7] (#cite_note-7) For the Coronation of King Charles III (/wiki/Coronation_of_King_Charles_III) in 2023, the coronation robes of peers were not initially permitted to be worn by those who were in the congregation, and instead their parliamentary robes were allowed. After a U-turn, only a few chose to wear theirs, and everyone else wore their parliamentary robes. The Lord Great Chamberlain (/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain) , who played a key part of the ceremony, was one of a few lords who wore their coronation robes, sans coronet. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red and white ceremonial robes of the United Kingdom (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Red_and_white_ceremonial_robes_of_the_United_Kingdom) . References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Mansfield, A., Ceremonial Costume . London: A & C Black 1980 ^ Jump up to: a b c Cox, Noel (1999). "The Coronation and Parliamentary Robes of the British Peerage." (https://web.archive.org/web/20060415102834/http://www.geocities.com/noelcox/Peers_Robes.htm) Arma, the Journal of the Heraldry Society of Southern Africa . Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 289–293. Retrieved on 2007-10-19. ^ (#cite_ref-inflation-UK_3-0) UK Retail Price Index (/wiki/Retail_Price_Index) inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" (https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/) . MeasuringWorth (/wiki/MeasuringWorth) . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Peers' Robes" (https://www.edeandravenscroft.com/ceremonial-dress/peers-robes/) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Dress Worn at Court , Lord Chamberlain's Office, 1921ff. ^ (#cite_ref-Gazette1952.1_6-0) "No. 39709" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39709/page/6351) . The London Gazette (/wiki/The_London_Gazette) . 2 December 1952. p. 6351. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "No. 34355" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34355/page/8416) . The London Gazette (/wiki/The_London_Gazette) . 29 December 1936. pp. 8416–8417. 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(/wiki/Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education) Traffic stop (/wiki/Traffic_stop) Informants (/wiki/Informant) Criminal justice reform (/wiki/Criminal_justice_reform) Women in law enforcement (/wiki/Women_in_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States) Gangs in law enforcement (/wiki/List_of_LASD_deputy_gangs) Types of agency State police (/wiki/State_police) / highway patrol (/wiki/Highway_patrol#United_States) State bureau of investigation (/wiki/State_bureau_of_investigation) Campus police (/wiki/Campus_police) Park police (/wiki/Park_police) Coast guard (/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard) Special police (/wiki/Special_police#United_States) Military police (/wiki/Military_police#United_States) Types of law enforcement officers (/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer) Patrol officer (/wiki/Patrol#Law_enforcement) Detective (/wiki/Detective) SWAT (/wiki/SWAT) Police dog (/wiki/Police_dog#United_States) (K-9) Sheriff and sheriff's deputy (/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States) Bailiff (/wiki/Bailiff) County detective (/wiki/County_detective) State trooper (/wiki/Trooper_(police_rank)) Game warden (/wiki/Game_warden) Tribal officer (/wiki/Indian_tribal_police) Indian agent (/wiki/Indian_agent) Lighthorse (/wiki/Lighthorse_(American_Indian_police)) Correction officer (/wiki/Prison_officer) Probation and parole officer (/wiki/Parole_officer#Probation_and_parole_in_the_United_States) Probation officer (/wiki/Probation_officer) Park ranger (/wiki/Park_ranger) Federal air marshal (/wiki/Federal_Air_Marshal_Service) Marshal and deputy marshal (/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service#Deputy_Marshals) Special agent (/wiki/Special_agent) See also Private police (/wiki/Private_police_in_the_United_States) Police dispatcher (/wiki/Police_dispatcher) Coroner (/wiki/Coroner) Medical examiner (/wiki/Medical_examiner) Medical jurisprudence (/wiki/Medical_jurisprudence) Crime (/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States) Terrorism (/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States) Criminology (/wiki/Criminology) v t e Police uniforms in the United States vary widely due to the nation's tradition of highly decentralized law enforcement (/wiki/Law_enforcement) . Over time, however, a number of general conventions and styles have become representative of American police fashion. Police officers (/wiki/Police_officers) wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol, to make themselves easily identifiable to non-police officers or to their colleagues who require assistance, and to quickly identify each other at crime scenes (/wiki/Crime_scenes) for ease of coordination. History [ edit ] The new 1854 regulation uniforms of the New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) Municipal Police were the first and earliest police uniforms worn in the United States Centralized, municipally-managed police departments were unknown in the United States prior to the 1830s. Early law enforcement functions were largely performed by volunteer watchmen as well as elected or appointed constables (/wiki/Constable) and sheriffs (/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States) , who were paid by the fee system for warrants (/wiki/Arrest_warrant) they served. [1] (#cite_note-1) The advent of professional police forces in the United States foreshadowed the introduction of standardized police uniforms. While uniforms for police had been introduced in the United Kingdom as early as 1828, adoption of standardized dress in the United States took longer, with many of the new police objecting to uniforms out of concern they would be subject to public ridicule. [2] (#cite_note-2) Nonetheless, in 1854, the New York City Police Department (/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department) became the United States' first municipal police force to issue uniforms to its officers. New York City was followed, in 1858, by Boston (/wiki/Boston) , Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , and soon thereafter, other cities. [3] (#cite_note-3) Uniforms of the New York City Police Department (/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department) in 1871 A New York City police officer, wearing a custodian helmet (/wiki/Custodian_helmet) , answers a visitor's questions at the corner of Fulton and Broadway in 1899. The navy blue uniforms adopted by many police departments in this early period were simply surplus United States Army uniforms (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army) from the Civil War (/wiki/American_Civil_War) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Headwear typically took the form of stovepipe hats (/wiki/Stovepipe_hat) , a starched woolen head cover similar in appearance to a top hat (/wiki/Top_hat) but with a squatter dimension, or British-style custodian helmets (/wiki/Custodian_helmet) . In rural areas, where preventative policing was limited or non-existent, sheriff's deputies continued to wear civilian attire, using only their badge as a mark of identification. In many states this practice continued well into the following century. The Orange County, California (/wiki/Orange_County,_California) , sheriff's office, for instance, did not adopt a uniform until 1938. [5] (#cite_note-5) By the early 20th century, the style and form of American police uniforms had essentially settled into its modern pattern of collared shirts, neckties, slacks and military-style jackets with open collars, all worn with peaked hats (/wiki/Peaked_hat) . Many early uniforms had loose-fitting jackets that would conceal a police officer's equipment, such as truncheon (/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)) and sidearm. Beginning in the 1930s, officers more frequently began wearing their personal gear on a Sam Browne belt (/wiki/Sam_Browne_belt) worn outside the coat, for ease of access. One of the biggest evolutionary experiments in police uniform design began in 1969, when the police department in Menlo Park (/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California) , California (/wiki/California) moved away from typical police uniforms, opting instead for a dress style designed to better emulate civilian fashion trends and communicate a "softer" appearance. The new uniforms consisted of green blazers (/wiki/Blazer) , black slacks, a white shirt and black necktie. Officers wore their weapons concealed under their coats. Many other police departments soon followed the Menlo Park lead. In psychological tests, it was discovered police - after using the new uniform - displayed less authoritarian personality characteristics. In addition, civilians (/wiki/Civilians) and suspects (/wiki/Suspect) injured during arrests by police dropped by 50-percent and assaults on officers by suspects also plummeted by nearly a third. Despite these initially promising signs, however, it was subsequently determined that other factors, including increased police recruitment of college graduates and adoption of more responsive management techniques, had probably accounted for the statistical shifts. By the eighth year of the uniform experiment, assaults on police had more than doubled from what they were prior to the dress change and the "civilian" style uniforms were subsequently dropped. [6] (#cite_note-6) Current designs [ edit ] The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office (/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Sheriff%27s_Office) badge is typical of the six-pointed star design used by many U.S. sheriffs. The panel at the bottom of the badge is where a deputy's badge number would be engraved. Badges [ edit ] Despite the wide variety of uniforms used by United States police departments, virtually all incorporate the use of metallic badges as a means of primary identification. Unlike in the United Kingdom, where officers both in and out of uniform carry - but do not publicly display - paper or plastic warrant cards (/wiki/Warrant_card) , US police badges are the official symbol of office and are prominently worn over the left chest of the uniform (or, in the case of plainclothes officers, displayed from a concealed badge carrier when necessary to establish authority). In Virginia (/wiki/Virginia) , for instance, police only have the power to make arrests when "in uniform, or displaying a badge of office." [7] (#cite_note-7) Badges are typically engraved with a unique identification number matched to the officer to whom it is issued. Some departments - most notably the New York City Police Department (NYPD) - traditionally pass individual badges through several generations of police so that current officers can establish a symbolic connection with the retired and deceased officers to whom their badge had previously been issued. In the case of the NYPD, officers who misplace their badge are docked five days of vacation time and many officers wear replica badges to avoid losing their issued badge (though the practice is officially discouraged). [8] (#cite_note-8) Federal law prohibits the sale or purchase of counterfeit police badges [9] (#cite_note-9) and many states have laws regulating the wearing of metallic badges by persons other than law enforcement. Florida (/wiki/Florida) , for instance, prohibits unauthorized persons from wearing or displaying badges if their wear or display would be likely to deceive someone. New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) , Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine and New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) , meanwhile, allow private security guards (/wiki/Security_guards) to wear badges provided they are in the shape of a square and not the more traditional shield or star shape used by police. Badges are usually constructed out of metal with an enamel finish in either a gold and/or silver. As a general rule, the badges issued by county sheriff's offices take the form of a five, six, or seven-pointed star, while municipal police have shield-like designs. Following the death of a police officer, other officers will typically cover their badges with a black mourning band. Mourning bands can also be seen worn on May 15, "National Peace Officers Memorial Day." [10] (#cite_note-10) Patches [ edit ] Most police uniforms feature shoulder sleeve insignia in the form of cloth patches (/wiki/Embroidered_patch) embroidered with the agency's name, logo or a heraldic device. These patches are displayed either on both shoulders, or one. Uniforms [ edit ] Individual municipal and county law enforcement agencies in the United States are typically responsible for designing their own uniforms, often with minimal state regulation. As a result, there is no universal form or pattern for American police uniforms. However, in general, most large police departments provide officers with two types of uniforms for wear, tactical (also called "Class B"), and traditional (or "Class A"). Tactical uniforms, similar in material and cut to the U.S. Army (/wiki/United_States_Army) 's former Battle Dress Uniform (/wiki/Battle_Dress_Uniform) , are generally worn while on patrol (/wiki/Patrol#Law_enforcement) , or performing physically intense duties, while traditional-style uniforms are more often used for station assignments, high-profile events, and ceremonial functions. [11] (#cite_note-11) In addition to these two basic uniform types, a variety of specialized clothing may be deployed as necessary, including jumpsuits (sometimes called "Class C") and, in the case of police pipe bands, highland dress (/wiki/Highland_dress) . Many police departments restrict the use of tactical uniforms to tactical units, such as SWAT (/wiki/SWAT) teams, or for special assignments, such as riot control (/wiki/Riot_control) , in order to present a less militarized appearance in day-to-day operations. Municipal police uniforms are typically colored in blue or black, while uniforms worn by sheriff's deputies are more often green, brown, or khaki. Unlike British police, American law enforcement agencies do not usually include white-colored apparel, such as shirts, in their uniforms due to the fact white reflects in the dark and can make police officers more prominent targets for armed criminals during building searches or standoffs. [12] (#cite_note-12) There are, however, many exceptions to this general rule; the Miami Police Department (/wiki/Miami_Police_Department) wears dark blue, bike division officers will wear white, and they may also wear polo shirts on some occasions, and senior officers in the New York City Police Department (/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department) , Baltimore Police Department (/wiki/Baltimore_Police_Department) , Philadelphia Police Department (/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department) , and Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Police Department (/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_of_the_District_of_Columbia) wear uniforms that also feature white shirts. However, some departments like the Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office (/wiki/Hillsborough_County_Sheriff%27s_Office) have white shirts as part of the universal standard uniform. Headgear [ edit ] Unlike police in some Commonwealth nations, US police forces subsequently abandoned the custodian helmet by the early 20th century they had incorporated with their uniforms. Today, municipal police forces typically wear peaked hats or, in tactical uniforms, baseball caps (/wiki/Baseball_caps) . County sheriff's offices often issues their deputies with campaign hats (/wiki/Campaign_hat) or Stetsons (/wiki/Stetson) for cover. Some departments permit the usage of the hijab (/wiki/Hijab) for female (/wiki/Female) Muslim (/wiki/Muslim) police officers. [13] (#cite_note-13) Unique elements [ edit ] Several United States police forces are known for unique uniform items not commonly used by other departments. Police uniforms in Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) and Pittsburgh (/wiki/Pittsburgh) feature peaked hats incorporating the Sillitoe tartan (/wiki/Sillitoe_tartan) checkerboard design, similar to taxicab decor. The Washington State Patrol (/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol) and New Mexico State Police (/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Police) wear bow ties (/wiki/Bow_tie) . Troopers of the Texas Ranger Division (/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division) and Texas Highway Patrol (/wiki/Texas_Highway_Patrol) wear cowboy hats (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) as part of their duty and dress uniforms and cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) as part of their dress uniforms. The Honolulu Police Department (/wiki/Honolulu_Police_Department) uses Kukui nut medallions on their epaulets for the ranks of Lieutenant through Major. Many police departments replace their standard collared shirts and neckties with an ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) when detachments are organized as part of a funeral detail or color guard. Fourragère (/wiki/Fourrag%C3%A8re) and aiguillettes (/wiki/Aiguillette) may also be worn. [ citation needed ] Awards [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_uniforms_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=) . ( May 2015 ) Since 1977, the North American Association of Uniforms, Manufacturers and Distributors have sponsored an annual award for the "best dressed" police department in the United States. The awards are currently awarded in several classes, depending on a department's size. In 2013 the Florida Highway Patrol (/wiki/Florida_Highway_Patrol) was recognized as the "best dressed" police force among departments with more than 2,000 personnel. [14] (#cite_note-14) Examples of United States police uniforms [ edit ] Contemporary Uniforms A U.S. Park Police (/wiki/U.S._Park_Police) officer in summer short-sleeve uniform Shown here on a U.S. Border Patrol (/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol) Agent, the campaign hat (/wiki/Campaign_hat) is frequently used by sheriff's offices. California Highway Patrol (/wiki/California_Highway_Patrol) SWAT team in tactical uniforms Berks County, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania) sheriff's deputies in dress uniform Florida Highway Patrol (/wiki/Florida_Highway_Patrol) in riot control (/wiki/Riot_control) gear Historical Uniforms A Josephine County, Oregon (/wiki/Josephine_County,_Oregon) deputy sheriff pictured in 1939 wearing civilian clothes. Particularly in rural areas, sheriff's offices were slow to adopt uniforms. A White House Police (/wiki/White_House_Police) officer (now the Secret Service Uniformed Division (/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service#Uniformed_Division_Officer) ) in 1938 Seattle, Washington (/wiki/Seattle,_Washington) police in 1921 A Salt Lake City, Utah (/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah) police officer wearing custodian helmet in 1874 Ritzville, Washington (/wiki/Ritzville,_Washington) police officer in 1950 Municipal police officer in an unknown U.S. city, circa 1924 See also [ edit ] Law enforcement in the United States (/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States) Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Police_uniforms_and_equipment_in_the_United_Kingdom) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The History of Policing in the United States, Part 1" (http://plsonline.eku.edu/insidelook/history-policing-united-states-part-1) . eku.edu . Eastern Kentucky University. 25 June 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140201201745/http://plsonline.eku.edu/insidelook/history-policing-united-states-part-1) from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Archbold, Carol (2012). Policing: A Text/Reader . New York: SAGE. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1412993692 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Important Dates in Law Enforcement History" (http://www.nleomf.org/facts/enforcement/impdates.html) . nleomf.org . National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140213120032/http://www.nleomf.org/facts/enforcement/impdates.html) from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) LAPD's Finest (PDF) . Los Angeles Police Department. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140201234157/http://www.laphs.org/docs/blue-in-history-section.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-01 . Retrieved 2014-01-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Orange County Sheriff's Museum" (http://www.ocsheriffmuseum.com/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140201171931/http://www.ocsheriffmuseum.com/) from the original on 2014-02-01 . Retrieved 2014-01-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Johnson, R. (4 March 2005). "The psychological influence of the police uniform" (http://www.policeone.com/police-products/apparel/undergear/articles/99417-The-psychological-influence-of-the-police-uniform/) . policeone.com . Police One. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140201130754/http://www.policeone.com/police-products/apparel/undergear/articles/99417-The-psychological-influence-of-the-police-uniform/) from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Arrests without warrants in certain cases" (https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/52-20/) . Legislative Information System . Commonwealth of Virginia. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140731192215/http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/52-20/) from the original on 31 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Buckley, Cara (3 March 2007). "More Than Symbol: Police Badge Saves Lives" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/03/nyregion/03badge.html?fta=y&_r=0) . New York Times . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Rivera, Ray (30 November 2009). "The Officer Is Real; The Badge May Be an Impostor" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/nyregion/01badge.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0) . New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140225205256/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/nyregion/01badge.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0) from the original on 25 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Mourning Band Protocol" (http://www.odmp.org/info/mourning-band-protocol) . odmp.org . Officer Down Memorial Page. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140210031646/http://www.odmp.org/info/mourning-band-protocol) from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Baldassari, Shana (16 August 2012). "Tactical vs. Traditional Uniforms" (http://www.lawofficer.com/article/leadership/tactical-vs-traditional-unifor) . lawofficer.com . Law Officer. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140201115128/http://www.lawofficer.com/article/leadership/tactical-vs-traditional-unifor) from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Antonelli, Kris (3 April 1996). "Baltimore Co. police replacing white uniform shirts with blue Dark color for night to work as camouflage against criminals' aim" (http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-04-03/news/1996094038_1_dark-shirts-uniform-shirts-white-shirts) . Baltimore Sun . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172426/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-04-03/news/1996094038_1_dark-shirts-uniform-shirts-white-shirts) from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Lori Saroya: Minnesota Muslim women share hijab experiences" (http://www.startribune.com/lori-saroya-minnesota-muslim-women-share-hijab-experiences/306856681/) . Star Tribune (/wiki/Star_Tribune) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160405044210/http://www.startribune.com/lori-saroya-minnesota-muslim-women-share-hijab-experiences/306856681/) from the original on 2016-04-05 . Retrieved 2015-12-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Kozlowski, Jonathan (8 May 2013). "The best-dressed officers of 2013" (http://www.officer.com/article/10915455/best-dressed-law-enforcement-public-safety-awards-naumd) . officer.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145301/http://www.officer.com/article/10915455/best-dressed-law-enforcement-public-safety-awards-naumd) from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cultural+impact+of+Kanye+West%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cultural+impact+of+Kanye+West%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cultural+impact+of+Kanye+West%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cultural+impact+of+Kanye+West%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Cultural+impact+of+Kanye+West%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Cultural+impact+of+Kanye+West%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cultural+impact+of+Kanye+West%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Cultural+impact+of+Kanye+West%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Cultural_impact_of_Kanye_West) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) \| Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Cultural_impact_of_Kanye_West&defaults=y) Last edited (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Cultural_impact_of_Kanye_West&diff=cur) by PantheonRadiance (/wiki/User:PantheonRadiance) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PantheonRadiance) \| contribs (/wiki/Special:Contributions/PantheonRadiance) ) 5 minutes ago. ( Update (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Cultural_impact_of_Kanye_West&action=purge) ) Submit the draft for review! Comment: TODO - Please incorporate info from sources to each section + find more sources demonstrating impact and legacy. Feel free to see this discussion (/wiki/Talk:Kanye_West/Archive_15#Cultural_impact_of_Kanye_West?) for guidance if wanted. PantheonRadiance (/wiki/User:PantheonRadiance) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PantheonRadiance) ) 02:00, 20 July 2024 (UTC) Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) is an American rapper noted for his cultural impact by various journalists and scholars. [1] (#cite_note-Bailey-1) Analysis [ edit ] Sources for section: [1] (#cite_note-Bailey-1) [2] (#cite_note-Richardson-2) [3] (#cite_note-Cullen-3) [4] (#cite_note-LaFrance/Burns/Woods-4) [5] (#cite_note-Monteverde/McCollum-5) [6] (#cite_note-Wright-6) [7] (#cite_note-Curry-7) [8] (#cite_note-Beaumont-Thomas-8) In popular culture [ edit ] Sources for section: [1] (#cite_note-Bailey-1) [9] (#cite_note-O'Neal-9) [10] (#cite_note-Complex1-10) Fashion [ edit ] Sources for section: [10] (#cite_note-Complex1-10) [11] (#cite_note-Twohey-11) [12] (#cite_note-Caramanica-12) Influence on other artists [ edit ] Sources for section: [10] (#cite_note-Complex1-10) [13] (#cite_note-Wood-13) [14] (#cite_note-Complex2-14) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Bailey, Julius (March 6, 2014). The Cultural Impact of Kanye West . Palgrave Macmillan (/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan) . ^ (#cite_ref-Richardson_2-0) Richardson, Chris (February 10, 2011). " (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03007766.2011.539831) "Can't Tell Me Nothing": Symbolic Violence, Education, and Kanye West" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03007766.2011.539831) . Popular Music and Society . ^ (#cite_ref-Cullen_3-0) Cullen, Shaun (February 17, 2016). "The Innocent and the Runaway: Kanye West, Taylor Swift, and the Cultural Politics of Racial Melodrama" (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpms.12160) . Journal of Popular Music Studies . ^ (#cite_ref-LaFrance/Burns/Woods_4-0) LaFrance, Marc; Burns, Lori; Woods, Alyssa (March 16, 2017). "Doing Hip Hop Masculinity Differently: Exploring Kanye's 808s and Heartbreak Through Word, Sound and Image". The Routledge Research Companion to Popular Music and Gender . Taylor & Francis (/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis) . ^ (#cite_ref-Monteverde/McCollum_5-0) Monteverde, Giuliana; McCollum, Victoria (September 4, 2020). Resist! Protest Media and Popular Culture in the Brexit-Trump Era . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers) . ^ (#cite_ref-Wright_6-0) Wright, Joshua K. (January 14, 2022). "Wake Up, Mr. West" Kanye West and the Double Consciousness of Black Celebrity . McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers (/wiki/McFarland,_Incorporated,_Publishers) . ^ (#cite_ref-Curry_7-0) Curry, Tommy J. (2014). "Pessimistic Themes in Kanye West's Necrophobic Aesthetic: Moving beyond Subjects of Perfection to Understand the New Slave as a Paradigm of Anti-Black Violence" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/pluralist.9.3.0018) . The Pluralist . ^ (#cite_ref-Beaumont-Thomas_8-0) Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (May 2, 2018). " (https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/may/02/i-miss-the-old-kanye-what-has-happened-to-raps-most-complex-star) 'I miss the old Kanye': what has happened to rap's most complex star?" (https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/may/02/i-miss-the-old-kanye-what-has-happened-to-raps-most-complex-star) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ^ (#cite_ref-O'Neal_9-0) O'Neal, Sean (April 9, 2009). "South Park: "Fishsticks" (https://www.avclub.com/south-park-fishsticks-1798206006) " (https://www.avclub.com/south-park-fishsticks-1798206006) . The A.V. Club (/wiki/The_A.V._Club) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Complex (July 2022). "How Ye Changed Everything" (https://stories.complex.com/kanye-west-changed-complex/) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_(website)) . ^ (#cite_ref-Twohey_11-0) Twohey, Megan (October 27, 2023). "Kanye and Adidas: Money, Misconduct and the Price of Appeasement" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/27/business/kanye-west-adidas-yeezy.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-Caramanica_12-0) Caramanica, Jon (April 10, 2015). "The Agony and the Ecstasy of Kanye West" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/t-magazine/kanye-west-adidas-yeezy-fashion-interview.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-Wood_13-0) Wood, Mikael (March 4, 2022). "As Coachella approaches, Kanye West's legacy hangs by a thread" (https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2022-03-04/kanye-ye-pete-davidson-video-coachella) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-Complex2_14-0) Bry, Dave (June 18, 2013). "Kanye West Is the Most Important Artist of the 21st Century" (https://www.complex.com/music/a/dave-bry/kanye-west-is-the-most-important-artist-of-the-21st-century) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_(website)) . This page will be placed in the following categories if it is moved to the article namespace (/wiki/Wikipedia:NS0) . 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Irish-American dressmaker Catherine Donovan Born c. 1826 ( 1826 ) Ireland Died ( 1906-04-16 ) 16 April 1906 (aged 79) Lakewood Township, New Jersey (/wiki/Lakewood_Township,_New_Jersey) , USA Occupation Dressmaker Spouse Charles Donovan Catherine Donovan (c. 1826 – 16 April 1906), (also known as Mrs. C. Donovan or Mme Donovan ) was an Irish-American dressmaker, best remembered for her dress shop/home on Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) in New York City in the early 20th century. Her designs have been preserved and exhibited in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) and the Philadelphia Museum of Art (/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Biography [ edit ] Evening dress designed by Catherine Donovan in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) Donovan was born in Ireland and emigrated to the United States when she was a child. She studied fashion design in Paris and established herself in New York, where she had her own store with showroom (after 1900 on Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) ). She sold French designs by Charles Frederick Worth (/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Worth) and Emile Pingat. Her own designs were heavily influenced by contemporary French designs, which can be seen, among other things, in the historical details she favored in her clothes. She was the fashion designer who in the second half of the 19th century was often hired by New York's upper-class shoppers. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The Philadelphia Museum of Art said of her: After her death in 1906, Irish-born Catherine Donovan was described by the New York Times as "the pioneer dressmaker of the 400," for dressing New York's social elite known as the "400." She owned a building on Madison Avenue at 40th Street, where she sold imported gowns from leading Paris couturiers such as Charles Frederick Worth and Emile Pingat. At least once, her employees' baggage was seized at U.S. customs on suspicion of smuggling. It was common practice for seized goods to be auctioned publicly, and in 1893 over five hundred people attended an auction of Worth, Pingat, and other gowns seized from Donovan. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Her clientele included the wealthiest New Yorkers, according to her obituary: Mrs. Donovan did not hang out a sign to attract trade; she didn't have to. She lived for many years in a handsome brownstone house of the southwest corner of Madison Avenue and Fortieth Street. She owned the property. ...The Goelets (/wiki/Goelet_family) , Astors (/wiki/Astor_family) and Vanderbilts (/wiki/Vanderbilt_family) were patrons of Mrs. Donovan. The wedding gown worn by the Duchess of Marlborough was made under her supervision. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Many of her clothing creations are preserved and exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . [4] (#cite_note-4) When she died in 1906 at almost 80 years of age at Lakewood Township, New Jersey (/wiki/Lakewood_Township,_New_Jersey) , she had outlived her husband, Charles Donovan. They had no children. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "400's Dressmaker Dead.; Mrs. Donovan, Whom New York Society Patronized, Passes Away" (https://www.nytimes.com/1906/04/18/archives/400s-dressmaker-dead-mrs-donovan-whom-new-york-society-patronized.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . 18 April 1906. p. 11 . Retrieved 16 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Catherine Donovan \| Afternoon dress" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/173337) . The MET Museum . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Woman's Evening Dress: Bodice and Skirt" (https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/176664.html) . Philadelphia Museum . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Ensemble, 1900–1903" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/158731) . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 13 September 2022 . 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Sri Lankan sustainable fashion designer A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Ruwanthi_Gajadeera) . ( January 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Ruwanthi Gajadeera රුවන්ති පවිත්‍රා ගජධීර ருவந்தி பவித்ரா கஜதீர Born ( 1996-08-20 ) 20 August 1996 Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte) , Sri Lanka Nationality Sri Lankan Education Northumbria University (/wiki/Northumbria_University) , University of Moratuwa (/wiki/University_of_Moratuwa) , Ladies' College, Colombo (/wiki/Ladies%27_College,_Colombo) Occupation Fashion designer Years active 2020-present Label kǣli Ruwanthi Gajadeera ( Sinhala (/wiki/Sinhala_language) : රුවන්ති පවිත්‍රා ගජධීර, Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) : ருவந்தி பவித்ரா கஜதீர; born 20 August 1996) is a Sri Lankan (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) sustainable fashion and textile designer. [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) She is the first South Asian (/wiki/South_Asia) fashion designer to win the Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) Fashion Design Awards at 2021 Taipei (/wiki/Taipei) Fashion Week SS22. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-:6-6) She has also represented Sri Lanka in a variety of other international competitions such as Redress Design Awards 2021, Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , [7] (#cite_note-:5-7) International Baltic Ethnic Fashion Festival 2021, Saint Petersburg (/wiki/Saint_Petersburg) [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) and Graduate Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) 2021, London (/wiki/London) . [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) Through her designs, she attempts to communicate the importance of the slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) movement. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) She approached her aesthetic (/wiki/Aesthetics) from the perspective by incorporating generational (/wiki/Heirloom) qualities of fashion and Buddhist (/wiki/Buddhism) philosophies. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) Ruwanthi's garments have showcased a combination of heritage crafts (/wiki/Handicraft) [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) and high-tech techniques (/wiki/Digital_fashion) that express 3Rs (/wiki/Waste_hierarchy) (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) in the complete garment lifecycle (/wiki/Product_lifecycle) . [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) She states that to create circular (/wiki/Circular_economy) garments, she employs zero-waste (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) , up-cycling (/wiki/Upcycling) , reconstruction (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) techniques. [14] (#cite_note-:2-14) [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) Early life and education [ edit ] Ruwanthi was born in Colombo (/wiki/Colombo) to a Buddhist family. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Ruwanthi spent her early childhood in Padiyathalawa (/wiki/Padiyathalawa) , a town in Amapara (/wiki/Ampara_District) . [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Later on, she moved to Colombo and studied at Ladies' College, Colombo (/wiki/Ladies%27_College,_Colombo) . [6] (#cite_note-:6-6) Upon completing her primary education she entered the University of Moratuwa (/wiki/University_of_Moratuwa) to study landscape architecture (/wiki/Landscape_architecture) , [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) but later she became more interested in fashion and textile design. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) She dropped out of the University of Moratuwa and pursued her career in fashion design. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) Awards [ edit ] 2021 Fashion Design Newcomer Award-First Prize Collection "kǣli" Fashion Design Newcomer Award - Taiwan Fashion Design Awards (2021). [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) First Prize in Eco Fashion - International Baltic Ethnic Fashion Festival (2021). [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) First Runner-Up - International Catwalk Award at Graduate Fashion Week (2021). [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) [9] (#cite_note-:8-9) Semi-finalist - Redress Design Award (2021). [18] (#cite_note-18) [7] (#cite_note-:5-7) References [ edit ] ^ a b c " (https://www.ft.lk/front-page/-k%C7%A3li--%E2%80%93-A-Sustainable-Collection--by-Ruwanthi-Gajadeera-awarded-with-the-1st-prize-worth---10-000/44-724345) 'kǣli – A Sustainable Collection' by Ruwanthi Gajadeera awarded with the 1st prize worth $ 10,000" (https://www.ft.lk/front-page/-k%C7%A3li--%E2%80%93-A-Sustainable-Collection--by-Ruwanthi-Gajadeera-awarded-with-the-1st-prize-worth---10-000/44-724345) . Daily FT . Retrieved 2021-11-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Taiwan Textile Federation (2021-10-06). "The Winner of the First Prize of 2021 Taiwan Fashion Design Award Gajadeera, Ruwanthi Pavithra, whose Works Perfectly Reflect the Concepts of Sustainability and Design Creativity". Available online: https://www.textiles.org.tw/TTF/main/news/wHandNews_File.ashx?type=2&news_id=12112 (https://www.textiles.org.tw/TTF/main/news/wHandNews_File.ashx?type=2&news_id=12112) . Retrieved 2021-11-07. ^ (#cite_ref-:0_3-0) Su, Yoyo (2021-10-06). "【2021臺北時裝週】2021時裝設計新人獎首獎揭曉！斯里蘭卡Gajadeera發揮永續概念及設計創意拔得頭籌" (https://www.vogue.com.tw/fashion/article/taiwan-fashion-design-award-2021) . Vogue Taiwan (in Chinese) . Retrieved 2021-11-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "培植新銳不遺餘力臺北時裝週借力使力躍上國際 -- 上報 / 消費" (https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=127435) . www.upmedia.mg . Retrieved 2021-11-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "El Taiwan Fashion Design Award presentó a los ganadores el 6 de octubre" (https://pinkermoda.com/celebrado-el-taiwan-fashion-design-award/) . Pinker Moda (in Spanish). 2021-10-19 . Retrieved 2021-11-07 . ^ a b Ruwanthie Gajadeera becomes the first South Asian to win Taiwan Fashion Designer Award , retrieved 2021-11-07 ^ a b Redress (2021-04-22). "REDRESS DESIGN AWARD 2021 SEMI-FINALISTS ANNOUNCED, SUPPORTING EMERGING SUSTAINABLE FASHION TALENT FROM ACROSS THE GLOBE". Available online: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/582d0d16440243165eb756db/t/608147a6f9f3065a214c2dc5/1619085222884/ENG+Semi-finalists+press+release.pdf (https://static1.squarespace.com/static/582d0d16440243165eb756db/t/608147a6f9f3065a214c2dc5/1619085222884/ENG+Semi-finalists+press+release.pdf) . Retrieved 2021-11-06. ^ a b Etnomoda. "RESULTS OF THE ONLINE IBEFF CONTEST 2021 — IBEFF" (https://etnomodno.com/results-of-the-online-ibeff-contest-2021/) (in Russian) . Retrieved 2021-11-05 . ^ a b "AOD takes local design talent global again!" (http://www.sundaytimes.lk/210704/education/aod-takes-local-design-talent-global-again-447857.html) . Print Edition - The Sunday Times, Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2021-11-08 . ^ a b c d e Gunawardhana, Tina Edward. "Fashion's future prospects" (https://www.hi.lk/feature/Fashions-future-prospects/30-6389) . www.hi.lk . Retrieved 2021-11-06 . ^ a b c d e f g h Rahman, Sheikh Saifur. " (https://en.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/fashion/it-is-time-to-go-back-to-the-basics) 'It's time to go back to the basics' (https://en.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/fashion/it-is-time-to-go-back-to-the-basics) " (https://en.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/fashion/it-is-time-to-go-back-to-the-basics) . Prothomalo . Retrieved 2021-11-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Seneviratne, Anuki (2021-06-21). "Ruwanthie Gajadeera: First Runner up at Graduate Fashion Week, London" (http://www.pulse.lk/everythingelse/ruwanthie-gajadeera-first-runner-up-at-graduate-fashion-week-london/) . Pulse . Retrieved 2021-11-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Fashion Crossover London. "Ruwanthi Gajadeera \| Academy of Design, LK 2020" (https://www.fashioncrossover-london.com/ruwanthi-gajadeera-academy-of-design-lk-2020-i4098) . www.fashioncrossover-london.com . Retrieved 2021-11-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_14-0) Anthony, Venessa (2021-06-20). "Sharing Sri Lankan heritage through design: Ruwanthi Gajadeera" (http://www.themorning.lk/sharing-sri-lankan-heritage-through-design/) . The Morning - Sri Lanka News . Retrieved 2021-11-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "The Winner of the First Prize of 2021 Taiwan Fashion Design Award, AOD Grad Ruwanthi Gajadeera, whose Work Perfectly Reflect the Concepts of Sustainability and Design Creativity" (http://bizenglish.adaderana.lk/the-winner-of-the-first-prize-of-2021-taiwan-fashion-design-award-aod-grad-ruwanthi-gajadeera-whose-work-perfectly-reflect-the-concepts-of-sustainability-and-design-creativity/) . Adaderana Biz English \| Sri Lanka Business News . 2021-10-08 . Retrieved 2021-11-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Texdata International - Ruwanthi Pavithra Gajadeera is the winner of the First Prize of 2021 Taiwan Fashion Design Award" (https://www.texdata.com/news/Textiles&Apparel-Garment/15556.html) . www.texdata.com . Retrieved 2021-11-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) IBC Tamil. "18 நாடுகள் 450 போட்டியாளர்கள்! முதலிடத்தை பிடித்து சாதனை படைத்த இலங்கை யுவதி" (https://ibctamil.com/article/sri-lankan-wins-first-prize-in-taiwan-award-1633659515) . IBC Tamil . Retrieved 2021-11-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Redress Limited. "2021 RUWANTHI PAVITHRA GAJADEERA" (https://www.redressdesignaward.com/2021/ruwanthi-pavithra-gajadeera) . Redress Design Award . Retrieved 2021-11-05 . 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Hard soap that is used to produce lather with a shaving brush This article is about traditional, solid shaving soaps. For soft shaving creams, see shaving cream (/wiki/Shaving_cream) . A puck of shaving soap in a ceramic bowl Shaving soap is a hard soap (/wiki/Soap) that is used to produce lather with a shaving brush (/wiki/Shaving_brush) . The lather it produces is used to coat the face during shaving (/wiki/Shaving) , softening the hair in preparation for shaving. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoen1978125-126-1) While shaving soap produces plenty of dense and long-lasting lather, its use in modern times is less widespread and has been overtaken by various types of shaving cream (/wiki/Shaving_cream) . [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoen1978125-126-1) History [ edit ] Colgate shaving soap stick container from the 1930s Hard shaving soaps in their modern form have existed since at least the early 19th century. Williams (a common American shaving soap intended for use in a mug (/wiki/Mug) rather than a scuttle) has been produced since 1840, [2] (#cite_note-2) and a US patent for a shaving scuttle (/wiki/Shaving_scuttle) for use with a hard soap was granted in 1867. [3] (#cite_note-smug-3) Shaving sticks (shaving soap formed into a cylinder) have existed at least since the mid-19th century. [4] (#cite_note-4) The 21st Century has seen a pop culture renaissance of Wet Shaving (/wiki/Wet_shaving) and thus, shaving soaps have become increasingly popular, with multiple brands being established to exclusively sell the product. [5] (#cite_note-5) Appearance [ edit ] Shave sticks packaged in foil and paper. Traditional shaving soap is often sold as a round puck, either with a rounded bottom intended for use with a shaving scuttle (/wiki/Shaving_scuttle#Shaving_mugs_and_scuttles) or a flat bottom for use in a mug (/wiki/Mug) . High-end soaps may be sold with their own dishes, typically made of either wood or ceramic, and be formed to fit the dish with which the puck is sold. Shaving soap may also be formed in a stick, sold either in a plastic tube or wrapped in foil or paper. Shaving soap is more rarely sold as rectangular bars (as is common with body soap). Use [ edit ] A hard shaving soap is used with a shaving brush (/wiki/Shaving_brush) to create lather for shaving. For soap in the form of a puck or bar, the brush is first soaked in water and then swirled vigorously over the surface of the soap, causing moist soap to coat the brush's bristles. The brush is then transferred either to a separate bowl or to the shaver's face to be lathered. Shaving sticks are typically used by rubbing the exposed end of the stick across the shaver's face, coating the face with soap. The soap is then lathered with a moistened brush. Owing to their compact form and ease of use, shaving sticks are popular for use while traveling. Ingredients [ edit ] Shaving soap is produced like a traditional soap (/wiki/Soap#Traditional_soap_making) [ broken anchor ] with an ingredient selection oriented to producing a stable, slick lather. Its manufacture often differs slightly from normal bath soap in that both potassium hydroxide (/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide) and sodium hydroxide (/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide) may be used as saponification (/wiki/Saponification) agents. Sodium hydroxide (/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide) creates a harder soap such as is used in pucks, where potassium hydroxide (/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide) facilitates creation of a softer soap which loads on the brush more easily. [6] (#cite_note-6) Historically, tallow (/wiki/Tallow) has been a popular ingredient in shaving soaps and is still in use in some traditional products. Palm oil (/wiki/Palm_oil) is frequently used as a substitute for tallow where animal fats (/wiki/Animal_fat) are not desired. Other oils such as coconut oil (/wiki/Coconut_oil) are commonly used. Component fatty acids (/wiki/Fatty_acid) such as stearic acid (/wiki/Stearic_acid) are also used in shaving soaps for the properties which they contribute; stearic acid contributes to a more stable dense lather. Advantages and disadvantages [ edit ] The primary advantages of shaving soap over aerosol shaving creams is the additional hydration provided by shaving soaps [ citation needed ] . Shaving soaps are also approved by the Transportation Security Administration (/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration) and other airport security agencies as permitted in carry-on luggage (/wiki/Hand_luggage) [ citation needed ] . There is furthermore little risk of accidental discharge of the product during transport. The principal disadvantages of shaving soap is lack of convenience and space. Creating the lather and preparing the face is more time-consuming than with other shaving creams. In addition, use of a shaving mug and optionally a lather bowl, consumes more space and takes more time than most shaving creams do. Some people choose to dispense with the mug and bowl and build up the lather from shave soap directly on the skin of the face. Shaving soaps typically cost more initially, when the shaving mug and soap is purchased. These costs can be significantly reduced by using mugs and bowls found in the kitchen, or purchased for a small amount at resale stores. Even though shaving soaps may cost more initially when buying the soap and equipment, over a longer period of time, shaving soaps are comparable in cost, or even cheaper than many shaving creams. Furthermore, shaving soaps have less ecological impact with respect to aerosol shaving creams. See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shaving soap (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shaving_soap) . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Shaving (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Shaving) Aftershave (/wiki/Aftershave) Barber (/wiki/Barber) Bay rum (/wiki/Bay_rum) Beard (/wiki/Beard) Burma-Shave (/wiki/Burma-Shave) Colognes (/wiki/Colognes) Head shaving (/wiki/Head_shaving) Leg shaving (/wiki/Leg_shaving) List of cleaning products (/wiki/List_of_cleaning_products) Razors (/wiki/Razor) Saltwater soap (/wiki/Saltwater_soap) Shaving cream (/wiki/Shaving_cream) Straight razor (/wiki/Straight_razor) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Schoen 1978 (#CITEREFSchoen1978) , p. 125-126. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Williams Mug Soap product website" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110718052308/http://www.williamsmugsoap.com/products.asp) . Archived from the original (http://www.williamsmugsoap.com/products.asp) on 2011-07-18 . Retrieved 2010-11-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-smug_3-0) J. P. Brooks and J. McGrady "Improvement in shaving-cups" U.S. patent 66,788 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US66788) Issue date: July 1867 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Pears, Francis (1859). Advertisement from 1849 for Pear's Shaving Stick . Retrieved 2010-11-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) B., Reighley, Kurt (2014). United states of americana : backyard chickens, burlesque beauties, and handmade bitters . HarperCollins e-Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-200888-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 877983395 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877983395) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Schumann, Klaus; Siekmann, Kurt (2000-01-01). Soaps . Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1002/14356007.a24_247 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a24_247) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783527306732 . Bibliography [ edit ] Schoen, Linda Allen, ed. (1978). The AMA Book of Skin and Hair Care . J.B. Lippincott Company. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0380018713 . v t e Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Face Anti-aging cream (/wiki/Anti-aging_cream) BB cream (/wiki/BB_cream) Botulinum toxin (Botox) (/wiki/Botulinum_toxin) CC cream (/wiki/CC_cream) Concealer (/wiki/Concealer) Cotton pad (/wiki/Cotton_pad) Cleanser (/wiki/Cleanser) DD cream (/wiki/DD_cream) Facial (/wiki/Facial) Facial toning (/wiki/Facial_toning) Foundation (/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)) Highlighter (/wiki/Highlighter_(cosmetics)) Moist towelette (/wiki/Moist_towelette) Moisturizer (/wiki/Moisturizer) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Primer (/wiki/Primer_(cosmetics)) Powder (/wiki/Face_powder) Rouge (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) Toner (/wiki/Toner_(skin_care)) Venetian ceruse (/wiki/Venetian_ceruse) Lips Lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) Balm (/wiki/Lip_balm) Gloss (/wiki/Lip_gloss) Liner (/wiki/Lip_liner) Stain (/wiki/Lip_stain) Eyes Blepharoplasty (/wiki/Blepharoplasty) Circle contact lens (/wiki/Circle_contact_lens) Eyelash extensions (/wiki/Eyelash_extensions) Eyelid glue (/wiki/Eyelid_glue) Eye liner (/wiki/Eye_liner) Eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) Kohl (/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)) Mascara (/wiki/Mascara) Hair Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Hair coloring and bleaching (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) shaving (/wiki/Shaving) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Sindoor (/wiki/Sindoor) Styling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) pomade (/wiki/Pomade) spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Nails Artificial nails (/wiki/Artificial_nails) Buffing (/wiki/Nail_buffing) Manicure (/wiki/Manicure) Nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) Pedicure (/wiki/Pedicure) Body Cold cream (/wiki/Cold_cream) Lotion (/wiki/Lotion) Peeling (/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)) Plastic surgery (/wiki/Plastic_surgery) Skin whitening (/wiki/Skin_whitening) Sunless tanning (/wiki/Sunless_tanning) Related Cosmetic electrotherapy (/wiki/Electrotherapy_(cosmetic)) Cosmetic ingredients (/wiki/Ingredients_of_cosmetics) Cosmetics advertising (/wiki/Cosmetics_advertising) Cosmetic packaging (/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging) Cosmetology (/wiki/Cosmetology) History of cosmetics (/wiki/History_of_cosmetics) Cosmetic industry (/wiki/Cosmetic_industry) Male cosmetics (/wiki/Male_cosmetics) Major cosmetic brands Ahava (/wiki/Ahava) Almay (/wiki/Almay) Amorepacific (/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation) Anastasia Beverly Hills (/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills) Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) Aqua Net (/wiki/Aqua_Net) Artistry (/wiki/Artistry_(cosmetics)) Aveda (/wiki/Aveda) Avon (/wiki/Avon_Products) Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) Benefit (/wiki/Benefit_Cosmetics) Biotherm (/wiki/Biotherm) Bite Beauty (/wiki/BITE_Beauty) Bobbi Brown (/wiki/Bobbi_Brown) Bonne Bell (/wiki/Bonne_Bell) Bumble and bumble (/wiki/Bumble_and_bumble) Burt's Bees (/wiki/Burt%27s_Bees) Carol's Daughter (/wiki/Carol%27s_Daughter) Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) Clinique (/wiki/Clinique) Coty (/wiki/Coty) ColourPop Cosmetics (/wiki/ColourPop_Cosmetics) CoverGirl (/wiki/CoverGirl) Creme 21 (/wiki/Creme_21) Cutex (/wiki/Cutex) Daigaku Honyaku Center (/wiki/Daigaku_Honyaku_Center) Dermacol (/wiki/Dermacol) Douglas (/wiki/Douglas_(cosmetics)) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc.) 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Religious attire (/wiki/Religious_attire) . The main section for this category (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization) is in the article Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , in the section titled Religion (/wiki/Clothing#Religion) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religious clothing (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_clothing) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7shqg Cached time: 20240720210100 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.095 seconds Real time usage: 0.137 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 174/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3903/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 336/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1854/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.057/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1267220/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 124.769 1 -total 55.18% 68.843 1 Template:Commons_category 53.21% 66.389 1 Template:Sister_project 51.32% 64.034 1 Template:Side_box 38.30% 47.787 1 Template:Cat_main 29.83% 37.215 2 Template:If_then_show 6.21% 7.748 1 Template:Cat_main_section 2.61% 3.255 1 Template:Hatnote Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5377949-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720210100 and revision id 943802644. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 11 subcategories, out of 11 total. B Buddhist religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Buddhist_religious_clothing) ‎ (10 P) C Christian clothing (/wiki/Category:Christian_clothing) ‎ (5 C, 14 P) H Religious headgear (/wiki/Category:Religious_headgear) ‎ (2 C, 38 P) Hindu religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Hindu_religious_clothing) ‎ (19 P) I Islamic clothing (/wiki/Category:Islamic_clothing) ‎ (2 C, 11 P) J Jewish religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_clothing) ‎ (2 C, 31 P) M Mandaean clothing (/wiki/Category:Mandaean_clothing) ‎ (4 P) Mythological clothing (/wiki/Category:Mythological_clothing) ‎ (1 C, 18 P) N Non-clerical religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Non-clerical_religious_clothing) ‎ (9 P) S Shinto religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Shinto_religious_clothing) ‎ (8 P) Sikh religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Sikh_religious_clothing) ‎ (13 P) Pages in category "Religious clothing" The following 14 pages are in this category, out of 14 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Daojiao fushi (/wiki/Daojiao_fushi) Daopao (/wiki/Daopao) Religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) C CM Almy (/wiki/CM_Almy) I Islamic clothing (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) L Lèine bhàn (/wiki/L%C3%A8ine_bh%C3%A0n) Leopard skin (clothing in Ancient Egypt) (/wiki/Leopard_skin_(clothing_in_Ancient_Egypt)) M Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) P Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Pītāmbara (/wiki/P%C4%ABt%C4%81mbara) R Religious habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) Robe (/wiki/Robe) T Tokin (headwear) (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) W Workplace Religious Freedom Act (/wiki/Workplace_Religious_Freedom_Act) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Religious_clothing&oldid=943802644 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Religious_clothing&oldid=943802644) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Ceremonial clothing (/wiki/Category:Ceremonial_clothing) Clothing by function (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) Religious objects (/wiki/Category:Religious_objects) Dress codes (/wiki/Category:Dress_codes) Formal wear (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6758b554dc‐bzd76 Cached time: 20240701193445 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72372793-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701193445 and revision id 1124522083. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Alexander McQueen collections" The following 18 pages are in this category, out of 18 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . * List of Alexander McQueen collections (/wiki/List_of_Alexander_McQueen_collections) B The Birds (Alexander McQueen collection) (/wiki/The_Birds_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) D The Dance of the Twisted Bull (/wiki/The_Dance_of_the_Twisted_Bull) Dante (Alexander McQueen collection) (/wiki/Dante_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) E Eye (Alexander McQueen collection) (/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) G The Girl Who Lived in the Tree (/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree) H Highland Rape (/wiki/Highland_Rape) The Hunger (Alexander McQueen collection) (/wiki/The_Hunger_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) I Irere (Alexander McQueen collection) (/wiki/Irere_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) It's a Jungle Out There (Alexander McQueen collection) (/wiki/It%27s_a_Jungle_Out_There_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) J Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims (/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_Stalks_His_Victims) Joan (Alexander McQueen collection) (/wiki/Joan_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) N Neptune (Alexander McQueen collection) (/wiki/Neptune_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) Nihilism (Alexander McQueen collection) (/wiki/Nihilism_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) O The Overlook (Alexander McQueen collection) (/wiki/The_Overlook_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) P Pantheon ad Lucem (/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem) T Taxi Driver (Alexander McQueen collection) (/wiki/Taxi_Driver_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) W The Widows of Culloden (/wiki/The_Widows_of_Culloden) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Alexander_McQueen_collections&oldid=1124522083 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Alexander_McQueen_collections&oldid=1124522083) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Category:Alexander_McQueen)
Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) India portal (/wiki/Portal:India) v t e Cinema of India (/wiki/Cinema_of_India) Industries Assamese (/wiki/Assamese_cinema) Badaga (/wiki/Badaga_cinema) Bengali (/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India) Bhojpuri (/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema) Bihari (/wiki/Cinema_of_Bihar) Bodo (/wiki/Bodo_cinema) Chhattisgarhi (/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema) Deccani (/wiki/Deccani_film_industry) Dogri (/wiki/Dogri_cinema) English (/wiki/English-language_Indian_cinema) Gujarati (/wiki/Gujarati_cinema) Haryanvi (/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema) Hindi (/wiki/Hindi_cinema) Jharkhand (/wiki/Cinema_of_Jharkhand) Kannada (/wiki/Kannada_cinema) Kashmiri (/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema) Khasi (/wiki/Khasi_cinema) Khortha (/wiki/Khortha_cinema) Kokborok (/wiki/Kokborok_cinema) Konkani (/wiki/Konkani_cinema) Kutchi (/wiki/Kutchi_cinema) Malayalam (/wiki/Malayalam_cinema) Manipur (/wiki/Cinema_of_Manipur) Marathi (/wiki/Marathi_cinema) Meitei (/wiki/Meitei_cinema) Nagpuri (/wiki/Nagpuri_cinema) Odia (/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha) Punjabi (/wiki/Punjabi_cinema) Rajasthani (/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan) Sambalpuri (/wiki/Sambalpuri_cinema) Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema) Santali (/wiki/Santali_cinema) Sindhi (/wiki/Sindhi_cinema) Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_cinema) Telugu (/wiki/Telugu_cinema) Tulu (/wiki/Tulu_cinema) Other topics International Film Festival of India (/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_India) Submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film (/wiki/List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film) Winners and nominees of the Academy Awards (/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_of_the_Academy_Awards) Winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards (/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_of_the_Golden_Globe_Awards) Winners and nominees of the British Academy Film Awards (/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_of_the_British_Academy_Film_Awards) Winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_at_the_Cannes_Film_Festival) Most expensive films (/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_Indian_films) List of Indian film series (/wiki/List_of_Indian_film_series) Science fiction films in India (/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India) Horror films (/wiki/List_of_Indian_horror_films) ghost films (/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie) Hindi (/wiki/List_of_Hindi_horror_films) Malayalam (/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_horror_films) Highest-grossing films (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films) Highest-grossing South Indian films (/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_South_Indian_films) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐w594g Cached time: 20240712164307 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.134 seconds Real time usage: 0.210 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 180/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13692/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 49/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9182/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.095/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 995259/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 144.309 1 -total 67.70% 97.702 1 Template:Cinema_of_India 66.52% 95.991 1 Template:Navbox 32.18% 46.437 1 Template:Portal 6.56% 9.472 1 Template:Flagdeco 2.25% 3.254 1 Template:Country_data_India 2.03% 2.930 1 Template:Yesno-no 1.17% 1.690 1 Template:Flag_decoration/core 1.07% 1.539 1 Template:Yesno Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11074657-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712164307 and revision id 1197045744. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. C Costume designers of Malayalam cinema (/wiki/Category:Costume_designers_of_Malayalam_cinema) ‎ (9 P) Pages in category "Indian costume designers" The following 72 pages are in this category, out of 72 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Esther Victoria Abraham (/wiki/Esther_Victoria_Abraham) Anaita Shroff Adajania (/wiki/Anaita_Shroff_Adajania) Niranjani Ahathian (/wiki/Niranjani_Ahathian) Dolly Ahluwalia (/wiki/Dolly_Ahluwalia) Amal Allana (/wiki/Amal_Allana) Bhanu Athaiya (/wiki/Bhanu_Athaiya) B Rohit Bal (/wiki/Rohit_Bal) Arjun Bhasin (/wiki/Arjun_Bhasin) Vasuki Bhaskar (/wiki/Vasuki_Bhaskar) C Troy Costa (/wiki/Troy_Costa) Joy Crizildaa (/wiki/Joy_Crizildaa) D Lalit Dalmia (/wiki/Lalit_Dalmia) Renu Desai (/wiki/Renu_Desai) Roshni Dinaker (/wiki/Roshni_Dinaker) G Gautami (/wiki/Gautami) Prasantt Ghosh (/wiki/Prasantt_Ghosh) Bindiya Goswami (/wiki/Bindiya_Goswami) H Mashar Hamsa (/wiki/Mashar_Hamsa) J Darshan Jalan (/wiki/Darshan_Jalan) Sumant Jayakrishnan (/wiki/Sumant_Jayakrishnan) Indrans Jayan (/wiki/Indrans_Jayan) Karan Johar (/wiki/Karan_Johar) K Simple Kapadia (/wiki/Simple_Kapadia) Vaishali Kasaravalli (/wiki/Vaishali_Kasaravalli) Alvira Khan Agnihotri (/wiki/Alvira_Khan_Agnihotri) Gauri Khan (/wiki/Gauri_Khan) Niharika Bhasin (/wiki/Niharika_Bhasin) Manoviraj Khosla (/wiki/Manoviraj_Khosla) Sandeep Khosla (/wiki/Sandeep_Khosla) Neeraja Kona (/wiki/Neeraja_Kona) P. Krishnamoorthy (/wiki/P._Krishnamoorthy) L Eka Lakhani (/wiki/Eka_Lakhani) M Maganlal Dresswala (/wiki/Maganlal_Dresswala) Kriti Malhotra (/wiki/Kriti_Malhotra) Manish Malhotra (/wiki/Manish_Malhotra) Mona May (/wiki/Mona_May) Uthara Menon (/wiki/Uthara_Menon) Vaishali Menon (/wiki/Vaishali_Menon) N Robert Naorem (/wiki/Robert_Naorem) Aki Narula (/wiki/Aki_Narula) Manoshi Nath (/wiki/Manoshi_Nath) Deepali Noor (/wiki/Deepali_Noor) P Anu Parthasarathy (/wiki/Anu_Parthasarathy) Agnimitra Paul (/wiki/Agnimitra_Paul) Ameira Punvani (/wiki/Ameira_Punvani) Q Pernia Qureshi (/wiki/Pernia_Qureshi) R Amritha Ram (/wiki/Amritha_Ram) Rama Rajamouli (/wiki/Rama_Rajamouli) Sandhya Raman (/wiki/Sandhya_Raman) Poornima Ramaswamy (/wiki/Poornima_Ramaswamy) Raghavendra Rathore (/wiki/Raghavendra_Rathore) Rocky Star (/wiki/Rocky_Star) Nitish Roy (/wiki/Nitish_Roy) S Sameera Saneesh (/wiki/Sameera_Saneesh) Amba Sanyal (/wiki/Amba_Sanyal) Sarika (/wiki/Sarika) Komal Shahani (/wiki/Komal_Shahani) Reza Shariffi (/wiki/Reza_Shariffi) Rushi Sharma (/wiki/Rushi_Sharma) Sheetal Sharma (/wiki/Sheetal_Sharma) Anna Singh (/wiki/Anna_Singh) Rajesh Pratap Singh (/wiki/Rajesh_Pratap_Singh) Sonakshi Sinha (/wiki/Sonakshi_Sinha) Nalini Sriram (/wiki/Nalini_Sriram) T Tanieya Khanuja (/wiki/Tanieya_Khanuja) Prashanti Tipirneni (/wiki/Prashanti_Tipirneni) V Anu Vardhan (/wiki/Anu_Vardhan) Varsha Shilpa (/wiki/Varsha_Shilpa) Vivek Vaswani (/wiki/Vivek_Vaswani) Y Nidhi Yasha (/wiki/Nidhi_Yasha) Z Shama Zaidi (/wiki/Shama_Zaidi) Stephy Zaviour (/wiki/Stephy_Zaviour) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indian_costume_designers&oldid=1197045744 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indian_costume_designers&oldid=1197045744) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Costume designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Costume_designers_by_nationality) Indian designers (/wiki/Category:Indian_designers) Indian filmmakers (/wiki/Category:Indian_filmmakers)
For more information, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐ttr8x Cached time: 20240712154914 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.037 seconds Real time usage: 0.057 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 84/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1214/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 125/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.013/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 627991/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 51.319 1 -total 65.82% 33.780 1 Template:Cat_more 58.63% 30.089 1 Template:Hatnote 33.58% 17.233 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 21.46% 11.013 1 Template:Category_other 17.92% 9.198 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 4.32% 2.215 1 Template:Clear 3.39% 1.741 1 Template:Template_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10309333-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712154914 and revision id 1181795068. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "WikiProject Fashion participants" The following 66 pages are in this category, out of 66 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Template:User Fashion (/wiki/Template:User_Fashion) A User:Abcassionchan/Userboxes (/wiki/User:Abcassionchan/Userboxes) C User:Cathw38 (/wiki/User:Cathw38) User:Chainsawpunk (/wiki/User:Chainsawpunk) User:Chickadee46 (/wiki/User:Chickadee46) User:Clamless/UserboxCollection (/wiki/User:Clamless/UserboxCollection) D User:Daniel Case (/wiki/User:Daniel_Case) User:Deathlibrarian (/wiki/User:Deathlibrarian) User:DL Yang (/wiki/User:DL_Yang) User:Doktor Wilhelm/Sandbox1 (/wiki/User:Doktor_Wilhelm/Sandbox1) User:Doloresgothic (/wiki/User:Doloresgothic) E User:Eat Your Makeup (/wiki/User:Eat_Your_Makeup) User:Elp1108 (/wiki/User:Elp1108) User:Essence5 (/wiki/User:Essence5) F User:Fashionologist (/wiki/User:Fashionologist) User:Fixitup329 (/wiki/User:Fixitup329) User:Francophile124 (/wiki/User:Francophile124) User:FrostFairBlade (/wiki/User:FrostFairBlade) G User:Geraldshields11 (/wiki/User:Geraldshields11) User:Gilgamesh79 (/wiki/User:Gilgamesh79) User:Grumpylawnchair (/wiki/User:Grumpylawnchair) User:GuzzyG/Userboxes (/wiki/User:GuzzyG/Userboxes) H User:HeatherSmithfield (/wiki/User:HeatherSmithfield) I User:IkeMuotoh (/wiki/User:IkeMuotoh) User:Interesting009 (/wiki/User:Interesting009) User:Irfanshaharuddin (/wiki/User:Irfanshaharuddin) User:Irtapil/Interesting Projects (/wiki/User:Irtapil/Interesting_Projects) J User:Johnbod (/wiki/User:Johnbod) K User:KritoPash (/wiki/User:KritoPash) User:Krushdiva (/wiki/User:Krushdiva) L User:Laurenschneider210 (/wiki/User:Laurenschneider210) User:LeheckaG (/wiki/User:LeheckaG) User:Libby norman (/wiki/User:Libby_norman) User:LunaHunting (/wiki/User:LunaHunting) M User:Marsattack (/wiki/User:Marsattack) User:Mel3131 (/wiki/User:Mel3131) User:MelanchPoly (/wiki/User:MelanchPoly) User:MgCupcake (/wiki/User:MgCupcake) User:Mheart/Userboxen (/wiki/User:Mheart/Userboxen) User:Modelknowledge (/wiki/User:Modelknowledge) User:Mondo della moda (/wiki/User:Mondo_della_moda) N User:Nate Wessel (/wiki/User:Nate_Wessel) User:Nate Wessel (usurped) (/wiki/User:Nate_Wessel_(usurped)) User:Nepaxt (/wiki/User:Nepaxt) User:Number1spygirl (/wiki/User:Number1spygirl) O User:OllieThurston (/wiki/User:OllieThurston) P User:Pikks (/wiki/User:Pikks) User:Pinkadelica (/wiki/User:Pinkadelica) User:PKM (/wiki/User:PKM) R User:RAJIVVASUDEV (/wiki/User:RAJIVVASUDEV) User:Remainsuncertain (/wiki/User:Remainsuncertain) User:Rozafaaa (/wiki/User:Rozafaaa) S User:Sanatherandom (/wiki/User:Sanatherandom) User:Serenesage (/wiki/User:Serenesage) User:SpiritedMichelle (/wiki/User:SpiritedMichelle) User:Swancookie (/wiki/User:Swancookie) T User:Thellomerca (/wiki/User:Thellomerca) User:Thiste (/wiki/User:Thiste) User:Turco85 (/wiki/User:Turco85) User:Twundy (/wiki/User:Twundy) V User:Vanillase (/wiki/User:Vanillase) User:Vickser (/wiki/User:Vickser) W User:Walshga (/wiki/User:Walshga) User:Wikiwikilub (/wiki/User:Wikiwikilub) User:Workerbeenc (/wiki/User:Workerbeenc) User:WTGDMan1986 (/wiki/User:WTGDMan1986) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:WikiProject_Fashion_participants&oldid=1181795068 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:WikiProject_Fashion_participants&oldid=1181795068) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_Fashion) Wikipedians by WikiProject (/wiki/Category:Wikipedians_by_WikiProject) Hidden category: Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
Alpargatas S.A. Formerly Fábrica Brasileira de Alpargatas e Calçados Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Industry Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Founded April 3, 1907 ; 117 years ago ( 1907-04-03 ) Founder Robert Fraser Headquarters São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo) , Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Products flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) , handbags (/wiki/Handbag) Brands Havaianas (/wiki/Havaianas) Rothy's Revenue R$ (/wiki/Brazilian_real) 3,91 billion (2021) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) R$ (/wiki/Brazilian_real) 692 million (2021) Number of employees 18,600 Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Alpargatas Argentina (/wiki/Alpargatas_Argentina) (1907–82) Camargo Corrêa (/wiki/Camargo_Corr%C3%AAa) (1982–2015) J&F Investimentos (/wiki/J%26F_Investimentos) (2015–17) Itaúsa (/wiki/Ita%C3%BAsa) (2017–present) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Alpargatas Argentina (/wiki/Alpargatas_Argentina) (2007–present) [1] (#cite_note-clarin1-1) [2] (#cite_note-hija-2) Website alpargatas.com.br (https://alpargatas.com.br/) Alpargatas S.A. (formerly, São Paulo Alpargatas ) [2] (#cite_note-hija-2) is a Brazilian manufacturing company (/wiki/Manufacturing_company) headquartered in São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo) . Established in 1907, it is of the largest Brazilian companies in the footwears (/wiki/Footwear) and canvass (/wiki/Canvas) business. Alpargatas' main product is Havaianas (/wiki/Havaianas) , one of the largest Brazilian brands of rubber flip-flops introduced in 1962 and inspired on the Japanese Zori sandals. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Other products manufactured by Alpargatas S.A. include handbags (/wiki/Handbag) , shoes (/wiki/Shoe) , and sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) , commercialised under its brands. History [ edit ] It was founded in 1907, under the original name of "Fábrica Brasileira de Alpargatas e Calçados", by Scottish (/wiki/Scotland) immigrant Robert Fraser in association with an English company. Fraser had also established Alpargatas factories in Argentina and Uruguay. [5] (#cite_note-pag12-5) [2] (#cite_note-hija-2) It started production in the Mooca (/wiki/Mooca_(district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)) district of the city of São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo) . Already in 1909, the company –under the name São Paulo Alpargatas Company S.A. – found success in selling its products thanks to the use of sandals (/wiki/Sandals) and canvas in coffee production. In the 1930s, shareholding control of São Paulo Alpargatas was transferred to the Argentine company Alpargatas Argentina (/wiki/Alpargatas_Argentina) . However, in 1982, after a gradual process of nationalization of capital started in 1948, São Paulo Alpargatas ceased to have Argentine participation and passed to the control of the Camargo Corrêa (/wiki/Camargo_Corr%C3%AAa) group, its largest shareholder. In October 1999, the company acquired more than 3% of Alpargatas Argentina, its former parent company, becoming the largest footwear company in South America, [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2007, Alpargatas S.A. (through Camargo Correa) acquired Alpargatas Argentina, which (at the moment of the purchase) had debts for US$370 million. [1] (#cite_note-clarin1-1) Alpargatas São Paulo acquired a 35% of the Argentine subsidiary for US$51,7 million. [7] (#cite_note-7) Camargo Correa had previously acquired cement company Loma Negra one year before. [8] (#cite_note-a241-8) In 2012, Alpargatas updated its logo. [9] (#cite_note-9) On November 2, 2015, Alpargatas sells the Topper (/wiki/Topper_(sports)) and Rainha (/wiki/Rainha) brands to group led by Carlos Wizard Martins (/wiki/Carlos_Wizard_Martins) for 48.7 million reais (/wiki/Brazilian_real) . [10] (#cite_note-10) In November 2015, the Camargo Correa group sold Alpargatas to the J&F Investimentos (/wiki/J%26F_Investimentos) conglomerate, owner of the JBS S.A. (/wiki/JBS_S.A.) food company, for 2.67 billion reais. [11] (#cite_note-11) On July 12, 2017, the companies Cambuhy Investimentos and Brasil Warrant [12] (#cite_note-Ref2-12) (both owned by the Moreira Salles family) and the Itaúsa (/wiki/Ita%C3%BAsa) holding purchased Alpargatas for 3.5 billion reais. [13] (#cite_note-Ref1-13) [12] (#cite_note-Ref2-12) The acquisition was approved by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (/wiki/Administrative_Council_for_Economic_Defense) also in 2017. [14] (#cite_note-14) See also [ edit ] A.C. São Paulo Alpargatas (/wiki/C.A._Albion) , former Alpargatas' sports club References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Alpargatas, empresa emblemática, también pasa a manos brasieñas (https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/alpargatas-empresa-emblematica-pasa-manos-brasilenas_0_H1oeZLJ1Ctl.html) at Clarín, 11 Oct 2007 ^ Jump up to: a b c Alpargatas, o la historia de la madre que se volvió hija (https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171112/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/alpargatas-o-la-historia-de-la-madre-que-se-volvio-hija-nid952096/) on La Nación , 11 Oct 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Havaianas \| The Story Behind Brazil’s Elite Shoe Brand (https://www.allsole.com/blog/style/havaianas-story-behind-brazils-premier-shoe-brand/) by Sarah Atkinson at Allsole.com ^ (#cite_ref-4) History (https://havaianas.com.au/pages/about-havaianas) on Havaianas Australia ^ (#cite_ref-pag12_5-0) El derrotero de Alpargatas (https://www.pagina12.com.ar/207420-el-derrotero-de-alpargatas) on Página/12, 21 Jul 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-6) "After Argentina acquisition, SP Alpargatas will invest in modernization" (http://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/ansa/2008/10/28/apos-aquisicao-de-argentina-sp-alpargatas-investira-em-modernizacao.jhtm) . UOL. October 28, 2008 . Retrieved March 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Alpargatas, otra firma que pasa a manos brasileñas (http://www.laseptima.info/noticias/4333) on La Septima, 10 Oct 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-a241_8-0) Otra empresa argentina que pasa a manos brasileñas: Alpargatas sería comparada por Camargo Correa (https://urgente24.com/153551-otra-empresa-argentina-que-pasa-a-manos-brasilenas-alpargatas-seria-comparada-por-camargo-cor) at A24, 20 Feb 2007 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "After 53 years, Alpargatas adopts new logo \| EXAME.com - Business, economics, technology and career" (http://exame.abril.com.br/marketing/alpargatas-adota-novo-logotipo/) . Retrieved 2017-03-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Alpargatas sells Topper and Rainha to group led by Wizard" (http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2015/11/1701596-alpargatas-vende-topper-e-rainha-para-grupo-liderado-por-wizard.shtml) . Folha de S.Paulo . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Camargo Corrêa sells Havaianas maker for R$2.7 billion to JBS owner - 11/23/2015 - Mercado - Folha de S.Paulo" (http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2015/11/1709745-camargo-correa-assina-acordo-de-venda-da-alpargatas-por-r-27-bilhoes.shtml) . Folha de S.Paulo (/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo) . Retrieved November 23, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Fernando Scheller (July 12, 2017). "Grupo J&F fechar venda da Alpargatas por R$ 3,5 billion" (http://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/negocios,jef-fecha-venda-da-alpargatas-por-r-3-5-bilhoes,70001887745) . Estadão . Retrieved July 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ref1_13-0) Reuters (July 12, 2017). "Grupo J&F closes sale of Alpargatas for R$3, 5 billion" (http://veja.abril.com.br/economy/jf-fecha-venda-da-alpargatas-por-r-35-bilhoes/) . Veja . Retrieved July 12, 2017 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : \|author= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-14) Redação. "Cade approves sale of Alpargatas from J&F group to Itaú owners" (https://g1.globo.com/economia/negocios/noticia/cade-aprova-venda-da-alpargatas-do-grupo-jf-para-donos-do-itau.ghtml) . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://alpargatas.com.br/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/136187741) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92092842) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐2zqdj Cached time: 20240713220903 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.307 seconds Real time usage: 0.384 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1695/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30590/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2483/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36723/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.198/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5476657/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 350.028 1 -total 39.07% 136.764 1 Template:Infobox_company 36.29% 127.030 1 Template:Infobox 34.04% 119.166 1 Template:Reflist 27.35% 95.737 6 Template:Cite_web 23.26% 81.428 1 Template:Authority_control 5.73% 20.059 1 Template:Start_date_and_age 3.11% 10.889 1 Template:Time_ago 2.59% 9.075 1 Template:URL 1.89% 6.606 1 Template:Plainlist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72214713-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713220903 and revision id 1203337947. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpargatas_S.A.&oldid=1203337947 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpargatas_S.A.&oldid=1203337947) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies established in 1907 (/wiki/Category:Companies_established_in_1907) Shoe companies of Brazil (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Brazil) Hidden categories: CS1 errors: generic name (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers)
__DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Welcome!-2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z","replies":["c-Zefr-2020-04-09T23:01:00.000Z-Welcome!","c-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z-Welcome!"],"text":"Welcome!","linkableTitle":"Welcome!"} Welcome! [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Welcome!-2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z","replies":["c-Zefr-2020-04-09T23:01:00.000Z-Welcome!","c-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z-Welcome!"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Zefr-2020-04-09T23:01:00.000Z-Welcome!","timestamp":"2020-04-09T23:01:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Welcome!-2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z","replies":["c-Zefr-2020-04-09T23:01:00.000Z-Welcome!","c-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z-Welcome!"],"text":"Welcome!","linkableTitle":"Welcome!"} Hi User124688! I noticed your contributions (/wiki/Special:Contributions/User124688) and wanted to welcome you to the Wikipedia community. I hope you like it here and decide to stay. As you get started, you may find this short tutorial helpful: Learn more about editing Alternately, the contributing to Wikipedia (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia) page covers the same topics. If you have any questions, we have a friendly space where experienced editors can help you here: Get help at the Teahouse If you are not sure where to help out, you can find a task here: Volunteer at the Task Center Please remember to sign your messages on talk pages (/wiki/Help:Talk_pages) by typing four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date. Happy editing! Zefr (/wiki/User:Zefr) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Zefr) ) 23:01, 9 April 2020 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:User124688#c-Zefr-2020-04-09T23:01:00.000Z-Welcome!) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2020-04-09T23:01:00.000Z","author":"Zefr","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Zefr-2020-04-09T23:01:00.000Z-Welcome!","replies":[]}} This article is currently the subject of an educational assignment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Student_assignments) . Welcome MNNash (/wiki/User:MNNash) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:MNNash) ) 01:11, 1 April 2020 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:User124688#c-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z-Welcome!) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z","author":"MNNash","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:11:00.000Z-Welcome!","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-A_cup_of_coffee_for_you!-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z","replies":["c-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z-A_cup_of_coffee_for_you!"],"text":"A cup of coffee for you!","linkableTitle":"A cup of coffee for you!"} A cup of coffee for you! [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-A_cup_of_coffee_for_you!-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z","replies":["c-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z-A_cup_of_coffee_for_you!"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z-A_cup_of_coffee_for_you!","timestamp":"2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-A_cup_of_coffee_for_you!-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z","replies":["c-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z-A_cup_of_coffee_for_you!"],"text":"A cup of coffee for you!","linkableTitle":"A cup of coffee for you!"} Hi and Welcome to wiki! MNNash (/wiki/User:MNNash) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:MNNash) ) 01:10, 1 April 2020 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:User124688#c-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z-A_cup_of_coffee_for_you!) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z","author":"MNNash","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-MNNash-2020-04-01T01:10:00.000Z-A_cup_of_coffee_for_you!","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Arewell-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-A_beer_for_you!-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z","replies":["c-Arewell-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z-A_beer_for_you!"],"text":"A beer for you!","linkableTitle":"A beer for you!"} A beer for you! [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Arewell-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-A_beer_for_you!-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z","replies":["c-Arewell-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z-A_beer_for_you!"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Arewell-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z-A_beer_for_you!","timestamp":"2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Arewell-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-A_beer_for_you!-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z","replies":["c-Arewell-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z-A_beer_for_you!"],"text":"A beer for you!","linkableTitle":"A beer for you!"} Hi Cassandra - glad to be doing a cheers with you! Arewell (/wiki/User:Arewell) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Arewell) ) 01:16, 1 April 2020 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:User124688#c-Arewell-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z-A_beer_for_you!) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z","author":"Arewell","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Arewell-2020-04-01T01:16:00.000Z-A_beer_for_you!","replies":[]}} Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) NA‑class Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This page is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles NA (/wiki/Category:NA-Class_fashion_articles) This page does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. 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Clothing retailer This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Hello_Molly&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Hello+Molly&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Hello+Molly) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Hello_Molly) for suggestions. ( January 2022 ) Hello Molly Formerly Hello Molly Fashion Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry E-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) , Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , Shoes (/wiki/Shoes) Founded 20 September 2012 ; 11 years ago ( 2012-09-20 ) Headquarters Sydney, Australia (/wiki/Sydney,_Australia) Products Dresses (/wiki/Dresses) Rompers (/wiki/Romper_suit) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Bottoms Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) Website hellomolly.com (https://www.hellomolly.com) Hello Molly is an Australian women's clothing retailer that sells online. The company has headquarters in Sydney, Australia (/wiki/Sydney) and offices in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) and Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) . [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] Hello Molly was co-founded in 2012 by Ena Hadziselimovic when she was a university student along with her business partner who chooses to remain anonymous. Catching the attention of young female shoppers, in their first financial year they sold $510,100, and growing to 5.3 million in 2014. [2] (#cite_note-2) The site drops over 100 new clothing releases every week, in attempts to reach a myriad of different styles and identities. In July 2018 the company launched a new experimental marketing campaign. At 3 Sydney, Australia (/wiki/Sydney) universities the company created stands where students could spin a wheel as a chance to win various prizes. [3] (#cite_note-3) Hello Molly released its first swimwear line for the 2018/2019 season in November 2018 to expand the brand from its current 'party wear'. [4] (#cite_note-4) In popular culture [ edit ] Hello Molly released its first TV commercial in May, 2018 during the show Love Island (/wiki/Love_Island_Australia) . [5] (#cite_note-5) The brand has received publicity via several models, Emily Ratajkowski (/wiki/Emily_Ratajkowski) was seen wearing a Hello Molly dress in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and Jasmine Tookes (/wiki/Jasmine_Tookes) was pictured wearing a Hello Molly dress on her Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Actress Jenna Dewan (/wiki/Jenna_Dewan) was also spotted running errands in a Hello Molly dress. [8] (#cite_note-8) Hello Molly was mentioned in a feature dubbed 'online shopping night cheat sheet' along with other retailers in Vogue Australia (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) in April 2018. [9] (#cite_note-9) Similarly in June 2018 a Hello Molly jumpsuit was featured in a Glamour (magazine) (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) article about wedding-guest attire. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "About Hello Molly Fashion \| An Online Boutique \| Hello Molly USA" (https://www.hellomolly.com/us/about-us/) . US Store . Retrieved 31 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "On trend: How Ena Hadziselimovic grew her university side-project Hello Molly into a $5 million e-commerce success story" (https://www.smartcompany.com.au/people-human-resources/on-trend-how-ena-hadziselimovic-grew-her-university-side-project-hello-molly-into-a-5-million-e-commerce-success-story/) . SmartCompany . 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Inside Hello Molly's campus tour strategy: "we have a brand new database" - Ragtrader" (http://www.ragtrader.com.au/news/inside-hello-molly-s-campus-tour-strategy-we-have-a-brand-new-database) . www.ragtrader.com.au . Retrieved 11 February 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Hello Molly is entering a $28.83 billion market - Ragtrader" (http://www.ragtrader.com.au/news/hello-molly-is-entering-a-28-83-billion-market) . www.ragtrader.com.au . Retrieved 11 February 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Samios, Zoe (28 May 2018). "Hello Molly celebrates the 'party girls' ritual' in first-ever television ad" (https://mumbrella.com.au/hello-molly-celebrates-the-party-girls-ritual-in-first-ever-television-ad-520256) . Mumbrella . Retrieved 31 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "6 Budget-Friendly Brands That, Yes, Even Jennifer Lopez Wears" (https://www.eonline.com/news/923716/6-budget-friendly-brands-that-yes-even-jennifer-lopez-wears) . E! Online . 28 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Wasilak, Sarah (21 July 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski's Ribbed Summer Dress Is Exactly What We Call Body-Conscious, Baby" (https://www.popsugar.com/node/45056221) . POPSUGAR Fashion . Retrieved 11 February 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Liao, Marina (13 June 2018). "Jenna Dewan's Summery Dress is Only $67 and Also All I Need in This Life" (https://www.marieclaire.com/fashion/a21348491/jenna-dewan-tatum-pink-hello-molly-dress/) . Marie Claire . Retrieved 11 February 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Xidias, Angelica (10 April 2018). "Your Vogue Online Shopping Night cheat sheet is here" (https://www.vogue.com.au/vosn/latest-news/your-vosn-cheat-sheet-is-here/news-story/2d4a2e494d91a15d4a89ea92bd6de274) . Vogue.com.au . Retrieved 31 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "What to Wear to Every Summer Wedding" (https://www.glamour.com/gallery/wedding-guest-dresses-for-summer) . Glamour . Retrieved 11 February 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Sarah, Marina. "women's clothing" (https://www.thefreedomstate.com.au/) . Retrieved 11 October 2022 . 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A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Carmen_Steffens) . ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. 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Find sources: "Carmen Steffens" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Carmen+Steffens%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Carmen+Steffens%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Carmen+Steffens%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Carmen+Steffens%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Carmen+Steffens%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Carmen+Steffens%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Brazilian company Carmen Steffens Franquias Ltda Carmen Steffens factory Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Industry Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Founded 1993 ; 31 years ago ( 1993 ) Founders Mario Spaniol Headquarters Franca (/wiki/Franca) , São Paulo, Brazil Area served Worldwide Products Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Apparel Accessories Revenue 1.2 billion (2015) [1] (#cite_note-1) Number of employees 3,500 (2019) Website carmensteffens (http://carmensteffens.com) .com (http://carmensteffens.com) Carmen Steffens is a Brazilian company based in Franca, in the interior of São Paulo, founded by Mário Spaniol (/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1rio_Spaniol&action=edit&redlink=1) . They have 560 stores in 19 countries, [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) including the United States, France, Brazil and Argentina. With more than 3,500 employees, it has the second largest turnover in the bag and footwear industry in Brazil. Their last campaigns star super model Alessandra Ambrosia (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) [5] (#cite_note-5) and actress Camila Queiroz (/wiki/Camila_Queiroz) . [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Carmen Steffens: do zero a um negócio de R$ 1,2 bilhão" (http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Empresa/noticia/2016/02/carmen-steffens-do-zero-um-negocio-de-r-12-bilhao.html) . Época Negócios . Retrieved 2020-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Estilosa, Isis Valverde prestigia desfile no Uruguai" (https://revistaquem.globo.com/QUEM-News/noticia/2016/01/estilosa-isis-valverde-prestigia-desfile-no-uruguai.html) . Quem (in Brazilian Portuguese) . Retrieved 2020-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Carmen Steffens desfila em Nova York com Adriana Lima e Toni Garrn na passarela" (https://revistamarieclaire.globo.com/Moda/noticia/2015/09/carmen-steffens-desfila-em-nova-york-com-adriana-lima-e-toni-garrn-na-passarela.html) . Revista Marie Claire (in Brazilian Portuguese) . Retrieved 2020-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Almeida, Marília (2013-05-27). "Aberta a investidores, Carmen Steffens planeja desembarque na China e em Dubai - Empresas - iG" (https://economia.ig.com.br/empresas/2013-05-27/aberta-a-investidores-carmen-steffens-planeja-desembarque-na-china-e-em-dubai.html) . Economia (in Brazilian Portuguese) . Retrieved 2020-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Alessandra Ambrosio / Primavera Verão 20 Carmen Steffens , retrieved 2020-06-27 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Carmen Steffens \| Preview Fall -Winter 2020 \| Camila Queiroz , retrieved 2020-06-27 This article about a fashion brand, house, corporation or company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Italian fashion company This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bottega_Giotti) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Bottega Giotti" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bottega+Giotti%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bottega+Giotti%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bottega+Giotti%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bottega+Giotti%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bottega+Giotti%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bottega+Giotti%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Bottega Giotti Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 1950 ; 74 years ago ( 1950 ) Headquarters Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Area served Worldwide Products Leather goods Owner Mario Biagiotti Bottega Giotti store in Florence, Italy Creating an "Intrecciato" bag Bottega Giotti is a Florence (/wiki/Florence) -based fashion company that specializes in intrecciato (woven) leather jackets, bags (/wiki/Bag) and small leather goods. Started by a local artisan in the beginning of the 20th century, it grew into an international company headquartered in Lenzi Palace in the center of Florence. The company was founded and is still owned and managed by the Biagotti family. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] 20th century [ edit ] The family tradition started with Attilio Biagiotti who owned a leather workshop located behind Piazza Pitti. After the second world war in 1950 Gino together with his son Mario, due to the arrival in Florence of numerous tourists from all over the world, decided to re-open the Bottega Giotti store in the Lenzi Palace. 21st century [ edit ] The company is run by the owner Mario Biagiotti along with his daughter Alessandra, designer of the Bottega Giotti collection and his son Paolo. In the beginning of the 2000s Bottega Giotti started exporting leather goods to the United States for online sales. Export further grew to other European countries followed by opening of stores in Taipei (/wiki/Taipei) and soon-to-be-open Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) boutique in 2014. Due to increased sales Bottega Giotti moved production from Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) to a large factory in the Marche (/wiki/Marche) region of Italy. Products [ edit ] Bottega Giotti has gained significant popularity for featherlight woven intrecciato leather goods, even though plain leather bags are offered as well. Currently the company produces leather bags, accessories, evening bags, briefcases, wallets, belts and leather coats and jackets for men and women (some lined in fur). References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "history" (https://www.bottegagiotti.com/en/history/www.bottegagiotti.com/en/history/) . Algilà . Retrieved 2022-03-09 . [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Bottega Giotti, a Story of Family and Talents" (https://bottegagiotti.com/it/bottega-giotti-una-storia-di-famiglia-e-talenti/) . Bottega Giotti . Retrieved 2024-05-08 . External links [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Bottega Giotti Website (http://www.bottegagiotti.com) Luxury Bags & Watches (https://www.luxyboutiques.com/) Men's Leather Duffle Bags (https://www.vintageleather.com.au/blogs/vintage-leather-sydney/leather-duffle-bag-for-men) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5cff68b999‐lj6lc Cached time: 20240709023923 Cache expiry: 1977639 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.308 seconds Real time usage: 0.728 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1594/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22295/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1576/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11338/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.200/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5578356/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 377.277 1 -total 23.82% 89.865 1 Template:Infobox_company 21.95% 82.815 2 Template:Cite_web 21.26% 80.223 1 Template:Infobox 20.87% 78.745 1 Template:Short_description 20.79% 78.424 1 Template:More_citations_needed 19.33% 72.944 1 Template:Ambox 12.62% 47.621 2 Template:Pagetype 8.00% 30.190 1 Template:Portal 5.08% 19.164 7 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43795317-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709023923 and revision id 1222858924. 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Fashion and clothing of Filipino-Americans This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Filipino_American_fashion) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Filipino_American_fashion) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filipino_American_fashion&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filipino_American_fashion&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Filipino_American_fashion) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Filipino American fashion" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Filipino+American+fashion%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Filipino+American+fashion%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Filipino+American+fashion%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Filipino+American+fashion%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Filipino+American+fashion%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Filipino+American+fashion%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) An example of a Filipino-American clothing brand. Fashion and clothing for Filipino-Americans has been a symbol of political action since their arrival to the U.S. in the early 20th century. Dealing with U.S. occupation (/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War) in the Philippines, both students and laborers adopted American styles of dress while also maintaining styles of dress that originated in the Philippines. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) Fashion remains an integral aspect for the Filipino-American community, with many cultural celebrations regarding fashion such as Canada Philippine Fashion Week in Toronto and other fashion weeks occurring in numerous global cities. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) Aside from partaking in fashion, the Philippines also produces clothing that is made for mass consumption overseas, in places such as the U.S., Europe, and Canada. [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) History [ edit ] American colonial period [ edit ] The pensionandos (/wiki/Pensionado_Act) were a group of students sent to the U.S. for the purpose of gaining an education from an American university, with the hopes that these students could go back home to contribute to Filipino society. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) Starting in 1901, the pensionado program allowed for Filipino students to gain an education from an American university; unlike the “Manong” generation, there were a significant number [ clarification needed ] of Filipina women in the program. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) The Philippines was under U.S. colonial rule during the time the pensionado program was first put into place. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) American teachers in the Philippines encouraged Filipino students back home to adopt American styles of fashion and clothing and leave behind traditional Filipino garments. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) In the 1920s, the camisa (blouse) and the saya (skirt) were used in conjunction to form what is known as the terno. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) The terno is alternatively referred to as the Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) . The inspiration for the terno came about due to American evening gowns more utilitarian, with diminished skirts and sleeves. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) The terno was commonly worn among Filipina students as a replacement to the camisa. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) The perception was that traditional Filipino clothing such as the camisa were cumbersome and inconvenient for daily use. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) Because of this, American clothing became the standard for everyday wear in Filipino society. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) Physical education class in the Filipino curriculum was pivotal for this change. It allowed specifically for women to dress in non-traditional Filipino clothing and in athletic wear that was fashionable in the United States. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) Many Filipina women struggled with wearing both American and Filipino clothing. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) For Filipina women, it was a common belief among Filipino society that they were gatekeepers of Filipino culture. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) Filipina women had the dilemma of adopting the new American style of clothing while keeping old, traditional Filipino garments intact and in fashion. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) Filipinos who did not wear American clothes were looked down upon for not being able to become accustomed to American culture. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) However, Filipinos who did wear American clothing were believed to not be “Filipino” enough. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) In the U.S., the 1904 World’s Fair (also known as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition) ) had an exhibit of Filipinos dressed as the Igorot tribe. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) This led to the mistaken portrayal of Filipinos as solely representative of the Igorot people (/wiki/Igorot_people) . [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) Filipino students looked to dispel the stereotypes of the Igorot tribe by dressing in American style clothing. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) Throughout the course of the week, Filipina women were allowed to either dress in American clothes or Filipino clothes. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) Filipina students often alternated between the two styles of dress. For the purposes of work and study, Filipina students decided to wear American clothing. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) On other occasions such as special events, Filipina students opted for traditional Filipino clothing. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) Garments such as the terno were often worn for such special events. The wearing of the terno was interpreted as a patriotic thing to do, showing pride in Filipino culture. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) For male pensionados, their styles of clothing differed from the “Manong” generation. Instead of wearing suits, male Filipino students opted to wear hats instead of suits and ties. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) The main reason for this occurrence was because male Filipino students wanted to differ themselves from the negative stereotypes surrounding individuals belonging to the Manong generation. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) For some male Filipino students, more money was spent on clothing and material possessions than their education and food. [1] (#cite_note-Steinbock-Pratt-1) The “Manong” Generation [ edit ] The early influx of Filipinos (/wiki/Filipino-Americans) into the United States (/wiki/United_States) was in large part due to social programs such as the pensionando program and the necessity for labor in certain areas such as California and Alaska. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Laborers and farmers who migrated from the Philippines were known as the " Manong (/wiki/Manong) " Generation, an Ilocano term referring to an elderly person. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Filipino migrant workers began coming to the U.S. around the start of the 20th century; they were mostly men who worked in either California or Alaska. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Some had worked in the sugar plantations of Hawaii as well, but this occurred before Hawaii became a state. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) These men were referred to as the “Manong” generation, which is an Ilocano term designated for elderly people. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) For many Filipino laborers and workers during this time period, there was an emphasis on dressing well. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) This happened for multiple reasons. First, Filipino laborers looked to disassociate themselves from lower class citizens. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Another reason included the desire to emulate Hollywood actors during the 1920s and 1930s. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Filipinos were unable to rent or own homes in cities such as Los Angeles, so they spent their money on other things such as clothing. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) In living spaces, Filipinos were confined to upwards of fifteen to twenty tenants in a single room to save money. [6] (#cite_note-:6-6) This allowed for Filipinos to spend their money on clothing instead of rent and other possessions instead. [6] (#cite_note-:6-6) Also, Filipinos were portrayed as weak, submissive, unassertive, and eager to please; dressing well was perceived to counter those stereotypes. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Despite earning meager wages, Filipino laborers bought nice clothing as a means to appear nicer than their pay would suggest. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Lastly, another reason for the desire to dress well was to impress relatives back in the Philippines. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Filipino laborers sent pictures of themselves in their suits in order to give them the impression they were quite successful in America. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Zoot Suits [ edit ] The suits that were worn by Filipinos were known as “ zoot suits (/wiki/Zoot_suits) ”, prominent in cities such as Los Angeles and Stockton. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Zoot suits were originally worn by Mexican-Americans and African-Americans, but eventually Filipino-Americans wore them. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Because Filipinos lived in the same neighborhoods as Mexican-Americans, the likelihood that Filipinos adopted this specific style of dress from Mexican-Americans was high. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Zoot suits had a distinct appearance; they had loud and vivid colors, lengthy jackets, and sat slightly above the waist while tapering off down the leg of the respective pant. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) What became known as the “McIntosh Suit” was a regional term in southern California for a suit that was one’s personal best. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) The most popular MacIntosh suits featured gray colors with blue pinstripes constructed of gabardine material and wool material for winter suits. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Wearers of the zoot suits had different reasons for wearing them. Filipino men dressed in zoot suits sought to challenge their socioeconomic status in the United States. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Instead of proving stereotypes true, Filipino men wanted to appeal to the masculinity portrayed by Hollywood stars in the 1920s and 1930s. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Having multiple girlfriends and mistresses was common and even encouraged among these men. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) As mentioned earlier, Filipinos sent photographs of themselves donning suits to give the impression to their families back home that they were successful. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) These photographs encouraged other Filipino men to come to the United States in order to fulfill the “ American Dream (/wiki/American_Dream) ”. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Filipinos wore suits for numerous occasions, such as going out to the pool rooms, gambling houses, dance clubs, and night clubs with the intention of attracting women of other races and ethnicities such as Mexican-American women and Caucasian women. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) This often caused physical confrontations among Caucasian men. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Those who donned the zoot suit were seen as devious. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Los Angeles public officials and social agencies look to combat the growing number of Mexican, Filipino, and African-American youths by instituting restrictive policies such as curfews and civic group activities. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Members of Filipino associations such as the Filipino Federation of America (known shorthand as FFA) also wore McIntosh suits and zoot suits. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Whether plantation worker or a FFA member, nearly all Filipino men donned suits. FFA’s reasoning for wearing suits was to portray Filipinos as model citizens, along with their perceived moral values, in contrast to the perception of Mexican-Americans and African-Americans at that time. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) The insistence of dressing well among Filipino men changed their perceptions in the media, as Filipino men were believed to be well dressed. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Filipino men were even displayed in national advertisements because of this belief. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) There were believed to be two types of well-dressed Filipinos; the former being those who consistently went to gambling joints and dance clubs and the latter being individuals who remained abstinent and stayed out of trouble. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Fashion for the “Manong” generation was a means to dispel stereotypes and create new identities in America. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) The main goal was to gain acceptance in American society, specifically among Caucasians. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Recent Developments [ edit ] In Los Angeles, clothing is an important marker for Filipino street gangs (/wiki/Gangs_in_the_United_States) and gang members. After 1965, Los Angeles became one of the largest cities of Filipino immigrants which saw a massive migration of Filipino youth. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) To combat Mexican gang members, Filipino gangs arose. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) The Satana (/wiki/Satanas_(gang)) gang fused styles of the Philippines with those of other fashions, particularly cholo fashion among the Latino neighborhoods of Los Angeles. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Satana members used the cholo style of dress as inspiration, as well as the jefrox style popularized in Manila. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) The jefrox style was typically associated with counterculture (/wiki/Counterculture) elements such as long hair and Rock and roll (/wiki/Rock_and_roll) music. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) The hybrid of both jefrox and cholo styles resulted in brushed hair, the use of nets and bandanas, open toed sandals, and loose fitting shirts. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Some Satana members preferred wearing khakis with significant creases as an homage to the Manong generation of the 1920s and 1930s. These khakis were deliberately worn to showcase the unity that the younger generations had with the Filipino laborers of the 1930s who originally came to California. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) By the eighties and nineties, Filipino gang members quickly adopted the cholo style of Latino youth. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Satana gang members wore loose fitting, baggy pants that were fully black in conjunction with white T-shirts and pendletons. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Styles of dress varied, however, even among gangs. The Satana homeboys of the mid-Wilshire and Temple areas of Los Angeles were Filipinos from all economic backgrounds, from lower class to upper-class families. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Members from a wealthier background were easily identifiable, as they wore luxury clothes reminiscent of the “Manong” generation. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Overall, men and women sought to wear brand name clothing such as Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) and Nautica (/wiki/Nautica_(clothing_company)) , who had significant presence in the hip-hop fashion community in the nineties. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Filipino men chose to wore ill-fitting clothes while Filipina women chose to wear more revealing clothing. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) Items such as clothing played a role in how Filipino youth identified themselves, especially in inner city areas. Fashion shows that are central to Filipino culture take place in many global cities such as Paris, Toronto, Manila, New York City, and Milan. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) An example of such would be the Canada Philippine Week in Toronto. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) Canada Fashion Philippine Week, otherwise known as CFPW, is connected to many other cultural celebrations in Toronto. It attracts fashion consumers of all social classes, whether lower, middle, or upper class. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) The CPFW itself is a cultural event, featuring a lot of Filipino and non-Filipino food and multicultural exchanges. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) There is a large presence of Filipino fashion designers in the fashion industry. Notable ones include Monique Lhuillier (/wiki/Monique_Lhuillier) and Josie Natori (/wiki/Josie_Natori) whose high end clothing and garments are similar to those showcased in fashion shows and events such as CFPW. [8] (#cite_note-8) CFPW is in a similar vein to Philippine Fashion Week (/wiki/Philippine_Fashion_Week) , which is hosted in Manila. Production [ edit ] The Philippines is a site of production for many clothing brands sold overseas. Rene Ofreneo states the presence of the Philippines in manufacturing clothing and garments has waned in recent years. [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) Ofreneo notes in the 1990s, the production of clothing led to the fashion industry employing the largest number of Filipino employees, while also being the second biggest export of the country. [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) He later signifies in 1995, eighty percent of the garments produced by the Philippines ended up being sold to either the U.S., Europe (specifically the European Union) and Canada. [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) The growth of the clothing manufacturing industry in the Philippines was aided by the Multi Fibre Arrangement (/wiki/Multi_Fibre_Arrangement) , otherwise known as MFA, enacted in 1975 and ending in 2004. [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) The arrangement instituted quotas on developing countries regarding the amount of textiles and garments they could export. Since its expiration, the number of goods sent to the USA and other countries has decreased. [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) The number of workers in the textile industry has decreased by a great amount, employing 1,000,000 workers in the early 1990s to only 100,000 as of 2010. [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) There are numerous complications in the legislative process that have caused a great deal of stress for Philippine manufacturers and the economy of the Philippines as a whole. [3] (#cite_note-:3-3) The difference in production costs between the Philippines and other manufacturing countries such as China are a huge factor in the decline of the textile industry in the Philippines. A Manila-based company selling materials and clothing to the Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) brand costs up to fifty cents more in production costs compared to if the garment was manufactured in China. [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) Many of the former Filipino workers in the textile industry left to work in other manufacturing or service industries. [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) Some workers decided to focus on making clothes, garments, and textiles for domestic markets, although the instability of these markets has weakened their potential income. [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) As for supervisors and factory managers, some have found employment in other countries such as Bangladesh and Sri Lanka where there is a need for supervisors and factory managers. [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) Government initiatives such as the Save Our Industries Act offer potential solutions to the failing industry, such as sending American textiles to the Philippines and repurposing them as garments made from the Philippines, but also has many uncertainties as the bill lacks bipartisan support within the U.S. Congress (/wiki/United_States_Congress) . [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) See also [ edit ] Filipino Americans (/wiki/Filipino_Americans) Overseas Filipinos (/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos) Filipino diaspora (/wiki/Filipino_diaspora) Fashion and clothing in the Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Steinbock-Pratt, Sarah (2014). " 'It Gave Us Our Nationality': US Education, the Politics of Dress and Transnational Filipino Student Networks, 1901–45". Gender & History . 26 (3): 565–588. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/1468-0424.12089 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0424.12089) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 143196946 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143196946) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Cruz, Denise (2016-06-22). "Global Mess and Glamour: Behind the Spectacle of Transnational Fashion". Journal of Asian American Studies . 19 (2): 143–167. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/jaas.2016.0025 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjaas.2016.0025) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1096-8598 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1096-8598) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 148235742 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148235742) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ofreneo, Rene E. (2009-11-01). "Development Choices for Philippine Textiles and Garments in the Post-MFA Era". Journal of Contemporary Asia . 39 (4): 543–561. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00472330903076800 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472330903076800) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0047-2336 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2336) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 153567239 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153567239) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Roces, Mina (2016). " "These Guys Came Out Looking Like Movie Actors": Filipino Dress and Consumer Practices in the United States, 1920s-1930s". Pacific Historical Review . 85 (4): 532–576. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1525/phr.2016.85.4.532 (https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2016.85.4.532) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Espana-Maram, Linda (2006). Creating masculinity in Los Angeles's Little Manila: working-class Filipinos and popular culture, 1920s-1950s . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780231510806 . ^ Jump up to: a b Melendy, H. Brett (1974-11-01). "Filipinos in the United States". Pacific Historical Review . 43 (4): 520–547. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/3638431 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3638431) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0030-8684 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 3638431 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638431) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Alsaybar, Bangele D. (2008-02-05). "Deconstructing Deviance: Filipino American Youth Gangs, "Party Culture," and Ethnic Identity in Los Angeles". Amerasia Journal . 25 (1): 117–138. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.17953/amer.25.1.p5274h67q1l1077k (https://doi.org/10.17953%2Famer.25.1.p5274h67q1l1077k) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Lieu, Nhi (June 2014). "FASHIONING COSMOPOLITAN CITIZENSHIP: Transnational Gazes and the Production of Romance in Asian/American Bridal Photography". Journal of Asian American Studies . 17 (2): 133–160. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/jaas.2014.0017 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjaas.2014.0017) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 143872372 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143872372) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ofreneo, Rene (October 2012). "Philippine Garments in the Post-MFA Era: Seeking Protection via Free Trade?" (http://repository.um.edu.my/1054/1/Fulltext5.pdf) (PDF) . Institutions and Economies . 4 : 83–102. 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Hood (headgear) (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hoods (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hoods) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐444xr Cached time: 20240721170233 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.057 seconds Real time usage: 0.096 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 135/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2749/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 230/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.033/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1058037/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 86.929 1 -total 60.14% 52.277 1 Template:Commons_cat 56.21% 48.865 1 Template:Sister_project 54.42% 47.307 1 Template:Side_box 39.72% 34.525 1 Template:Cat_main 5.31% 4.615 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44532374-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721170233 and revision id 635725849. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Hoods (headgear)" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Hood (headgear) (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) B Bashlyk (/wiki/Bashlyk) C Chaperon (headgear) (/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)) G Għonnella (/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella) Gugel (/wiki/Gugel) O Orkney Hood (/wiki/Orkney_Hood) S Snood (headgear) (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hoods_(headgear)&oldid=635725849 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hoods_(headgear)&oldid=635725849) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Headgear (/wiki/Category:Headgear) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Clio Cosmetics Native name ㈜클리오 Industry Cosmetics Founded 1993 Founder Han Hyun-oak Headquarters Seongdong (/wiki/Seongdong_District) , Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , South Korea Number of employees 297 Website company (http://company.cliocosmetic.com/) .cliocosmetic (http://company.cliocosmetic.com/) .com (http://company.cliocosmetic.com/) Clio Cosmetics is a South Korean cosmetics company based in Seongdong District (/wiki/Seongdong_District) , Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) , South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) . Brands [ edit ] Clio Professional is a professional make up brand since 1993 with the philosophy of "Practical Professional" providing easy-use products but excellent performance. Peripera is a make up brand for young girls since 2005 with fun, pop, trendy images of "Instant Beauty" Goodal is a Korean natural skin care brand since 2011 using fermented ingredients and infused water. Healing bird [1] (#cite_note-1) is a botanical hair and body care brand with silicone free ingredients and various fragrance experiences of flower garden. History [ edit ] Clio Cosmetics is a Korean cosmetic company founded in 1993 starting a professional make-up brand "Clio Professional". [2] (#cite_note-2) Over time, the company branched out into other make-up, skin care, hair and body care products. CLIO cosmetics launched Peripera in 2005, Goodal in 2011 and Healing bird in 2017. [3] (#cite_note-3) [ better source needed ] In 2012, Clio cosmetics opened the stand alone shop Club Clio selling all of its own brands (95 stores as of year end 2016). In 2016, CLIO cosmetics successfully received funding of 50 million USD from L-capital Asia, a private equity investment firm which is affiliated with LVMH [4] (#cite_note-4) In July 2016, CLIO Cosmetics went public on the KOSDAQ (/wiki/KOSDAQ) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Spokespersons and models [ edit ] Tomorrow X Together (/wiki/Tomorrow_X_Together) (2023–) [6] (#cite_note-6) An Yu-jin (/wiki/An_Yu-jin) (2022–) [7] (#cite_note-7) Aespa (/wiki/Aespa) (2021–) [8] (#cite_note-8) Go Min-si (/wiki/Go_Min-si) (2021–) [9] (#cite_note-9) Stray Kids (/wiki/Stray_Kids) (2021) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Kim Woo-seok (/wiki/Kim_Woo-seok_(singer)) (2020–2021) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Krystal Jung (/wiki/Krystal_Jung) (2018–2020) [14] (#cite_note-14) Gong Hyo-jin (/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin) (2015–2017) [15] (#cite_note-15) Sandara Park (/wiki/Sandara_Park) (2013–2014) [16] (#cite_note-16) Lee Hyo-ri (/wiki/Lee_Hyo-ri) (2011–2012) [17] (#cite_note-17) Kim Ha-neul (/wiki/Kim_Ha-neul) (2010) [18] (#cite_note-18) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "::CLUB CLIO:: Shop Korean Beauty Products" (https://clubclio.co.kr/shop/brandsList/all/brand/4) . CLUBCLIO KO (in Korean) . Retrieved 2017-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "LVMH invests $50m in Korean cosmetics maker CLIO" (http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160725000695) . The Korea Herald (/wiki/The_Korea_Herald) . 2016-07-25. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "CLIO" (http://www.cliocosmetic.com/en/about/clio.asp) . www.cliocosmetic.com (in Korean) . Retrieved 2017-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) CosmeticsDesign-Europe.com. "LVMH to invest in Korean cosmetic company Clio" (http://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Business-Financial/LVMH-to-invest-in-Korean-cosmetic-company-Clio) . CosmeticsDesign-Europe.com . Retrieved 2017-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Kosdaq IPOs this year largest in 16 years - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea" (http://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2016&no=891929) . pulsenews.co.kr (in Korean) . Retrieved 2017-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Komalasari, Dewi (2023-02-10). "TXT Jadi Global Ambassador Brand Kecantikan Korea 'Clio' (https://www.rbg.id/hiburan/pr-9447452133/txt-jadi-global-ambassador-brand-kecantikan-korea-clio) " (https://www.rbg.id/hiburan/pr-9447452133/txt-jadi-global-ambassador-brand-kecantikan-korea-clio) [TXT Become Global Ambassadors for Korean Beauty Brand 'Clio']. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230210090848/https://www.rbg.id/hiburan/pr-9447452133/txt-jadi-global-ambassador-brand-kecantikan-korea-clio) from the original on 2023-02-10 . Retrieved 2023-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Lee, Yunjeong (December 24, 2022). "클리오, 아이브(IVE) '안유진' 브랜드 앰버서더로 발탁" (https://n.news.naver.com/article/018/0005393372) [Clio selected as IVE's 'Ahn Yujin' brand ambassador]. Naver (in Korean) . Retrieved December 24, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "에스파, 클리오 새 얼굴 됐다 [공식]" (https://entertain.v.daum.net/v/20210806092243499) . Daum (in Korean). August 7, 2021 . Retrieved August 7, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Cho, Yeon-gyeong (January 29, 2021). "잘나가는 고민시, 메이크업 브랜드 모델 발탁" (https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=241&aid=0003089637) . Naver (in Korean). Ilgan Sports . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "CLIO X SKZ" (https://www.facebook.com/cliokr/posts/1346595079027344) . Facebook (in Korean). Clio. February 1, 2021 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Yong, Won-joong (February 1, 2021). "스트레이 키즈, 뷰티돌 등극...클리오 뮤즈 발탁" (http://m.slist.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=223015) . Single List (in Korean) . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "클리오 '첫 남성모델' 김우석 화보 공개 "이 미모 실화?" 24일부터 신상 출시" (https://www.kdfnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=42776) . Korea Dutyfree News (in Korean). February 24, 2020 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "클리오 X 김우석 지난 1년간 많은 사랑 정말 감사합니다!" (https://twitter.com/official_CLIO/status/1363292354577240068) . Twitter . Clio. February 21, 2021 . Retrieved February 22, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Dimaandal, Red (20 February 2018). "Krystal Jung Is CLIO Cosmetics' New Brand Ambassador" (https://metro.style/beauty-health-wellness/makeup/1482/krystal-jung-is-clio-cosmetics-new-brand-ambass) . Metro Style . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Gong Hyo Jin is both sweet and sexy as 'CLIO's model \| allkpop.com" (http://www.allkpop.com/article/2017/01/gong-hyo-jin-is-both-sweet-and-sexy-as-clios-model) . allkpop . Retrieved 2017-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) KpopStarz (2013-09-14). "2NE1 Dara as Gothic Princess for Cosmetic Brand CLIO" (http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/41468/20130914/gothic-princess-2ne1-dara.htm) . KpopStarz . Retrieved 2017-06-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "CLIO COSMETICS" (http://company.cliocosmetic.com/) . company.cliocosmetic.com (in Korean) . Retrieved 2021-08-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "K-beauty attracts investment from international big shots" (http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160722000667) . The Korea Herald (/wiki/The_Korea_Herald) . 2016-07-22 . Retrieved 2017-06-20 . Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) South Korea portal (/wiki/Portal:South_Korea) External links [ edit ] Clio Cosmetics (http://company.cliocosmetic.com/) (in Korean) Clio Professional (http://www.cliocosmetic.com) (in Korean) Peripera (http://www.periperacosmetic.com) (in Korean) Goodal (http://www.goodalcosmetic.com) (in Korean) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐8nrlt Cached time: 20240721202435 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.444 seconds Real time usage: 0.623 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1937/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41229/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1445/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 68292/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.323/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15891058/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 592.710 1 -total 54.34% 322.071 1 Template:Infobox_company 52.58% 311.622 1 Template:Infobox 31.32% 185.651 1 Template:Reflist 21.43% 126.991 9 Template:Cite_web 20.79% 123.198 1 Template:Lang 7.08% 41.968 1 Template:Better_source 6.09% 36.125 9 Template:Cite_news 6.00% 35.586 1 Template:Fix 4.49% 26.631 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54346150-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721202435 and revision id 1216221357. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clio_Cosmetics&oldid=1216221357 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clio_Cosmetics&oldid=1216221357) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Seoul (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Seoul) Cosmetics brands of South Korea (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_brands_of_South_Korea) South Korean companies established in 1993 (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_companies_established_in_1993) Manufacturing companies established in 1993 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1993) Hidden categories: CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko)) Articles containing Korean-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_July_2017) Articles with Korean-language sources (ko) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Korean-language_sources_(ko))
American cosmetics company This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benefit_Cosmetics&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( July 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Benefit Cosmetics LLC Company type Wholly owned subsidiary (/wiki/Wholly_owned_subsidiary) Industry Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Founded 1976 ; 48 years ago ( 1976 ) Founder Jean and Jane Ford Headquarters San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Area served Worldwide [1] (#cite_note-1) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) Website benefitcosmetics (https://benefitcosmetics.com) .com (https://benefitcosmetics.com) Benefit Cosmetics LLC is a manufacturer of cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) founded and headquartered in San Francisco, California (/wiki/San_Francisco) . It is a subsidiary of LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton (/wiki/LVMH) . History [ edit ] Benefit stand in Debenhams (/wiki/Debenhams) department store in Sutton, London (/wiki/Sutton,_London) Benefit was founded by the twin sisters Jean and Jane Ford. [2] (#cite_note-2) Born in Indiana (/wiki/Indiana) , they attended Indiana University (/wiki/Indiana_University) before moving to San Francisco. [3] (#cite_note-Marin_Magazine-3) In 1976, the twins opened a beauty boutique named "The Face Place" in San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) 's Mission District (/wiki/Mission_District) . The Face Place later moved to Kearny Street (/wiki/Kearny_Street) in downtown San Francisco in the 1980s. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 1989, the Face Place product catalog was developed. The Fords then focused on department store distribution and renamed the company Benefit Cosmetics in 1990. [5] (#cite_note-Benefit-5) In 1991, Benefit opened its first U.S. department store in Henri Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Bendel) , located in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . In 1997, Benefit went international with its expansion into Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) in London (/wiki/London) . Soon after, [ when? ] the Benefit Cosmetics product website was launched. The new generation of sisters officially joined Benefit in 2008 and have since become our Global Beauty Authorities. [ citation needed ] LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) acquired Benefit Cosmetics on September 14, 1999. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2001, Benefit launched its first bath and boudoir line, Bathina. Benefit opened its first "Brow Bar" (a boutique specializing in brow shaping (/wiki/Eyebrow#Cosmetic_modification) ) in 2003, at Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) Union Square (/wiki/Union_Square,_San_Francisco) , San Francisco. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Boots chemist London Notable events [ edit ] On April 21, 2012, Benefit Cosmetics won a Guinness World Record (https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/business-solutions/case-studies/benefit-cosmetics-case-study#:~:text=When%20the%20day%20finally%20came,waxed%20in%20just%20eight%20hours.) for accomplishing the most eyebrow waxes performed in 8 hours by a team, completing 382 treatments. This record was broken again on May 20, 2017, by a team in Melbourne, completed 435 waxes. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2022, Marks and Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) announced their partnership with Benefit Cosmetics which would feature more than 200 products. Benefit Cosmetics products would be available online at M&S.com and in-store at 5 locations in Camberley, Cheshire Oaks, Handforth Dean, Hedge End, and Lisburn. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2023, Yasmin Benoit (/wiki/Yasmin_Benoit) was also the first asexual person to be in a Benefit Cosmetics Campaign, alongside intersex activist Anick Soni (/wiki/Anick_Soni) . [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Benefit Cosmetics, makeup, beauty, skincare - Perfumes & Cosmetics - LVMH" (https://www.lvmh.com/houses/perfumes-cosmetics/benefit/) . LVMH . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Collins, Allison (2020-12-07). "Jane Ford: A Rule-Breaker Who Helped Define the Modern Beauty Industry" (https://wwd.com/feature/jane-ford-a-rule-breaker-who-helped-define-the-modern-beauty-industry-1234670443/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-Marin_Magazine_3-0) Flaherty, Somer (22 April 2011). "The Tiburon Twins Behind Benefit Cosmetics \| Marin Magazine" (http://www.marinmagazine.com/May-2011/Tiburon-039s-Queens-of-Beauty/) . www.marinmagazine.com . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Benefit Cosmetics" (https://www.fashionabc.org/wiki/benefit-cosmetics/) . fashionabc . Retrieved 2023-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-Benefit_5-0) "Meet Benefit - Benefit Cosmetics" (https://www.benefitcosmetics.com/us/en/about-us) . www.benefitcosmetics.com . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Benefit Cosmetics LLC: Private Company Information - Businessweek" (https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=1034082) . www.bloomberg.com . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Benefit Cosmetics Brows" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110706105647/http://www.benefitcosmetics.com/info/brow_20bars) . Archived from the original (http://www.benefitcosmetics.com/info/brow_20bars) on July 6, 2011 . Retrieved July 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "How Benefit Cosmetics Became a Household Name" (https://latana.com/post/benefit-cosmetics-deep-dive/) . latana.com . Retrieved 2023-02-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Most eyebrow waxes performed in 8 hours by a team" (http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-eyebrow-waxes-performed-in-8-hours-by-a-team) . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) D, Wightman-Stone (19 July 2022). "Marks & Spencer launches beauty partnership with Benefit Cosmetics" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/business/marks-spencer-launches-beauty-partnership-with-benefit-cosmetics/2022071964194) . FashionUnited . Retrieved December 28, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "M&S dives deeper into beauty with Benefit link-up" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/M-s-dives-deeper-into-beauty-with-benefit-link-up,1425570.html) . FashionNetwork . Retrieved December 28, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Rainbrows \| Benefit Cosmetics" (https://www.benefitcosmetics.com/en-gb/rainbrows) . www.benefitcosmetics.com . Retrieved 2023-08-04 . 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German fashion photographer Rico Puhlmann Born Richard Georg Willi Puhlmann ( 1934-06-25 ) June 25, 1934 Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) , Nazi Germany (/wiki/Nazi_Germany) (now Berlin, Germany (/wiki/Germany) ) Died July 17, 1996 (1996-07-17) (aged 62) Atlantic Ocean (/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean) off the coast of East Moriches, New York (/wiki/East_Moriches,_New_York) , U.S. Occupation Fashion photographer (/wiki/Fashion_photographer) Richard Georg Willi Puhlmann (25 June 1934 – 17 July 1996), was a German fashion photographer, who worked with the top models, stylists and designers in the fashion industry. He was killed when TWA Flight 800 (/wiki/TWA_Flight_800) came down shortly after takeoff in 1996. [1] (#cite_note-1) Early life [ edit ] Puhlmann was born in Berlin in 1934. At the age of seven, he worked as a child actor during the years of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) and made his acting debut in the 1942 film Front Theatre (/wiki/Front_Theatre) . In the fall of 1943, going under the name Willi Puhlmann , he was cast in the main role for the film adaption of the German fairy tale Little Muck (/wiki/Little_Muck_(German_fairy_tale)) , which was set in 18th century Holy Roman Empire. The end of the war largely marked the end of Puhlmann's early acting career. He was later only offered two smaller acting roles in two DEFA (/wiki/DEFA) productions in 1949 and 1954. [2] (#cite_note-chronology-2) Photography career [ edit ] He studied fashion design, art design, and art history at the Berlin University of the Arts (/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts) (Hochschule für Bildende Künste Berlin) from 1951 to 1955. [3] (#cite_note-stadtmuseum-nordhorn1-3) From 1955, he worked as a freelance fashion illustrator for several German magazines and Vogue France (/wiki/Vogue_France) , and taking the name Rico Puhlmann . At the same time, Puhlmann photographed fashion for German and international magazines such as Constanze, Burda (/wiki/Hubert_Burda_Media) , Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , GQ (/wiki/GQ) , Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , etc. [4] (#cite_note-ricopuhlmann1-4) [3] (#cite_note-stadtmuseum-nordhorn1-3) He photographed celebrities including Isabella Rossellini (/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini) , Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , Mel Gibson (/wiki/Mel_Gibson) , Richard Avedon (/wiki/Richard_Avedon) , Suzy Parker (/wiki/Suzy_Parker) , Cheryl Tiegs (/wiki/Cheryl_Tiegs) , Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , Hildegard Knef (/wiki/Hildegard_Knef) and Agnieszka Kotlarska (/wiki/Agnieszka_Kotlarska) . [4] (#cite_note-ricopuhlmann1-4) [5] (#cite_note-NYT-5) In 1970, Puhlmann settled in New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , where he continued his career as a fashion photographer and from then on contributed for publications such as Harper's Bazaar, Glamour, GQ and The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . In 1972, Puhlmann received an award from the New York Society of Publication Designers for his photographic achievements. [2] (#cite_note-chronology-2) From 1973 to 1976, Puhlmann contributed to the Sender Freies Berlin (/wiki/Sender_Freies_Berlin) as an author, director, cameraman and presenter as part of the program 'Fashion Journal - Sounds and Silhouettes'. In 1976, he presented his own collection of blouses under the sign Rico Puhlmann Design. Puhlmann continued his work as a fashion photographer throughout the 1980s and 1990s, and designed the visual campaigns for fashion and cosmetics companies such as Ungaro (/wiki/Emanuel_Ungaro) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Donna Karan (/wiki/DKNY) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) , Estée Lauder (/wiki/The_Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) , L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) , Clinique (/wiki/Clinique) and Revlon (/wiki/Revlon) . His works were exhibited as part of the permanent exhibition 'People, Fashion and Machines' at the Nordhorn (/wiki/Nordhorn) City Museum in Germany. [2] (#cite_note-chronology-2) [6] (#cite_note-6) Death [ edit ] The reconstructed wreckage of TWA Flight 800 (/wiki/TWA_Flight_800) , on which Puhlmann died Puhlmann died on July 17, 1996, when N93119, the Boeing 747-100 (/wiki/Boeing_747-100) used for TWA Flight 800 (/wiki/TWA_Flight_800) , bound for Charles de Gaulle International Airport (/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_International_Airport) near Paris (/wiki/Paris) , exploded 12 minutes after take-off, off the coast of Long Island, New York (/wiki/Long_Island,_New_York) , killing all of the 230 passengers and crew. He was en-route to an assignment in Paris and one of his clients, Polish model Agnieszka Kotlarska (/wiki/Agnieszka_Kotlarska) , backed out of flying on TWA Flight 800 at the last minute, narrowly escaping death. [3] (#cite_note-stadtmuseum-nordhorn1-3) [5] (#cite_note-NYT-5) [7] (#cite_note-7) He was survived by his two brothers, Klaus and Heinz, both based in Berlin. [5] (#cite_note-NYT-5) Filmography [ edit ] 1942: Front Theatre (/wiki/Front_Theatre) 1943: Love Stories (/wiki/Love_Stories) 1944: Dear Muck 1944: The Green Salon (/wiki/The_Green_Salon) 1945: The Pyre 1949: The Marriage of Figaro (/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro_(1949_film)) 1954: Pole Poppenspäler (/wiki/Pole_Poppensp%C3%A4ler_(1954_film)) Source: [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ewing, William A. Rico Puhlmann a Fashion Legacy: Photographs and Illustrations 1955-1996 . lensculture.com . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ a b c "Rico Puhlmann - Chronology" (https://www.ricopuhlmann.com/english/puhlmann_02.html) . ricopuhlmann.com . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ a b c "Rico Puhlmann - Stadtmuseum Povelturm, Nordhorn – eine Zeitreise" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162210/http://www.stadtmuseum-nordhorn.de/en/textile-history/nino-fashion-photography/rico-puhlmann.html) . Stadtmuseum-nordhorn.de. 17 July 1996. Archived from the original (http://www.stadtmuseum-nordhorn.de/en/textile-history/nino-fashion-photography/rico-puhlmann.html) on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ a b "Rico Puhlmann Archive" (http://www.ricopuhlmann.com/english/puhlmann_01.html) . Ricopuhlmann.com . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ a b c Ravo, Nick (19 July 1996). "THE PASSENGERS; Disaster in Air Unites Widely Varied Lives" (https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/19/nyregion/the-passengers-disaster-in-air-unites-widely-varied-lives-096814.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Rico Puhlmann: Exhibitions" (https://www.ricopuhlmann.com/english/puhlmann_03_01.html) . ricopuhlmann.com . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "A Tragic Obsession" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927030404/http://www2.warsawvoice.pl/old/v411/crime.html) . warsawvoice.pl . 8 September 1996. Archived from the original (http://www2.warsawvoice.pl/old/v411/crime.html) on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Willi Puhlmann" (https://www.filmportal.de/person/willi-puhlmann_b15db48517fb4e4582350820f3e79bbd) . filmportal.de . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . External links [ edit ] Rico Puhlmann archive (http://www.ricopuhlmann.com/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1602148/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000078738882) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/41563953) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8JvDmxkKDpGQWJ8FBT3) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/130421715) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005002037) Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3d4a228d-9f1d-406f-86ce-8c7405637e50) Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/338332) RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/401922) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/093601875) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐hqrjb Cached time: 20240623105516 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.327 seconds Real time usage: 0.444 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2216/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24791/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1574/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36940/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.216/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6340599/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 411.843 1 -total 31.17% 128.362 1 Template:Infobox_person 27.21% 112.062 1 Template:Reflist 20.58% 84.775 1 Template:Authority_control 17.09% 70.373 1 Template:Cite_book 16.12% 66.399 1 Template:Short_description 10.53% 43.366 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.35% 34.401 2 Template:Pagetype 8.26% 34.029 17 Template:Main_other 6.16% 25.370 1 Template:Birth_date Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:53877857-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623105516 and revision id 1217704747. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Necktie knots (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Necktie_knots) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐j8zqv Cached time: 20240720213726 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.050 seconds Real time usage: 0.074 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2477/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 302/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.029/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946154/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 67.968 1 Template:Commons_cat 100.00% 67.968 1 -total 95.44% 64.866 1 Template:Sister_project 93.07% 63.257 1 Template:Side_box 6.95% 4.721 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:7862479-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720213726 and revision id 552038200. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Necktie knots" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 The 85 Ways to Tie a Tie (/wiki/The_85_Ways_to_Tie_a_Tie) F Four-in-hand knot (/wiki/Four-in-hand_knot) G Grantchester knot (/wiki/Grantchester_knot) H Half-Windsor knot (/wiki/Half-Windsor_knot) N Nicky knot (/wiki/Nicky_knot) P Pratt knot (/wiki/Pratt_knot) S Small knot (/wiki/Small_knot) W Windsor knot (/wiki/Windsor_knot) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Necktie_knots&oldid=552038200 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Necktie_knots&oldid=552038200) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Neckties (/wiki/Category:Neckties) Hitch knots (/wiki/Category:Hitch_knots) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐57fb69d58b‐5rgjd Cached time: 20240708234856 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.004 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74666891-0!canonical and timestamp 20240708234856 and revision id 1219952909. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge Pages in category "Nigerian fashion entrepreneurs" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Omoyemi Akerele (/wiki/Omoyemi_Akerele) C Chioma Goodhair (/wiki/Chioma_Goodhair) I Dumebi Iyamah (/wiki/Dumebi_Iyamah) O Amaka Osakwe (/wiki/Amaka_Osakwe) Yemi Osunkoya (/wiki/Yemi_Osunkoya) T Patience Torlowei (/wiki/Patience_Torlowei) Z Iretidayo Zaccheaus (/wiki/Iretidayo_Zaccheaus) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Nigerian_fashion_entrepreneurs&oldid=1219952909 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Nigerian_fashion_entrepreneurs&oldid=1219952909) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion entrepreneurs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_entrepreneurs) Nigerian fashion businesspeople (/wiki/Category:Nigerian_fashion_businesspeople) Nigerian company founders (/wiki/Category:Nigerian_company_founders)
Type of hooded pullover jacket This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Baja_jacket) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Baja jacket" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Baja+jacket%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Baja+jacket%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Baja+jacket%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Baja+jacket%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Baja+jacket%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Baja+jacket%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A Baja jacket A Baja jacket (also known as a Mexican Baja hoodie , Baja sweatshirt , or drug rug ) is a type of Mexican (/wiki/Mexico) jacket (/wiki/Jacket) with a single large pocket on the front, and vents (/wiki/Vent_(tailoring)) on the side. They are more commonly made out of a coarse woolen fabric known as "jerga". They are often decorated with patterns consisting of horizontal stripes on the sleeves and hood, and vertical stripes down the rest of the jacket. The drawstrings (/wiki/Drawstring) are often flatter and more rectangular than most jacket drawstrings, and always made of the same material as the rest of the jacket. The shirts, called "sudadera de jerga" ("cloth sweatshirt") in Mexico, are also traditionally worn by Mexican-American (/wiki/Mexican-Americans) and Mexican (/wiki/Mexican_people) youth, especially young men, and can be considered a part of cholo (/wiki/Cholo) style. [1] (#cite_note-1) Baja jackets are made with a variety of different materials, often cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , acrylic (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) and polyester (/wiki/Polyester) . The fabric can be made from recycled (/wiki/Recycled) fibers, such as recycled T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirts) . The jackets tend to be somewhat waterproof and fast-drying, making them more suitable for the elements. Some jackets have a soft lining for extra comfort and warmth. In recent years, they have been adapted to simply become hoodies (/wiki/Hoodies) with some alterations like a zipper running up the middle. Because the striped pattern resembles a Mexican sarape (/wiki/Sarape) , the Baja jacket is sometimes referred to as a poncho (/wiki/Poncho) , but the two should not be confused. A poncho is a single piece of fabric with a head opening and sometimes arm openings. However, a poncho does not have sleeves (/wiki/Sleeves) , whereas the Baja jacket does. History [ edit ] The history of jerga (also known as "baja hoodie" or "baja jacket") in Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) is rooted in a rich cultural tapestry that blends indigenous craftsmanship with influences from various points in history. The jerga is a durable, comfortable, and colorful garment known for its distinctive pinstripe pattern and a spacious hood, often associated with the surf culture and the bohemian lifestyle. However, its origins and significance run much deeper. Indigenous Beginnings [ edit ] The roots of jerga fabric can be traced back to indigenous communities in Mexico. The traditional weaving techniques used by these communities laid the groundwork for what would become the jerga fabric. These techniques were passed down through generations, with each community having its unique patterns and styles that were reflected in their textiles. Spanish Influence [ edit ] The arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century introduced new materials and weaving techniques to the indigenous peoples of Mexico. The blend of indigenous and Spanish techniques led to the evolution of Mexican textiles, including the development of thicker, more durable fabrics that could provide warmth in cooler climates. This blend of techniques contributed to the fabric's durability and distinctive appearance. [2] (#cite_note-2) The Baja Hoodie [ edit ] The modern jerga or baja hoodie gained popularity in the United States and globally in the 1960s and 1970s, closely associated with the surf culture. Surfers traveling to Baja California, Mexico (/wiki/Baja_California,_Mexico) , would bring these hoodies back, appreciating them for their warmth, comfort, and easy maintenance. The garment's association with the laid-back lifestyle of surfers, its affordability, and its unique style contributed to its widespread popularity. Cultural Symbolism and Evolution [ edit ] Over time, the jerga has come to symbolize a connection to Mexican heritage and artisanal craftsmanship. It reflects the blend of indigenous and Spanish influences that characterize much of Mexico's cultural history. Today, jergas are produced in a variety of colors and patterns, often using synthetic materials for increased durability and ease of care. Ethical and Sustainable Practices [ edit ] In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on ethical and sustainable practices in the production of jergas. Artisans and manufacturers are increasingly focusing on using eco-friendly materials and ensuring fair labor practices. This shift is part of a broader movement toward sustainability and social responsibility in the fashion industry. The history of the jerga in Mexico is a testament to the country's rich cultural heritage and the enduring appeal of its traditional textiles. From its indigenous roots and Spanish influences to its adoption by surfers and global recognition, the jerga remains a symbol of comfort, durability, and cultural pride. [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baja jackets . ^ (#cite_ref-1) "El Libro Vakero: Diccionario Buena Onda VII: Adolescente" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131019105145/http://www.malditatecnologia.com/2008/04/diccionario-buena-onda-vii-adolescente.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.malditatecnologia.com/2008/04/diccionario-buena-onda-vii-adolescente.html) on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Sayer, Chloë (2002). Textiles from Mexico . Fabric folios. London: British Museum. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-295-98234-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) MADEINMEXI.CO. "Embracing Tradition: The Timeless Appeal of Jerga Knit Clothing" (https://www.madeinmexi.co/blogs/blog-posts/embracing-tradition-the-timeless-appeal-of-jerga-knit-clothing) . MADEINMEXI.CO . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baja_jacket&oldid=1231534746 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baja_jacket&oldid=1231534746) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Hippie movement (/wiki/Category:Hippie_movement) Mexican clothing (/wiki/Category:Mexican_clothing) Surf culture (/wiki/Category:Surf_culture) Tops (clothing) (/wiki/Category:Tops_(clothing)) Tourism in Baja California (/wiki/Category:Tourism_in_Baja_California) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from January 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2024) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Articles relating to dresses (/wiki/Dress) , a garment consisting of a skirt (/wiki/Skirt) with an attached bodice (/wiki/Bodice) (or a matching bodice giving the effect of a one-piece garment). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dresses (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dresses) . Contents Top (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dresses) 0–9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=0) A (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=A) B (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=B) C (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=C) D (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=D) E (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=E) F (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=F) G (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=G) H (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=H) I (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=I) J (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=J) K (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=K) L (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=L) M (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=M) N (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=N) O (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=O) P (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=P) Q (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=Q) R (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=R) S (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=S) T (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=T) U (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=U) V (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=V) W (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=W) X (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=X) Y (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=Y) Z (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&from=Z) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐cng5w Cached time: 20240721171855 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.099 seconds Real time usage: 0.142 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 434/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24308/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2822/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4301/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.025/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946104/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 121.047 1 -total 50.98% 61.708 1 Template:Commons_cat 48.94% 59.245 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 48.58% 58.802 1 Template:Sister_project 47.75% 57.797 2 Template:Category_other 47.27% 57.223 1 Template:Side_box 44.51% 53.876 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 39.20% 47.450 1 Template:Category_TOC 31.79% 38.486 1 Template:TOC_top 25.00% 30.260 1 Template:Flatlist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:9893558-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721171855 and revision id 1118929549. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. D Dresses by color (/wiki/Category:Dresses_by_color) ‎ (10 C) F Films about dresses (/wiki/Category:Films_about_dresses) ‎ (6 P) G Gowns (/wiki/Category:Gowns) ‎ (4 C, 35 P) I Individual dresses (/wiki/Category:Individual_dresses) ‎ (5 C, 28 P) W Wedding dresses (/wiki/Category:Wedding_dresses) ‎ (2 C, 27 P) Pages in category "Dresses" The following 126 pages are in this category, out of 126 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Dress (/wiki/Dress) A A-line (clothing) (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Aboyne dress (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) African wax prints (/wiki/African_wax_prints) Ahwenepa nkasa (/wiki/Ahwenepa_nkasa) Alice in Wonderland dress (/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_dress) Ammama (/wiki/Ammama) Anaku (dress) (/wiki/Anaku_(dress)) Angusticlavia (/wiki/Angusticlavia) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo gấm (/wiki/%C3%81o_g%E1%BA%A5m) Arisaid (/wiki/Arisaid) B Backless dress (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bandage dress (/wiki/Bandage_dress) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Bathing dress (/wiki/Bathing_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) C Cake dress (/wiki/Cake_dress) Can-can dress (/wiki/Can-can_dress) Cape dress (/wiki/Cape_dress) Chamail (clothing) (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chattayum Mundum (/wiki/Chattayum_Mundum) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Chima jeogori (/wiki/Chima_jeogori) Chiton (garment) (/wiki/Chiton_(garment)) Clothing sizes (/wiki/Clothing_sizes) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Confirmation dress (/wiki/Confirmation_dress) D Debutante dress (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Delphos gown (/wiki/Delphos_gown) Demitoilet (/wiki/Demitoilet) Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Dolly Varden (costume) (/wiki/Dolly_Varden_(costume)) Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) E Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Exercise dress (/wiki/Exercise_dress) F Farshi Pajama (/wiki/Farshi_Pajama) Feed sack dress (/wiki/Feed_sack_dress) French maid (/wiki/French_maid) Frock (/wiki/Frock) G Gamurra (/wiki/Gamurra) Gharara (/wiki/Gharara) Ginza Motoji (/wiki/Ginza_Motoji) Gomesi (/wiki/Gomesi) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Granny dress (/wiki/Granny_dress) Gymslip (/wiki/Gymslip) H Habesha kemis (/wiki/Habesha_kemis) Halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) Hangerok (/wiki/Hangerok) Hashimi Dress (/wiki/Hashimi_Dress) Hobble skirt (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) House dress (/wiki/House_dress) The Hundred Dresses (/wiki/The_Hundred_Dresses) I Indian wedding clothes (/wiki/Indian_wedding_clothes) J Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Jingle dress (/wiki/Jingle_dress) Jumper (dress) (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) K Khalili Collection of Kimono (/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Kimono) Khandua (/wiki/Khandua) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Kitty Foyle (dress) (/wiki/Kitty_Foyle_(dress)) Kuspuk (/wiki/Kuspuk) L L'Oeil de Boeuf (fabric) (/wiki/L%27Oeil_de_Boeuf_(fabric)) Lehenga-style sari (/wiki/Lehenga-style_sari) Lingerie dress (/wiki/Lingerie_dress) Little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) M Manta (dress) (/wiki/Manta_(dress)) Mantua (clothing) (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Mekhela chador (/wiki/Mekhela_chador) Mother Hubbard dress (/wiki/Mother_Hubbard_dress) Mundum neriyatum (/wiki/Mundum_neriyatum) Muumuu (/wiki/Muumuu) N Navajo dolls (/wiki/Navajo_dolls) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) P Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Party dress (/wiki/Party_dress) Pasapali sari (/wiki/Pasapali_sari) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Poison dress (/wiki/Poison_dress) Polonaise (clothing) (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Popover (dress) (/wiki/Popover_(dress)) Prairie dress (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Princess seams (/wiki/Princess_seams) Probert-Price Collection (/wiki/Probert-Price_Collection) Q Qashabiya (/wiki/Qashabiya) Quadrille dress (/wiki/Quadrille_dress) R Red dress party (/wiki/Red_dress_party) Robe de style (/wiki/Robe_de_style) S Sailor dress (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Salouva (/wiki/Salouva) Sarashi (/wiki/Sarashi) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Sari-inspired dress (/wiki/Sari-inspired_dress) Sheath dress (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shift dress (/wiki/Shift_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Shweshwe (/wiki/Shweshwe) Slip dress (/wiki/Slip_dress) Squaw dress (/wiki/Squaw_dress) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Strapless dress (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Swimming dress (/wiki/Swimming_dress) T Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Tear dress (/wiki/Tear_dress) Tent dress (/wiki/Tent_dress) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Trabea (/wiki/Trabea) Traditional Chinese wedding dress (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_wedding_dress) Train (clothing) (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Tricana poveira (/wiki/Tricana_poveira) Tripuri dress (/wiki/Tripuri_dress) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Tutu (clothing) (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) U Uniform fetishism (/wiki/Uniform_fetishism) W Wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap dress (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Wrapper (clothing) (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Y Yukata (/wiki/Yukata) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&oldid=1118929549 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dresses&oldid=1118929549) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by type (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_type) Skirts (/wiki/Category:Skirts) Tops (clothing) (/wiki/Category:Tops_(clothing)) Women's clothing (/wiki/Category:Women%27s_clothing) Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Template Category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 101–200 pages (/wiki/Category:Template_Category_TOC_via_Automatic_category_TOC_on_category_with_101%E2%80%93200_pages) Automatic category TOC generates standard Category TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_standard_Category_TOC)
Theatrical costume specialist A theatrical hair and wig designer works with the theatre director (/wiki/Theatre_director) and costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) to create appropriate looks that define each performer in a theatre production. This includes becoming familiar with the script, meeting with the director and costumer, conducting any research that may be required, and developing designs for each performer while working within the budget. [1] (https://hair-glue.com) Aspects of the job [ edit ] The first step in the design process is to become familiar with the script, its characters, and any transformations they may make (e.g., from naïve to sophisticated or young to older). The designer also needs to be aware of any special effects that might be needed. The design might entail research into the period of the show, the characters’ class or other characteristics, and whether the director’s concept involves any updates or other changes to the standard design features. The designer also needs to determine which performers will be using their own hair and which will need one or more wigs. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) There are many considerations that affect the hair designer’s work. Aside from what the director and costume designer want, there is the budget. A custom, hand-tied, human-hair wig can run upwards of $2,500. How much movement the actor does will affect both the design of the wig and how it’s anchored, as will the type of mic and mic pack the actor will wear. The actor’s coloring and the colors used by the costumer and lighting designer also play into the hair designer’s decisions. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Depending on the budget and size of the production staff, the hair designer may also be the makeup designer. In larger professional productions, the designer will have a crew to help with hair, makeup, or both. Over the course of a show's run, the designer keeps the wigs in good condition, touching up or restyling them as needed. During performances, the hair designer may need to help with quick costume changes. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) Getting into the field [ edit ] There are many paths to becoming a theatrical hair designer. One of the traditional paths is to get a cosmetology license or to learn fashion, costume, or hair design. Some conservatories and universities offer degrees in hair styling and design. Aspiring designers can also take specialized workshops or seminars and get practical experience working in community theater or as an apprentice to a professional designer. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) There are also unions that offer training and a network of professional opportunities. In the US, those interested in makeup and hair jobs can join the Make-up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild or the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE). IATSE also has local divisions in some places in Canada. The UK union, BECTU (Broadcasting Entertainment Cinematograph and Theatre Union), is less specialized. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Ruskai, Martha and Lowery, Allison. Wig Making and Styling: a complete guide for theatre & film, 2nd edition, 2016 ^ Jump up to: a b https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/BWW-Exclusive-Broadway-Hair-Designers-Sound-Off-About-What-They-Do-and-How-They-Do-It-20161125 (https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/BWW-Exclusive-Broadway-Hair-Designers-Sound-Off-About-What-They-Do-and-How-They-Do-It-20161125) ^ Jump up to: a b https://careers.broadway/careers-jobs/hair-wig-designer/ (https://careers.broadway/careers-jobs/hair-wig-designer/) ^ Jump up to: a b c https://backstagetheatrecollective.com/?page_id=877 (https://backstagetheatrecollective.com/?page_id=877) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.canary‐55cf9b4858‐hfn5s Cached time: 20240623110002 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.107 seconds Real time usage: 0.196 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 281/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1297/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 460/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3505/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.035/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1098370/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 182.501 1 -total 80.40% 146.737 1 Template:Short_description 32.50% 59.317 3 Template:Main_other 30.85% 56.305 1 Template:SDcat 30.19% 55.092 2 Template:Pagetype 14.94% 27.269 1 Template:Reflist 1.92% 3.512 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73502802-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623110002 and revision id 1198020444. 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Fashion critic Bernadine Morris Born Bernadine Taub Harlem, New York Died January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12) (aged 92) Bernadine Morris née (/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names) Taub was a New York Times fashion critic and journalist who influenced women's fashion. Early life and education [ edit ] She was born in 1925 in Harlem, New York. Morris earned an undergraduate degree from Hunter College (/wiki/Hunter_College) in 1945, and then went on to earn a master's degree from New York University (/wiki/New_York_University) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Career [ edit ] Morris started working in fashion weekly magazines at Millinery Research . She went on to write for Women's Wear Daily [2] (#cite_note-2) where she started as a dress editor working on what she called "cheap dresses". [3] (#cite_note-3) She also wrote for Fashion Trades , and The New York Journal-American , before joining the staff at The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) in 1963. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Morris attended fashion shows in multiple countries, including within the United States, [4] (#cite_note-4) Europe, [5] (#cite_note-5) and Britain where she had been invited by Margaret Thatcher (/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 1980, Morris wrote "While short skirts may seem déjà vu (/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu) , short pants have a lively, contemporary air" [7] (#cite_note-7) which was later used in the definition of the phrase déjà vu in Merriam Webster's Dictionary. [8] (#cite_note-8) Selected publications [ edit ] Morris, Bernadine (1978). The fashion makers (1st ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-394-41166-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 3481954 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3481954) . [9] (#cite_note-9) Morris, Bernadine (1996). Scaasi a cut above . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8478-1987-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 845165772 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/845165772) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Morris, Bernadine; Mirabella, Grace (1996). Valentino . Saron Hughes (Translator). Universe/Vendome, New York, NY. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780500017562 . Retrieved 2023-05-13 . Awards and honors [ edit ] In recognition of her contributions to the fashion industry, Bernadine won the Medal of the City of Paris (/wiki/Medal_of_the_City_of_Paris) in 1985. [11] (#cite_note-11) She was recognized by the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) in the 1987 awards ceremony. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 1994 the city of Milan (/wiki/Milan) awarded Morris with a gold medal in recognition of her work in the fashion industry. [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, Sam (2018-01-25). "Bernadine Morris, Veteran Observer of Fashion, Dies at 92" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/obituaries/bernadine-morris-veteran-observer-of-fashion-dies-at-92.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-01-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Fashion Press" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-the-fashion-press/124543628/) . The Miami Herald; Miami, Florida . August 18, 1985 . Retrieved 2023-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Bloomgarden-Smoke, Kara (2018-01-26). "Bernadine Morris Dies at 92" (https://wwd.com/business-news/media/bernadine-morris-dies-11129656/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-01-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kolb, Steven (/wiki/Steven_Kolb) (January 27, 2018). "Remembering Bernadine Morris" (https://cfda.com/news/remembering-bernadine-morris) . cfda.com . Retrieved 2023-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Rubin, Bonnie Miller (March 2, 1983). "Practical fashion writer puts little stock in fluctuating hemlines" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-tribune-practical-fashion-writer-pu/124544285/) . Star Tribune; Minneapolis, Minnesota . pp. [1] (https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-tribune-practical-fashion-writer-pu/124544285/) , [2] (https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-tribune/124544434/) . Retrieved 2023-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "A transatlantic view" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/birmingham-post-a-transatlantic-view/124544008/) . Birmingham Post Birmingham, West Midlands, England . May 28, 1994 . Retrieved 2023-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Morris, Bernadine (1980-11-18). "Short Pants Return, but With a Difference; The Look of an Era Not Necessarily Revealing" (https://www.nytimes.com/1980/11/18/archives/short-pants-return-but-with-a-difference-the-look-of-an-era-not.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Merriam-Webster's dictionary of English usage . Merriam-Webster Inc Springfield, Mass. 1994. p. 325. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-87779-132-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Reviews for The Fashion Makers Jeannin, Judy (1978-05-22). "Behind the design" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-record-behind-the-design/124536128/) . The Record Hackensack, New Jersey . Retrieved 2023-05-13 . Siegel, Margot (May 19, 1978). "Designer 'catalog' just an ego booster" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-tribune-designer-catalog-just-an/124540684/) . Star Tribune ; Minneapolis, Minnesota . Retrieved 2023-05-13 . Lambert, Elenaor (May 9, 1978). "American designers revealed in photos, essays" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-tribune-american-designers-rev/124543418/) . The Daily Tribune; Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin . Retrieved 2023-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Reviews for Scaasi a cut above Stuttaford, Genevieve (October 14, 1996). "Scaasi: A Cut Above". Publishers Weekly . 243 (42): 71. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Ap (1985-09-24). "IN PARIS, A FASHIOPN PARADE" (https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/24/style/in-paris-a-fashiopn-parade.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Hyde, Nina (/wiki/Nina_Hyde) (6 December 1987). "Fashion Notes". The Washington Post (pre-1997 Fulltext); Washington, D.C. [Washington, D.C] . pp. g03 – via Proquest (/wiki/Proquest) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "People". International Herald Tribune . 6 October 1994. p. 20 – via ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest) . 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Margaret Brown Klapthor Margaret Brown Klapthor, 1983, Smithsonian Institution Archives Born Margaret Brown ( 1922-01-16 ) January 16, 1922 Henderson, Kentucky (/wiki/Henderson,_Kentucky) Died September 26, 1994 (1994-09-26) (aged 72) Alma mater University of Maryland (/wiki/University_of_Maryland) Known for Expert on White House history Margaret Brown Klapthor (January 16, 1922, Henderson, Kentucky (/wiki/Henderson,_Kentucky) – September 26, 1994, Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) , USA) was a curator (/wiki/Curator) of the Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) 's First Ladies (/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States) collection [1] (#cite_note-Pace-1) and an expert on the history of the White House (/wiki/White_House) . [2] (#cite_note-Photo-2) She served as chairman of the National Museum of American History (/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History) 's Division of Political History. [3] (#cite_note-Message-3) Klapthor developed collections and exhibitions including the First Ladies' Gowns Collection. Her published books include The First Ladies cook book (1965), First Ladies (1975), and Official White House china (1975), all of which have been republished, some in multiple editions. [2] (#cite_note-Photo-2) Family and education [ edit ] Margaret Washington Brown was born January 16, 1922, [4] (#cite_note-Burial-4) in Henderson, Kentucky (/wiki/Henderson,_Kentucky) , [5] (#cite_note-Papers-5) to Paul Dennis Brown and Margaret Berry. She had two sisters, Mary Berry Brown (later Moore) (1918–) and Frances (1923–1941). [6] (#cite_note-Maryland-6) She attended Sacred Heart High School in La Plata (/wiki/La_Plata,_Maryland) , Charles County, Maryland (/wiki/Charles_County,_Maryland) , and then St. Mary's Seminary Junior College (/wiki/St._Mary%27s_College_of_Maryland) in St. Mary's City, Maryland (/wiki/St._Mary%27s_City,_Maryland) . [7] (#cite_note-WP-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) She attended the University of Maryland (/wiki/University_of_Maryland) , graduating with a B.A. in 1943. She then joined the Smithsonian Institution as a scientific aide, working in the Civil Section of the Division of History at the United States National Museum. [5] (#cite_note-Papers-5) [7] (#cite_note-WP-7) In 1956, Margaret Washington Brown married Frank Edward Klapthor (1914–1994). [6] (#cite_note-Maryland-6) She collaborated with her father Paul Dennis Brown on The History of Charles County, Maryland, written in its Tercentenary Year of 1958 . [6] (#cite_note-Maryland-6) Career [ edit ] During her forty-year career at the Smithsonian, Klapthor was employed as an Assistant Curator in the division of Civil History from 1947 to 1948; an Assistant Curator from 1949 to 1951; an Associate Curator in Civil History from 1952 to 1957; an Associate Curator, 1957–1970; and a Curator from 1971 to 1983. [5] (#cite_note-Papers-5) She became curator of the Smithsonian's First Ladies collection and chairman of its department of national and military history. [1] (#cite_note-Pace-1) After retiring in 1983, she was a Curator Emeritus in the Division of Political History. [5] (#cite_note-Papers-5) Klapthor worked on restoration of the collection of First Ladies gowns from the White House. [5] (#cite_note-Papers-5) In 1954, Klapthor escorted Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) and Mamie Eisenhower (/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower) , wife of then-president Dwight D. Eisenhower (/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower) through the First Ladies exhibit. [6] (#cite_note-Maryland-6) She located Dolley Madison (/wiki/Dolley_Madison) 's inauguration gown, and arranged for its indefinite loan to the Smithsonian from the William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art (/wiki/William_Rockhill_Nelson_Gallery_of_Art) in Kansas City, Missouri (/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri) . [1] (#cite_note-Pace-1) [9] (#cite_note-9) Klapthor's work formed the basis of the First Ladies (/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States) Hall created at the Museum of History and Technology in 1964. [5] (#cite_note-Papers-5) She published Dresses of the First Ladies of the White House, as exhibited in the United States National Museum (1952). Her First Ladies (1975), about the women themselves, was repeatedly expanded and republished. Another area in which Klapthor specialized was White House china (/wiki/White_House_china) . [5] (#cite_note-Papers-5) She organized a collection of White House china as part of the creation of the First Ladies Hall, combining displays of the gowns and the china in social settings reflective of their use. [1] (#cite_note-Pace-1) Her Official White House china : 1789 to the present (1975) was republished in 1999. She also wrote The First Ladies Cook Book: Favorite Recipes of All the Presidents of the United States (1965), which was repeatedly republished. New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) food critic Craig Claiborne (/wiki/Craig_Claiborne) wrote that it was "perhaps the most comprehensive and detailed volume ever written" about the dining habits of American Presidents and their wives. [1] (#cite_note-Pace-1) Later life [ edit ] Klapthor's father, Paul Brown, died in 1974. In 1978, she and her sister Mary Berry Brown Moore donated the Papers of the Paul Dennis Brown Family to the archives of the University of Maryland (/wiki/University_of_Maryland) . [6] (#cite_note-Maryland-6) Towards the end of her life, Margaret Brown Klapthor suffered from rheumatoid arthritis (/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis) and had to use a wheelchair (/wiki/Wheelchair) . [1] (#cite_note-Pace-1) Her husband Frank died on May 12, 1994. [10] (#cite_note-10) Margaret died of stomach cancer on September 26, 1994. She was survived by her children, Paul Edward Klapthor, Carlson Brown Klapthor, and Frances Andrews. [1] (#cite_note-Pace-1) She is buried in Saint Ignatius Cemetery (/wiki/St._Thomas_Manor) , Port Tobacco (/wiki/Port_Tobacco) , Charles County, Maryland. [4] (#cite_note-Burial-4) Selected publications [ edit ] Klapthor, Margaret Brown; Morrison, Howard Alexander (1982). G. Washington, a figure upon the stage . Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press : National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Klapthor, Margaret Brown (1975). Official White House china : 1789 to the present . Washington: Smithsonian. Republished 1999. Klapthor, Margaret Brown (1975). First ladies . Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association. First of multiple editions. Klapthor, Margaret Brown (1967). Maryland's presidential first ladies: Mrs. Zachary Taylor and Mrs. John Quincy Adams from Calvert County . Prince Frederic, Md.: Calvert County Historical Society. Klapthor, Margaret Brown (1965). The First Ladies cook book; favorite recipes of all the Presidents of the United States . New York: Published for Parents' Magazine Press, by Home Library Press. First of multiple editions. Klapthor, Margaret Brown; Brown, Paul Dennis (n.d.). History of Charles County, Maryland : written in its tercentenary year of 1958 . La Plata, Md.: Charles County Tercentenary, Inc. Republished 1995. Klapthor, Margaret Brown (1952). Dresses of the First Ladies of the White House, as exhibited in the United States National Museum . Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. External links [ edit ] "Margaret B. Klapthor Papers" (http://collections.si.edu/search/detail/ead_collection:sova-sia-faru7466?q=Margaret+Brown+Klapthor&record=1&hlterm=Margaret%2BBrown%2BKlapthor) . Smithsonian Institution Archives . "Paul Dennis Brown Family papers" (https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/972) . University of Maryland . References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Pace, Eric (September 30, 1994). "Margaret Klapthor, Curator in Capital, Dies at 72" (https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/30/obituaries/margaret-klapthor-curator-in-capital-dies-at-72.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 October 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Margaret Brown Klapthor" (http://collections.si.edu/search/detail/edanmdm:siris_sic_9933?q=Klapthor+Margaret+Brown&record=2&hlterm=Klapthor%2BMargaret%2BBrown) . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 29 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Message_3-0) Message, Kylie (November 7, 2013). Museums and Social Activism: Engaged Protest . London and New York: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781134663699 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Margaret Washington Brown Klapthor" (https://billiongraves.com/grave/MARGARET-WASHINGTON-BROWN-KLAPTHOR/21414971) . Billion Graves . Retrieved 30 October 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Margaret B. Klapthor Papers" (http://collections.si.edu/search/detail/ead_collection:sova-sia-faru7466?q=Margaret+Brown+Klapthor&record=1&hlterm=Margaret%2BBrown%2BKlapthor) . Smithsonian Institution Archives . Retrieved 29 October 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Paul Dennis Brown Family papers" (https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/972) . University of Maryland . Retrieved 29 October 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "HISTORIAN MARGARET KLAPTHOR, CURATOR WITH SMITHSONIAN, DIES" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1994/09/29/historian-margaret-klapthor-curator-with-smithsonian-dies/0eecb7fb-2407-4404-8147-3b895ab83896/) . The Washington Post . 1994 . Retrieved 30 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Sacred Heart Elementary and High Schools, La Plata, Maryland" (http://www.sistersofihm.org/what-we-do/publications-library/book-excerpts/detail.html?id=60febf0c-95f0-4642-8d5f-2543a74b76cc&pageTitle=IHM%20Book%20Excerpts:%20Sacred%20Heart%20Elementary%20and%20High%20Schools,%20La%20Plata,%20Maryland) . Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary . Retrieved 30 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Board of Regents (1959). Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: publication 4354 . Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 21, 35 . Retrieved 29 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Frank Edward Klapthor 19 Jun 1914 - 12 May 1994" (https://ar.billiongraves.com/grave/FRANK-EDWARD-KLAPTHOR/21414940) . Billion Graves . Retrieved 29 October 2019 . 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Brazilian fashion designer The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Adriana Degreas" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Adriana+Degreas%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Adriana+Degreas%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Adriana+Degreas%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Adriana+Degreas%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Adriana+Degreas%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Adriana+Degreas%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Adriana Degreas Born ( 1971-04-20 ) 20 April 1971 Sao Paulo (/wiki/Sao_Paulo) , Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Occupation Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) Label Adriana Degreas (/w/index.php?title=Adriana_Degreas_(brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) Adriana Degreas (born April 20, 1971) is a Brazilian fashion designer. She is particularly known for swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) and resort wear (/wiki/Resort_wear) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Degreas's business is based in São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo) . While her work sells internationally, in 2018, it was reported that 73% of sales occur within Brazil. [2] (#cite_note-cook-2) She has collaborated on beachwear collections with other designers such as Charlotte Olympia (/wiki/Charlotte_Olympia) and Cult Gaia. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Grosso, Caroline. "British It Girls Can't Get Enough of This Brazilian Swimwear Designer" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/adriana-degreas-brazilian-swimsuit-bikini-designer) . W Magazine . Retrieved 29 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-cook_2-0) Cook, Grace (12 June 2018). "Life's a beach: inside Brazil's fashion boom" (https://www.ft.com/content/21d7a704-52dd-11e8-84f4-43d65af59d43) . Financial Times . Retrieved 29 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Newbold, Alice. "Charlotte Dellal On Making Her Swimwear Ambition A Reality With Adriana Degreas" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/charlotte-olympia-adriana-degreas-swimwear-collaboration) . British Vogue . Retrieved 29 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Klein, Arnaud (8 March 2019). "Adriana Degreas x Cult Gaia: the collaboration that makes us more impatient for summer" (https://www.vogue.fr/fashion/article/adriana-degreas-x-cult-gaia-the-collaboration-that-makes-us-more-impatient-for-summer) . Vogue Paris . Retrieved 29 March 2019 . This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Decoration of fingernails and toenails This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nail_art) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Nail art" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nail+art%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nail+art%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nail+art%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nail+art%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nail+art%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nail+art%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) French manicure Nail art is a creative (/wiki/Creative_work) way to paint, decorate, enhance, and embellish nails (/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)) . It is a type of artwork that can be done on fingernails (/wiki/Fingernails) and toenails (/wiki/Toenails) , usually after manicures (/wiki/Manicures) or pedicures (/wiki/Pedicures) . History [ edit ] A wall painting from 2330 BC found in a tomb shows people with painted nails. The exact origin of nail treatments is unclear since they appear to have originated in different parts of the world around the same time. In ancient Egypt (/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) , from 5000 to 3000 BC, women would dye their nails with henna (/wiki/Henna) to indicate social status (/wiki/Social_status) and seductiveness. Women of the lower class wore (/wiki/Social_class) pastel (/wiki/Pastel) and neutral shades, while the upper classes (/wiki/Social_class) wore deep, bright shades. In Babylonia (/wiki/Babylonia) , 3200 BC, men, not women, painted their nails with black and green kohl (/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)) , an ancient cosmetic. To prepare for war (/wiki/War) , warriors of Babylon spent hours having their nails prepared, hair curled, and other similar beauty treatments. As in ancient Egypt, nail color indicated one's status, black for noblemen (/wiki/Nobility) and green for the common man. Around the same time, in 3000 BC, the first nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) originated in ancient China (/wiki/Ancient_China) . [1] (#cite_note-1) It was made from beeswax, egg whites, gelatin (/wiki/Gelatin) , vegetable dyes (/wiki/Natural_dye) , and gum arabic (/wiki/Gum_arabic) . Chinese dipped their nails in this mixture for several hours or left it on to dry. Colors ranged from pink to red, depending on the mix of the ingredients. During the Zhou Dynasty (/wiki/Zhou_dynasty) , 600 BC, royalty used this simple nail polish with gold (/wiki/Gold) and silver (/wiki/Silver) dust on their nails to show their social status. [ citation needed ] Nail protectors The Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) (1368-1644) was known for extremely long nails. [2] (#cite_note-2) Sometimes, these nails were protected by gold- and jewel-encrusted nail guards. Servants (/wiki/Domestic_worker) performed personal chores for the royals so their nails did not break or become damaged. [3] (#cite_note-3) Empress Dowager Cixi (/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi) of China, who ruled from 1835 to 1908, was known for her long nails. Many photos show the empress with 6-inch-long gold guards protecting her long nails. [4] (#cite_note-4) A lot of these above did not use nail art as it is widely known today, only stained, dyed, or dusted the fingernails and toenails. [5] (#cite_note-5) The first actual record of nail art was from the short-lived Inca Empire (/wiki/Inca_Empire) (1438-1533), one of the largest empires in South America (/wiki/South_America) . Incas decorated their nails by painting eagles (/wiki/Eagle) on them. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 1770, the first fancy gold and silver manicure sets were created. French King Louis XVI (/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France) , who ruled from 1774 until his deposition in 1792, always had his nails taken care of using these sets. [ citation needed ] In the early 1800s, the modern manicure developed with the invention of the orange stick, a thin wooden stick with one pointy end, usually made from orange wood. [7] (#cite_note-7) It was invented in 1830, by Dr. Sitts, a European podiatrist (/wiki/Podiatrist) , who adapted a dental tool for manicure purposes. Before this invention, people used acid, a metal rod, and scissors to shape and trim nails. In 1892, Dr. Sitts' niece invented a nail-care line for women of any social class, eventually reaching United States salons. [8] (#cite_note-8) Before then, women had short, almond-shaped nails and often used oils for additional shine or tint. Not long after, in 1907, the first liquid nail polish was invented, although it was colorless. Soon after that, it was available in a variety of different colors. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 1925, the lunar manicure (today known as the half-moon manicure) was seen everywhere. Reds and pinks were used on the nail bed while avoiding the area around the cuticles. [10] (#cite_note-10) Then again in the 1970s, the natural look was back in fashion and preferred by many women, but only for a short time. [11] (#cite_note-:02-11) The French manicure (/wiki/Manicure#French_manicures) style was created in Paris in 1976 by Jeff Pink, the founder of the Los Angeles-based cosmetic company ORLY. [12] (#cite_note-www.alligator.org-12) Nail painting came back in vogue in the 1980s and has been extremely popular since then. [11] (#cite_note-:02-11) Types [ edit ] Nail art of various types are used to create designs ranging from simple to elaborate. [13] (#cite_note-13) Traditional nail polish [ edit ] The most common type of nail art involves the use of traditional nail polish . This method is easy to apply and remove, and relatively inexpensive, although it lacks the durability of some other forms and can chip easily. [14] (#cite_note-14) Acrylic nails [ edit ] Acrylic nails are created using a mixture of acrylic powder and liquid monomer. They provide a more durable and complex design option compared to traditional nail polish, but are also more difficult to apply and remove, and can be more expensive. [15] (#cite_note-15) Gel nails [ edit ] Gel nails are created using a gel that is cured under UV light. They are similarly durable and complex in design to acrylic nails, but can be more costly. Application and removal processes are similar to those for acrylic nails. [16] (#cite_note-16) Nail wraps [ edit ] Nail wraps are pre-made designs applied to the nails. They provide a quick and easy method of nail art creation and come in a variety of designs. They can be applied over traditional nail polish or acrylic nails. [17] (#cite_note-17) Other types [ edit ] Other types of nail art include stamping, stenciling, and hand painting. Stamping involves the use of a special tool to transfer a design from a stamp to the nail. Stenciling uses a pre-cut stencil to create a design on the nail. Hand painting utilizes brushes or other tools to create a design on the nail. [18] (#cite_note-18) Nail art Social relevance [ edit ] See also: Queer manicure (/wiki/Queer_manicure) In some cultures, nail art can be tied to the concept of femininity and the sense of belonging in a group of females. [19] (#cite_note-19) While it is mostly women that have nail art, it is increasing in popularity among men. [ citation needed ] Nail art is also a way to create its own identity through fashion, using colors and shapes as a disruption of childhood and entering the female teen/adult world, also leaving the influence of their parents to create their selves. [20] (#cite_note-AnnMarie2012-20) The nail is also part of the puzzle of mounting gender identity; the nails for teenagers and adult women represent a piece of the symbol of what is a woman and how the woman should present herself. Though women use nail art to express their womanliness, the different types define a woman with particular personalities, e.g. French manicure (delicate). [21] (#cite_note-21) Clipped and filed nails, either on all ten fingers or on the index and middle finger (/wiki/Queer_manicure) of the dominant hand (/wiki/Dominant_hand) in particular, are considered a symbol of queer women after the origin of the practice as a practical measure to allow for safe digital penetration (/wiki/Digital_penetration) between cisgender women. [22] (#cite_note-Dazed-22) [23] (#cite_note-LA-23) Media [ edit ] Nail art depicting characters from the video game Pac-Man (/wiki/Pac-Man) The nail-care industry has been expanding ever since the invention of modern nail polish. [24] (#cite_note-24) Nail art's popularity in media started with the printed press with women's magazines. It had an essential rollout as not a mainstream fashion trend before the 2000s. After the internet age and the everyday use of social media, [25] (#cite_note-25) the trend became prominent subculture among women. [26] (#cite_note-26) Social media made it easier to connect to the mass audience, and with this, people started to share their designs as a way of their creativity and use the nail as their blank canvas. YouTube, Pinterest, Instagram, Tumblr, and Twitter are the major platforms which provide many new ideas and designs for the subculture. [20] (#cite_note-AnnMarie2012-20) However, according to a study, [ which? ] Pinterest is the most critical platform for recent beauty trends. [ citation needed ] In 2012, the United States witnessed surging popularity of nail art. [27] (#cite_note-27) Techniques and tools [ edit ] Manicurists start with the same techniques as for the manicure (/wiki/Manicure) or pedicure (/wiki/Pedicure) : Acrylics (/wiki/Acrylic_paint) : a chemical mixture of monomer liquid and polymer powder that can be directly applied on the nails or on artificial nails (/wiki/Artificial_nails) , also called nail extensions or enhancements. Nail gel (/wiki/Gel_nails) : a chemical combination similar to acrylics, also known as shellac nails. Manicurist applies several layers on the fingernails or/and toenails and lets it cure under a UV or LED light. When the gel is fixed, it hardens the nails. The gel is also typical in a polish form known as gel polish, and, like other forms of gel, it also requires a UV or LED light to cure. The difference between acrylic and gel is that acrylic dries naturally, but gel needs UV light (/wiki/UV_light) to cure. Similarly, where regular nail polish will dry naturally, the gel polish will remain tacky until cured by a UV light. Nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) / nail varnish (/wiki/Nail_varnish) : a lacquer applied to finger and toenails to protect or as a base color. Nail manicurists also use a base coat to protect and strengthen nails and prevent natural nails from yellowing or staining. Several options are available for decorating nails: [28] (#cite_note-Nail_art_trend_spurs_accessories-28) Glitters Nail art pens Piercing Stamping Water decals Water marbling (/wiki/Water_marble_nail) Adding accessories Studs, rhinestones, miniature plastic bowties, beads, dried flowers, and aluminum foil Acrylic powder for 3D art. The 3D acrylic nail art powder is a polymer powder used with a monomer liquid to create designs. To decorate the nails, manicurists use several tools, such as: Nail dotters, also known as "dotting tools." Nail art brushes Stationery tape/stickers Thin, colored striping tape Sponges (for gradient effects) Do-it-yourself (/wiki/Do-it-yourself) (DIY) is a new concept of doing nail art without the aid of experts or professionals. One way to do a DIY design is by using home tools such as toothpicks, earbuds, cellophane tape, etc., or toolsets with dotted tools, brushes, and nail-art pens. As nail art has evolved, nail artists use acrylic powder to match clients' skin tones when doing specific techniques (Baran, 168). Innovations [ edit ] Velvet or sugar nails This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nail_art) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( August 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Some brands try to innovate by creating new kinds of nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) . Textures: microbeads (/wiki/Microbead) or caviar beads are applied just before the nail polish becomes dry. These textures give a sand-like texture to the nail. Holographic effect: When exposed to light, polishes with holographic finishes give off flashy rainbow reflections. Multi-chrome nail art with star-shaped nail vinyl stencils Velvet manicure: Velvet fibers called velveteen are sprinkled onto wet polish. The excess is gently brushed off, leaving behind a fuzzy velvet feel. Crackle effect: Nail polish pioneer Sally Hansen (/wiki/Sally_Hansen) created the first "crackle" effect polish. Acting as an overcoat, a crackle polish is applied onto already-painted nails and dries to a shattered or cracked effect. Thermochromic polish: When exposed to hot or cold temperatures, nail polish changes color. Matte effect: These nail polishes can transform a layer of glossy nail polish into a flat matte finish. Inverse French: Also called a "half-moon." The half-moon is created on the root nail's root in one color while the other is painted differently. Nail stickers: A form of artificial nails (/wiki/Artificial_nails) , there is an extensive range of nail stickers, strips, and wraps on the market used to mimic nail polish. Notable nail artists [ edit ] Jenny Bui (/wiki/Jenny_Bui) Simply Nailogical (/wiki/Simply_Nailogical) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Chang, Isabelle Rancier,Gloria. "History of Nail Art Design" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/the-illustrated-history-of-nail-art) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2020-02-22 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Nail Art: The Latest Addition to the World of Contemporary Art" (https://artdaily.com/news/134348/Nail-Art--The-Latest-Addition-to-the-World-of-Contemporary-Art) . artdaily.com . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "History of Nail Art" (http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/alphabetical-index-fashion-clothing-history/history-nail-art) . Retrieved 2016-07-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Powerful Portraits Capture China's Empress Dowager" (https://www.npr.org/2011/12/19/143796431/powerful-portraits-capture-chinas-empress-dowager) . NPR.org . Retrieved 2016-07-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Chang, Isabelle Rancier,Gloria. "History of Nail Art Design" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/the-illustrated-history-of-nail-art) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "NAIL ART ... THE HISTORY - passion for fresh ideas" (http://passionforfreshideas.com/healthyliving/nail-art/) . 2011-12-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "the definition of orange stick" (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/orange-stick) . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2016-07-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The History of Nail Care: 1803-2003" (http://www.nailsmag.com/article/91568/the-history-of-nail-care-1803-2003) . Retrieved 2016-07-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Nail Polish - Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages" (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/Modern-World-1919-1929/Nail-Polish.html) . www.fashionencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2016-07-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "History of manicure \| Nail Art Journal" (http://nailartjournal.com/history-of-manicure/) . nailartjournal.com . Retrieved 2016-07-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b "When Women Started Growing Out and Painting Their Nails" (http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/05/women-started-growing-painting-nails/) . 2014-05-19 . Retrieved 2016-07-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-www.alligator.org_12-0) "The colorful history of nail polish" (http://www.alligator.org/blogs/lifestyle/thefbomb/article_92924820-8e3d-11e1-b5bf-001a4bcf887a.html) . The Independent Florida Alligator . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Comprehensive Guide to Nail Art Styles" (https://acrylicnailsideas.com/comprehensive-guide-to-nail-art-styles/) . Acrylic Nails Ideas . Retrieved 2023-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "8 Types on Nail Polish You Should know" (https://www.lorealparisusa.com/beauty-magazine/beauty-tips/beauty-trends/different-types-of-nail-polish-guide) . L'oreal . Retrieved 2023-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Comprehensive Guide to Nail Art Styles" (https://acrylicnailsideas.com/comprehensive-guide-to-nail-art-styles/) . Acrylic Nails Ideas . Retrieved 2023-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Gel Manicures: A Complete Guide to Gel Nails" (https://www.byrdie.com/gel-nails-4692962) . BYRDIE . Retrieved 2023-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "What are Nail Wraps? Your Complete Guide to Effortless, Picture-Perfect Manicures" (https://polishpops.com/blogs/news/what-are-nail-wraps-made-of) . Polish Pops . Retrieved 2023-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Comprehensive Guide to Nail Art Styles" (https://acrylicnailsideas.com/comprehensive-guide-to-nail-art-styles/) . Acrylic Nails Ideas . Retrieved 2023-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) BEATTY, E. Sharon; GIVAN, M. Alexa; FRANKE R. George; REYNOLDS E. KRISTY (2015). "Social Store Identity and Adolescent Females' Store Attitudes and Behaviors". Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice . 23:1 : 38–56. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/10696679.2015.980173 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10696679.2015.980173) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 143223280 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143223280) . ^ Jump up to: a b BRITTON, Ann Marie (2012). "University of New Hampshire.The Beauty Industry's Influence on Women in Society". {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires \|journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-21) CHITTENDEN, Tara (2010). "Digital dressing up: modelling female teen identity in the discursive spaces of the fashion blogosphere". Journal of Youth Studies . 13:4 (4): 505–520. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/13676260903520902 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13676260903520902) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 144536848 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144536848) . ^ (#cite_ref-Dazed_22-0) Wallace, Megan. "Lez nails: Is the 'queer woman with short nails' an outdated stereotype?" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/article/57211/1/lez-nails-is-the-queer-woman-with-short-nails-an-outdated-stereotype) , Dazed Beauty, 17 October 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-LA_23-0) Thompson, Martine. "Cheers to the Queer Manicure" (https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/story/2022-06-22/what-is-a-queer-manicure-lesbian-manicure) , Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) , 22 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Watch How Nail Trends Have Changed in the Past 100 Years" (http://news.health.com/2016/05/24/watch-how-nail-trends-have-changed-in-the-past-100-years/) . Health News / Tips & Trends / Celebrity Health . 2016-05-24 . Retrieved 2016-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) FRITH, Katherine; SHAW, Ping; CHENG, Hong (2005). "A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Women's Magazine Advertising". Journal of Communication : 56–70. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02658.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.2005.tb02658.x) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "From ancient Egypt to Cardi B: a cultural history of the manicure" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/jan/27/from-ancient-egypt-to-cardi-b-a-cultural-history-of-the-manicure) . the Guardian . 2021-01-27 . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Grinberg, Emanuella. "On main street and the runway, nail art is the new lipstick" (http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/10/living/fashion-week-nail-art/) . ^ (#cite_ref-Nail_art_trend_spurs_accessories_28-0) "Nail art trend spurs accessories". Chain Drug Review . 24 September 2012. [1] (#cite_note-29) External links [ edit ] Look up nail art (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/nail_art) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nail art . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : National Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534658705171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93005426) ^ (#cite_ref-29) Baran, Robert, and Douglas Schoon. "Nail Beauty." Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, Accepted for publication 21 November 2004, vol. 3, no. 3, 2004, pp. 167–70, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00141.x (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00141.x) . Davis, LaPorchia, et al. "Nail Art, Nail Care and Self Expression: Gender Differences in African Americans' Consumption of Nail Cosmetics." Fashion, Style & Popular Culture, vol. 6, no. 2, 2019, pp. 159–74, https://doi.org/10.1386/fspc.6.2.159_1 (https://doi.org/10.1386/fspc.6.2.159_1) . 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Clothing culture in Ireland This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Irish_clothing) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Irish_clothing) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Irish_clothing) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Irish clothing" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Irish+clothing%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Irish+clothing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Irish+clothing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Irish+clothing%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Irish+clothing%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Irish+clothing%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The neutrality (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) of this article is disputed (/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Irish_clothing##) . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met (/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove) . ( July 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The Irish Girl by Ford Maxon Brown, 1860 An Irish colleen in traditional dress, c.1890 Traditional Irish clothing is the traditional attire (/wiki/Folk_costume) which would have been worn historically by Irish people (/wiki/Irish_people) in Ireland. During the 16th-century Tudor conquest of Ireland (/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland) , the Dublin Castle administration (/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration) prohibited many of Ireland’s clothing traditions. [1] (#cite_note-1) A series of photos captured by French photographers Marguerite Mespoulet and Madeleine Mignon-Alba in 1913 included images of Irish people in traditional clothing. Some of these photos were taken in Claddagh (/wiki/Claddagh) , a town thought to have retained much of its traditional attire. [2] (#cite_note-2) Aran jumpers (/wiki/Aran_jumper) were invented in the early 20th century. Irish Tweed (/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)) is a woven fabric incorporating multi-coloured neps - scraps of wool said originally to have been swept from the floor under the looms at the end of the day, and incorporated into the next day's weaving. In the past, much weaving was done in the home, with the fabric being delivered to a broker. Today, a few mills exist around Ireland which re-create this tweed in the traditional manner. Donegal is the heartland of Irish tweed and Donegal tweed (/wiki/Donegal_tweed) is better known than other Irish tweeds. History [ edit ] Muiredach's High Cross (9th century) clearly depicting the Irish léine and mantles. Shoes or brogues and pants were also commonplace in Ireland since the early Medieval period long before the Anglo-Normans came to Ireland. Dutch watercolour (c. 1575) of "Irish in the service of the late king Henry (VIII) (/wiki/Henry_VIII) " depicting a léine . Little is known about Irish apparel before the twelfth century. Historians believe that the early inhabitants of Ireland dressed in wool (/wiki/Wool) cloth, although some argue that garments made of animal skins were more prevalent. By the thirteenth century, the Irish were bundling themselves in mantles (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) , which are coats made of wool cloth. Most mantles were composed of small scraps of cloth sewn together, although the wealthy were able to afford mantles made from a single but very large piece of cloth. Cloaks (/wiki/Cloaks) called brait (singular: brat ), on the other hand, would signify wealth if they were made from several different colors. In fact, sumptuary portion of the brehon law (/wiki/Brehon_law) decreed that slaves (/wiki/Slaves) could only wear cloaks with one color, while freemen could wear four and kings wore several different colors. [ dubious – discuss (/wiki/Talk:Irish_clothing#Dubious) ] Beneath these brait , they wore léinte (singular: léine ), long woollen or linen tunics that extended to the ground but were gathered into pleats and belted so that they fell to the knees (the excess material was allowed to hang down at the waist and cover the belt, as can be seen in the Dutch painting illustration). The léine was very wide at the bottom and narrow on top. Likewise, the léine 's sleeves were narrow at the upper arms but widened greatly at the elbows. The sleeves were open to allow the lower arm to emerge, but hung down behind the elbow to the knee or sometimes as far as the ground in more ceremonial garb. Léinte were most often saffron-yellow ( léine croich , 'saffron shirt'), but were also found in other solid colours (red, brown, green, black, etc.), or occasionally striped. The léine was worn throughout Gaelic culture (/wiki/Gaelic_culture) , including in western Scotland, up until the late 16th century. In Ireland, traditional Gaelic dress, including the léine , was banned by the Dublin Castle administration (/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration) . William Gibson, 2nd Baron Ashbourne (/wiki/William_Gibson,_2nd_Baron_Ashbourne) (1929) adopted "Irish dress" during the Gaelic revival (/wiki/Gaelic_revival) . Another garment, known as an inar , was a jacket, pleated at either beneath the breast, or at the waist, with split sleeves. Woodcarvings seem to indicate that inar were richly decorated, possibly through embroidery. In winter, a cota mór was added beneath the brat ; this was a greatcoat made of thick wool, with a small standup collar and sleeves that unbuttoned below the elbow to allow the long sleeves of the léine to come through. Irish dancers in traditional costumes at the Festival de Confolens in France, 1998 Less is known of the early apparel of the Irish women and children. Like men, women's clothing was mostly derived from wool. It is likely that the earliest female inhabitants of Ireland also donned léinte which looked similar (if not identical) to those of their male counterparts. By the fifteenth century, women were wearing long dresses made from wool cloth, often decorated with ribbons and other accessories. These dresses were created and worn in direct imitation of those worn in England (/wiki/England) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Jaster, Margaret Rose (2001). "Breeding Dissoluteness and Disobedience: Clothing Laws as Tudor Colonialist Discourse" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41557128) . Critical Survey . 13 (3): 61–67. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0011-1570 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-1570) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "First color photos of Ireland taken by two French women in 1913" (http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/first-color-photographs-of-ireland-1913) . IrishCentral.com . Retrieved 2024-03-03 . Sources [ edit ] Mairéad Dunlevy (/wiki/Mair%C3%A9ad_Dunlevy) (1989). Dress in Ireland: A History . Collins Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-898256-84-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898256-84-7) Mairéad Dunlevy (2011). Pomp and Poverty: A History of Silk in Ireland . Yale University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300170-41-2 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300170-41-2) External links [ edit ] Media related to Clothing of Ireland (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothing_of_Ireland) at Wikimedia Commons https://web.archive.org/web/20160328103204/http://www.reconstructinghistory.com/articles/irish-articles/what-is-traditional-irish-dress.html (https://web.archive.org/web/20160328103204/http://www.reconstructinghistory.com/articles/irish-articles/what-is-traditional-irish-dress.html) https://www.gaelicattire.com/index.htm (https://www.gaelicattire.com/index.htm) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht 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Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e National costume of Europe Sovereign states Albania (/wiki/National_costume_of_Albania) Andorra (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1) Armenia (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1) Austria (/wiki/National_costume_of_Austria) Azerbaijan (/wiki/National_costume_of_Azerbaijan) Belarus (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1) Belgium (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1) Bosnia and Herzegovina (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1) Bulgaria (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Croatia) Cyprus (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1) Czech Republic (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1) Denmark 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(/wiki/National_costume_of_Liechtenstein) Lithuania (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1) Luxembourg (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1) Malta (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1) Moldova (/wiki/National_costume_of_Moldova) Monaco (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1) Montenegro (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1) Netherlands (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1) North Macedonia (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1) Norway (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1) Poland (/wiki/National_costume_of_Poland) Portugal (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1) Romania (/wiki/National_costume_of_Romania) Russia (/w/index.php?title=National_costume_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1) 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Italian-Japanese fashion director and fashion editor Nicola Formichetti Born ( 1977-05-31 ) 31 May 1977 (age 47) Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Japan Known for Fashion direction, editing, design, creative direction (/wiki/Creative_director) , art direction (/wiki/Art_director) Awards 2010 Isabella Blow Award Website www (http://www.nicolaformichetti.com) .nicolaformichetti (http://www.nicolaformichetti.com) .com (http://www.nicolaformichetti.com) Nicola Formichetti ( Italian pronunciation: [niˈkɔːla (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) formiˈketti] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ; born 31 May 1977) is a fashion director and fashion editor. Born in Japan, he is most widely known as the artistic director (/wiki/Artistic_director) of the Italian fashion label Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) and for being a frequent collaborator with singer-songwriter Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) . [1] (#cite_note-LordGaga-1) He worked two years (September 2010 – April 2013) with the French fashion house Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) as artistic director. Formichetti is also known as fashion director of Vogue Hommes Japan (/wiki/Men%27s_Vogue) , is a contributing editor of several other fashion magazines and is fashion director for the clothing company Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) . [2] (#cite_note-Cyberimage-2) In November 2010 he was named one of the "most influential creative forces working in fashion today". [3] (#cite_note-BoF50-3) The following month he was awarded the Isabella Blow (/wiki/Isabella_Blow) Award for Fashion Creator at the 2010 British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) . [4] (#cite_note-BFA-4) Early life [ edit ] The son of a Japanese stewardess and an Italian pilot, [1] (#cite_note-LordGaga-1) Formichetti was born in Japan (/wiki/Japan) and grew up in Rome (/wiki/Rome) and Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , [5] (#cite_note-MuglerProfile-5) attempting to assimilate (/wiki/Cultural_assimilation) in both cultures. [1] (#cite_note-LordGaga-1) As a child he trained as a classical (/wiki/Classical_music) pianist (/wiki/Pianist) (and still plays for relaxation). [1] (#cite_note-LordGaga-1) But moving to London (/wiki/London) became his great desire and he used the excuse of attending into an architecture (/wiki/Architecture) school to which he was accepted in order to get there. [1] (#cite_note-LordGaga-1) [6] (#cite_note-ViceMag-6) Formichetti has explained that instead of attending he "literally walked in the front door of the architecture school and then ran out of the back one to go clubbing for three years." [6] (#cite_note-ViceMag-6) He became a student of the nightlife (/wiki/Nightlife) and street fashions (/wiki/Street_fashion) , [1] (#cite_note-LordGaga-1) and began working at a fashionable boutique called 'The Pineal Eye' where he would become art director and head buyer for two years. [7] (#cite_note-SHOWprofile-7) Formichetti is openly gay (/wiki/Gay) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] While working at 'The Pineal Eye' Formichetti was spotted by fashion editor Katy England and she offered him a monthly page at Dazed & Confused (/wiki/Dazed_%26_Confused_(magazine)) called "Eye Spy," and after being named the magazine's fashion director in 2005 would eventually be promoted to become its creative director 2008. [1] (#cite_note-LordGaga-1) [9] (#cite_note-WJuly2011-9) [10] (#cite_note-Mr.Gaga-10) His work at Dazed & Confused led to other fashion magazines, including V (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) , Another Magazine (/wiki/Another_Magazine) , Arena Homme + (/wiki/Arena_Homme_%2B) , and Harper's Bazaar USA (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . [2] (#cite_note-Cyberimage-2) [7] (#cite_note-SHOWprofile-7) Among fashion designers he has worked with Kim Jones (/wiki/Kim_Jones_(designer)) , collaborating with him on his collections and shows, and has worked with fashion houses (/wiki/Fashion_house) such as Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) , Gareth Pugh (/wiki/Gareth_Pugh) , Carri "Cassette Playa" Mundane (/wiki/Carri_Mundane) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , Iceberg (/wiki/Iceberg_(fashion_house)) , and brands such as Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) , Puma (/wiki/Puma_AG) , Stüssy (/wiki/St%C3%BCssy) , Topman (/wiki/Topman) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , and Edwin (/wiki/Edwin_(clothing)) . [7] (#cite_note-SHOWprofile-7) Among fashion photographers (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Formichetti has worked with Nick Knight (/wiki/Nick_Knight_(photographer)) , Hedi Slimane (/wiki/Hedi_Slimane) , Terry Richardson (/wiki/Terry_Richardson) , Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) , and Oliviero Toscani (/wiki/Oliviero_Toscani) , as well as others. [7] (#cite_note-SHOWprofile-7) [10] (#cite_note-Mr.Gaga-10) Lady Gaga [ edit ] 2009–2012 [ edit ] Formichetti is a prominent member of Lady Gaga's creative team, the Haus of Gaga. His collaboration with Lady Gaga as her stylist (/wiki/Wardrobe_stylist) or fashion director began in early May 2009 at a shoot with photographer Sebastian Faena (/wiki/Sebastian_Faena) for the July 2009 issue of V Magazine ( V60 ), [11] (#cite_note-11) Formichetti saying that "It was an instant love." [10] (#cite_note-Mr.Gaga-10) This was soon followed by a cover shoot for V61 (September issue) with Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) . [12] (#cite_note-12) The following June he was fashion director for her performance at the 2009 MuchMusic Video Awards (/wiki/2009_MuchMusic_Video_Awards) , [13] (#cite_note-celebrity-13) and following that for the majority of Lady Gaga's important performances and appearances in the second half of 2009, including at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) in September, where she appeared in four dresses by Jean-Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier) and one by Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , then on Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) in October, where she appeared in a metal orb structure designed by Nazir Mazhar, and later at the Royal Variety Performance (/wiki/Royal_Variety_Performance) in December, where she appeared in a latex dress (/wiki/Latex_clothing) , by Atsuko Kudo, designed to resemble those worn by Elizabeth I of England (/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England) , for Gaga's introduction to her namesake Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) . [13] (#cite_note-celebrity-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) In the fall she also appeared in the third volume of Vogue Hommes Japan , the editorial titled "Lady Gaga & Araki's Tokyo Love" shot by Nobuyoshi Araki (/wiki/Nobuyoshi_Araki) , with fashion direction by Formichetti. [15] (#cite_note-15) Their first collaboration in a music video together, for " Bad Romance (/wiki/Bad_Romance) ", [16] (#cite_note-HolyTrinity-16) directed by Francis Lawrence (/wiki/Francis_Lawrence) , would later be voted Video of the Year (/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year) and then win the Grammy Award (/wiki/Grammy_Award) for Best Short Form Music Video (/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Short_Form_Music_Video) . In this Gaga appears in several outfits and footwear by Alexander McQueen, reappears in the orb by Nazir Mazhar, as well as in a "diamond crown" outfit by Franc Fernandez (/wiki/Franc_Fernandez) , and one by her creative team—the Haus of Gaga—among other pieces. [13] (#cite_note-celebrity-13) Formichetti is also credited as stylist for her album The Fame Monster (/wiki/The_Fame_Monster) (shot by Hedi Slimane), [17] (#cite_note-TFM-17) and has been fashion director for her sold-out The Monster Ball Tour (/wiki/The_Monster_Ball_Tour) . [13] (#cite_note-celebrity-13) 2010 [ edit ] In late January 2010 Formichetti was stylist/fashion director for Lady Gaga's music video for her song " Telephone (/wiki/Telephone_(song)) ", [13] (#cite_note-celebrity-13) directed by Jonas Åkerlund (/wiki/Jonas_%C3%85kerlund) , which was released in March. Immediately after this video was filmed came her appearance at the 52nd Grammy Awards (/wiki/52nd_Grammy_Awards) (where Gaga performed with Elton John (/wiki/Elton_John) ), for which Formichetti was also fashion director. [13] (#cite_note-celebrity-13) In February he was fashion director again for her appearance at the 2010 BRIT Awards (/wiki/2010_BRIT_Awards) , where she dedicated her performance to their friend Alexander McQueen, who had committed suicide only five days earlier. Following their collaboration for several more appearances and performances over the next months came Formichetti's styling for her video for " Alejandro (/wiki/Alejandro_(song)) ", [18] (#cite_note-18) directed by his collaborator in the past Steven Klein, and for the associated cover shoot by Terry Richardson for the mid-July issue of Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . [13] (#cite_note-celebrity-13) Her American Idol (/wiki/American_Idol) performance of "Alejandro" in early May was also styled by Formichetti. [13] (#cite_note-celebrity-13) Among other projects, next came the styling for Richardson's shoot of Gaga (in a meat bikini) and Nick Knight's shoot of model Jo Calderone (/wiki/Jo_Calderone) (Gaga in "drag") for the fifth volume of Vogue Hommes Japan (/wiki/Men%27s_Vogue) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Around the same time Richardson shot Gaga as styled by Formichetti for the company Supreme NYC, but the shoot would wait until 2011 to be released both in the Supreme ad campaign and in the French magazine Purple (/wiki/Purple_(magazine)) . [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Knight then photographed her again, styled by Formichetti, for the upcoming September issue of Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . [22] (#cite_note-22) In August the three would appear yet again in collaboration for the 30th birthday issue of the magazine i-D (/wiki/I-D) (the shoot itself actually dating from 2009), Formichetti also giving a short interview for the Gaga piece following hers. [23] (#cite_note-23) Then in September came her celebrated appearance, for which he did the styling, at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2010_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) , where she wore (among other outfits) the famous " meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) " by Franc Fernandez. [24] (#cite_note-24) Also in September the Fall issue of V Magazine ( V67 ) appeared on newsstands, with Gaga, styled by Formichetti and shot by Mario Testino, on the cover with Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) . [25] (#cite_note-25) At the end of 2010 she was named Best-Dressed of the Year by Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [26] (#cite_note-26) 2011 [ edit ] After several months largely out of the spotlight (except on tour) Gaga returned in January 2011 to begin the serious promotion for her upcoming album Born This Way (/wiki/Born_This_Way_(album)) and Formichetti has been fashion director for the project. The music video for the title track " Born This Way (/wiki/Born_This_Way_(song)) " was directed later in January by Nick Knight, with Formichetti responsible for the styling. [27] (#cite_note-27) In February came her performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards (/wiki/53rd_Grammy_Awards) where they collaborated with designer Hussein Chalayan (/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan) on her appearance and performance. [28] (#cite_note-Grammys2011CBS-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Gaga, interested in the concept of rebirth (/wiki/Reincarnation) , sent Formichetti a picture of a human embryo (/wiki/Human_embryo) , and he was first inspired to create, as he told her, "egg [shaped] shoes—like you were born that way, with eggs as feet." [1] (#cite_note-LordGaga-1) She took the idea further, resulting in the egg or "vessel" (designed by Chalayan) in which she was carried down the red carpet and later onto the stage, hatching out in a yolk-coloured latex outfit to perform her new single "Born This Way". [1] (#cite_note-LordGaga-1) She was wearing, as he tweeted (/wiki/Twitter) , "Mugler by Nicola Formichetti." [28] (#cite_note-Grammys2011CBS-28) A "Born This Way"-associated shoot called "Alien Excess" done in January by photographer Mariano Vivanco (/wiki/Mariano_Vivanco) for the Spring 2011 (March) issue of i-D features Gaga in a latex coat from the new Mugler menswear collection, with Formichetti responsible for the styling. [30] (#cite_note-30) A shot from the same session with Vivanco, but with different styling, also by Formichetti, appeared on the cover of Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) in February. [31] (#cite_note-31) He has also done Gaga's styling (shot by Nick Knight) for her as spokesperson for the MAC (/wiki/Make-up_Art_Cosmetics) Viva Glam Campaign of the MAC AIDS Fund. [32] (#cite_note-32) A new project called "The Masterpiece" has been announced in which Formichetti will collaborate with her for MAC to create a "wearable piece of art" composed of the profile photos of fans who join the campaign. [33] (#cite_note-33) 2012 [ edit ] On October 23, 2012 in a Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) interview (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-sutton/lope-navo-fashion-photographer_b_1998328.html) , Formichetti was mentioned by fashion photographer Lope Navo: "I bumped into then-stylist Nicola Formicetti in B Bar in NYC randomly and he told me he saw the first cover I shot in Milan for Rodeo magazine of Seijo Imazaki. He said he loved it and we have been in touch ever since. He gave me so much advice about my work." [34] (#cite_note-HuffPostInterview-34) 2020 [ edit ] Formichetti and Gaga's collaboration was revived in 2020, when he was fashion director in the production of Gaga's sixth studio album, Chromatica (/wiki/Chromatica) . 2021 [ edit ] In order to realize a series of photos as well as a fashion film, released on April 6, he collaborated with Gaga and Nick Knight for a Dom Pérignon (/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon) 's commercial, titled "The Queendom". [35] (#cite_note-35) Mugler [ edit ] After months of rumors, in September 2010 Formichetti was announced as the new creative director for the Parisian fashion house founded by the celebrated designer Thierry Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) (who has largely retired from the business), which he has renamed Mugler. He has said that it was in fact Lady Gaga who persuaded him to go for the job, when they were looking through pieces from the Mugler archive when shooting the video for "Telephone". [36] (#cite_note-Horyn032311-36) At Mugler Formichetti oversees designers Sébastien Peigné for womenswear and Romain Kremer (/wiki/Romain_Kremer) for menswear. [37] (#cite_note-Vogue091310-37) Joël Palix, director general of the company, said "We were looking for a young talent who could really bring energy to the brand ... Nicola is a multicultural, techno-savvy expert involved in fashion, communication, image and entertainment. He and the appointed talented designers will represent a new direction for French fashion. Nicola Formichetti leaves MUGLER on April 2, 2013. " [37] (#cite_note-Vogue091310-37) For the occasion, he also asked the k-pop artist G-Dragon (/wiki/G-Dragon) to compose a theme for the fashion runway, entitled "I am Mugler". Menswear [ edit ] The menswear, a collaboration with Romain Kremer, of Formichetti's debut (Fall/Winter) collection "Anatomy of Change" premiered during the Men's Paris fashion week (/wiki/Paris_fashion_week) on 19 January 2011. [38] (#cite_note-VMAN-38) [39] (#cite_note-TelegraphMuglerMens-39) This was accompanied by a video shot by Mariano Vivanco (/wiki/Mariano_Vivanco) , featuring Formichetti's new muse, the full-body tattooed Canadian model Rick Genest (/wiki/Rick_Genest) , [40] (#cite_note-SHOWmuglermens-40) and by a remix by Lady Gaga, as musical director for the menswear project, [41] (#cite_note-LATimesMens-41) of a new track ("Scheiße") from her upcoming album Born This Way . [42] (#cite_note-42) The clothes, worn by Rico Genest and other models on the runway, recall those by Mugler himself from earlier decades, in such ways as the use of the colours navy blue and bright orange, [41] (#cite_note-LATimesMens-41) or "hyper-modern"-style jackets lacking lapels (/wiki/Jacket_lapel) . [40] (#cite_note-SHOWmuglermens-40) The collection also features some not-so-conventional latex pieces such as biker jackets, gloves, and even latex trousers. [40] (#cite_note-SHOWmuglermens-40) [41] (#cite_note-LATimesMens-41) On the overall vision, Cathy Horyn (/wiki/Cathy_Horyn) of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) describes Formichetti creating a "mechanical man" in the tradition of Mugler's fantastical woman, [43] (#cite_note-HorynMuglerMan-43) yet Adam Tschorn of the Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) found plenty of the pieces surprisingly wearable. [41] (#cite_note-LATimesMens-41) Formichetti himself says on the collection "I want to say something that has the past and the future, but what is really important to me is the present." [38] (#cite_note-VMAN-38) Returning to Rico Genest, it was his discovery by Formichetti and then Gaga's urging which actually resulted in the menswear show, something not originally planned. [44] (#cite_note-HintMag032011-44) Genest's discovery also influenced the collection itself. [44] (#cite_note-HintMag032011-44) The show was streamed live from Paris on the Internet. Genest can be seen styled in Mugler by Formichetti and shot by Mariano Vivanco in the sixth volume of Vogue Hommes Japan , the editorial being titled "Hard To Be Passive". [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) In the Spring/Summer 2011 issue of GQ Style (/wiki/GQ_Style) (UK) Formichetti is interviewed on the future of the brand, with Genest (also interviewed) shot in Mugler by Karim Sadli for the editorial. [47] (#cite_note-GQStyleSS11-47) Womenswear [ edit ] On 2 March the womenswear, a collaboration with Sébastien Peigné, premiered. Lady Gaga was again musical director, previewing the track "Government Hooker" from her upcoming album as well as including the already released title track "Born This Way" in the soundtrack. [48] (#cite_note-48) But this time she actually performed on the runway in person for Formichetti's show, modelling pieces from his collection, called "Anatomy of Change Femme—Mode Sans Frontiers." [49] (#cite_note-FashionistaWomens-49) Additionally, Rick Genest from the menswear collection made a reappearance on the runway among the models. [50] (#cite_note-CutOdell-50) The reaction of critics to the clothes was generally similar to their reaction to the menswear two months previously. Formichetti offers a silhouette in the Mugler tradition, [51] (#cite_note-SHOWMugler0303-51) "minimally rendered" as described by Cathy Horyn, [52] (#cite_note-HorynMugler0302-52) and with sculptured shoulders (for the appropriate pieces), [53] (#cite_note-Nightclub-53) Alex Fury of SHOWstudio.com (/wiki/SHOWstudio.com) describing them as "architectonic". [51] (#cite_note-SHOWMugler0303-51) For the show Formichetti employed Rein Vollenga (http://www.reinvollenga.com/) to contribute sculptural elements to the silhouette, Atsuko Kudo skin-like items of torn-up latex, [51] (#cite_note-SHOWMugler0303-51) and Franc Fernandez for Gaga's two hats. She herself gave input for the collection, associated with her Born This Way projects and performances, but is not financially involved with Formichetti's MUGLER. [36] (#cite_note-Horyn032311-36) As he says, "It's just friends helping each other... I think when you start talking about money, it stops the whole creative process for me." [36] (#cite_note-Horyn032311-36) Although there was worry it might, Gaga's appearance did not prevent Formichetti's audience from noticing the clothes, [54] (#cite_note-Grazia0303-54) variously described as "shiny and sexy", [53] (#cite_note-Nightclub-53) and "taut and futuristic", [55] (#cite_note-Guardian0303-55) or like the menswear "surprisingly wearable", in particular the jackets and dresses. [52] (#cite_note-HorynMugler0302-52) [56] (#cite_note-VogueUK030211-56) He chose to go mainly with the colours black, white, electric/royal blue, and beige. [52] (#cite_note-HorynMugler0302-52) [57] (#cite_note-InterviewMag030311-57) The set he designed for the show was composed of clustered columns from which rose arches to form a structure resembling the long central interior of a Gothic cathedral (/wiki/Gothic_cathedral) , [58] (#cite_note-WWD030311-58) the nave (/wiki/Nave) and its flanking aisles, through which the models, Genest and finally Gaga strutted. While it was found by critics among Formichetti's audience who were physically present at the show that both the architecture and lighting made it difficult to properly see the collection, [51] (#cite_note-SHOWMugler0303-51) [52] (#cite_note-HorynMugler0302-52) [59] (#cite_note-59) the performance was as much or more for the millions around the world watching it streamed live on the Internet, like the menswear collection, but this time on the brand's Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) page, [60] (#cite_note-MuglerFacebook-60) and featuring 45 minutes live behind-the-scenes preshow. [61] (#cite_note-WWDInterviewApril2011-61) In fact he believes the future of the brand is a digital one, Formichetti saying "I design digitally, I communicate digitally, and I live digitally, and I wanted to incorporate that into the brand." [61] (#cite_note-WWDInterviewApril2011-61) For him Gaga's performance fits in the "new Mugler world", a "fantasy world" fusion of high fashion and pop with an existence both real and digital. [61] (#cite_note-WWDInterviewApril2011-61) Nicopanda [ edit ] Nicola, along with his brother Andrea Formichetti, created the Nicopanda line based on the panda cartoon that looks like Nicola. The story behind the name, accordingly to Nicola, "my friends used to call me Nico Panda because I’m half Asian, I had this long beard back then; and was a little chubby, so I looked like a bear—an Asian bear. So people started calling me Nico Panda" [62] (#cite_note-62) Nicola's New York [ edit ] The nicopanda line was first introduced in September 2011 at Nicola's pop up shop in New York's Tribeca district. Along with the Gage/Clemenceau Architects, the space at 50 walker street was transformed into a mirrored prism that housed vintage Versace, MUGLER, Uniqlo, Nicopanda products like the zombiepanda rings, iPhone and iPad skins in collaboration with Gizmobies, and looks by the Haus of Gaga. Nicola worried that people wouldn't show up to the store, Formichetti is worried, albeit irrationally, that no one will show up to shop. 'I hope people come,' he says. 'Tell your friends.'As encouragement, he’ll be helping out on the floor for the two weeks the pop-up is in operation and has made sure to include affordable trinkets among the mix of higher priced vintage floral Versace and fall pieces from Thierry Mugler. [63] (#cite_note-63) While the pop-up was happening, Nicola made a competition for his fans on Twitter, where the winners were invited to the pop-up for a breakfast with Nicola and a preview of the new Uniqlo line he worked on, the Innovation Project. Fans drove from Ohio and flew in from Phoenix for this chance. Nicopanda Lane Crawford [ edit ] In May 2012, Nicola opened Nicopanda pop up stores at Lane Crawford in Beijing and Hong Kong. Nicopanda Tokyo [ edit ] After opening up pop-up stores in Hong Kong and Beijing, Nicola opened up more pop-ups in Tokyo in June 2012. There were pop-ups in LHP in the Harajuku district, in Opening Ceremony in the Shibuya district, and also a pop-up shop and gallery at the Isetan Shinjuku department store. [64] (#cite_note-64) It was in this pop-up gallery that the Amebapanda chetti design was first presented, along with the Nicopanda X Hello Kitty collaboration. Villa Effe [ edit ] In August 2012, Nicola and his brother Andrea opened up a "super complex" in Nicola's hometown of Numazu (/wiki/Numazu) , Shizuoka, Japan. Villa Effe holds a wedding hall, a restaurant, a beauty salon and a shopping hall that includes displays of Haus of Gaga looks and the Nicopanda line. Vogue Hommes Japan [ edit ] Formichetti was fashion editor for Vogue Hommes Japan (/wiki/Men%27s_Vogue) from its inception until fall 2012, when the magazine was folded and repackaged into GQ Style (/wiki/GQ) . Uniqlo [ edit ] As of January 2013, Formichetti remains as fashion director for Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) . MAC [ edit ] In addition to his collaboration with Lady Gaga for the MAC (/wiki/Make-up_Art_Cosmetics) Viva Glam campaign, Formichetti has styled Irina Lăzăreanu (/wiki/Irina_L%C4%83z%C4%83reanu) , shot by Miles Aldridge and co-styled by Dillon Turman, for MAC's Quite Cute collection. [65] (#cite_note-65) Philosophy and influence [ edit ] In the fifth volume of Vogue Hommes Japan (/wiki/Men%27s_Vogue) , Lady Gaga had the following to say about what she and Formichetti desire for the future of fashion: [66] (#cite_note-GagaVogueHommesJapanFurniss2010-66) Nicola and I always joke around saying we want to make these tee shirts that say "fuck fashion" on them because we love fashion so much but in another way we want to explode it, ruin it and recreate it, then ruin it again and recreate it because I don't want any status attached to fashion. I don't want any pretence attached to it because I want it to be something that my fans, and Nicola wants it to be something for his fans, something that everyone could have. Beautiful, tangible and something from the inside. Inside Formichetti's pop-up shop, Tribeca (/wiki/Tribeca) , NYC, September 16, 2011 Formichetti has repeatedly declared he is "not an elitist" in fashion, instead wanting to share what he does with everyone, [6] (#cite_note-ViceMag-6) [47] (#cite_note-GQStyleSS11-47) [61] (#cite_note-WWDInterviewApril2011-61) [67] (#cite_note-NewsweekArmani020611-67) using the Internet for this purpose. [61] (#cite_note-WWDInterviewApril2011-61) Like Gaga, who has inspired him to do so, he also interacts with and is inspired by his followers, [68] (#cite_note-68) and usually works in collaboration with others. [61] (#cite_note-WWDInterviewApril2011-61) He sees himself not as a "stylist", which term he rejects, but rather as an art director (/wiki/Art_director) "whose job it is to create moods, oversee an overall image." [6] (#cite_note-ViceMag-6) As he told Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) : [6] (#cite_note-ViceMag-6) With the best styling in the world, a shit image is still shit. I love being in control of the whole thing—the design, the styling, the photography, and then getting it into a magazine and the marketing and trend forecasting. His influence is varied. Before his Mugler collections premiered he was ranked the most influential stylist in the world (even if he dislikes the term), in no small part because of the enormous volume of his fashion magazine work, including making Vogue Hommes Japan "the most powerful Japanese-language publication in the global fashion industry", and because of his consulting for a number of fashion houses and other brands. [3] (#cite_note-BoF50-3) It is with and through Lady Gaga as her fashion director, however, that Formichetti's influence on culture is greatest. [3] (#cite_note-BoF50-3) Previously the role and influence of stylists was more limited, and while others have become designers, he is the first to take control of a major fashion house, interpreted as the most prominent example of a stylist becoming a power broker (/wiki/Power_broker_(term)) within the industry. [69] (#cite_note-Guardian011511-69) Formichetti's eclectic selection for the avant-garde (/wiki/Avant-garde) Gaga of pieces from designers ranging vastly from the great, such as Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) , to the obscure, has influenced what has been described as a "cultural phenomenon" of imitation, extending even into "provincial backwaters". [3] (#cite_note-BoF50-3) He frequently meets and is hopeful for many younger talents who are interested in fashion today. [61] (#cite_note-WWDInterviewApril2011-61) Formichetti practices Transcendental Meditation (/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_technique) daily. [70] (#cite_note-70) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Lord Gaga: The Man Behind the Meat Dress (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703559604576174822344379878) , Rachel Dodes ( The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) ). March 5, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b Power of the Cyberimage (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/20/fashion/20iht-rmug20.html) , Suzy Menkes (/wiki/Suzy_Menkes) ( The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) ). January 19, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c d BoF Exclusive \| The New Creative Establishment 2010 – The 50 Most Creative Forces Working in Fashion Today (http://www.businessoffashion.com/2010/11/bof-exclusive-the-new-creative-establishment-2010-%E2%80%94-the-50-most-influential-creative-forces-working-in-fashion-today.html/2) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121118180743/http://www.businessoffashion.com/2010/11/bof-exclusive-the-new-creative-establishment-2010-%E2%80%94-the-50-most-influential-creative-forces-working-in-fashion-today.html/2) 18 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Imran Amed ( The Business of Fashion ). November 23, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-BFA_4-0) Isabella Blow Award – Fashion Creator 2010 (https://web.archive.org/web/20101212005524/http://www.britishfashionawards.com/content.aspx?CategoryID=782) ^ (#cite_ref-MuglerProfile_5-0) Profile of Nicola Formichetti at Mugler.com (http://www.mugler.com/us/en/#/8-fashion/893-nicola_formichetti_creative_director/894-creative_director) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130622233157/http://www.mugler.com/us/en/) 2013-06-22 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e In the magazine: Nicola Formichetti (http://www.viceland.com/int/v18n3/htdocs/nicola-formichetti-738.php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110408210154/http://www.viceland.com/int/v18n3/htdocs/nicola-formichetti-738.php) 2011-04-08 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Interview by Sam Voulters ( Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) ). March 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "SHOWstudio.com contributor profile: Nicola Formichetti" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110816224225/http://showstudio.com/contributors/397) . Archived from the original (http://showstudio.com/contributors/397) on 16 August 2011 . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "the top shelf / into the gloss" (https://archive.today/20130616083006/http://www.nicolaformichetti.com/2011/10/18/the-top-shelf-into-the-gloss/) . Nicola Formichetti Official Website. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.nicolaformichetti.com/2011/10/18/the-top-shelf-into-the-gloss/) on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-WJuly2011_9-0) Dressing Miss Gaga (http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2011/07/nicola-formichetti-lady-gaga-house-of-mugler) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111225142857/http://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/2011/07/nicola-formichetti-lady-gaga-house-of-mugler) 25 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , David Colman ( W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) ). July 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c Meet Mr. Gaga \| The Stylist Nicola Formichetti (http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/04/meet-mr-gaga-the-stylist-nicola-formichetti/) , Marcus Chang ( T Magazine / The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) ). January 4, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-11) V60 Fall Preview 2009 (https://archive.today/20120918000545/http://www.vmagazine.com/2010/05/v60-fall-preview-2009/) ^ (#cite_ref-12) V61 Fall 2009 (http://www.vmagazine.com/2010/05/v61-fall-2009/) [ permanent dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h nicolaformichetti.com/celebrity (http://www.nicolaformichetti.com/celebrity/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110510113741/http://www.nicolaformichetti.com/celebrity/) 2011-05-10 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) and nicolaformichetti.blogspot.com (http://nicolaformichetti.blogspot.com/) ^ (#cite_ref-14) AtsukoKudo.com Christmas 2009 Newsletter (http://www.atsukokudo.com/newsletter/xmas_newsletter.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Lady Gaga & Araki's Tokyo Love", Vogue Hommes Japan VOL. 3 (http://vhj-editors.blog.hommes.vogue.co.jp/archives/667467.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110901054528/http://vhj-editors.blog.hommes.vogue.co.jp/archives/667467.html) 2011-09-01 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Photography by Nobuyoshi Araki (/wiki/Nobuyoshi_Araki) and fashion direction by Nicola Formichetti. 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-HolyTrinity_16-0) Fashion 2.0 \| The Holy Trinity: Fashion, Music and Film (http://www.businessoffashion.com/2009/12/the-holy-trinity-fashion-music-and-film.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120117043834/http://www.businessoffashion.com/2009/12/the-holy-trinity-fashion-music-and-film.html) 17 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Imran Amed ( The Business of Fashion ). December 7, 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-TFM_17-0) The Fame Monster (/wiki/The_Fame_Monster) by Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) . Interscope Records (/wiki/Interscope_Records) (B0013535-72). 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Lady Gaga – Alejandro – Fashion Credits (http://www.swide.com/luxury-magazine/Faces/Celebrities/Lady-Gaga-Alejandro-Fashion-credits/2010/6/9) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111009171045/http://www.swide.com/luxury-magazine/Faces/Celebrities/Lady-Gaga-Alejandro-Fashion-credits/2010/6/9) 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Swide . June 9, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Vogue Hommes Japan VOL. 5 (http://hommes.vogue.co.jp/vol05/) Archived (http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20101029143845/http%3A//hommes.vogue.co.jp/vol05/) 2010-10-29 at the Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) Web Archives ^ (#cite_ref-20) Elle Fashion News (http://fashion.elle.com/fashion/2011/02/07/news-lcs-too-high-brow-for-mtv/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110210101429/http://fashion.elle.com/fashion/2011/02/07/news-lcs-too-high-brow-for-mtv/) 10 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . February 7, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-21) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20110204191420/http://www.purple.fr/fashion.php?p=115) Purple 15, Spring-Summer 2011" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110204191420/http://www.purple.fr/fashion.php?p=115) . Archived from the original (http://www.purple.fr/fashion.php?p=115) on 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20110401225545/http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/toc/contents-201009) Vanity Fair September 2010" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110401225545/http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/toc/contents-201009) . Archived from the original (http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/toc/contents-201009) on 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "i-D 308 Pre-Fall 2010" (https://archive.today/20100818003818/http://www.i-donline.com/product/308-30th-birthday-issue) . Archived from the original (http://www.i-donline.com/product/308-30th-birthday-issue) on 18 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Was Lady Gaga's VMA Meat Dress Real? (http://style.mtv.com/2010/09/13/2010-vmas-was-lady-gagas-meat-dress-real/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110430164724/http://style.mtv.com/2010/09/13/2010-vmas-was-lady-gagas-meat-dress-real) 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Sharon Clott ( MTV Style (/wiki/MTV) ). September 13, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-25) V67 Fall 2010 (http://www.vmagazine.com/2010/09/v67-the-new-york-issue/) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-26) And It's Lady Gaga by a Mile: The Outré Original Wins Best-Dressed of the Year (http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/and-its-lady-gaga-by-a-mile-the-outr-original-wins-best-dressed-of-the-year/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110513233110/http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/and-its-lady-gaga-by-a-mile-the-outr-original-wins-best-dressed-of-the-year/) 13 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Rebecca Bengal ( Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) ). December 23, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-27) SHOWstudio.com project: Born This Way (credits) (http://showstudio.com/project/born_this_way#credits) ^ Jump up to: a b Lady Gaga's Egg-Citing Grammy Awards Costume (http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20031708-10391698.html) , Jessica Derschowitz ( CBS News (/wiki/CBS_News) ). February 13, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-29) 2011 Grammy Awards Look By Look: Lady Gaga Gets Delivered (https://web.archive.org/web/20110215103749/http://style.mtv.com/2011/02/14/2011-grammy-awards-lady-gaga/) , Ayren Jackson-Cannady ( MTV Style (/wiki/MTV) ). February 14, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-30) Alien Excess (http://www.i-donline.com/i-spy/exhibitionist-issue-lady-gaga) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110326185614/http://www.i-donline.com/i-spy/exhibitionist-issue-lady-gaga) 2011-03-26 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , in i-D (/wiki/I-D) , Issue 312 – Spring 2011. Published March 22, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-31) Lady Gaga 'Born This Way' Cover Story (http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472976/lady-gaga-born-this-way-cover-story) , Interview by Bill Werde ( Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) ). February 18, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-32) Lady Gaga Gets Ethereal for Viva Glam MAC Video (https://archive.today/20120906223913/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1658614/lady-gaga-mac-viva-glam.jhtml) , Jocelyn Vena ( MTV (/wiki/MTV) ). February 24, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-33) "VivaGlam.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111015023726/http://www.vivaglam.com/) . Archived from the original (http://www.vivaglam.com/) on 15 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-HuffPostInterview_34-0) "Lope Navo Huffington Post Interview" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-sutton/lope-navo-fashion-photographer_b_1998328.html) . HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Lady Gaga revisits Born This Way vibes in new Chromatica video for 'Free Woman' (https://ca.movies.yahoo.com/lady-gaga-revisits-born-way-164436293.html) " (https://ca.movies.yahoo.com/lady-gaga-revisits-born-way-164436293.html) . Yahoo! Movies (/wiki/Yahoo!_Movies) . 6 April 2021 . Retrieved 6 April 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c At Mugler, Genius and Its Limits (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/fashion/24NICOLA.html) , Cathy Horyn (/wiki/Cathy_Horyn) ( The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) ). March 23, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b Formichetti For Mugler (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/100913-nicola-formichetti-for-thierry-mugl.aspx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100917190825/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/100913-nicola-formichetti-for-thierry-mugl.aspx) 17 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Ella Alexander ( Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) ). September 13, 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b Mugler by Nicola Formichetti (http://www.vman.com/blog/mugler-by-nicola-formichetti/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110122161134/http://www.vman.com/blog/mugler-by-nicola-formichetti/) 22 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Derek Blasberg (/wiki/Derek_Blasberg) ( VMAN (/wiki/VMAN) ). January 19, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-TelegraphMuglerMens_39-0) Lady Gaga's stylist Nicola Formichetti makes Mugler debut (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8271374/Lady-Gagas-stylist-Nicola-Formichetti-makes-Mugler-debut.html) , Olivia Bergin ( The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) ). January 20, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c Mugler @ Paris Menswear A/W 11 (http://showstudio.com/collection/mugler_paris_menswear_a_w_11) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110920040312/http://showstudio.com/collection/mugler_paris_menswear_a_w_11) 2011-09-20 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Alex Fury ( SHOWstudio.com (/wiki/SHOWstudio.com) ). January 19, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Paris Fashion Week: Mugler menswear is reborn, and Lady Gaga is the midwife (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/01/paris-fashion-week-thierry-mugler-aw-2011-menswear.html) , Adam Tschorn ( Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) ). January 19, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-42) Menswear First Look \| Milan & Paris A/W11 – The Performance (http://www.anothermag.com/current/view/777/Milan__Paris_AW11__The_Performance) , George Ghon ( Another Magazine (/wiki/Another_Magazine) ). January 25, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-HorynMuglerMan_43-0) Rethinking the Mugler Man (http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/19/rethinking-the-mugler-man/) , Cathy Horyn (/wiki/Cathy_Horyn) , ( The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) ). January 19, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b The Incredible But True Story of How Nicola Formichetti Got Rick Genest to Model in Mugler (http://www.hintmag.com/post/the-true-story-of-how-nicola-formichetti-got-rick-genest-the-guy-with-a-scalp-tattoo-to-model-in-mugler--march-20-2011) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190119185344/http://www.hintmag.com/post/the-true-story-of-how-nicola-formichetti-got-rick-genest-the-guy-with-a-scalp-tattoo-to-model-in-mugler--march-20-2011) 2019-01-19 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Interview by Lee Carter ( Hint Fashion Magazine ). March 20, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Hard To Be Passive", Vogue Hommes Japan VOL. 6 (http://hommes.vogue.co.jp/vol06/) Archived (https://archive.today/20120708220822/http://hommes.vogue.co.jp/vol06/) 2012-07-08 at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) , Photography by Mariano Vivanco (/wiki/Mariano_Vivanco) and fashion by Nicola Formichetti. 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-46) Vogue Hommes Japan #6 – Rick Genest Modeling a Mugler Special for Formichetti with photos by Mariano Vivanco (http://www.gradientmagazine.com/fashion/vogue-hommes-japan-6-rick-genest-modeling-a-mugler-special-for-formichetti-with-photos-by-mariano-vivanco/) , Gradient Magazine . 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b GQ Style presents Nicola Formichetti (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2011-03/16/gq-style-nicola-formichetti-styles-rick-genest-) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110319111253/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2011-03/16/gq-style-nicola-formichetti-styles-rick-genest-) 2011-03-19 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Andy Morris ( GQ Style (/wiki/GQ_Style) ). March 15, 2011. Interview (inaccessible) by Sarah Hay. ^ (#cite_ref-48) Lady Gaga's 'Government Hooker' Makes Fashion-Show Debut (https://archive.today/20120906104028/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1659071/lady-gaga-government-hooker-mugler.jhtml) , Jocelyn Vena ( MTV (/wiki/MTV) ). March 2, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-FashionistaWomens_49-0) Mugler Fall 2011: Lady Gaga Bought the Whole Collection (https://archive.today/20130122204911/http://fashionista.com/2011/03/mugler-fall-2011-lady-gaga-bought-the-whole-collection/) , Leah Chernikoff (Fashionista.com). March 3, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-CutOdell_50-0) Mugler Highlights: Gaga, Gaga's Pigtails, Precarious Footwear, and More Gaga (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2011/03/mugler_highlights_gaga_the_pig.html) , Amy Odell ( The Cut / New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) ). March 2, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mugler @ Paris Womenswear A/W 11 (http://showstudio.com/collection/mugler_paris_womenswear_a_w_11) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110411163847/http://showstudio.com/collection/mugler_paris_womenswear_a_w_11) 11 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Alex Fury ( SHOWstudio.com (/wiki/SHOWstudio.com) ). March 3, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mugler Gets a Remake, With Help From Lady Gaga (http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/mugler-gets-a-remake-with-help-from-lady-gaga/) , Cathy Horyn (/wiki/Cathy_Horyn) , ( The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) ). March 2, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b Paris Report \| Runway as Nightclub at Mugler and Pugh (http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/03/paris-report-runway-as-nightclub-at-mugler-and-pugh/) , Jacob Brown ( The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) ). March 3, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-Grazia0303_54-0) Lady Gaga modelling at the Mugler show (http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/archive/2011/03/03/lady-gaga-modelling-at-the-mugler-show.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110306160524/http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/archive/2011/03/03/lady-gaga-modelling-at-the-mugler-show.htm) 6 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Naomi Attwood ( Grazia (/wiki/Grazia) ). March 3, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian0303_55-0) Paris fashion week turns to Lady Gaga – and a quiet Belgian (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/mar/02/galliano-paris-fashion-week) , Imogen Fox ( The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) ). March 3, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-VogueUK030211_56-0) Mugler Autumn/Winter 2011–12 Show Report (Womenswear) (https://archive.today/20130505120017/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/show.aspx/catwalk-report/id,10555) , Jessica Bumpus ( Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) ). March 2, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-InterviewMag030311_57-0) Lady Gaga Loves Mugler, Carven's Library Cocktails, and Pugh in the Flesh (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/blogs/fashion/2011-03-03/paris-fall-2011-mugler-gaga-carven-gareth-pugh/) , Rebecca Voight ( Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) ). March 3, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-WWD030311_58-0) Mugler RTW Fall 2011 (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-week/fall-ready-to-wear-2011/review/mugler-rtw-fall-2011-3533171) , Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . March 2, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-59) Paris Fashion Week: At Mugler, Lady Gaga steals the show (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/03/paris-fashion-week-at-mugler-lady-gaga-steals-the-show.html) , Booth More ( Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) ). March 2, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-MuglerFacebook_60-0) facebook.com/ThierryMugler (https://www.facebook.com/ThierryMugler) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Mugler's Digital World (http://www.wwd.com/media-news/muglers-digital-world-3573118/) , Interview by Rachel Strugatz ( Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) ). April 5, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-62) [1] (http://elleiconlee.com/2012/05/01/interview-with-the-pandaman-nicola-formichetti-in-his-hong-kong-pop-up-store-about-nicopanda-lady-gaga-social-media-专访lady-gaga造型师，时/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120915084512/http://elleiconlee.com/2012/05/01/interview-with-the-pandaman-nicola-formichetti-in-his-hong-kong-pop-up-store-about-nicopanda-lady-gaga-social-media-%E4%B8%93%E8%AE%BFlady-gaga%E9%80%A0%E5%9E%8B%E5%B8%88%EF%BC%8C%E6%97%B6/) 15 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , "Interview with Nicola Formichetti in Hong Kong". May 1, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-63) Vogue Nicola's Pop Up Shop (http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/thierry-mugler-pop-up-shop/#1) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130309032746/http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/thierry-mugler-pop-up-shop/#1) 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , "Nicola Formichetti's Pop-Up Shop". ^ (#cite_ref-64) NICOPANDA Popup Gallery Isetan (http://tokyofashion.com/nicopanda-popup-shop-tokyo-hirari-ikeda-nicola-formichetti/) , "NICOPANDA Popup Tokyo". ^ (#cite_ref-65) MAC's Quite Cute Collection (http://vainstyle.com/?p=19305) , Vain Style . April 6, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-GagaVogueHommesJapanFurniss2010_66-0) "At Work With Lady Gaga", Vogue Hommes Japan VOL. 5 (http://hommes.vogue.co.jp/vol05/) Archived (http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20101029143845/http%3A//hommes.vogue.co.jp/vol05/) 2010-10-29 at the Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) Web Archives , Interview by Jo-Ann Furniss. 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-NewsweekArmani020611_67-0) Armani Goes Gaga (http://www.newsweek.com/2011/02/06/armani-goes-gaga.html) , Robin Givhan (/wiki/Robin_Givhan) ( Newsweek (/wiki/Newsweek) ). February 6, 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-68) Formichetti Says New Mugler Line is "More Wearable," Admits He's a Social Media Junkie (http://www.nbcnewyork.com/blogs/threadny/THREAD-Nicola-Formichetti-Talks-Tech-Todays-Gaga-Starring-Mugler-Show-117233273.html) , Kelly O'Reilly ( NBC (/wiki/NBC) New York). March 2, 2011. Original story (https://archive.today/20120712113113/http://media.wwd.com/fashion-news/formichetti-previews-mugler-3529326) by Miles Socha w/ Laurent Folcher ( Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) ), subscription required to view. ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian011511_69-0) Fashion stylist to the fore as menswear shows begin in Milan (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/jan/15/fashion-stylists-milan-fashion-week) , Imogen Fox ( The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) ). January 15, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-70) "Formichetti shares essentials" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160131001548/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/formichetti-shares-essentials-010000493.html) . Yahoo! News . Archived from the original (https://sg.news.yahoo.com/formichetti-shares-essentials-010000493.html) on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Transcendental meditation and music by Russian composer Sergei Rachmaninoff also hold special places in his day-to-day life. External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.nicolaformichetti.com/) Nicopanda (http://www.nicopanda.com/) Blog at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (archived 2011-08-23) (for fashion credits) Mugler (http://www.mugler.com) Vogue Hommes Japan at the Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) Web Archives (archived 2010-10-29) Uniqlo (http://www.uniqlo.com/) VivaGlam (https://web.archive.org/web/20111015023726/http://www.vivaglam.com/) Models.com (http://models.com/people/nicola-formichetti) Portraits of Nicola Formichetti (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp120835) at the National Portrait Gallery, London (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000390511607) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/284191914) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166459356) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166459356) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐pfqsm Cached time: 20240710164059 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.629 seconds Real time usage: 0.824 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4174/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 45179/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5285/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 85838/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.396/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19973309/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 730.498 1 -total 29.73% 217.182 1 Template:Reflist 21.14% 154.424 1 Template:Infobox_artist 18.36% 134.124 9 Template:Cite_web 16.70% 122.010 1 Template:IPA-it 16.53% 120.782 1 Template:IPA 11.12% 81.200 1 Template:Authority_control 9.09% 66.410 1 Template:Short_description 5.60% 40.928 2 Template:Pagetype 5.44% 39.742 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31127418-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710164059 and revision id 1232575942. 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French writer and academic This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Frederic_Monneyron) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Frederic_Monneyron) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . 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( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Frederic_Monneyron&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Frederic+Monneyron&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Frederic+Monneyron) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Frederic_Monneyron) for suggestions. ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Frederic Monneyron is a French writer and academic (/wiki/Academic) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Life [ edit ] Born in Paris to Swiss descent, Monneyron spent his youth in the United Kingdom and Sweden, later living in Africa, Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) and the United States. [2] (#cite_note-2) Monneyron currently lives in Montpellier, France (/wiki/Montpellier,_France) . Schermata 2013-01-16 a 19.06.33 Monneyron received his Doctorat d'Etat en science politique from the University of Montpellier I (/wiki/University_of_Montpellier_I) in 1984 and his Doctorat d'Etat ès lettres et sciences humaines from the University of Paris IV-Sorbonne (/wiki/University_of_Paris_IV-Sorbonne) in 1986. He taught at the University of California (/wiki/University_of_California) , the University of Abidjan (/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny) , and the Cadi Ayyad University (/wiki/Cadi_Ayyad_University) between 1980 and 1988. Monneyron taught at the University of Burgundy (/wiki/University_of_Burgundy) , the University of South Florida (/wiki/University_of_South_Florida) and Stendhal University (/wiki/Stendhal_University) between 1988 and 1998. [3] (#cite_note-3) Monneyron is a full Professor in comparative and general literature at the University of Perpignan Via Domitia (/wiki/University_of_Perpignan_Via_Domitia) and is the head of the MBA "Fashion industries and luxury goods" at Mod'Art International, Paris, coming to teach sociology (/wiki/Sociology) of fashion in the English-taught programme. He also teaches sociology, political science and aesthetics at the University Paul Valéry-Montpellier and sociology of fashion at the University of Geneva (/wiki/University_of_Geneva) and at the University of Barcelona (/wiki/University_of_Barcelona) and is a Distinguished visiting professor at the University of South Florida, the University of Milan (/wiki/University_of_Milan) and the University of Bologna. Besides, he is an expert to the European Commission (/wiki/European_Commission) in Brussels (research directorate). His works focused on sexuality, gender relations (/wiki/Gender_relations) (Thèse d'Etat es lettres et sciences humaines : L'Imaginaire androgyne ; L'Ecriture de la jalousie ; Séduire ), clothes, fashion (/wiki/Fashion) and luxury ( La Frivolité essentielle ; La Mode et ses enjeux , La Sociologie de la mode , La Photographie de mode , Le Luxe , L'Imaginaire du luxe ) on the one hand ; on the ideas of nation and race ( La Nation aujourd'hui , L'Imaginaire racial , L'Idée de race ), on Europe (Thèse d'Etat de science politique: Les Neutres et l'intégration européenne ) and the USA ( Au Cœur des Etats-Unis ) on the other hand. He is the author of more than thirty books translated in major languages and is the editor of around fifteen collective works among which five conferences he organized at the Cerisy International Center ( L'Androgyne, La Jalousie, La Misogynie, Le Masculin, Le Vêtement ) . [4] (#cite_note-4) He is also a novelist ( Dossier diplomatique , [5] (#cite_note-5) Le Voyage d'un séducteur , Le Nihiliste , Une vie de piscines ), a short stories writer ( Sans Nom et autres nouvelles ), and a translator from English into French ( A. K. Coomaraswamy (/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy) , E. Wharton, P. G. Wodehouse (/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse) , T.D. Allman) On topics such as fashion, luxury, sexuality and seduction, he granted numerous interviews to the magazines and the radio [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) and appeared on television programmes. Bibliography [ edit ] Essays [ edit ] L'Androgyne romantique. Du mythe au mythe littéraire (Grenoble, ELLUG, 1994, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2 902709 88 9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2%2B902709%2B88%2B9) ; 2009) L'Androgyne décadent. Mythe, figure, fantasmes (Grenoble, ELLUG, 1996, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2 902709 94 3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2%2B902709%2B94%2B3) ; 2011) L'Écriture de la jalousie (Grenoble, ELLUG, 1996, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2 84310 003 8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2%2B84310%2B003%2B8) ) Bisexualité et littérature. Autour de D. H. Lawrence et Virginia Woolf , (Paris, L'Harmattan, 1998, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-7384-6363-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-6363-0) ) Séduire, l'imaginaire de la séduction de Don Giovanni à Mick Jagger (Paris, PUF, 1997, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2 13 0481108 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2%2B13%2B0481108) ; 2000; Paris, Imago, 2016, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-84952-865-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84952-865-5) ) La Nation aujourd'hui. Formes et mythes (Paris, L'Harmattan, 2000, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-7384-9850-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-9850-7) ) La Frivolité essentielle. Du vêtement et de la mode (Paris, PUF, 2001, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2 13 051653 X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2%2B13%2B051653%2BX) ; paperback Quadrige, 2008, 2014) Mythes et littérature (Paris, PUF, 2002, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2 13 053036 2 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2%2B13%2B053036%2B2) ; 2012, with Joël Thomas, translated in Spanish) L'imaginaire racial (Paris, L'Harmattan, 2004, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-7475-6846-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-6846-6) ) La Mode et ses enjeux (Paris, Klincksieck, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-252-03533-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-252-03533-1) ; 2010, translated in Spanish and Portuguese) L'Automobile. Un imaginaire contemporain (Paris, Imago, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-84952-030-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84952-030-6) ; with Joël Thomas) La Sociologie de la mode (Paris, PUF, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2 13 055517 9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2%2B13%2B055517%2B9) ; 2010, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, translated in Japanese, Italian and Spanish) Sociologie de l'imaginaire , with Patrick Legros, Patrick Tacussel et Jean-Bruno Renard (Paris, Armand Colin, coll. Cursus, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-200-26663-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-200-26663-4) , translated in Portuguese) Le Monde hippie. De l'imaginaire psychédélique à la révolution informatique (Paris, Imago, 2008 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-84952-061-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84952-061-1) , with Martine Xiberras) La Photographie de mode. Un art souverain (Paris, PUF, coll. Perspectives critiques, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-13-057874-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057874-1) ) Au cœur des États-Unis. Mythes, imaginaires et fictions (Paris, Michel Houdiard Éditeur, 2011, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-35692-064-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35692-064-5) ) L'Idée de race. Histoire d'une fiction (Paris, Berg International, 2012, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-917191-48-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-917191-48-4) , with Gérard Siary) Vanity. Mode/Fotografie aus der Sammlung F.C. Gunlach (Wien, Kunsthalle für Moderne Kunst, Stiftung F.C. Gundlach, 2012, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3869842709 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/3869842709) , mit Synne Genzmer) La Séduction, (UPPR, 2015, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-37168-023-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37168-023-4) ; 2016) La Mode , (UPPR, 2015, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-37168-022-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37168-022-7) ; 2016) Le Luxe , (UPPR, 2015, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-37168-033-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37168-033-3) ; 2017) L'Imaginaire du luxe (Paris, Imago, 2015, with Patrick Mathieu, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2849528528 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2849528528) translated in Chinese) Luxe (Paris, Michel de Maule, 2017, with Patrick Mathieu, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2876235277 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2876235277) ) Mythe et nation (UPPR, 2017, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-37168-236-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37168-236-8) ) Des sexes et des genres (UPPR, 2019, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-37168-264-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37168-264-1) ) Mythe et race (Entremises, 2021, (ISBN 978-2-38255-068-7)) De la beauté (Entremises, 2022, (ISBN 978-2382550267)) Nations, races, sexes. Pérennité et changement de mythes (Brussels, EME, 2022, (ISBN 978-2-8066-3762-8)) Editor [ edit ] L'Androgyne dans la littérature (Paris, Albin-Michel, 1990, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-226-04018-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-226-04018-8) ; Dervy-Livre, 2000, translated in Japanese) Misogynies (Paris, Deux Temps/Tierce, 1993, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-903144-87-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-903144-87-7) ) La Jalousie (Paris, L'Harmattan, 1996, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-7384-4293-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-4293-5) ) Le Masculin, Identité, fictions, dissémination (Paris, L'Harmattan, 1998, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-7384-7017-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-7017-3) ) Le Vêtement (Paris, L'Harmattan, 2001, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-7475-1740-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-1740-3) ) Vêtement et littérature (PUP, 2001, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-908912-89-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-908912-89-9) ) L'Entre-deux de la mode (Paris, L'Harmattan/Bergamo University Press, 2004, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-7475-6789-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-6789-3) ) Automobile et littérature (PUP, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-914518-65-X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914518-65-X) ) La France dans le regard des États-Unis/France as Seen by the United States (PUP/PUPV, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-914518-92-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914518-92-7) ) Métaphysique de la mode (Paris/Bruxelles, Éditions du Cercle d'art, 2008, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782702208663 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782702208663) ) Des mythes politiques (Paris, Imago, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-84952-087-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84952-087-1) , translated in Croatian) Sport et imaginaire (PULM, 2013, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-36781-032-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-36781-032-4) ) Prefaces [ edit ] Hela Ouardi (dir), L'Androgyne en littérature (Simpact, 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-915611-38-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915611-38-0) ) Michel Dion et Mariette Julien, Éthique de la mode féminine (PUF, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-13-057815-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-057815-4) ) Gilbert Durand, Chaque âge à ses plaisirs (Entremises, 2023, ISBN 978-2-37168-343-3)) Fiction [ edit ] Sans nom et autres nouvelles (Paris, L'Harmattan, 1999, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-7384-7291-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-7291-5) ) Dossier diplomatique (Paris, Michel de Maule, 2014, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-87623-557-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87623-557-1) ) Le Voyage d'un séducteur (CSIPP, 2018, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781719433273 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781719433273) ) Le Nihiliste (Paris, Sydney Laurent, 2019, ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 979-10-326-1549-2 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-326-1549-2) )) Après le désir (KDP, 2019 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781089064442 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781089064442) )) Une vie de piscines (Entremises, 2023 (ISBN 978-2382550922)) Helter Skelter... (Culturea, 2024 (ISBN 9791041989997)) Translations (from English into French) [ edit ] A. K. Coomaraswamy, La Philosophie chrétienne et orientale de l'art (Pardès, 1990, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-86714-076-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86714-076-5) ) Edith Wharton, Voyage au Maroc (Paris/Monaco, Ed. du Rocher, 1996, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 2-268-02220-X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-268-02220-X) ; rééd. Paris, Gallimard-L'Etrangère, 1998, puis Paris, Gallimard-L'imaginaire, 2001) P.G. Wodehouse, Courtes histoires de green (Paris, Michel de Maule, 2011, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-87623-281-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87623-281-5) ) T.D. Allman, La Floride, coeur révélateur des Etats-Unis (Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2019, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-406-08078-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-406-08078-7) ) Quotation [ edit ] « Quand on change de vêtement, on change de comportement ». Excerpt from Libération - September 1, 2001. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Auteur : Frédéric Monneyron" (http://www.puf.com/Auteur:Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Monneyron) . www.puf.com . Retrieved 2015-06-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Michel de Maule - Dossier diplomatique" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150525161641/http://www.micheldemaule.com/Titres-Disponibles-aux-Editions-Michel-de-Maule/Dossier-diplomatique/369.htm) . 2015-05-25. Archived from the original (http://www.micheldemaule.com/Titres-Disponibles-aux-Editions-Michel-de-Maule/Dossier-diplomatique/369.htm) on 2015-05-25 . Retrieved 2020-02-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) ITHP Monneyr. "Notice bio Monneyron" (http://www.ihtp.cnrs.fr/sites/ihtp/IMG/pdf/Notice_bio_Monneyron-1.pdf) (PDF) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Actes du colloque de Cerisy Le vetement" (http://www.ccic-cerisy.asso.fr/vetementTM01.html) . www.ccic-cerisy.asso.fr . 16 October 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Michel de Maule" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150525161641/http://www.micheldemaule.com/Titres-Disponibles-aux-Editions-Michel-de-Maule/Dossier-diplomatique/369.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.micheldemaule.com/Titres-Disponibles-aux-Editions-Michel-de-Maule/Dossier-diplomatique/369.htm) on 2015-05-25 . Retrieved 2015-06-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "La photographie de mode : un art souverain, de Frédéric Monneyron - France Culture" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150615083655/http://www.franceculture.fr/oeuvre-la-photographie-de-mode-un-art-souverain-de-frederic-monneyron) . www.franceculture.fr . Archived from the original (http://www.franceculture.fr/oeuvre-la-photographie-de-mode-un-art-souverain-de-frederic-monneyron) on 2015-06-15 . Retrieved 2015-06-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Jaloux, moi ? / France Inter" (http://www.franceinter.fr/emission-tous-les-chats-sont-gris-jaloux-moi) . 16 June 2014 . Retrieved 2015-06-13 . 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American clothing company Rowing Blazers Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Apparel (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Founded 2017 Founder Jack Carlson (/wiki/Jack_Carlson_(rowing)) Headquarters New York City, United States Products Luxury apparel and accessories Website rowingblazers.com (https://www.rowingblazers.com/) Rowing Blazers is an American clothing and accessories brand founded by Jack Carlson (/wiki/Jack_Carlson_(rowing)) . [1] (#cite_note-Beirne_2018-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) The brand is known for its blazers (/wiki/Blazer) , rugby shirts (/wiki/Rugby_shirt) , and other apparel, as well as its colorful, slightly subversive take on " preppy (/wiki/Preppy) " style, its celebrity (/wiki/Celebrity) clientele, and high-profile collaborations. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2024, Rowing Blazers was acquired by Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch_LLC) co-founder Christopher Burch (/wiki/J._Christopher_Burch) 's investment firm Burch Creative Capital for an undisclosed sum. [10] (#cite_note-10) Overview [ edit ] Rowing Blazers was established in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) in 2017, [11] (#cite_note-11) producing collections in Manhattan's (/wiki/Manhattan) Garment District (/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan) and in Europe (/wiki/Europe) . [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-Evans-13) The brand takes its name from Carlson's book about the blazer (/wiki/Blazer) tradition at rowing clubs (/wiki/Rowing_club) around the world and the stories, myths, and rituals around them. Aside from its ready-to-wear collections, the brand makes blazers for rowing clubs and collegiate rowing (/wiki/College_rowing_in_the_United_States) teams around the world, as well as for other clubs and organizations, including The Explorers Club (/wiki/The_Explorers_Club) . [1] (#cite_note-Beirne_2018-1) [14] (#cite_note-14) The brand is known for combining elements from the worlds of tailoring (/wiki/Tailoring) , sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) , and streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) , and for its celebrity clientele, including Timothée Chalamet (/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet) , Pete Davidson (/wiki/Pete_Davidson) , Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , Russell Westbrook (/wiki/Russell_Westbrook) , Justin (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) and Hailey Bieber (/wiki/Hailey_Bieber) , BTS (/wiki/BTS) , and Mindy Kaling (/wiki/Mindy_Kaling) . [15] (#cite_note-Kemp-Habib-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Rowing Blazers has been featured in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) , The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , and other publications. [19] (#cite_note-Beirne_20182-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) GQ (/wiki/GQ) called Rowing Blazers "the brand that's saving prep by kicking down its walls," [22] (#cite_note-22) and The London Times (/wiki/The_Times) referred to it as a "cult streetwear brand, worn by Timothée Chalamet, inspired by a young, sporting Prince Charles (/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales) ." [23] (#cite_note-23) Collaborations [ edit ] Rowing Blazers has produced collaborations with an eclectic range of brands, including watches with Seiko (/wiki/Seiko) , Zodiac (/wiki/Zodiac_Watches) , Tudor (/wiki/Tudor_Watches) , and TAG Heuer (/wiki/TAG_Heuer) ; footwear with Sperry (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Sider) , Hunter Boots (/wiki/Hunter_Boot_Ltd) , and K-Swiss (/wiki/K-Swiss) ; and apparel collections with the NBA (/wiki/National_Basketball_Association) , Barbour (/wiki/Barbour_(company)) , J. Press (/wiki/J._Press) , J.Crew (/wiki/J.Crew) , Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) , FILA (/wiki/Fila) , Babar the Elephant (/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant) , SEGA (/wiki/Sega) , The Grateful Dead (/wiki/Grateful_Dead) and Harry's Bar (/wiki/Harry%27s_New_York_Bar) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) The brand has also partnered with artist and designer Luke Edward Hall (/wiki/Luke_Edward_Hall) , the estate of photographer Slim Aarons (/wiki/Slim_Aarons) , and the U.S. national rowing and rugby teams. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) The brand launched its first women's collection by partnering with Joanna Osborne and Sally Muir, founders of Warm & Wonderful (/wiki/Warm_%26_Wonderful) and designers of the "black sheep" sweater worn by Princess Diana (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) . Together they released the original sheep sweater for the first time in thirty years. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) In 2023, Rowing Blazers launched major collaborations with Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) and Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) designed by Jack Carlson. The pieces in the Rowing Blazers Gucci collection capsule ranged from a formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) to a pair of mesh gym shorts (/wiki/Gym_shorts) , as well as the brand's signature rowing blazers and rugby shirts. [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) The Rowing Blazers Target collection, a one-time limited-edition collaboration, spanned men's, women's, and children's clothing, pet accessories, games, and home furnishings. The apparel included extended sizing and adaptive styles. The collection debuted at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , and was available in over a thousand Target locations across the United States, with many styles selling out within the first several hours. [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Beirne, Aodhan (2017-09-12). "Rower Jack Carlson Updates the Zany Sport Blazers" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/12/fashion/jack-carlson-rowing-blazers-book.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2018-01-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Doig, Stephen (2014-07-02). "Blazing a trail: the origins of the men's blazer" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/fashion-and-style/10940463/Blazing-a-trail-the-origins-of-the-mens-blazer.html) . The Daily Telegraph: Britain's Best-Selling Quality Daily . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Retrieved 2018-01-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Rashed, Kareem (2017-08-25). "Young Brand Rowing Blazers Perfects the Preppy Staple" (http://robbreport.com/style/fashion/new-luxury-menswea-brand-rowing-blazers-2729760/) . Robb Report . Retrieved 2018-01-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Evans, Jonathan (2018-09-19). "The Rugby Shirt Everyone Is Going to Ask You About" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a23307503/rowing-blazers-rugby-shirt-endorsement/) . Esquire . Retrieved 2021-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Caramanica, John (2018-08-08). "Prep Is Everything at Rowing Blazers. But Is Prep Alone Enough? The spirit of the 2000s is alive and well at Rowing Blazers in SoHo" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/08/style/rowing-blazers-preppy.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-04-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "These Are the Hats Timothée Chalamet Can't Stop Wearing" (https://www.gq.com/story/timothee-chalamet-hats) . GQ . 2020-10-21 . Retrieved 2021-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Christian, Scott (2019-06-19). "Prep Is Back—But It's Completely Different Than You Remember" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a28068830/prep-preppy-fashion-style-comeback/) . Esquire . Retrieved 2021-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Malachosky, Evan (2022-10-16). "Rowing Blazers' Jack Carlson Doesn't Want to Make Preppy Clothing" (https://www.gearpatrol.com/style/a41611452/rowing-blazers-fall-2022/) . Gear Patrol . Retrieved 2023-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Valet. "How Does Rowing Blazers Do It?" (https://www.valetmag.com/style/profiles-features/2022/king-of-collaborations-rowing-blazers-112222.php) . Valet . Retrieved 2023-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Chen, Cathaleen (26 February 2024). "Rowing Blazers Acquired By Burch Creative Capital" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/retail/rowing-blazers-burch-creative/) . Business of Fashion. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Man About Town: Whatever Rows your Boat \| News \| Apparel Magazine(AM)" (https://apparelmag.com/man-about-town-whatever-rows-your-boat) . apparelmag.com . Retrieved 2018-01-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "This Startup Is Reinventing a Preppy Cult Classic" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-05-16/rowing-blazers-is-reinventing-the-preppy-sport-coat) . Bloomberg.com . 2017-05-16 . Retrieved 2018-01-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-Evans_13-0) Evans, Jonathan (2018-09-18). "The Rugby Shirt Everyone Is Going to Ask You About" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a23307503/rowing-blazers-rugby-shirt-endorsement/) . Esquire . Retrieved 2020-04-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Rowing Blazers" (https://pocketmags.com/row360-magazine/issue-019-aug-sep-2017/articles/250981/rowing-blazers) . Retrieved 2018-01-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kemp-Habib_15-0) Kemp-Habib, Alice (2019-06-09). "Style Barometer" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/style-barometer-career-zoning-weird-denim-and-cush-jumbo-wr6skwls6) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved 2020-04-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Pete Davidson Has Another Crush: Rowing Blazers" (https://finance.yahoo.com/news/pete-davidson-another-crush-rowing-134326629.html) . Yahoo Finance . 24 March 2022 . Retrieved 2023-03-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Pete Davidson and Ziwe Star in Rowing Blazers' Fall Collection Campaign -- Shop Their Cozy Looks! \| Entertainment Tonight" (https://www.etonline.com/pete-davidson-and-ziwe-star-in-rowing-blazers-fall-collection-campaign-shop-their-cozy-looks-174147) . www.etonline.com . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "These Are the Hats Timothée Chalamet Can't Stop Wearing" (https://www.gq.com/story/timothee-chalamet-hats) . GQ . 2020-10-21 . Retrieved 2023-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-Beirne_20182_19-0) Beirne, Aodhan (2017-09-12). "Rower Jack Carlson Updates the Zany Sport Blazers" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/12/fashion/jack-carlson-rowing-blazers-book.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2018-01-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Weiss, Zachary (2019-05-03). "At the New Rowing Blazers Flagship, a Champagne-Fueled House Party Raged" (https://www.vogue.com/article/rowing-blazers-soho-flagship-opening) . Vogue . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2497-3165 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2497-3165) . Retrieved 2020-04-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Evans, Jonathan (2018-09-18). "The Rugby Shirt Everyone Is Going to Ask You About" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a23307503/rowing-blazers-rugby-shirt-endorsement/) . Esquire . Retrieved 2020-04-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Rowing Blazers Is Proving That the Prep Revival Is Just Getting Started" (https://www.gq.com/story/rowing-blazers-jack-carlson-prep-revival-2018) . GQ . 2018-11-29 . Retrieved 2021-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Kemp-Habib, Alice. "Style Barometer: career-zoning, weird denim and Cush Jumbo" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/style-barometer-career-zoning-weird-denim-and-cush-jumbo-wr6skwls6) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved 2021-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Rowing Blazers Fetes Its New Collection at Storied Parisian Cocktail Spot Harry's New York Bar" (https://www.vogue.com/article/rowing-blazers-harrys-bar-cocktail-party) . Vogue . 2019-01-18 . Retrieved 2021-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Malachosky, Evan (2022-10-16). "Rowing Blazers' Jack Carlson Doesn't Want to Make Preppy Clothing" (https://www.gearpatrol.com/style/a41611452/rowing-blazers-fall-2022/) . Gear Patrol . Retrieved 2023-03-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Fenner, Justin (2018-03-21). "J.Crew and Rowing Blazers Team Up for Spring's Coolest Rugby Shirt" (https://www.mensjournal.com/style/j-crew-and-rowing-blazers-collaborate-on-a-heritage-rugby-shirt) . Men's Journal . Retrieved 2022-03-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Valet. "How Does Rowing Blazers Do It?" (https://www.valetmag.com/style/profiles-features/2022/king-of-collaborations-rowing-blazers-112222.php) . Valet . Retrieved 2023-03-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Segran, Elizabeth (12 June 2023). "Can preppy fashion ever be radically inclusive? How Rowing Blazers is redefining preppy style for modern times" (https://www.fastcompany.com/90901935/preppy-fashion-rowing-blazers) . Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company) . Retrieved 25 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Tag Heuer Just Unveiled Its Funnest Watch Collaboration Yet" (https://www.gq.com/story/tag-heuer-carrera-rowing-blazers-bamford) . GQ . 2023-10-11 . Retrieved 2023-11-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "The Hottest New Thing In Menswear Is...Classical Antiquity?" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/g22566277/rowing-blazers-luke-edward-hall-collaboration/) . Esquire . 2018-07-26 . Retrieved 2023-04-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Grossman, Avidan (2020-03-26). "Rowing Blazers' Slim Aarons Capsule Collection Is the Next Best Thing to Actually Socializing Outside" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a31944437/rowing-blazers-slim-aarons-sweatshirts-tees/) . Esquire . Retrieved 2020-04-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "USRowing Partners with Rowing Blazers as Official Supplier" (https://usrowing.org/news/2020/2/21/news-usrowing-partners-with-rowing-blazers-as-official-supplier) . USRowing . 21 February 2020 . Retrieved 2021-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Samaha, Barry (2020-10-08). "Rowing Blazers Rereleases Two of Princess Diana's Most Iconic Sweaters" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/a34274429/princess-diana-rowing-blazers/) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved 2021-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Rowing Blazers Re-creates Two Iconic Princess Diana Knits" (https://www.gq.com/story/princess-diana-rowing-blazers-sweaters) . GQ . 2020-10-08 . Retrieved 2021-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Stop Everything: Princess Diana's Famous Sheep Jumper Is Being Reissued" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/miss-vogue/article/princess-diana-sheep-jumper) . British Vogue . 2020-10-10 . Retrieved 2021-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Rowing Blazers for Gucci Vault Is Everything You Hoped It Would Be" (https://www.esquire.com/uk/style/fashion/a43961514/rowing-blazers-for-gucci-vault-is-everything-you-hoped-it-would-be/) . Esquire . 2023-05-22 . Retrieved 2023-07-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Rowing Blazers Presents a Preppy Dodo-Adorned Capsule for Gucci Vault" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/5/rowing-blazers-gucci-vault-capsule-collection-lookbook-release-information) . Hypebeast . 2023-05-22 . Retrieved 2023-07-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Palmieri, Jean E. (2023-05-22). "Gucci Vault's Summer Capsule Launches Monday" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/gucci-vault-summer-capsule-vintage-collaborations-1235657590/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-07-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Target's Latest Fashion Collab Is Here to Preppify Your Fall Wardrobe" (https://www.glamour.com/story/rowing-blazers-target-collection) . Glamour . 2023-09-07 . Retrieved 2023-09-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "EXCLUSIVE: Rowing Blazers Is Target's Next Big Collaborator" (https://www.gq.com/story/rowing-blazers-target-collaboration-announcement-2023) . GQ . 2023-08-10 . Retrieved 2023-11-25 . 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Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowing_Blazers&oldid=1214821493 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowing_Blazers&oldid=1214821493) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2017 establishments in New York City (/wiki/Category:2017_establishments_in_New_York_City) Clothing brands of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_States) Companies based in New York City (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_New_York_City) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
American fashion company Weyco Group Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) Nasdaq (/wiki/Nasdaq) : WEYS (https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/weys) Russell 2000 Component (/wiki/Russell_2000_Index) Industry Footwear Founded 1892 Headquarters Glendale, Wisconsin (/wiki/Glendale,_Wisconsin) Revenue US$ (/wiki/United_States_dollar) $320.5 million (2014) [1] (#cite_note-2014annualreport-1) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) US$19.8 million (2014) [1] (#cite_note-2014annualreport-1) Number of employees 640 Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Florsheim Shoes (/wiki/Florsheim_Shoes) , The Combs Company, Nunn Bush Shoe Website www (http://www.weycogroup.com) .weycogroup (http://www.weycogroup.com) .com (http://www.weycogroup.com) Weyco Group (formerly Weyenberg Shoe Manufacturing Company or W. R. P. Shoe Company ) is an American footwear company that designs, markets and distributes brand names including Florsheim (/wiki/Florsheim_Shoes) , Nunn Bush, Stacy Adams (/wiki/Stacy_Adams_Shoe_Company) , BOGS, Rafters and Umi. The company, which focuses on North American wholesale and retail distribution, has been assembled by a series of acquisitions. History [ edit ] In 1964, after an estrangement with his father Harold Florsheim, son of company founder Milton S. Florsheim (/wiki/Milton_S._Florsheim) , Thomas Florsheim, Sr. left the Florsheim Shoe Company and invested $750,000 in the Weyenberg Shoe Manufacturing Company, becoming partners with Frank Weyenberg. [2] (#cite_note-TFBiTOW-2) They acquired Nunn Bush and Stacy Adams, while developing the new Brass Boot line in Europe. [2] (#cite_note-TFBiTOW-2) When the Florsheim Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy (/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy) in 2002, Weyco purchased some of the company's assets. [3] (#cite_note-FffC1p-3) Weyco acquired Umi in 2010, [4] (#cite_note-4) and in 2011 it acquired The Combs Company and its BOGS and Rafters footwear brands. [5] (#cite_note-5) Weyco is led by Thomas Florsheim, Jr. (the great-grandson of Milton S. Florsheim). [3] (#cite_note-FffC1p-3) [2] (#cite_note-TFBiTOW-2) Current business [ edit ] The company focuses on two business segments in North America: wholesale and retail. The business entails mid-priced leather dress shoes; synthetic and leather casual footwear; outdoor boots, shoes, and sandals. Its wholesale customers are footwear, department, and specialty stores primarily in the United States and Canada. As of June 2015 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weyco_Group&action=edit) , it had 16 company-owned retail stores in the United States in addition to an internet business. [6] (#cite_note-6) For 2014, the company posted overall net sales of $320.5 million of which $243.4 million came from wholesale in North America and $23.3 million from North American retail. [1] (#cite_note-2014annualreport-1) See also [ edit ] Weyenberg Shoe Factory (/wiki/Weyenberg_Shoe_Factory) : a former factory in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Weyco Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2014 Results" (http://www.weycogroup.com/press_release/Q4_2014_Press%20release.pdf) (PDF) . Weyco. 2015-03-02 . Retrieved 2015-06-12 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Stodhill, Ron (2007-06-24). "The Florsheims, Back in Their Own Shoes" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/24/business/yourmoney/24shoe.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 2015-06-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chandler, Susan (2002-03-05). "Florsheim files for Chapter 11 protection" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-03-05/business/0203050246_1_florsheim-group-largest-trade-creditors-otc-bulletin-board) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Retrieved 2015-06-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Barrett, Rick (2015-05-21). "Umi steps up sales of its children's shoes overseas" (http://www.jsonline.com/business/umi-steps-up-sales-of-its-childrens-shoes-overseas-b99502557z1-304661931.html) . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel) . Retrieved 2015-06-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Weyco Group, Inc. Acquires The Combs Company" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/weyco-group-inc-acquires-the-combs-company-117269033.html) . PR Newswire (/wiki/PR_Newswire) . 2011-03-02 . Retrieved 2015-06-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Company Overview of Weyco Group Inc" (https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=313897) . Bloomberg Business (/wiki/Bloomberg_Business) . Retrieved 2015-06-13 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.weycogroup.com) Funding Universe corporate history (http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/weyco-group-incorporated-history/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐n54rg Cached time: 20240715012531 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.246 seconds Real time usage: 0.334 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1658/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22032/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2218/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25047/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.146/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4695496/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 313.476 1 -total 37.43% 117.321 1 Template:Reflist 32.55% 102.030 6 Template:Cite_web 31.98% 100.244 1 Template:Infobox_company 28.67% 89.862 1 Template:Infobox 21.97% 68.858 1 Template:Short_description 12.65% 39.665 2 Template:Pagetype 6.08% 19.050 9 Template:Main_other 5.58% 17.500 1 Template:Asof 4.94% 15.492 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:46962971-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715012531 and revision id 1151558401. 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A Guards Coat or Guard's Coat (sometimes Guardsman's coat ) is a men's Overcoat (/wiki/Overcoat) which has a half-belt (/wiki/Half-belt) in the back, [1] (#cite_note-artofmanliness-1) and is based on the coat that used to be worn by English Officers of the Guard. [2] (#cite_note-gentlemansgazette-2) It is a double-breasted garment in either a 6x3 (more traditional) or 6x2 (more formal) configuration; in a 6x3 configuration, all three working buttons can be fastened, or just the bottom two. [1] (#cite_note-artofmanliness-1) The half-belt can be adjusted with buttons (more traditional) or sewn in place (more formal). The Guards Coat has either an Ulster collar (more traditional) or peaked lapels (more formal), turn-back cuffs (traditional) or button cuffs (formal), and welt or flap pockets. [3] (#cite_note-putthison-3) It comes mostly in formal colours such as a deep navy or midnight blue (/wiki/Midnight_blue) , and is more formal than the more countrified Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) . [2] (#cite_note-gentlemansgazette-2) These features mean that in its most formal configuration, it is largely similar to a Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) or double-breasted Chesterfield coat (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) , being distinguished primarily by its color and the presence of the half-belt in back; in its most traditional configuration, it is similar to a military greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) but without epaulets, or to a capeless Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) but with a half-belt, different pockets and more formal fabric. [1] (#cite_note-artofmanliness-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "A Man's Guide to Overcoats" (http://www.artofmanliness.com/2012/12/11/mans-guide-overcoats/) . artofmanliness.com. December 11, 2012 . Retrieved 2013-11-03 . ^ Jump up to: a b Schneider, Sven Raphael (March 25, 2010). "The Guards Coat" (http://www.gentlemansgazette.com/guardscoat/) . gentlemansgazette.com . Retrieved 2013-11-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-putthison_3-0) "Four Favorite Overcoats" (http://putthison.com/post/102882249030/four-favorite-overcoats-a-classic-mens-overcoat) . putthison.com. 17 November 2014 . 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(/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guards_Coat&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐m84cs Cached time: 20240712230125 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.273 seconds Real time usage: 0.360 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 520/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 63980/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 497/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26859/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.136/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3272938/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 261.533 1 -total 47.85% 125.138 1 Template:Reflist 47.41% 123.996 6 Template:Navbox 45.02% 117.745 1 Template:Clothing 40.14% 104.987 3 Template:Cite_web 12.63% 33.033 1 Template:Flatlist 7.06% 18.475 1 Template:Fashion-stub 6.09% 15.924 1 Template:Portal-inline 6.01% 15.711 1 Template:Asbox 0.65% 1.691 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40963855-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712230125 and revision id 1185243336. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dolce & Gabbana (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dolce_%26_Gabbana) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jdwbc Cached time: 20240721141954 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.043 seconds Real time usage: 0.063 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2505/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 320/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.024/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946164/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 57.083 1 Template:Commons_category 100.00% 57.083 1 -total 97.03% 55.387 1 Template:Sister_project 94.32% 53.843 1 Template:Side_box 7.24% 4.134 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:46368636-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721141954 and revision id 1087079303. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Dolce & Gabbana" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) D Domenico Dolce (/wiki/Domenico_Dolce) G Stefano Gabbana (/wiki/Stefano_Gabbana) L Light Blue (fragrance) (/wiki/Light_Blue_(fragrance)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dolce_%26_Gabbana&oldid=1087079303 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Dolce_%26_Gabbana&oldid=1087079303) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Milan (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Milan) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Shoe companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Italy) Haute couture (/wiki/Category:Haute_couture) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Perfume houses (/wiki/Category:Perfume_houses) Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Wikipedia categories named after companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_categories_named_after_companies_of_Italy) Wikipedia categories named after brands (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_categories_named_after_brands)
Formal insignia (/wiki/Insignia) , signs or marks distinguishing a group, grade, rank, or function. They can be symbols of personal power or the power of an official group or governing body. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Formal insignia (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Formal_insignia) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fzgkg Cached time: 20240721025723 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.054 seconds Real time usage: 0.078 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2505/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 320/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.032/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946160/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 69.265 1 Template:Commons_category 100.00% 69.265 1 -total 96.36% 66.745 1 Template:Sister_project 93.55% 64.796 1 Template:Side_box 7.29% 5.049 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2333885-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721025723 and revision id 1049359580. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. C Ceremonial weapons (/wiki/Category:Ceremonial_weapons) ‎ (4 C, 59 P) G Gloves (/wiki/Category:Gloves) ‎ (2 C, 47 P) M Medals (/wiki/Category:Medals) ‎ (8 C, 56 P) R Regalia (/wiki/Category:Regalia) ‎ (15 C, 55 P) W Wands (/wiki/Category:Wands) ‎ (1 C, 20 P) Pages in category "Formal insignia" The following 33 pages are in this category, out of 33 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Ada and Eben (/wiki/Ada_and_Eben) Aiguillette (/wiki/Aiguillette) B Baton (military) (/wiki/Baton_(military)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Bridal crown (/wiki/Bridal_crown) C Camauro (/wiki/Camauro) Ceremonial mace (/wiki/Ceremonial_mace) Ceremonial maces in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Ceremonial_maces_in_the_United_Kingdom) Ceremonial weapon (/wiki/Ceremonial_weapon) Coronet (/wiki/Coronet) Crown (/wiki/Crown) Crozier (/wiki/Crozier) Curtana (/wiki/Curtana) E Ecclesiastical ring (/wiki/Ecclesiastical_ring) Opera glove (/wiki/Opera_glove) F Flail (weapon) (/wiki/Flail_(weapon)) Fourragère (/wiki/Fourrag%C3%A8re) G Gambanteinn (/wiki/Gambanteinn) Globus cruciger (/wiki/Globus_cruciger) M Magical tools in Wicca (/wiki/Magical_tools_in_Wicca) Marshal's star (/wiki/Marshal%27s_star) O Omophorion (/wiki/Omophorion) P Pallium (/wiki/Pallium) Papal tiara (/wiki/Papal_tiara) Presidential sash (/wiki/Presidential_sash) R Regalia of the Russian tsars (/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars) S Sceptre (/wiki/Sceptre) Shoulder mark (/wiki/Shoulder_mark) State crown (/wiki/State_crown) Sword of state (/wiki/Sword_of_state) T The Sengol (/wiki/The_Sengol) V Vine staff (/wiki/Vine_staff) W Wand (/wiki/Wand) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Formal_insignia&oldid=1049359580 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Formal_insignia&oldid=1049359580) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Insignia (/wiki/Category:Insignia) Ceremonial clothing (/wiki/Category:Ceremonial_clothing) Fashion accessories (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessories) Formal wear (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Perfume endorsed by Jordin Sparks Because of You... Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Jordin Sparks (/wiki/Jordin_Sparks) Released October 6, 2010 Label Belmay Fragrances Successor Fascinate Website Official Website (http://www.jordinsparksbeauty.com/) Because of You... is a perfume (/wiki/Perfume) endorsed by American singer, songwriter Jordin Sparks (/wiki/Jordin_Sparks) , which she created alongside Belmay Fragrances. The product was released exclusively to Dots Department Stores (/w/index.php?title=Dots_Department_Stores&action=edit&redlink=1) on October 6, 2010. Because of You... was followed by two additional releases. Fascinate was intended to be more of a daytime fragrance, and Ambition. Each scent was followed with its own Eau De Parfum release and multiple gift sets. Conception [ edit ] Development [ edit ] It was announced on October 3, 2010 that Jordin Sparks would release her first fragrance, titled Because of You... that same month. [1] (#cite_note-1) The fragrance was created by Sparks in early January 2010 and it was released, packaged in a pink tinted bottle, in the United States on October 6, 2010. [2] (#cite_note-youtube1-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) It was exclusively released at Dots Department Stores at a special introductory price of $9.50 for the first month of its launch, before being released in stores around the country such as Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) and going up to the regular price of $14.95 on November 1, 2010. [4] (#cite_note-livejournal1-4) According to Sparks' official perfume website, Because of You.. is a "Distinct, innovative, elegant, and subtle, that offers a long lasting sensuality." [5] (#cite_note-jordinsparksbeauty1-5) It was also described to "celebrates the renaissance of extreme femininity and power of spontaneous emotion", summing up that the fragrance reflects "unique combination of luxury, art, and modernity for timeless elegance." [5] (#cite_note-jordinsparksbeauty1-5) In a behind the scenes video, Sparks revealed the reason behind naming the fragrance Because of You... . According to her, it was an ode to her fans that have supported her through the years. By voting for her on American Idol (/wiki/American_Idol) and supporting her music because without them she would not have opportunities like creating her own fragrance. [2] (#cite_note-youtube1-2) [6] (#cite_note-youtube2-6) Sparks stated she wanted the product to be affordable for her fans, yet still high end quality. [7] (#cite_note-7) "When I was starting this project, I really wanted it to be affordable. I looked at some other celebrity fragrances, and they were like $80. Even now, I look at a fragrance that's $80, and I can't bring myself to spend that much." she further stated "In this economy especially, my fans deserve a high-quality, reasonably priced scent." [6] (#cite_note-youtube2-6) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Packaging and scent [ edit ] The perfume is described as a "fruity floriental perfume". [11] (#cite_note-fragrantica1-11) The fragrance's Top Notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) consists of notes of clementine, white imperial currant and orange blossom. [4] (#cite_note-livejournal1-4) [11] (#cite_note-fragrantica1-11) [12] (#cite_note-talkingwithtami1-12) In its Heart Notes, the scent features a combination of nectarine, sharry baby orchid and coral charm peony. [4] (#cite_note-livejournal1-4) [11] (#cite_note-fragrantica1-11) [12] (#cite_note-talkingwithtami1-12) The fragrance finishes in its Base Notes with "dry-down" of sheer musks, vanilla bean, Baltic amber and blond woods. [4] (#cite_note-livejournal1-4) [11] (#cite_note-fragrantica1-11) [12] (#cite_note-talkingwithtami1-12) When speaking on the product Jordin said "I wanted a very holdable bottle with a girly look that catches the eye,". The perfume will be marketed to the 16 to 30 female demographic. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Promotion [ edit ] Jordin held an interactive contest for her fans where fans submit a 90-second video and tell them how someone in their life helped to inspire them to reach for more. Every submission will be entered into the “Jordin Sparks and Dots Because of You Interactive Competition,” where the submission will compete for the most inspirational story! Viewers will watch the video and vote for their favorite. Jordin will select the overall winner and win the Grand Prize. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Prizes included: $500 Dots shopping spree with Jordin Sparks in Dallas, on January 13, 2011 Round-trip airfare for a fan and a guest One night hotel stay in Dallas Jordin made an in store appearance at dots Department Store in Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) , on January 14, 2011, to promote Because of You with contest winner Fabiola Apollon. [18] (#cite_note-18) Products [ edit ] The Because of You... lineup includes eaux de parfum in three sets which include two sizes and body lotion. [19] (#cite_note-19) Bottle 2.5 fl oz. Sets Jordin Sparks Mini Perfumed Body Lotion 1.65 fl oz Eau de Parfum Spray 0.50 fl oz Jordin Sparks Perfume Gift Set Eau de Parfum Spray 2.5 fl oz Perfumed Body Lotion 3.4 fl oz Fascinate [ edit ] Fascinate Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Jordin Sparks (/wiki/Jordin_Sparks) Released March 2012 Label Belmay Fragrances Predecessor Because of You... Successor Ambition (/wiki/Ambition_(fragrance)) Fascinate is the second perfume (/wiki/Perfume) endorsed by American pop (/wiki/Pop_music) / R&B (/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) singer, songwriter Jordin Sparks (/wiki/Jordin_Sparks) , which she created alongside Belmay Fragrances. The product was released exclusively to Dots Department Stores (/w/index.php?title=Dots_Department_Stores&action=edit&redlink=1) in March 2012. It was revealed that Sparks would be re-releasing her first fragrance by using notes that are meant to be for more of a daytime fragrance. The scent had a limited release exclusively to Dots Department Stores in March 2012 for a price of $9.95. The product was re-released in several different sets that were included in the release of her first fragrance including body lotion, a 0.50 fl oz spray, and mini gift sets. The fragrance's bottle design was the same used for "Because of You..." however had been tinted with a blue color throughout the design. Products [ edit ] The Fascinate... lineup includes eaux de parfum in three sets which include two sizes and body lotion. which were all featured in "Because Of You..." Bottle 2.5 fl oz. Sets Jordin Sparks Mini Perfumed Body Lotion 1.65 fl oz Eau de Parfum Spray 0.50 fl oz Jordin Sparks Perfume Gift Set Eau de Parfum Spray 2.5 fl oz Perfumed Body Lotion 3.4 fl oz References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Jordin Sparks Announces the Launch of Her First Fragrance" (http://www.totalbeauty.com/news/health-and-beauty/beauty-tips/jordin-sparks-announces-launch-fragrance) . Totalbeauty.com . Retrieved 23 November 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Exclusive: Jordin Sparks Speaks On Her New Fragrance" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfd1CmsW1oY) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Retrieved 23 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Naughton, Julie (6 October 2010). "Jordin on Jordin: Sparks Discusses Tattoos, Fragrance and More" (https://wwd.com/eye/people/jordin-on-jordin-sparks-discusses-tattoos-fragrance-and-more-3331591/) . Wwd.com . Retrieved 23 November 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Jordin Sparks Announces Fragrance: "Because Of You" (https://ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com/51648775.html) " (https://ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com/51648775.html) . Ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com . Retrieved 23 November 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Jordin Sparks Because of You Perfume, Jordin Sparks Fragrance Product Line" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130928023706/http://www.jordinsparksbeauty.com/products.asp?product_id=100000) . Archived from the original (http://www.jordinsparksbeauty.com/products.asp?product_id=100000) on 2013-09-28 . Retrieved 2013-08-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Because of You by Jordin Sparks" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t13weCaUJ20) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Retrieved 23 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Jordin Sparks Launches First Fragrance (http://content.usatoday.com/communities/idolchatter/post/2010/10/jordin-sparks-launches-first-fragrance-next-week/1) USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Retrieved 2010-10-09. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Jordin Sparks launching 'affordable' perfume" (https://www.theedge.co.nz/home/syspages/--title--.html) . Theedge.co.nz . Retrieved 23 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Jordin Sparks \| Sparks' Scent Inspired by Mum \| Contactmusic.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135136/http://www.contactmusic.com/news/sparks-scent-inspired-by-mum_1202769) . Archived from the original (http://www.contactmusic.com/news/sparks-scent-inspired-by-mum_1202769) on 2013-09-27 . Retrieved 2013-08-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Behind the Scenes at Jordin Sparks Fragrance Launch \| Dots Blog : The Daily Diva" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130927050306/http://blog.dots.com/behind-the-scenes/behind-the-scenes-at-jordin-sparks-fragrance-launch/) . Archived from the original (http://blog.dots.com/behind-the-scenes/behind-the-scenes-at-jordin-sparks-fragrance-launch/) on 2013-09-27 . Retrieved 2013-08-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Because Of You Jordin Sparks perfume - a fragrance for women 2010" (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Jordin-Sparks/Because-Of-You-11314.html) . Fragrantica.com . Retrieved 23 November 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pinky Review: Jordin Sparks, "Because of You" Fragrance \| Talking with Tami" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121124034407/http://talkingwithtami.com/pinky-review-jordin-sparks-because-of-you-fragrance) . Archived from the original (http://www.talkingwithtami.com/pinky-review-jordin-sparks-because-of-you-fragrance) on 2012-11-24 . Retrieved 2013-08-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) [1] (https://web.archive.org/web/20170107035107/http://www.dots.com/) [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Jordin Sparks Launches 'Because of You' Fragrance and Shares Beauty Tips - StyleList" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110507165157/http://www.stylelist.com/2010/10/06/jordin-sparks-perfume-because-of-you/) . Archived from the original (http://www.stylelist.com/2010/10/06/jordin-sparks-perfume-because-of-you/) on 2011-05-07 . Retrieved 2011-05-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "AuditionBooth" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110904164832/http://www.auditionbooth.com/dots) . Archived from the original (http://www.auditionbooth.com/dots) on 2011-09-04 . Retrieved 2011-05-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) " (https://archive.today/20130811141941/http://blog.dots.com/entertainment/because-of-you-tell-us-who-inspires-you/) "Because of You"…Tell Us Who Inspires You" (https://archive.today/20130811141941/http://blog.dots.com/entertainment/because-of-you-tell-us-who-inspires-you/) . Blog.dots.com . Archived from the original (http://blog.dots.com/entertainment/because-of-you-tell-us-who-inspires-you/) on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Win a $500 Shopping Spree With Jordin Sparks" (https://archive.today/20130811141922/http://blog.dots.com/entertainment/win-a-500-shopping-spree-with-jordin-sparks/) . Blog.dots.com . Archived from the original (http://blog.dots.com/entertainment/win-a-500-shopping-spree-with-jordin-sparks/) on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Jordin Sparks Hits Dallas to Meet Inspirational Fan at Dots" (https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jordin-sparks-hits-dallas-to-meet-inspirational-fan-at-dots-113610509.html) . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 23 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Jordin Sparks Because of You Perfume, Jordin Sparks Fragrance Product Line" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110713121322/http://www.jordinsparksbeauty.com/products.asp) . Archived from the original (http://www.jordinsparksbeauty.com/products.asp) on 2011-07-13 . Retrieved 2011-05-19 . v t e Jordin Sparks (/wiki/Jordin_Sparks) Discography (/wiki/Jordin_Sparks_discography) Studio albums Jordin Sparks (/wiki/Jordin_Sparks_(album)) Battlefield (/wiki/Battlefield_(album)) Right Here Right Now (/wiki/Right_Here_Right_Now_(Jordin_Sparks_album)) EPs and mixtapes Jordin Sparks (/wiki/Jordin_Sparks_(EP)) ByeFelicia (/wiki/ByeFelicia) Singles " This Is My Now (/wiki/This_Is_My_Now) " " Tattoo (/wiki/Tattoo_(Jordin_Sparks_song)) " " No Air (/wiki/No_Air) " " One Step at a Time (/wiki/One_Step_at_a_Time_(Jordin_Sparks_song)) " " Battlefield (/wiki/Battlefield_(song)) " " S.O.S. (Let the Music Play) (/wiki/S.O.S._(Let_the_Music_Play)) " " Don't Let It Go to Your Head (/wiki/Don%27t_Let_It_Go_to_Your_Head_(Fefe_Dobson_song)#Cover_versions) " " I Am Woman (/wiki/I_Am_Woman_(Jordin_Sparks_song)) " " Celebrate (/wiki/Celebrate_(Whitney_Houston_and_Jordin_Sparks_song)) " " Double Tap (/wiki/Double_Tap_(Jordin_Sparks_song)) " " Love Me Like I Am (/wiki/Love_Me_Like_I_Am) " Featured singles " Art of Love (/wiki/Art_of_Love_(song)) " Promotional singles " Skipping a Beat (/wiki/Skipping_a_Beat) " Fragrance Because of You... Ambition (/wiki/Ambition_(fragrance)) Tours (/wiki/List_of_Jordin_Sparks_tours) Jesse & Jordin Live (/wiki/Jesse_%26_Jordin_Live) Battlefield Tour (/wiki/Battlefield_Tour) Related articles Phillippi Sparks (/wiki/Phillippi_Sparks) (father) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐tvzq4 Cached time: 20240713155722 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.321 seconds Real time usage: 0.418 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1751/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48054/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2619/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 76710/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.206/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5349321/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 360.258 1 -total 46.68% 168.178 1 Template:Reflist 33.58% 120.965 17 Template:Cite_web 21.68% 78.103 1 Template:Jordin_Sparks 21.13% 76.136 1 Template:Navbox_Musical_artist 18.19% 65.540 1 Template:Short_description 10.63% 38.305 2 Template:Infobox_fragrance 10.03% 36.139 2 Template:Infobox 9.54% 34.358 2 Template:Pagetype 7.20% 25.953 1 Template:Dead_link Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31823990-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713155722 and revision id 1129363112. 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Primary symbol of youth communist organisations For other uses, see Red scarf (disambiguation) (/wiki/Red_scarf_(disambiguation)) . USSR postage stamp, 1972 The red scarf is a neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) worn by young pioneers (/wiki/Young_Pioneer) of several countries during the socialist (“communist”) [ clarification needed ] era. In the Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) , it was known as pionerskiy galstuk (пионерский галстук, i.e. 'pioneer's neckerchief'), in Vietnam as khăn quàng đỏ ('red scarf'), in China as hóng lǐngjīn ( simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 红领巾 ; traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 紅領巾 , 'red scarf'), in Cuba as pañoleta roja ('red scarf'), and in Hungary as úttörőnyakkendő ('pioneer's neckerchief'). Blue scarves were also used by youngsters before coming of age (/wiki/Coming_of_age) to wear the red one, and are still seen in some countries. [ citation needed ] Background [ edit ] Soviet red scarf It remains in use by the young pioneer organizations of Yugoslavia (/wiki/Yugoslavia) , [1] (#cite_note-1) China (/wiki/China) , [2] (#cite_note-2) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) , [3] (#cite_note-3) North Korea (/wiki/North_Korea) , [4] (#cite_note-4) and Cuba (/wiki/Cuba) , [5] (#cite_note-5) and — unofficially, on occasions — in many other countries [6] (#cite_note-6) [ citation needed ] , such as Russia (/wiki/Russia) , Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) , Zimbabwe (/wiki/Zimbabwe) , Belarus (/wiki/Belarus) , Ukraine (/wiki/Ukraine) , Finland (/wiki/Finland) , etc. In China, the scarf is emblematic of the blood of the revolutionary Red Guards (/wiki/Red_Guards) , as recalled in Red Scarf Park (/wiki/Red_Scarf_Park) and the title of Red Scarf Girl (/wiki/Red_Scarf_Girl) by Ji-li Jiang (/wiki/Ji-li_Jiang) about her experiences during the Cultural Revolution (/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) . In Cuba, the scarf is worn by schoolchildren from first to sixth grade. [7] (#cite_note-7) Other users [ edit ] A red scarf was introduced into the Republic of Korea Air Force (/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force) as a device to aid visual location of downed South Korean airmen, it became and remains an iconic item of uniform in the Republic of Korea Air Force. [8] (#cite_note-8) Foulards Rouges [ edit ] A red scarf (' foulard rouge ') was adopted as the symbol of those counter-protesting the excesses and violence of the yellow vests movement (/wiki/Yellow_vests_movement) (' gilets jaunes '). [9] (#cite_note-9) Gallery [ edit ] Pioneers in Vietnam, 2003 Cuban schoolchildren wearing blue scarves, 2006 References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Pioneers of Yugoslavia" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/25/everyone-loved-each-other-rise-yugonostalgia-tito) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Eckholm, Erik (26 September 1999). "After 50 Years, China Youth Remain Mao's Pioneers" (https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/26/world/after-50-years-china-youth-remain-mao-s-pioneers.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 14 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Burr, Rachel (2006). Vietnamese Children in a Changing World . Rutgers University Press. p. 39. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "What is a Young Pioneer, Anyway?" (https://www.youngpioneertours.com/young-pioneer-anyway/) . Young Pioneer Tours . 29 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Donovan, Sandy (2008). Teens in Cuba . Capstone Publishers. p. 80. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Soviet flags fly as Kyrgyz Pioneers unite" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-pioneers-idUSL2445385420070926) . Reuters . 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Teens in Cuba Sandy Donovan, Sujay Rao, Alexa L. Sandmann - 2008 "Cuban students usually join the Pioneers in first grade. When a child joins, there is a formal ceremony where the Young Pioneers neckerchief is presented. First-graders receive a red scarf, which they wear through sixth grade. In seventh ..." ^ (#cite_ref-8) Kim, Hyo-jin (3 February 2015). "Former Air Force chief of staff dies at 91" (https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/people/2015/03/178_172926.html) . The Korea Times (/wiki/The_Korea_Times) . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) " (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/red-scarves-protest-france-s-yellow-vest-movement-splinters-n963391) 'Red scarves' protest as France's 'yellow vest' movement splinters" (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/red-scarves-protest-france-s-yellow-vest-movement-splinters-n963391) . NBCNews (/wiki/NBCNews) . 27 January 2019 . Retrieved 28 January 2019 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Young Pioneers neckerchief (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Young_Pioneers_neckerchief) . You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA) in Russian . (October 2013) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View (https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fru.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA&sl=ru&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en) a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation, like DeepL (https://deepl.com) or Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/) , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic (/wiki/Template:Expand_Russian#Topics_and_categorization) to this template: there are already 972 articles in the main category (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Russian_Wikipedia) , and specifying \|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution (/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia) in the edit summary (/wiki/Help:Edit_summary) accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link (/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links) to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Пионерский галстук]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ru\|Пионерский галстук}} to the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Red_scarf) . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) . v t e Pioneer movement (/wiki/Pioneer_movement) Current Young Pioneers of China (/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China) ( People's Republic of China (/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China) ) Korean Children's Union (/wiki/Korean_Children%27s_Union) ( North Korea (/wiki/North_Korea) ) Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneer Organization (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Young_Pioneer_Organization) ( Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) ) José Martí Pioneer Organization (/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_Pioneer_Organization) ( Cuba (/wiki/Cuba) ) 2nd December Young Pioneer Brigade (/w/index.php?title=2nd_December_Young_Pioneer_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1) ( Laos (/wiki/Laos) ) Agostinho Neto Pioneer Organization (/wiki/Agostinho_Neto_Pioneer_Organization) ( Angola (/wiki/Angola) ) Finnish Union of Democratic Pioneers (/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Union_of_Democratic_Pioneers&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fi (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_Demokratian_Pioneerien_Liitto) ] ( Finland (/wiki/Finland) ) Historical Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization (/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin_All-Union_Pioneer_Organization) ( Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) ) Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation (/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann_Pioneer_Organisation) ( East Germany (/wiki/East_Germany) ) Sükhbaatar Mongolian Pioneers Organization (/wiki/S%C3%BCkhbaatar_Mongolian_Pioneers_Organization) ( Mongolia (/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic) ) Pioneer Organization of the Socialist Youth Union (/wiki/Pioneer_Organization_of_the_Socialist_Youth_Union) ( Czechoslovakia (/wiki/Czechoslovakia) ) Pioneers of Enver (/wiki/Pioneers_of_Enver) ( Albania (/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania) ) Hungarian Pioneers' Association (/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Pioneers%27_Association&action=edit&redlink=1) [ hu (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_%C3%9Att%C3%B6r%C5%91k_Sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9ge) ] ( Hungary (/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic) ) Dimitrovist Pioneer Organization "Septemberists" (/wiki/Dimitrovist_Pioneer_Organization_%22Septemberists%22) ( Bulgaria (/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria) ) Scouting Organization of the Association of Polish Youth (/w/index.php?title=Scouting_Organization_of_the_Association_of_Polish_Youth&action=edit&redlink=1) [ pl (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacja_Harcerska_Zwi%C4%85zku_M%C5%82odzie%C5%BCy_Polskiej) ] ( Poland (/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic) ) Pioneer Organization (/wiki/Pioneer_Organization) ( Romania (/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania) ) Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia (/wiki/Union_of_Pioneers_of_Yugoslavia) ( Yugoslavia (/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia) ) Young children Miao Miao Children's Regiment (/w/index.php?title=Miao_Miao_Children%27s_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1) (People's Republic of China) Little Octobrists (/wiki/Little_Octobrists) (Soviet Union) Little Heroes (/w/index.php?title=Little_Heroes_(Mongolia)&action=edit&redlink=1) (Mongolia) Little Drummers (/w/index.php?title=Little_Drummers&action=edit&redlink=1) [ hu (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_%C3%9Att%C3%B6r%C5%91k_Sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9ge) ] (Hungary) Chavdarche (/w/index.php?title=Chavdarche&action=edit&redlink=1) [ bg (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) ] (Bulgaria) Șoimii Patriei (/wiki/%C8%98oimii_Patriei) (Romania) Related Red scarf " Always prepared (/wiki/Always_prepared) !" Pioneers Palace (/wiki/Pioneers_Palace) Children's Palace (/wiki/Children%27s_Palace_(China)) Mangyongdae Children's Palace (/wiki/Mangyongdae_Children%27s_Palace) Children's railway (/wiki/Children%27s_railway) Timurite movement (/wiki/Timurite_movement) Malawi Young Pioneers (/wiki/Malawi_Young_Pioneers) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐mxv84 Cached time: 20240720172215 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.393 seconds Real time usage: 0.551 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2476/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 64483/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7179/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 13/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 43192/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.241/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6035193/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 502.240 1 -total 24.42% 122.623 1 Template:Reflist 19.77% 99.316 1 Template:Pioneer_movement 19.39% 97.401 1 Template:Navbox 18.31% 91.948 5 Template:Cite_news 15.94% 80.042 1 Template:Short_description 10.66% 53.542 1 Template:Expand_Russian 10.23% 51.370 1 Template:Expand_language 9.35% 46.965 1 Template:Ambox 8.84% 44.392 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38035894-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720172215 and revision id 1228745561. 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A young girl's sailor dress of the type called a 'Peter Thomson' in the United States. French, 1911–12 A sailor dress is a child's or woman's dress that follows the styling of the sailor suit (/wiki/Sailor_suit) , particularly the bodice and collar treatment. A sailor-collared blouse is called a middy blouse ("middy" derives from " midshipman (/wiki/Midshipman) "). [1] (#cite_note-1) In early 20th-century America, sailor dresses were very popularly known as Peter Thomson dresses after the former naval tailor credited with creating the style. [2] (#cite_note-2) Peter Thomson dress [ edit ] Two girls in sailor dresses, c. 1910 Peter Thomson (sometimes spelled Thompson) [3] (#cite_note-3) had tailoring establishments in New York and Philadelphia in around 1900. [4] (#cite_note-4) His original sailor dresses and suits, for both women and children (including young boys), are represented in several American museum collections including the Metropolitan Museum's Costume Institute (/wiki/Costume_Institute) , [5] (#cite_note-5) and the Philadelphia Museum of Art (/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art) . [6] (#cite_note-6) The 'Peter Thomson dress' was made from cotton or linen for summer wear, or wool in winter. [7] (#cite_note-7) It was promoted as an ideal costume or uniform for female students and schoolchildren, and was popular with those trying to establish a "standardized style" of clothing. [8] (#cite_note-linda-8) [9] (#cite_note-sally-9) By 1919, the Peter Thomson dress was regarded as a valid option for school uniforms, and was described as synonymous with "good taste for girls of 14-18 years old for many years." [9] (#cite_note-sally-9) Peter Thomson styling was also applied to the bodices of early bathing costumes. [10] (#cite_note-10) Dresses with sailor styling were known before the Peter Thomson design took hold. In Sweden in 1887, a sailor dress with natural waist and pleated skirt was among the designs promoted by the dress reform (/wiki/Dress_reform) movement as appropriate for young girls. [11] (#cite_note-11) Late 20th century and early 21st century [ edit ] Although sailor styling is sometimes seen on women's dresses, since the mid-20th century it is mainly associated with dresses for babies and small children. [12] (#cite_note-12) During the late 20th century sailor styling became associated with maternity dresses (/wiki/Maternity_dress) , which has led to some negativity towards sailor styles for womenswear and the general idea of a woman dressing 'like a child'. [13] (#cite_note-13) The maternity clothing designer Liz Lange (/wiki/Liz_Lange) declared "She shouldn't have to dress like a child just because she's having a child; it's one thing to put a toddler in a sailor suit but it's another thing completely to condemn a grown woman to such a fate." [14] (#cite_note-14) See also [ edit ] Japanese school uniform (/wiki/Japanese_school_uniform) Sailor hat (/wiki/Sailor_hat) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011). The complete costume dictionary . Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810840041 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Brooks Picken, Mary (1923). Textiles and sewing materials: Textiles, laces, embroideries and findings, shopping hints, mending, household sewing, trade and sewing terms . International textbook company. p. 250. A kind of dress worn by young girls, the waist of which is made in exact imitation of a sailor's blouse. This style of dress derives its name from its creator, Peter Thomson, who was a tailor in the navy... ^ (#cite_ref-3) The Flapper (/wiki/The_Flapper) 00:29:13 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Suit: Peter Thomson (American) Date: 1902" (http://metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/84005?img=5) . The Collection Online . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Sailor Suit: Peter Thomson (American) Date: ca. 1900" (http://metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/106520) . The Collection Online . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Boy's Sailor Suit: Shirt and Knickers" (http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/180457.html?mulR=1227306944) . Search the Collections: Philadelphia Museum of Art . Philadelphia Museum of Art . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Mrs. Mathews (January 1916). "Neglected Fraternity Opportunities" (https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh_jKz2g_q0C&pg=PA168) . The Anchora of Delta Gamma . Delta Gamma Fraternity. p. 168. (originally printed in The Alpha Phi Quarterly ^ (#cite_ref-linda_8-0) Przybyszewski, Linda (2014). "Much for Little" (https://books.google.com/books?id=ef1NAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1944) . The Lost Art of Dress The Women Who Once Made America Stylish . New York: Basic Books. p. 1944. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780465080472 . ^ a b Dwyer-McNulty, Sally (2014). "School Uniforms: A New Look for Catholic Girls" (https://books.google.com/books?id=AZflAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102) . Common threads : a cultural history of clothing in American Catholicism (1 [edition]. ed.). UNC Press Books. pp. 102–104. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781469614090 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Gold, Annalee (1991). 90 years of fashion . New York: Fairchild Fashion Group. p. 61 (https://archive.org/details/90yearsoffashion0000gold/page/61) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780870056802 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Cunningham, Patricia A. (2003). Reforming women's fashion, 1850-1920 : politics, health, and art . Kent: Kent State University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780873387422 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Lee, Jaeil; Steen, Camille (2014). Technical sourcebook for designers (Second ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Pub. p. 107. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781609018566 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Iovine, Vicky (2007). The Girlfriends' Guide to Pregnancy . Simon and Schuster. pp. 129, 131, 135. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781416551874 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Lange, Liz (2003). Liz Lange's maternity style : how to look fabulous during the most fashion-challenged time (1. ed.). New York: Clarkson Potter. p. 8. 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< User:Haoreima (/wiki/User:Haoreima) Bollywood wedding in classical Meitei tradition This page contains the Meitei alphabet (/wiki/Meitei_script) . Without proper rendering support (/wiki/Wikipedia:Meitei_script_display_help) , you may see errors in display. Wedding of Randeep Hooda and Lin Laishram Native name Meitei (/wiki/Meitei_language) : Randeep Hooda (/wiki/Randeep_Hooda) amasung Lin Laishram (/wiki/Lin_Laishram) luhongba Location Imphal (/wiki/Imphal) Type Meitei wedding (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_wedding) Background [ edit ] Public announcement of the marriage plan [ edit ] Groom's arrival in Imphal [ edit ] Visiting Marjing & Govindaji shrines [ edit ] “Kanglei sana pungmayolda ching lemna nganthoiriba Ebudhou Marjinggi (/wiki/Marjing) khubamda nacha nanai oiba aikhoina thaplaba miramdagi khongdoiminaraktuna napari namom eikhoi anina thougal taujarambada aran ahui khibik yaokhiramlabasu ebudhouna keisu khangjadriba nacha nanaini Khanna ngakpiyuko amadi nacha nanai anina yumbanbagi lambida khongdajabada afaba nungaiba watta padaba pibiduna mangalgi masekna afabada oihanbiyuko haina nachasingna punemjariye amadi namomgi khongdoi khongloi oiminagadouriba napari mahakna miramgi mapari oirubana kangleirol puwarida khangsingadouna wathouba haigadouba chithahouba wahei karan chankhiramba thoklamlagasu kangleicha meeyamna amadi Ebudhou Marjinggi khuyakhada nanai eikhoina changjariye KHURUMJARIAE. Ima Leibak Meitei Leibak Kangleipak (/wiki/Kangleipak) Manipur (/wiki/Manipur) na YAIPHAREY” — Lin Laishram (/wiki/Lin_Laishram) [1] (#cite_note-1) “To the Great Lord Marjing (/wiki/Marjing) 's abode, who is shining in the Golden land Kanglei, we who had come far away from other place had prayed and worshipped you, and in the process if we had committed any mistake unknowingly, please forgive us as your own children. And we seek our blessings from you by showering with all the happiness with endless wealth in our newly married life. And my life partner being from a different community, he might had missed what to say and what to do and also might have said or committed mistakes without knowing the ascent of Kangleirol, we seek our forgiveness from the all the people of Kangleipak, and do hereby pray on the feet of Great Lord Marjing. And show our due respect to all. Hail to Meitei Land Kangleipak (/wiki/Kangleipak) Manipur (/wiki/Manipur) .” [2] (#cite_note-2) Visiting relief camps [ edit ] Wedding costumes [ edit ] Traditional Meitei matrimonial ceremonies [ edit ] Notable visitors [ edit ] Soma Laishram (/wiki/Soma_Laishram) Kaiku Rajkumar (/wiki/Kaiku_Rajkumar) Gokul Athokpam (/wiki/Gokul_Athokpam) Mangka Mayanglambam (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangka_Mayanglambam) See also [ edit ] Notes [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Inside Randeep Hooda, Lin Laishram's Pre-Wedding Celebrations" (https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/inside-randeep-hooda-lin-laishrams-pre-wedding-celebrations-article-105588721) . TimesNow . 2023-11-29 . Retrieved 2023-11-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Inside Randeep Hooda, Lin Laishram's Pre-Wedding Celebrations" (https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/inside-randeep-hooda-lin-laishrams-pre-wedding-celebrations-article-105588721) . TimesNow . 2023-11-29 . Retrieved 2023-11-29 . Further reading [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Arts (/wiki/Portal:Arts) Asia (/wiki/Portal:Asia) Civilization (/wiki/Portal:Civilization) Cinema (/wiki/Portal:Cinema) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) India (/wiki/Portal:India) Music (/wiki/Portal:Music) Society (/wiki/Portal:Society) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐844cd986b8‐6bfqq Cached time: 20240722145312 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.300 seconds Real time usage: 0.413 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1842/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15310/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2922/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15251/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.212/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14193251/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 386.088 1 -total 33.20% 128.184 1 Template:Infobox_event 25.19% 97.244 2 Template:Reflist 24.19% 93.392 1 Template:Lang-mni 22.18% 85.641 2 Template:Cite_web 16.75% 64.675 1 Template:Portal_bar 9.50% 36.678 1 Template:Short_description 7.42% 28.650 1 Template:Contains_special_characters 6.73% 26.001 1 Template:Contains_special_characters/core 6.68% 25.802 1 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:75439929-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722145312 and revision id 1187549420. 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Tuxedo dress worn by Billy Porter The tuxedo dress, pictured at Fashioning Masculinities: The Art of Menswear , Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) , March 2022 American actor Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) wore a tuxedo (/wiki/Tuxedo) dress in black velvet (/wiki/Velvet) designed by Christian Siriano (/wiki/Christian_Siriano) on the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) of the 91st Academy Awards (/wiki/91st_Academy_Awards) on February 24, 2019. At the time, Porter had recently come into public view for his breakout role (/wiki/Breakthrough_role) in the FX (/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)) television series Pose (/wiki/Pose_(TV_series)) and had been receiving attention for his boundary-pushing red carpet attire during the 2018–19 film awards season (/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_film_awards_season) . Following his appearance at the 76th Golden Globe Awards (/wiki/76th_Golden_Globe_Awards) in a custom silver suit with fuchsia (/wiki/Fuchsia_(color)) -lined cape, he was invited to host red carpet interviews at the upcoming Oscars pre-show. Porter approached Siriano and together they conceived the tuxedo gown. The gown was well received by fashion journalists (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) , who highlighted its elegant design. It cemented Porter's status as a celebrity and as a fashion icon (/wiki/Fashion_icon) . Critics have described it as a favorite Oscars dress (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) and one of Porter's most fashionable red carpet looks. Porter considers the outfit a piece of political art intended to drive a conversation about men's fashion (/wiki/Men%27s_fashion) and masculinity (/wiki/Masculinity) , for which it has received praise from fashion writers, academics, and the general public, as well as criticism from conservative (/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States) commentators. Background [ edit ] Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) first came to prominence after originating the role of drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) "Lola" in the Broadway musical (/wiki/Broadway_musical) Kinky Boots (/wiki/Kinky_Boots_(musical)) in 2013, for which he won the 2013 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical (/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Musical) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2018, he was cast as ball culture (/wiki/Ball_culture) fashion designer Pray Tell in the critically acclaimed FX (/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)) drama Pose (/wiki/Pose_(TV_series)) , which critics have called his breakout role (/wiki/Breakthrough_role) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:9-4) Porter made several red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) appearances during the 2018–19 film awards season (/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_film_awards_season) on the strength of his performance in Pose , wearing outfits – both suits and dresses – by designers including Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) and Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) . [4] (#cite_note-:9-4) Porter was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama (/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Television_Series_Drama) for his role in Pose . [5] (#cite_note-5) On January 6, 2019, he walked the red carpet at the 76th Golden Globe Awards (/wiki/76th_Golden_Globe_Awards) in a custom silver suit with fuchsia (/wiki/Fuchsia_(color)) -lined cape designed by Randi Rahm (/wiki/Randi_Rahm) . Porter, who is gay, said he wanted to wear an outfit that would prompt a conversation about red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) and its relationship to masculinity for his first major awards show (/wiki/Awards_show) appearance. [6] (#cite_note-:11-6) Following the Golden Globes, Porter's popularity soared; he later said the outfit "changed everything for me." [4] (#cite_note-:9-4) [6] (#cite_note-:11-6) Design and development [ edit ] Designer Christian Siriano (/wiki/Christian_Siriano) at OZY Fest (/wiki/OZY_Fest) (2018) In early February 2019, ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) asked Porter to host Oscars pre-show interviews on the red carpet at the 91st Academy Awards (/wiki/91st_Academy_Awards) , scheduled for February 24. [7] (#cite_note-:42-7) Porter wanted to wear a custom gown, and selected designer Christian Siriano (/wiki/Christian_Siriano) based on his reputation for dressing celebrities whose bodies and style do not fit into conventional norms of beauty (/wiki/Beauty_standard) and fashion. Porter and his stylist Sam Ratelle approached Siriano after his February 9 show at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Despite the short notice – custom red carpet gowns typically take months to complete – Siriano accepted immediately. Working from Porter's desire to play with gender norms (/wiki/Gender_norm) , Siriano came up with the combined ball gown and tuxedo concept. He also designed a secondary outfit for Porter after discovering that the gown would be impractical for the stage where Porter was set to conduct interviews. [7] (#cite_note-:42-7) [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) The entire design was created over a single week. Siriano, Ratelle, and their teams worked up to 18 hours a day to complete the outfits. [7] (#cite_note-:42-7) The final ensemble comprised a full-length black velvet ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) with a strapless bodice (/wiki/Bodice) worn over a high-necked white tuxedo shirt (/wiki/Tuxedo_shirt) with ruffled (/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)) cuffs, topped by a black velvet tuxedo jacket with silk (/wiki/Silk) lapels and large black bow tie (/wiki/Bow_tie) . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-:0-12) The ball gown's skirt is reminiscent of gowns from the 1860s (/wiki/1860s_in_Western_fashion) , with a flattened front and volume at the back and sides. The exaggerated size of the bow tie references the ornamental use of bows on feminine clothing. [13] (#cite_note-:3-13) Porter wore jewelry by Oscar Heyman (/wiki/Oscar_Heyman_%26_Brothers) and six-inch heeled boots by Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) with the outfit. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) After his arrival, Porter changed into a tuxedo with black velvet palazzo pants (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) to conduct pre-show interviews. [7] (#cite_note-:42-7) Madame Georges Charpentier and Her Children (/wiki/Madame_Georges_Charpentier_and_Her_Children) , Auguste Renoir, 1878. Ratelle said the design had been inspired by the 1878 Pierre-Auguste Renoir (/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir) painting Madame Georges Charpentier and Her Children (/wiki/Madame_Georges_Charpentier_and_Her_Children) . Users on social media (/wiki/Social_media) compared Porter's outfit to a similar 1980s look by ball culture icon Hector Xtravaganza (/wiki/Hector_Xtravaganza) . Ratelle confirmed that the resemblance was unintentional, but stated that he and Porter felt it was an honor "to pay our respects to Hector". [7] (#cite_note-:42-7) Fashion historian Lydia Edwards suggested that the use of black connected the dress to historical menswear and contemporary womenswear, and gave the ensemble a dignified yet dramatic impact. [13] (#cite_note-:3-13) Porter described the ensemble as a political statement that challenges norms of masculinity (/wiki/Masculinity) and femininity (/wiki/Femininity) . Speaking to Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) in 2019, he said, "This look was interesting because it's not drag. I'm not a drag queen, I'm a man in a dress." [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) He later explained to Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) that he was interested in continuing to push the norms for what was considered acceptable for masculine red carpet fashion. [14] (#cite_note-14) He also called his choice to wear a dress to the Oscars a business decision, saying that as an entertainer, seeking attention via fashion was part of how he earned a living. [15] (#cite_note-15) Reception [ edit ] Fashion critics responded positively to the dress upon its debut, highlighting its elegant design and boundary-pushing gender expression (/wiki/Gender_expression) . Erica Gonzales of Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) wrote that it "looked worthy of its own Academy Award." [12] (#cite_note-:0-12) Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) placed Porter on its "best dressed" list for 2019. [16] (#cite_note-16) People called the dress "one of the biggest style moments of the Oscars red carpet". [17] (#cite_note-:6-17) Choire Sicha (/wiki/Choire_Sicha) of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) called his arrival "an exciting start" to the night, and expressed disappointment that few other guests dressed to subvert gender roles in the same way. [18] (#cite_note-18) The Philadelphia Inquirer (/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer) called Porter "the belle of the gender-bending red carpet season". [19] (#cite_note-:10-19) The (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) New Yorker described it as "a sumptuous collision of butch-femme aesthetics". [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) Several outlets felt that Porter's look had stolen the show. [7] (#cite_note-:42-7) [20] (#cite_note-20) Some critics joked that he had "won" the red carpet completely. [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) Several critics noted that the dress generated a significant response on social media platforms like Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) and Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) Year-end data from the Google search engine (/wiki/Google_Search) showed that Porter's gown was the most-searched-for red carpet outfit of 2019. [26] (#cite_note-26) Porter did attract some criticism for wearing a dress on the red carpet. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-:7-28) American conservative political commentator Tomi Lahren (/wiki/Tomi_Lahren) called the look an "assault on masculinity". [29] (#cite_note-29) Users on social media accused him of contributing to the emasculation of black men. [19] (#cite_note-:10-19) [28] (#cite_note-:7-28) Porter dismissed these criticisms, saying, "I don't understand why my putting on a dress causes this much strife in your life." [4] (#cite_note-:9-4) In February 2020, the Twitter account of long-running children's show Sesame Street (/wiki/Sesame_Street) posted photos of Porter wearing the dress while filming an appearance on the show, prompting criticism from conservative commentators. Arkansas Republican (/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)) state senator Jason Rapert (/wiki/Jason_Rapert) made a series of critical posts on Facebook, culminating in the suggestion that he would pass a bill to cut funding from Arkansas PBS (/wiki/Arkansas_PBS) , the local PBS (/wiki/PBS) affiliate. [30] (#cite_note-30) Although long associated with Sesame Street , PBS had not actually funded the series since the program's move to HBO (/wiki/HBO) in 2015. [31] (#cite_note-steel-31) Porter went ahead with the episode as planned, saying "If you don't like it, don't watch it." [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Legacy [ edit ] Porter at Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 (/wiki/Stonewall_50_%E2%80%93_WorldPride_NYC_2019) , gown by Siriano [34] (#cite_note-34) Following his appearance at the 91st Academy Awards, Porter became popularly known as a fashion icon (/wiki/Fashion_icon) ; the tuxedo gown was frequently mentioned as his first high-profile fashion moment and one of his most fashionable overall. [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) According to Porter, his public profile took off after the Oscars, which he attributed directly to the impact of the tuxedo gown. [38] (#cite_note-:5-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) Porter expressed surprise at the reaction to the gown, saying "I didn't know it was going to be a thiiinnng ." [40] (#cite_note-40) In contrast, Siriano expected the dress to be a hit, saying "I don't think any man has ever worn a gown on the Oscars red carpet before." [17] (#cite_note-:6-17) Fashion critics writing in retrospect have described the tuxedo gown as an iconic Oscars dress. [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) Writing for Allure in 2020, Ashley C. Ford called the look "the picture of poise and regality." [28] (#cite_note-:7-28) CNN Style (/wiki/CNN_Style) writer Marianna Cerini remembered Porter's outfit as "the only look everyone wanted to talk about". [43] (#cite_note-43) Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) columnist Robin Abcarian, in a 2022 column about Oscars fashion, called the tuxedo gown a "tasteful way to challenge fashion orthodoxies." [44] (#cite_note-44) Academics have also considered the legacy of the dress. Queer theorist (/wiki/Queer_theory) Kathryn Bond Stockton (/wiki/Kathryn_Bond_Stockton) agreed with Porter's statement that the dress was an expression of power, rhetorically asking if it could "move whole systems". [45] (#cite_note-45) Lydia Edwards agreed that the gown was a "powerful statement of the individual's queer identity", but felt that the ball gown was unlikely to become known as a "genderless" garment given its "unrelenting feminine history". [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2021237-46) Elizabeth Castaldo Lundén placed the tuxedo dress in counterpoint to a long history of women wearing suits at the Oscars. Lundén also noted that although Porter wore another gown to the 92nd Academy Awards (/wiki/92nd_Academy_Awards) in 2020, the press had by then "incorporated his fashion statement into the usual pool of red-carpet critique", so it was no longer treated as unusual. [47] (#cite_note-47) Blue Gucci dress worn by Styles on the cover of Vogue , Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) , 2022 In October 2021, Porter criticized Vogue for featuring English musician Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) in a blue Gucci dress (/wiki/Blue_Gucci_dress_of_Harry_Styles) as their first male solo cover model (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_(US)_cover_models) . [48] (#cite_note-48) He felt selecting a "straight white man" to represent genderfluid fashion (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) was inappropriate, saying that he "had to fight my entire life to get to the place where I could wear a dress to the Oscars and not be gunned down. All he has to do is be white and straight". [49] (#cite_note-49) Porter later apologized for bringing Styles into the conversation and said that his criticism was directed at "the systems of oppression and erasure of people of color who contribute to the culture" rather than Styles personally. [50] (#cite_note-50) A photograph of the gown was featured at Gender Bending Fashion , a 2019 exhibit at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston) , along with other gender non-conforming (/wiki/Gender_non-conforming) fashion items such as a tuxedo worn by Marlene Dietrich (/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich) in Morocco (/wiki/Morocco_(film)) (1930). [51] (#cite_note-51) In 2022, the dress was featured in the show Fashioning Masculinities: The Art of Menswear at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London. It was displayed with a wedding dress worn by drag queen Bimini Bon-Boulash (/wiki/Bimini_Bon-Boulash) on the second series (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_2)) of RuPaul's Drag Race UK (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK) and the blue Gucci dress that Styles wore on the cover of Vogue . [52] (#cite_note-52) Porter attended the 80th Golden Globe Awards (/wiki/80th_Golden_Globe_Awards) in 2023 as a presenter, wearing a fuchsia pink (/wiki/Fuchsia_(color)) velvet tuxedo gown also by Siriano. He presented the Carol Burnett Award (/wiki/Golden_Globe_Carol_Burnett_Award) to his friend Ryan Murphy (/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(producer)) , with whom he had worked on Pose . [53] (#cite_note-53) In his acceptance speech, Murphy explained that he had asked Porter to wear the original tuxedo gown again, and Porter replied, "Bitch, it’s in a museum". [54] (#cite_note-:4-54) Siriano created a new tuxedo gown for him to wear instead. [54] (#cite_note-:4-54) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Queer fashion (/wiki/Queer_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Purcell, Carey (June 10, 2013). " (https://www.playbill.com/news/article/kinky-boots-vanya-and-sonia-pippin-and-virginia-woolf-are-big-winners-at-67-206364) Kinky Boots , (https://www.playbill.com/news/article/kinky-boots-vanya-and-sonia-pippin-and-virginia-woolf-are-big-winners-at-67-206364) Vanya and Sonia , (https://www.playbill.com/news/article/kinky-boots-vanya-and-sonia-pippin-and-virginia-woolf-are-big-winners-at-67-206364) Pippin and (https://www.playbill.com/news/article/kinky-boots-vanya-and-sonia-pippin-and-virginia-woolf-are-big-winners-at-67-206364) Virginia Woolf? Are Big Winners at 67th Annual Tony Awards" (https://www.playbill.com/news/article/kinky-boots-vanya-and-sonia-pippin-and-virginia-woolf-are-big-winners-at-67-206364) . Playbill (/wiki/Playbill) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0551-0678 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0551-0678) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220101190236/https://www.playbill.com/news/article/kinky-boots-vanya-and-sonia-pippin-and-virginia-woolf-are-big-winners-at-67-206364) from the original on January 1, 2022 . Retrieved May 1, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Grady, Oliver (October 17, 2021). "Pose star Billy Porter: 'Did I ever think I'd be this successful? No, because I'm gay' (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pose-star-billy-porter-did-i-ever-think-id-be-this-successful-no-because-im-gay-k59wszd5p) " (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pose-star-billy-porter-did-i-ever-think-id-be-this-successful-no-because-im-gay-k59wszd5p) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220419001329/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pose-star-billy-porter-did-i-ever-think-id-be-this-successful-no-because-im-gay-k59wszd5p) from the original on April 19, 2022 . 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"Pose star Billy Porter: 'I should have put this dress on 20 years ago' (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/sep/15/fx-pose-star-billie-porter-interview) " (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/sep/15/fx-pose-star-billie-porter-interview) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1756-3224 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1756-3224) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211216012710/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/sep/15/fx-pose-star-billie-porter-interview) from the original on December 16, 2021 . Retrieved April 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Allaire, Christian (March 20, 2022). "The 51 best Oscars red carpet dresses of all time" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/vogue-editors-favorite-oscar-dresses-photos) . Vogue . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0042-8000 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-8000) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220328185508/https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/vogue-editors-favorite-oscar-dresses-photos) from the original on March 28, 2022 . Retrieved April 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Morin, Alyssa (April 22, 2021). "These red carpet fashion looks from the Oscars will make you say OMG" (https://www.eonline.com/ca/news/1258336/these-red-carpet-fashion-looks-from-the-oscars-will-make-you-say-omg) . E! Online (/wiki/E!_Online) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103836/https://www.eonline.com/ca/news/1258336/these-red-carpet-fashion-looks-from-the-oscars-will-make-you-say-omg) from the original on March 31, 2022 . Retrieved April 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Cerini, Marianna (February 7, 2020). "Billy Porter's red carpet style transcends fashion" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/billy-porter-red-carpet-fashion/index.html) . CNN Style (/wiki/CNN_Style) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220127203500/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/billy-porter-red-carpet-fashion/index.html) from the original on January 27, 2022 . Retrieved April 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Abcarian, Robin (March 27, 2022). "My Oscar prediction: Celebrities, and their fashions, will meet the political moment" (https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2022-03-27/oscars-fashion-political-statements-ukraine) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2165-1736 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2165-1736) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220417210355/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2022-03-27/oscars-fashion-political-statements-ukraine) from the original on April 17, 2022 . Retrieved April 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Stockton, Kathryn Bond (2021). Gender(s) . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press (/wiki/MIT_Press) . p. 169. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-262-36581-9 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224027/https://books.google.com/books?id=ffgLEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA169) from the original on January 27, 2022 . Retrieved April 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2021237_46-0) Edwards 2021 (#CITEREFEdwards2021) , p. 237. ^ (#cite_ref-47) Lundén, Elizabeth Castaldo (2021). Fashion on the Red Carpet: A History of the Oscars, Fashion and Globalisation . Edinburgh University Press (/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press) . pp. 216–217. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4744-6182-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1263875317 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1263875317) . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Carras, Christi (November 13, 2020). "Vogue has blessed us with a historic Harry Styles cover shoot: See the photos" (https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-11-13/harry-styles-vogue-cover-fashion-interview) . Los Angeles Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2165-1736 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2165-1736) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220404043708/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-11-13/harry-styles-vogue-cover-fashion-interview) from the original on April 4, 2022 . Retrieved April 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Carras, Christi (October 18, 2021). "Billy Porter was not impressed by Harry Styles wearing a dress on Vogue cover" (https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-18/billy-porter-harry-styles-vogue-dress-cover) . Los Angeles Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2165-1736 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2165-1736) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220404043649/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2021-10-18/billy-porter-harry-styles-vogue-dress-cover) from the original on April 4, 2022 . Retrieved April 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Walsh, Savannah (November 5, 2021). "Billy Porter offers Harry Styles a (https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/11/billy-porter-offers-harry-styles-apology-over-vogue-cover-controversy) mea culpa over (https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/11/billy-porter-offers-harry-styles-apology-over-vogue-cover-controversy) Vogue cover controversy" (https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/11/billy-porter-offers-harry-styles-apology-over-vogue-cover-controversy) . Vanity Fair . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0733-8899 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0733-8899) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211111132816/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/11/billy-porter-offers-harry-styles-apology-over-vogue-cover-controversy) from the original on November 11, 2021 . Retrieved April 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Herbaugh, Tracee M. (March 19, 2019). " (https://www.ctvnews.ca/lifestyle/both-sides-of-the-binary-exhibit-explores-gender-fashion-1.4342259) 'Both sides of the binary:' Exhibit explores gender, fashion" (https://www.ctvnews.ca/lifestyle/both-sides-of-the-binary-exhibit-explores-gender-fashion-1.4342259) . CTV News (/wiki/CTV_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220503200013/https://www.ctvnews.ca/lifestyle/both-sides-of-the-binary-exhibit-explores-gender-fashion-1.4342259) from the original on May 3, 2022 . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Elan, Priya (March 16, 2022). " (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/mar/16/death-of-the-suit-va-exhibition-explores-evolution-of-menswear) 'Death of the suit': V&A exhibition explores evolution of menswear" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/mar/16/death-of-the-suit-va-exhibition-explores-evolution-of-menswear) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1756-3224 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1756-3224) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220430043200/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/mar/16/death-of-the-suit-va-exhibition-explores-evolution-of-menswear) from the original on April 30, 2022 . Retrieved April 30, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Ryan Murphy uses nearly all of his Golden Globes speech to highlight LGBTQ actors" (https://www.today.com/popculture/awards/billy-porter-praises-ryan-murphy-golden-globes-2023-speeches-rcna65225) . TODAY.com . January 11, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230114093942/https://www.today.com/popculture/awards/billy-porter-praises-ryan-murphy-golden-globes-2023-speeches-rcna65225) from the original on January 14, 2023 . Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Brookins, Laurie (January 11, 2023). "Golden Globes: The Best-Dressed Stars and All the Fashion Details" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/golden-globes-best-dressed-fashion-details-1235294971/) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230114104311/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/golden-globes-best-dressed-fashion-details-1235294971/) from the original on January 14, 2023 . Retrieved January 14, 2023 . v t e Notable red carpet outfits (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐c795b44dd‐w6lks Cached time: 20240717180742 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.624 seconds Real time usage: 1.029 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3375/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 150175/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1500/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 228231/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.410/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6874051/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 643.803 1 -total 56.86% 366.063 1 Template:Reflist 25.80% 166.095 39 Template:Cite_web 17.70% 113.950 6 Template:Cite_news 13.39% 86.195 1 Template:Red_carpet_fashion 13.06% 84.088 2 Template:Navbox 10.74% 69.130 1 Template:Short_description 7.87% 50.653 1 Template:Sfn 6.66% 42.851 6 Template:Main_other 6.34% 40.849 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69901138-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717180742 and revision id 1232887216. 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Collapsible top hat A collapsible opera hat, open (above) and folded (below). An opera hat , also called a chapeau claque or gibus , is a top hat (/wiki/Top_hat) variant that is collapsible through a spring (/wiki/Spring_(device)) system, originally intended for less spacious venues, such as the theatre and opera house. Typically made of black satin, it folds vertically through a push or a snap on the top of the hat for convenient storage in a wardrobe or under the seat. It opens with an easy push from underneath. Name [ edit ] Its French name chapeau claque is a composition of chapeau , which means hat, and claque , which means "tap" or "click". The chapeau claque is thus a hat that folds with a click, and unfolds likewise. In English, the hat model is usually referred to as a collapsible top-hat , gibus or more often opera hat . [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] French comic book from 1926 that exhibits the advantages with the spring device mechanism of the collapsible top hat. The construction may originally have been inspired by a historical hat model called "chapeau bras" ("arm hat"), made as bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) or tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) to be carried folded under the arm [2] (#cite_note-quinion-2) On May 5, 1812, London hatter Thomas Francis Dollman patented a design for "an elastic round hat" supported by ribs and springs. His patent was described as: An elastic round hat, which "may be made of beaver, silk, or other materials." "The top of the crown and about half an inch from the top" as well as "the brim and about an inch, the crown from the bottom" are stiffened in the ordinary manner. The rest of the hat "is left entirely without stiffening," and is kept in shape by ribs of any suitable material "fastened horizontally to the inside of the crown," and by an elastic steel spring from three to four inches long and nearly half an inch wide "sewed on each side of the crown in the inside in an upright position." Then packed up for travelling, "the double ribbon fastened under the band is to be pulled over the top of the crown to keep it in a small compass." [3] (#cite_note-3) Some sources have taken this to describe an early folding top hat, [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) although it is not explicitly stated whether Dollman's design was specifically for male or female headgear. Dollman's patent expired in 1825. [6] (#cite_note-6) Operating from Poissy (/wiki/Poissy) , Paris, France, around 1840, Antoine Gibus's design for a spring-loaded collapsible top-hat proved so popular that hats made to it became known as gibus . [7] (#cite_note-Gibus_Opera_Hat-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) They were also often called opera hats due to the common practice of storing them in their flattened state under one's seat at the opera, though the term can also refer to any tall formal men's hat. [ citation needed ] The characteristic snapping sound heard upon opening a gibus suggested a third name, the chapeau claque , "claque" being the French word for "slap". [9] (#cite_note-9) Gallery [ edit ] Collapsible opera hat (top hat) in a semi-folded state. Opera hat as seen on Hallwyl Museum (/wiki/Hallwyl_Museum) , Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) , Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) , with walking cane (/wiki/Walking_cane) and hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) . Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) for a folded opera hat, c. 1900–1925. Collapsible top hat upside down (2011). L'Homme au gibus - Edgar Degas (/wiki/Edgar_Degas) - Musée Toulouse-Lautrec Albi (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Toulouse-Lautrec) See also [ edit ] Opera cloak (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Opera gloves (/wiki/Opera_gloves) Opera glasses (/wiki/Opera_glasses) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) www.silktophats.eu: (http://www.silktophats.eu/historytophat.html) History of the top hat ^ (#cite_ref-quinion_2-0) Quinion, Michael. Why is Q always followed by U? Penguin Books (/wiki/Penguin_Books) . 2009 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-141-03924-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-03924-4) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications . Patent Office. 1874. an elastic round hat. ^ (#cite_ref-4) de Bono, Edward (1974). Eureka! An illustrated history of inventions from the wheel to the computer: a London Sunday times encyclopedia . London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 88. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Sichel, Marion (1978). The Regency . London: Batsford. pp. 24–25. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780713403428 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Herbert, Luke (1827). The Register of Arts, and Journal of Patent Inventions, Volume 4 . p. 64. ^ (#cite_ref-Gibus_Opera_Hat_7-0) " (http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/viewobject.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M969.22.5&section=196) "Gibus" Opera Hat" (http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/viewobject.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M969.22.5&section=196) . McCord Museum . Retrieved 2013-07-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Hat Glossary (G)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091202192011/http://www.villagehatshop.com/glossary_g.html) . Villagehatshop.com. Archived from the original (http://www.villagehatshop.com/glossary_g.html) on 2009-12-02 . Retrieved 2009-10-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "History of Hats" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150907211933/http://www.lockhatters.co.uk/History_of_Hats-content.aspx) . Lock Hatters. Archived from the original (http://www.lockhatters.co.uk/History_of_Hats-content.aspx) on 2015-09-07 . Retrieved 2013-07-06 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Opera hats (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Opera_hats) . Les Gibus une famille de chapelier (http://www.bellenger.fr/Gibus/wa_files/gibus.pdf) (in French) v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam (/wiki/Tam_cap) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Cabbage-tree (/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) Flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) Coppola (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Newsboy (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) Panama (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pork pie (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Wideawake (/wiki/Wideawake_hat) Uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) Bell-boy hat (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) Black (/wiki/Black_cap) Boonie (/wiki/Boonie_hat) Budenovka (/wiki/Budenovka) Busby (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) Campaign (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Cap comforter (/wiki/Cap_comforter) Cappello Alpino (/wiki/Cappello_Alpino) Casquette d'Afrique (/wiki/Casquette_d%27Afrique) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalry Stetson (/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson) Czapka (/wiki/Czapka) Doctoral (/wiki/Doctoral_hat) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Forage (/wiki/Forage_cap) Karvalakki (/wiki/Karvalakki) Fur wedge (/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap) Hardee (/wiki/Hardee_hat) Jeep (/wiki/Jeep_cap) Kepi (/wiki/Kepi) Mazepynka (/wiki/Mazepynka) Nurse's (/wiki/Nurse%27s_cap) Maintenance (/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance) / Chapeau (/wiki/Chapeau) Military beret (/wiki/Military_beret) / Uniform beret (/wiki/Uniform_beret) Black (/wiki/Black_beret) Blue (/wiki/Blue_beret) Green (/wiki/Green_beret) Maroon (/wiki/Maroon_beret) Red (/wiki/Red_beret) Tan (/wiki/Tan_beret) Patrol (/wiki/Patrol_cap) Peaked (/wiki/Peaked_cap) Mariner's (/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_cap) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Rogatywka (/wiki/Rogatywka) Shako (/wiki/Shako) Side (/wiki/Side_cap) Titovka (/wiki/Titovka_(cap)) Triglavka (/wiki/Triglavka) Ski (/wiki/Ski_cap) Slouch (/wiki/Slouch_hat) Sou'wester (/wiki/Sou%27wester) Student (/wiki/Student_cap) Faluche (/wiki/Faluche) Square academic (/wiki/Square_academic_cap) Tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) Utility cover (/wiki/Utility_cover) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Western (/wiki/Western_Christianity) Biretta (/wiki/Biretta) Canterbury 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Sarpech (/wiki/Sarpech) Visor (/wiki/Visor) Accessories Cockade (/wiki/Cockade) Feathers (/wiki/Feather) Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) v t e Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Hats (/wiki/Hat) caps (/wiki/Cap) General Asian conical (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) Beanie (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Bucket (/wiki/Bucket_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Casquette (/wiki/Casquette) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Cowboy (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket_cap) Easter (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) Fez (hat) (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) Coppola (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Newsboy (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) Gandhi (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Kofia (/wiki/Kofia_(hat)) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Pork pie (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Salako (/wiki/Salako) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Stormy Kromer (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Straw (/wiki/Straw_hat) Sun (/wiki/Sun_hat) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera Tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) Trucker (/wiki/Trucker_hat) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Military Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) Boonie (/wiki/Boonie_hat) Busby (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) Campaign (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Forage (/wiki/Forage_cap) Mitznefet (/wiki/Mitznefet_(Israeli_military)) Peaked (/wiki/Peaked_cap) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_cap) Shako (/wiki/Shako) Side (/wiki/Side_cap) Utility cover (/wiki/Utility_cover) Wrapped Do-rag (/wiki/Do-rag) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Crowns (/wiki/Crown) and bands Astral (/wiki/Astral_crown) Chaplet (/wiki/Chaplet_(headgear)) Circlet (/wiki/Circlet) Camp (/wiki/Camp_crown) Consort (/wiki/Consort_crown) Corolla (/wiki/Corolla_(headgear)) Coronation (/wiki/Coronation_crown) Coronet (/wiki/Coronet) Diadem 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Brodie (/wiki/Brodie_helmet) Stahlhelm (/wiki/Stahlhelm) M33 (/wiki/M33_helmet) Advanced Combat (/wiki/Advanced_Combat_Helmet) Enhanced Combat (US) (/wiki/Enhanced_Combat_Helmet_(United_States)) Flight (/wiki/Flight_helmet) Mk 7 (/wiki/Mk_7_helmet) Paratrooper (/wiki/Paratrooper_helmet) Vocational Firefighter (/wiki/Firefighter%27s_helmet) Hard hat (/wiki/Hard_hat) Welding (/wiki/Welding_helmet) Sport Batting (/wiki/Batting_helmet) Bicycle (/wiki/Bicycle_helmet) Football (/wiki/Football_helmet) Motorcycle (/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet) Racing (/wiki/Racing_helmet) Other protective (/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment) Balaclava (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) Earmuffs (/wiki/Earmuffs) Earplug (/wiki/Earplug) Face shield (/wiki/Face_shield) Facekini (/wiki/Facekini) Padded headgear (/wiki/Headgear_(martial_arts)) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Sports visor (/wiki/Sports_visor) Hairwear and other items Barrette (/wiki/Barrette) Bumpits (/wiki/Bumpits) Claw clip (/wiki/Claw_clip) Deely bobber (/wiki/Deely_bobber) Dush-toh (/wiki/Dush-toh) Hair drop (/wiki/Hair_drop) Hair tie (/wiki/Hair_tie) Hairnet (/wiki/Hairnet) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Headphones (/wiki/Headphones) Headpiece (/wiki/Headpiece) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Peineta (/wiki/Peineta_(comb)) Peinetón (/wiki/Peinet%C3%B3n) Scrunchie (/wiki/Scrunchie) Shpitzel (/wiki/Shpitzel) Eyewear Eyeglasses (/wiki/Glasses) Browline (/wiki/Browline_glasses) Bug-eye (/wiki/Bug-eye_glasses) Cat eye (/wiki/Cat_eye_glasses) GI (/wiki/GI_glasses) Goggles (/wiki/Goggles) Horn-rimmed glasses (/wiki/Horn-rimmed_glasses) Pince-nez (/wiki/Pince-nez) Lensless (/wiki/Lensless_glasses) Lorgnette (/wiki/Lorgnette) Monocle (/wiki/Monocle) Rimless (/wiki/Rimless_eyeglasses) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_sunglasses) Glacier (/wiki/Sunglasses#Sports) Iggaak (/wiki/Snow_goggles) Mirrored (/wiki/Mirrored_sunglasses) Solar viewer (/wiki/Solar_viewer) Shutter shades (/wiki/Shutter_shades) Teashades 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Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit 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(/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong 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British dress maker Mary Farnan Bettans ( c. 1788 – 29 January 1859) was an English dressmaker. She was the official royal dressmaker of Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) and notably designed her iconic wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) in 1840. Life [ edit ] Bettans was born in Southwark (/wiki/Southwark) , Surrey. [1] (#cite_note-1851census-1) In 1817, she married Samuel Bettans at St Martin-in-the-Fields (/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Mary Bettans had her establishment at 84 Jermyn Street in London. In 1841, her business was described as a "well conducted establishment" with journeywomen, in-door apprentices and improvers. [3] (#cite_note-3) Bettans had a long association with Victoria, making mourning clothes for her on the death of her father (/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn) in 1820, [4] (#cite_note-4) as well as her wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) twenty years later. [5] (#cite_note-5) In the 1846 official calendar, Elizabeth Johnston (/wiki/Elizabeth_Johnston_(dressmaker)) had the title "Dress Maker Extraordinary" while Mary Bettans was called "Court Dress and Dress Maker". [6] (#cite_note-6) They were not the queen's only dressmaker, as she was also known to be the client of the House of Creed (/wiki/Creed_(perfume)) as well as John Redfern (/wiki/John_Redfern) . [7] (#cite_note-7) She died in 1859 at Forty Hill (/wiki/Forty_Hill) , Enfield, aged 71. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1851census_1-0) 1851 England Census ^ (#cite_ref-2) Westminster, London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1935 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Manufactories, Great Britain Commissioners for Inquiring into the Employment and Condition of Children in Mines and (1842). Appendix to the Second Report of the Commissioners: Trades and Manufactures, Reports and Evidence from Sub-Commissioners . William Clowes and Sons. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Murphy, Deirdre (2019). The Young Victoria . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780300238877 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Timms, Elizabeth Jane (10 February 2019). "Queen Victoria's Wedding Dress" (https://royalcentral.co.uk/features/queen-victorias-wedding-dress-114991/) . Royal Central . ^ (#cite_ref-6) The British Imperial Calendar, on General Register of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Its Colonies (etc.) . Arthur Varenham. 1843. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Tierney, Tom (1987). Great Fashion Designs of the Victorian Era Paper Dolls in Full Color . New York: Dover Publications. p. 17. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-25527-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Deaths" (https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18590203/055/0008) . Morning Post . 3 February 1859. p. 8 . Retrieved 23 November 2023 . 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion of Taiwan (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion_of_Taiwan) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐znfjk Cached time: 20240720215346 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.064 seconds Real time usage: 0.180 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 142/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2647/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 298/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.037/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1003645/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 172.011 1 Template:Commons_category 100.00% 172.011 1 -total 98.28% 169.047 1 Template:Sister_project 96.84% 166.584 1 Template:Side_box 68.82% 118.377 2 Template:If_then_show Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:42345312-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720215346 and revision id 1212629574. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. Clothing brands of Taiwan (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Taiwan) ‎ (3 P) C Clothing companies of Taiwan (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Taiwan) ‎ (1 C, 3 P) D Taiwanese fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_fashion_designers) ‎ (1 C, 6 P) T Taiwanese businesspeople in fashion (/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_businesspeople_in_fashion) ‎ (3 P) Pages in category "Taiwanese fashion" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Circle contact lens (/wiki/Circle_contact_lens) G Gaji bag (/wiki/Gaji_bag) L List of Vogue Taiwan cover models (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Taiwan_cover_models) S Shiatzy Chen (/wiki/Shiatzy_Chen) T Taiwan Supermodel No. 1 (/wiki/Taiwan_Supermodel_No._1) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Taiwanese_fashion&oldid=1212629574 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Taiwanese_fashion&oldid=1212629574) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of Taiwan (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Taiwan) Asian fashion (/wiki/Category:Asian_fashion) Fashion by country (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_country) Taiwanese design (/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_design) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
Mohawk political activist and fashion model Kahn-Tineta Horn Kahn-Tineta ("she makes the grass wave"), or Kahentinetha Kahn-Tineta Horn in 1963. Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_nation) leader Personal details Born 16 April 1940 ( 1940-04-16 ) (age 84) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) Children 4, including Waneek Horn-Miller (/wiki/Waneek_Horn-Miller) and Kaniehtiio Horn (/wiki/Kaniehtiio_Horn) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Kahn-Tineta Horn (born 16 April 1940, New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) ) is a Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_nation) political activist, civil servant (/wiki/Civil_service) , and former fashion model (/wiki/Model_(person)) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Since 1972, she has held various positions in the social, community and educational development policy sections of the Canadian federal Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (/wiki/Aboriginal_Affairs_and_Northern_Development_Canada) . [5] (#cite_note-5) She is a member of the Mohawk Bear Clan of Kahnawake (/wiki/Kahnawake) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Horn and her daughters were notable participants in the 1990 Oka Crisis (/wiki/Oka_Crisis) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Her daughter, Waneek Horn-Miller (/wiki/Waneek_Horn-Miller) (born 1975), was stabbed in the chest by a soldier's bayonet while holding her younger sister, Kaniehtiio (/wiki/Kaniehtiio_Horn) , then aged 4; a photograph of the incident, published on the front page of newspapers, symbolized the standoff between Mohawks and the Canadian government (/wiki/Government_of_Canada) . [9] (#cite_note-torontostar1999-9) Waneek became a broadcaster, and co-captain of Canada's first women's national water polo team at the 2000 Summer Olympics (/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics) in Sydney. [10] (#cite_note-10) Kaniehtiio is now a film and television actress. [11] (#cite_note-ottowacitizen-11) Her eldest daughter, Dr. Ojistoh Horn, is a traditionally minded family medicine physician in Akwesasne. Biography [ edit ] In the 1960s and early 1970s, Kahn-Tineta Horn became widely known for her criticisms of anti-native racism and government policy regarding First Nations (/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada) peoples, and for her advocacy of native separatism (/wiki/Separatism) . She was involved in the 1962 Conference on Indian Poverty in Washington D.C. (/wiki/Washington_D.C.) , the blocking of the International Bridge at Akwesasne (/wiki/Three_Nations_Crossing) in 1968, and other indigenous rights campaigns. [12] (#cite_note-12) Kahn-Tineta caught the attention of the media in 1964, when she was "deposed as a Director of the National Indian Council, and as Indian Princess of Canada." [13] (#cite_note-13) By 1972, her separatist views had appeared in the pages of The Harvard Crimson (/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson) and The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) , [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) and she had been interviewed by The Webster Reports of KVOS-TV (/wiki/KVOS-TV) , a Bellingham, Washington (/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington) station which broadcasts to Vancouver, British Columbia (/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia) . [17] (#cite_note-17) Kahn-Tineta Horn has appeared in two short films (/wiki/Short_film) , Artisans de notre histoire, Volume 2: Les Explorateurs (1995) and David Thompson: The Great Mapmaker (1964) . [18] (#cite_note-18) She has served as publisher of the Mohawk Nation News. [19] (#cite_note-19) She has served as Director of the Canadian Alliance in Solidarity with Native Peoples and coordinator of the Free Wolverine Campaign. [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2002, she gave a speech at the "You Are on Native Land Conference" at McGill University (/wiki/McGill_University) titled, How Canada violated the BNA Act (/wiki/British_North_America_Acts) to Steal Native Land: The Forgotten Arguments of Deskaheh (/wiki/Deskaheh) . [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2006, Kahn-Tineta Horn was one of two women who submitted a "notice of seizure" to the developers of the Melancthon Wind Farm (/wiki/Amaranth_Wind_Farm) near Shelburne, Ontario (/wiki/Shelburne,_Ontario) on behalf of the Haudenosaunee (/wiki/Iroquois) , [22] (#cite_note-22) and taught a history class at Concordia University (/wiki/Concordia_University) in Montreal. [23] (#cite_note-23) In 2008, at age 68, she suffered a heart attack (/wiki/Heart_attack) while "handcuffed in a police stress hold" at the Cornwall/Akwesasne border crossing. [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kenneth L. Williams (2004-04-03). "Kahente Horn-Miller a Role Model for Higher Learning" (http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues04/Co04032004/CO_04032004_HornMiller.htm) . Canku Ota . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Dr. Ojistah Horn" (http://www.aboriginalsexualhealth.ca/members/ojistah-horn_e.aspx) . AboriginalSexualHealth.ca . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Max Dashu (2005). "Matrix Cultures" (http://www.suppressedhistories.net/matrix/matrix.html) . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "McGill launches first high-performance camp for aboriginal teens" (https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/mcgill-launches-first-high-performance-camp-aboriginal-teens-20169) . Newsroom - McGill University . 2006-05-17 . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bennett McCardle. "Kahn-Tineta Horn" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121018070012/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/kahntineta-horn) . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original (http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/kahntineta-horn) on October 18, 2012 . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Kahn-Tineta Horn" (http://www.shannonthunderbird.com/tribal_Warriors.htm) . Tribal Ceremonies: Tribal Warriors for Peace . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Kahn-Tineta Horn (1991). "Beyond Oka: Dimensions of Mohawk Sovereignty" (http://spe.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/spe/article/view/13034) . Studies in Political Economy . 35 : 29–41. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/19187033.1991.11675451 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19187033.1991.11675451) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1918-7033 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1918-7033) . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Federal Courts Reports - Canada ( Attorney General ) v. Horn ( T.D. ), [1994] 1 F.C. 453" (http://reports.fja.gc.ca/eng/1993/1994fca0322.html/1994fca0322.html.html) . Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs Canada . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-torontostar1999_9-0) Starkman, Randy (July 29, 1999), "From Oka battles to Pan Am glory", Toronto Star (/wiki/Toronto_Star) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Pan Ams' Waneek Horn-Miller an Oka Crisis survivor" (https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2015/07/10/pan-ams-waneek-horn-miller-an-oka-crisis-survivor.html) . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-ottowacitizen_11-0) Griffith, John (October 9, 2009). "Mohawk actress rooted in family and community" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140330011606/http://www2.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/artslife/story.html?id=4c71ad53-ccf8-40e3-8509-170cdf07a471) . Ottawa Citizen (/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen) . Archived from the original (http://www2.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/artslife/story.html?id=4c71ad53-ccf8-40e3-8509-170cdf07a471) on March 30, 2014 . Retrieved May 30, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Kahentinetha Horn (2007-04-05). "The Onkwehonwe Democratic Agenda" (http://www.zcommunications.org/the-onkwehonwe-democratic-agenda-by-kahentinetha-horn) . Znet . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Kahn-Tineta Horn Speaking at Press Conference - U1428580 - Rights Managed Stock Photo" (http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U1428580/kahntineta-horn-speaking-at-press-conference) . Corbis . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Indian Criticizes White Civilization" (http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1970/4/24/indian-criticizes-white-civilization-peverything-connected/) . The Harvard Crimson . 1970-04-24 . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) William Whitworth (1972-05-27). "The Talk of the Town: Speaks with Sharp Tongue" (http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1972/05/27/1972_05_27_028_TNY_CARDS_000301207) . The New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) . p. 28 . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Ralph Nader (/wiki/Ralph_Nader) (1972-07-22). "Dept. of Correction and Amplification" (http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1972/07/22/1972_07_22_048_TNY_CARDS_000300562) . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "KVOS Channel 12 film records" (https://www.loc.gov/folklife/civilrights/survey/view_collection.php?coll_id=1591) . The Civil Rights History Project: Survey of Collections and Repositories (The American Folklife Center, Library of Congress) . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Kahn Tineta Horn" (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1011311/) . IMDb . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Kahn-Tineta Horn (1997-07-15). "The Great Law and the Handsome Lake Code" (http://www.kahonwes.com/newyork/greatlaw.html) . Mohawk Nation News Service . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "PEACE BRINGERS" (http://www.manataka.org/page134.html) . Mahataka American Indian Council . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Forgotten arguments of Deskaheh. (Speech)" (http://mohawknationnews.com/blog/2005/11/10/forgotten-arguments-of-deskaheh-speech/) . Mohawk Nation News . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Lloyd Alter (2008-08-20). "At Least Somebody Wants a Windfarm" (http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/at-least-somebody-wants-a-windfarm.html) . TreeHugger . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Alex Dobrota (2006-08-18). "Natives lay claim to windmills" (http://caledoniawakeupcall.com/updates/060818globemail.html) . Globe & Mail . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Kahentinetha Horn hospitalized after attack by border special forces" (http://mendotadakota.com/mn/2008/07/05/kahentinetha-horn-hospitalized-after-attack/) . Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Tribe . 2008-07-05 . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Kahentinetha Horn attacked at border" (http://bsnorrell.blogspot.com/2008/06/kahentinetha-horn-attacked-at-border.html) . CENSORED NEWS: Indigenous Peoples, Resistance and Human Rights . 2008-06-16 . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Brenda Norrell (2011-01-26). "No jail time for Kahentinetha Horn" (http://bsnorrell.blogspot.com/2011/01/no-jail-time-for-kahentinetha-horn.html) . CENSORED NEWS: Indigenous Peoples, Resistance and Human Rights . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . External links [ edit ] Kahn-Tineta Horn Speaking at Press Conference in 1964 (http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U1428580/kahntineta-horn-speaking-at-press-conference) 1969 press photo Kahn-Tineta Horn Caughnawaga Princess (http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/1969-press-photo-kahn-tineta-horn-132414822) Tehaliwaskenhas Bob Kennedy. The Turtle Island Native Network News; (News-Lasagna) (http://www.turtleisland.org/news/news-lasagna.htm) Peace Moccasins: Kahn-Tineta Horn-Mohawk Mother and Grandmother (http://www.snowwowl.com/gwritpeacemocassins.html) Mohawk Nation News (http://mohawknationnews.com/blog/) , Kahn-Tineta Horn (1991). "Beyond Oka: Dimenstions of Mohawk Sovereignty" (http://spe.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/spe/article/view/13034) . Studies in Political Economy . 35 : 29–41. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/19187033.1991.11675451 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19187033.1991.11675451) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1918-7033 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1918-7033) . Retrieved 2013-02-09 . How Canada violated the BNA Act to Steal Native Land: The Forgotten Arguments of Deskaheh (http://mohawknationnews.com/blog/2005/11/10/forgotten-arguments-of-deskaheh-speech/) , 2002 speech at McGill University NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐77wwt Cached time: 20240623142810 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.481 seconds Real time usage: 0.658 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8322/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 51818/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2579/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 99508/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.284/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7595266/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 614.679 1 -total 44.96% 276.348 1 Template:Infobox_American_Indian_chief 44.02% 270.584 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder 38.38% 235.934 1 Template:Reflist 20.19% 124.080 6 Template:Cite_news 15.51% 95.360 1 Template:Birth-date_and_age 14.35% 88.211 1 Template:Short_description 13.05% 80.209 1 Template:Birth-date 10.74% 66.007 17 Template:Cite_web 9.97% 61.298 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25874350-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623142810 and revision id 1226909216. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kahn-Tineta_Horn&oldid=1226909216 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kahn-Tineta_Horn&oldid=1226909216) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1940 births (/wiki/Category:1940_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) American Mohawk people (/wiki/Category:American_Mohawk_people) First Nations activists (/wiki/Category:First_Nations_activists) Canadian female models (/wiki/Category:Canadian_female_models) Canadian civil servants (/wiki/Category:Canadian_civil_servants) Canadian women civil servants (/wiki/Category:Canadian_women_civil_servants) Concordia University people (/wiki/Category:Concordia_University_people) Native American activists (/wiki/Category:Native_American_activists) 20th-century First Nations people (/wiki/Category:20th-century_First_Nations_people) 21st-century First Nations people (/wiki/Category:21st-century_First_Nations_people) Canadian Mohawk women (/wiki/Category:Canadian_Mohawk_women) Models from New York City (/wiki/Category:Models_from_New_York_City) Activists from New York City (/wiki/Category:Activists_from_New_York_City) Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke people (/wiki/Category:Mohawks_of_Kahnaw%C3%A1:ke_people) 20th-century Canadian women (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Canadian_women) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
Cultural attribution of colors to genders Children in blue and pink clothing. This restroom sign on an All Nippon Airways (/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways) Boeing 767-300 uses pink for the female gender and blue for the male gender. The colors pink (/wiki/Pink) and blue (/wiki/Blue) are associated with girls and boys respectively, in the United States, the United Kingdom and some other European countries. Originating as a trend in the mid-19th century and applying primarily to clothing, gendered associations with pink and blue became more widespread from the 1950s onward. Since the 1990s, these gendered associations have also increasingly applied to toys as well, especially in the case of pink toys for girls. Additionally, a pink ribbon (/wiki/Pink_ribbon) is a symbol of breast cancer awareness (/wiki/Breast_cancer_awareness) , and the two colors are used at gender reveal parties (/wiki/Gender_reveal_party) . Despite popular belief—including from various academic and popular sources—a reported "pink–blue reversal", wherein the gendered associations of both colors were "flipped" sometime during the 20th century, most likely never occurred, and instead is likely to have been a misunderstanding of earlier reporting. History [ edit ] Pierre-Auguste Renoir (/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir) 's son Jean sewing (1900) According to Jo Paoletti, who spent two decades studying the history of pink and blue gender-coding, there were no particular color associations for girls and boys at the turn of the 20th century. There was no agreement among manufacturers about which colors were feminine or masculine, or whether there were any such colors at all. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaglaty2011-1) [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchorman2013622–623-2) First half of the 20th century [ edit ] Children's clothing began to be differentiated by gender in matters of cut, pockets, images, and decoration, but not by color. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchorman2013622–623-2) During the period 1900–1930, the fashions of young boys began to change in style, but not color. Pink and blue were used together as "baby colors". Birth announcements and baby books used both colors well into the 1950s, and then gradually became accepted as feminine and masculine colors. Styles and colors formerly considered neutral, including flowers, dainty trim (/w/index.php?title=Dainty_trim&action=edit&redlink=1) , and the color pink, became more associated with only girls and women. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2012xviii-3) Paoletti summarized the evolution of pink and blue associations with girls and boys: "It is clear that pink-blue gender coding was known in the late 1860s but was not dominant until the 1950s in most parts of the United States and not universal until a generation later." [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti201289-4) In 1927, a chart published in Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) magazine summarized the recommended hues at major department stores (/wiki/Department_store) in the United States: six said pink for boys and blue for girls; four said the opposite. [5] (#cite_note-5) [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaglaty2011-1) [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti201291-6) Second half of the 20th century [ edit ] A number of personalities and cultural icons of the 1950s and early 1960s had a great influence on the public awareness and use of pink in fashion and decoration, including Mamie Eisenhower, [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegvad201971-7) Marilyn Monroe, and Brigitte Bardot. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrisman-Campbell2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvGPbDwAAQBAJpgPT271_PT271]-8) Mamie Eisenhower (/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower) , in her White House portrait Mamie Eisenhower (/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower) was influential in the growing shift among women in the United States, and to some extent abroad, towards the association between pink and women's fashion and decorating. Mrs. Eisenhower was well known for preferring pink both in clothing and home decoration well before she became first lady, and more so after 1952 with the election of her husband Dwight D. Eisenhower (/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower) as President of the United States. So much so, that a particular shade, known as "Mamie Pink" was named after her. When she took up residence in the White House in January 1953 she brought her favorite color with her, wearing a pink gown covered in pink rhinestones to the inaugural balls, and redecorating the White House in pink, to such an extent that it became known among the press corps as "The Pink Palace". Her tastes were picked up by the American public, and "Mamie Pink" became an iconic color in decorating in the 1950s, being used in bathroom fixtures, tiles, kitchen appliances, and more. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegvad201971-7) [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKueber2009-9) Monroe performing the song " Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend (/wiki/Diamonds_Are_a_Girl%27s_Best_Friend) " in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (/wiki/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_(1953_film)) (1953) wearing a pink dress Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) was already famous as a sex symbol in the early 1950s when the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (/wiki/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_(1953_film)) came out. The musical comedy featured Marilyn in the most famous musical number in the film, Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend (/wiki/Diamonds_Are_a_Girl%27s_Best_Friend#Marilyn_Monroe) , in a now iconic floor length, skin-tight silk dress in shocking pink (/wiki/Pink_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) with a big bow on the back and matching shoulder length gloves. Marilyn defined femininity and seduction and her influence never ended. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegvad201973-10) Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) wore checkered pink gingham as her wedding dress for her wedding in 1959. This was formerly a material used only for curtains and created a sensation, and was widely copied and influential. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrisman-Campbell2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvGPbDwAAQBAJpgPT271_PT271]-8) Colored items [ edit ] Clothing [ edit ] Further information: Children's clothing (/wiki/Children%27s_clothing) For infant and children's clothing, ribbons, and other items, the pink for girls, blue for boys associations known in European countries included: the Netherlands (1823), [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnier1823-11) France (1834), [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayle-Mouillard1834294-12) Russia (1842), [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohl1842131-13) Great Britain (1862), [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeton1862142-14) and Spain (1896); [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadeneyra1896561-15) and in the Americas: in the United States, [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersons1856261-16) and Mexico (1899). [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Mundo1899314-17) A contrarian tendency to avoid gendered clothing colors for children and towards more unisex clothing in the United States began in the late 1960s, influenced by the Baby Boomer generation (/wiki/Baby_Boomer_generation) reaching child-bearing age, and the effects of second-wave feminism (/wiki/Second-wave_feminism) . [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2012xix-18) Pink Shirt Day [ edit ] Pink Shirt Day (/wiki/Pink_Shirt_Day) is an annual event against bullying (/wiki/Bullying) , held in Canada (/wiki/Canada) and New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) . [19] (#cite_note-PinkShirtCA-19) [20] (#cite_note-PinkShirtNZ-20) Participants wear pink shirts and attend or host informative events to raise awareness about bullying, particularly in schools. Pink Shirt Day was started in 2007 in Canada, where it is held on the last Wednesday of February each year. [21] (#cite_note-:0-21) It was adopted in New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) in 2009 and is observed annually on the third Friday of May. [21] (#cite_note-:0-21) International Day of Pink [ edit ] The International Day of Pink is a worldwide anti-bullying and anti-homophobia (/wiki/Anti-homophobia) event held annually during the second week of April. [22] (#cite_note-22) Though similar to Pink Shirt Day (/wiki/Pink_Shirt_Day) (held in February) in that it also seeks to end all bullying, the Day of Pink is more specifically aimed towards anti-LGBTQ+ bullying (/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric) . [23] (#cite_note-23) Toys [ edit ] This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Gendered_associations_of_pink_and_blue##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gendered_associations_of_pink_and_blue&action=edit) by introducing citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) to additional sources at this section. Find sources: "pink toys for girls" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22pink+toys+for+girls%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Shelves with pink-colored girls' toys, in a Canadian store In the United States, girlie-girl culture (/wiki/Girlie-girl_culture) developed in the 1990s in the wake of a series of successful Disney animated films (/wiki/Disney_Renaissance) , starting with Little Mermaid (/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)) (1989). These animated films were heavily marketed to girls, especially, and pink was everywhere in marketing campaigns as they took advantage of what appeared to be a strong association between gender and certain colors: bold colors for boys, pastel colors for girls, especially pink. Eighty-six percent of pink toys were marketed as "girls only", and a similar percentage that were bold red, black, brown, or gray were for "boys only". Pink became a strong signal to girls and their parents about which products were being marketed to them. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConis202119-24) Awareness ribbons [ edit ] Further information: Pink ribbon (/wiki/Pink_ribbon) Breast Cancer Awareness, Louisville, Kentucky (/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky) A pink awareness ribbon (/wiki/Awareness_ribbon) is used as a symbol for breast cancer awareness (/wiki/Breast_cancer_awareness) , and are commonly seen in October during Breast Cancer Awareness Month (/wiki/Breast_Cancer_Awareness_Month) . The color pink was chosen for the ribbon in 1992, as a symbol of breast cancer awareness. [ citation needed ] Breast cancer organizations use the pink ribbon to associate themselves with breast cancer, to promote breast cancer awareness, and to support fundraising. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulik2010124–125-25) Pink evokes traditional feminine gender roles (/wiki/Gender_role) , caring for other people, being beautiful, being good, and being cooperative. [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulik201047–48-26) Some breast cancer-related organizations, such as Pink Ribbon International use the pink ribbon as their primary symbol. Susan G. Komen for the Cure (/wiki/Susan_G._Komen_for_the_Cure) uses a stylized "running ribbon" as their logo. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulik2010147-27) Gender reveal accessories [ edit ] Further information: Gender reveal party (/wiki/Gender_reveal_party) A cake with a pink middle layer indicating a baby girl Gender reveal parties (/wiki/Gender_reveal_parties) use props or accessories of various kinds to reveal to invited guests the sex of an expectant mother's baby before it is born. Props include cakes, balloons, confetti, smoke, fireworks, and other accessories [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBologna2018-28) to indicate whether the fetus is male or female, normally by means of a colored signal that is pink or blue. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia-Navarro2019-29) For example: a cake may be brought out, frosted in white or other neutrally-colored icing, which when cut, reveals a pinkish or blueish filling inside, thus indicating that the baby is expected to be a girl (pink) or a boy (blue). [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasche_Guignard2015479–500-30) [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGieseler2017661–671-31) Transgender flag [ edit ] The transgender flag (/wiki/Transgender_flag) features pink and blue. The transgender pride flag (/wiki/Transgender_pride_flag) features five horizontal stripes: light blue stripes on the top and bottom, light pink stripes in second and fourth positions, and a white stripe in the center. The flag's designer, Monica Helms (/wiki/Monica_Helms) , [32] (#cite_note-32) describes the traditional associations of pink and blue as the reasons for the flag's colors. The blue stripes represent boys and men, the pink stripes represent girls and women, and the white stripe represents intersex (/wiki/Intersex) , nonbinary (/wiki/Nonbinary) , and gender-nonconforming people, and those still in transition (/wiki/Gender_transition) . [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-flaghistory-34) Other [ edit ] Even items that would seem to have no association with one gender or another, such as vitamin pills, have been produced in pink and blue and marketed towards girls and boys. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendershot199699-35) Société Bic (/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Bic) drew criticism in 2012 for its pink and purple " Bic Cristal for Her (/wiki/Bic_Cristal#Bic_Cristal_for_Her) " ballpoint pens. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon2020-36) Pink–blue reversal [ edit ] In a 2017 letter to Archives of Sexual Behavior (/wiki/Archives_of_Sexual_Behavior) , researcher Marco Del Giudice commented on earlier claims about a supposed shift in pink–blue color associations or preferences sometime around the 1940s, from pink for boys and blue for girls before that period, to the opposite alignment afterward. He summarized his earlier work from 2012 which found "no evidence of either reversed or inconsistent usage prior to the 1940s". [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Giudice20171556-37) Del Giudice called this theory the "Pink–blue reversal" (PBR), and said it was "usually attributed to [Jo] Paoletti", and quoted from five academic articles that reprised the theory of "pink is for boys" prior to the 1940s. However, he found upon analysis that it was exceptionally difficult to actually document such a shift, and exclaimed upon "the thinness of the evidence presented in support of the PBR". [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Giudice20121321-38) In his 2012 paper, Del Giudice quoted from four articles published in academic journals which all echoed the claims about PBR theory, many relying on Paoletti, including Chiu et al., 2006 (#CITEREFChiu2006) : "Prior to that decade, Paoletti ... noted that the sex-dimorphic color coding of pink and blue was inverted, i.e., infant boys were dressed in pink and infant girls were dressed in blue."; [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiu2006385-39) Frassanito & Pettorini (2008) (#CITEREFFrassanitoPettorini2008) : "At one point, pink was considered more of a boy's color ... blue was considered more for girls."; [40] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassanitoPettorini2008881-40) Cohen (2013) (#CITEREFCohen2013) : "the current stereotypical American assignment of pink to girls and blue to boys was reversed a century ago"; [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20131-41) and Zucker (2005) (#CITEREFZucker2005) : "Yet, in the first two decades of the twentieth century, there is evidence that the gender-dimorphic nature of these two colors was inverted, that is, blue was judged to be stereotypically feminine whereas pink was judged to be stereotypically masculine." [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZucker20053770-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) But Paoletti never made the claim that pink and blue reversed, only that there was inconsistent usage that took until the 1950s to resolve [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Giudice20121321-38) starting from the first appearances of gendered pink and blue color associations around the 1860s. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti201289-4) Academic research [ edit ] This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "Gendered associations of pink and blue" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gendered+associations+of+pink+and+blue%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A 2007 British study found a preference among women for reddish colors, and theorized that it might have had evolutionary advantages. [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrisard2019219-44) [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2007-45) Studies of color preferences of infants and toddlers found a preference for primary colors, with no differences between boys and girls. By the age of two, girls started to prefer pink, and by four, boys started to reject it. This is around the same time as infants start to become aware of gender. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond2014-46) In an attempt to test previous research indicating an apparent preference in Britain for blue-green hues among males and pink-purple among females, a 2018 cross-cultural study compared Indian and British students. Standardized personality tests were administered to determine links possible between personality traits, gender, and color. Results confirmed previous studies, showing similar gender differences across both culture groups, with females in both groups showing a preference for pink, in warmer shades for Indian women and cooler for British women. Authors reported "a remarkable cross-cultural similarity in men and a subtle but significant cultural difference in women whose origin is yet to be explained". [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonnardel_et_al.2018209-223-47) Geneva Emotion Wheel Results of a cross-sectional study of color preferences among Swiss children and adults were published in 2018 in Sex Roles (/wiki/Sex_Roles_(journal)) . The study found that blue was not a gendered color, but that pink is. Among children, blue was the favorite color of both girls and boys. There was a greater preference for pink/purple hues among girls, and a greater preference for red among boys. Among adults, no group chose pink as their favorite, blue was a common favorite among both, and women preferred red more than men did. A further study tested positive or negative emotional associations of pink, blue, and red among Swiss adults using the Geneva Emotion Wheel (/wiki/Geneva_Emotion_Wheel) . All three hues were associated with positive emotions to the same extent among men and women. Where there were gender-based differences, pink was found to elicit more positive associations among women. [48] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonauskaite_et_al.2019630–642-48) Hadzabe dance, Tanzania Most studies have taken place in western industrialized societies, and some evidence appeared to show a cross-cultural pattern. A 2019 study published in Perception (/wiki/Perception_(journal)) was designed to test this hypothesis, and was conducted among a hunter-gatherer culture in Africa. The study found that the color preferences among the Hadza people (/wiki/Hadza_people) in Tanzania differed from those of previous studies, and that their color preferences were the same for men and for women. The researchers concluded that their study called into question previous hypotheses that color preference might have an innate association with gender, and suggested that more studies would be needed to determine what the actual factors are in color preferences among the genders. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroyecka_et_al.2019428–36-49) Research questioning the color preferences of male and female children in regard to specific products is minimal; however, analysis of the research available implies that there are common color preferences among boys and girls in relation to their clothing choice. In a study conducted in Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , the aim was to identify which colors are preferred for which garment types by girls and boys, and whether or not the color preferences of children differ according to age, sex, and garment type. It was determined that the colors preferred most by most of the girls for all garment types were magenta, red-violet, red, and red-orange; similarly, the colors preferred by the boys for all garment types were black, blue, cyan, and yellow. [50] (#cite_note-50) Despite the lack of cross cultural analysis on this topic, existing research indicates that children's clothing resides on a spectrum that has expectations which fluctuate depending on age, gender, location, class, and many more intersectional markers. Reactions [ edit ] Women wearing pussy hats The association of pink with little girls and their toys leads some to view pink for women as unserious or infantilizing. In a 2017 column in The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) , columnist Petula Dvorak wrote about her fears that the Women's March (/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March) scheduled for the day after the inauguration of President Trump in January 2017 would not be taken seriously, because of the proliferation of pink pussy hats (/wiki/Pussy_hat) being prepared for the occasion by women planning to attend. [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvorak2017-51) The same connection can be drawn between men and the potential for limitations associated with the color blue in western society. Oftentimes men are marketed clothing and products that are associated with their socially acceptable color scheme of various blues, greens, and dark tones; this is something that can be observed in advertising as well as store fronts. With this push for a connection between blue and masculinity, there can be instances of gender backlash (/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)) which refers to social penalties directed at people who violate gender norms. [52] (#cite_note-52) See also [ edit ] Blue (/wiki/Blue) Baby blue (/wiki/Baby_blue) Children's clothing (/wiki/Children%27s_clothing) Color analysis (art) (/wiki/Color_analysis_(art)) Color code (/wiki/Color_code) Color psychology (/wiki/Color_psychology) Color symbolism (/wiki/Color_symbolism) Gender reveal party (/wiki/Gender_reveal_party) Gender stereotypes (/wiki/Gender_stereotypes) Girls' toys and games (/wiki/Girls%27_toys_and_games) Kruithof curve (/wiki/Kruithof_curve) Let Toys Be Toys (/wiki/Let_Toys_Be_Toys) List of historical sources for pink and blue as gender signifiers (/wiki/List_of_historical_sources_for_pink_and_blue_as_gender_signifiers) Pink (/wiki/Pink) Pink ribbon (/wiki/Pink_ribbon) Pink ribbon culture (/wiki/Pink_ribbon_culture) Pink Ribbons, Inc. (/wiki/Pink_Ribbons,_Inc.) Pinkstinks (/wiki/Pinkstinks) Pinkwashing (breast cancer) (/wiki/Pinkwashing_(breast_cancer)) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Maglaty 2011 (#CITEREFMaglaty2011) . ^ Jump up to: a b Schorman 2013 (#CITEREFSchorman2013) , p. 622–623. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2012xviii_3-0) Paoletti 2012 (#CITEREFPaoletti2012) , p. xviii. ^ Jump up to: a b Paoletti 2012 (#CITEREFPaoletti2012) , p. 89. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Fashions: Baby's Clothes" (http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,737019,00.html) , Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) , 10 : 20, 14 November 1927: Blue for boys: Bullock's (/wiki/Bullock%27s) , Franklin Simon (/wiki/Franklin_Simon_%26_Co.) , Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) , Wanamaker's (/wiki/Wanamaker%27s) ; Blue for girls: Best's (/wiki/Best_%26_Company) , Filene's (/wiki/Filene%27s) , Maison Blanche (/wiki/Maison_Blanche) , Marshall Field's (/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s) , The White House (/wiki/The_White_House_(department_store)) , Halle's (/wiki/Halle%27s) ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti201291_6-0) Paoletti 2012 (#CITEREFPaoletti2012) , p. 91. ^ Jump up to: a b Blegvad 2019 (#CITEREFBlegvad2019) , p. 71. ^ Jump up to: a b Chrisman-Campbell 2020 (#CITEREFChrisman-Campbell2020) , PT271 (https://books.google.com/books?id=vGPbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT271) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKueber2009_9-0) Kueber 2009 (#CITEREFKueber2009) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlegvad201973_10-0) Blegvad 2019 (#CITEREFBlegvad2019) , p. 73. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarnier1823_11-0) Garnier 1823 (#CITEREFGarnier1823) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayle-Mouillard1834294_12-0) Bayle-Mouillard 1834 (#CITEREFBayle-Mouillard1834) , p. 294. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohl1842131_13-0) Kohl 1842 (#CITEREFKohl1842) , p. 131. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeton1862142_14-0) Beeton 1862 (#CITEREFBeeton1862) , p. 142. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadeneyra1896561_15-0) Rivadeneyra 1896 (#CITEREFRivadeneyra1896) , p. 561. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersons1856261_16-0) Petersons 1856 (#CITEREFPetersons1856) , p. 261. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Mundo1899314_17-0) El Mundo 1899 (#CITEREFEl_Mundo1899) , p. 314. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2012xix_18-0) Paoletti 2012 (#CITEREFPaoletti2012) , p. xix. ^ (#cite_ref-PinkShirtCA_19-0) "Pink Shirt Day" (http://www.pinktshirtday.ca/) . 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Retrieved 13 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConis202119_24-0) Conis 2021 (#CITEREFConis2021) , p. 19. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulik2010124–125_25-0) Sulik 2010 (#CITEREFSulik2010) , p. 124–125. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulik201047–48_26-0) Sulik 2010 (#CITEREFSulik2010) , p. 47–48. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulik2010147_27-0) Sulik 2010 (#CITEREFSulik2010) , p. 147. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBologna2018_28-0) Bologna 2018 (#CITEREFBologna2018) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia-Navarro2019_29-0) Garcia-Navarro 2019 (#CITEREFGarcia-Navarro2019) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasche_Guignard2015479–500_30-0) Pasche Guignard 2015 (#CITEREFPasche_Guignard2015) , p. 479–500. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGieseler2017661–671_31-0) Gieseler 2017 (#CITEREFGieseler2017) , p. 661–671. ^ (#cite_ref-32) Gray, Emma; Vagianos, Alanna (27 July 2017). "We Have A Navy Veteran To Thank For The Transgender Pride Flag" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/we-have-a-navy-veteran-to-thank-for-the-transgender-pride-flag_us_5978c060e4b0e201d57a711f) . Huffington Post . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113228/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/we-have-a-navy-veteran-to-thank-for-the-transgender-pride-flag_us_5978c060e4b0e201d57a711f) from the original on 1 September 2018 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Here's the Meaning Behind the Colors of the Transgender Pride Flag" (https://www.seventeen.com/life/a36610926/trans-flag-colors-meaning/) . Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) . 30 May 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240514013130/https://www.seventeen.com/life/a36610926/trans-flag-colors-meaning/) from the original on 14 May 2024 . Retrieved 13 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-flaghistory_34-0) "The History of the Transgender Flag" (https://www.pointofpride.org/blog/the-history-of-the-transgender-flag) . 23 April 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240403143115/https://www.pointofpride.org/blog/the-history-of-the-transgender-flag) from the original on 3 April 2024 . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendershot199699_35-0) Hendershot 1996 (#CITEREFHendershot1996) , p. 99. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELondon2020_36-0) London 2020 (#CITEREFLondon2020) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Giudice20171556_37-0) Del Giudice 2017 (#CITEREFDel_Giudice2017) , p. 1556. ^ Jump up to: a b Del Giudice 2012 (#CITEREFDel_Giudice2012) , p. 1321. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiu2006385_39-0) Chiu 2006 (#CITEREFChiu2006) , p. 385. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassanitoPettorini2008881_40-0) Frassanito & Pettorini 2008 (#CITEREFFrassanitoPettorini2008) , p. 881. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20131_41-0) Cohen 2013 (#CITEREFCohen2013) , p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZucker20053770_42-0) Zucker 2005 (#CITEREFZucker2005) , p. 3770. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Quotations from Chiu (2006) (#CITEREFChiu2006) , Frassanito & Pettorini (2008) (#CITEREFFrassanitoPettorini2008) , Cohen (2013) (#CITEREFCohen2013) , and Zucker (2005) (#CITEREFZucker2005) are as cited in Del Giudice (2012) (#CITEREFDel_Giudice2012) p. 1321 ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrisard2019219_44-0) Grisard 2019 (#CITEREFGrisard2019) , p. 219. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2007_45-0) BBC 2007 (#CITEREFBBC2007) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond2014_46-0) Hammond 2014 (#CITEREFHammond2014) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonnardel_et_al.2018209-223_47-0) Bonnardel et al. 2018 (#CITEREFBonnardel_et_al.2018) , p. 209-223. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonauskaite_et_al.2019630–642_48-0) Jonauskaite et al. 2019 (#CITEREFJonauskaite_et_al.2019) , p. 630–642. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroyecka_et_al.2019428–36_49-0) Groyecka et al. 2019 (#CITEREFGroyecka_et_al.2019) , p. 428–36. ^ (#cite_ref-50) Kilinç, Nurgül (1 November 2011). "Clothing Color Preferences of Boys and Girls Aged Between Six and Nine" (https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sbp/sbp/2011/00000039/00000010/art00007;jsessionid=7ncrfonic6kcs.x-ic-live-02) . Social Behavior and Personality . 39 (10): 1359–1366. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2224/sbp.2011.39.10.1359 (https://doi.org/10.2224%2Fsbp.2011.39.10.1359) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvorak2017_51-0) Dvorak 2017 (#CITEREFDvorak2017) . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Ben-Zeev, Avi (2014). "When Boys Wear Pink: A Gendered Color Cue Violation Evokes Risk Taking". Psychology of Men & Masculinity . 15 (4): 486–489. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1037/a0034683 (https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0034683) . Works cited [ edit ] "Why girls 'really do prefer pink' (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6956467.stm) " (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6956467.stm) . BBC News . 21 August 2007 . Retrieved 5 May 2021 . Bayle-Mouillard, Élisabeth-Félicie (1834). 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Conis, Elena C.; Eder, Sandra; Medeiros, Aimee (14 May 2021). Pink and Blue: Gender, Culture, and the Health of Children . Critical issues in health and medicine. Rutgers University Press. p. 19. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-978809-85-7 . Just as He-Man had taken over children's television in the 1980s, a series of successful Disney princesses— The Little Mermaid , Beauty And The Beast , Aladdin , Pocahontas , and Mulan —ushered in what has been labeled 'girlie-girl culture' in the 1990s. This feminine turn of children's consumer culture came with its own official color: pink. Pink reigned supreme as marketing campaigns utilized what was perceived to be a 'strong association' between gender and certain color palettes. Bold colors conveyed maleness while pastel colors signals femininity. When single colors were used, companies chose pink, lavender, and purple, to target girls and sometimes blue to target boys, albeit inconsistently. 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"From 'Bic For Her' To Bic For Them - How Cancel Culture Got Bic Back On Track" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/lelalondon/2020/07/20/from-bic-for-her-to-bic-for-themhow-cancel-culture-got-bic-back-on-track/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Retrieved 4 June 2021 . Maglaty, Jeanne (7 April 2011). "When Did Girls Start Wearing Pink?" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/when-did-girls-start-wearing-pink-1370097/?no-ist=) . Smithsonian (/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)) . Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0037-7333 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7333) . Retrieved 4 June 2021 . Paoletti, Jo B. (6 February 2012). Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America (/wiki/Pink_and_Blue:_Telling_the_Boys_from_the_Girls_in_America) . Indiana University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-253-00130-6 . , p. 124 (https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ80S_qVhrIC&pg=PT124) Pasche Guignard, Florence (September 2015). "A Gendered Bun in the Oven. The Gender-reveal Party as a New Ritualization during Pregnancy". Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses (/wiki/Studies_in_Religion/Sciences_Religieuses) . 44 (4): 479–500. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0008429815599802 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0008429815599802) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0008-4298 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4298) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 220373650 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220373650) . </ref> "Fashions for March" (https://books.google.com/books?id=fptHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA261) . Peterson's Magazine (/wiki/Peterson%27s_Magazine) . C.J. Peterson. 1856. p. 261. Rivadeneyra, Sucesores de (14 December 1896). "Correspondencia particular" (https://books.google.com/books?id=z3RNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA561) . La Moda elegante ilustrada: periódico de las familias [ Elegant Fashion Illustrated: The Family Newspaper ]. Vol. 55. Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 934292885 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/934292885) . Schorman, Rob (Autumn 2013). "Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America by Jo B. Paoletti (review)" (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/535965/pdf) . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society (/wiki/Register_of_the_Kentucky_Historical_Society) . 111 (4): 622–623. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/khs.2014.0003 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkhs.2014.0003) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2161-0355 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2161-0355) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 162211342 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162211342) . Retrieved 26 January 2021 – via Project MUSE. Sulik, Gayle A. (2010). Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health . USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-974045-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 535493589 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/535493589) . Zucker, Kenneth J. (August 2005). "Measurement of Psychosexual Differentiation". Archives of Sexual Behavior . 34 (4): 375–388. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s10508-005-4336-7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-005-4336-7) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 16010461 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16010461) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 18953324 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18953324) . Further reading [ edit ] Baliscei, João Paulo (August 2020). "Abordagem histórica e artística do uso das cores azul e rosa como pedagogias de gênero e sexualidade" (http://educa.fcc.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1982-03052020000300223&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=pt) [Historical and artistic approach to the use of blue and pink colors as pedagogies of gender and sexuality]. Revista Teias (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 . Rio de Janeiro. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.12957/teias.2020.46113 (https://doi.org/10.12957%2Fteias.2020.46113) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1518-5370 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1518-5370) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 225306735 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225306735) . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . Chappell, Sharon Verner; Ketchum, Karyl E.; Richardson, Lisa (27 June 2018). Gender Diversity and LGBTQ Inclusion in K-12 Schools: A Guide to Supporting Students, Changing Lives . Taylor & Francis. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-351-69742-2 . Colatrella, Carol (2011). Toys and Tools in Pink: Cultural Narratives of Gender, Science, and Technology . Ohio State University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8142-1147-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 744362216 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/744362216) . Kaiser, Susan B. (1 January 2012). Fashion and Cultural Studies . A&C Black. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-564-7 . Orenstein, Peggy (25 January 2011). Cinderella Ate My Daughter: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the New Girlie-Girl Culture . HarperCollins e-books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-204163-0 . Pearlman, Robb (18 May 2021). Pink Is for Boys . Running Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7624-7562-9 . Steele, Valerie; Landis, Deborah Nadoolman; Albinson, A. Cassandra; Regina Lee Blaszczyk; Dominique Grisard; Tanya Melendez-Escalante; Masafumi Monden (2018). Steele, Valerie (ed.). Pink: The History of a Punk, Pretty, Powerful Color . Thames & Hudson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-500-02226-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1098197985 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1098197985) . 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Liz+Pringle+%28model%29%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Liz+Pringle+%28model%29%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Liz+Pringle+%28model%29%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Liz+Pringle+%28model%29%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Liz+Pringle+%28model%29%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Liz+Pringle+%28model%29%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Liz+Pringle+%28model%29%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Liz+Pringle+%28model%29%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Liz_Pringle_(model)) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) \| Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Liz_Pringle_(model)&defaults=y) Declined by SafariScribe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SafariScribe) 8 days ago. Last edited by SafariScribe (/wiki/User:SafariScribe) 8 days ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Cookedrice1&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Model Liz Pringle (April 15th 1929 - November 12th 2012) was born Isobel Ann Benn was born in Toronto and began modeling in Canada at the age of 14 [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) . Aged 18 she traveled to New York and was one of the first models signed by Eileen Ford to the Ford model agency (/wiki/Ford_Models) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) . Her first job in New York was with the photographer Richard Avedon (/wiki/Richard_Avedon) , who she worked with many times and became a close friend [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) . She was the cover model on many covers of prestigious fashion magazines including Harper’s Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) and Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) . She married John Pringle in 1948 and together they launched Round Hill hotel (/wiki/Round_Hill_Hotel_and_Villas) in Jamaica in 1952, which they sold in 1961. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) At Round Hill John and Liz hosted many fashion and entertainment legends including Avedon, Adele Astaire (/wiki/Adele_Astaire) , Bing Crosby (/wiki/Bing_Crosby) , Clark Gable (/wiki/Clark_Gable) , Paul Newman (/wiki/Paul_Newman) , Alfred Hitchcock (/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock) , Errol Flynn (/wiki/Errol_Flynn) , Leonard Bernstein (/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein) , Cole Porter (/wiki/Cole_Porter) , [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) and Jackie Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) on her honeymoon with JFK (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy) . [2] (#cite_note-2) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f "Liz Pringle" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9684303/Liz-Pringle.html) . The Telegraph . 2012-11-16 . Retrieved 2024-07-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kellett, Francisca (2017-07-11). "Wild Jamaica: Where spies and royals can be at their naughtiest" (https://www.tatler.com/gallery/history-of-jamaica-in-hollywood-ian-fleming-and-elizabeth-taylor) . Tatler . Retrieved 2024-07-10 . 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Rendering was triggered because: api-purge esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Liz_Pringle_(model)&oldid=1233681143 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Liz_Pringle_(model)&oldid=1233681143) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : AfC submissions by date/10 July 2024 (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_by_date/10_July_2024) Draft articles on biographies (/wiki/Category:Draft_articles_on_biographies) Draft articles on fashion (/wiki/Category:Draft_articles_on_fashion) AfC submissions on deceased persons (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_on_deceased_persons) Hidden categories: AfC submissions declined as a non-notable biography (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_declined_as_a_non-notable_biography) Declined AfC submissions (/wiki/Category:Declined_AfC_submissions)
Clothing worn by some religious groups Not to be confused with Plainclothes (/wiki/Undercover_operation#Plainclothes_law_enforcement) . An Old Order Amish (/wiki/Amish) family in traditional plain dress Plain dress is a practice among some religious groups, primarily some Christian (/wiki/Christianity) churches in which people dress in clothes of traditional modest design, sturdy fabric, and conservative cut. It is intended to show acceptance of traditional gender roles, modesty, and readiness to work and serve, and to preserve communal identity and separation from the ever-changing fashions of the world. For men, this often takes the form of trousers secured by suspenders, while for women, plain dress usually takes the form of a cape dress (/wiki/Cape_dress) along with a headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) (normatively a kapp (/wiki/Kapp_(headcovering)) or an opaque hanging veil (/wiki/Hanging_veil) ). [1] (#cite_note-KellerRuetherCantlon2006-1) [2] (#cite_note-OYM2022-2) History [ edit ] Rheba Crawford (/wiki/Rheba_Crawford) in New York City in the 1920s, wearing her Salvation Army (/wiki/The_Salvation_Army) uniform, a dark plain dress and bonnet Christian denominations that observe the wearing of plain dress, such as the Schwarzenau Brethren (/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren) Anabaptists, do so because Jesus (/wiki/Jesus) “condemned anxious thought for raiment” in Matthew 6:25–33 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#6:25) and Luke 12:22–31 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#12:22) . [3] (#cite_note-Winger1919-3) They teach that the wearing of plain dress is scripturally commanded in 1 Timothy 2:9–10 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#2:9) , 1 Peter 3:3–5 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter#3:3) , and 1 Corinthians 11:5–6 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:5) , [3] (#cite_note-Winger1919-3) in addition to being taught by the early Church Fathers (/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers) : [3] (#cite_note-Winger1919-3) As, then, in the fashioning of our clothes, we must keep clear of all strangeness, so in the use of them we must beware of extravagance. For neither is it seemly for the clothes to be above the knee, as they say was the case with the Lacedaemonian virgins; nor is it becoming for any part of a woman to be exposed. Though you may with great propriety use the language addressed to him who said, "Your arm is beautiful; yes, but it is not for the public gaze. Your thighs are beautiful but, was the reply, for my husband alone. And your face is comely. Yes; but only for him who has married me." But I do not wish chaste women to afford cause for such praises to those who, by praises, hunt after grounds of censure; and not only because it is prohibited to expose the ankle, but because it has been enjoined that the head should be veiled and the face covered; for it is a wicked thing for beauty to be a snare to men. — Paedagogus (/wiki/Paedagogus) [4] (#cite_note-Alexandria-4) In plain communities, women wear Christian headcoverings (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) in keeping with the teaching of Saint Paul (/wiki/Saint_Paul) in 1 Corinthians 11:5–6 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:5) , as well as that of the early Church Fathers. [5] (#cite_note-AlmilaInglis2017-5) [6] (#cite_note-Bercot1992-6) Practicing groups [ edit ] Women of the Old Order River Brethren (/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren) , an Anabaptist Christian denomination, wearing the cape dress (/wiki/Cape_dress) and kapp (/wiki/Kapp_(headcovering)) New Order Amish (/wiki/New_Order_Amish) children playing baseball in plain clothing The practice is generally found among the following Anabaptist (/wiki/Anabaptists) branches: Amish (/wiki/Amish) (Old Order Amish, New Order Amish (/wiki/New_Order_Amish) , Kauffman Amish Mennonites (/wiki/Kauffman_Amish_Mennonite) , Beachy Amish Mennonites (/wiki/Beachy_Amish) ), Para-Amish (/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish#Para-Amish_groups) ( Believers in Christ (/wiki/Believers_in_Christ,_Lobelville) , Vernon Community (/wiki/Vernon_Community,_Hestand) , Caneyville Christian Community (/wiki/Caneyville_Christian_Community) ), Mennonites (/wiki/Mennonite) ( Old Order Mennonites (/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite) , Conservative Mennonites (/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites) , traditional "Russian" Mennonites (/wiki/Russian_Mennonite) ), Hutterites (/wiki/Hutterite) , the Bruderhof (/wiki/Bruderhof) , Schwarzenau Brethren (/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren) ( Old Brethren (/wiki/Old_Brethren) , Old German Baptist Brethren, New Conference (/wiki/Old_German_Baptist_Brethren,_New_Conference) , Dunkard Brethren (/wiki/Dunkard_Brethren) ), and River Brethren (/wiki/River_Brethren) ( Old Order River Brethren (/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren) and Calvary Holiness Church (/wiki/Calvary_Holiness_Church_(Philadelphia)) ). [7] (#cite_note-Lewis2002-7) Plain dress is also practiced by Conservative Friends (/wiki/Conservative_Friends) and Holiness Friends (/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends) (Quakers), in which it is part of their testimony of simplicity (/wiki/Testimony_of_simplicity) , [8] (#cite_note-CYMF2018-8) as well as Old Regular Baptists (/wiki/Old_Regular_Baptists) , Plymouth Brethren (/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren) , Cooperites (/wiki/Cooperites) and fundamentalist Mormon (/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism) subgroups. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-Yoder-10) Among traditional Anabaptist groups, plain dress is an expression of their beliefs regarding modesty and veiling (/wiki/Anabaptist_theology#Modesty_and_woman's_veiling) , as well as nonconformity to the world (/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world) —which they see as consistent with the Bible (/wiki/Bible) and teachings of the early Church Fathers (/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers) . [3] (#cite_note-Winger1919-3) [11] (#cite_note-Lancaster-11) Plain, simple and serviceable gender-identifying dress is governed by an unwritten code of conduct, called " ordnung (/wiki/Ordnung) " among Anabaptists, which is strictly adhered to by Amish, Old Order Mennonites, and conservative Brethren. [12] (#cite_note-Amish_Facts-12) Many Apostolic Lutherans (/wiki/Laestadian_Lutheran) also wear plain dress. [13] (#cite_note-Scott2008-13) Members of the Moravian Church (/wiki/Moravian_Church) traditionally wore plain dress. [14] (#cite_note-Ritter1857-14) Historically, Methodists (/wiki/Methodist) were known for wearing plain dress, a tradition carried on by those in the conservative holiness movement (/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement) , such as communicants of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection) and Evangelical Wesleyan Church (/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church) , [15] (#cite_note-AWMC-15) [16] (#cite_note-Lyerly1998-16) as well as some Holiness Pentecostal (/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostal) denominations in the Wesleyan-Arminian (/wiki/Wesleyan-Arminian) tradition. [13] (#cite_note-Scott2008-13) The Church of God (Restoration) (/wiki/Church_of_God_(Restoration)) also observes plain dress. [17] (#cite_note-17) Adventists (/wiki/Adventists) wear plain dress as taught by the founder of that faith Ellen White (/wiki/Ellen_G._White) , who asked that they "adopt a simple, unadorned dress of modest length". [18] (#cite_note-18) The Church Manual of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church) teaches "To dress plainly, and abstain from display of jewelry and ornaments of every kind is in keeping with our faith." [19] (#cite_note-19) Adherents of the Seventh-day Adventist Church have historically not worn wedding rings. [20] (#cite_note-SDA1967-20) Other groups adhering to a conservative dress code include Buddhist and Christian monks (/wiki/Religious_habit) , Orthodox Jews (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) , and more conservative Muslims (/wiki/Islam_and_clothing) such as Sufis (/wiki/Sufis) , but these forms of dress normally are not called "plain dress". Practices [ edit ] Plain dress is attributed to reasons of theology (/wiki/Theology) and sociology (/wiki/Sociology) . [10] (#cite_note-Yoder-10) In general, plain dress involves the covering of much of the body (often including the head, forearms and calves), with minimal ornamentation, rejecting jewelry and sometimes print fabrics, trims, and fasteners. Non-essential elements of garments such as neckties, collars, and lapels may be minimized or omitted. Practical garments such as aprons (/wiki/Apron) and shawls (/wiki/Shawl) may be layered over the basic ensemble. Plain dress garments are often handmade and may be produced by groups of women in the community for efficiency and to ensure uniformity of style. Plain dress practices can extend to the grooming of hair and beards and may vary somewhat to allow children and older people more latitude. [21] (#cite_note-21) In plain communities, women traditionally wear Christian headcoverings (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) in keeping with the teaching of Saint Paul (/wiki/Saint_Paul) in 1 Corinthians 11:5–6 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:5) . [5] (#cite_note-AlmilaInglis2017-5) Within these general practices, distinctions abound. Among some groups, the headcovering worn by women is lacy or translucent; in others, it must be opaque. Anabaptist [ edit ] The traditional plain dress worn by the Anabaptists (/wiki/Anabaptists) and other religious groups has long sleeves with a set waist, long skirt, and no adornment. It denotes "utility, modesty, long wear and inconspicuousness", does not display any trademark, and is not dictated by fashion trends. Shawl, aprons, bonnets and cap are part of plain dress. [22] (#cite_note-McKean2013-22) Clothing worn by Bruderhof (/wiki/Bruderhof) women includes a headcovering, [23] (#cite_note-23) as well as long skirts or dresses; men wear contemporary clothes of a modest nature. [ citation needed ] Quaker [ edit ] As a part of their testimony of simplicity (/wiki/Testimony_of_simplicity) , Quakers (/wiki/Quakers) (Religious Society of Friends) traditionally wore plain dress; "Ruffles and lace (/wiki/Lace) and other forms of ornamentation, as well as unnecessary cuffs and collars and lapels and buttons, were forbidden." [24] (#cite_note-Hamm2006-24) [25] (#cite_note-F.Hunt-Hurst2015-25) George Fox (/wiki/George_Fox) implored fellow Quakers to wear plain dress: [26] (#cite_note-EvansEvans1837-26) Friends, keep out of the vain fashions of the world; let not your eyes, minds, and spirits run after every fashion (in attire) of the nations; for that will lead you from the solid life into unity with that spirit that leads to follow the fashions of the nations, after every fashion of apparel that gets up: but mind that which is sober and modest, and keep to your plain fashions, that you may judge the world's vanity and spirit, in its vain fashions, and show a constant spirit in the truth and plainness. [26] (#cite_note-EvansEvans1837-26) This classical Quaker belief practice continues to be maintained by Conservative Friends (/wiki/Conservative_Friends) , as well as the Holiness Friends (/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends) . [24] (#cite_note-Hamm2006-24) [8] (#cite_note-CYMF2018-8) For Conservative Friends, plain dress for men usually includes "a broad-brimmed felt or straw hat, trousers with suspenders instead of a belt, and muted colors in the fabrics: blacks, whites, greys, browns", sometimes with "broad-fall trouser cuts". [2] (#cite_note-OYM2022-2) Quaker men traditionally are clean-shaven (/wiki/Clean-shaven) . [2] (#cite_note-OYM2022-2) Conservative Quaker women practice headcovering by wearing a "scarf, bonnet, or cap" and "wear long-sleeved, long dresses". [2] (#cite_note-OYM2022-2) Most Quakers these days wear simple, practical, unpretentious modern clothes. Methodist [ edit ] Wesleyan Methodist (/wiki/AWMC) girls enter the tabernacle (/wiki/Tabernacle_(Methodist)) at a camp meeting (/wiki/Camp_meeting) . Further information: Outward holiness (/wiki/Outward_holiness) Early Methodists (/wiki/Methodists) wore plain dress, with Methodist clergy condemning "high headdresses, ruffles, laces, gold, and 'costly apparel' in general". [16] (#cite_note-Lyerly1998-16) John Wesley (/wiki/John_Wesley) , the founder of the Methodist movement, recommended that Methodists read his thoughts On Dress , in which he detailed acceptable types and colors of fabrics, in addition to "shapes and sizes of hats, coats, sleeves, and hairstyles"; [27] (#cite_note-27) in that sermon, John Wesley expressed his desire for Methodists: "Let me see, before I die, a Methodist congregation, full as plain dressed as a Quaker congregation." [28] (#cite_note-28) He also taught, with respect to headcovering, that women, "especially in a religious assembly", should "keep on her veil". [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-Dunlap1994-30) Those who tried to attend Methodist services (/wiki/Church_attendance) in costly apparel were denied admittance. [31] (#cite_note-31) Wesley's teaching was based on his interpretation of 1 Timothy 2:9–10 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#2:9) and 1 Peter 3:3–4 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter#3:3) , which he stated led him to conclude that "expensive clothes puff up their wearers, promote vanity, incite anger, inflame lust, retard the pursuit of holiness, and steal from God and the poor." [32] (#cite_note-WarrickJr2013-32) The 1858 Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection (/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)) stated that "we would not only enjoin on all who fear God plain dress, but we would recommend to our preachers and people, according to Mr. Wesley's views expressed in his sermon on the inefficiency of Christianity, published but a few years before his death, and containing his matured judgment, distinguishing plainness— Plainness which will publicly comment them to the maintenance of their Christian profession wherever they may be." [33] (#cite_note-America1858-33) The 1859 novel Adam Bede (/wiki/Adam_Bede) portrayed the Methodist itinerant preacher (/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher) , Dinah Morris (/wiki/Dinah_Morris) , wearing plain dress, with the words "I saw she was a Methodist, or Quaker, or something of that sort, by her dress". [34] (#cite_note-34) Peter Cartwright (/wiki/Peter_Cartwright_(revivalist)) , a Methodist revivalist (/wiki/Christian_revival) , lamented the decline of wearing plain dress among Methodists, stating: [35] (#cite_note-Cartwright1857-35) The Methodists in that early day dressed plain; attended their meetings faithfully, especially preaching, prayer and class meetings; they wore no jewelry, no ruffles; they would frequently walk three or four miles to class-meetings and home again, on Sundays; they would go thirty or forty miles to their quarterly meetings, and think it a glorious priviledge to meet their presiding elder, and the rest of the preachers. They could, nearly every soul of them, sing our hymns and spiritual songs. They religiously kept the Sabbath day: many of them abstained from dram-drinking, not because the temperance reformation was ever heard of in that day, but because it was interdicted in the General Rules of our Discipline. The Methodists of that day stood up and faced their preacher when they sung; they kneedled down in the public congregation as well as elsewhere, when the preacher said, "Let us pray." There was no standing among the members in time of prayer, especially the abominable practice of sitting down during that exercise was unknown among early Methodists. Parents did not allow their children to go to balls or plays; they did not send them to dancing schools; they generally fasted once a week, and almost universally on Friday before each quarterly meeting. If the Methodists had dressed in the same "superfluity of naughtiness" then as they do now, there were very few even out of the Church that would have had any confidence in their religion. But O, how have things changed for the worse in this educational age of the world! [33] (#cite_note-America1858-33) While few wear plain dress in mainline Methodism today, Methodist Churches of the conservative holiness movement (/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement) , such as the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection) and Evangelical Wesleyan Church (/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church) , continue to dress plainly, [15] (#cite_note-AWMC-15) [36] (#cite_note-Elwell2001-36) also avoiding the wearing of jewelry (inclusive of wedding rings). [37] (#cite_note-37) The Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches (/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches) , which continues to observe the ordinance (/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)) of women's headcovering, stipulates "renouncing all vain pomp and glory" and "adorning oneself with modest attire." [38] (#cite_note-38) Moravian [ edit ] Historically, members of the Moravian Church (/wiki/Moravian_Church) wore plain dress: [14] (#cite_note-Ritter1857-14) Their strait, unlapelled, dark brown coat, the broad-brimmed, low-crowned hat, the knee-buckled small clothes, the broad, round-toed shoe, were consistent characteristics of a Moravian brother; whilst the plain drab or black silk bonnet, the three-corned white kerchief, the plain silk gown (Sunday dress), the comfortable hood-finished cloack, the "stuff" shoe, for comfort and convenience, were the sisters' concession to St. Peter's advice, "whose adorning, let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair, and wearing of gold, or putting on of apparel." [14] (#cite_note-Ritter1857-14) Holiness Pentecostal [ edit ] Certain Holiness Pentecostal (/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostal) denominations enjoin dress standards for their members; the Calvary Holiness Association (/wiki/Calvary_Holiness_Association) , a Holiness Pentecostal denomination, teaches: [39] (#cite_note-CHA2016-39) We urge people to dress with simplicity and modesty, as becometh holiness. Even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is in the sight of God, of greater price (I Peter 3:3-4; I Tim. 2:9). We consider wearing shorts, bathing suits, ladies' pants, makeup and men without shirts immodest. [39] (#cite_note-CHA2016-39) Theological bases [ edit ] Plain dressing Christians cite Paul's advice to the Romans, "Be not conformed to this world (/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world) ," as one Biblical basis for their distinctive dress. Other scripture passages counsel women to wear head coverings while praying ( 1 Corinthians 11:5 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:5) ), not to cut their hair ( 1 Corinthians 11:14–15 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:14) ), and for men not to shave or cut their beards ( Leviticus 19:27 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#19:27) ). [40] (#cite_note-40) The rejection of extravagant clothing is further established in 1 Timothy 2:9–10 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#2:9) : [41] (#cite_note-schwertley-41) [42] (#cite_note-ehlke-42) [T]hat women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array; but (which becometh women professing godliness) with good works. Some Mormon Fundamentalist (/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism) groups such as the FLDS (/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints) wear plain dress, referring both to Biblical (/wiki/Bible) and unique Latter Day Saint Scriptures (/wiki/Category:Latter_Day_Saint_texts) , such as the Book of Alma (/wiki/Book_of_Alma) and the Doctrine and Covenants (/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants) , which states, "Thou shalt not be proud in thy heart; let all thy garments be plain, and their beauty of the work of thine own hands" (42:40). [43] (#cite_note-43) Social effects [ edit ] Plain dress may establish a sense of belonging within the community while also marking the group's members as different in the wider society. Some practitioners describe their dress as a protection from unwanted attention. Quaker minister Elizabeth Fry (/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry) considered her plain dress to serve as "a hedge against the world", and "a sort of protector". [44] (#cite_note-44) Marketing through the internet has these sites which propagate plain dress: "Quaker Jane", "Plain and Simple Headcoverings", "Rachel's Seamstress Services" and "Mennonite Maidens". [10] (#cite_note-Yoder-10) Simple dress, considered "sensible and useful" and necessary, is sometimes hard to find as the clothing market is dictated by fashion-conscious people who consider plain dress dull. [45] (#cite_note-45) In literature [ edit ] Dressing heroines in Victorian literature (/wiki/Victorian_literature) in plain dress is often assumed to be a way of making characters appear classless and sexless. [46] (#cite_note-keen-46) Others argue that authors like Charlotte Brontë (/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB) , George Eliot (/wiki/George_Eliot) , and Anthony Trollope (/wiki/Anthony_Trollope) use plain dress to highlight the marriageability of the character, sexualizing her by emphasizing the female body within. [46] (#cite_note-keen-46) [47] (#cite_note-connerley-47) Additionally, plain dress may signify a character's rejection of societal norms and willingness to leave the household to act on her desires. [46] (#cite_note-keen-46) Gallery [ edit ] Pennsylvania Dutch (/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch) Mennonite woman in 1942 An Old Colony Mennonite (/wiki/Old_Colony_Mennonites) family in Campeche (/wiki/Campeche) , Mexico Old Colony Mennonites on New River (/wiki/New_River_(Belize)) , Belize (/wiki/Belize) Two plain dressed Old Colony Mennonite boys near Lamanai (/wiki/Lamanai) in Belize (/wiki/Belize) Schmiedeleut (/wiki/Schmiedeleut) Hutterites at school Schmiedeleut Hutterites (/wiki/Hutterite) singing a hymn (/wiki/Hymn) Schmiedeleut Hutterite women at work Schmiedeleut Hutterite women return from working in the fields Amish in Aylmer, Ontario (/wiki/Aylmer,_Ontario) Amish women at the beach, Chincoteague, Virginia (/wiki/Chincoteague,_Virginia) Amish children on the way to school Amish man from one of the very plain "one suspender" groups in southeast Ohio See also [ edit ] Islam portal (/wiki/Portal:Islam) Christianity portal (/wiki/Portal:Christianity) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Plain people (/wiki/Plain_people) Cape dress (/wiki/Cape_dress) Prairie dress (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Journeyman uniform in Germany (/wiki/Journeyman_years#Journeyman_uniform_in_Germany) Normcore (/wiki/Normcore) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Sufism (/wiki/Sufism) Tazkiyah (/wiki/Tazkiyah) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-KellerRuetherCantlon2006_1-0) Keller, Rosemary Skinner; Ruether, Rosemary Radford; Cantlon, Marie (2006). Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America . Indiana University Press. p. 266. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-253-34685-8 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Q: So what about the funny clothes? Do you dress like the Amish?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210809211604/https://www.conservativefriend.org/faq.htm) . Stillwater Monthly Meeting of Ohio Yearly Meeting of Friends. Archived from the original (https://www.conservativefriend.org/faq.htm) on 9 August 2021 . Retrieved 10 April 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Winger, Otho (1919). History and Doctrines of the Church of the Brethren . Brethren Publishing House. p. 218. I. We examined prayerfully the scriptural grounds of Christian attire, and found that Jesus and the apostles taught modesty and simplicity of life and modesty in dress and manners. The scriptures bearing on the subject of dress and adornment are of several classes: First. Jesus condemned anxious thought for raiment (Matt. 6: 25-33; Luke 12:22-31). Second. The direct teachings, such as 1 Tim. 2:9, 10; 1 Peter 3:3-5. Third. Teachings on nonconformity to the world in general, and that apply to dress on general principles, such as Romans 12:1, 2; 1 Cor. 10:31; 1 Peter 1:14-15; 1 John 2:15-17. II. Investigation shows that the early church fathers and our own church fathers taught strongly and uniformly against pride and superfluity in dress, and constantly in favor of gospel plainness. ^ (#cite_ref-Alexandria_4-0) Clement of Alexandria Collection [3 Books] . Aeterna Press. ^ Jump up to: a b Almila, Anna-Mari; Inglis, David (6 July 2017). The Routledge International Handbook to Veils and Veiling . Taylor & Francis. p. 296. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-04114-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bercot1992_6-0) Bercot, David W. (1992). Common Sense: A New Approach to Understanding Scripture . Scroll Publishing Co. p. 68. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-924722-06-6 . Hippolytus, a leader in the church in Rome around the year 200, compiled a record of the various customs and practices in that church from the generations that preceded him. His Apostolic Tradition contains this statement: "And let all the women have their heads covered with an opaque cloth, not with a veil of thin linen, for this is not a true covering." This written evidence of the course of performance of the early Christians is corroborated by the archaeological record. The pictures we have from the second and third centuries from the catacombs and other places depict Christian women praying with a cloth veil on their heads. So the historical record is crystal clear. It reveals that the early generation of believers understood the head covering to be a cloth veil... ^ (#cite_ref-Lewis2002_7-0) Lewis, James R. (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions . Prometheus Books. p. 151. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781615927388 . ^ Jump up to: a b Manual of Faith and Practice of Central Yearly Meeting of Friends . Central Yearly Meeting of Friends (/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends) . 2018. pp. 107–10. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Scott, Stephen (/wiki/Stephen_Scott_(writer)) (1986). Why Do They Dress That Way? . Intercourse, PA: Good Books. ^ Jump up to: a b c Yoder, Jeremy (15 September 2010). "Plain Dress: Wednesday Link Potluck: Not Dressing Like Lady Gaga Edition" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160817094301/http://emu.edu/now/work-and-hope/tag/plain-dress/) . Eastern Mennonite University. Archived from the original (http://emu.edu/now/work-and-hope/tag/plain-dress/) on 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lancaster_11-0) "Amish People and Amish Culture" (http://lancasterpa.com/amish/amish-people/) . LancasterPA.com . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Amish_Facts_12-0) "Amish: Out of Order Facts – What You Probably Don't Know About the Amish" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150313204223/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/amish-out-of-order/articles/amish-out-of-order-facts/) . National Geographic . Archived from the original (http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/amish-out-of-order/articles/amish-out-of-order-facts/) on 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Scott, Stephen (1 September 2008). Why Do They Dress That Way? . Good Books. p. 53. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781680992786 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Ritter, Abraham (1857). History of the Moravian Church in Philadelphia . Hayes & Zell. p. 145 (https://archive.org/details/historymoravian01rittgoog/page/n173) . Accessed 19 June 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b "I. The Church". Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection . Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection) . Should we insist on plain and modest dress? Certainly. We should not on any account spend what the Lord has put into our hands as stewards, to be used for His glory, in expensive wearing apparel, when thousands are suffering for food and raiment, and millions are perishing for the Word of life. Let the dress of every member of every Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Church be plain and modest. Let the strictest carefulness and economy be used in these respects. ^ Jump up to: a b Lyerly, Cynthia Lynn (24 September 1998). Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770-1810 . Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780195354249 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Grabish, Austin. "Church fighting pandemic restrictions is cult-like, former worshippers, expert allege" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/church-of-god-restoration-manitoba-1.6066688) . CBC News . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Robinson, D. E. (1990). "Adopt%20a%20Simple,%20Unadorned%20Dress" "Seventh-day Adventists and the Reform Dress" (http://www.whiteestate.org/issues/Dressref.html#) . The Ellen G. White Estate, Inc . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) White, Ellen G. (11 April 2021). Evangelism . Good Press. ^ (#cite_ref-SDA1967_20-0) Review and Herald: Official Organ of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church . Seventh-day Adventist Church (/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church) . 1967. p. 14. In the United States, Seventh-day Adventist ministers do not baptize a person wearing a wedding ring, nor do they officiate at a wedding in which the ring ceremony is part of the service. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Reynolds, Margaret C.; Bronner, Simon J. (2001). Plain Women: Gender and Ritual in the Old Order River Brethren Penn State Press. pp. 61–96. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-271-02138-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02138-6) ^ (#cite_ref-McKean2013_22-0) McKean, Erin (2013). The Hundred Dresses: The Most Iconic Styles of Our Time . A&C Black. p. 20. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4081-9050-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Wollaston, Sam (23 July 2019). " (https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/jul/23/just-dont-call-it-a-cult-the-strangely-alluring-world-of-the-bruderhof) 'Just don't call it a cult': the strangely alluring world of the Bruderhof" (https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/jul/23/just-dont-call-it-a-cult-the-strangely-alluring-world-of-the-bruderhof) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 22 October 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hamm, Thomas D. (2006). The Quakers in America . Columbia University Press. p. 102. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-23112363-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-F.Hunt-Hurst2015_25-0) F., José Blanco; Hunt-Hurst, Patricia Kay; Lee, Heather Vaughan; Doering, Mary (23 November 2015). Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe [4 volumes] . ABC-CLIO. p. 1. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-161069310-3 . ^ Jump up to: a b Evans, William; Evans, Thomas (1837). The Friends' Library . J. Rakestraw. p. 132 (https://archive.org/details/friendslibraryco01will/page/132) . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Journals of Wesley, Nehemiah Curnock, ed., London: Epworth Press 1938, p. 468. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Wesley, John (1999). "Sermon 88 – On Dress" (http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition/sermon-88-on-dress/) . The Wesley Center Online . Wesley Center for Applied Theology . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Wesley, John (1987). Wesley's Notes on the Bible . Christian Classics Ethereal Library. p. 570. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61025257-7 . Therefore if a woman is not covered — If she will throw off the badge of subjection, let her appear with her hair cut like a man's. But if it be shameful far a woman to appear thus in public, especially in a religious assembly, let her, for the same reason, keep on her veil. ^ (#cite_ref-Dunlap1994_30-0) Dunlap, David (1 November 1994). "Headcovering—A Historical Perspective" (http://www.uplook.org/1994/11/headcovering-a-historical-perspective/) . Uplook Ministries . Retrieved 24 June 2019 . Although women were allowed to preach in the Methodist ministry, the veil covering a woman's head was required as a sign of her headship to Christ. Concerning the theological significance of the veil, Wesley wrote, "For a man indeed ought not to veil his head because he is the image and glory of God in the dominion he bears over the creation, representing the supreme dominion of God, which is his glory. But the woman is a matter of glory to the man, who has a becoming dominion over her. Therefore she ought not to appear except with her head veiled as a tacit acknowledgement of it." ^ (#cite_ref-31) Rupert Davies, A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain, London : Epworth, 1965, p. 197. ^ (#cite_ref-WarrickJr2013_32-0) Yrigoyen, Charles; Warrick, Susan E. (7 November 2013). Historical Dictionary of Methodism . Scarecrow Press. p. 124. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-81087894-5 . ^ Jump up to: a b The Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection, of America . Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America. 1858. pp. 75–6 – via Archive. ^ (#cite_ref-34) "A Few Historical Quaker Plain Dress References" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170914145423/http://www.quakerjane.com/spirit.friends/plain_dress-onecloth.html) . Quaker Jane. 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.quakerjane.com/spirit.friends/plain_dress-onecloth.html) on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cartwright1857_35-0) Cartwright, Peter (1857). Autobiography of Peter Cartwright: The Backwoods Preacher . Carlton & Porter. p. 74 (https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp00incart/page/74) . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Elwell2001_36-0) Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology . Baker Academic. p. 564. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-80102075-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Discipline of the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches" (http://www.biblemethodist.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2014-Bible-Methodist-Discipline.pdf) (PDF) . 2014. pp. 33–34 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Brief Description" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220126234944/http://fimc.org.uk/about_us.htm) . Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches (/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches) . 26 January 2022. Archived from the original (http://fimc.org.uk/about_us.htm) on 26 January 2022 . Retrieved 3 August 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b 2016 Minutes of the Fortieth Annual Session of the Calvary Holiness Association . Coffee County, Georgia: Calvary Holiness Association. 6 August 2016. p. 23. ^ (#cite_ref-40) Torrey, Mary Ide (1838). Ornament, or the Christian Rule of Dress Crocker & Brewster. ^ (#cite_ref-schwertley_41-0) B. Schwertley, Pastor. "3: Modesty and Extravagance" (http://www.reformedonline.com/uploads/1/5/0/3/15030584/chapter_3_modesty.pdf) (PDF) . Modesty in Apparel: Bringing a Believer's Attire into Subjection to the Word of God . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-ehlke_42-0) Cap Ehlke, Roland (2000). "A Woman's Place: The Evangelical Debate over the Role of Women in the Church" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001622/http://www.equip.org/PDF/DW252.pdf) (PDF) . Christian Research Journal . 22 (4). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) ) ^ (#cite_ref-43) Winslow, Ben (25 June 2008). "Web site sells FLDS-style clothes" (https://www.deseret.com/2008/6/24/20260185/web-site-sells-flds-style-clothes) . Deseret News . Retrieved 14 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Caton, Mary Anne (2003). " The Aesthetics of Absence: Quaker Women's Plain Dress in the Delaware Valley, 1790–1900" (https://books.google.com/books?id=xfZGThbyn-AC&lpg=PA246) in Emma Jones Lapsansky and Anne A. Verplanck, eds., Quaker Aesthetics: Reflections on a Quaker Ethic in American Design and Consumption, 1720–1920 . University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 246–271. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8122-3692-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3692-7) ^ (#cite_ref-45) Rose, Hilary (29 August 2015). "The joys of a perfectly plain dress" (http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/magazine/article4536840.ece) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Keen, Suzanne (2002). "Quaker dress, sexuality, and the domestication of reform in the Victorian novel". Victorian Literature and Culture . 30 (1). Cambridge University Press: 211–36. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/S1060150302301104 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150302301104) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 25058582 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25058582) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 20707027 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20707027) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 32093540 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32093540) . ^ (#cite_ref-connerley_47-0) Connerley, Jennifer L. (2006). "Quaker bonnets and the erotic feminine in American popular culture". Material Religion . 2 (2): 174–203. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/174322006778053636 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F174322006778053636) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 153955468 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153955468) . Further reading [ edit ] Kauffman, Daniel (1898). Manual of Bible Doctrines . Elkhart (/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana) : Mennonite Publishing Co. pp. 186–204. Ruth, Merle (2022). The Significance of the Christian Woman's Veiling . Harrisonburg (/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia) : Christian Light Publications. Anderson, Cory A. (2013). The Ornament of a Spirit: Exploring the Reasons Covering Styles Change . Stoneboro (/wiki/Stoneboro,_Pennsylvania) : Ridgeway Publishing. Anderson, Cory; Anderson, Jennifer (2019). Fitted to Holiness: How Modesty is Achieved and Compromised among the Plain People . Millersburg (/wiki/Millersburg,_Ohio) : Acorn Publishing. External links [ edit ] Understanding Plain Dress (https://justplainmarie.ca/why-do-mennonites-dress-like-that/) (Mennonite) Plain Resources (https://www.quakerranter.org/resources_on_quaker_plain_dres/) (Quaker) On Dress by John Wesley (https://www.umcmission.org/Find-Resources/John-Wesley-Sermons/Sermon-88-On-Dress) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180716111811/https://www.umcmission.org/Find-Resources/John-Wesley-Sermons/Sermon-88-On-Dress) 16 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Methodist) fldsdress (https://web.archive.org/web/20080605012516/http://www.fldsdress.com:80/about.php) (Mormon Fundamentalist, archived) v t e Simple living (/wiki/Simple_living) Practices Barter (/wiki/Barter) Cord-cutting (/wiki/Cord-cutting) DIY ethic (/wiki/DIY_ethic) Downshifting (/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)) Dry toilet (/wiki/Dry_toilet) Fasting (/wiki/Fasting) Forest gardening (/wiki/Forest_gardening) Freeganism (/wiki/Freeganism) Frugality (/wiki/Frugality) Gift economy (/wiki/Gift_economy) Intentional community (/wiki/Intentional_community) Local currency (/wiki/Local_currency) Low-impact development (/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)) No frills (/wiki/No_frills) Off-the-grid (/wiki/Off-the-grid) Permaculture (/wiki/Permaculture) Regift (/wiki/Regift) Sattvic diet (/wiki/Sattvic_diet) Self-sufficiency (/wiki/Self-sufficiency) Subsistence agriculture (/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture) Sustainable living (/wiki/Sustainable_living) Sustainable sanitation (/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation) Veganism (/wiki/Veganism) Vegetarianism (/wiki/Vegetarianism) War tax resistance (/wiki/Tax_resistance) WWOOF (/wiki/WWOOF) Religious and spiritual Amish (/wiki/Amish) Aparigraha (/wiki/Aparigraha) Asceticism (/wiki/Asceticism) Detachment (/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)) Distributism (/wiki/Distributism) Jesus movement (/wiki/Jesus_movement) Mendicant (/wiki/Mendicant) Mindfulness (/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)) Monasticism (/wiki/Monasticism) New Monasticism (/wiki/New_Monasticism) Plain dress Plain people (/wiki/Plain_people) Quakers (/wiki/Quakers) Rastafari (/wiki/Rastafari) Temperance (/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)) Testimony of simplicity (/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity) Tolstoyan movement (/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement) Twelve Tribes communities (/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities) Secular movements Back-to-the-land (/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement) Car-free (/wiki/Car-free_movement) Environmental (/wiki/Environmental_movement) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie) Open Source Ecology (/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology) Slow (/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)) Small house (/wiki/Small_house_movement) Tiny house (/wiki/Tiny_house_movement) Transition town (/wiki/Transition_town) Notable writers Wendell Berry (/wiki/Wendell_Berry) Ernest Callenbach (/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach) G. 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Line of sport shoes by Reebok Reebok Ventilator Ventilator Heritage Pack Product type Athletic footwear Owner Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Country United States (/wiki/United_States) Introduced 1990 ; 34 years ago ( 1990 ) Markets Worldwide Reebok Ventilator is a line of athletic shoes (/wiki/Sneakers) by Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) . The footwear was first introduced in 1990 as a lightweight sneaker with vented side panels. [1] (#cite_note-complex-1) The Ventilators focused on "breathability" with bold colored silhouette. [2] (#cite_note-complexmag-2) [3] (#cite_note-sole-3) Originally popular in the '90s, the Reebok Ventilator has been released in different styles throughout the years and is still in production. [4] (#cite_note-snkmob-4) Styles [ edit ] The Reebok Ventilator debuted in 1990 with new footwear technology that promoted airflow. [1] (#cite_note-complex-1) In 1991, the Ventilator Supreme was released as a follow-up to the original shoe. The design differed in that the Supreme iteration's thermoplastic polyurethane (/wiki/Thermoplastic_polyurethane) (TPU) support extended all the way from the arch to the heel for better motion control. [1] (#cite_note-complex-1) Pairs of Ventilator Recent Reebok has continued to release the Ventilator in different styles and limited edition collections such as in 2006 with the release of the "Animal" series that included three models, Ventilator Ape, Cheetah and Horse, that was limited to 24 pairs per shoe. [5] (#cite_note-lamjc-5) [6] (#cite_note-hsb-6) In 2007, Reebok collaborated with John Maeda (/wiki/John_Maeda) , a graphic designer, computer scientist and professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology) (MIT). Maeda designed the Ventilator Titanium with handwritten code on the upper and insole. [7] (#cite_note-hypebeast-7) The shoe was available at custom Reebok stores and seen worn by celebrities such as Dane Cook (/wiki/Dane_Cook) , Adrian Grenier (/wiki/Adrian_Grenier) and Zach Braff (/wiki/Zach_Braff) . [8] (#cite_note-niceks-8) The All Condition Ventilator Pack was released in 2008 with several models equipped with the hexalite energy return system (/wiki/Energy_Return_System) , speckled midsoles and striped cord laces. [9] (#cite_note-snews8-9) Ventilator HLS has been introduced in several versions throughout the years, in 2011 the shoe was released with a modern breezy mesh panel in a red, blue and white colorway. [10] (#cite_note-beast-10) In 2012, the Ventilator HLS debuted another version with an updated mesh upper and gray reinforcements, as well as a minimized three eyelet lacing system. [11] (#cite_note-fire-11) The brand has reintroduced updated versions of the original Ventilator, referred to as the OG Ventilator which were released with the same lightweight design as the original but with hexalite technology and new colorways [12] (#cite_note-hype2013-12) like the Reebok Ventilator OG "Pink." [13] (#cite_note-kicksfire-13) In 2014, Reebok came out with the Night Vision, Heritage, and Tonal Ballistic Ventilator collections. [14] (#cite_note-snknews-14) Night Vision Ventilators were designed in bright neon hues with mesh and reflective materials. [15] (#cite_note-out-15) The Heritage collection was inspired by "old industrial place" featuring neutral hues with bright color accents in three different models. [3] (#cite_note-sole-3) The Tonal Ballistic Ventilators featured rugged suede overlays over tonal uppers and contrasting white midsoles. [16] (#cite_note-hype-16) [17] (#cite_note-antenna-17) The shoes have been seen on celebrities including French Montana (/wiki/French_Montana) and YG (/wiki/YG_(rapper)) at the 2014 BET Hip Hop Awards. [18] (#cite_note-kicksbet-18) See also [ edit ] Reebok Classics (/wiki/Reebok_Classics) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Marcelo, John Q (24 October 2014). "The Reebok Runners That Defined '90s Sneaker Culture" (http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/the-reebok-runners-that-defined-90s-sneaker-culture/reebok-ventilator) . Complex.com . Complex Media, Inc . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-complexmag_2-0) Forester, Pete (27 October 2014). " (http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/90s-style-putting-the-reebok-ventilator-in-cultural-context/) '90s Style: Putting the Reebok Ventilator in Cultural Context" (http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/90s-style-putting-the-reebok-ventilator-in-cultural-context/) . Complex.com . Complex Media, Inc . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Richard, Brandon (6 October 2014). "Industrial Spaces Inspire New Reebok Ventilator Pack" (http://solecollector.com/news/industrial-spaces-inspire-new-reebok-ventilator-pack/) . SoleCollector.com . Complex Media, Inc . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-snkmob_4-0) Rooney, Kyle (9 September 2014). "REEBOK VENTILATOR 'NIGHT VISION' PACK" (http://www.sneakermob.com/content/reebok-ventilator-night-vision-pack) . SneakerMob.com . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-lamjc_5-0) Dupouy, Michael (1 February 2006). "Reebok Animal Series" (http://www.lamjc.com/REEBOK-ANIMAL-SERIES) . LaMJC.com . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-hsb_6-0) "Reebok Ventilator "Animal" Series !!!" (http://highsnobiety.blogspot.com/2006/02/reebok-ventilator-animal-series.html) . HighSnobiety.blogspot.com . 2 February 2006 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-hypebeast_7-0) "Reebok Ventilator Timetanium" (http://hypebeast.com/2007/11/reebok-ventilator-timetanium) . HypeBeast.com . 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-niceks_8-0) "JOHN MAEDA X REEBOK VENTILATOR TIMETANIUM" (http://www.nicekicks.com/2007/11/13/john-maeda-x-reebok-ventilator-timetanium/) . NiceKicks.com . 13 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-snews8_9-0) Hope, Aaron (27 November 2008). "REEBOK VENTILATOR – ALL CONDITION PACK" (http://sneakernews.com/2008/11/27/reebok-ventilator-all-condition-pack/) . SneakerNews.com . Liquidrice, Inc . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-beast_10-0) "Reebok Ventilator HLS" (http://hypebeast.com/2011/12/reebok-ventilator-hls) . HypeBeast.com . 20 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-fire_11-0) Freeman, William (31 March 2012). "Reebok Ventilator HLS – White / Grey – Cherry" (https://archive.today/20141125235543/http://www.kicksonfire.com/2012/03/31/reebok-ventilator-hls-white-grey-cherry/) . KicksOnFire.com . Archived from the original (http://www.kicksonfire.com/2012/03/31/reebok-ventilator-hls-white-grey-cherry/) on 25 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-hype2013_12-0) Lau, Aaron (15 October 2013). "Reebok 2013 Fall/Winter Ventilator Releases" (http://hypebeast.com/2013/10/reebok-2013-fallwinter-ventilator-releases) . HypeBeast.com . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-kicksfire_13-0) Poux, Kevin (17 September 2014). "Reebok Ventilator OG "Pink" (https://archive.today/20141125235518/http://www.kicksonfire.com/2013/09/17/reebok-ventilator-og-pink/) " (https://archive.today/20141125235518/http://www.kicksonfire.com/2013/09/17/reebok-ventilator-og-pink/) . KicksOnFire.com . Archived from the original (http://www.kicksonfire.com/2013/09/17/reebok-ventilator-og-pink/) on 25 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-snknews_14-0) Johnson, Patrick (19 September 2014). "REEBOK CLASSICS INTRODUCES THE VENTILATOR "TONAL BALLISTIC PACK" (http://sneakernews.com/2014/09/19/reebok-classics-introduces-ventilator-tonal-ballistic-pack/) " (http://sneakernews.com/2014/09/19/reebok-classics-introduces-ventilator-tonal-ballistic-pack/) . SneakerNews.com . Liquidrice, Inc . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-out_15-0) Sauvalle, Julien (9 October 2014). "Daily Crush: Ventilator 'Night Vision' Sneakers by Reebok" (http://www.out.com/fashion/truman-says/2014/10/09/daily-crush-ventilator-night-vision-sneakers-reebok) . Out.com . Here Media, Inc . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-hype_16-0) Fox, T.S. (2 September 2014). "Reebok 2014 Fall/Winter Ventilator "Ballistic" Pack" (http://hypebeast.com/2014/9/reebok-2014-fall-winter-ventilator-ballistic-pack) . HypeBeast.com . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-antenna_17-0) Schwardon, Abe (19 September 2014). "Reebok Classics Ventilator "Tonal Ballistic" Kicks Are Chameleons" (http://www.antennamag.com/2014/09/19/reebok-classics-ventilator-tonal-ballistic-pack/#reebok-tonal-ballistic-hires-12) . AntennaMag.com . Townsquare Media, Inc . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-kicksbet_18-0) Allen, MJ (23 September 2014). "The Reebok Ventilator Makes an Appearance at the BET Hip Hop Awards" (https://archive.today/20141125235542/http://www.kicksonfire.com/2014/09/23/reebok-ventilator-makes-appearance-bet-hip-hop-awards/) . KicksOnFire.com . Archived from the original (http://www.kicksonfire.com/2014/09/23/reebok-ventilator-makes-appearance-bet-hip-hop-awards/) on 25 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reebok Ventilator (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reebok_Ventilator) . v t e Reebok International Ltd. (/wiki/Reebok) Subsidiaries Former Avia (/wiki/Avia_(shoes)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Rockport (/wiki/Rockport_(company)) Brands Classic (/wiki/Reebok_Classic) Sneakers Freestyle (/wiki/Reebok_Freestyle) Nano (/wiki/Reebok_Nano) Pump (/wiki/Reebok_Pump) Ventilator Zig (/wiki/Reebok_Zig) Related companies Authentic Brands Group (/wiki/Authentic_Brands_Group) (parent) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) (former parent) J.W. Foster & Sons (/wiki/J.W._Foster_and_Sons) (predecessor) Advertising Campaigns (/wiki/Reebok_advertising_campaigns) Dan & Dave (/wiki/Dan_%26_Dave) Terry Tate: Office Linebacker (/wiki/Terry_Tate:_Office_Linebacker) Sponsorships Boston Track Club (/wiki/Reebok_Boston_Track_Club) Human Rights Award (/wiki/Reebok_Human_Rights_Award) Pro Summer League (/wiki/Reebok_Pro_Summer_League) Reebok Stadium (/wiki/Toughsheet_Community_Stadium) Key people Joseph W. 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Explanation, with examples Most jackets have a variety of inner pockets , and two main outer pockets , which are generally either patch pockets, flap pockets, or jetted pockets. [1] (#cite_note-1) A patch pocket on a reefer jacket (/wiki/Blazer) The patch pocket is, with its single extra piece of cloth sewn directly onto the front of the jacket, a sporting option, sometimes seen on summer linen suits, or other informal styles. A jetted pocket with flap on a lounge suit (/wiki/Lounge_suit) jacket The jetted flap pocket is standard for hip pockets, with a small strip of fabric taping the top and bottom of the slit for the pocket. It has a lined flap of matching fabric covering the top of the pocket, sewn in along the seam of the jetting. This flap was initially created to protect the contents of the pocket from any rain, and is therefore traditionally meant to be tucked in when indoors, leaving the jettings exposed for show. [2] (#cite_note-urlHow_to_choose_a_single_breasted_jacket_–_The_Mitchelli_–_Modern_Gentleman-2) [3] (#cite_note-urlGUIDE_TO_JACKET_POCKET_STYLE:_FLAP,_JETTED_OR_PATCH_--3) [4] (#cite_note-urlFlaps_no_more_–_I’m_taking_the_last_of_my_suit..._\|_The_Silentist-4) [5] (#cite_note-urlThe_History_of_Pockets_\|_The_Art_of_Manliness-5) However, because this fact is now often ignored and the flap is seen as an accessory that completes the style, it is commonly left out indoors, even during formal events. A jetted pocket on a dinner jacket (/wiki/Dinner_jacket) A jetted pocket with no flap is most formal. This style is most often on seen on formal wear (/wiki/Formal_wear) , such as a dinner jacket (/wiki/Dinner_jacket) . In addition to the standard two outer pockets, some suits have a third, the ticket pocket, usually located just above the right pocket and roughly half as wide. While this was originally exclusively a feature of country suits, used for conveniently storing a train ticket, it is now seen on some town suits. Another country feature also worn sometimes in cities is a pair of hacking pockets, which are similar to normal ones, but slanted; this was originally designed to make the pockets easier to open on horseback while hacking, also called pleasure riding (/wiki/Pleasure_riding) . [6] (#cite_note-Flusser85ch2-6) [7] (#cite_note-BespokeOptions-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) The Nu-Way Course in Fashionable Clothes Making (1926). Lesson 33 (http://vintagesewing.info/1920s/26-fcm/fcm-33.html) ^ (#cite_ref-urlHow_to_choose_a_single_breasted_jacket_–_The_Mitchelli_–_Modern_Gentleman_2-0) "How to choose a single breasted jacket – The Mitchelli – Modern Gentleman" (http://www.themitchelli.com/2010/11/how-to-choose-a-single-breasted-jacket/) . Retrieved 2018-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-urlGUIDE_TO_JACKET_POCKET_STYLE:_FLAP,_JETTED_OR_PATCH_-_3-0) "GUIDE TO JACKET POCKET STYLE: FLAP, JETTED OR PATCH -" (https://mrkoachman.com/jacket-pocket-style-flap-jetted-patch/) . Retrieved 2018-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-urlFlaps_no_more_–_I’m_taking_the_last_of_my_suit..._\|_The_Silentist_4-0) "Flaps no more – I'm taking the last of my suit... \| The Silentist" (http://thesilentist.com/post/102985023791/flaps-no-more-im-taking-the-last-of-my-suit) . Retrieved 2018-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-urlThe_History_of_Pockets_\|_The_Art_of_Manliness_5-0) "The History of Pockets \| The Art of Manliness" (https://www.artofmanliness.com/2015/05/20/a-mans-pockets/) . Retrieved 2018-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-Flusser85ch2_6-0) Flusser (1985). ch. 2 (http://www.throughtherye.com/flusser/ch2.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-BespokeOptions_7-0) Bookster, a manufacturer of tweed jackets, has illustrations of various features of jackets: "Jacket options" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151026204225/http://www.tweed-jacket.com/GALLERY%20PAGE/Bespoke%20Options/index.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.tweed-jacket.com/GALLERY%20PAGE/Bespoke%20Options/index.htm) on 2015-10-26 . Retrieved 2008-09-20 . Bibliography [ edit ] Antongiavanni, Nicholas (2006). The Suit: A Machiavellian Approach to Men's Style . HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-089186-2 . Druesedow, Jean L.; Jno. J. Mitchell Co (1990). Men's Fashion Illustrations from the Turn of the Century: by Jno. J. Mitchell Co . Courier Dover Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-486-26353-3 . Keers, Paul (October 1987). A Gentleman's Wardrobe: Classic Clothes and the Modern Man . Weidenfeld & Nicolson (/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-297-79191-1 . Flusser, Alan (/wiki/Alan_Flusser) (1985). Clothes and the Man: The Principles of Fine Men's Dress . Villard (/wiki/Villard_(imprint)) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-394-54623-7 . Retrieved 2008-09-20 . Flusser, Alan (/wiki/Alan_Flusser) (2002). Dressing the Man: Mastering the Art of Permanent Fashion . HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-06-019144-9 . The Nu-Way Course in Fashionable Clothes-Making . Nu-Way. 1926. Archived from the original (http://vintagesewing.info/1920s/26-fcm/fcm-toc-short.html) on 2008-07-05 . Retrieved 2008-08-20 . 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This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lady_Esther) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Lady Esther Company type Private Industry Cosmetic manufacturing Founded 1913 Founder Syma Cohen and her siblings Headquarters Chicago, Illinois (/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois) , US Area served US/Germany Products cosmetics Owner Syma Cohen Website Lady Esther online (http://www.ladyesther.com/) Lady Esther was the trademark of a cosmetic manufacturing company founded by German-born Syma Cohen and her siblings in Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) in 1913 and operated as Lady Esther Company. It was incorporated in Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) in 1922 and became America's top selling brand of cosmetics in the United States. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Its success in large part can be attributed to Syma and her brother Alfred Busiel and their innovative marketing through in-store demonstrations, print advertising and sponsorship of national radio programs. In 1949 Syma Cohen sold her half share in the company to her brother Alfred and following his death the company eventually was sold. Subsequently, it had a number of owners. Now a United States company owns the trademark in the United States and a German cosmetic manufacturer owns the business in the rest of the world. History [ edit ] Syma Cohen began the cosmetics manufacturing business with some of her siblings, including her sister Esther, after whom the company was named. Esther left the business early on and Syma registered the trade name “Lady Esther”, in her name in 1913. [2] (#cite_note-STEVENS_ORCHESTRA_PROJECT-2) She sold Lady Esther cream and powder going from home to home and later to drug stores in Chicago and vicinity. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 1922 she caused the company to be incorporated as “Lady Esther Company” and its name was later changed to “Lady Esther, Ltd.” The company undertook an aggressive advertising program in newspapers, magazines and by radio on a nationwide basis. In 1923 it advertised its products at an expense of $143,000.00 with an increase each year, and by 1936 it expended more than 1.5 million dollars. During those years its sales were in excess of thirty six million dollars. [3] (#cite_note-3) The company's first venture into national radio broadcasting was a sponsorship of the Lady Esther serenade featuring Wayne King and his orchestra. The first broadcast was on September 27, 1931 and Wayne King and Lady Esther parted company in 1939-40. The company continued its national broadcasting sponsorship in 1941 with a live CBS Radio series, “ The Orson Welles Show (/wiki/The_Orson_Welles_Show) ”, which was also known as the “Lady Esther Show”. This was followed by a six-season sponsorship of “Lady Esther Presents the Screen Guild Players (/wiki/Screen_Guild_Players) ”. [4] (#cite_note-Jim-4) During this time the company steadily grew and the owners prospered. It had built a 20,000 square foot facility at 5710 Armitage Avenue in Chicago and in 1933 leased the 65,000 square foot four story and basement plant of the Tinkertoy Company at 2012 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois. [5] (#cite_note-5) About a year later Syma Cohen purchased a mansion on Sheridan Road in Glencoe, Illinois (/wiki/Glencoe,_Illinois) for $127,000.00. The house was built on 16.89 acres and contained 19 rooms and 7 baths. There were elaborate greenhouses and 3 formal gardens. [6] (#cite_note-Arnstein_p._27-6) The site is now the location of North Shore Congregation Israel (/wiki/North_Shore_Congregation_Israel) . The popularity of Lady Esther began to wane in the middle 1940s. Other businesses were trying to capitalize on the name and the company became very protective of its trademark. Syma sold her share of the business to Alfred and left the company. [7] (#cite_note-7) She traveled extensively throughout the world and later sold the mansion. Her brother Alfred had died in 1951 and the company had numerous owners. Syma Cohen-Busiel moved into a suite in Chicago's Drake Hotel (/wiki/Drake_Hotel_(Chicago)) where she died in 1990 at 99 years of age. [6] (#cite_note-Arnstein_p._27-6) The trademark owners in the United States are now a pharmaceutical wholesale company which has no production facilities. A German company Lady Esther Kosmetik GMBH is now the trademark owner elsewhere in the world. [2] (#cite_note-STEVENS_ORCHESTRA_PROJECT-2) National radio programs [ edit ] Wayne King [ edit ] September 27, 1931 – January 25, 1941 [8] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-8) The first national radio program sponsored by Lady Esther was “The Lady Esther Serenade” featuring Wayne King (/wiki/Wayne_King) and his orchestra. The band's popularity had been boosted by its recording in 1930 of “ The Waltz You Saved for Me (/wiki/The_Waltz_You_Saved_for_Me) ” which became King's theme song. “The Lady Esther Serenade” was broadcast at least twice a week in primetime on CBS (/wiki/CBS) and/or NBC (/wiki/NBC) and Lady Esther became America's top-selling brand of cosmetics. [4] (#cite_note-Jim-4) The Orson Welles Show (/wiki/The_Orson_Welles_Show) [ edit ] September 15, 1941 – February 2, 1942 [9] (#cite_note-ReferenceB-9) The show was also known as the Orson Welles Theater and “Lady Esther Presents Orson Welles.” It was a variety show featuring Orson Welles and his Mercury Theater (/wiki/Mercury_Theater) troupe. [10] (#cite_note-10) One program in the NBC series has become a suspense classic. The Hitch-Hiker (/wiki/The_Hitch-Hiker) written by Lucille Fletcher (/wiki/Lucille_Fletcher) and starring Orson Welles aired on November 17, 1941. Other programs featured Joseph Cotten (/wiki/Joseph_Cotten) , Ginger Rogers (/wiki/Ginger_Rogers) , Rita Hayworth (/wiki/Rita_Hayworth) , John Barrymore (/wiki/John_Barrymore) and Agnes Moorehead (/wiki/Agnes_Moorehead) . [9] (#cite_note-ReferenceB-9) Scheduled for 26 weeks the show ended prematurely when Welles left on his ill-fated It's “All True” trip to Brazil. [11] (#cite_note-11) The Screen Guild Theater (/wiki/The_Screen_Guild_Theater) [ edit ] October 3, 1942 – July 7, 1947 Lady Esther was looking for a prestigious show to showcase its products and settled on the Screen Guild Theater which had been sponsored by Gulf Oil. It was first known as the “Lady Esther Presents the Screen Guild Players” and then became the Lady Esther Screen Guild Theater. [12] (#cite_note-12) The radio show brought movies to radio for thirty minutes each Monday evening on CBS, Truman Bradley was the announcer and the orchestra was led by Wilbur Hatch. [8] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-8) The show aired for 242 programs beginning with “ Yankee Doodle Dandy (/wiki/Yankee_Doodle_Dandy) ” starring James Cagney (/wiki/James_Cagney) and ending with “My Reputation.” In between were all time classics such as “Casablanca” with Humphrey Bogart (/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart) and Ingrid Bergman (/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman) , “Sergeant York” with Gary Cooper (/wiki/Gary_Cooper) and “Holiday Inn” with Bing Crosby (/wiki/Bing_Crosby) , Fred Astaire (/wiki/Fred_Astaire) and Dinah Shore (/wiki/Dinah_Shore) . [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Cosmetics and Skin: Lady Esther" (https://www.cosmeticsandskin.com/companies/lady-esther.php) . www.cosmeticsandskin.com . Retrieved 2020-06-19 . ^ Jump up to: a b "STEVENS ORCHESTRA PROJECT" (http://stevensorchestra.tripod.com) . Stevenorchestra.tripod.com . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lady Esther, Ltd. v. Lady Esther Corset Shoppe, Inc. , 317 Il. App. 451, 46 NE 2d 165 ^ Jump up to: a b Jim Ramsburg. "THE WALTZ KING" (http://www.jimramsburg.com/the-waltz-king-audio.html) . Jimramsburg.com . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Chicago Tribune, February 18, 1933 ^ Jump up to: a b ”Arnstein & Lehr, The First 120 Years”, (Louis A. Lehr, Jr.)(Amazon), p. 27 ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Collecting Vintage Compacts: The History of The Lady Esther Company - Once The Most Popular Face Powder in America" (http://collectingvintagecompacts.blogspot.com/2013/05/lady-esther-once-most-popular-face.html#!/2013/05/lady-esther-once-most-popular-face.html) . Collectingvintagecompacts.blogspot.com . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old Time Radio (John Dunning) ^ Jump up to: a b “This is Orson Welles” (Orson Welles and Peter Bogdanovich (/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich) ) Chronology created by Editor Jonathan Rosenbaum ^ (#cite_ref-10) "O R S O N W E L L E S T H E A T E R : (1941 - 1942)" (http://www.old-time.com/otrlogs2/owt_fp.log.txt) (TXT) . Old-time.com . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Wellesnet: Orson Welles Show (Lady Esther)" (http://www.wellesnet.com/ladyesther.htm) . Wellesnet.com . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "The Screen Guild Radio Programs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110511172837/http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/DigitalDeliToo/dd2jb-Screen-Guild.html) . Digitaldeliftp.com. Archived from the original (http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/DigitalDeliToo/dd2jb-Screen-Guild.html) on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Old Time Radio" (http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logs1010htm) . Otrsite.com . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . 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Indian fashion designer Varija Bajaj Nationality Indian Occupation Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) Labels LELA OFFICE&YOU Varijahome Awards DLA Award Women's achiever One build India award Economic Label award Varija Bajaj is an Indian fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) from Delhi (/wiki/Delhi) known for her women's workwear (/wiki/Workwear) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Her "Pagdi" collection at India Runway Week (/wiki/India_Runway_Week) in 2016, saw the models wearing the traditional Indian male headgear 'pagdi'. [6] (#cite_note-6) Her "Vrindavan" collection premiered at India Runway Week (/wiki/India_Runway_Week) in 2017. It was designed to counter the stigmas attached to widows. [7] (#cite_note-7) Education [ edit ] During the summer of 2000, Bajaj completed a Bachelor of Arts Honours in Philosophy from the Miranda House (/wiki/Miranda_House) , Delhi. A year later she joined Diploma in Advertising and Marketing at Xaviers Institute of Communication, St. Xavier's College, Mumbai (/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Mumbai) . She then moved to the University of Sheffield (/wiki/University_of_Sheffield) , [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) UK for her master's degree in Business Administration. Awards [ edit ] Varija Bajaj is a recipient of the Delhi Gaurav Award for her contribution to the Fashion Industry. She is also the recipient of the Economic Times Labels Award for her brand Office & You. [10] (#cite_note-10) Varija Bajaj with the Delhi Gaurav Award Philanthropy [ edit ] Varija Bajaj is Chairperson of NGO Varija Life, which works for the rights of disabled persons. Varija Life organized National Ability Summit to highlight opportunities for disability inclusion in diverse fields. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Varija Life has also started inviting applications for research on adaptive clothing. Over 27 prominent colleges across India are part of the research. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Varija Life conducted the 2nd edition of NATIONAL ABILITY SUMMIT-2021, a virtual international conference for disability awareness in order to stir up action for an inclusive global society. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "India's top fashion designers decode Priyanka Gandhi's style quotient" (https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/india-s-top-fashion-designers-decode-priyanka-gandhi-s-style-quotient-1479879-2019-03-17) . India Today . Retrieved 23 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "10th anniversary of the Varija Bajaj Design Studio in Delhi" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/10th-anniversary-of-the-Varija-Bajaj-Design-Studio-in-Delhi/articleshow/43896783.cms) . Times Of India . Retrieved 23 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The New Dress Code: Dressing in the age of millennials, start-ups and gig economy" (https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/the-new-dress-code-dressing-in-the-age-of-millennials-start-ups-and-gig-economy/1820228/) . Financial Express . 12 January 2020 . Retrieved 22 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Designer Varija Bajaj Ventures Into Label Focused on Indian Culture, Body Shape For Working Women" (https://www.india.com/lifestyle/designer-varija-bajaj-ventures-into-label-focused-on-indian-culture-body-shape-for-working-women-3599507/) . India.com . Retrieved 22 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Designer Varija Bajaj's new label will focus on Indian culture, body shapes and skin tone" (https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2019/mar/10/designer-varija-bajajs-new-label-will-focus-on-indian-culture-body-shapes-and-skin-tone-13345.html) . Indulge Express . Retrieved 22 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "When 5-year-old turned showstopper for designer Varija Bajaj" (https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/when-5-year-old-turned-showstopper-for-designer-varija-bajaj-116091700180_1.html) . Business Standard . Retrieved 22 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "India Runway Week 2017 brings social messages on fashion ramp" (https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/india-runway-week-2017-brings-social-messages-on-fashion-ramp-4636085/) . The Indian Express . May 2017 . Retrieved 23 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Consultancy, Entrepreneurship, and Leadership: The Sheffield MBA" (https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.694433!/file/Revised_MBA_Brochure_April_2017.pdf) (PDF) . MBA Brochure April 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Sheffield MBA" (http://management.sheffield.ac.uk/site/assets/files/2251/catalyst-issue-06-2014.pdf) (PDF) . Catalyst: The magazine for Sheffield University Management School Alumni . Retrieved 8 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Varija Bajaj" (https://www.licenseindia.com/expo2019/varija.php/) . Retrieved 10 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Varija Life's National Ability Summit highlights opportunities for disability inclusion in diverse fields" (https://newzhook.com/story/world-disability-day-varija-life-national-ability-summit-disabied-inclusion-virtual/) . Retrieved 10 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "A startup challenge enabling special care initiatives" (https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amp/a-startup-challenge-enabling-special-care-initiatives/1873440) . Retrieved 6 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Varija Trust's research on adaptive clothing hopes to put the focus on inclusion in fashion" (https://newzhook.com/story/varija-trusts-new-research-on-adaptive-clothing-garners-attention-for-inclusion-in-fashion/) . Retrieved 10 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "A different fashion: Making clothing designs inclusive" (https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/beauty-and-fashion/2019/11/24/different-fashion-making-clothing-designs-inclusive.html) . Manorama Online . Retrieved 10 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Varija Life invites National Ability Summit-2nd Edition International conference" (https://asianews.press/2021/11/27/varija-life-invites-national-ability-summit-2nd-edition-international-conference/amp/) . Asian News . Retrieved 6 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "National Ability Summit: A platform for disability inclusion" (https://ianslife.in/index.php/fashion/national-ability-summit-platform-disability-inclusion) . Retrieved 6 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Varija Life to hold the Second Edition of National Ability Summit-India 2021" (http://newzhook.com/story/varija-life-to-hold-the-second-edition-national-ability-summit-india-to-build-disability-awareness/) . Retrieved 6 January 2022 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.lela.co.in/) Official website (http://www.officeandyou.in/) Official website (https://www.varijahome.com/) Profile at Fashion Design Council of India (http://www.fdci.org/members/profile/2120588261.html) "Designer Varija Bajaj celebrates womanhood with aplomb" (https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Amaravati-Tab/2016-06-16/Designer-Varija-Bajaj-celebrates-womanhood-with-aplomb/235693) . The Hans India . 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2020 . "Surajkund Mela exhibits the trends of Jharkhand" (https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/fashion/8408-surajkund-mela-exhibits-trends-jharkhand) . The Sunday Guardian . 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 May 2020 . This article needs additional or more specific categories (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization) . Please help out (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varija_Bajaj&action=edit) by adding categories (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#How_do_I_add_an_article_to_a_category?) to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. 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1906 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1906) 1907 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1907) 1908 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1908) 1909 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1909) 1910 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1910) 1911 1912 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1912) 1913 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1913) 1914 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1914) 1915 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1915) 1916 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1916) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐bbb5c5448‐xbv4r Cached time: 20240718083113 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.080 seconds Real time usage: 0.123 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 38/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1906/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.061/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 933335/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 115.315 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 115.315 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55452535-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718083113 and revision id 974959282. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1911" The following 6 pages are in this category, out of 6 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B B. Forman Co. (/wiki/B._Forman_Co.) F Fila (/wiki/Fila) Furniture Brands International (/wiki/Furniture_Brands_International) G Great Western Garment Co. (/wiki/Great_Western_Garment_Co.) S Superga (brand) (/wiki/Superga_(brand)) T Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1911&oldid=974959282 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1911&oldid=974959282) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1910s fashion (/wiki/Category:1910s_fashion) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Manufacturing companies established in 1911 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1911) Clothing companies established in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_20th_century) Design companies established in 1911 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1911)
This category is for articles on individual jackets (/wiki/Jackets) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐ddc455f7‐8j5xw Cached time: 20240711080058 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.006 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36854822-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711080058 and revision id 828401193. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge Pages in category "Individual jackets" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . M Margaret Layton's embroidered jacket (/wiki/Margaret_Layton%27s_embroidered_jacket) T Thriller jacket (/wiki/Thriller_jacket) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Individual_jackets&oldid=828401193 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Individual_jackets&oldid=828401193) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Individual garments (/wiki/Category:Individual_garments) Jackets (/wiki/Category:Jackets)
English YouTuber, blogger and author (born 1985) Louise Pentland Pentland at VidCon (/wiki/VidCon) 2014 Personal information Born Louise Alexandra Pentland ( 1985-04-28 ) 28 April 1985 (age 39) [1] (#cite_note-1) Northampton (/wiki/Northampton) , England Occupations YouTuber (/wiki/YouTuber) blogger author Website sprinkleofglitter (http://sprinkleofglitter.blogspot.co.uk/) .blogspot (http://sprinkleofglitter.blogspot.co.uk/) .co (http://sprinkleofglitter.blogspot.co.uk/) .uk (http://sprinkleofglitter.blogspot.co.uk/) YouTube information Also known as Sprinkle of Glitter Channel SprinkleofGlitter (https://www.youtube.com/user/SprinkleofGlitter) Years active 2010–present Genre(s) Motherhood, lifestyle, vlogs (/wiki/Vlog) Subscribers 2.26 million [2] (#cite_note-YouTubeStatsSprinkleofGlitter-2) Total views 188 million [2] (#cite_note-YouTubeStatsSprinkleofGlitter-2) Network (/wiki/Multi-channel_network) Gleam Futures Creator Awards (/wiki/YouTube_Creator_Awards) 100,000 subscribers 2009 1,000,000 subscribers 2013 Alma mater Liverpool John Moores University (/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University) ( BS (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science) ) Spouse Matt Watson ( m. 2010⁠–⁠2015) Partner(s) Liam O'Neill (2016–present; engaged) Children 2 Last updated: 1 September 2021 Louise Alexandra Pentland (born 28 April 1985) is an English beauty, motherhood and lifestyle vlogger, blogger, YouTube personality (/wiki/YouTube_personality) and author. She is also known by her online pseudonym (/wiki/Pseudonym) SprinkleofGlitter or SprinkleofChatter , although she publicly disavowed these usernames in favour of using her own name in 2016. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Early life [ edit ] Pentland was born and raised in Northampton (/wiki/Northampton) . When she was seven years old, her mother died from metastatic breast cancer, which Pentland goes into detail about in her October 2015 video, "My Pink Hair Story". Her father later remarried and Pentland suffered mental and physical abuse from her stepmother. While at school at Northampton High School (/wiki/Northampton_High_School,_Northamptonshire) , Pentland experienced bullying. [4] (#cite_note-4) Pentland graduated with a Bachelor of Science (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science) with Honours in Psychology and Biology from Liverpool John Moores University (/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University) in 2006. [5] (#cite_note-5) Career [ edit ] Pentland was working in a number of office roles when she began writing a craft and interior DIY (/wiki/DIY) blog named "Sprinkle of Glitter". [6] (#cite_note-6) Pentland began her YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) channel, also named "Sprinkle of Glitter", in January 2010. At first the channel covered beauty, fashion and lifestyle, as well as her pregnancy; [7] (#cite_note-imediamonkey-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) it has since expanded to include motivational and advice videos (/wiki/Advice_column) . [7] (#cite_note-imediamonkey-7) In August 2012, Pentland began a second channel named "Sprinkle of Chatter", where she uploads lifestyle vlogs (/wiki/Vlogging) . [7] (#cite_note-imediamonkey-7) [9] (#cite_note-rdo-9) Pentland has broadcast many collaborations on her channel with other YouTubers, including: Zoe Sugg (/wiki/Zoe_Sugg) , Joe Sugg (/wiki/Joe_Sugg) , Alfie Deyes (/wiki/Alfie_Deyes) , Louis Cole (/wiki/Louis_Cole_(YouTuber)) , Tanya Burr (/wiki/Tanya_Burr) , Tyler Oakley (/wiki/Tyler_Oakley) , Troye Sivan (/wiki/Troye_Sivan) , Grace Helbig (/wiki/Grace_Helbig) , Phil Lester (/wiki/Phil_Lester) , Daniel Howell (/wiki/Daniel_Howell) , Caspar Lee (/wiki/Caspar_Lee) , Jim Chapman (/wiki/Jim_Chapman_(Internet_celebrity)) and others. [10] (#cite_note-telegraph-10) As of August 2016 Pentland's main YouTube channel has over 2.5 million subscribers and over 150 million video views; her second channel "Sprinkle of Chatter" has over 1 million subscribers and over 85 million views. [9] (#cite_note-rdo-9) [10] (#cite_note-telegraph-10) [11] (#cite_note-vidstatsx-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Pentland is influential in social media (/wiki/Social_media) , with over 1 million followers on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) and Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . [10] (#cite_note-telegraph-10) [13] (#cite_note-ew-13) Pentland has identified as a feminist (/wiki/Feminism) [14] (#cite_note-14) and interviewed Labour Party (/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)) leader Ed Miliband (/wiki/Ed_Miliband) during the 2015 United Kingdom general election (/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election) . [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2014 she began Q&A sessions with her viewers at YouTube conventions named Glitter Time. On 2 November 2014 she performed a pilot of her LouiseLIVE stage show in Northampton, her home town, and went on to take it on tour around the UK. [16] (#cite_note-16) On 1 September 2016, after her divorce, she announced in the blog post Why I'm 'Quitting' My Youtube Channel [17] (#cite_note-17) and the video Finishing with Sprinkle of Glitter [18] (#cite_note-18) that she will be quitting her YouTube channel as it is now, and change to something more 'adult', as she feels she has grown up a lot since the start of her channel, and it's time for something new and something she feels is more 'Louise Pentland', instead of 'SprinkleofGlitter'. Published works [ edit ] Life with a Sprinkle of Glitter was published in July 2015 by Simon & Schuster (/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster) . The following month Pentland published Sprinkle of Glitter 2016 Diary: Have the Best Year of Your Life! through Faber and Faber (/wiki/Faber_and_Faber) . [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [19] (#cite_note-19) Bonnier Zaffre (/wiki/Bonnier_Group) acquired rights to two novels in 2016. [20] (#cite_note-20) The first, Wilde Like Me , was published in June 2017. [21] (#cite_note-21) The sequel, Wilde About The Girl , was published in August 2018. [22] (#cite_note-22) The third and final book in the series, Wilde Women , was published in September 2019. [23] (#cite_note-23) In March 2020, Bonnier Books announced a three-year portfolio of books written by Pentland, including a memoir on motherhood, scheduled to be released in August 2020; in addition to an adult fiction book, to be published in 2021, and two children's books, due in 2022 and 2023, respectively. [24] (#cite_note-24) Podcasting [ edit ] In November 2019 Pentland announced her own podcast, Mothers' Meeting with Louise Pentland , with episodes focusing on "offering insight into the parenting styles, personal struggles, and points of view of some of Britain's best loved mums". The first episode featured Angela Scanlon (/wiki/Angela_Scanlon) and Emily Norris, and subsequent guests have included Konnie Huq (/wiki/Konnie_Huq) , Katie Piper (/wiki/Katie_Piper) and Nadia Sawalha (/wiki/Nadia_Sawalha) . [25] (#cite_note-25) Personal life [ edit ] Pentland studied BSc Psychology and Biology at Liverpool John Moores University. There she met Matt Watson, a teacher, whom she married on 4 September 2010; their daughter, Darcy Jane Watson, was born in 2011. [13] (#cite_note-ew-13) Pentland and Watson separated in mid-2014, but both stated in 2015 that they remained on good terms. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) Pentland is currently in a relationship with Liam O'Neill; they have a daughter, Pearl Jane Pentland, born in 2018. [28] (#cite_note-28) Pentland and O'Neill announced their engagement in March 2020. [29] (#cite_note-29) Bibliography [ edit ] Title Series Publication Year ISBN/ASIN Life with a Sprinkle of GLitter 2015 1471149730 Sprinkle of Glitter 2016 Diary: Have the Best Year of Your Life! 2015 0571322670 Wilde Like Me Robin Wilde 2017 1785762931 Wilde About the Girl Robin Wilde 2018 1785764640 Wilde Women Robin Wilde 2019 1785769308 MumLife: What Nobody Ever Tells You About Being a Mum 2020 1788702921 References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Louise [@SprinkleofGlitr] (28 April 2015). "For years I was SO scared to imagine being 30. Here I am, a 30 year old and it's AWESOME. Why was I so afraid of this???" (https://x.com/SprinkleofGlitr/status/593183573152296960) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ Jump up to: a b "About SprinkleofGlitter" (https://www.youtube.com/user/SprinkleofGlitter/about) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . ^ Jump up to: a b Eyre, Charlotte (18 December 2014). "Faber Children's acquires Sprinkle of Glitter vlogger" (http://www.thebookseller.com/news/faber-children-s-acquires-sprinkle-glitter-vlogger) . The Bookseller (/wiki/The_Bookseller) . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Sprinkleofglitter (29 June 2015). "My 3 Book Secrets! - Sprinkle of Glitter" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yz_QGhfxcjE) – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Gibbons, Lottie; Windham, Daniel (6 November 2021). "Famous faces you didn't realise studied at Liverpool universities" (https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/famous-faces-you-didnt-realise-22066818) . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Louise Pentland on using her YouTube fame to help others" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090634/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-10/19/louise-pentland) . Wired UK (/wiki/Wired_UK) . 19 October 2013. Archived from the original (https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-10/19/louise-pentland) on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hickling, Andy (18 September 2013). "YouTuber Interview: Louise Pentland (Sprinkle of Glitter)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140311063135/http://www.imediamonkey.com/2013/09/18/youtuber-interview-louise-pentland-sprinkle-of-glitter/) . imediamonkey. Archived from the original (http://www.imediamonkey.com/2013/09/18/youtuber-interview-louise-pentland-sprinkle-of-glitter) on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Chapman, Sophie (25 September 2011). "Beauty comes from within: Bloggers Uncovered: Louise from 'Sprinkle Of Glitter' (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085722/http://www.beautycfw.com/2011/09/bloggers-uncovered-louise-from-sprinkle.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085722/http://www.beautycfw.com/2011/09/bloggers-uncovered-louise-from-sprinkle.html) . Beauty Comes From Within. Archived from the original (http://www.beautycfw.com/2011/09/bloggers-uncovered-louise-from-sprinkle.html) on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "YouTuber Louise Pentland Confirmed as Guest Speaker" (http://www.rdo.org/events/top-youtuber-louise-pentland-confirmed-as-guest-speaker-for-rdo5/) . RDO. 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Audley, Alice (3 April 2014). "Social media sensations: top UK Beauty YouTubers" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/10742430/Social-media-sensations-top-UK-Beauty-YouTubers.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-vidstatsx_11-0) "Sprinkleofglitter YouTube Channel Stats, Subscriber Statistics, Ranking" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130812015909/http://vidstatsx.com/Sprinkleofglitter/youtube-channel) . vidstatsx.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) ) ^ (#cite_ref-12) "SprinkleofChatter YouTube Channel Stats, Subscriber Statistics, Ranking" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140427170725/http://vidstatsx.com/SprinkleofChatter/youtube-channel) . Vidstatsx.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Adejobi, Alicia (26 June 2014). "From Tanya Burr To Patricia Bright: The Fashion and Beauty YouTubers You NEED To Watch" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082438/http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/153372/From-Tanya-Burr-To-Patricia-Bright-The-Fashion-and-Beauty-YouTubers-You-NEED-To-Watch) . EntertainmentWise (/wiki/Gigwise) . Archived from the original (http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/153372/From-Tanya-Burr-To-Patricia-Bright-The-Fashion-and-Beauty-YouTubers-You-NEED-To-Watch) on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Interview with Louise Pentland" (http://www.tcs.cam.ac.uk/fashionbeauty/0032079-interview-with-louise-pentland.html) . 11 March 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "After #Milifandom, Ed Miliband makes new bid for the teen girl vote" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/general-election-2015-ed-miliband-does-interview-with-sprinkle-of-glitter-beauty-blogger-to-convince-teens-to-vote-10226102.html) . Independent.co.uk (/wiki/Independent.co.uk) . 5 May 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-16) LouiseLIVE is BACK!!! , YouTube, 16 April 2015 , retrieved 11 December 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-17) "*Sprinkle Of Glitter* \|\| Beauty \| Baby \| Lifestyle \| UK: Why I'm 'Quitting' My YouTube Channel" (http://sprinkleofglitter.blogspot.com.au/2016/09/why-im-quitting-my-youtube-channel.html) . sprinkleofglitter.blogspot.com.au . September 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Sprinkleofglitter (1 September 2016), Finishing with Sprinkle of Glitter , retrieved 3 September 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Forrest, Adam (9 December 2014). "How Are YouTubers Going to Change the Publishing Industry?" (https://www.vice.com/read/how-are-youtubers-going-to-change-the-publishing-industry-042) . Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Cowdrey, Katherine (22 September 2016). "Louise Pentland's debut novel to Bonnier Zaffre in 11-way auction" (http://www.thebookseller.com/news/louise-pentland-s-debut-novel-bonnier-zaffre-11-way-auction-398581) . The Bookseller . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Pentland, Louise (28 June 2017). Wilde Like Me . Bonnier Zaffre Limited. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-78576-294-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Wilde About The Girl by Louise Pentland - book review" (https://www.lep.co.uk/lifestyle/books/wilde-about-the-girl-by-louise-pentland-book-review-1-9323655) . www.lep.co.uk . 28 August 2018 . Retrieved 5 December 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Wilde Women - Louise Pentland - 9781785769306 - Allen & Unwin - Australia" (https://www.allenandunwin.com/browse/books/fiction/Wilde-Women-Louise-Pentland-9781785769306) . www.allenandunwin.com . Retrieved 23 March 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Bonnier unveils three-year portfolio of new Louise Pentland publishing \| The Bookseller" (https://www.thebookseller.com/news/bonnier-books-uk-unveils-three-year-portfolio-new-publishing-louise-pentland-1195786) . www.thebookseller.com . Retrieved 4 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "YouTuber Louise Pentland puts a Sprinkle of Glitter on her Mothers' Meeting podcast" (https://www.heart.co.uk/podcasts/mothers-meeting-louise-pentland-sprinkle-glitter/) . Heart . Retrieved 31 March 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "*Sprinkle Of Glitter* -- Beauty - Baby - Lifestyle - UK: Update" (http://sprinkleofglitter.blogspot.co.at/2015/03/update.html) . sprinkleofglitter.blogspot.co.at . 24 March 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Baxter-Wright, Dusty (23 March 2015). "YouTuber 'Sprinkle of Glitter' aka Louise Pentland has split up from husband Matt Watson" (http://www.sugarscape.com/celebs/news/a1076372/youtuber-sprinkle-of-glitter-split-husband/) . Sugarscape.com (/wiki/Sugarscape.com) . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Louise on Twitter" (https://twitter.com/louisepentland/status/957991164334002176?lang=en) . Twitter . 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 October 2018 . We are now the proud owners of one baby girl ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Louise Pentland announces engagement to Liam O'Neill – see exclusive photos" (https://www.hellomagazine.com/brides/2020030885876/louise-pentland-announces-engagement-liam-oneill/) . HELLO! . 8 March 2020 . Retrieved 23 March 2020 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Louise Pentland (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louise_Pentland) at Wikimedia Commons Official website (https://sprinkleofglitter.blogspot.co.uk/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/120150468393904171824) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyxbDJgc6WBrKqhyCmyBP) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1216564744) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007399836405171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015141391) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0239268&CON_LNG=ENG) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/251599752) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐282wh Cached time: 20240719211818 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.567 seconds Real time usage: 0.713 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4891/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 79065/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7511/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 26/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 122500/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.343/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10000132/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 660.108 1 -total 54.72% 361.235 1 Template:Infobox_YouTube_personality 54.01% 356.532 1 Template:Infobox 22.70% 149.822 24 Template:Cite_web 19.91% 131.459 1 Template:Reflist 16.43% 108.451 1 Template:Infobox_person 14.62% 96.514 9 Template:Br_separated_entries 11.42% 75.391 22 Template:Pluralize_from_text 9.32% 61.534 1 Template:Authority_control 8.67% 57.248 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43052489-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719211818 and revision id 1226660906. 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Jicky Schnee is a Scottish model and a film, television and stage actress. [1] (#cite_note-Gates-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Schnee was named after the Guerlain (/wiki/Guerlain) perfume "Jicky". [4] (#cite_note-Jesella-4) Her modeling career took off when she unknowingly patted Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 's dog in an elevator. [5] (#cite_note-Egan-5) Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2003 Flavors (/wiki/Flavors_(film)) Jenni 2004 Mind the Gap (/wiki/Mind_the_Gap_(2004_film)) Denny 2007 Dedication (/wiki/Dedication_(film)) Mandy the Waitress 2009 Perestroika (/wiki/Perestroika_(film)) Jill 2009 Split Ends Ashley 2009 The Afterlight (/wiki/The_Afterlight_(2009_film)) Claire 2013 Lowlife Clara Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2004 The Jury (/wiki/The_Jury_(TV_series)) Sara Gates Episode: "The Honeymoon Suite" 2004 The Buried Secret of M. Night Shyamalan Jennifer TV film 2005 Law & Order: Criminal Intent (/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent) Dana Candon Episode: "The Unblinking Eye" 2006 Hope & Faith (/wiki/Hope_%26_Faith) Betsy Episodes: "The Restaurant", "Jay Date" 2008 Lipstick Jungle (/wiki/Lipstick_Jungle_(TV_series)) Mariska Havel Episode: "Chapter 2: Nothing Sacred" 2008 Living in Captivity (/wiki/Living_in_Captivity) Alex TV film 2010 Law & Order: Criminal Intent (/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent) Jill Peak Episodes: "Loyalty: Parts 1 & 2" References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Gates_1-0) Gates, Anita (14 June 2006). "The Elevator's Acting Odd. So Are the Tenants" (http://theater.nytimes.com/2006/06/14/theater/reviews/14arab.html) . The New York Times . p. 5. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Jicky Schnee: Filmography" (https://archive.today/20120714042549/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/375087/Jicky-Schnee/filmography) . Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived from the original (https://movies.nytimes.com/person/375087/Jicky-Schnee/filmography) on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Steven Zeitchik (20 June 2006). "Arabian Night" (https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117930876) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-Jesella_4-0) Jesella, Kara (16 October 2005). " (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/16/style/tmagazine/t_b_2103_endpage_.html) 'J' My Name Is Jicky" (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/16/style/tmagazine/t_b_2103_endpage_.html) . The New York Times . p. 5. ^ (#cite_ref-Egan_5-0) Egan, Jennifer (4 February 1996). "James is a girl" (https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/04/magazine/james-is-a-girl.html) . The New York Times . p. 26. External links [ edit ] Jicky Schnee (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1356475/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) "Jicky Schnee - official web site" (http://www.jickyschnee.com/) . Upstate Diary (https://web.archive.org/web/20170804020919/http://www.upstatediary.com/jicky-schnee/) Collective Gallery (https://www.thecollectivegallery.art/) This article about a Scottish actor is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Sachin & Babi Portrait of Sachin and Babi Ahluwalia Company type Private company (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Fashion Founded 2009 Founder Sachin and Babi Ahluwalia Headquarters New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , United States Area served Worldwide Products Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) , jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) Website www (http://www.sachinandbabi.com/) .sachinandbabi (http://www.sachinandbabi.com/) .com (http://www.sachinandbabi.com/) Sachin & Babi is a fashion-design (/wiki/Fashion_design) house based in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and known for their unique embroideries (/wiki/Embroidery) . It was founded in 2009 by Indian-born husband and wife designers Sachin and Babi Ahluwalia. [1] (#cite_note-1) This contemporary womenswear line specialized in refined evening gowns and separates. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Since 2009, the brand has been featured many times on fashion magazines and adopted by celebrities around the world. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) History [ edit ] Founder [ edit ] The brand Sachin & Babi is named after its founder and designer, Sachin Ahluwalia and Babi Ahluwalia. They are both from India (/wiki/India) and met as students at New York's Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) in 1994. Sachin studied fashion design while Babi studied textiles. [3] (#cite_note-3) They fell in love during school, and got engaged after graduation, then started the business together. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Evolution [ edit ] Prior to establishing this women's ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) brand, Sachin and Babi Ahluwalia were working as embroidery craftsmen, creating authentic Indian threadwork. [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) In 1997, they were introduced to Oscar de la Renta (/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta) and got the chance to showcase some of their embroidery work. Oscar then decided to put Sachin and Babi's embroidery on his evening gowns. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) That was the beginning of their business, since then, they have been supplying embroideries for other top name brands. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) In 2004, they launched a luxury home brand, Ankasa on New York Upper East Side, with a line of embroidered pillows and accessories. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) As a result of the pandemic, in 2021, Sachin & Babi from 60% wholesale to 60% DTC e-commerce sales. [7] (#cite_note-glossy.co-7) They also began a new company, The Good Kloth Company, focusing on well-designed, well-manufactured uniforms coated with this antimicrobial coating using BioBloX. In collaboration with a Swiss chemical solutions company, they created a line for workers on the front lines and essential staff to wear that would by stylish and protective. [7] (#cite_note-glossy.co-7) Manufactured in Vietnam, the Good Kloth Company makes uniforms for aviation and restaurant workers, reusable scrubs, masks, PPE gear, and headgear for medical workers. [8] (#cite_note-8) Eponymous Collection [ edit ] In 2009, the designer duo went back to the fashion industry and created their eponymous womenswear collection, Sachin & Babi. It provides elegant and luxury design styles with more affordable price. [9] (#cite_note-9) The label In the bridal fashion week of 2016, Sachin & Babi made their first move in the bridal dresses. They introduced the 12-piece wedding dress collection for Spring 2017. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2020, Sachin & Babi expanded their all-gown label to cocktail dresses and daywear attires. [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "About" (http://studio.sachinandbabi.com/bio/) . Sachin & Babi . Retrieved October 15, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Sachin & Babi Dish on Their Upper East Side Digs - Daily Front Row" (https://fashionweekdaily.com/sachin-babi-dish-upper-east-side-digs/) . Daily Front Row . December 23, 2015 . Retrieved October 15, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Leon, Sarah (November 22, 2011). "PHOTOS: Designers Sachin and Babi Discuss Their First Date" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/22/sachin-babi-photos_n_1107970.html) . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 20, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "It's Kind of a Funny Story: Sachin & Babi" (http://www.manrepeller.com/2016/10/sachin-and-babi-designers.html) . Man Repeller . October 19, 2016 . Retrieved October 22, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "1stdibs Introspective - Spotlight - Babi Ahluwalia" (http://www.1stdibs.com/introspective/spotlight_on_design/babi_ahluwalia/page_1.html) . www.1stdibs.com . Retrieved October 22, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Colvin, Rhonda (June 19, 2014). "A Couple's Embroidery Business Branches Out to Home Accessories" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-couples-embroidery-business-branches-out-to-home-accessories-1403210932) . Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved October 15, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Sachin & Babi co-founder Babi Ahluwalia on the pandemic's impact" (https://www.glossy.co/podcasts/sachin-babi-co-founder-babi-ahluwalia-on-the-pandemics-impact-were-weathering-the-storm-of-fashion/) . Glossy . June 2, 2021 . Retrieved November 2, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Sachin & Babi's The Good Kloth Company will use antimicrobial coatings on their offerings of PPE, uniforms and loungewear" (https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/sachin-and-babi-the-good-kloth-company-ppe-uniforms-and-loungewear) . Vogue India . July 20, 2020 . Retrieved November 2, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Sachin + Babi aren't household names (yet), but their groovy clothes are garnering attention" (http://houston.culturemap.com/news/fashion/06-04-11-sachin-babi-arent-household-names-yet-but-they-make-groovy-clothes/#slide=0) . CultureMap Houston . Retrieved October 22, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Brides. "Sachin & Babi Wedding Dresses - Spring 2017 - Bridal Fashion Week" (http://www.brides.com/wedding-dresses-style/bridal-runway-shows/2016/04/new-sachin-and-babi-wedding-dresses-2017-spring#slide=1) . Brides . Retrieved October 15, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Sachin & Babi Fall 2020 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2020-ready-to-wear/sachin-babi) . Vogue . February 11, 2020 . Retrieved April 15, 2020 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.sachinandbabi.com/) ANKASA website (http://www.ankasa.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5486b6fcc7‐lw6zz Cached time: 20240628174616 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.270 seconds Real time usage: 0.349 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1568/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26232/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1078/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 42484/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.166/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5117948/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 317.435 1 -total 39.22% 124.488 6 Template:Cite_web 34.58% 109.758 1 Template:Infobox_company 29.80% 94.587 1 Template:Infobox 10.84% 34.398 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates 7.30% 23.171 5 Template:Cite_news 3.65% 11.585 1 Template:DMCA 3.14% 9.954 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 2.66% 8.436 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 2.50% 7.933 1 Template:Official_website Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:51880558-0!canonical and timestamp 20240628174616 and revision id 1231509476. 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Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5f85d49c4f‐rjqc5 Cached time: 20240722091052 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.043 seconds Real time usage: 0.057 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 14/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 682/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.026/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 630279/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 47.186 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 47.186 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:890603-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722091052 and revision id 547355661. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. L L'Oréal (/wiki/Category:L%27Or%C3%A9al) ‎ (4 C, 5 P) Pages in category "Cosmetics companies of France" The following 41 pages are in this category, out of 41 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Ales Groupe (/wiki/Ales_Groupe) L'Artisan Parfumeur (/wiki/L%27Artisan_Parfumeur) B Babani (/wiki/Babani) Bourjois (/wiki/Bourjois) C Caudalie (/wiki/Caudalie) Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) Coty (/wiki/Coty) D Diptyque (/wiki/Diptyque) E Eisenberg Paris (/wiki/Eisenberg_Paris) Ella Baché (/wiki/Ella_Bach%C3%A9) G Le Galion (/wiki/Le_Galion) Groupe Vendôme SA (/wiki/Groupe_Vend%C3%B4me_SA) H Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) I In'oya (/wiki/In%27oya) Institut Jeanne Gatineau (/wiki/Institut_Jeanne_Gatineau) IOMA (/wiki/IOMA) ISIPCA (/wiki/ISIPCA) K Kérastase (/wiki/K%C3%A9rastase) L L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) Laboratoires Expanscience (/wiki/Laboratoires_Expanscience) Lancôme (/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me) Laura Mercier Cosmetics (/wiki/Laura_Mercier_Cosmetics) M Make Up For Ever (/wiki/Make_Up_For_Ever) Mane SA (/wiki/Mane_SA) Isabel Marant (/wiki/Isabel_Marant) Melvita (/wiki/Melvita) Molinard (/wiki/Molinard) O L'Occitane en Provence (/wiki/L%27Occitane_en_Provence) P Parfums Lubin (/wiki/Parfums_Lubin) Peclers (/wiki/Peclers) Pulpe de vie (/wiki/Pulpe_de_vie) R Rallet (/wiki/Rallet) Robertet Group (/wiki/Robertet_Group) Roger & Gallet (/wiki/Roger_%26_Gallet) S Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) Sisley (company) (/wiki/Sisley_(company)) U Université Européenne des Senteurs & Saveurs (/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Europ%C3%A9enne_des_Senteurs_%26_Saveurs) Y Ybry (/wiki/Ybry) Yves Rocher (company) (/wiki/Yves_Rocher_(company)) Yves Saint Laurent (fashion house) (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(fashion_house)) Media in category "Cosmetics companies of France" This category contains only the following file. L'Oréal HQ.jpg (/wiki/File:L%27Or%C3%A9al_HQ.jpg) 640 × 480; 83 KB esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_companies_of_France&oldid=547355661 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_companies_of_France&oldid=547355661) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies of France by industry (/wiki/Category:Companies_of_France_by_industry) Cosmetics companies by country (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_companies_by_country) Manufacturing companies of France (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_of_France)
Furniture Brands International Formerly International Shoe Company (1911–1966) Interco (1966–1996) Industry Furniture (/wiki/Furniture_industry) Founded 1911 ; 113 years ago ( 1911 ) Defunct 2013 ( 2013 ) Fate Chapter 11 bankruptcy (/wiki/Chapter_11_Bankruptcy) Headquarters Clayton, Missouri (/wiki/Clayton,_Missouri) , United States Furniture Brands International, Inc. was a home furnishings company, headquartered in Clayton, Missouri (/wiki/Clayton,_Missouri) . The company began in 1911 as International Shoe Company with the merger of Roberts, Johnson & Rand Shoe Company and Peters Shoe Company . In 1966, the company changed its name to Interco as the result of diversification, and once the company exited the shoe business, adopted the name Furniture Brands International . Some of the brands it owned in the furniture industry included Broyhill, Thomasville, Drexel Heritage, Henredon, Hickory (/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina) Chair, Pearson, Laneventure, and Maitland-Smith. In 2013, Furniture Brands filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy (/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy) and announced plans to sell most of its divisions. New owner KPS Capital Partners (/wiki/KPS_Capital_Partners) announced the formation of Heritage Home Group (/wiki/Heritage_Home_Group) on November 25 of that year. History [ edit ] International Shoe Company [ edit ] "International Shoe" redirects here. For the Supreme Court ruling on personal jurisdiction, see International Shoe Co. v. Washington (/wiki/International_Shoe_Co._v._Washington) . At age 16 in the 1870s, Henry W. Peters went to work for Claflin, Allen & Company, at a time when St. Louis, Missouri (/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri) , had wholesale distributors of shoes rather than manufacturers. As Peters moved up in the company, the city's production of shoes increased from a half-million in 1883 to nine times that, and Claflin, Allen & Company was one of the largest shoe makers. Peters became president and then left in 1891 to form his own company, Peters Shoe Company, with help from relatives. Peters Shoe Company started with $200,000 in capital and almost doubled in size in its first decade, requiring a move from 7th Street and Washington Avenue to a larger building at 11th Street and Washington. Isaac S. Taylor (/wiki/Isaac_S._Taylor) designed the eight-story headquarters built in 1901 at 13th Street and Washington, which was named to the National Register of Historic Places (/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places) in 1984. [1] (#cite_note-NRHP-1) Brothers Jackson and Oscar Johnson (/wiki/Oscar_Johnson_(businessman)) , and their cousin Frank C. Rand (/wiki/Frank_C._Rand) , moved from Mississippi (/wiki/Mississippi) to Memphis, Tennessee (/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee) , in 1892 and started the Johnson, Carruthers & Rand Shoe Company. Henry O. Rand, father of Frank, and John C. Roberts were financial backers. In 1898, the Johnsons sold their company and moved to St. Louis to start Roberts, Johnson & Rand Shoe Company. Frank Rand, a graduate of Vanderbilt University (/wiki/Vanderbilt_University) , became a stock clerk and advanced to become vice-president. [2] (#cite_note-FBI-2) A headquarters building went up at 15th Street and Washington in 1909. [1] (#cite_note-NRHP-1) By 1905, St. Louis had moved from ninth to third in the country in shoe production. Peters Shoe Company had continued significant growth, and its products sold all over the United States and even in Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) and Europe (/wiki/Europe) . The two largest shoe companies in the city, Roberts, Johnson & Rand and Peters Shoe Company, merged in 1911 to form International Shoe Company, but each company kept its own identity. Peters Shoe remained in its own building, with Weatherbird Shoes on display, until 1930, when the company moved into what had become the International Shoe Building. Washington Avenue became known as "Shoe Street U.S.A." because it "claimed more shoe trade than any other street in the world". [1] (#cite_note-NRHP-1) Jackson Johnson became president of International Shoe Company, succeeded in 1915 by his brother Oscar, who died in 1916. Frank Rand took over as president. Jackson Johnson remained chairman until he died in 1929. The company became known for quality shoes at low to moderate prices. World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) resulted in significant demand for military footwear. [2] (#cite_note-FBI-2) International Shoe Company incorporated (/wiki/Incorporation_(business)) in Delaware (/wiki/Delaware) March 16, 1921. [3] (#cite_note-pdf-3) At the time the company had 32 factories in Missouri (/wiki/Missouri) , Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) , and Kentucky (/wiki/Kentucky) and had just bought a tannery (/wiki/Tannery) business, Kistler, Lesh & Co. Also that year, the company bought W.H. McElwaine Company of Boston (/wiki/Boston) , with about 5,000 workers and numerous operations in New Hampshire (/wiki/New_Hampshire) . The company was doing well but was unionized (/wiki/Trade_union) , while International Shoe was not. A recession (/wiki/Depression_of_1920-21) caused McElwaine to propose wage cuts, which caused United Shoe Workers (/w/index.php?title=United_Shoe_Workers&action=edit&redlink=1) to call for a strike. The sale, intended as a solution to this problem, resulted in a Federal Trade Commission (/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission) challenge (/wiki/International_Shoe_v._Washington) under the Clayton Antitrust Act (/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act) . The Supreme Court (/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court) ruled in 1930 that the merger could take place. Without a union, workers had to grudgingly accept the inevitable layoffs and wage reductions which kept the company profitable. The company found itself in the Supreme Court again in 1945, where its practice of soliciting in-person offers and fulfilling them in a state separate from its retail locations was the subject of a landmark case taught in law schools across the country. [4] (#cite_note-4) [ circular reference ] In addition to Weatherbird, International Shoe Company made Red Goose shoes, and in 1922 the company added Poll Parrot, named for Paul Parrot, who had a parrot in his shoe store [ citation needed ] . [5] (#cite_note-5) The Hannibal, Missouri (/wiki/Hannibal,_Missouri) , plant, that started in 1898 with a million pairs a year by 1908, made Poll Parrot and Star shoes. [6] (#cite_note-6) Frank Rand led International Shoe through a time of major growth and through the difficulties created by the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) . With Jackson Johnson's death, Rand moved into the chairman's slot and served in that position until his death in 1949. William H. Moulton, who had joined Roberts, Johnson & Rand in 1908, took over as president, serving until his 1939 retirement. International Shoe not only endured the Depression but thrived, due to lower prices increasing demand for shoes, and the lack of labor trouble. Eventually, most International Shoe plants organized because the New Deal (/wiki/New_Deal) outlawed the company's strategies to prevent unionization. The National Labor Relations Board (/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board) had to act to allow workers in Hannibal to organize. Byron Gray, an employee since 1909, became president in 1939. World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) gave International Shoe a major opportunity, as it was the only shoe company large enough to bid for all the business of the U.S. Army (/wiki/United_States_Army) . The company had 30,000 employees and became by far the U.S. government's largest supplier of footwear during the war, despite opposition by labor unions. Consumer demand also increased, and in 1944 International Shoe once again reached its 1929 production levels. By 1950, International Shoe had the capability to make 70 million pairs of shoes a year; its businesses also included tanneries (/wiki/Tannery) , rubber heels, cement, containers, and material for shoe linings. Rand's death the previous year began a change in the company's outlook as the Rand family influence began to decrease. Frank Rand's sons Edgar E. Rand (/wiki/Edgar_E._Rand) and Henry Hale Rand (/wiki/Henry_Hale_Rand) both served as president, but the company began a period of diversification due to the influence of Maurice R. Chambers even before he became president in 1962. Major acquisitions included high-end shoe maker Florsheim (/wiki/Florsheim_Shoe) in 1952, Canada (/wiki/Canada) 's largest shoe maker, Savage Shoes, Ltd. (/w/index.php?title=Savage_Shoes,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1) , in 1954, and Caribe Shoe Corporation of Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) in 1958. That last deal led to the closing of a plant in Chester, Illinois (/wiki/Chester,_Illinois) , that had operated since 1916 and was making 5,000 shoes a day. A retail division began in 1959, and International Shoe began buying companies in other countries and even in businesses other than shoes. [2] (#cite_note-FBI-2) Interco [ edit ] International Shoe Company became Interco Inc. on March 1, 1966. [3] (#cite_note-pdf-3) The new name reflected the company strategy of buying businesses in many different areas. Interco had three major divisions—apparel, footwear, and retailing. From 1964 to 1978, the company bought 20 other manufacturers or retailers as well as Central Hardware. Under Chambers, plants started closing and some shoes were imported from such places as Italy (/wiki/Italy) . Overall, by the mid-1970s, 44 percent of shoes in the U.S. came from other countries. But Chambers' strategies kept Interco successful, reaching a billion dollars with consistent growth in sales and earnings. Chambers moved to the chairman's job in 1976, with William H. Edwards Jr. taking over as president, but continuing Chambers' policies. On April 31, 1978, Interco acquired International Hat Company (/wiki/International_Hat_Company) and its six factories, as part of Interco's expansion into the apparel industry. [7] (#cite_note-International_Hat_Company_Sold_to_Interco-7) In 1980, Interco added furniture as a major division. [2] (#cite_note-FBI-2) That year the company bought Ethan Allen Inc. (/wiki/Ethan_Allen_(furniture_company)) for $150 million. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 1980 Interco took over Broyhill Furniture (/wiki/Broyhill_Furniture) , a North Carolina (/wiki/North_Carolina) company that was the world's largest privately owned furniture maker, with 20 factories and 7,500 employees. Paul Broyhill remained as CEO for five more years, leaving when Interco made changes with which he did not agree. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 1987, under new president Harvey Saligman, Interco bought Lane Company (/wiki/Lane_Company) of Altavista, Virginia (/wiki/Altavista,_Virginia) , which increased furniture and home furnishings to about one-third of Interco's total sales. [10] (#cite_note-Quint-10) Also under Saligman, Interco bought Converse (/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)) in 1986. Footwear and furniture were the company's most profitable areas, and the goal was to sell other businesses. Unfortunately, due to the costs of buying Converse and Lane, Interco itself appeared by this time to be a takeover target, more profitable as a group of separate companies to be sold than as a single unit. In 1988, Steven M. Rales and his brother Mitchell led a group that offered $2.47 billion, but that bid ran into trouble when the SEC (/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission) charged Drexel Burnham Lambert (/wiki/Drexel_Burnham_Lambert) with insider trading (/wiki/Insider_trading) , making financing of the bid more difficult. Interco took on debt to discourage other offers, and the Rales group eventually backed off. But Interco could not make enough money by selling its unprofitable operations; [2] (#cite_note-FBI-2) For example, selling Ethan Allen brought in $388 million rather than the expected $550 million. The company's debt had jumped from $300 million in 1988 to $2.6 billion in 1989, and operations were not producing enough income to cover the payments. On July 31, 1990, an agreement with creditors to extend loan maturities to 1997 was intended to avoid bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) . [10] (#cite_note-Quint-10) In 1989, Richard Loynd, Converse's chairman and the leader of his company's buyout effort, became Interco president. Interco filed for Chapter 11 (/wiki/Chapter_11) in January 1991 and sold all of its operations except Broyhill, Lane, Converse, and Florsheim. Apollo Investment Fund, Ltd., led by Drexel Burnham Lambert's Leon Black, took a controlling interest in the reorganized Interco, which emerged from bankruptcy in August 1992. In 1994, Interco exited the shoe business, selling Converse and Florsheim. [2] (#cite_note-FBI-2) Brown Shoe Company (/wiki/Brown_Shoe_Company) took over the rights to Red Goose. A former International Shoe Company warehouse in St. Louis became the City Museum (/wiki/City_Museum) . [11] (#cite_note-Stansberry-11) Armstrong World Industries (/wiki/Armstrong_World_Industries) sold Thomasville Furniture Industries (/wiki/Thomasville_Furniture_Industries) to Interco in November 1995 in a $331 million deal. Interco had over $1 billion in revenues at the time. [12] (#cite_note-12) Furniture Brands International [ edit ] Interco became Furniture Brands International on March 1, 1996. [3] (#cite_note-pdf-3) That same year, Mickey Holliman of the Action Industries subsidiary succeeded Loynd as president. Holliman had made his company into the leader in the motion furniture (/w/index.php?title=Motion_furniture&action=edit&redlink=1) segment. His strategy of focusing on furniture proved successful, and by 1999 Furniture Brands International had fifteen straight quarters of increased earnings. Thomasville Furniture, the third manufacturer, and a deal with retailer Haverty's (/wiki/Haverty%27s) to devote significant space to Furniture Brands, contributed to the company's positive outlook. [2] (#cite_note-FBI-2) Late in 2001, Masco (/wiki/Masco) announced Furniture Brands International would buy Henredon, Drexel Heritage and Maitland-Smith for $275 million, in a deal expected to return Furniture Brands to the number one U.S. furniture manufacturer, a title lost to La-Z-Boy (/wiki/La-Z-Boy) when that company bought LADD in 2000. [13] (#cite_note-13) The three companies, which gave Furniture Brands a top position in premium furniture, [14] (#cite_note-14) became the High Point, North Carolina (/wiki/High_Point,_North_Carolina) -based subsidiary HDM Furniture Industries, Inc. in 2005. Drexel Heritage CEO Jeff Young became the CEO. Also that year, HDM announced plans to move upholstery (/wiki/Upholstery) manufacturing in High Point to the Drexel Heritage location, closing the Henredon plant and moving some operations to Mount Airy, North Carolina (/wiki/Mount_Airy,_North_Carolina) . [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Despite a decline in the industry as a whole, Furniture Brands continued to be successful and expanded into retail. [2] (#cite_note-FBI-2) In 2007, Furniture Brands announced that Thomasville and Drexel Heritage would increase the number of company-owned stores for their products, but that Broyhill and Lane would close their St. Louis-area stores and focus on selling through furniture stores that sold other brands. At the time, the Designer Brands group included Henredon, Hickory Chair, Laneventure, Maitland-Smith, and Pearson. [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2008, intending to focus on homes rather than businesses, Furniture Brands announced the sale of Hickory Business Furniture to HNI Corporation for $75 million. [18] (#cite_note-18) Also that year, Henredon moved its headquarters to one of its High Point plants that year, and Drexel Heritage moved in with Thomasville Furniture. [19] (#cite_note-19) And with Henredon's 15-year contract to manufacture Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Polo_Ralph_Lauren) furniture ending, the company dropped the position of Henredon Furniture president, with the Designer Group president taking over that role. This was part of a companywide strategy to consolidate back office (/wiki/Back_office) departments in what had been separate companies. [20] (#cite_note-20) Also in 2008, the Drexel Heritage/Henredon plant in High Point closed. This left the company with two High Point plants, and one each in Thomasville (/wiki/Thomasville,_North_Carolina) and Mt. Airy. This brought the total number of N.C. jobs cut by Furniture Brands to 8726, 2740 of those in the Triad (/wiki/Piedmont_Triad) , since 2000, during which time the company had also closed 39 of 57 U.S. plants. [21] (#cite_note-21) On July 10, 2008, Furniture Brands said it would move its headquarters to Clayton, Missouri (/wiki/Clayton,_Missouri) . The number of employees at the new site would increase from about 75 to about 225. At the same time, the company was changing from a holding company (/wiki/Holding_company) to an operating company; certain departments would move from the company's divisions to headquarters, but any job related to a specific brand would remain at the appropriate division. State and county incentives worth $4 million played a role in the decision. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) The company completed its 52,000 square feet (4,800 m 2 ) headquarters in two stories of 14-story Shaw Park Plaza (/w/index.php?title=Shaw_Park_Plaza&action=edit&redlink=1) in October. [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) In 2009, Thomasville, Drexel Heritage, Henredon, and Maitland-Smith made their debut at the Las Vegas Furniture Market (/wiki/Las_Vegas_Furniture_Market) , where Broyhill and Lane had been exhibiting since 2005. [26] (#cite_note-26) For the 2009 High Point Market (/wiki/High_Point_Market) , Maitland-Smith moved its showroom into that of Henredon and moved its outlet from Tomlinson Road to its Penny Road office. [27] (#cite_note-27) Furniture Brands' market capitalization (or total value of its shares) fell from $1.8 billion in 2004 to $31 million in 2013. The company has lost money every year since 2007 and was delisted from the New York Stock Exchange (/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange) twice in less than a year. Analyst Budd Bugatch of Raymond James & Associates compared Furniture Brands board members to the pigs in George Orwell's Animal Farm (/wiki/Animal_Farm) . [28] (#cite_note-28) On September 9, 2013, Furniture Brands filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy (/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy) . The company planned to sell all businesses other than Lane Furniture to a group managed by Oaktree Capital Management LP. [29] (#cite_note-29) On October 2, a judge approved a $280 million stalking horse offer (/wiki/Stalking_horse_offer) by KPS Capital Partners (/wiki/KPS_Capital_Partners) . On November 4, Samson Holding Ltd. (/w/index.php?title=Samson_Holding&action=edit&redlink=1) , the largest stockholder, announced its intention to bid [30] (#cite_note-30) but that bid never took place, and on November 22, a judge approved the KPS bid. KPS announced the name Heritage Home Group (/wiki/Heritage_Home_Group) LLC for the new owner of "substantially all of the assets" of Furniture Brands on November 25. Also announced at that time was the resignation of Furniture Brands chairman and CEO Ralph Scozzafava (/wiki/Ralph_Scozzafava) . Ira Glazer became Heritage president and CEO. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Furniture Brands International became FBI Wind Down Inc., and chief administrative officer and general counsel Meredith Graham was put in charge of liquidation. [34] (#cite_note-34) Heritage Home Group was considered a subsidiary of FBI Wind Down. [35] (#cite_note-35) FBI Wind Down cancelled its stock effective August 1, 2014 [36] (#cite_note-36) but continued to dispose of former Furniture Brands properties. [37] (#cite_note-37) FBI Wind Down sold four more Furniture Brands properties to 21 BC LLC in 2015. In High Point, sites on Fairfield Road and Copeland Avenue were included. Thomasville and Morganton locations were also sold. [38] (#cite_note-38) See also [ edit ] Columbia Manufacturing Inc. (/wiki/Columbia_Manufacturing_Inc.) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (/wiki/Bailey_v._Drexel_Furniture_Co.) Maine Cottage (/wiki/Maine_Cottage) England Furniture Incorporated (/wiki/England_Furniture_Incorporated) American Home Furnishings Alliance (/wiki/American_Home_Furnishings_Alliance) International Hat Company (/wiki/International_Hat_Company) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Peters Shoe Company Building" (https://mostateparks.com/sites/mostateparks/files/Peters%20Shoe%20Co.%20Bldg.pdf) (PDF) . Retrieved 2023-01-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Furniture Brands International, Inc. -- Company History" (http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Furniture-Brands-International-Inc-Company-History.html) . fundinguniverse.com . Retrieved 2011-12-05 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Interco/Furniture Brands International Securities" (https://www.slideshare.net/sharrenslides/fbn-securities) . 19 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) International Shoe Co. v. Washington (/wiki/International_Shoe_Co._v._Washington) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ralph and Terry Kovel (/wiki/Ralph_and_Terry_Kovel) , "Old products find new life in home," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel) , 2001-04-08, p. 9. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Norine Albers, "Hannibal. More Than A Huck Finn Town," The Daily Guide (/wiki/The_Daily_Guide) , 2012-04-06, p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-International_Hat_Company_Sold_to_Interco_7-0) Associated Press. "International Hat Company Sold to Interco", St. Louis Post-Dispatch (/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch) , April 1, 1978, p. 1E. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Nathan Ancell; Co-Founded Furniture Firm" (http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jun/06/local/me-44786) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . 1999-06-06 . Retrieved 2011-12-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Lucas, Guy (2021-10-08). "Furniture industry innovator Paul Hunt Broyhill dies" (https://greensboro.com/news/local/furniture-industry-innovator-paul-hunt-broyhill-dies/article_d8452e49-a3d7-5b51-bd5b-e50eb27770aa.html) . Greensboro News and Record (/wiki/Greensboro_News_and_Record) . Retrieved 2021-10-09 – via High Point Enterprise (/wiki/High_Point_Enterprise) . ^ Jump up to: a b Quint, Michael (1990-08-01). "Interco Debt Pact Includes Conversion of Bonds to Stock" (https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/01/business/interco-debt-pact-includes-conversion-of-bonds-to-stock.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 2011-12-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-Stansberry_11-0) Rhonda Stansberry, "St. Louis Exhibition Profiles Footwear From Heel to Toe," Omaha World-Herald (/wiki/Omaha_World-Herald) , 2000-06-04, p. 12. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Thomasville sale to Interco complete" (http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Thomasville+sale+to+Interco+complete.-a017799081) . Retrieved 2011-12-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) McIntosh, Jay (2001-11-04). "LifeStyle breaking up" (http://www.furnituretoday.com/article/17861-LifeStyle_breaking_up.php) . Furniture Today . Retrieved 2011-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Furniture Brands International Announces Proposed Acquisition of Henredon, Drexel Heritage, and Maitland-Smith From Lifestyle Furnishings International" (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Dec_5/ai_80550950/) . Business Wire. 2011-12-05 . Retrieved 2012-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "HDM Furniture Industries Announces Manufacturing Realignment at Henredon and Drexel Heritage" (http://www.furninfo.com/absolutenm/templates/News.asp?articleid=5366&zoneid=8) . Furniture World Magazine . 2005-08-12 . Retrieved 2012-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Furniture Brands International Announces Consolidation of Operations at Henredon, Drexel Heritage and Maitland-Smith" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052833/http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Furniture_Brands_International_(FBN)/Furniture_Brands_International_Announces_Consolidation_Operations_Henredon_Drexel) . 2005-05-23. Archived from the original (http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Furniture_Brands_International_(FBN)/Furniture_Brands_International_Announces_Consolidation_Operations_Henredon_Drexel) on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2012-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Furniture Brands International Announces the Closing of Eight Broyhill and Lane Stores" (http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2007/11/06/368595/130647/en/Furniture-Brands-International-Announces-the-Closing-of-Eight-Broyhill-and-Lane-Stores.html) . Prime Newswire. 2007-11-06 . Retrieved 2016-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Furniture Brands International Reaches Agreement for Sale of Hickory Business Furniture" (http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2008/03/17/374851/138296/en/Furniture-Brands-International-Reaches-Agreement-for-Sale-of-Hickory-Business-Furniture.html) . Bloomberg . 2008-03-17 . Retrieved 2016-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Furniture Brands to separate Henredon and Drexel Heritage headquarters" (http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/2008/03/17/daily24.html) . St. Louis Business Journal (/wiki/St._Louis_Business_Journal) . 2008-03-18 . Retrieved 2012-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Tilley Leaves Henredon" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091226000929/http://www.hfbusiness.com/article/tom-tilley-leaves-after-two-years-henredon-helm-furniture-brands-international-shifts-business-model-113948/1) . Home Furnishings Business . July 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.hfbusiness.com/article/tom-tilley-leaves-after-two-years-henredon-helm-furniture-brands-international-shifts-business-model-113948/1) on 2009-12-26 . Retrieved 2012-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Craver, Richard (2008-06-27). "Furniture Brands closes High Point plant with 300 jobs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210412220434/https://constantinela.livejournal.com/643.html) . Winston-Salem Journal (/wiki/Winston-Salem_Journal) . Archived from the original (http://constantinela.livejournal.com/643.html/) on April 12, 2021 . Retrieved 2016-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Furniture Brands Plans New Headquarters Near St. Louis," Winston-Salem Journal , 2008-7-11. ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Furniture Brands Transitions to Operating Company Model, Moves to New World Headquarters" (http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=146173) . GlobeNewsWire. 2008-07-10 . Retrieved 2012-01-26 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Business Bulletin Board," St. Louis Post-Dispatch , 2008-10-31. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Shaw Park Plaza" (https://archive.today/20130208045134/http://www.emporis.com/building/shawparkplaza-clayton-mo-usa) . Emporis (/wiki/Emporis) . Archived from the original (http://www.emporis.com/building/shawparkplaza-clayton-mo-usa) on February 8, 2013 . Retrieved 2012-07-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Furniture Brands Expands Presence at Las Vegas Market" (http://www.casualliving.com/article/466811-Furniture_Brands_Expands_Presence_at_Las_Vegas_Market.php) . Casual Living . 2009-02-02 . Retrieved 2012-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "FBI Consolidates Designer Brand High Point Showrooms" (https://archive.today/20130125020044/http://www.hfbusiness.com/article/furniture-brands-international-consolidates-maitland-smith-henredon-showrooms-402920/1) . Home Furnishings Business . 2009-02-09. Archived from the original (http://www.hfbusiness.com/article/furniture-brands-international-consolidates-maitland-smith-henredon-showrooms-402920/1) on 2013-01-25 . Retrieved 2012-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Nicklaus, David (2013-07-19). "Red ink is a constant at beleaguered Furniture Brands" (http://www.stltoday.com/business/columns/david-nicklaus/red-ink-is-a-constant-at-beleaguered-furniture-brands/article_50f2451e-32fc-5dc7-a769-5996d08a7b5e.html) . St. Louis Post-Dispatch (/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Craver, Richard (2013-09-09). "Furniture Brands files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy" (https://www.journalnow.com/business/business_news/local/article_43218486-1988-11e3-8dcb-0019bb30f31a.html) . Winston-Salem Journal (/wiki/Winston-Salem_Journal) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Craver, Richard (2013-11-05). "Furniture Brands' top stakeholder to enter bid for bankrupt manufacturer" (https://www.journalnow.com/business/business_news/local/article_fc1f78a2-462f-11e3-95bf-0019bb30f31a.html) . Winston-Salem Journal (/wiki/Winston-Salem_Journal) . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Craver, Richard (2013-11-26). "Furniture Brands to get new name, new top exec" (https://www.journalnow.com/business/business_news/local/article_bdf04ab0-563e-11e3-83da-001a4bcf6878.html) . Winston-Salem Journal (/wiki/Winston-Salem_Journal) . Retrieved 2013-12-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Craver, Richard (2013-11-28). "New owner replaces two more executives at former Furniture Brands" (https://www.journalnow.com/business/business_news/local/article_dae0bc38-57b3-11e3-bba9-001a4bcf6878.html) . Winston-Salem Journal (/wiki/Winston-Salem_Journal) . Retrieved 2013-12-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "KPS Capital Partners Announces Formation of Heritage Home Group, LLC" (http://www.kpsfund.com/docs/default-source/newsandpressreleases/heritage-home-acquisition-mass-blast.htm?sfvrsn=2) . KPS Capital Partners. 2013-11-25 . Retrieved 2014-08-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Kumar, Kavita (2013-12-03). "Furniture Brands winds down as new firm takes over its brands" (http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/furniture-brands-winds-down-as-new-firm-takes-over-its/article_ec58d5e6-ffb7-5904-8c98-6e60b8e6f333.html) . St. Louis Post-Dispatch (/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch) . Retrieved 2014-08-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Heritage Home Group" (https://archive.today/20140826000335/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=247694203) . Bloomberg Businessweek (/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek) . Archived from the original (http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=247694203) on August 26, 2014 . Retrieved 2014-08-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Craver, Richard (2014-08-05). "Furniture Brands stock cancelled". Winston-Salem Journal . p. A9. ^ (#cite_ref-37) Craver, Richard (2014-09-11). "Ennis Paint buys old Thomasville plant". Winston-Salem Journal . p. A9. ^ (#cite_ref-38) Craver, Richard (2015-11-30). "The Briefcase" (https://www.journalnow.com/business/business_news/local/the-briefcase/article_b2fe2780-847a-519e-a020-ecc3d7855dd2.html) . Winston-Salem Journal . Retrieved 2015-12-04 . 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Turkish fashion designer and businessman Cem Hakko Born ( 1955-06-17 ) June 17, 1955 (age 69) Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) , Turkey Nationality Turkish Occupation Businessman Known for President of Vakko (/wiki/Vakko) Cem Hakko ( Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) , 17 June 1955 [1] (#cite_note-1) ) is a Turkish fashion designer and businessman. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) He is the son of Vitali Hakko (/wiki/Vitali_Hakko) (1913–2007). [4] (#cite_note-4) Life [ edit ] After finishing elementary school in Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , he continued his studies at College du Leman in Geneva (/wiki/Geneva) and graduated from high school in Strasbourg (/wiki/Strasbourg) . Hakko studied at "Ecole Des Hautes Etudes Internationales / School of International Studies in Paris and Faculté de Sciences Economiques/ Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences of the University of Fribourg in Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) . He wrote the book called "The Fashion Concept" as his thesis at the University of Fribourg (/wiki/University_of_Fribourg) . In the book, Hakko analyzed the emergence of fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , its development phases and the social and economic factors which have created fashion from a scientific point of view. The book treats the psycho-social aspects of the fashion concept. Vakko [ edit ] Cem Hakko started to work with his father Vitali Hakko who created to the " Vakko (/wiki/Vakko) " brand, during his summer vacations and returned to Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) at the beginning of the 80s. [5] (#cite_note-5) Based on the product range of Vakko, Hakko established the young fashion brand Vakkorama in 1982. However, he did not consider Vakkorama just as a fashion brand; he created a lifestyle that integrates fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , art (/wiki/Art) , sports (/wiki/Sports) and music (/wiki/Music) , thus achieving another first in Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) . When Hakko took over the responsibility of Chairman of the Board of Directors in 2004, the Vakko Group had 24 stores as Vakko and Vakkorama. Cem Hakko added W Collection, V2K and Outlet brands to the existing brands thus increasing the number of Vakko Group brands to 4 while tripling the turnover. Under the leadership of Hakko, all Vakko employees relocated to the Vakko Fashion Center which was built in Istanbul in 2010 by the famous architect Joshua Prince Ramus. The Vakko Fashion Center which has an area of 12 500 square meters, was awarded "The Best Work Area" by Wallpaper magazine in 2011, and was also awarded the "Arch Daily; The Building of the Year" with the votes of 30,000 architects. Business associations [ edit ] In addition to the responsibilities that he undertook in Vakko, Hakko has been actively working with 12 different associations such as TÜSİAD (/wiki/T%C3%9CS%C4%B0AD) (Turkish Industry & Business Association), DEIK (Foreign Economic Relations Board), YPO-WPO, Professional Managers Association, Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters and finally as a member of the Board of Directors of TAYK (Turkish Offshore Racing Club). The current projects which are supported by Hakko - who places emphasis on carrying out social responsibility projects in Vakko - include the "Water Project", "Do not Drive Drunk, Take a Taxi". Art and Fashion Library [ edit ] The "Vitali Hakko Creative Industries Library" which was established by Hakko at Vakko Fashion Center has been serving artists, scholars, students and all art lovers with its 12.000 books in areas such as fashion, architecture, photography, painting etc. Vitali Hakko started an art collection in the 1960s and founded Turkey's first corporate art gallery in Ankara (/wiki/Ankara) in 1978. Now, Cem Hakko is expanding this art collection and is preparing an exhibition which will consist of 900 works of more than forty artists and will be held at the exhibition hall to be opened at the Vakko Fashion Center. Sports [ edit ] Hakko, who grew up practicing sports since his childhood, professionally practicing sports such as ski (/wiki/Ski) , sailing (/wiki/Sailing_(sport)) , windsurfing (/wiki/Windsurfing) , rally (/wiki/Rallying) , carting (/wiki/Carting) , Formula 3 (/wiki/Formula_3) , and the motocross sports. He was the winner of the Turkey Carting Championship in 1987 and 1988, the winner of the 1990 Istanbul Rally Championship and the winner of 1991 Turkey Rally Cross Championship. He ranked second at the 1988 International Carting Championship and the fourth at the 19th International Bursa Rally in 1994. Hakko who brought organizations such as Snowman, Class 1 World Offshore Championship and Turkey Sailing Race to Turkey is also the one who popularized sports such as the Formula 1 (/wiki/Formula_1) races in Turkey. Hakko is also one of three people who actualized the Formula 1 circuit and facilities in Istanbul. Broadcasting [ edit ] The music enthusiast Cem Hakko launched the Power Group starting with the establishment of national broadcaster Power FM (/wiki/Power_FM) radio in 1992. He included Power Records, Power Turk, Power Turk TV, Power Club, Power Garage TV, Power XL, Radyo Fenomen (Radio Phenomenon) respectively to Power Group. Personal life [ edit ] Hakko lives in Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) and has three children: Katia, Pia and Can. Katia Hakko studied at Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) , Pia Hakko studied graphic design at Central St. Martins (/wiki/Central_St._Martins) and both of them have returned to Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) . Can Hakko still continues his education. Cem Hakko who has ongoing responsibilities as Chairman of Vakko and Power Holding, continues his efforts to prepare both the 3rd generation of the Hakko family and the Vakko Group for living lavishly and extravagantly. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Cem Hakko Kimdir?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160810030517/https://www.biyografisi.gen.tr/kisiler/cem-hakko-kimdir/) . Biyografi Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Archived from the original (https://www.biyografisi.gen.tr/kisiler/cem-hakko-kimdir/) on 2016-08-10 . Retrieved 2016-06-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Jürgen Gottschlich; Dilek Zaptcioglu (2011). Istanbul. Con atlante stradale [ Istanbul with Road Atlas ] (in Italian). Marco Polo. p. 19. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-8860408617 . Uomini d'affari ebrei come Ishak Alaton, che opera nel campo dell'elettronica, e l'imperatore della moda Cem Hakko (Vakko) sono attualmente tra i personaggi più noti di İstanbul. Gli armeni furono decimati dalle persecuzioni del 1915 ... [Jewish businessmen as Ishak Alaton, which operates in the field of electronics, and the emperor of fashion Cem Hakko (Vakko) are currently among the best known of İstanbul.] ^ (#cite_ref-3) Yalçın Küçük (2003). Tekeliyet: ansiklopedi [ Monopoly: the encyclopedia ] (in Turkish). Vol. 1. İthaki. p. 421. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789758725779 . Bu tarih sorulanndan sonra, "cem" adına gelebiliriz; sabetayistlerin ve Ya- hudiler'in, Cem Hakko var, "cem" adına düşkünlükleri hâlâ tatminkar çözümünü bulamadığım bilmecelerden birisidir; Cem Boyner'i, Cem Uzan'ı ve sa- betayist bir baba ... [After these date questions, we can come to the name of "cem"; The sabbathists and Jews have Cem Hakko, their fondness for the name "cem" is one of the riddles that I still cannot find a satisfactory solution to; Cem Boyner, Cem Uzan and a sabbatical father...] ^ (#cite_ref-4) Rifat Bali (2012). Model Citizens of the State: The Jews of Turkey during the Multi-Party Period . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press (/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press) . p. 477. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1611475368 . Adnan Kahveci was Minister of Finance; Vitali Hakko (1913–2007) was a Jewish businessman and one of the ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ulrike Tischler; Ioannis Zelepos, eds. (2010). Bilderwelten – Weltbilder: Die Gegenwart der Vergangenheit in postosmanischen Metropolen Südosteuropas: Thessaloniki, Istanbul, Izmir . Peter Lang GmbH. p. 119. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3631563663 . Vitali Hakko und sein Sohn Cem im Vorstand des 1985 gegründeten Verschönerungs- und Vitalisierungsvereins Beyoglu (Beyoglu Güzelleslirme ve Yasatma Dernegi) maßgeblich an der Sanierung des Viertels beteiligt waren. [Vitali Hakko and his son Cem were instrumental in the redevelopment of the neighborhood on the board of the Beyoglu Beautification and Vitalization Association (Beyoglu Güzelleslirme ve Yasatma Dernegi), founded in 1985.] NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐2x9ht Cached time: 20240623100234 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.289 seconds Real time usage: 0.477 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1795/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15560/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1221/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 21949/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.180/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5638945/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 455.638 1 -total 42.87% 195.317 1 Template:Infobox_person 30.17% 137.447 1 Template:Short_description 25.88% 117.924 1 Template:Reflist 23.99% 109.310 17 Template:Main_other 18.05% 82.257 1 Template:Cite_web 17.78% 81.008 1 Template:SDcat 12.93% 58.904 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.86% 40.377 2 Template:Pagetype 7.49% 34.122 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38573892-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623100234 and revision id 1103597968. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cem_Hakko&oldid=1103597968 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cem_Hakko&oldid=1103597968) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) 1955 births (/wiki/Category:1955_births) Turkish fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Turkish_fashion_designers) Turkish Jews (/wiki/Category:Turkish_Jews) Hidden categories: CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
Doctor, Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014 and Miss Supranational Indonesia 2014 In this article, the surname (/wiki/Surname) is Liana, her Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_name) matronymic surname (/wiki/Matronymic_surname) . Lily Estelita Liana Liana on Jember Fashion Carnaval (/wiki/Jember_Fashion_Carnaval) traditional costume Born ( 1993-07-22 ) 22 July 1993 (age 30) Sleman (/wiki/Sleman) , Special Region of Yogyakarta (/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta) , Indonesia Alma mater Gadjah Mada University (/wiki/Gadjah_Mada_University) [1] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_2014_(1)-1) [2] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_2014_(2)-2) Occupations National Narcotics Board of the Republic of Indonesia Ambassador (/wiki/National_Narcotics_Board_(Indonesia)) [3] (#cite_note-National_Narcotics_Board_(1)-3) [4] (#cite_note-National_Narcotics_Board_(2)-4) Doctor [5] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(1)-5) [6] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(2)-6) [7] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(3)-7) [8] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(4)-8) Fashion Model Beauty pageant titleholders Height 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2014) Miss Supranational Indonesia 2014 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2014) Hair color Brown (/wiki/Brown_hair) Eye color Brown (/wiki/Eye_color#Brown) Major competition(s) Puteri Yogyakarta 2014 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Yogyakarta) (Winner) Puteri Indonesia 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2014) (Winner — Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata) ) ( Miss Supranational Indonesia 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational) ) Miss Supranational 2014 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2014) (Best National Costume) Lily Estelita Liana (born 22 July 1993) or popularly known as Estelita Liana is an Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesians) National Narcotics Board of the Republic of Indonesia Ambassador (/wiki/National_Narcotics_Board_(Indonesia)) , [3] (#cite_note-National_Narcotics_Board_(1)-3) [4] (#cite_note-National_Narcotics_Board_(2)-4) doctor, [5] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(1)-5) [6] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(2)-6) [7] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(3)-7) [8] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(4)-8) fashion model and a Beauty pageant titleholder who won the title of Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2014) . [1] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_2014_(1)-1) [2] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_2014_(2)-2) [9] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_2014_(3)-9) She represented Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) at the Miss Supranational 2014 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2014) pageant in Krynica-Zdrój (/wiki/Krynica-Zdr%C3%B3j) , Poland (/wiki/Poland) , [10] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(1)-10) [11] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(2)-11) [12] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(3)-12) where she won Best National Costume Awards , designed by Jember Fashion Carnaval (/wiki/Jember_Fashion_Carnaval) . [13] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(1)-13) [14] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(2)-14) [15] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(3)-15) [16] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(4)-16) Early life and education Lily was born in Sleman (/wiki/Sleman) , Special Region of Yogyakarta (/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) from a traditional- Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_people) parents. [1] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_2014_(1)-1) [2] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_2014_(2)-2) On 2014 She was part of The Puteri Indonesia (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) Queens, batch 2014, since she was 15 Gresya work as a beauty influencer. [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) She holds a magister degree (/wiki/Magister_degree) in Doctor of Medicine (/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine) from Faculty of Medicine of Gadjah Mada University (/wiki/Gadjah_Mada_University) , Sleman (/wiki/Sleman) – Special Region of Yogyakarta (/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta) . [5] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(1)-5) [6] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(2)-6) [7] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(3)-7) [8] (#cite_note-Lily_Estelita_Liana_Doctor_(4)-8) Pageantry Lily (center) during the Miss Supranational 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational) Finale National Costume Competition, where she ended up won "Best National Costume" award on 5 December 2014. [13] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(1)-13) [14] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(2)-14) [15] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(3)-15) Puteri Indonesia 2014 Lily representing Special Region of Yogyakarta (/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta) on Puteri Indonesia 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2014) , at the grand finale held in Jakarta Convention Center (/wiki/Jakarta_Convention_Center) , Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) on 19 February 2014. [20] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_2014_(1)-20) [21] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_2014_(2)-21) She was crowned as Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2014) by the outgoing titleholder of Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2013 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2013) , Cok Istri Krisnanda Widani (/wiki/Cok_Istri_Krisnanda_Widani) of Bali (/wiki/Bali) . [1] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_2014_(1)-1) [2] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_2014_(2)-2) [9] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_2014_(3)-9) Lily crowned together with Puteri Indonesia (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) ; Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti (/wiki/Elvira_Devinamira) of East Java (/wiki/East_Java) and Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Lingkungan) ; Elfin Pertiwi Rappa (/wiki/Elfin_Pertiwi_Rappa) of South Sumatra (/wiki/South_Sumatra) . [22] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_2014_(3)-22) [23] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_2014_(4)-23) [24] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_2014_(5)-24) Miss Supranational 2014 As Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2014) , Lily represented Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) at the 6th edition (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Supranational) of Miss Supranational 2014 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2014) pageant, [10] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(1)-10) [11] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(2)-11) [12] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(3)-12) [25] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(4)-25) held in MOSIR (Hall of Sports), Krynica-Zdrój (/wiki/Krynica-Zdr%C3%B3j) , Poland (/wiki/Poland) on 5 December 2014. [26] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(5)-26) [27] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(6)-27) [28] (#cite_note-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(7)-28) Lily brought a national costume (/wiki/National_costume) with the " Dayak Warrior Princess of Borneo (/wiki/Dayak_people) " -inspired ensemble, [13] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(1)-13) [14] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(2)-14) [15] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(3)-15) [16] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(4)-16) designed by Jember Fashion Carnaval (/wiki/Jember_Fashion_Carnaval) as her national costume. Dayak or Dyak or Dayuh are one of the native groups (/wiki/Indigenous_groups) of Borneo (/wiki/Borneo) . [29] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(5)-29) [30] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(6)-30) [31] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(7)-31) [32] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(8)-32) [33] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(9)-33) She ended up won "Best National Costume Awards" at the pageant. [34] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(10)-34) [35] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(11)-35) [36] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(12)-36) [37] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(13)-37) This is the first time for Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) to won "Best National Costume" award since joining Miss Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational) at 2013. [38] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(14)-38) [39] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(15)-39) [40] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(16)-40) [41] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(17)-41) [42] (#cite_note-Best_National_Costume_(18)-42) Mutya Johanna Datul (/wiki/Mutya_Johanna_Datul) of the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) crowned Asha Bhat (/wiki/Asha_Bhat) of India (/wiki/India) as the new titleholder at the end of the event. [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) See also Puteri Indonesia 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2014) Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti (/wiki/Elvira_Devinamira) Elfin Pertiwi Rappa (/wiki/Elfin_Pertiwi_Rappa) References ^ Jump up to: a b c d "KABUPATEN SUMBAWA SIAP SAMBUT KEDATANGAN PUTRI PARIWISATA INDONESIA 2014" (http://www.sumbawakab.go.id/read/3902/facebook.com) . Sumbawa Regency Government Official Website (/wiki/Sumbawa_Regency) . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Estelita Liana Lama Tak Terdengar Kabarnya, Runner Up Putri Indonesia 2014 Itu Kini" (https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2017/08/28/estelita-liana-lama-tak-terdengar-kabarnya-runner-up-putri-indonesia-2014-itu-kini) . Tribun Network (/wiki/Tribun_Network) . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Puteri Pariwisata 2014 Deklarasi Sekolah Bebas Narkoba" (https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2116177/puteri-pariwisata-2014-deklarasi-sekolah-bebas-narkoba) . Liputan 6 (/wiki/Liputan_6) . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014, Estelita Liana Jadi Duta BNN" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-2014-estelita-liana-jadi-duta-bnn-e15d4f.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "VIRAL! Netizen Heboh Dokter Sunat Cantik, Ternyata Sosok dan Profesi Sebenarnya Bikin Bengong!" (https://style.tribunnews.com/2017/09/10/viral-netizen-heboh-dokter-sunat-cantik-ternyata-sosok-dan-profesi-sebenarnya-bikin-bengong?page=2) (in Indonesian). Tribun Network (/wiki/Tribun_Network) . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Mengenal Lebih Dekat Sosok Dokter Cantik Estelita Liana" (https://merahputih.com/post/read/mengenal-lebih-dekat-sosok-dokter-cantik-estelita-liana) (in Indonesian). Merah Putih News (/wiki/Merah_Putih_(film)) . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Mengenal Sosok Dokter Estelita Liana, Fotonya Viral Saat Beri Suntikan Pada Murid Sekolah" (https://medan.tribunnews.com/2017/08/28/mengenal-sosok-dokter-estelita-liana-fotonya-viral-saat-beri-suntikan-pada-murid-sekolah?page=all) (in Indonesian). Tribun Network (/wiki/Tribun_Network) . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Kenalkan Estelita Liana Si Dokter Muda, Cantik, Pintar, Lajang, Siapa Mau Diobati" (https://makassar.tribunnews.com/2017/08/28/kenalkan-estelita-liana-si-dokter-muda-cantik-pintar-lajang-siapa-mau-diobati?page=all) (in Indonesian). Tribun Network (/wiki/Tribun_Network) . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014 Borong Hadiah Lebaran di Bazar" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-2014-borong-hadiah-lebaran-di-bazar-b0f5e8.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014 Siap Berlaga di Ajang Miss Supranational" (https://www.beritasatu.com/hiburan/223050-puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-2014-siap-berlaga-di-ajang-miss-supranational) (in Indonesian). BeritaSatu (/wiki/BeritaSatu) . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "FOTO PUTRI INDONESIA 2014 : Putri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014 ke Polandia" (https://www.solopos.com/foto-putri-indonesia-2014-putri-indonesia-pariwisata-2014-ke-polandia-546142) . Solopos (/wiki/Solopos) . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Bidik Juara Miss Supranational 2014, Estelita Liana Bawa Senjata" (https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2129784/bidik-juara-miss-supranational-2014-estelita-liana-bawa-senjata) . Liputan 6 (/wiki/Liputan_6) . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Warrior princess" (https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/12/11/warrior-princess.html) . The Jakarta Post (/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post) . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Estelita Liana, Kostum Terbaik di Miss Supranational" (https://www.medcom.id/rona/gaya/Dkq2vJ6K-estelita-liana-kostum-terbaik-di-miss-supranational) . Media Group (/wiki/Media_Group) . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Indonesia Kembali Juara Kostum di Kontes Kecantikan Dunia" (https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20141211154017-277-17526/indonesia-kembali-juara-kostum-di-kontes-kecantikan-dunia) . CNN Indonesia (/wiki/CNN_Indonesia) . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Cantiknya Estelita Liana, Pemenang Kostum Terbaik di Kontes Kecantikan Dunia" (https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-2774923/cantiknya-estelita-liana-pemenang-kostum-terbaik-di-kontes-kecantikan-dunia) . Detik News (/wiki/Detik.com) . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Pakai Bikini Seksi, Estelita Liana Ingin Kencangkan Perut" (https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2129790/pakai-bikini-seksi-estelita-liana-ingin-kencangkan-perut) . Liputan 6 (/wiki/Liputan_6) . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Ngebet Lihat Bule, Estelita Liana Ajak MC Ganteng Selfie" (https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2146126/ngebet-lihat-bule-estelita-liana-ajak-mc-ganteng-selfie) . Liputan 6 (/wiki/Liputan_6) . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Estelita Liana Biography" (https://www.datatempo.co/foto/detail/P3001201400391/estelita-liana) . Tempo (Indonesian magazine) (/wiki/Tempo_(Indonesian_magazine)) . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puteri_Indonesia_2014_(1)_20-0) "Ini Daftar Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2014" (https://www.jpnn.com/news/ini-daftar-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2014) (in Indonesian). Jawa Pos (/wiki/Jawa_Pos) . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puteri_Indonesia_2014_(2)_21-0) "Ini Daftar Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2014" (https://bengkuluekspress.com/ini-daftar-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2014/) (in Indonesian). Bengkulu Express (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkulu_Ekspress) . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puteri_Indonesia_2014_(3)_22-0) "Kecantikan Khas Indonesia 3 Besar Puteri Indonesia 2014" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/foto/berita-foto/indonesia/kecantikan-khas-indonesia--3-besar-puteri-indonesia-2014.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puteri_Indonesia_2014_(4)_23-0) "Intip Tiga Besar Puteri Indonesia 2014" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/intip-tiga-besar-puteri-indonesia-2014-ee1221.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puteri_Indonesia_2014_(5)_24-0) "3 Puteri Indonesia 2014 Ini Kompak Raih Best National Costume" (https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2167636/3-puteri-indonesia-2014-ini-kompak-raih-best-national-costume) . Liputan 6 (/wiki/Liputan_6) . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(4)_25-0) "Pengalaman Seru Estelita Liana Ikuti Miss Supranational 2014" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/pengalaman-seru-estelita-liana-ikuti-miss-supranational-2014-45fff0.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(5)_26-0) "Ikuti Miss Supranational, Estelita Ngobrol Pakai Bahasa Tubuh" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/ikuti-miss-supranational-estelita-ngobrol-pakai-bahasa-tubuh-773d56.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(6)_27-0) "Dua Sisi Berbeda Estelita Liana di Miss Supranational 2014" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/dua-sisi-berbeda-estelita-liana-di-miss-supranational-2014-19afc7.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata_-_Miss_Supranational_2014_(7)_28-0) "Bidik Juara Miss Supranational 2014, Estelita Liana Bawa Senjata" (https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2129784/bidik-juara-miss-supranational-2014-estelita-liana-bawa-senjata) . Liputan 6 (/wiki/Liputan_6) . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(5)_29-0) "Di Catwalk, Estelita Liana Keluarkan Mandau" (https://www.jpnn.com/news/di-catwalk-estelita-liana-keluarkan-mandau) . Jawa Pos (/wiki/Jawa_Pos) . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(6)_30-0) "Indonesia Raih 3 Penghargaan Kostum Terbaik dalam Ajang Putri Internasional" (https://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/15/02/02/nj5ica-indonesia-raih-3-pernghargaan-kostum-terbaik-dalam-ajang-putri-internasional) . Republika (/wiki/Republika_(Indonesian_newspaper)) . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(7)_31-0) "Puteri Indonesia Lestarikan Budaya Dayak Benuaq" (https://www.beritasatu.com/gaya-hidup/184819/puteri-indonesia-lestarikan-budaya-dayak-benuaq) . BeritaSatu (/wiki/BeritaSatu) . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(8)_32-0) "Indonesia Raih Best National Costume di Miss Supranational 2014" (https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2146118/indonesia-raih-best-national-costume-di-miss-supranational-2014) (in Indonesian). Liputan 6 (/wiki/Liputan_6) News . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(9)_33-0) "Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014 raih Best National Costume" (https://www.merdeka.com/artis/puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-2014-raih-best-national-costume.html) (in Indonesian). Merdeka.com (/w/index.php?title=Merdeka.com&action=edit&redlink=1) News . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(10)_34-0) "Rahasia Estelita Liana Juarai Best Kostum di Miss Supranational" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/rahasia-estelita-liana-juarai-best-kostum-di-miss-supranational-9dde20.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(11)_35-0) "Megah! Ini 3 Kostum Nasional Indonesia Yang Menang di Ajang Dunia" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/foto/berita-foto/indonesia/megah-ini-3-kostum-nasional-indonesia-yang-menang-di-ajang-dunia.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(12)_36-0) "Kostum Nasional Indonesia Babat Habis Ajang Kecantikan Dunia!" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/kostum-nasional-indonesia-babat-habis-ajang-kecantikan-dunia-aefe0d.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(13)_37-0) "Lily Sabet Best National Costume, Yayasan Puteri Indonesia Bangga" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/lily-sabet-best-national-costume-yayasan-puteri-indonesia-bangga-086b39.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(14)_38-0) "Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2014 Raih Best National Costume" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/puteri-indonesia-pariwisata-2014-raih-best-national-costume-6530e4.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(15)_39-0) "Keren! Kostum Ini Bawa Puteri Pariwisata 2014 Jadi Bintang Dunia" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/foto/berita-foto/indonesia/keren-kostum-ini-bawa-puteri-pariwisata-2014-jadi-bintang-dunia.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(16)_40-0) "Indahnya Potret Princess Ala Indonesia, Kostum Bak Kasatria!" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/foto/berita-foto/indonesia/indahnya-potret-princess-ala-indonesia.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(17)_41-0) "Inilah Kostum 'Princess' Indonesia Yang Bakal Bikin Kamu Terpana" (https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/inilah-kostum-princess-indonesia-yang-bakal-bikin-kamu-terpana-fdb61b.html) . KapanLagi News (/w/index.php?title=KapanLagi.com&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Best_National_Costume_(18)_42-0) "KOSTUM NASIONAL TERBAIK Miss Supranational 2014" (https://www.antarafoto.com/bisnis/v1418296512/kostum-nasional-terbaik) . Antara (news agency) (/wiki/Antara_(news_agency)) . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "India's Asha Bhat is the first Indian to win Miss Supranational 2014 title" (http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/indias-asha-bhat-is-the-first-indian-to-win-miss-supranational-2014-title-729927.html) . IBN Live (/wiki/IBN_Live) . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "ASHA BHAT CROWNED MISS SUPRANATIONAL 2014" (http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/supranational/archives/Asha-Bhat-crowned-Miss-Supranational-2014/articleshow/45384439.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "MISS SUPRANATIONAL 2014 ASHA BHAT – MAKING INDIA PROUD" (http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/supranational/archives/Miss-Supranational-2014-Asha-Bhat-Making-India-proud/articleshow/47232244.cms?from=mdr) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lily Estelita Liana . Lily Estelita Liana (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9736504/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Lily Estelita Liana Official Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/lilyestelita/) Awards and achievements Preceded by Florentia Anindita Apsari Isthika (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2013) Puteri Yogyakarta (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Yogyakarta) 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2014) Succeeded by Annisa Yunas Hermanto (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2015) Preceded by Bali (/wiki/Bali) – Cok Istri Krisnanda Widani (/wiki/Cok_Istri_Krisnanda_Widani) Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2014) Succeeded by North Sulawesi (/wiki/North_Sulawesi) – Gresya Amanda Maaliwuga (/wiki/Gresya_Maaliwuga) v t e List of Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata) titleholders Rahma Landy Sjahruddin (/wiki/Rahma_Landy_Sjahruddin) ( 2006 (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2006) ) Ika Fiyonda Putri (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika_Fiyonda_Putri) ( 2007 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2007) ) Anggi Mahesti (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggi_Mahesti) ( 2008 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2008) ) Isti Ayu Pratiwi (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isti_Ayu_Pratiwi) ( 2009 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2009) ) Alessandra Khadijah Usman (/wiki/Alessandra_Usman) ( 2010 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2010) ) Andi Tenri Gusti Harnum Utari Natassa (/wiki/Andi_Tenri_Natassa) ( 2011 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2011) ) Cok Istri Krisnanda Widani (/wiki/Cok_Istri_Krisnanda_Widani) ( 2012-13 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2013) ) Estelita Liana ( 2014 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2014) ) Gresya Amanda Maaliwuga (/wiki/Gresya_Maaliwuga) ( 2015 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2015) ) Intan Aletrinö (/wiki/Intan_Aletrin%C3%B6) ( 2016 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2016) ) Karina Nadila Niab (/wiki/Karina_Nadila) ( 2017 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2017) ) Wilda Octaviana Situngkir (/wiki/Wilda_Octaviana) ( 2018 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2018) ) Jesica Fitriana Martasari Alfharisi (/wiki/Jesica_Fitriana) ( 2019 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2019) ) Jihane Almira Chedid (/wiki/Jihane_Almira_Chedid) ( 2020-2021 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2020) ) Adinda Cresheilla (/wiki/Adinda_Cresheilla) ( 2022 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022) ) Lulu Zaharani Krisna Widodo (/wiki/Lulu_Zaharani) ( 2023 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2023) ) Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari (/wiki/Permata_Juliastrid) ( 2024 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2024) ) v t e Miss Supranational Indonesia titleholders (/wiki/Miss_Supranational) Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Pariwisata) (2013-2022) Cokorda Istri Krisnanda Widani (/wiki/Cok_Istri_Krisnanda_Widani) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2013) ) Lily Estelita Liana ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational) ) Gresya Amanda Maaliwuga (/wiki/Gresya_Maaliwuga) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational) ) Intan Aletrinö (/wiki/Intan_Aletrin%C3%B6) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2016) ) Karina Nadila Niab (/wiki/Karina_Nadila) ( 2017 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(/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Lingkungan) placements (/wiki/Miss_and_Mister_Supranational#Titleholders) Miss Supranational (/wiki/Miss_and_Mister_Supranational#Titleholders) Harashta Haifa Zahra (/wiki/Harashta_Haifa_Zahra) ( 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2024) ) 2nd Runner-up (/wiki/Miss_and_Mister_Supranational#Titleholders) Jesica Fitriana Martasari Alfharisi (/wiki/Jesica_Fitriana) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) 3rd Runner-up (/wiki/Miss_and_Mister_Supranational#Titleholders) Cokorda Istri Krisnanda Widani (/wiki/Cok_Istri_Krisnanda_Widani) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2013) ) Wilda Octaviana Situngkir (/wiki/Wilda_Octaviana) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) ) Adinda Cresheilla (/wiki/Adinda_Cresheilla) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) ) Top 10-12 Intan Aletrinö (/wiki/Intan_Aletrin%C3%B6) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2016) ) Jihane Almira Chedid (/wiki/Jihane_Almira_Chedid) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2021) ) Top 20-25 Karina Nadila Niab 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Italian Fashion Designer and Author Orsola de Castro (born 1966 in Rome (/wiki/Rome) ) is an upcyclist (/wiki/Upcycling) , fashion designer and author. She is the co-founder and creative director of Fashion Revolution (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution) , an activism movement which works towards a sustainable fashion industry. [1] (#cite_note-1) De Castro has been in the sustainable fashion space for more than 20 years, since founding upcycling brand, From Somewhere, in 1997. [2] (#cite_note-2) Career [ edit ] In 1997 de Castro started From Somewhere, a fashion label that addressed and repurposed pre-consumer textile waste. From Somewhere's 100% upcycled collections have sold around the world featured regularly in the international fashion press; collaborations include upcycled collections for Tesco (/wiki/Tesco) , [3] (#cite_note-3) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) [4] (#cite_note-4) and Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) . [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) In September 2006 Orsola, together with her partner Filippo Ricci, started Estethica, a dedicated ethical fashion showcase at London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) for the British Fashion Council. [6] (#cite_note-6) Estethica ran from 2006 to 2014 and has showcased designers such as Christopher Raeburn (/wiki/Christopher_Raeburn_(designer)) , Katie Jones, Bottletop, People Tree (/wiki/People_Tree_Ltd.) and Veja (/wiki/Veja_Sneakers) . In 2011, Orsola and Filippo founded Reclaim To Wear, an organization that brings designers, producers and distributors to create upcycled capsule collections. Reclaim To Wear collaborations include Livia Firth and Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) . 'Topshop's Reclaim To Wear', a collaboration running from 2012 to 2014 in which Topshop reclaimed surplus and excess stock fabric from factories in Turkey, India and the UK to make 3 capsule collections. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) In 2013, together with Carry Somers (/wiki/Carry_Somers) , Orsola co-founded Fashion Revolution (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution) , a creative campaigning initiative aimed at raising awareness about the fashion industry's human rights and environmental issues. Fashion Revolution was founded following the Rana Plaza (/wiki/2013_Rana_Plaza_factory_collapse) 2013 Dhaka garment factory collapse (/wiki/2013_Dhaka_garment_factory_collapse) in Bangladesh, which happened on 24/4/2013 and took the lives of more than 1,100 garment workers. [7] (#cite_note-7) On the first anniversary of the tragedy, 62 countries took part in the first Fashion Revolution Day on 24 April 2014. Since, the campaign has seen more than 1 million people around the globe ask fashion brands "Who Made My Clothes?" on social media as a call for industry transparency. [8] (#cite_note-8) De Castro wrote her first book, Loved Clothes Last , published by Penguin Life ( Penguin Group (/wiki/Penguin_Group) ) in 2021 (Publication date 02/11/2021). [9] (#cite_note-9) The book is a memoir of her work as an upcyclist and practical guide to clothing longevity, mending and fashion activism. Orsola continues to mentor emerging designers, both in her personal life and via The British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) , Fashion Open Studio [10] (#cite_note-10) and as a visiting fellow at Central St. Martins. [11] (#cite_note-11) Her past mentees include Bethany Williams, Angus Tsui, Kevin Germanier, Katie Jones and Matthew Needham. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Personal life [ edit ] Born in Rome in 1966, Orsola is the daughter of Venetian artist, Matilde Dolcetti. As a young artist, she took part in her first group exhibitions of etchings and drawings in Rome and Venice aged 15. Orsola moved to London, UK in 1982 where she lives today. [ citation needed ] Publications [ edit ] Loved Clothes Last . Penguin Life, 2021. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Home" (https://www.fashionrevolution.org/) . Fashion Revolution . Retrieved 27 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Salter, Jessica (11 February 2010). "Orsola de Castro: The ethical fashion designer" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG7205477/Orsola-de-Castro-The-ethical-fashion-designer.html) . fashion.telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 27 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Shields, Amy (1 March 2010). "Tesco partners with ethical label" (https://www.drapersonline.com/companies/multiples-and-etailers/tesco-partners-with-ethical-label) . Drapers . Retrieved 27 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Farrell, Aimee (13 August 2012). "Making A Splash" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/from-somewhere-and-speedo-collaboration) . British Vogue . Retrieved 27 January 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "WHAT IS RECLAIM TO WEAR?" (https://www.topshop.com/blog/2012/05/what-is-reclaim-to-wear) . Topshop Blog . 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "British Fashion Council" (https://www.britishfashioncouncil.co.uk/pressreleases/Sustainable-Fashion-at-London-Fashion-Week-SS15) . www.britishfashioncouncil.co.uk . Retrieved 27 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The Rana Plaza Accident and its aftermath" (http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/geip/WCMS_614394/lang--en/index.htm) . www.ilo.org . 21 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "2020 Impact" (https://www.fashionrevolution.org/2020-impact-report/) . Fashion Revolution . Retrieved 27 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Orsola de Castro" (https://www.penguin.co.uk/authors/145089/orsola-de-castro.html) . www.penguin.co.uk . Retrieved 27 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "About" (https://www.fashionopenstudio.com/about) . Fashion Open Studio . Retrieved 27 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Orsola de Castro \| HuffPost" (https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/author/orsola-de-castro1/) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Fashion Revolution Creative Director Orsola De Castro Takes Tamsin Blanchard Through Her Wardrobe" (https://www.10magazine.com/womenswear/fashion-revolution-orsola-de-castro-tamsin-blanchard-issue-64/) . 10 Magazine . 25 April 2020 . 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Beauty products of Taiwan T-Beauty , or Taiwanese Beauty, refers to beauty products and routines associated with Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) . Overview [ edit ] According to NBC (/wiki/NBC) "Taiwanese beauty movement focuses on a simple, holistic approach to skin care by using high-quality, natural ingredients and techniques rooted in traditional Chinese medicine." [1] (#cite_note-NBC-1) It is also influenced by Taiwan's warm climate with a resulting emphasis on hydrating and lightweight products. [2] (#cite_note-2) In general it includes four steps: cleanse, tone, moisturize and sheet mask. [1] (#cite_note-NBC-1) History [ edit ] The Taiwanese cosmetics industry got its start doing contract manufacturing for Japanese firms like Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) and the Kao Corporation (/wiki/Kao_Corporation) . [1] (#cite_note-NBC-1) In the 2000s Taiwanese companies began exporting products under their own name. [1] (#cite_note-NBC-1) Early successful brands included My Beauty Diary, Annie's Way, and Maskingdom. [3] (#cite_note-3) Industry [ edit ] Taiwan banned cosmetic testing on animals in 2016. [1] (#cite_note-NBC-1) In 2017 Taiwan exported $730 million worth of cosmetics. [1] (#cite_note-NBC-1) Organization [ edit ] The Taiwan Beauty Alliance is an industry organizing group. [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] K-Beauty (/wiki/K-Beauty) Gua sha (/wiki/Gua_sha) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gibson, Amber. "An introduction to Taiwanese beauty" (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/introduction-taiwanese-beauty-n1236688) . nbcnews.com . NBC . Retrieved 16 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Chao, Jude. "Taiwanese Beauty Is Up-and-Coming: Here's What You Need to Know" (https://beautytap.com/2020/01/taiwanese-beauty/) . beautytap.com . Beauty Tap . Retrieved 16 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Mun, Emily. "The Look of Taiwanese Beauty" (https://www.mochimag.com/lifestyle/beauty/the-look-of-taiwanese-beauty/) . mochimag.com . Mochi magazine . Retrieved 16 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Cheung, Cally. "Uncovering the Top 5 Asian Beauty Skincare Trends from Taiwan in 2018" (https://popspoken.com/style/2018/09/taiwan-beauty-2018) . popspoken.com . Pop Spoken . 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Camp_shirt) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Camp shirt" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Camp+shirt%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Camp+shirt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Camp+shirt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Camp+shirt%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Camp+shirt%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Camp+shirt%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A camp shirt , variously known as a cabin shirt , Cuban collar shirt , cabana shirt , [1] (#cite_note-1) and lounge shirt , is a loose, straight-cut, woven, short-sleeved button-front shirt (/wiki/Shirt) or blouse (/wiki/Blouse) with a simple placket (/wiki/Placket) front opening and a "camp collar" - a one-piece collar (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)) (no band collar (/wiki/Band_collar) ) that can be worn open and spread or closed at the neck with a button (/wiki/Button) and loop. [2] (#cite_note-2) It usually has a straight hemmed bottom falling at hip level, not intended to be tucked into trousers (/wiki/Trouser) . [3] (#cite_note-3) While camp shirts are generally made from plain, single-color fabrics, variants include duo-tone bowling shirts (/wiki/Bowling_shirt) and print patterned aloha shirts (/wiki/Aloha_shirt) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The Raincoats (1)" (http://www.seinfeldscripts.com/TheRaincoats.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Rockatee T-shirts archives" (https://rockatee.com/collections/t-shirt/) . Rockatee . Retrieved 2023-04-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Lawrence Zarian's Ten Commandments for a Perfect Wardrobe", Lawrence Zarian. 2014: Bird Street Books (https://books.google.com/books?id=MmntAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22camp+shirt%22&pg=PT241) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_shirt&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐w6mqr Cached time: 20240712174201 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.200 seconds Real time usage: 0.253 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 261/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13953/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 88/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13744/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.149/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3198858/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 235.672 1 -total 39.80% 93.791 1 Template:Reflist 33.24% 78.331 2 Template:Cite_web 32.76% 77.209 1 Template:Refimprove 26.44% 62.313 1 Template:Clothing-stub 26.29% 61.956 1 Template:Ambox 25.84% 60.897 1 Template:Asbox 5.40% 12.719 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 0.64% 1.516 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11156123-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712174201 and revision id 1150660516. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_shirt&oldid=1150660516 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_shirt&oldid=1150660516) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shirts (/wiki/Category:Shirts) Tops (clothing) (/wiki/Category:Tops_(clothing)) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from September 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2012) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2001 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2001) 2002 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2002) 2003 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2003) 2004 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2004) 2005 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2005) 2006 2007 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2007) 2008 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2008) 2009 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2009) 2010 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2010) 2011 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2011) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐dn54n Cached time: 20240719072707 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.151 seconds Real time usage: 0.240 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 50/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2594/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.118/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 947597/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 223.947 1 -total 79.14% 177.242 1 Template:Navseasoncats 20.76% 46.499 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44681329-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719072707 and revision id 914496691. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 2006" The following 17 pages are in this category, out of 17 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Acapulco Gold (clothing brand) (/wiki/Acapulco_Gold_(clothing_brand)) Aerie (clothing retailer) (/wiki/Aerie_(clothing_retailer)) B Basutoland Ink (/wiki/Basutoland_Ink) D Dash (boutique) (/wiki/Dash_(boutique)) E Eno (company) (/wiki/Eno_(company)) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) H Hanesbrands (/wiki/Hanesbrands) K Kiks Tyo (/wiki/Kiks_Tyo) Kukuxumusu (/wiki/Kukuxumusu) M Martin + Osa (/wiki/Martin_%2B_Osa) Meadham Kirchhoff (/wiki/Meadham_Kirchhoff) P Piperlime (/wiki/Piperlime) R The Row (fashion label) (/wiki/The_Row_(fashion_label)) S Shoyoroll (/wiki/Shoyoroll) Star in the Hood (company) (/wiki/Star_in_the_Hood_(company)) T Tamaki niime (/wiki/Tamaki_niime) Y Yellow Bird Project (/wiki/Yellow_Bird_Project) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2006&oldid=914496691 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2006&oldid=914496691) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Clothing companies established in the 21st century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_21st_century) Design companies established in 2006 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_2006) Manufacturing companies established in 2006 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_2006) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment)
(Redirected from List of Cosmogirl cover models (/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cosmogirl_cover_models&redirect=no) ) American magazine (1999–2008) CosmoGirl Vanessa Hudgens (/wiki/Vanessa_Hudgens) on the cover of the August 2008 issue Editor-in-Chief Susan Schulz (/wiki/Susan_Schulz) Categories Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Frequency Monthly Founded 1999 Final issue December 2008/January 2009 Company Hearst Corporation (/wiki/Hearst_Corporation) Country United States Based in New York City Language English Website cosmogirl.com (http://www.cosmogirl.com) CosmoGirl , also stylized as CosmoGIRL! , was an American magazine based in New York City, published from 1999 until 2008. The teenage spin-off of Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) magazine, it targeted teenage girls and featured fashion and celebrities. It was published ten times a year and reached approximately eight million readers before folding. The last issue was released in December 2008; thereafter, subscribers received issues of fellow Hearst (/wiki/Hearst_Corporation) publication Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The magazine was founded by Atoosa Rubenstein (/wiki/Atoosa_Rubenstein) , who was asked to create a mock issue. She repeatedly scrawled the word "Girl!" in bed using fuchsia lipstick for use on the magazine cover. When she and her husband woke up, they were covered in lipstick. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Ann Shoket (/wiki/Ann_Shoket) was the executive editor before leaving the magazine to replace Atoosa Rubenstein as the editor-in-chief of fellow Hearst magazine, Seventeen . The last editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) was Susan Schulz (/wiki/Susan_Schulz) , who was reassigned to special projects at Hearst Magazines. [4] (#cite_note-4) After the final issue, CosmoGirl initially continued online, similar to Elle Girl (/wiki/Elle_Girl) , of which the last printed issue appeared in June 2006. [5] (#cite_note-5) In late June/early July 2010, the website was merged with that of Seventeen . [6] (#cite_note-6) Content [ edit ] Inside each issue of CosmoGirl, there was an interview and photo shoot with a celebrity, a beauty section featuring hair, skin, and makeup tips and trends, a fashion section highlighting various spreads of trends and clothes, and the Stars section which included articles on celebrities other than those featured on the cover. A monthly free calendar allowed readers to win various prizes by typing in a code to enter for a chance to win a prize on the magazine's website. A section introduced in March 2008 named JSYK (Just So You Know) contained advice and stories of how readers fell in love, and a shocking real-life story. There were also embarrassing anecdotes, and a manga (/wiki/Manga) comic featuring a character named CG. The magazine's content was rounded out with the Body & Soul section, which covered sexual health, mental health, fitness, and nutrition. Project 2024 [ edit ] Project 2024 was created in 2002. It was named 2024 because that was when the youngest readers would be thirty-five years old, old enough to run for President of the United States (/wiki/President_of_the_United_States) . Project 2024 was about helping young girls realize their dreams and has been supported by Senator (/wiki/United_States_Senate) Hillary Clinton (/wiki/Hillary_Clinton) , fashion designer Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , music mogul Sean "Diddy" Combs (/wiki/Sean_%22Diddy%22_Combs) , and MySpace (/wiki/MySpace) creator Tom Anderson (/wiki/Tom_Anderson_(MySpace)) . Editions in other languages [ edit ] There have also been editions of the magazine in other countries, including the UK (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) , the Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) , Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , China (/wiki/China) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) and Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , all written in the country's native language. (See the External links (#External_links) section.) The UK CosmoGirl closed in June 2007. The magazine was considered unsustainable, since many adolescent girls had migrated to the internet or to other magazines targeted at an older age group. [7] (#cite_note-7) The last Indonesian issue was published in September 2017. [8] (#cite_note-8) Its website remained online, but was no longer updated. Since November 2020, it is an unrelated aggregator website. [9] (#cite_note-9) In the Netherlands, the last Dutch CosmoGirl was released in June 2021. Its publisher, Audax Groep (/wiki/Audax_Groep) , considered it no longer financially viable. [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Carmon, Irin (10 October 2008). "CosmoGirl to Close" (https://wwd.com/business-news/media/cosmogirl-to-close-1832842/) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130040/http://www.wwd.com/media-news/cosmogirl-to-close-1832842) from the original on 6 June 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Goldman, Andrew (13 February 2000). "Atoosa, Former High School Loser, Is Hearst's New Cosmogirl Queen" (https://observer.com/2000/02/atoosa-former-high-school-loser-is-hearsts-new-cosmogirl-queen/) . Observer (/wiki/The_New_York_Observer) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150530050904/http://observer.com/2000/02/atoosa-former-high-school-loser-is-hearsts-new-cosmogirl-queen/) from the original on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Stewart, Dodai (10 October 2008). "CosmoGirl: One of the Smarter Newsstand Choices for Teens" (http://jezebel.com/5061710/cosmogirl-one-of-the-smarter-newsstand-choices-for-teens) . Jezebel (/wiki/Jezebel_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140222131635/http://jezebel.com/5061710/cosmogirl-one-of-the-smarter-newsstand-choices-for-teens) from the original on 22 February 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Clifford, Stephanie (10 October 2008). "Hearst to Close CosmoGirl Magazine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180106020406/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/11/business/media/11cosmo.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/11/business/media/11cosmo.html) on 6 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Moses, Lucia (10 October 2008). "Hearst's CosmoGirl! to Fold With December Issue" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081013071429/http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/content_display/news/magazines-newspapers/e3ib51a5e93dda16ab7ba30138688eab701) . MediaWeek . Archived from the original (http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/content_display/news/magazines-newspapers/e3ib51a5e93dda16ab7ba30138688eab701) on 13 October 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-6) See the 2010 archived copies (https://web.archive.org/web/20100801000000*/http://www.cosmogirl.com/) of cosmogirl.com at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . The last working copy (https://web.archive.org/web/20100628201235/http://www.cosmogirl.com/) is from 28 June 2010. The next copy (https://web.archive.org/web/20100704184337/http://www.cosmogirl.com/) , made on 4 July 2010, and all subsequent copies, redirect to seventeen.com. ^ (#cite_ref-7) " (https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/unsustainable-cosmogirl-axed-as-readers-migrate-to-the-web/) 'Unsustainable' CosmoGirl axed as readers migrate to the web" (https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/unsustainable-cosmogirl-axed-as-readers-migrate-to-the-web/) . Press Gazette (/wiki/Press_Gazette) . 2 July 2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181218141201/https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/unsustainable-cosmogirl-axed-as-readers-migrate-to-the-web/) from the original on 18 December 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "SEPTEMBER 2017" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200719065140/http://www.cosmogirl.co.id/artikel/read/10589/SEPTEMBER-2017) . COSMOGIRL! Indonesia . 12 September 2017. Archived from the original (http://www.cosmogirl.co.id/artikel/read/10589/SEPTEMBER-2017) on 19 July 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Compare archived copies of cosmogirl.co.id from 14 August 2020 (https://web.archive.org/web/20200814140825/http://www.cosmogirl.co.id/) and 29 November 2020 (https://web.archive.org/web/20201129043836/https://www.cosmogirl.co.id/) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Doek valt voor jeugdbladen Hitkrant, Girlz en Cosmogirl" (https://www.parool.nl/kunst-media/doek-valt-voor-jeugdbladen-hitkrant-girlz-en-cosmogirl~b3d5390c/) . Het Parool (/wiki/Het_Parool) (in Dutch). 17 May 2021. Archived (https://archive.today/20220115112824/https://www.parool.nl/kunst-media/doek-valt-voor-jeugdbladen-hitkrant-girlz-en-cosmogirl~b3d5390c/) from the original on 15 January 2022. External links [ edit ] Children's literature portal (/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature) NB: all links below are archived snapshots (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) from the Internet Archive (/wiki/Internet_Archive) . CosmoGirl website (United States) (https://web.archive.org/web/20100628201235/http://www.cosmogirl.com/) Hearst Corporation (https://web.archive.org/web/20070618164028/http://hearstcorp.com/magazines/property/mag_prop_cosmogirl.html) Other languages [ edit ] British CosmoGirl (United Kingdom) (https://web.archive.org/web/20070710185655/http://www.cosmogirl.co.uk/) Czech CosmoGirl (https://web.archive.org/web/20071031223706/http://www.cosmogirl.cz/) Dutch CosmoGirl (Netherlands) (https://web.archive.org/web/20211108065927/https://www.cosmogirl.nl/) Hong Kong CosmoGirl (https://web.archive.org/web/20041101013914/http://www.cosmogirl.com.hk/) Indonesian CosmoGirl (https://web.archive.org/web/20200814140825/http://www.cosmogirl.co.id/) Turkish CosmoGirl (https://web.archive.org/web/20150717023735/http://www.cosmogirl.com.tr/) v t e Hearst Communications (/wiki/Hearst_Communications) Daily newspapers The Advocate (/wiki/The_Advocate_(Stamford)) Times Union (/wiki/Times_Union_(Albany)) 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Finlay & Co. is a British sunglasses company founded in 2012 [1] (#cite_note-1) that started with being specialised in unisex wooden sunglasses. [2] (#cite_note-2) The company won a Shell LiveWIRE Grand Ideas Award in 2012 [3] (#cite_note-3) and featured in the British Fashion Awards. [4] (#cite_note-4) The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/Daily_Telegraph) 's Victoria Bain said the company's Bosworth Ebony sunglasses would "turn way more heads in the park." [5] (#cite_note-5) In more recent days Finlay & Co. have left the wooden glasses and moved over to acetate frames. Megan Markle wore their model ''Percy'' on her first public appearance with Prince Harry. This led to the website crashing and the company sold for over £20,000 over one night. [6] (#cite_note-6) In February 2014 Finlay & Co. were invited to exhibit at Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) as part of The Vogue Talents Corner [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Finlay & Co. London Wooden Sunglasses" (http://www.thestyleexaminer.com/2013/05/finlay-co-london-wooden-sunglasses.html#.UgpS55LVe2Y) . The Style Examiner. 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Pithers, Ellie (3 August 2013). "Glorious Goodwood 2013: when Gaby met Gubby everybody was happy" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/horseracing/goodwood/10220957/Glorious-Goodwood-2013-when-Gaby-met-Gubby-everybody-was-happy.html) . Daily Telegraph (/wiki/Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "David Lochhead, Dane Butler and Tom Stannard (FINLAY & CO.)" (http://www.shell-livewire.org/alumni/grand-ideas-award-winners/2012-winners/2012-August/david-lochhead) . Shell LiveWIRE . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Finlay & Co" (http://www.britishfashionawards.com/uploads/documents/doc_4638.pdf) (PDF) . British Fashion Awards . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bain, Victoria (22 August 2012). "Finlay & Co. Bosworth Ebony Sunglasses" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/ispied/TMG6536/bosworth-ebony-sunglasses.html) . Daily Telegraph (/wiki/Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Meghan Markle causes Finlay & Co's website to crash after wearing their sunglasses" (https://www.hellomagazine.com/fashion/news/2017092858036/meghan-markle-finlay-and-co-sunglasses/) . 28 September 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Finlay & Co. The Vogue Talents Corner" (http://www.vogue.it/en/talents/contests-and-more/2014/02/finlay-and-co-the-vogue-talents-corner-com-2014.html#) . Vogue Italia. 19 Feb 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finlay_%26_Co.&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐xjsh5 Cached time: 20240713053638 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.197 seconds Real time usage: 0.241 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 361/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13684/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 80/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 29882/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.142/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3256616/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 220.006 1 -total 65.72% 144.585 1 Template:Reflist 51.19% 112.615 5 Template:Cite_web 34.23% 75.307 1 Template:Fashion-stub 33.51% 73.720 1 Template:Asbox 4.37% 9.621 2 Template:Cite_news 0.72% 1.595 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40229910-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713053638 and revision id 1067976141. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finlay_%26_Co.&oldid=1067976141 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finlay_%26_Co.&oldid=1067976141) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sunglasses (/wiki/Category:Sunglasses) British companies established in 2012 (/wiki/Category:British_companies_established_in_2012) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Austin Fashion Week Status Active Genre Fashion Frequency Semiannual Location(s) Austin, Texas Country United States Established 2009 Founder Matt Swinney Most recent 2023 Austin Fashion Week ( AFW ), is semiannual fashion event (/wiki/Fashion_event) that takes place in Austin, Texas (/wiki/Austin,_Texas) during the spring and fall seasons. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) The event is typically three days long and includes runway shows, pop-up shops and an award ceremony. [3] (#cite_note-3) In recent years, around 50 designers have presented full, or capsule collections. Founded by Matt Swinney in 2009, and the most recent event took place in 2023. [4] (#cite_note-4) The event had been renamed Fashion X Austin, and Austin Fashion For Good in 2019. [5] (#cite_note-5) The 2020 edition took place in October and was 100% online. [6] (#cite_note-6) See also [ edit ] List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) List of fashion events in the United States (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events_in_the_United_States) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Newland, Dominique (April 16, 2023). "Austin Fashion Week struts into spring, celebrating 15 years" (https://www.kvue.com/article/entertainment/events/austin-fashion-week-struts-in-spring-celebrating-15-years/269-d1c4d68c-a751-4c6a-ae1e-70e456335431) . kvue.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230625184349/https://www.kvue.com/article/entertainment/events/austin-fashion-week-struts-in-spring-celebrating-15-years/269-d1c4d68c-a751-4c6a-ae1e-70e456335431) from the original on 2023-06-25 . Retrieved 2023-06-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Newland, Dominique (November 12, 2022). "Austin Fashion Week struts into its 14th year" (https://www.kvue.com/article/life/austin-fashion-week-14th-year/269-8fca9a64-3cd4-4acd-8925-7718144ea0c3) . kvue.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230625184159/https://www.kvue.com/article/life/austin-fashion-week-14th-year/269-8fca9a64-3cd4-4acd-8925-7718144ea0c3) from the original on 2023-06-25 . Retrieved 2023-06-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hollern, Madeline (2015-04-21). "Catwalk Commentary Our recap of Austin Fashion Week's Finale" (https://www.austinmonthly.com/catwalk-commentary/) . Austin Monthly Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230625185559/https://www.austinmonthly.com/catwalk-commentary/) from the original on 2023-06-25 . Retrieved 2023-06-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Al-Shaikh, Sarah (2023-04-24). "Austin Fashion Week 4th largest in the country; debuts 27 high school designers" (https://www.kxan.com/news/local/austin/austin-fashion-week-4th-largest-in-the-country-debuts-27-high-school-designers/) . KXAN Austin . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230625184512/https://www.kxan.com/news/local/austin/austin-fashion-week-4th-largest-in-the-country-debuts-27-high-school-designers/) from the original on 2023-06-25 . Retrieved 2023-06-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Villalpando, Nicole. "Austin Fashion Week now Fashion for Good" (https://www.statesman.com/story/entertainment/house-home/2019/09/11/austin-fashion-week-now-fashion-for-good-with-new-october-events/2776841007/) . Austin American-Statesman . Retrieved 2024-05-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Villalpando, Nicole. "Austin Fashion Week goes virtual in October" (https://www.statesman.com/story/lifestyle/home-garden/2020/09/28/austin-fashion-week-goes-virtual-in-october/114156926/) . Austin American-Statesman . Retrieved 2024-05-24 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://austin.fashionxtexas.com/) This article related to Austin, Texas (/wiki/Austin,_Texas) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin_Fashion_Week&action=edit) . v t e This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin_Fashion_Week&action=edit) . v t e This Texas (/wiki/Texas) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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1966 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1966) 1967 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1967) 1968 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1968) 1969 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1969) 1970 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1970) 1971 1972 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1972) 1973 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1973) 1974 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1974) 1975 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1975) 1976 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1976) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐bbb5c5448‐52c4h Cached time: 20240718083712 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.096 seconds Real time usage: 0.186 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 38/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1906/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.075/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 933198/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 178.971 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 178.971 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44684875-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718083712 and revision id 974954288. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1971" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . G Garolini (/wiki/Garolini) M Macron (sportswear) (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) P Pimkie (/wiki/Pimkie) R Reiss (brand) (/wiki/Reiss_(brand)) Rockport (company) (/wiki/Rockport_(company)) S Starter (clothing line) (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) T Tribal Sportswear (/wiki/Tribal_Sportswear) V Vilebrequin (/wiki/Vilebrequin) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1971&oldid=974954288 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1971&oldid=974954288) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1970s fashion (/wiki/Category:1970s_fashion) Design companies established in 1971 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1971) Manufacturing companies established in 1971 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1971) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Clothing companies established in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_20th_century)
Thai drag performer, designer, and stylist Art Arya Born Araya Indra Nationality Thai Television Drag Race Thailand (/wiki/Drag_Race_Thailand) Araya Indra ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : อารยา อินทรา ), known by the stage name Art Arya , is a Thai drag (/wiki/Drag_(clothing)) performer, designer, and stylist. She hosts Drag Race Thailand (/wiki/Drag_Race_Thailand) alongside Pangina Heals (/wiki/Pangina_Heals) . She has worked in the fashion industry for three decades and has appeared on two seasons of The Face Thailand (/wiki/The_Face_Thailand) . [1] (#cite_note-SBS-1) She has been described as one of Thailand's most famous drag queens (/wiki/Drag_queen) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Career [ edit ] Art Arya studied art and fashion design in Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) and France (/wiki/France) . She has worked with Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin) and serves as the creative director of the Thai label THEATRE, as of 2018. [1] (#cite_note-SBS-1) Filmography [ edit ] Television [ edit ] Drag Race Thailand (/wiki/Drag_Race_Thailand) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Meet Art Arya & Pangina Heals, the fierce queens hosting 'Drag Race Thailand' (https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/pride/agenda/article/2018/01/17/meet-art-arya-pangina-heals-fierce-queens-hosting-drag-race-thailand) " (https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/pride/agenda/article/2018/01/17/meet-art-arya-pangina-heals-fierce-queens-hosting-drag-race-thailand) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210531043808/https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/pride/agenda/article/2018/01/17/meet-art-arya-pangina-heals-fierce-queens-hosting-drag-race-thailand) from the original on 2021-05-31 . Retrieved 2021-09-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The RuPaul's Drag Race spin-off you probably haven't seen" (https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-43680869) . BBC News . 2018-04-07. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210912194252/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-43680869) from the original on 2021-09-12 . Retrieved 2021-09-12 . v t e Drag Race Thailand (/wiki/Drag_Race_Thailand) Seasons 1 (/wiki/Drag_Race_Thailand_season_1) 2 (/wiki/Drag_Race_Thailand_season_2) Contestants Winners Natalia Pliacam (/wiki/Natalia_Pliacam) Angele Anang (/wiki/Angele_Anang) Année Maywong (/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_Maywong) Bandit (/wiki/Bandit_(drag_queen)) Genie (/wiki/Genie_(drag_queen)) Miss Gimhuay (/wiki/Miss_Gimhuay) Mocha Diva (/wiki/Mocha_Diva) Vanda Miss Joaquim (/wiki/Vanda_Miss_Joaquim_(drag_queen)) Related Episodes (/wiki/List_of_Drag_Race_Thailand_episodes) This Thai biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_Arya&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐hwcjx Cached time: 20240713004344 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.396 seconds Real time usage: 0.528 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1807/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19594/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 839/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22552/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.291/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18792799/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 504.079 1 -total 21.73% 109.528 1 Template:Infobox_person 21.21% 106.907 1 Template:Lang-th 19.72% 99.398 1 Template:Reflist 16.46% 82.980 1 Template:Drag_Race_Thailand 16.38% 82.583 2 Template:Navbox 16.01% 80.683 1 Template:Cite_web 15.88% 80.025 1 Template:Short_description 10.40% 52.406 2 Template:Pagetype 6.39% 32.204 16 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:68633153-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713004344 and revision id 1166692728. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_Arya&oldid=1166692728 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_Arya&oldid=1166692728) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Drag Race Thailand (/wiki/Category:Drag_Race_Thailand) Thai designers (/wiki/Category:Thai_designers) Thai drag queens (/wiki/Category:Thai_drag_queens) Thai LGBT artists (/wiki/Category:Thai_LGBT_artists) Thai people stubs (/wiki/Category:Thai_people_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Thai-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Thai-language_text) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people)) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Designation given to various types of military undress, fatigue or working headwear Forage cap is the designation given to various types of military undress, fatigue or working headwear. These vary widely in form, according to country or period. The coloured peaked cap worn by the modern British Army (/wiki/British_Army) for parade and other dress occasions is still officially designated as a forage cap. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] In the 18th century, forage caps were small cloth caps worn by British cavalrymen (/wiki/Cavalry) when undertaking work duties such as foraging for food for their horses. The term was later applied to undress caps worn by men of all branches and regiments as a substitute for the full dress headdress. [2] (#cite_note-2) Usage [ edit ] French Army [ edit ] During the French Revolutionary Wars (/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars) , French soldiers made their own forage caps from the cloth of old coats. [3] (#cite_note-3) Known as the bonnet de police , these caps resembled a nightcap (/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)) and were also worn by Santa Anna (/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna) 's army during the Mexican War (/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War) . From the 1840s until World War I, French line infantry wore the blue and red kepi (/wiki/Kepi) , but in 1915, the bonnet de police was reintroduced as a horizon blue garrison cap (/wiki/Garrison_cap) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Worn in a khaki version until 1940, the bonnet de police retained the high pointed crown of 1915–1918. [5] (#cite_note-5) During World War II French forces wore a wide variety of headdresses according to supplies available. In 1945 however the bonnet de police was reintroduced for most units but with a lower crown and in the historic colours that had formerly distinguished the kepis of each branch. [6] (#cite_note-6) By the 1940s, the beret was also widely worn by paratroop and mountain units. Bonnet de police worn by Louis de Cazenave (/wiki/Louis_de_Cazenave) , one of the last poilus (/wiki/Poilu) German Army [ edit ] The German army was the first to use the peaked cap (/wiki/Peaked_cap) , in the final years of the Napoleonic Wars (/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars) . [ citation needed ] When the Pickelhaube (/wiki/Pickelhaube) was introduced in the 1840s, the Germans adopted a new, peakless forage cap, resembling the sailor cap (/wiki/Sailor_cap) [ citation needed ] . Prior to 1914 these caps were worn in a wide variety of colours according to regiment or branch, with Prussian blue (/wiki/Prussian_blue) the most common. [7] (#cite_note-7) However, in 1917 these were replaced with a slate grey (/wiki/Slate_grey) version, with a dark green cap band. After World War I, the German Wehrmacht (/wiki/Wehrmacht) used a variant of the garrison cap (/wiki/Garrison_cap) called the Feldmütze, before adopting the Austrian-style ski cap (/wiki/Ski_cap) of the Gebirgsjäger (/wiki/Gebirgsj%C3%A4ger) . German peakless forage cap of WWI, based on the type worn by sailors. Three German Second World War soldiers, two wearing forage caps Bundesgrenzschutz (/wiki/Bundesgrenzschutz) (Federal Border Guard) Feldmütze cap, in use until 1976 Greek Army [ edit ] In Greece forage caps were adopted during the period of the First World War, when most of the weapons and supplies were of French origin. From then until World War II, various changes were made while keeping key features. The Greek Army Regulations of 1938 introduced an improvement concerning the folding part of the cap which protects the ears. Three Greek Second World War soldiers, wearing forage caps mod.1938. Greek Forage Cap mod.1938 Austro-Hungarian Army, Austrian Army, and Royal Hungarian Army [ edit ] The Austro-Hungarian Army (/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army) adopted a cap in the 19th century fitted with a peak and cloth chinstraps (or flaps ). The chinstraps could be buttoned over the forehead, either securing the folded-up peak or leaving it loose, or could be buttoned under the chin, extending the rear of the cap downwards to protect the ears from the elements. This cap continues in military ( Österreichisches Bundesheer (/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces#Army) ), border guard (Österreichs Garde), [8] (#cite_note-8) and police use with the Republic of Austria (/wiki/Republic_of_Austria) , although the camouflaged version worn today retains only the peak, not the chinstraps, of its predecessor). [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) After the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire) , the Royal Hungarian Army (/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army) had also continued to issue this type of cap. Variations on this cap were adopted by other armies. Austro-Hungarian soldiers during the First World War Austrian (/wiki/Republic_of_Austria) troops training with M1 Garand rifles (/wiki/M1_Garand) during the 1950s Hungarian soldiers in the Carpathians in 1944 (one wearing a helmet and the rest wearing forage caps) Hungarian soldier, 1940 Uniform, military, commercial vehicle, Hungarian brand, tableau, Rába-brand Fortepan 22344 United Kingdom [ edit ] British Army and Royal Marines [ edit ] In the British Army, infantry forage caps were first regulated by the War Office (/wiki/War_Office) in 1811 as a practical head dress that could be worn off duty, in barracks or in camp, in place of the cumbersome shakos (/wiki/Shako) and various forms of helmet comprising regimental headdress. Before this date, forage caps were worn as ordered regimentally. Mentioned in sources as early as 1768, these took on various forms, in some instances being made up locally using parts of worn out uniforms. When not in use, forage caps could either be stowed in knapsacks or strapped to the cartouche case. The caps ordered in 1811 were of knitted and felted wool, blue-grey in colour with a white band around the base. Following the end of the Napoleonic wars, forage caps were once again sourced regimentally and took the form of round bonnets in a variety of shapes, frequently made up of cloth in regimental facing colours. In 1829, these regimental forage caps were regulated by order to impose uniformity and then in 1834 replaced by a plain cap of knitted felt wool, known as a Kilmarnock Bonnet (/wiki/Kilmarnock_Bonnet) (from the place of manufacture in southwest Scotland). The Kilmarnock forage cap was superseded in kilted Highland regiments by the Glengarry bonnet (/wiki/Glengarry) in 1851. The rest of the infantry, including the foot guards, continued to wear versions of the Kilmarnock until 1868, when the remaining regiments of foot also adopted the Glengarry. The foot guards who retained a round forage cap, together with a folding side cap (/wiki/Side_cap) , worn in working dress and in camp. In 1897, the Glengarry was replaced by the "Austrian cap" (or side cap). The Dress Regulations for the Army of 1900 described, and provided photographs of, several different models of forage cap. These included the staff pattern with wider crown and leather peak; the model worn by the Household Cavalry (/wiki/Household_Cavalry) with straight sides and peak; and that worn by cavalry regiments – a small round cap without a peak (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) , braided and coloured according to regimental pattern, worn at an angle on the head and held in place by a leather chin strap. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 1902 a new style of forage cap, named after the then Secretary of State for War (/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War) , St John Brodrick (/wiki/St_John_Brodrick,_1st_Earl_of_Midleton) , replaced the Austrian cap. The 'Brodrick cap' took the form of a stiffened and round shaped forage cap with no peak that was not dissimilar in appearance to a sailor's hat, although it was dark blue in colour and had a patch of facing colour cloth behind the regimental badge, which was worn centrally at the front. In 1905 the Brodrick was replaced by a broad-topped cap with wired brim and leather peak, based on the pattern worn in the Royal Navy (/wiki/Royal_Navy) , which was introduced as a "forage cap" for off-duty 'walking out' and other semi-formal occasions. Under the same name, a slightly modified version of this cap is currently worn by most modern British regiments with No. 1 ceremonial and No. 2 khaki parade dress. [12] (#cite_note-12) The body of this headdress is generally dark blue (hussar and lancer regiments wear scarlet forage caps while The Rifles (/wiki/The_Rifles) wear dark green), the cap bands are red for "royal" regiments and corps, or in regimental colours. The Parachute Regiment do not wear forage caps, favoring instead maroon berets (/wiki/Maroon_beret) . The Royal Marines (/wiki/Royal_Marines) continued to wear the Brodrick into the 1930s with parade and walking out dress. Before the First World War, a khaki cover with integral peak was issued to wear over it in the field with khaki service dress, but the army's khaki service dress cap replaced this during the war. Captain Alfred Hutton (/wiki/Alfred_Hutton) , wearing a cavalry model forage cap 1st Battalion, 19th (1st Yorkshire North Riding – Princess of Wales's Own) Regiment of Foot (/wiki/Green_Howards) warrant officers and NCOs in Bermuda circa 1879–1880, wearing round forage caps and Glengarry caps Saltus Grammar School (/wiki/Saltus_Grammar_School) Cadet Corps (later Bermuda Cadet Corps (/wiki/Bermuda_Cadet_Corps) ), wearing Austrian side caps, ca. 1901 Band of the 3rd Battalion The Royal Fusiliers wear Brodrick caps in Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda) , circa 1903 6th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers (/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers) officers in Glengarry side caps at Ploegsteert (/wiki/Ploegsteert) with Sir Winston Churchill (/wiki/Winston_Churchill) in 1916 Two (standing) Bermuda Militia Infantry (/wiki/Bermuda_Militia_Infantry) soldiers wearing the 1905 style khaki peaked cap, and two (seated) wearing the new khaki side cap, circa 1940 Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps (/wiki/Bermuda_Volunteer_Rifle_Corps) soldiers serving with the Lincolnshire Regiment (/wiki/Lincolnshire_Regiment) wear side caps, circa 1944 The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 5th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland (/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Scotland) (5 SCOTS) soldier wearing Glengarry cap on parade in Dumbarton (/wiki/Dumbarton) , Scotland, 2011 Royal Air Force [ edit ] The Royal Air Force (/wiki/Royal_Air_Force) (RAF) field service cap is often called a forage cap (and is also colloquially known as the chip bag (/wiki/Fish_and_chips) or Thunderbird (/wiki/Thunderbirds_(TV_series)) hat). It has no peak, and because of its longitudinal cut is called a 'fore-and-after'. Its two ornamental buttons at the front can be unfastened in order to let down earflaps for harsh weather. (The German Army forage cap of the Second World War was similar, but of two distinct types, one with an eye-shading peak or bill, the other without.) Available to be worn by all ranks ( officers (/wiki/RAF_officer_ranks) and other ranks (/wiki/RAF_other_ranks) ) when working dress is ordered, the field service caps worn by group captains (/wiki/Group_captain) and above have additional light blue ('Minerva blue') piping. [13] (#cite_note-p11-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) The field service cap was worn by RAF personnel for everyday purposes from 1936, completely superseding the previously worn peaked cap in December 1939, [15] (#cite_note-15) until about 1950, when it was superseded by the RAF blue beret (/wiki/Military_beret#United_Kingdom) (introduced after the Second World War) for officers of the RAF Regiment (/wiki/RAF_Regiment) and all other ranks, and the SD cap for other officers. RAF field service caps can still be bought privately and worn on duty by all ranks as working dress. They are commonly worn with flying suits, as they are easier to stow in a side pocket or cockpit than SD caps, but only air vice-marshals (/wiki/Air_vice-marshal) and above are authorised to wear them with combat uniform (/wiki/Combat_uniform#United_Kingdom) . [13] (#cite_note-p11-13) The fore-and-after is still worn by airmen in other services, such as the US Air Force and the Royal Canadian Air Force. Air Chief Marshal (/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal) Sir Arthur Tedder (/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder) wearing war service dress Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton wearing a forage cap with desert DPM (/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Material#Desert_variants) in 2010 Air Commodore Harvey Smyth wearing a forage cap with 2b service working dress. Visible on this example is an RAF cap badge (/wiki/Cap_badge#Royal_Air_Force) RAF Air Commodore wearing a forage cap with a flight suit in 2021 United States military [ edit ] Painting of a Union soldier (in zouave (/wiki/Zouave) uniform) wearing the 1858 pattern kepi (/wiki/Kepi) during the American Civil War 1833 pattern forage cap from the Mexican War era The M1825 forage cap (also known as the pinwheel cap) was worn by the United States military from 1825 to 1833 when it began to be replaced by the M1833 forage cap. It was used in conflicts such as the Black Hawk War (/wiki/Black_Hawk_War) of 1832, the 2nd Seminole war of 1835–1842, and the Winnebago War (/wiki/Winnebago_War) of 1827 by American forces. The cap was also adopted by the Texan Army and worn by American volunteers in the Texas Revolution (/wiki/Texas_Revolution) from 1835 to 1836. The M1839 cap of the Mexican War (/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War) was of a somewhat similar pattern to the 1833 cap with it becoming a visor cap made in navy blue wool. It also added universal neck-flaps, whereas the 1833 only had neckflaps on the dragoon variant. In the Civil War the M1858 forage cap (/wiki/M1858_Uniform) , based on the French kepi (/wiki/Kepi) , was the most common headgear worn by union troops even though it was described by one soldier as "Shapeless as a feedbag". [ citation needed ] There were two types of brims: the first, called the McClellan (/wiki/George_McClellan) cap was flat; the second, called the McDowell (/wiki/Irvin_McDowell) cap, was curved. U.S. Army regulations called for insignia to be put on the top of the cap, with branch of service (infantry, cavalry or artillery) in the middle, company letter above and the regimental number below. In 1863 the corps badge was introduced in the Army of the Potomac (/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac) in an attempt to boost morale among the troops; this badge was also added to the cap. If the soldier was in the infantry the bugle horn was put below the disk, with the regimental number inside the infantry horn, the company letter above the horn and the corp badge above that. More frequently than not the soldier lacked this degree of insignia. Occasionally, the branch of service, company letter or regimental number insignia was also used. After the Civil War, the forage cap fell into disuse; it was rarely worn, but was in use until the 1870s. See also [ edit ] Look up forage cap (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/forage_cap) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Campaign hat (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Kepi (/wiki/Kepi) Side cap (/wiki/Side_cap) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Sections 01.75 - 01.79, Army Dress Regulations (All Ranks) , Ministry of Defence, January 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-2) W.Y. Carman, Dictionary of Military Uniform , p.59, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-684-15130-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-15130-8) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Crowdy, Terry. French Revolutionary Infantry 1789-1802 . p. 37. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-84176-660-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Summer, Ian. The French Army 1914-18 . p. 34. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-85532-516-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Summer, Ian. The French Army 1939-45 (1) . p. 22. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-85532-666-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Summer, Ian. The French Army 1939-45 (2) . p. 46. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-85532-707-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Ltr Verlag GMBH Starnberg, colour plates, Die Uniformen der Deutichen Armee ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-88706-249-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88706-249-3) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Grenzschutz 2018 – Die Übung läuft" (https://www.diegarde.at/grenzschutz-2018-die-uebung-laeuft) . Österreichs Garde . Gardekameradschaft. 2018-08-08 . Retrieved 2022-04-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "New Camouflage Uniforms for the Armed Forces" (https://www.bundesheer.at/english/dynmod/artikel.php?id=5343) . Österreichischen Bundesheeres . Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung (Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence). 2019-03-04 . Retrieved 2022-04-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Die neue Uniform des Österreichischen Bundesheeres" (https://www.bundesheer.at/archiv/a2019/uniform_neu/index.shtml) . Österreichischen Bundesheeres . Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung (Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence). 2019-03-04 . Retrieved 2022-04-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Section 11 and Plate 8". Dress Regulations for the Army 1900 . Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1900. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Barthorp, Michael (1982). British Infantry Uniforms since 1660 . New Orchard Editions. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-85079-009-4 . ^ a b "Chapter 1: General Instructions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120406024458/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/0F179C00_5056_A318_A8D8F975CD47447B.pdf) (PDF) . Uniform Dress and Appearance Regulations . Royal Air Force. p. 11. AP 1358. Archived from the original (http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/0F179C00_5056_A318_A8D8F975CD47447B.pdf) (PDF) on April 6, 2012 – via raf.mod.uk. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Chapter 7: Distinguishing Insignia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090324212658/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/9647CE1A_E2F1_FD48_EE58A77DCDE87EBE.pdf) (PDF) . Uniform Dress and Appearance Regulations . Royal Air Force. p. 10. AP 1358. Archived from the original (http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/9647CE1A_E2F1_FD48_EE58A77DCDE87EBE.pdf) (PDF) on March 24, 2009 – via raf.mod.uk. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Cormack, Andrew (20 April 2010). The Royal Air Force 1939–45 . p. 5 (https://books.google.com/books?id=iHzWAjDrlb0C&pg=PA5) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780850459661 . v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam (/wiki/Tam_cap) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Cabbage-tree (/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Fedora 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(/wiki/Capirote) Cappello romano (/wiki/Cappello_romano) Capuchon (/wiki/Capuchon) Christening cap (/wiki/Christening_cap) Galero (/wiki/Galero) Head covering for Christian women (/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women) Easter bonnet (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre) Papal tiara (/wiki/Papal_tiara) Pilgrim's (/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat) Salvation Army bonnet (/wiki/Salvation_Army_bonnet) Shovel (/wiki/Shovel_hat) Zucchetto (/wiki/Zucchetto) Eastern (/wiki/Eastern_Christianity) Klobuk (/wiki/Klobuk) Epanokalimavkion (/wiki/Epanokalimavkion) Kalimavkion (/wiki/Kalimavkion) Koukoulion (/wiki/Koukoulion) Skufia (/wiki/Skufia) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kashket (/wiki/Kashket) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Kolpik (/wiki/Kolpik) Spodik (/wiki/Spodik) Shtreimel (/wiki/Shtreimel) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Animal (/wiki/Animal_hat) Ascot (/wiki/Ascot_cap) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Beanie (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Bobble (/wiki/Bobble_hat) Breton (/wiki/Breton_(hat)) Bucket (/wiki/Bucket_hat) Chilote (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Cowboy (/wiki/Cowboy_hat) Boss of the Plains (/wiki/Boss_of_the_Plains) Fruit (/wiki/Fruit_hat) Knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Party (/wiki/Party_hat) Shower (/wiki/Shower_cap) Tin foil (/wiki/Tin_foil_hat) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella_hat) Whoopee (/wiki/Whoopee_cap) Sports Cricket (/wiki/Cricket_cap) Baggy green (/wiki/Baggy_green) Balaclava (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) Facekini (/wiki/Facekini) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) Trucker (/wiki/Trucker_hat) Bicycle clip (/wiki/Bicycle_clip_hat) Casquette (/wiki/Casquette) Deerstalker (/wiki/Deerstalker) Horse racing (/wiki/Jockey%27s_cap) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_cap) Rally (/wiki/Rally_cap) Sports visor (/wiki/Sports_visor) Green eyeshade (/wiki/Green_eyeshade) Stormy Kromer (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Swimming (/wiki/Swim_cap) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo_cap) Historical (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Beaver (/wiki/Beaver_hat) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Boudoir (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Boyar (/wiki/Boyar_hat) Bycocket (/wiki/Bycocket) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coal scuttle bonnet (/wiki/Coal_scuttle_bonnet) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Dolly Varden (/wiki/Dolly_Varden_(costume)) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Pamela (/wiki/Pamela_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Poke bonnet (/wiki/Poke_bonnet) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Toque (/wiki/Toque) Witch (/wiki/Witch_hat) Gediminas' Cap (/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Asian conical (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Aso Oke (/wiki/Aso_Oke_hat) Astrakhan (hat) (/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap) Ayam (/wiki/Ayam_(cap)) Balmoral bonnet (/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet) Bell-boy (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Beonggeoji (/wiki/Beonggeoji) Bhadgaunle Topi (/wiki/Bhadgaunle_Topi) Birke topi (/wiki/Birke_topi) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Blue bonnet (/wiki/Blue_bonnet_(hat)) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Coloured (/wiki/Coloured_hat) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cork (/wiki/Cork_hat) Dhaka topi (/wiki/Dhaka_topi) Doppa (/wiki/Doppa) Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_cap) Energy dome (/wiki/Energy_dome) Fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Four Winds (/wiki/Four_Winds_hat) Fujin (/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)) Fulani (/wiki/Fulani_hat) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gandhi (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Gat (/wiki/Gat_(hat)) Glengarry (/wiki/Glengarry) Icelandic tail (/wiki/Icelandic_tail-cap) Jaapi (/wiki/Jaapi) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jobawi (/wiki/Jobawi) Kalpak (/wiki/Kalpak) Karakul (/wiki/Karakul_(hat)) Kasa (/wiki/Kasa_(hat)) Kashket (/wiki/Kashket) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kofia (/wiki/Kofia_(hat)) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Kuma (/wiki/Kuma_(cap)) Labbade (/wiki/Labbade) Lika (/wiki/Lika_cap) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Montenegrin (/wiki/Montenegrin_cap) Montera picona (/wiki/Montera_picona) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Nambawi (/wiki/Nambawi) Nón quai thao (/wiki/N%C3%B3n_quai_thao) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Paag (/wiki/Paag) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Papakha (/wiki/Papakha) Pashteen (/wiki/Pashteen_hat) Pungcha (/wiki/Pungcha) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Rastacap (/wiki/Rastacap) Šajkača (/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da) Salako (/wiki/Salako) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Senufo bird (/wiki/Senufo_bird) Shyade (/wiki/Shyade) Šibenik (/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik_cap) Sindhi (/wiki/Sindhi_cap) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Sombrero calañés (/wiki/Sombrero_cala%C3%B1%C3%A9s) Sombrero cordobés (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Sombrero vueltiao (/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao) Song (/wiki/Song_official_headwear) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Stormy Kromer cap (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Straw (/wiki/Straw_hat) Šubara (/wiki/%C5%A0ubara) Sun (/wiki/Sun_hat) Tam o' shanter (/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)) Tang (/wiki/Tang_official_headwear) Tanggeon (/wiki/Tanggeon) Tantour (/wiki/Tantour) Taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Tembel (/wiki/Tembel_hat) Tokin (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) Topor (/wiki/Topor_(headgear)) Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) Tubeteika (/wiki/Tubeteika) Tuque (/wiki/Tuque) Tyrolean (/wiki/Tyrolean_hat) Upe (/wiki/Upe) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Welsh (/wiki/Welsh_hat) Yanggwan (/wiki/Yanggwan) Wrapped headwear Apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) Bashlyk (/wiki/Bashlyk) Birrus (/wiki/Birrus) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Caul (/wiki/Caul_(headgear)) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Chaperon (/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) Do-rag (/wiki/Do-rag) Dumalla (/wiki/Dumalla) Emamah (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Għonnella (/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella) Gook (/wiki/Gook_(headgear)) Gugel (/wiki/Gugel) Gulle (/wiki/Gulle) Haredi burqa sect (/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Hogeon (/wiki/Hogeon) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Jang-ot (/wiki/Jang-ot) Khăn vấn (/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Mysore peta (/wiki/Mysore_peta) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Pagri (/wiki/Pagri_(turban)) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) Pheta (/wiki/Pheta) Puneri Pagadi (/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi) Roach (/wiki/Roach_(headdress)) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Sudra (/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)) Tichel (/wiki/Tichel) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) Hat parts Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Aigrette (/wiki/Aigrette) Brim (/wiki/Hat_brim) Bumper brim (/wiki/Bumper_brim) Campaign cord (/wiki/Campaign_cord) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Gamsbart (/wiki/Gamsbart) Hackle (/wiki/Hackle) Lappet (/wiki/Lappet) Plume (/wiki/Plume_(feather)) Sarpech (/wiki/Sarpech) Visor (/wiki/Visor) Accessories Cockade (/wiki/Cockade) Feathers (/wiki/Feather) Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐wccbs Cached time: 20240720180610 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.557 seconds Real time usage: 0.720 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2180/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 85846/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2968/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 87532/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.336/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15018648/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 603.131 1 -total 29.42% 177.413 1 Template:Reflist 19.37% 116.831 5 Template:Lang 16.25% 98.018 5 Template:Navbox 15.58% 93.976 9 Template:Cite_book 14.81% 89.349 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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 1996 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1996) 1997 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1997) 1998 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1998) 1999 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1999) 2000 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2000) 2001 2002 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2002) 2003 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2003) 2004 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2004) 2005 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2005) 2006 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2006) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐bbb5c5448‐qvq2m Cached time: 20240718101050 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.117 seconds Real time usage: 0.183 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 50/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2594/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.085/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 947615/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 144.930 1 -total 70.56% 102.259 1 Template:Navseasoncats 29.26% 42.400 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:51925214-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718101050 and revision id 914445581. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 2001" The following 20 pages are in this category, out of 20 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Andrew Christian (/wiki/Andrew_Christian) Atticus Clothing (/wiki/Atticus_Clothing) AussieBum (/wiki/AussieBum) B Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) D DK Company (/wiki/DK_Company) E Ericaamerica (/wiki/Ericaamerica) G Goat Fashion (/wiki/Goat_Fashion) Grenade Gloves (/wiki/Grenade_Gloves) I IC Group (/wiki/IC_Group) J Johnny Cupcakes (/wiki/Johnny_Cupcakes) L London Tradition (/wiki/London_Tradition) Lover (clothing) (/wiki/Lover_(clothing)) N Nudie Jeans (/wiki/Nudie_Jeans) O Obey (clothing) (/wiki/Obey_(clothing)) P Peter Millar (clothing company) (/wiki/Peter_Millar_(clothing_company)) Q Quick (sportswear) (/wiki/Quick_(sportswear)) S Shy (company) (/wiki/Shy_(company)) Splash About International (/wiki/Splash_About_International) T T-Shirt Hell (/wiki/T-Shirt_Hell) Torrid (clothing retailer) (/wiki/Torrid_(clothing_retailer)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2001&oldid=914445581 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2001&oldid=914445581) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Clothing companies established in the 21st century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_21st_century) Design companies established in 2001 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_2001) Manufacturing companies established in 2001 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_2001) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment)
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American fashion designer This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ben_King_(designer)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Ben King" designer (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ben+King%22+designer) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ben+King%22+designer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ben+King%22+designer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ben+King%22+designer+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ben+King%22+designer) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ben+King%22+designer&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Ben King was an American fashion designer active from the 1940s to the 1970s. In 1944, he was awarded a Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) for Distinguished Service in the Field of Fashion. [1] (#cite_note-1) Although he produced some clothing, including a vibrant India-print pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) ensemble in 1954, [2] (#cite_note-2) King was known particularly for accessories, being listed as a leading designer of belts in 1953. [3] (#cite_note-3) Ben King handbags were still available from stores such as Bonwit Teller (/wiki/Bonwit_Teller) in the mid-1970s, being featured in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Staff writer (25 October 2002). "The Neiman's Seal of Approval" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092533/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-93918462.html) . Women's Wear Daily . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-93918462.html) on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 – via Highbeam. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Staff writer (1954). "The exotic colors of the courtyard of Beretta Center in downtown Charlotte Amalie are matched by Ben King's colorful India-print pajamas with tied midrifl' blouse". Town & Country . 108 (4380): 30. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Leypoldt, F., ed. (1953). "Unknown title" (https://books.google.com/books?id=oOkXAAAAMAAJ) . The Publishers Weekly . 164 : 750. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Harper's Bazaar . 107 . Hearst Corporation. 1974 https://books.google.com/books?id=hNchAQAAMAAJ (https://books.google.com/books?id=hNchAQAAMAAJ) – via Google Books. {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Missing or empty \|title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) - "Fashion and Accessory Details" (https://books.google.com/books?id=eeAjAQAAMAAJ) . Vogue : 9–11. 1975 – via Google Books. This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Pura Lopez Born Pura Lopez Segarra ( 1962-09-29 ) 29 September 1962 (age 61) Elche (/wiki/Elche) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) Occupation Shoe designer Years active 1986–present Parents Antonio López Moreno (father) Josefina Segarra García (mother) Website Official website (http://www.puralopez.com/) Pura Lopez (born 29 September 1962 in Elche (/wiki/Elche) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) ) is a Spanish shoe designer, director of the design department of the Pura Lopez brand. [1] (#cite_note-1) She is a shoe designer for Royal Family members and Spanish cinema. [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life [ edit ] Pura Lopez was born in Elche, Alicante (/wiki/Alicante) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) , the daughter of Antonio Lopez Moreno, a shoe manufacturer who founded his company as a family business in 1964 during the rapid growth of the shoe industry in [Spain]. [3] (#cite_note-3) Lopez was growing surrounded by shoes and everything related to shoe production. Her observations and attention to the techniques gave her deep knowledge of the shoe construction and design concepts. Later, in the interview for the Spanish Magazine Surrealista (/w/index.php?title=Surrealista&action=edit&redlink=1) , [4] (#cite_note-4) Lopez admitted that she was always attracted by art and creative process but she never really thought to work neither in the shoe industry nor in fashion (/wiki/Fashion) . [5] (#cite_note-5) In 1979 Lopez entered the School of Applied Arts and Creative Careers of Alicante to study the Interior Design. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 1981 she proceeds with her education entering the School of Arts and Design of Barreira [7] (#cite_note-7) in Valencia, where she studies Fashion Design. In the summer of 1984 Lopez went to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , where she started attending a specialized course on Clothing Fashion Design in the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) . [8] (#cite_note-8) A year later she went to Milan (/wiki/Milan) , to study footwear design and construction in ARSUTORIA School (/w/index.php?title=ARSUTORIA_School&action=edit&redlink=1) . [9] (#cite_note-9) That became a significant period in Lopez's life. She stayed in every-day contact with the fashion world, often attended fashion shows and pret-a-porter (/wiki/Pret-a-porter) runways to learn as much as possible about the trends and fashion world. In 1986 Lopez joined her family business. She started working in the Department of Design, Development and Production for two significant collections: "Josephine" and "Academia". [10] (#cite_note-10) Soon after her arrival the Lopez family changed their strategy and started a new ladies shoe brand. In 1987 the concept of Pura Lopez brand was developed. The main figure is a woman of wide culture, fashion-oriented, very feminine whilst strong. [11] (#cite_note-11) After a family council, the new brand was named after its creator. Currently the second generation of Lopez family conducts all the affairs of the company where Lopez is in charge of the Design Department and her brother, Antonio Lopez Segarra is CEO. [12] (#cite_note-12) The distinctive particularity of Pura Lopez shoes is the color spectrum of pastels, which vary depending on the season. [13] (#cite_note-13) Thanks to accurate calculations of the form construction Lopez manages to create the models with high heels and platforms without compromising the stability. [14] (#cite_note-14) Lopez chose her moto: "Your shoes should inspire you to walk" and her concept: "a shoe is a main accessory in the woman’s wardrobe" considering it to be an indicator between the platitude and elegance. According to Lopez "The shoes are communication." [15] (#cite_note-15) Today the Pura Lopez brand is the basis of family business Dalph International founded in 1956. [16] (#cite_note-16) Recognition [ edit ] Admission to the runway became Lopez's big victory. Her models are being used for shows and catwalks by such designers as Cibeles y Gaudí, Juanjo Oliva, Andrés Sardá, Javier Larraínzar and Guillermina Baeza. [17] (#cite_note-17) Moreover, she collaborates with such houses as La Perla, Devota & Lomba, Joaquim Verdu, Roberto Verino (/wiki/Roberto_Verino) , Roberto Torretta and participates in Madrid (/wiki/Madrid) Fashion Week. In 1998 Pura Lopez represented the Spanish shoe industry in 1998 Lisbon World Exposition (/wiki/Expo_%2798) in Lisbon (/wiki/Lisbon) , Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) . Lopez works with Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) , creating special occasion shoes for the members of the European Monarchies such as Mary Donaldson, Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark (/wiki/Mary,_Crown_Princess_of_Denmark) and Queen Letizia of Spain, who prefers to wear Pura Lopez shoes in different occasions of celebrations. [18] (#cite_note-18) Howbeit the most significant moment in Lopez's career was 22 May 2004 - the wedding day of Queen Letizia of Spain (/wiki/Queen_Letizia_of_Spain) and King Felipe VI (/wiki/King_Felipe_VI) , when the bride was wearing the dress of Spanish designer Manuel Pertegas (/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Pertegas&action=edit&redlink=1) and Pura Lopez shoes. [19] (#cite_note-19) Other guests followed the bride's lead and wore Pura Lopez shoes as well: Infanta Cristina of Spain (/wiki/Infanta_Cristina_of_Spain) and her cousin, Princess Alexandra of Greece. [20] (#cite_note-20) The wedding was watched by more than 25 million television viewers in Spain alone, and was broadcast throughout the world. After that Lopez was adored and requested as wedding shoes designer. [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2009 Lopez received Fuenso International Shoe Award. [22] (#cite_note-22) On 30 March 2012 the Association of businessmen, professionals and managers recognized Lopez as the best businesswoman of the year. [23] (#cite_note-23) At the moment [ when? ] Pura Lopez is present in more than 1000 places worldwide. [24] (#cite_note-24) Those are fashion boutiques, monobrand store and department stores of the whole world. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) in Galeries Lafayette (/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette) on Boulevard Haussmann (/wiki/Boulevard_Haussmann) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) and Galleries Lafayette in Casablanca, Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) . The average retail price of Pura Lopez shoes is about 250—350 euro. In February 2012 Pura Lopez opens their first show room in the center of Milan (/wiki/Milan) . [27] (#cite_note-27) Shoes [ edit ] Lopez creates two collections a year that embrace several fashion concepts. As a result, each collection goes up to 200 styles per season. [28] (#cite_note-28) That large amount is due to the fact that Lopez always has in mind all the types of women that she is designing for. She considers the bone structure, the height and time of the day. First she creates a group of High Fashion - Runway shoes. Then the same process is repeated for classic evergreen style; then for chic and elegant style; then for conservative target etc. But not all the models are then exposed. After the development Lopez chooses only the most interesting and innovative ones and sends them to the production. Pura Lopez shoes are produced in eight separate factories that belong to the company in Elche, Spain (/wiki/Spain) . Only Italian leather is used for the shoes, as well as modern and antique technologies of shoe-making. [29] (#cite_note-29) The designer uses a lot of texture and "crust" nappa and is not afraid to apply a "vintage effect", i.e. artificial leather aging that makes the product more attractive when it is being used a lot. The production capacity of the company is divided into five lines up to 1800 pairs a week each. From 2009 Lopez began to expand the bag line and to introduce them to the main collections. [30] (#cite_note-30) Cinema [ edit ] The designs of Pura Lopez models were used in such movies as La Dama Boba (/wiki/La_Dama_Boba_(film)) of Manolo Iborra Martinez based on the play by Lope de Vega (/wiki/Lope_de_Vega) , Insomnia by Chuz Guttieres, Kika (/wiki/Kika_(1993_film)) by Pedro Almodóvar Caballero (/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var) , as well as in the French production of Asterix and Obelix . [31] (#cite_note-31) But in all their glory the shoes appeared in the movie Manolete (/wiki/Manolete_(film)) with Adrien Brody (/wiki/Adrien_Brody) . [32] (#cite_note-32) Lopez was invited to create the design of the shoes worn by Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) . [33] (#cite_note-33) The styles chosen for the movie reflect all the femininity and glamour of the 1940s women — the time when platforms, round pumps and high heels were especially relevant. [34] (#cite_note-34) Lopez admitted that she liked her experience in the movie industry because it gave her a great possibility to express her creative potential without respecting any limits. Pura Lopez shoes are worn by such celebrities as: Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) , Monica (/wiki/Monica_(singer)) , Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , Isabelle Fuhrman (/wiki/Isabelle_Fuhrman) , [35] (#cite_note-35) Lea Michele (/wiki/Lea_Michele) , [36] (#cite_note-36) Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) , [37] (#cite_note-37) and others. Interesting facts [ edit ] Lopez does not like to repeat the models so she never uses the same design without changing it at least a little bit in two collection in a row. That productivity requires a lot of time. Lopez says that she and her designers team could often stay in the studio for days choosing the colors and materials that match. Once Lopez decided to create an exclusive design just for her. But in the end she couldn't resist and included it in the main collection. Queen Letizia of Spain (/wiki/Queen_Letizia_of_Spain) who is constantly called the «Princess of Fashion», [38] (#cite_note-38) frequently wears Pura Lopez shoes. [39] (#cite_note-39) Lopez doesn't like to give interviews. She can easily be seen in the Fairs and Presentations where she comes incognito. External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.puralopez.com/) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Pura López (Fashion from Spain)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160307192655/http://www.fashionfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1559872_5539612_5563983_232715_0,00.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.fashionfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1559872_5539612_5563983_232715_0,00.htm) on March 7, 2016 . Retrieved April 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Online Fashion magazine ModaMarcas" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040905/http://www.modamarcas.com/pura-lopez/) . Archived from the original (http://www.modamarcas.com/pura-lopez/) on January 17, 2013 . Retrieved April 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Fashion from Spain, Pura Lopez dossier" (http://www.fashionfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_5857768_5852720_233085_0,00.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20130607104742/http://revistasurrealista.es/) Surrealista fashion magazine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130607104742/http://revistasurrealista.es/) . Archived from the original (http://www.revistasurrealista.es) on 2013-06-07 . Retrieved 2013-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Interview with Pura Lopez, Surrealista magazine, issue nr. 55" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130607105246/http://revistasurrealista.es/index.php?s=215&a=432) . Archived from the original (http://www.revistasurrealista.es/index.php?s=215&a=432) on 2013-06-07 . Retrieved 2013-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Dossier Pura Lopez on Fashion Spain" (http://www.modaes.es/perfiles/pura-lopez-es.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "School of Arts and Design of Barreira official site" (http://barreira.edu.es) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Fashion From Spain" (http://www.fashionfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1559872_5539612_5563983_232715_0,00.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "ARSUTORIA School official website" (http://www.arssutoria.com) . ARSUTORIA School \| The university for shoes and bags design . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Pura Lopez, a tribute to femminility, article on Fashion From Spain" (http://www.fashionfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_5857812_5857549_303383_0,00.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Pura Lopez style - article on Zapatosmarca.net" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120626094633/http://zapatosmarca.net/pura-lopez/) . Archived from the original (http://zapatosmarca.net/pura-lopez/) on 2012-06-26 . Retrieved 2013-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "About the company" (https://www.puralopez.com/en/company) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Pura Lopez shoes offers pure pleasure, article in footblog" (http://bagsaaa.footblog.fr/840021/Pura-Lopez-shoes-offers-pure-pleasure/) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Fashion Victims - fashion blog" (http://fashionvictimsbcn.blogspot.it/2012/06/pura-lopez-sandals.html) . 12 June 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Shoes in Spain are anything but Plain" (http://olivemds.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/shoes-in-spain-are-anything-but-plain/) . 25 April 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Catalogue of Spanish Enterprises" (http://www.informacion-empresas.com/Empresa_DALP-INTERNACIONAL.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Pura Lopez-pure luxury shoes, article in Embelezzia magazine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130330100725/http://www.embelezzia.com/moda/pura-lopez-zapatos-puro-lujo) . Archived from the original (http://www.embelezzia.com/moda/pura-lopez-zapatos-puro-lujo) on 2013-03-30 . Retrieved 2013-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Pura Lopez shoes on Ideasparatuboda.es" (http://www.ideasparatuboda.es/2012/03/zapatos-pura-lopez/) . 3 March 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Spanish shoe designer Pura Lopez proclaims the wedding shoes for Letizia to be her greatest creation" (https://archive.today/20130411021806/http://mujer.hispavista.com/noticias/e-20040521162631/la-disenadora-pura-lopez-senala-que-los-zapatos) . Archived from the original (http://mujer.hispavista.com/noticias/e-20040521162631/la-disenadora-pura-lopez-senala-que-los-zapatos) on 2013-04-11 . Retrieved 2013-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Prince Philippe-s wedding to Princess Letizia" (http://personales.ya.com/fororeal/vestido.htm) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Pura Lopez, the best choice for your wedding" (http://top1212.blogspot.it/2012/01/pura-lopez-shoes-best-choice-for-your.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Interview with Pura Lopez, prodigy shoemaker" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130716120819/http://www.centromodaonline.com/pura-l-pez-la-zapatera-prodigiosa/) . Archived from the original (http://www.centromodaonline.com/pura-l-pez-la-zapatera-prodigiosa) on 2013-07-16 . Retrieved 2013-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Pura Lopez, businesswoman of 2012" (http://www.diarioinformacion.com/alicante/2012/03/08/pura-lopez-elegida-empresaria-2012-aepa/1231564.html) . 8 March 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Article about Pura Lopez on fashion from Spain" (http://www.fashionfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_5857712_5857556_329890,00.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) " (http://coolturemag.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=709&Itemid=2) "Couture" magazine: Pura Lopez opens her first boutique in Rome" (http://coolturemag.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=709&Itemid=2) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Pura Lopez in Rome" (http://es.paperblog.com/pura-lopez-roma-800428/) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034334/http://www.sportswearnet.com/businessnews/pages/protected/Pura-Lpez-showroom-opens-in-Milan_5785.html) "Sportwear International" magazine: Show room Pura Lopez open in Milan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034334/http://www.sportswearnet.com/businessnews/pages/protected/Pura-Lpez-showroom-opens-in-Milan_5785.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.sportswearnet.com/businessnews/pages/protected/Pura-Lpez-showroom-opens-in-Milan_5785.html) on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2013-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "RealEventos.tv" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130520150418/http://www.realeventos.tv/canales-para-bodas-eventos-empresa/moda-complementos-tiendas-ropa/pura-lopez/imagenes-fiesta.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.realeventos.tv/canales-para-bodas-eventos-empresa/moda-complementos-tiendas-ropa/pura-lopez/imagenes-fiesta.html) on 2013-05-20 . Retrieved 2013-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Article about Pura Lopez on HispaModa.com" (http://zapatos.hispamoda.com/379/pura-lopez-botas-para-este-otono-invierno) . 7 September 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-30) " (http://blog.es.privalia.com/pura-lopez-pura-tendencia.html) "Pura Lopez - a pure trend", article on 09.10.2009" (http://blog.es.privalia.com/pura-lopez-pura-tendencia.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Article about Pura Lopez on Ofertasropa.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120626011106/http://www.ofertasropa.com/2011/09/pura-lopez-elegancia-a-buen-precio/) . Archived from the original (http://www.ofertasropa.com/2011/09/pura-lopez-elegancia-a-buen-precio/) on 2012-06-26 . Retrieved 2013-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) " (http://allfashion4u.blogspot.it/2007/01/ole-ole-y-ole-manolete.html) "Ole!Ole!Ole!Manolete" - article on AllFashion4U" (http://allfashion4u.blogspot.it/2007/01/ole-ole-y-ole-manolete.html) . 4 January 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Pura Lopez puts the shoes on Penelope Cruz in "Manolete" (http://www.trendencias.com/noticias-de-la-industria/pura-lopez-calza-a-penelope-cruz-para-manolete) " (http://www.trendencias.com/noticias-de-la-industria/pura-lopez-calza-a-penelope-cruz-para-manolete) . 23 November 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Pura Lopez shoes for Manolete" (http://www.fashionfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_5857712_5857493_514228_-1,00.html?pageIdPrint=5857556&tipoVista=Contenidos&esPopup=true) . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Celebrities that wear Pura Lopez" (http://coolspotters.com/shoes/pura-lopez-wedge-ankle-boots/spots) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Lea Michele and Pura Lopez" (http://coolspotters.com/actresses/lea-michele/and/brands/pura-lopez#medium-1911710) . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Celebrities: Kim Kardashian con decolletes Pura Lopez" (http://shoes.stylosophy.it/articolo/celebrities-kim-kardashian-con-decolletes-pura-lopez/4815/) . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Letizia ortiz, princess of fashion" (http://www.infozapatos.com/letizia-ortiz-la-princesa-de-la-moda) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) " (http://www.modacoqueta.es/moda/tag/pura-lopez/) "Fashion and Beautya" magazine, Princess turns 39" (http://www.modacoqueta.es/moda/tag/pura-lopez/) . 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Add tags to your draft show Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shao+New+York%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shao+New+York%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shao+New+York%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shao+New+York%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Shao+New+York%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Shao+New+York%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shao+New+York%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Shao+New+York%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Shao_New_York) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) \| Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Shao_New_York&defaults=y) Declined by Cabrils (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Cabrils) 5 months ago. Last edited by Cabrils (/wiki/User:Cabrils) 5 months ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:74.68.36.207&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. New York Fashion Brand Shao New York is a clothing brand based in New York City. History [ edit ] The brand was founded by Taiwanese-American designer Shao Yang, who was raised in Brooklyn and later attended Fiorello LaGuardia High School for the Performing Arts and Parsons School of Design.In 2014, Yang unveiled The Tailory, a bespoke suiting label. This venture served as a stepping stone for the founding of Shao New York in 2023. Shao New York offers a range of clothing pieces, including shirt dresses and workwear. Shao New York debuted at New York Fashion Week in September 2023. The brand collaborated with hairstylist Ted Gibson (/wiki/Ted_Gibson) for their show. The brand has received praise from fashion publicist Kelly Cutrone, who commends the brand's empowering designs, and social media personality Anna Delvey, who praises its unique blend of Eastern and Western influences. Forbes contributor Nadja Sayej applauded the brand's groundbreaking vision and ability to seamlessly merge traditional fashion structures with modern sensibilities. References [ edit ] https://www.forbes.com/sites/nadjasayej/2023/09/07/shao-yang-on-her-new-namesake-label-shao-new-york/?sh=1b4c4d456514 (https://www.forbes.com/sites/nadjasayej/2023/09/07/shao-yang-on-her-new-namesake-label-shao-new-york/?sh=1b4c4d456514) - https://people.com/anna-delvey-shao-yang-new-york-fashion-week-show-exclusive-details-7968806 (https://people.com/anna-delvey-shao-yang-new-york-fashion-week-show-exclusive-details-7968806) - https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/12/style/anna-delvey-nyfw-fashion-show.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/12/style/anna-delvey-nyfw-fashion-show.html) - https://nypost.com/2023/09/11/anna-delveys-shao-yang-nyfw-show-arresting-looks-on-the-les/ (https://nypost.com/2023/09/11/anna-delveys-shao-yang-nyfw-show-arresting-looks-on-the-les/) - https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/60821/1/shao-lang-emerging-designer-nyfw-ss24-controversial-show-anna-delvey-interview (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/60821/1/shao-lang-emerging-designer-nyfw-ss24-controversial-show-anna-delvey-interview) - https://www.cnn.com/style/anna-delvey-kelly-cutrone-nyfw-shao-yang/index.html (https://www.cnn.com/style/anna-delvey-kelly-cutrone-nyfw-shao-yang/index.html) - https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2023/sep/12/ankle-tagged-soho-grifter-anna-delvey-sorokin-new-york-fashion-week (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2023/sep/12/ankle-tagged-soho-grifter-anna-delvey-sorokin-new-york-fashion-week) - People - Anna Delvey hosts New York Fashion Week show on her roof while under house arrest - https://www.forbes.com/sites/nadjasayej/2023/09/12/inside-the-anna-delvey-fashion-show-on-her-new-york-rooftop/?sh=6c9c8d48661a (https://www.forbes.com/sites/nadjasayej/2023/09/12/inside-the-anna-delvey-fashion-show-on-her-new-york-rooftop/?sh=6c9c8d48661a) - https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/anna-delvey-and-kelly-cutrone-throw-a-fashion-show-on-house-arrest (https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/anna-delvey-and-kelly-cutrone-throw-a-fashion-show-on-house-arrest) - https://www.lofficielusa.com/fashion/anna-delvey-kelly-cutrone-nyfw-produce-runway-show-shao-yang (https://www.lofficielusa.com/fashion/anna-delvey-kelly-cutrone-nyfw-produce-runway-show-shao-yang) - https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/60804/1/anna-delvey-kelly-cutrone-fashion-show-on-house-arrest-shao-nyfw-ss24 (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/60804/1/anna-delvey-kelly-cutrone-fashion-show-on-house-arrest-shao-nyfw-ss24) - https://pagesix.com/2023/08/22/anna-delvey-kelly-cutrone-producing-runway-show-for-nyfw/ (https://pagesix.com/2023/08/22/anna-delvey-kelly-cutrone-producing-runway-show-for-nyfw/) - https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/2023/09/12/anna-delvey-fashion-week-party/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/2023/09/12/anna-delvey-fashion-week-party/) - https://www.tatler.com/article/anna-delvey-hosts-new-york-fashion-week-show-on-her-east-village-rooftop-while-still-under-house-arrest (https://www.tatler.com/article/anna-delvey-hosts-new-york-fashion-week-show-on-her-east-village-rooftop-while-still-under-house-arrest) - https://graziamagazine.com/us/articles/anna-delvey-nyfw-show/ (https://graziamagazine.com/us/articles/anna-delvey-nyfw-show/) - https://www.hellomagazine.com/hfm/fashion-trends/502248/anna-delvey-hosts-fashion-show-while-on-house-arrest/ (https://www.hellomagazine.com/hfm/fashion-trends/502248/anna-delvey-hosts-fashion-show-while-on-house-arrest/) - https://www.alaskacommons.com/anna-delveys-nyfw-show-complete-review/38603/ (https://www.alaskacommons.com/anna-delveys-nyfw-show-complete-review/38603/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.canary‐8b6847fd5‐bmk84 Cached time: 20240719171012 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, vary‐user] CPU time usage: 0.203 seconds Real time usage: 0.352 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1426/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 83431/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6615/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6502/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.087/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2438605/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 322.187 1 -total 83.65% 269.495 1 Template:AFC_submission 79.46% 256.008 1 Template:AfC_submission/declined 77.27% 248.959 1 Template:Ombox 35.01% 112.803 1 Template:AfC_submission/helptools 34.08% 109.808 4 Template:Hidden 10.91% 35.148 1 Template:Find_sources 10.85% 34.962 1 Template:Columns-list 9.29% 29.940 1 Template:Short_description 6.34% 20.418 1 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:75918098-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719171012 and revision id 1199113465. 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(Redirected from Sustainable clothing (/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_clothing&redirect=no) ) Reduction of environmental impacts of the fashion industry hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sustainable_fashion) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Sustainable_fashion) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) for suggestions. 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( November 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Sustainable fashion displayed by Swedish models, 2020 Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) show Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) show By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) show Sustainability Anti-fashion 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(/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out) Low-carbon economy (/wiki/Low-carbon_economy) Net metering (/wiki/Net_metering) Renewable energy commercialization (/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization) Sustainable energy (/wiki/Sustainable_energy) show Policies Carbon leakage (/wiki/Carbon_leakage) Environmental pricing reform (/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform) Environmental tariff (/wiki/Environmental_tariff) Free public transport (/wiki/Free_public_transport) Green industrial policy (/wiki/Green_industrial_policy) Green New Deal (/wiki/Green_New_Deal) Green politics (/wiki/Green_politics) Rail subsidies (/wiki/Rail_subsidies) v t e Sustainable fashion is a term describing efforts within the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) to reduce its environmental impacts (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) , protect workers producing garments, and uphold animal welfare (/wiki/Animal_welfare) . Sustainability (/wiki/Sustainability) in fashion encompasses a wide range of factors, including cutting CO (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) 2 emissions (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) , addressing overproduction (/wiki/Overproduction) , reducing pollution (/wiki/Pollution) and waste, supporting biodiversity (/wiki/Biodiversity) , and ensuring that garment workers (/wiki/Garment_workers) are paid a fair wage (/wiki/Fair_wage) and have safe working conditions. [1] (#cite_note-1) In 2020, it was found that voluntary self-directed reform of textile manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) supply chains by large companies to reduce the environmental impact was largely unsuccessful. [2] (#cite_note-destin-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Measures to reform fashion production beyond greenwashing (/wiki/Greenwashing) requires policies for the creation and enforcement of standardized (/wiki/Standardization) certificates, along with related import (/wiki/Import) controls, subsidies, [4] (#cite_note-4) and interventions such as eco-tariffs (/wiki/Eco-tariffs) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Background and history [ edit ] In the early 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) , roughly coinciding with the 1992 United Nations (/wiki/United_Nations) Conference on Environment and Development, popularly known as the Rio Earth Summit (/wiki/Earth_Summit) , 'green issues' (as they were called at the time) made their way into fashion and textiles publications. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) These publications featured well-known companies such as Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia_(clothing)) and ESPRIT (/wiki/Esprit_Holdings) , whose founders Yvon Chouinard (/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard) and Doug Tompkins (/wiki/Doug_Tompkins) , were outdoorsmen who witnessed the environmental harm of overproduction and overconsumption (/wiki/Overconsumption) . Doug Tompkins and Yvon Chouinard were early to note that exponential growth and consumption are not sustainable. [10] (#cite_note-10) In the late 1980s, they brought environmental concerns into their business models, commissioning research into the impact of fibres used in their respective companies. For Patagonia, this resulted in a lifecycle assessment (/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment) of four fibers: cotton, wool, nylon, and polyester. For ESPRIT, the focus was on cotton (/wiki/Cotton) —representing 90% of their production at the time—and finding better alternatives to it. A primary focus on materials' provenance, impact and selection, fibre and fabric processing is still the norm in sustainable fashion 30 years on. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) In 1992, the ESPRIT (/wiki/Esprit_Holdings) e-collection based on the Eco Audit guide by the Elmwood Institute, was developed by head designer Lynda Grose (/wiki/Lynda_Grose) [12] (#cite_note-12) and launched at retail. In 2011 the brand Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) ran an ad and a PR campaign called "Don't Buy This Jacket" with a picture of Patagonia merchandise. This message was intended to encourage people to consider the effect that consumption (/wiki/Consumption_(economics)) has on the environment, to purchase only what they need. [13] (#cite_note-13) In parallel with industry, research around sustainable fashion has been in development since the early 1990s, with the field now having its own history, dynamics, politics, practices, sub-movements and evolution of analytical and critical language. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-:9-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) The field is broad in scope, including technical projects that seek to improve the resource efficiency of existing operations, [20] (#cite_note-20) the consideration of brands and designers working within currently understood frameworks [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) as well as those which look to fundamentally re-imagine the fashion industry, including the growth logic. [22] (#cite_note-:4-22) In the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) , the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorization_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals) (REACH) regulations required in 2007 that clothing manufacturers and importers identified and quantified the chemicals used in their products. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) In 2012, the world's largest summit on fashion sustainability was held in Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) , gathering more than 1,000 key stakeholders in the industry to discuss the importance of making the fashion industry sustainable. [24] (#cite_note-24) The Sustainable Apparel Coalition also launched the Higg Index (/wiki/Higg_Index) , a self-assessment standard designed to measure and promote sustainable supply chains in the apparel and footwear industries. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) Founded in 2011, the Sustainable Apparel Coalition is a nonprofit organisation whose members include brands producing apparel or footwear, retailers, industry affiliates and trade associations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency) , academic institutions and environmental nonprofits. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) The Global Change Award, is an innovation challenge created by the H&M foundation. [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) Retailers must take responsibility for the social and environmental cost of clothes. They should use their market power to demand higher environmental and labour standards from suppliers. Offering rental schemes, lifetime repair and providing the consumer with more information about the sourcing and true cost of clothing are all measures that can be more widely adopted. Shifting business practice in this way can not only improve a business' environmental and social impact but also offer market advantage as they respond to the growing consumer demand for responsible, sustainable clothing. Environmental Audit Committee of the UK Parliament (/wiki/UK_Parliament) , "Fixing fashion: clothing consumption and sustainability" [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) : 54 In 2019, the UK Parliament's (/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom) Environment Audit Committee published a report and recommendations on the future of fashion sustainability, suggesting wide-ranging systemic change, not least government regulation and tax-incentives for sustainable practices, such as lowered VAT (/wiki/Value-added_tax) for repair services. [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) The report highlights the need for wide political and social changes to push the fashion industry towards more sustainable practices and levels of consumption, with the goal of "less harm" being too low to be of any helpful consequence. [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) : 54 In the same year, a group of researchers formed the Union for Concerned Researchers in Fashion (UCRF) to advocate for radical and coordinated research activity commensurate with the challenges of biodiversity loss (/wiki/Biodiversity_loss) and climate change. [32] (#cite_note-32) In the fall of 2019, the UCRF received the North Star Award at the Green Carpet Fashion Awards during Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . [33] (#cite_note-33) Purpose [ edit ] Designers highlighting their designs at Eco Fashion Week Vancouver Canada, 2011 Fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion) followers believe the business sector can act more sustainably by pursuing profit and growth. This is done while adding increased value and wealth to society and the global economy. The goal of sustainable fashion is to create flourishing ecosystems and communities through its activity. [21] (#cite_note-:8-21) The movement believes that clothing companies should incorporate environmental, social, and ethical improvements on management's agenda. [34] (#cite_note-:0-34) [35] (#cite_note-:10-35) This may include: increasing the value of local production and products; prolonging the lifecycle of materials; increasing the value of timeless garments; reducing the amount of waste; and reducing the harm to the environment as a result of production and consumption. Another goal is to educate people to practice environmentally friendly consumption by promoting the "green consumer", which can allow the company itself to gain more support and a larger following. Providing more sustainable option decrease the huge amounts of clothing that end up in landfills. [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-:1-37) Consumption geared towards saving money, lowering utility bills and greenhouse gas emissions, and meeting the country's energy needs is described as green consumerism. In recent years there has been an increase in research centered around consumer reactions to the advent of green products within fast fashion. [38] (#cite_note-38) Critics doubt the effectiveness that this has, but companies have already begun slowly transitioning their business models to fit a more eco-friendly and sustainable future. Thus the industry has to change its basic premise for profit, yet this is slow coming as it requires a large shift in business practices, models and tools for assessment. [39] (#cite_note-39) This became apparent in the discussions following the Burberry report of the brand burning unsold goods worth around £28.6m (about $37.8 million) in 2018, [40] (#cite_note-40) exposing not only overproduction and subsequent destruction of unsold stock as a normal business practice, but behavior amongst brands that actively undermine a sustainable fashion agenda. [31] (#cite_note-:7-31) The challenge for making fashion more sustainable often requires systematic reinvention, and this call for action is not new. The UCRF has argued that the industry focus remains the same ideas originally mooted in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The Union observes, "so far, the mission of sustainable fashion has been an utter failure and all small and incremental changes have been drowned by an explosive economy of extraction, consumption, waste and continuous labor abuse." [41] (#cite_note-41) A frequently concern of those working in the area of sustainable fashion is whether the field itself is an oxymoron. [42] (#cite_note-42) This reflects the seemingly irreconcilable possibility of bringing together fashion (understood as constant change, and tied to business models based on continuous replacement of goods) and sustainability (understood as continuity and resourcefulness). [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) The apparent paradox dissolves if fashion is seen more broadly, as a process not only aligned to expansionist business models [43] (#cite_note-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) and consumption, but instead as mechanism that leads to more engaged ways of living. [45] (#cite_note-45) [22] (#cite_note-:4-22) Challenges associated with implementing sustainability in fashion design are shaped by the perceptions, attitudes, and involvement of fashion design practitioners in sustainability. Both design and designer roles are key to inspiring sustainable design practices; their role can contribute to sustainability by shaping design production practices and influencing consumption processes. [46] (#cite_note-46) Production models [ edit ] Traditional textile manufacturing in Teotitlán del Valle (/wiki/Teotitl%C3%A1n_del_Valle) . Clothes made with techniques like this are considered more sustainable than fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) . Aesthetic and social preferences (/wiki/Social_preferences) of fashion change over time, leading to some items becoming obsolete and affecting garment lifespans. [47] (#cite_note-KF_1-47) The fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) business model became dominant in the 21st century, leading to an increase in consumption of inexpensive garments. [48] (#cite_note-:11-48) This model disincentives companies from making durable (/wiki/Durability) products, creating more textile waste, [49] (#cite_note-49) and comes with significant health and environmental risks often disproportionately impacting developing countries and garment workers. [48] (#cite_note-:11-48) The " slow (/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)) " movement, particularly slow food (/wiki/Slow_Food) , has been proposed as an alternative to improve the sustainability of fashion. [50] (#cite_note-:5-50) Fast fashion [ edit ] Main article: Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Protesters holding a placard linking fast fashion to climate change (/wiki/Climate_change) One of the most apparent reasons for the current unsustainable condition of the fashion system is related to the temporal aspects of fashion; the continuous stream of new goods onto the market, or what is popularly called " fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) ." The term fast fashion is used to refer to the fast-paced production of goods at an unethical level which often has a negative impact on the environment. As a way to conform to the latest fashion styles and keep consumers wanting new garments, current fast fashion trends presuppose selling clothing in large quantities. [51] (#cite_note-51) Due to fast fashion being affordable and able to keep up with the trends, there has been an increase in apparel consumption. Consumption has risen to 62 million tonnes annually and is projected to reach 102 million tonnes by 2030. [52] (#cite_note-FF_1-52) This type of fashion is produced in vast quantities with low-quality materials and are sold through chains such as H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , Forever21 (/wiki/Forever_21) , Shein (/wiki/Shein_(company)) , etc. Fast-fashion retailer Shein is one of the most visited fast-fashion websites in the world and ships to 220 countries. However, there are questions about Shein's ethics and sustainability as it was responsible for about 706 billion kilograms of greenhouse gases in 2015 from the production of polyester textiles and uses up hundreds of gallons of water per garment. [53] (#cite_note-SI_1-53) Additionally, leaving an aftermath of 6.3 million tons of carbon dioxide while missing 45% of the UN's goal to reduce carbon emissions by 2030. [54] (#cite_note-HOF_1-54) In January 2021, Shein offered over 121,000 garments made from polyester, making up 61% of their clothing total. [55] (#cite_note-55) The fashion industry has a value of three trillion dollars. It is two percent of the world's gross domestic product (GDP) - the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. [56] (#cite_note-:12-56) Out of the three trillion dollars, the majority is made of fast fashion. However, the "fast" aspect of consumption is primarily a problem for the environment when done on a massive scale. As long as fast conspicuous consumption was reserved to the rich, the global impact was not reaching public attention or seen as a problem. That is, "fast" shopping sprees of haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) is not seen as a problem, rather it is celebrated (for example in movies such as Pretty Woman (/wiki/Pretty_Woman) ), whereas when people with less means shop fast fashion, it is seen as unethical and a problem. Today, the speed of fast fashion is common across the whole industry as exclusive fashion replicates the fast fashion chains with continuous releases of collections and product drops: the quality of a garment does not necessarily translate to a slower pace of consumption and waste. [57] (#cite_note-57) These releases are only exasperated by the acceleration of fashion trends. As micro-trends are only lasting an average of 3 years, the demand for clothes has also accelerated. [58] (#cite_note-58) In addition to its negative environmental impact, fast fashion is unethical. Keeping up with fashion trends causes clothing to be produced in a harmful manner. "Fast" clothing is made with synthetic fibers as opposed to natural fibers. The synthetic fibers are made using the Earth's fossil fuels. Almost sixty percent of clothes are made this way. [59] (#cite_note-:13-59) Since people spend so much money on these types of clothes and purchase them so frequently, landfills are filling up quickly. Over sixty percent of clothes made every year end up in landfills as consumer waste, and almost twenty percent of the world's waste is constituted by fashion products. [56] (#cite_note-:12-56) Therefore, because fast fashion frequently introduces new collections, consumer consumption increases. Consequently, leading consumers to view low-cost apparel as disposable since there are continuous releases of products. [60] (#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-60) Production of these types of clothing is also commonly exploitative, with most factories that produce "fast" clothing employing workers on low wages in exploitative environments. Workers from Shein are reported to make as little as ~4 cents per garment produced, as well as operating on 18-hour workdays with 1 day off per month. [61] (#cite_note-BIS_1-61) Exploitative fast fashion production is prevalent in countries like China, Bangladesh and Vietnam. [62] (#cite_note-62) Slow fashion [ edit ] Main article: Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) is a proposed sustainable alternative to fast fashion. [63] (#cite_note-63) The term was coined by Kate Fletcher of the Centre for Sustainable Fashion and inspired by " slow food (/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)) ". [64] (#cite_note-Archived_copy-64) It intends to challenge growth fashion's obsession with mass-production and globalized style. [65] (#cite_note-65) A slow-fashion garment often consists of durable materials, traditional production techniques, or design concepts that are seasonless or will last for more than a season. Several points of the production chain are affected by slowness. Textile workers in developing countries earn higher wages because of slow fashion. For end-users, slow fashion means that the goods are designed and manufactured with greater care and high-quality products. From an environmental point of view, it means that there are less clothing and industrial waste that is removed from use following transient trends. [66] (#cite_note-66) Examples of stability of expression over long times are abundant in the history of dress, not least in ethnic or folk dress (/wiki/Folk_dress) , ritual or coronation robes, clerical dress (/wiki/Clerical_dress) , or the uniforms of the Vatican Guard (/wiki/Pontifical_Swiss_Guard) . [67] (#cite_note-67) One of the earliest brands to emphasise slow fashion is Anglo-Japanese brand People Tree (/wiki/People_Tree_Ltd.) , which was the first fashion company to receive the World Fair Trade Organization (/wiki/World_Fair_Trade_Organization) product label in 2013. [68] (#cite_note-68) The concept of slow fashion is however not without its controversies, as the imperative of slowness is a mandate emerging from a position of privilege. To stop consuming "fast fashion" strikes against low-income consumers whose only means to access trends is through cheap and accessible goods. [69] (#cite_note-69) Those who are already having a high position in society can afford to slow down and cement their status and position, while those on their way up resent being told to stay at the lower rungs of the status hierarchy. [70] (#cite_note-70) "The prestige of slowness allows a cultural signifier for those already have social positions to preserve, and have time and money to take it easy and enjoy the pleasures of reflection and meditate over their moral superiority." [71] (#cite_note-71) Garment use and lifespan [ edit ] Further information: Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) The environmental impact of fashion also depends on how much and how long a garment is used. With the fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) trend, garments tend to be used half as much as compared to 15 years ago. It has been estimated that each year around $172 million worth of garments is expected to be discarded, many of them after being worn only once. [72] (#cite_note-72) There has been a 7.1 kg increase in global per-capita textile production from 1975 to 2018. This means not only an increase in textiles but an increase in the amount of water pollution from dying and treating the textiles. The increase can be contributed to the need for consumers to keep up with the latest fashion trends and the quick disposal of clothing. [73] (#cite_note-73) This is not only due to the inferior quality of fabrics used but also a result of a significant increase in collections that are being released by the fashion industry. To combat this issue at hand, longer lasting materials and products are being promoted to increase sustainability. [47] (#cite_note-KF_1-47) Typically, a garment used daily over years has less impact than a garment used once to then be quickly discarded. Studies have shown that the washing and drying process for a pair of classic jeans is responsible for almost two-thirds of the energy consumed through the whole of the jeans' life, and for underwear about 80% of total energy use comes from laundry processes. [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) The dyeing process also contributes close to 15%-20% of wastewater. For this reason, innovative techniques are being introduced to reduce energy and water consumption, such as utilizing CO 2 [60] (#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-60) in the dyeing process where heat and pressure turns liquid CO 2 into dye used for various garments. [74] (#cite_note-74) Thus, use and wear practices affect the lifecycles of garments and needs to be addressed for larger systemic impact. [75] (#cite_note-75) However, there is a significant difference between making a product last from making a long-lasting product. The quality of the product must reflect the appropriate fit into its lifecycle. Certain garments of quality can be repaired and cultivated with emotional durability. Low-quality products that deteriorate rapidly are not as suitable to be "enchanted" with emotional bonds between user and product. [76] (#cite_note-76) It is important to notice that choosing and promoting "emotional bonds" with consumer objects is an endeavor more easily done under circumstances of excess, as the needy have no other option than to keep and care for their belongings. As highlighted in the research of Irene Maldini, slowing down (in the sense of keeping garments longer) does not necessarily translate into lower volumes of purchased units. [77] (#cite_note-77) Maldini's studies expose how slow fashion, in the sense of long-lasting use phase of garments, tends to indicate that garments stay in the wardrobe longer, stored or hoarded, but does not mean fewer resources are used in producing garments. Thus, slowness comes to mean wardrobes with more lasting products, but the consumption volume and in-flow into the wardrobe/storage stay the same. [78] (#cite_note-78) Concerns [ edit ] Environmental [ edit ] Main article: Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) The fashion industry has a disastrous impact on the environment. In fact, it is the second largest polluter in the world, just after the oil industry. And, the environmental damage is increasing as the industry grows. [79] (#cite_note-79) The textiles and fashion industries are amongst the leading industries that affect the environment negatively. One of the industries that greatly jeopardize environmental sustainability is the textiles and fashion industry, which thus also bears great responsibilities. Globalization (/wiki/Globalization) has made it possible to produce clothing at increasingly lower prices, prices so low, and collections shifting so fast, that many consumers consider fashion to be disposable. [15] (#cite_note-:9-15) However, fast, and thus disposable, fashion adds to pollution and generates environmental hazards, in production, use, and disposal. The globalization of the textile and fashion industry has also contributed to the uneven distribution of such environmental hazards and consequences. Developing countries who typically produce the textile and clothing bear the burden for developed countries who largely consume the products. [80] (#cite_note-80) Putting the environmental perspective at the center, rather than the logic of the industry, is thus an urgent concern if fashion is to become more sustainable. The Earth Logic fashion research action plan argues for "putting the health and survival of our planet earth and consequently the future security and health of all species including humans, before industry, business, and economic growth." [81] (#cite_note-81) In making this argument the Earth Logic plan explicitly connects the global fashion system with the 2018 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change) (IPCC) Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (/wiki/Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5_%C2%B0C) . Furthermore, the Earth Logic fashion research action plan sets out a range of possible areas for work in a sustainable fashion that scientific and research evidence suggests are the most likely to deliver a change of the scale and pace needed to respond to challenges like climate change. Earth Logic's point of departure is that the planet, and its people, must be put first, before profit. It replaces the logic of economic growth, which is arguably the single largest factor limiting change towards sustainable fashion, with the logic that puts Earth at its center. [82] (#cite_note-82) Environmental hazards [ edit ] The clothing industry has one of the highest impacts on the planet. Cotton requires approximately 15,000 liters of water to grow for a pair of jeans. [83] (#cite_note-83) High water usage, pollution from chemical treatments used in dyeing and preparation and the disposal of large amounts of unsold clothing through incineration or landfill deposits are hazardous to the environment. [84] (#cite_note-84) There is a growing water scarcity (/wiki/Water_scarcity) , the current usage level of fashion materials (79 billion cubic meters annually) is very concerning because textile production mostly takes place in areas of fresh water stress. [85] (#cite_note-pulse-85) Only around 20% of clothing is recycled or reused, huge amounts of fashion product end up as waste in landfills or are incinerated. [85] (#cite_note-pulse-85) It has been estimated that in the UK alone around 350,000 tons of clothing ends up as landfill every year. According to Earth Pledge, a non-profit organization (/wiki/Non-profit_organization) committed to promoting and supporting sustainable development (/wiki/Sustainable_development) , "At least 8,000 chemicals are used to turn raw materials into textiles and 25% of the world's pesticides (/wiki/Pesticides) are used to grow non-organic cotton. This causes irreversible damage to people and the environment (/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)) , and still two thirds of a garment's carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) will occur after it is purchased." [86] (#cite_note-86) The average American throws away nearly 70 pounds of clothing per year. [87] (#cite_note-87) Around 5% of the total waste worldwide stems from the textile industry, the clothing section of the textile industry has elevated the amount of waste contributing to global waste. [88] (#cite_note-88) Microfibers [ edit ] There is increasing concern that microfibers from synthetic and cellulosic fabrics are polluting the earths waters through the process of laundering. Microfibers are tiny threads that are shed from fabric. These microfibers are too small to be captured in wastewater treatment plants filtration systems and they end up entering our natural water systems and as a result, contaminating our food chain. [89] (#cite_note-89) One study found that 34.8% of Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) found in oceans come from the textile and clothing industry and the majority of them were made of polyester, polyethylene, acrylic, and elastane; [90] (#cite_note-90) but a study off the coast of the UK and US by the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (/wiki/Plymouth_Marine_Laboratory) in May 2020 suggested there are at least double the number of particles as previously thought. [91] (#cite_note-91) Eliminating synthetic materials used in clothing products can prevent harmful synthetics and microfibers from ending up in the natural environment. While some clothing companies and NGOs support the use of washing bags to filter out microfibers in washing machines and thus reduce microfiber release, microfibers are also shed during wear and disposal. [92] (#cite_note-92) Plastic debris covers the surface of the whole ocean. If no progress is made to reverse the damage, it is calculated that there will be an increase of 850 Mts of plastic debris in the ocean by 2050. [93] (#cite_note-93) Fossil fashion [ edit ] In February 2021, Changing Markets Foundation released a report on the fashion industry's dependence on oil extraction (/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum) . The report analyses the current production model across the fashion industry is dependent on massive fossil-fuel extraction to fuel the production of fibers. [94] (#cite_note-94) The report spotlights how the production of the most popular fibers, primarily polyester, is reliant on oil extraction. Production of polyester has grown ninefold since the 1970s, and is the fastest growing component in fashion production. The popularity of polyester is due to its low price, but also the fiber's flexibility as a material. The report suggests, synthetic fibers in the textile industry currently accounts for 1.35% of global oil consumption, and this is projected to more than double in the coming years: "BP's energy scenario presumes plastic production will account for 95% of future growth in demand for oil demand, while the International Energy Agency (/wiki/International_Energy_Agency) (IEA) predicts petrochemicals will represent up to 50% of growth in oil demand by 2050 and 4% in the projected growth of gas demand." (p. 8) Social [ edit ] One of the main social issues related to fashion concerns labor. Since the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire) in 1911, labor rights in the fashion industry has been at the center of this issue. [95] (#cite_note-95) The 2013 Savar building collapse (/wiki/2013_Savar_building_collapse) at Rana Plaza, where 1138 people died, put the spotlight once again on the lack of transparency, poor working conditions and hazards in fashion production. [96] (#cite_note-96) [97] (#cite_note-97) Attention is increasingly being placed on labour rights violations in other parts of the whole fashion product lifecycle from textile production and processing, [98] (#cite_note-98) [99] (#cite_note-99) retail and distribution [100] (#cite_note-100) and modeling [101] (#cite_note-101) to the recycling of textiles. [102] (#cite_note-102) Whilst the majority of fashion and textiles are produced in Asia, Central America, Turkey, North Africa, the Caribbean and Mexico, there is still production across Europe where exploitative working conditions are also found such as in Leicester in the UK Midlands [103] (#cite_note-103) and Central and Eastern Europe. [104] (#cite_note-104) The fashion industry benefits from racial, class and gender inequalities. [105] (#cite_note-105) These inequalities and pressure from brands and retailers in the form of low prices and short lead times contribute to exploitative working conditions and low wages. [106] (#cite_note-106) Also "local" production, such as garments labeled as "Made in Italy" are engaged in global sourcing of labor and worker exploitation, bypassing unions and social welfare contracts. [107] (#cite_note-107) It is generally accepted that at least 25 million people, the majority women, work in garment manufacture and up to 300 million in cotton alone. [108] (#cite_note-108) The working conditions for employees working in garment industries are insufferable due to the intake and exposure of toxic substances. [109] (#cite_note-109) The environmental impact of fashion also affects communities located close to production sites. There is little easily accessible information about these impacts, but it is known that water and land pollution from toxic chemicals used to produce and dye fabrics and have serious negative consequences for the people living near factories. [110] (#cite_note-110) The social costs of fast fashion are left on the laborers working long hours to mass-produce the clothing. They bear the weight of the fast fashion industry as they work through environmental health hazards and cheap pay that does not compensate for the work, they put in. [111] (#cite_note-111) This is a big reason why slow fashion is becoming so desirable. Unlike fast fashion, it places a big importance on ethical conduct and caring for people working throughout the supply chain. [112] (#cite_note-Henninger2016-112) Transparency [ edit ] Supply chain transparency has been a recurring controversy for the fashion industry, especially since the Rana Plaza accident. The issue has been pushed by many labor organizations, not least Clean Clothes Campaign (/wiki/Clean_Clothes_Campaign) and Fashion Revolution (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution) . Over the last years, over 150 major brands including Everlane, Filippa K, and H&M have answered by publicizing information about their factories online. Every year, Fashion Revolution publishes a Fashion Transparency Index [113] (#cite_note-113) [114] (#cite_note-114) which rates the world's largest brands and retailers according to how much information they disclose about their suppliers, supply chain policies and practices, and social and environmental impact. The top scorers of the 2019 Fashion Transparency Index included Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) , Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) , and H&M (/wiki/H%26M) . [115] (#cite_note-115) The high place of several fast fashion retailers caused controversy regarding the parameters used for such rankings. [116] (#cite_note-116) Diversity and inclusion [ edit ] In addition, fashion companies are criticized for the lack of size, age, physical ability, gender and racial diversity of models used in photo shoots and catwalks. [117] (#cite_note-117) A more radical and systemic critique of social inequality in fashion concerns the exclusion and aesthetic supremacy inherent and accentuated through fashion that still remains unquestioned under the current environmentally focused discourse on sustainable fashion. [118] (#cite_note-118) [119] (#cite_note-Busch_311–327-119) While social "inclusivity" has become almost a norm amongst brands marketing ethical and sustainable fashion, the norm for what is considered a "beautiful" and "healthy" body keeps narrowing down under what researchers have called the current "wellness syndrome." [120] (#cite_note-120) With the positive thinking of inclusivity, the assumption is that a consumer can be whatever he or she wants to be, and thus if the person is not living up to the ideals it is the person's own fault. This optimism hides the diktat of aesthetic wellness, which turns inclusion into an obligation to look good and be dressed in fashionable clothes, a "democratic" demand for aesthetic as well as ethical perfection, as argued by philosopher Heather Widdows (/wiki/Heather_Widdows) . [121] (#cite_note-121) In Asia [ edit ] Further information: Impact of fast fashion in China (/wiki/Impact_of_fast_fashion_in_China) China has emerged as the largest exporter of fast fashion, accounting for 30% of world apparel exports. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) The country exports over approximately US$159 billion worth of clothing garments annually. [122] (#cite_note-122) However, some Chinese workers make as little as 12–18 cents per hour working in poor conditions. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) Each year Americans purchase approximately 1 billion garments made in China. Today's biggest factories and mass scale of apparel production emerged from two developments in history. The first involved the opening up of China and Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) in the 1980s to private and foreign capital and investments in the creation of export-oriented manufacturing of garments, footwear, and plastics, part of a national effort to boost living standards, embrace modernity, and capitalism. [123] (#cite_note-Benjamin,_274-123) Second, the retail revolution within the U.S. (example Wal-Mart, Target, Nike) and Western Europe, where companies no longer manufactured but rather contracted out their production and transformed instead into key players in design, marketing, and logistics, introducing many new different product lines manufactured in foreign-owned factories in China. [123] (#cite_note-Benjamin,_274-123) It is the convergence of these two phenomena that has led to the largest factories in history from apparels to electronics. In contemporary global supply chains, it is the retailers and branders who have had the most power in establishing arrangements and terms of production, not factory owners. [124] (#cite_note-124) Fierce global competition in the garment industry translates into poor working conditions for many laborers in developing nations. Developing countries aim to become a part of the world's apparel market despite poor working conditions and low pay. Countries such as Cambodia (/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia#Garment_industry) and Bangladesh (/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh) export large amounts of clothing into the United States (/wiki/United_States) every year. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) Economic [ edit ] At the heart of the controversy concerning "fast fashion" lies the acknowledgment that the "problem" of unsustainable fashion is that cheap, accessible, and on-trend clothes have become available to people of poorer means. This means more people across the world have adopted the consumption habits that in the mid-20th century were still reserved for the rich. To put it differently, the economic concern of fashion is that poor (/wiki/Poor) people, or populations in developing economies, now have access to updating their wardrobes as often as the rich, or consumers in Western economies. That is, "fast" fashion is only a problem when poor people engage in it. In alignment with this, the blame for the proliferation of poor-quality, high-quantity and cheap fashion is often put on poorer consumers. The distribution of value within the fashion industry is another economic concern, with garment workers and textile farmers and workers receiving low wages and prices. [125] (#cite_note-125) [126] (#cite_note-126) Business models for sustainable fashion [ edit ] In order to promote more sustainable forms of consumption, there is a multitude of emerging business models that challenge the prevalent ready-to-wear model. Here is an example of a study that provides insight into innovative business models in the fashion industry that are geared towards sustainability. [127] (#cite_note-127) Circular fashion models [ edit ] A number of emerging business models go under the name of " circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) ," inspired by the circular economy (/wiki/Circular_economy) . While there are many models under development, some are gaining more traction. Much of the work on circular fashion builds on ideas and initiatives explored in the 1990s and onwards, by scholars such as Lynda Grose (/wiki/Lynda_Grose) , [128] (#cite_note-128) Kate Fletcher, [129] (#cite_note-129) Rebecca Earley, [130] (#cite_note-130) Mathilda Tham, and Timo Rissanen, [131] (#cite_note-131) especially the thinking around the "metabolism" of garments and wardrobes, "zero waste" production, and the focus on the whole life cycle of garments. [132] (#cite_note-132) The popular terminology around circular fashion, reached the mainstream through a report that has come to define the field, the 2017 "A New Textile Economy: Redesigning Fashion's Future" by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur_Foundation) . [133] (#cite_note-133) The " cradle-to-cradle (/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design) " model, a circular system named after the influential 2002 book with the same name (/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle:_Remaking_the_Way_We_Make_Things) by German chemist Michael Braungart (/wiki/Michael_Braungart) and US architect William McDonough (/wiki/William_McDonough) has been a popular inspiration amongst proponents of circular fashion, it is not easy to achieve. Most textile fibers in consumer fashion are amalgamations of various materials to achieve flexible or aesthetic properties, and thus not optimal for circular reproduction. Industrially shredded fibers often need addition of new materials to achieve elasticity or durability. Up until now, most companies contributing to circular fashion are either mechanical or chemical textile recyclers such as Lenzing (/wiki/Lenzing) , Recover Textile Systems (/wiki/Recover_Textile_Systems) , Renewcell, Evrnu, Spinnova or Infinited Fiber Company. [134] (#cite_note-134) Although all work with textile waste as their raw material, it is often from pre-consumer (/wiki/Pre-consumer_recycling) origins as it is easier to sort and process. More recently, some industry initiatives to develop and scale pre-consumer and post-consumer textile recycling have been emerging around the globe, particularly as a response to new legislation. On March 30, The European Commission (/wiki/European_Commission) published the EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles, [135] (#cite_note-135) a new strategy that lays out key principles to drive change in the textiles industry. The European Commission's vision of the future of the textiles industry in Europe lays on several pillars that include recycled textiles, ecodesigns, waste management, transparency, labelling, microplastics and extended producer responsibility (EPR). [136] (#cite_note-136) Biomimicry, natural cycles, and processes [ edit ] Biomimicry (/wiki/Biomimetics) suggests a perspective emphasizing the "Wisdom of Nature" where the industry looks into materials in tune with natural cycles. [137] (#cite_note-137) Biomimicry replicates the cycles of nature (/wiki/Natural_Cycles) , seeking to infinitely reuse materials to make commerce compatible with nature. Fashion from the viewpoint of biomimicry tries to make fashion work as a sustainable ecosystem, aligning with natural systems in harmony with the biosphere (/wiki/Biosphere) . Materials should be bio-compatible, combining biodegradable fibers with processes of fermentation (/wiki/Fermentation) and gasification (/wiki/Gasification) , or materials that have been seen as waste could act as a more sustainable method to making new clothing. [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) Biofabricate materials [ edit ] Fashion companies are also innovating by incorporating biotechnology materials for the production of products such as sustainable fashion and sportswear, leading to a reduction in the impact of climate change. [138] (#cite_note-:15-138) Biofabrication (/wiki/Biofabrication) refers to the process of using microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeast, algae, and fungi, to produce materials and ingredients used by humans, ranging from fuel to food to fibers. With the aim of harnessing biology and microorganisms, biofabrication aims to produce high-value ingredients without relying on fossil or limited land resources. American fashion designer and CEO of Biofabricate, Suzanne Lee (/wiki/Suzanne_Lee) , is developing biofabricate materials for the fashion world and gathering experts in the area to explore the possibilities of this new materials: "We've already seen various automotive concept cars with interiors made from biomaterials rather than animal or petrochemical materials. But it's probably going to be a while before it goes mainstream in the automotive sector because the volumes are so huge." [138] (#cite_note-:15-138) Multi-national clothing retailers are making progress in sustainable clothing production utilizing biofabrication materials. In 2022, Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) offered party dresses made of polyester produced from bio ethanol created from the carbon emissions of a steel mill. [139] (#cite_note-139) Similarly, H&M (/wiki/H%26M) Move has partnered with LanzaTech, a breakthrough material science company that diverts carbon emissions from the atmosphere, traps them, and transforms them into thread. [140] (#cite_note-140) Although the technology is still in its early stages, it has the potential to be transformative in the coming decades. [138] (#cite_note-:15-138) Rental and sharing models [ edit ] Rental models are gaining popularity across the industry, a model that has traditionally been used in attire for masquerades or special events, such as weddings. The idea is that sharing garments ultimately lowers the volume of new purchases and disposal of clothing, which means less waste. [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) Rent the Runway (/wiki/Rent_the_Runway) is a company building on the "Rent a Closet" approach to consumption, where a consumer leases a garment instead of purchasing it. Fashion rental is a model expected to grow over 10% annually until 2027 across the fashion industry, thus also increasing sales (and expected waste) of garments. [141] (#cite_note-141) Renting and sharing clothing is also known as CFC (collaborative fashion consumption) but its environmental impact and mitigation of pollution are debated. [142] (#cite_note-142) [143] (#cite_note-:2-143) While convenient for the consumer, reducing the number of items housed in the wardrobe, the environmental impact of rental may however not be reduced as much as advertised. Transportation between users and storage, dry-cleaning, and re-packaging causes more environmental impact than reselling or hand-me-downs. [144] (#cite_note-144) [145] (#cite_note-145) As noted by Levänen et al. (2021), the lowest global warming impacts are achieved be reducing consumption, followed by reusing and recycling, whereas rental services are likely to increase customers' consumption, logistics, and use, making sharing and rental scenarios having the highest Global Warming Potential. [143] (#cite_note-:2-143) As noted by sustainability researcher Timo Rissanen, it is the total amount of clothing units in circulation that needs to be reduced, as well as their environmental impact during their life cycle, and rental services could, if improved, play a role in that. [146] (#cite_note-146) Vintage and resale models [ edit ] Main articles: Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) and Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) The most sustainable fibers in fashion are the ones many people already have. Thus, to recirculate existing garments, new business models engage the resale, revival, and recirculation of used, second-hand or vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) . [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) Purchasing second-hand, or vintage clothing is a way to lower the amount of new clothing that gets produced and disposed of and ends up in landfills. Other resale models also contain elements of upcycling and repairs. Repairing and reselling used clothing has less environmental impact than creating, processing, dying, cutting, sewing, and shipping new clothing to the consumer. Through the upcycling process for clothing, the end-of-life management process of clothes is not applied because it extends the life of a clothing article instead of being disposed into a landfill. [112] (#cite_note-Henninger2016-112) Rethinking recycling [ edit ] Community clothing and shoes donation bins A more technologically minded trend is "innovative recycling", which seeks to view waste itself as a source of value. Within the fashion industry, some [ who? ] manufacturers have created incentives for consumers to participate in the recycling of their clothing. Innovative recycling is also aimed at clothing stores themselves, who do not always have sustainable methods to properly dispose of boxes and plastic bags; innovative recycling also looks at the packaging that clothes come in having been sent from manufacturers. A change in approaches towards recycling within the fashion industry could potentially greatly impact the amount of waste the industry creates. [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) From collective to connective [ edit ] Using digital technologies and blockchain (/wiki/Blockchain) can promote more "Connected Clothes" which allows for more opportunities in digitalizing clothing for personalization (/wiki/Personalization) , life-tracking, and traceability of its origin. [30] (#cite_note-:02-30) Tailored resurgence [ edit ] Tailored couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) is another option for the future of a greener fashion industry, for those who can afford it, as it can potentially lead to less waste and more jobs improving the economy. Tailored couture is no longer desired because of the convenience of malls and stores provide but the consequence of the convenience is the pollution of the environment. The idea is that tailored clothing can reduce mass-production, while reusing and redesigning old clothes to fit could reduce the amount of old worn out unfitting clothes thrown out or given away. [147] (#cite_note-DG_1-147) Open-source fashion [ edit ] Open-source content (/wiki/Open_source) has become a popular reference with designers sharing patterns and designs, connecting to the success of the open-source software movement. (/wiki/Open-source-software_movement) By sharing designs freely, using digital technology, the aim is to make consumers more engaged in the design, production, and lifetime use of the garment. [148] (#cite_note-:14-148) While the terminology is new, the concept builds on the sharing of patterns across European courts in 16th century (such as Kleidungsbüchlein or Trachtenbuch (usually translated as "Book of Clothes") of Melchior Lorck (/wiki/Melchior_Lorck) , and the wide range of sewing magazines, such as Burda Style (/wiki/Burda_Style) , in the early 20th century. By making garments more open and adaptable across their lifecycle, the hope is that "garments can be multi-functional, beyond simply clothing our bodies; that fashion should be both useful and inventive; and that what we wear should relate to the world around us." [148] (#cite_note-:14-148) Examples of open-source fashion range from freely available patterns and production techniques, platforms for exchanging materials and patterns, and maker spaces. [149] (#cite_note-149) Reuse and recycling [ edit ] See also: Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) and Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) A large amount of clothing purchased annually is discarded and eventually ends up in landfill (/wiki/Landfill) . [150] (#cite_note-150) [151] (#cite_note-:16-151) Sustainability advocates highlight reselling and donating old clothes and buying secondhand (/wiki/Secondhand) fashion as an approach to sustainable fashion. [152] (#cite_note-152) Charity shops (/wiki/Charity_shop) keep a small proportion of donated clothing received. [153] (#cite_note-abc-153) These clothes tend to be good quality, fashionable, and high valued fabrics that can easily be sold in charities' thrift shops. Some charities then sell the majority to textile recycling firms. [153] (#cite_note-abc-153) Recycling [ edit ] Main article: Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Some efforts have been made to recycling (/wiki/Recycling) textiles and clothing, as the technology to do this has existed for centuries. [154] (#cite_note-154) However, only around 1% of recycled clothes are turned into new items, primarily due to the difficulty and high cost of separating mixed and blended textiles. [151] (#cite_note-:16-151) Most discarded clothing is recycled for other uses, such as building insulation or carpet. [151] (#cite_note-:16-151) Textile recycling firms process about 70% of the donated clothing into industrial items such as rags or cleaning cloths. [153] (#cite_note-abc-153) However, 20–25% of the second-hand (/wiki/Second-hand) clothing is sold into an international market. [153] (#cite_note-abc-153) Where possible, used jeans collected from America, for example, are sold to low-income customers in Africa for modest prices, yet most end up in landfill as the average US sized customer is several sizes bigger than the global average. [155] (#cite_note-155) Upcycling [ edit ] Upcycling (/wiki/Upcycling) in fashion signifies the process of reusing the unwanted and discarded materials (such as fabric scraps or clothes) into new materials or products without compromising the value and the quality of the used material. The definition of textile waste can be production waste, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste. [156] (#cite_note-156) Typically, upcycling creates something new and better from the old, used or disposed of items. Based on statistics taken globally, the majority of people wear their clothes for at least a few years and pass on unwanted clothes to others to use, but fewer say they avoid buying new clothes and repair their damaged clothes. [157] (#cite_note-157) Hence, upcycling is one of the lesser sought-after methods of sustainable fashion, even though there are plenty of benefits to it.The process of upcycling requires a blend of factors like environmental awareness, creativity, innovation, and hard work and results in a unique sustainable product. Upcycling aims at the development of products truly sustainable, affordable, innovative, and creative. For example, shirts can be upcycled into a value-added product like a unique handmade braided rug, whereas the opposite of upcycling is downcycling such as cleaning rags made from worn T-shirts. [158] (#cite_note-158) Upcycling can be seen as one of the waste management strategies. There are different types of strategies. From least to most resource-intensive, the strategies are the reuse of product, repairing and reconditioning to keep products as long as possible, recycling the raw materials. [159] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-159) The reuse of textile products 'as is' brings significant environmental savings. In the case of clothing, the energy used to collect, sort and resell second-hand garments in between 10 and 20 times less than that needed to make a new item. [160] (#cite_note-160) It is meant to be innovative by making certain materials into something re-usable and improved, which gives companies and manufacturers higher values for their products. Recycling is a big factor in sustainability, so creating new materials to avoid mass pollution can help improve the economy. [161] (#cite_note-161) The advantages of circular fashion include: reduced dependency on imported raw materials, creation of eco- friendly industries and jobs, eco-friendly brands benefit from a better public image, and reduction in environmental damage caused by resource extraction. On the other hand, disadvantages include dependency on the consumer's actions, creating a new business model on the basis of recycled is tough, and the entire cycle requires integrating product life cycle from raw material to disposal. [162] (#cite_note-162) Clothing swaps [ edit ] Main article: Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Clothes swap in Wrocław (/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw) , Wyspa Tamka. Event is manifesting slow fashion movement, focusing on Fashion Revolution actions. Clothing swapping (/wiki/Clothing_swap) can further promote the reduction, reuse, and recycling clothing. By reusing clothing that has already been made and recycling clothing from one owner to another, source reduction can be achieved. This moves away from usage of new raw materials to make more clothing available for consumption. Through the method of clothing swapping, an alternative resource for consumers to ultimately save in regards to money and time is provided. It reduces transportation emissions, costs, and the time it takes to drive and search through the chaos of most clothing stores. Swapping clothes further promotes the use of sustainable online shopping (/wiki/Online_shopping) and the internet as well as an increase of social bonds through online communication or effective personal communication in "clothing swap parties." The EPA states, that by reusing items, at the source waste can be diverted from ending up in landfills because it delays or avoids that item's entry in the waste collection and disposal system. [163] (#cite_note-163) Consumption [ edit ] There are negative social and environmental impacts at all stages of the fashion product life: materials production and processing, manufacture of garments, retail and marketing, use and maintenance, and at the discard phase. For some products, the environmental impact can be greater at the use phase than material production, [164] (#cite_note-164) leading for instance to the suggestion to wash clothes less. Consumer engagement [ edit ] Sustainability and Style event held during Berlin Fashion Week 2016 Consumer engagement challenges the "passive" mode of ready-to-wear fashion where consumers have few interfaces and little incentive to be active with their garments; to repair, change, update, swap, and learn from their wardrobe. [22] (#cite_note-:4-22) This type of consumer engagement, aiming to promote fashion as an ability rather than primarily as a commodity, has been referred to as "fashion-ability." [165] (#cite_note-165) The term "folk fashion" has been used in the emphasis on craft engagements with garments where the community heritage of skills are in focus. [166] (#cite_note-166) There are currently many designers trying to find ways that experiment with new models of action that deposes passivity and indifference while preserving the positive social dynamics and sensibilities fashion offers, often in relation to Alvin Toffler (/wiki/Alvin_Toffler) 's notion of the " prosumer (/wiki/Prosumer) " (portmanteau of producer and consumer). Notions of participatory design (/wiki/Participatory_design) , open source (/wiki/Open_source) fashion, and fashion hacktivism (/wiki/Hacker_culture) are parts of such endeavors, mixing techniques of dissemination with empowerment, reenchantment and Paulo Freire (/wiki/Paulo_Freire) 's " Pedagogy of the Oppressed (/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed) ." [11] (#cite_note-:3-11) [167] (#cite_note-:6-167) [168] (#cite_note-168) [169] (#cite_note-169) An example of such consumer engagement can be Giana Gonzalez and her project "Hacking Couture", which has tested such methods across the world since 2006. [170] (#cite_note-170) As highlighted in the research of Jennifer Ballie, there is also an increasing interest across industry to produce unique experiences amongst users, connecting co-design with social media (/wiki/Social_media) apps and tools to enhance the user experience of consumers. [171] (#cite_note-171) A recent example has been the Open Source Fashion Cookbook , by the New York-based brand ADIFF, showing how consumers can recycle materials, share and modify patterns, and co-create more engaging forms of fashion consumption. [172] (#cite_note-172) Enhancing the lifespan of products have been yet another approach to sustainability, yet still only in its infancy. Upmarket brands have long supported the lifespan of their products through product-service systems (/wiki/Product-service_system) , such as re-waxing of classic outdoor jackets, or repairs of expensive handbags, yet more accessible brands do still not offer even spare buttons in their garments. One such approach concerns emotionally durable design (/wiki/Emotionally_durable_design) , yet with fashion's dependency on continuous updates, and consumer's desire to follow trends, there is a significant challenge to make garments last long through emotional attachment. As with memories, not all are pleasant, and thus a focus on emotional attachment can result in favoring a normative approach to what is considered a good enough memory to manifest emotionally in a garment. Cultural theorist Peter Stallybrass approaches this challenge in his essay on poverty, textile memory, and the coat of Karl Marx. [173] (#cite_note-173) Technology [ edit ] See also: Manufacture on demand (/wiki/Manufacture_on_demand) and Clothing technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Novel technologies for virtual try-ons of clothes sold via e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) may enable more sustainable fashion and reduce wasted clothes and related transportation and production expenses. [174] (#cite_note-174) [175] (#cite_note-175) Sustainable fashion organizations and companies [ edit ] There is a broad range of organizations purporting to support sustainable fashion, some representing particular stakeholders, some addressing particular issues, and some seeking to increase the visibility of the sustainable fashion movement. They also range from the local to global. It is important to examine the interests and priorities of the organizations. Organizations [ edit ] Clothes swap in Wrocław, Wyspa Tamka. Event is manifesting slow fashion movement, focusing on Fashion Revolution actions. Fashion Revolution (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution) is a not-for-profit global movement founded by Carry Somers (/wiki/Carry_Somers) and Orsola de Castro (/wiki/Orsola_de_Castro) which highlights working conditions and the people behind the garments. With teams in over 100 countries around the world, Fashion Revolution campaigns for systemic reform of the fashion industry with a focus on the need for greater transparency in the fashion supply chain. Fashion Revolution has designated the anniversary of the Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh as Fashion Revolution Day. Fashion Revolution Week takes place annually during the week on which the anniversary falls. Over 1000 events take place around the world, with millions of people engaging online and offline. [176] (#cite_note-176) Fashion Revolution publishes the Fashion Transparency Index annually, ranking the largest fashion brands in the world on how much they disclose about their policies, practices, procedures and social and environmental impact. [177] (#cite_note-177) Red Carpet Green Dress, founded by Suzy Amis Cameron (/wiki/Suzy_Amis_Cameron) , is a global initiative showcasing sustainable fashion on the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) at the Oscars (/wiki/Academy_Awards) . [178] (#cite_note-178) Talent supporting the project includes Naomie Harris (/wiki/Naomie_Harris) , Missi Pyle (/wiki/Missi_Pyle) , Kellan Lutz (/wiki/Kellan_Lutz) and Olga Kurylenko (/wiki/Olga_Kurylenko) . Undress Brisbane is an Australian fashion show that sheds light on sustainable designers in Australia. [179] (#cite_note-179) Global Action Through Fashion is an Oakland, California-based ethical fashion organization working to advocate for sustainable fashion. [180] (#cite_note-180) Ecoluxe London, a not-for-profit platform, supports luxury with ethos through hosting a biannual exhibition during London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) and showcasing eco-sustainable and ethical designers. [181] (#cite_note-vildamagazine.com-181) [182] (#cite_note-182) The Ethical Fashion Initiative, a flagship program of the International Trade Centre (/wiki/International_Trade_Centre) , a joint agency of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development) (UNCTAD) and World Trade Organization (/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) , enables artisans living in urban and rural poverty to connect with the global fashion chain. [183] (#cite_note-183) [184] (#cite_note-184) The Initiative also works with the rising generation of fashion talent from Africa, encouraging the forging sustainable and fulfilling creative collaborations with artisans on the continent. [185] (#cite_note-185) [186] (#cite_note-186) The Ethical Fashion Initiative is headed by Simone Cipriani (/wiki/Simone_Cipriani) . Companies [ edit ] Eco Age, a consultancy company specializing in enabling businesses to achieve growth and add value through sustainability, is an organization that promotes sustainable fashion. Its creative director, Livia Firth, is also the founder of the Green Carpet Challenge which aims to promote ethically made outfits from fashion designers. [187] (#cite_note-187) Organic by John Patrick is a clothing line run by John Patrick (/wiki/John_Patrick_(fashion_designer)) that was one of the earliest adopters of sustainable fashion, [188] (#cite_note-Farra_2018-188) and makes heavy use of organic and recycled materials. [189] (#cite_note-Kosoff_2011-189) [190] (#cite_note-Cho_2021-190) Trans-America Trading Company is one of the biggest of about 3,000 textile recyclers in the United States. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) Trans-America has processed more than 12 million pounds of post-consumer textiles per year since 1942. At its 80,000-square-foot sorting facility, workers separate used clothing into 300 different categories by type of item, size, and fiber content. About 30% of the textiles are turned into absorbent wiping rags for industrial uses, and another 25–30% are recycled into fiber for use as stuffing for upholstery, insulation, and the manufacture of paper products. [191] (#cite_note-191) ViaJoes – Sustainable clothing manufacturer producing eco-friendly fabrics from recycled cotton (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) and other sustainable products confirmed to GOTS (/w/index.php?title=Global_Organic_Textile_Standard&action=edit&redlink=1) [192] (#cite_note-192) – Global Organic Textile Standard International Working Group standard Materials [ edit ] In fashion, the consideration of sustainability of materials is critical. The renewability and source of a fiber (/wiki/Fiber) , the process of how a raw fiber is turned into a textile (/wiki/Textile) , the impact of preparation and dyeing of the fibers, energy use in production and preparation, the working conditions (/wiki/Working_conditions) of the people producing the materials, and the material's total carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) , transportation between production plants, chemicals used to keep shipments fresh in containers, shipping to retail and consumer, how the material will be cared for and washed, the processes of repairs and updates, and what happens to it at the end of life. The indexing of the textile journeys is thus extremely complex. In sustainability, there is no such thing as a single-frame approach. Issues dealt with in single frames will almost by definition lead to unwanted and unforeseen effects elsewhere. [159] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-159) Overall, diversity in the overall fiber mix is needed; in 2013 cotton and polyester accounted for almost 85% of all fibers, and thus their impacts were, and continue to be, disproportionately magnified. [193] (#cite_note-193) Also, many fibers in the finished garments are mixed to acquire desired drape, flexibility or stretch, thus affecting both care and the possibility to recycle the material in the end. Cellulose fibers [ edit ] Natural fibers are fibers which are found in nature (/wiki/Nature) and are not petroleum-based. Natural fibers can be categorized into two main groups, cellulose (/wiki/Cellulose) or plant fiber (/wiki/Plant_fiber) and protein (/wiki/Protein) or animal fiber (/wiki/Animal_fiber) . Uses of these fibers can be anything from buttons to eyewear such as sunglasses. [194] (#cite_note-194) Other than cotton, the most common plant-based fiber, cellulose (/wiki/Cellulose) fibers include: jute (/wiki/Jute) , flax (/wiki/Flax) , hemp (/wiki/Hemp) , ramie (/wiki/Ramie) , abaca (/wiki/Abaca) , soy (/wiki/Soy) , maize (/wiki/Maize) , banana (/wiki/Banana) , pineapple (/wiki/Pineapple) . Bacterial cellulose (/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose) is currently being tested and better developed as a new fiber alternative. [195] (#cite_note-195) Cotton [ edit ] Main article: Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Textile worker using a bare loom in a Vietnam factory, weaving natural cotton fabrics, 2022 The Minister of State for Commerce, Shri Jairam Ramesh, at an event in India focused on the organic cotton industry, 2008 Cotton is a major source of apparel fiber. Celebrated for its excellent absorbency, durability, and intrinsic softness, cotton accounts for over 50% of all clothing produced worldwide. This makes cotton the most widely used clothing fiber. [196] (#cite_note-196) Up to 1 billion people worldwide depend on the cotton industry for their livelihoods, including 100 million smallholder farmers. [197] (#cite_note-197) Cotton is one of the most chemical-intensive crops in the world, but growers in California (/wiki/California) have reduced their dependence on these chemicals. [198] (#cite_note-SC_1-198) Conventionally grown cotton uses approximately 25% of the world's insecticides (/wiki/Insecticides) and more than 10% of the world's pesticides (/wiki/Pesticides) . [199] (#cite_note-199) However, growing and processing this particular fiber crop is largely unsustainable. For every pound of cotton harvested, a farmer uses up 1/3 lb of chemical, synthetic fertilizer. [200] (#cite_note-200) As a whole, the US cotton production makes up 25% of all pesticides deployed in the United States. Worldwide, cotton takes up 2.4% of all arable lands yet requires 16% of the world's pesticides. [201] (#cite_note-organic-201) The cotton hulls contain the most potent insecticide residues. They are often used as cattle feed, which means that consumers are purchasing meat containing a concentration of pesticides. [201] (#cite_note-organic-201) The processing of cotton into usable fibers also adds to the burden on the environment. Manufacturers prefer cotton to be white so that cotton can easily be synthetically dyed to any shade of color. [202] (#cite_note-peruna-202) Natural cotton is actually beige-brown, and so during processing, manufacturers would add bleach and various other chemicals and heavy metal dyes to make cotton pure white. [203] (#cite_note-savvy-203) Formaldehyde (/wiki/Formaldehyde) resins would be added in as well to form "easy care" cotton fabric. [203] (#cite_note-savvy-203) Bt cotton [ edit ] Main article: Bt cotton (/wiki/Bt_cotton) To reduce the use of pesticides and other harmful chemicals, companies have produced genetically modified (/wiki/Genetically_modified) (GMO) cotton plants that are resistant to pest infestations. Among the GMO are cotton crops inserted with the Bt ( Bacillus thuringiensis (/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis) ) gene. [204] (#cite_note-204) Bt cotton (/wiki/Bt_cotton) crops do not require insecticide applications. Insects that consume cotton containing Bt will stop feeding after a few hours, and die, leaving the cotton plants unharmed. [205] (#cite_note-205) As a result of the use of Bt cotton, the cost of pesticide applications decreased between $25 and $65 per acre. [206] (#cite_note-bt-206) Bt cotton crops yield 5% more cotton on average compared to traditional cotton crops. [206] (#cite_note-bt-206) Bt crops also lower the price of cotton by 0.8 cents per pound. [206] (#cite_note-bt-206) However, there are concerns regarding Bt technology, mainly that insects will eventually develop resistance to the Bt strain. According to an article published in Science Daily, researchers have found that members from a cotton bollworm species, Helicoverpa zea (/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea) , were Bt-resistant in some crop areas of Mississippi and Arkansas during 2003 and 2006. [207] (#cite_note-science-207) Fortunately, the vast majority of other agricultural pests remain susceptible to Bt. [207] (#cite_note-science-207) Micha Peled's (/wiki/Micha_Peled) documentary exposé Bitter seeds (/wiki/Bitter_seeds) on BT farming in India claimed to reveal the true impact of genetically modified cotton on India's farmers, with a suicide rate of over a quarter-million Bt cotton farmers since 1995 due to financial stress resulting from massive crop failure and the exorbitantly high price of Monsanto's proprietary BT seed, although the evidence does not support this claim as the suicide rate of Indian famers has decreased since the introduction of Bt cotton. [208] (#cite_note-208) The film also refutes false claims purported by the biotech industry that Bt cotton requires less pesticide and empty promises of higher yields, as farmers discover the bitter truth that in reality, Bt cotton in fact requires a great deal more pesticide than organic cotton, and often suffer higher levels of infestation by Mealybug (/wiki/Mealybug) resulting in devastating crop losses, and extreme financial and psychological stress on cotton farmers. Due to the biotech seed monopoly in India, where Bt cotton seed has become the ubiquitous standard, and the organic seed has become absolutely unobtainable, thus coercing all cotton farmers into signing Bt cotton seed purchase agreements which enforce the intellectual property interests of the biotech multinational corporation (/wiki/Multinational_corporation) Monsanto (/wiki/Monsanto) . [209] (#cite_note-209) Organic cotton [ edit ] Main article: Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) yarn Organic cotton is grown without the use of any genetic modification to the crops, without the use of any fertilizers, pesticides, and other synthetic agro-chemicals harmful to the land. [210] (#cite_note-210) All cotton marketed as organic in the United States is required to fulfill strict federal regulations regarding how the cotton is grown. [211] (#cite_note-211) This is done with a combination of innovation, science, and tradition in order to encourage a good quality of life and environment for all involved. [212] (#cite_note-212) Organic cotton uses 88% less water and 62% less energy than conventional cotton. [213] (#cite_note-213) Naturally colored cotton [ edit ] Main article: Naturally colored cotton (/wiki/Naturally_colored_cotton) Cotton is naturally grown in a variety of colors. Typically, cotton color can come as mauve, red, yellow, and orange hues. [202] (#cite_note-peruna-202) The use of naturally colored cotton has long been historically suppressed, mainly due to the industrial revolution. [202] (#cite_note-peruna-202) Back then, it was much cheaper to have uniformly white cotton as a raw source for mass-producing cloth and fabric items. [202] (#cite_note-peruna-202) Currently, modern markets have revived a trend in using naturally colored cotton for its noted relevance in reducing harmful environmental impacts. One such example of markets opening to these cotton types would be Sally Fox (/wiki/Sally_Fox_(inventor)) and her Foxfiber business—naturally colored cotton that Fox has bred and marketed. [214] (#cite_note-214) On an additional note, naturally colored cotton is already colored, and thus do not require synthetic dyes during process. Furthermore, the color of fabrics made from naturally colored cotton does not become worn and fade away compared to synthetically dyed cotton fabrics. [215] (#cite_note-215) Soy [ edit ] Main article: Soy (/wiki/Soy) Soybean plant Soy fabrics are derived from the hulls of soybeans—a manufacturing byproduct. Soy fabrics can be blended (i.e. 30%) or made entirely out of soy fibers. [216] (#cite_note-216) Soy clothing is largely biodegradable (/wiki/Biodegradable) , so it has a minimal impact on environment and landfills (/wiki/Landfills) . Although not as durable as cotton or hemp fabrics, soy clothing has a soft, elastic feel. [217] (#cite_note-soy-217) Soy clothing is known as the vegetable cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) for its light and silky sensation. [217] (#cite_note-soy-217) Soy fabrics are moisture absorbent, anti-bacterial, and UV resistant. [217] (#cite_note-soy-217) However, soy fabrics fell out of public knowledge during World War II, when rayon (/wiki/Rayon) , nylon (/wiki/Nylon) , and cotton sales rose sharply. [218] (#cite_note-218) Hemp [ edit ] Main article: Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Fibers from a Hemp plant Hemp, like bamboo, is considered a sustainable crop. It requires little water to grow, and it is resistant to most pests and diseases. [219] (#cite_note-earth-219) The hemp plant's broad leaves shade out weeds and other plant competitors, and its deep taproot system allows it to draw moisture deep in the soil. [220] (#cite_note-bin-220) Unlike cotton, many parts of the hemp plant have a use. Hemp seeds, for example, are processed into oil or food. [219] (#cite_note-earth-219) Hemp fiber comes in two types: primary and secondary bast fibers (/wiki/Bast_fiber) . Hemp fibers are durable and are considered strong enough for construction uses. [220] (#cite_note-bin-220) Compared to cotton fiber, hemp fiber is approximately 8 times the tensile strength and 4 times the durability. [220] (#cite_note-bin-220) Hemp fibers are traditionally coarse and have been historically used for ropes rather than for clothing. However, modern technology and breeding practices have made hemp fiber more pliable, softer, and finer. Bamboo [ edit ] Main article: Bamboo textile (/wiki/Bamboo_textile) Bamboo (/wiki/Bamboo) Bamboo fabrics are made from heavily pulped bamboo grass. Making clothing and textile from bamboo is considered sustainable due to the lack of need for pesticides and agrochemicals. [221] (#cite_note-versus-221) Naturally disease and pest resistant, bamboo is also fast growing. Compared to trees, certain varieties of bamboo can grow 1–4 inches long per day, and can even branch and expand outward because of its underground rhizomes. [222] (#cite_note-222) Like cotton fibers, bamboo fibers are naturally yellowish in color and are bleached white with chemicals during processing. Prior to a regulatory change in 2010, the majority of fiber and textile marketed as bamboo on the market was actually viscose rayon derived from bamboo. Now manufacturers need to label such products as rayon from bamboo. [223] (#cite_note-223) Kombucha (SCOBY) [ edit ] Main article: SCOBY (/wiki/SCOBY) Furnished by a grant from the US. Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) , associate professor Young-A Lee and her team are growing vats of gel-like film composed of cellulose (/wiki/Cellulose_fiber) fiber, a byproduct of the same symbiotic colonies of bacteria and yeast (abbreviated SCOBY (/wiki/SCOBY) ) found in another of the world's popular "live culture" foods: kombucha (/wiki/Kombucha) . Once harvested and dried, the resulting material has a look and feel much like leather. [224] (#cite_note-:03-224) The fibers are 100 percent biodegradable (/wiki/Biodegradation) , they also foster a cradle-to-cradle (/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design) cycle of reuse and regeneration that leaves behind virtually zero waste. However, this material takes a long time to grow about three to four weeks under lab-controlled conditions. Hence mass production (/wiki/Mass_production) is an issue. In addition, tests revealed that moisture absorption from the air softens this material makes it less durable. Researchers also discovered that cold conditions make it brittle. [224] (#cite_note-:03-224) Other cellulose fibers [ edit ] Other alternative biodegradable fibers being developed by small companies include: leather alternative using pineapple leaves; [225] (#cite_note-ecowatch-225) bio-composites, fabrics, [225] (#cite_note-ecowatch-225) and leather alternative [226] (#cite_note-226) [227] (#cite_note-227) using various parts of coconut; fabric and paper made from banana plant stalks and stems. [225] (#cite_note-ecowatch-225) garments made from tencel fibers. [228] (#cite_note-228) Protein fibers [ edit ] Protein fibers originate from animal sources and are made up of protein molecules. The basic elements in these protein molecules being carbon, hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen. [229] (#cite_note-229) Wool [ edit ] Just as in cotton production, pesticides are conventionally used in the cultivation of wool (/wiki/Wool) , although quantities are considerably smaller, and it is thought that good practices can significantly limit negative environmental impacts. Sheep are treated either with injectable insecticides, a pour-on preparation or dipped in a pesticide bath to control parasite infections, which if left untreated can have serious health implications for the flock. When managed badly, these pesticides can cause harm to human health and aquatic ecosystems both on the farm and in subsequent downstream processing. [159] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-159) Silk [ edit ] Most commercially produced silk (/wiki/Silk) is of the cultivated variety and involves feeding the worms a carefully controlled diet of mulberry leaves grown under special conditions. Selected mulberry trees are grown to act as homes for the silkworms. The fibers are extracted by steaming to kill the silk moth chrysalis and then washed in hot water to degum the silk. The silk fiber is known for its strength and is considered a prestigious fiber. Its use in textiles is limited due to its high cost. [230] (#cite_note-230) The silk industry also employs millions of people in rural China. [231] (#cite_note-231) Cashmere [ edit ] Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) is obtained from the fine, soft hairs of a cashmere goat's underbelly coat. This specific breed of goat is found throughout Asia. Due to the rarity of the breed, four goats are needed to produce enough cashmere for one sweater. Initially, cashmere was relatively expensive, but due to increased demand, the industry is beginning to take a toll on animals and the land. More and more goats are needed which results in more mouths to feed. Overpopulation of the goats degrades the land due to increased grazing. The cashmere industry is becoming more and more controversial with the questioning of the working conditions of goat herders and the underpaying of farmers. [232] (#cite_note-232) Oxfam (/wiki/Oxfam) reported in Spring 2021 on a project in Afghanistan (/wiki/Afghanistan) being undertaken jointly with the Burberry Foundation (/wiki/Burberry) and PUR Projet, working with goat farmers to improve their business operations and make the Afghan cashmere industry more sustainable. [233] (#cite_note-233) Manufactured fibers [ edit ] Manufactured fibers sit within three categories: [234] (#cite_note-234) Manufactured cellulosic fibers, manufactured synthetic fibers and manufactured protein fiber (azlon). Manufactured cellulosic fibers include modal, Lyocell (/wiki/Lyocell) (also known under the brand name Tencel), rayon/viscose made from bamboo, rayon/viscose made from wood and polylactic acid (/wiki/Polylactic_acid) (PLA). Manufactured synthetic fibers include polyester (/wiki/Polyester) , nylon (/wiki/Nylon) , spandex (/wiki/Spandex) , acrylic fiber (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) , polyethylene (/wiki/Polyethylene) and polypropylene (/wiki/Polypropylene) (PP). Azlon (/wiki/Azlon) is a manufactured protein fiber. Rayon/ viscose is a fiber out of pulp highly used in fast fashion as it is cheaply manufactured. To extract rayon/viscose, plantations cut down 30% of endangered and ancient forests threatening the life of ecosystems. [235] (#cite_note-MG_1-235) PET plastic [ edit ] Main article: PET plastic (/wiki/PET_plastic) PET plastics are also known as Polyethylene terephthalate (/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate) (PETE). PET's recycling code (/wiki/Recycling_codes) , the number within the three chasing arrows, is one. These plastics are usually beverage bottles (i.e. water, soda, and fruit juice bottles). According to the EPA (/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) , plastic accounts for 12% of the total amount of waste we produce. [236] (#cite_note-EPA-236) Recycling plastic (/wiki/Plastic_recycling) reduces air, water, and ground pollution. Recycling is only the first step; investing and purchasing products manufactured from recycled materials is the next of many steps to living sustainably. Recyclables at transfer station, Gainesville, Florida (/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida) Clothing can be made from plastics. Seventy percent of plastic-derived fabrics come from polyester, and the type of polyester most used in fabrics is polyethylene terephthalate (/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate) (PET). [237] (#cite_note-237) PET plastic clothing come from reused plastics, often recycled plastic bottles. [238] (#cite_note-env-238) The Coca-Cola Company (/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company) , for example, created a "Drink2Wear" line of T-shirts made from recycled bottles. [239] (#cite_note-239) Generally, PET plastic clothing are made from recycled bottles as follows: plastic bottles are collected, compressed, baled, and shipped into processing facilities where they will be chopped into flakes, and melted into small white pellets. Then, the pellets are processed again, and spun into yarn-like fiber where it can be made into clothing. [240] (#cite_note-240) One main benefit of making clothes from recycled bottles is that it keep the bottles and other plastics from occupying landfill space. Another benefit is that it takes 30% less energy to make clothes from recycled plastics than from virgin polyesters. [241] (#cite_note-241) See also: Synthetic fiber (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) and Plastic clothing (/wiki/Plastic_clothing) Fungal species [ edit ] Alexander Bismarck and Mitchell Jones from the University of Vienna (/wiki/University_of_Vienna) have conducted research on the possibility of using fungal species to create sustainable leather alternatives. Leather alternatives can be produced by using byproducts of agricultural products such as sawdust. The sawdust acts as a feedstock for the growth of fungal mycelium. After a few weeks, the fungal mycelium can be processed and chemically treated into a leather-like material. The researchers state that these fungal biomasses exhibit similar material and tactile properties as authentic leather. Using fungal biomass to create a leather alternative is sustainable as the entire process is carbon neutral and all the materials are completely biodegradable when they are done being used. [242] (#cite_note-242) Production [ edit ] Producers [ edit ] The global political economy and legal system supports a fashion system that enables fashion that has devastating environmental, social, cultural and economic impacts to be priced at a lower price than fashion which involves efforts to minimize harm in the growth, manufacturing, and shipping of the products. This results in higher prices for fashion made from reduced impact materials than clothing produced in a socially and environmentally damaging way (sometimes referred to as conventional methods). [243] (#cite_note-e2f-243) Innovative fashion is being developed and made available to consumers at different levels of the fashion spectrum, from casual clothing to haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) which has a reduced social and environmental impact at the materials and manufacture stages of production [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) and celebrities, models, and designers have recently drawn attention to socially conscious and environmentally friendly fashion. 3D seamless knitting [ edit ] 3D seamless knitting (/wiki/Complete_garment_knitting) is a technology that allows an entire garment to be knit with no seams. This production method is considered a sustainable practice due to its reduction in waste and labor. By only using the necessary materials, the producers will be more efficient in their manufacturing process. This production method is similar to seamless knitting, although traditional seamless knitting requires stitching to complete the garment. In contrast 3D seamless knitting creates the entire garment, eliminating additional work. The garments are designed using 3D software unlike traditional flat patterns. Shima Seiki and Stoll are currently the two primary manufacturers of the technology. The technology is produced through the use of solar energy, and they are selling to brands like Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) . [244] (#cite_note-244) Zero waste [ edit ] Zero waste (/wiki/Zero_waste) design in fashion is a concept that aims to reduce material waste throughout the textile and fashion production process. Although the concept has existed for a number of years on the grounds of reducing costs through reducing waste, zero waste design is increasingly being integrated into fashion production for environmental reasons. [167] (#cite_note-:6-167) Zero-waste pattern making (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) designs patterns for a garment so that when the pattern pieces are cut, no fabric is wasted. [245] (#cite_note-245) Dyeing [ edit ] Examples of textiles that have used the AirDye process Traditional methods of dyeing textiles are incredibly harmful towards the Earth's water supply, creating toxic chemicals that affect entire communities. [246] (#cite_note-246) An alternative to traditional water dyeing is scCO 2 dyeing (super critical carbon dioxide). This process creates no waste by using 100% of the dyes, reducing energy by 60% with no auxiliary chemicals, and leaving a quarter of the physical footprint of traditional dyeing. Different names for this process are Drydye and Colordry. [247] (#cite_note-247) Another company called Colorep has patented Airdye, a similar process that they claim uses 95% less water and up to 86% less energy than traditional dyeing methods. [248] (#cite_note-248) Comparison websites and ecolabels [ edit ] No brand is considered by environmental experts to be fully sustainable, and controversy exists over exactly how the concept of sustainability can be applied in relation to fashion, if it can be used at all, or if labels such as "slow" and "sustainable" fashion are inherently an oxymoron. [50] (#cite_note-:5-50) Brands that sell themselves as sustainable often lack systems to deal with oversupply, take back used clothes, fully recycle fibers, offer repair services, or even support the life of the garment during use (such as instructions on washing, care and repair). Almost no brands offer replacement parts, such as buttons, straps or pockets, for their garments.The environmental impact of textile production, dyeing processes, and waste generated by discarded clothing remains a significant concern. Consumers are increasingly demanding transparency and accountability from brands, pushing for more sustainable practices (https://fashionistaarena.com/top-10-eco-friendly-fashion-brands-how-we-can-support/) , but meaningful change requires systemic shifts within the industry. Additionally, the concept of a circular economy, where products are designed to be reused, repaired, and recycled, is gaining traction as a potential solution, yet it remains far from being widely implemented. [ citation needed ] Some comparison websites (/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website) exist which compare fashion brands on their sustainability record, which give some indication to consumers about the sustainability of their products. [249] (#cite_note-249) There are many ecolabels in existence which focus on textile goods. [250] (#cite_note-250) Some notable [251] (#cite_note-251) ecolabels include: EU Ecolabel (/wiki/EU_Ecolabel) Fair Trade Certified (/wiki/Fair_trade_certification) Global Organic Textile Standard Oeko-Tex Standard 1000 (/wiki/Oeko-Tex) Sustainable textile brands [ edit ] Some brands that sell themselves as sustainable are listed below; Eastern European prisoners are designing sustainable prison fashion in Latvia and Estonia under the Heavy Eco (/wiki/Heavy_Eco) label, [252] (#cite_note-252) part of a trend called "prison couture". [253] (#cite_note-253) Other sustainable fashion brands include Elena Garcia, Nancy Dee, By Stamo, Outsider Fashion, Beyond Skin, Oliberté, Hetty Rose, DaRousso, KSkye the Label, [254] (#cite_note-254) and Eva Cassis. [181] (#cite_note-vildamagazine.com-181) [255] (#cite_note-255) [256] (#cite_note-256) [257] (#cite_note-257) [258] (#cite_note-258) [259] (#cite_note-259) [260] (#cite_note-260) The brand Boll & Branch (/wiki/Boll_%26_Branch) make all of their bedding (/wiki/Bedding) products from organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) and have been certified by Fair Trade USA (/wiki/Fair_Trade_USA) . [261] (#cite_note-261) The Hemp Trading Company (/wiki/The_Hemp_Trading_Company) is an ethically driven underground clothing label, specializing in environmentally friendly, politically conscious street wear made of hemp, bamboo, organic cotton and other sustainable fabrics. [262] (#cite_note-roberts-262) Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) , a major retailer in casual wear, has been selling fleece clothing made from post-consumer plastic soda bottles since 1993. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) Designers [ edit ] The Golden Book Gown made of recycled and discarded paper book pages There is no certain stable model among the designers for how to be sustainable in practice, and the understanding of sustainability is always a process or a work-in-progress, and varies by who defines what is "sustainable;" farmers or animals, producers or consumers, managers or workers, local businesses or neighborhoods. [37] (#cite_note-:1-37) Thus critical scholars would label much of the business-driven discourse on sustainability as "greenwashing" as under the current economic paradigm, "sustainability" is primarily defined as keeping the wheels of perpetual production and consumption turning; to keep the "perpetuum mobile" of fashion running and in perpetual motion (/wiki/Perpetual_motion) . [263] (#cite_note-263) There are some designers that experiment in making fashion more sustainable, with various degrees of impact; Ryan Jude Novelline (/wiki/Ryan_Jude_Novelline) created a ballroom gown constructed entirely from the pages of recycled and discarded children's books known as The Golden Book Gown that "prove[d] that green fashion can provide as rich a fantasia as can be imagined." [264] (#cite_note-264) [265] (#cite_note-265) Eco-couture designer Lucy Tammam (/wiki/Lucy_Tammam) uses eri silk (/wiki/Eri_silk) ( ahimsa/peace silk (/wiki/Ahimsa_silk) ) and organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) to create her eco friendly couture evening and bridal wear collections. [266] (#cite_note-266) Amal Kiran Jana is a designer from India and the founder of Afterlife Project which is a sustainability development project supporting global and unique designers in 360 degrees. [267] (#cite_note-267) Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) pushes the agenda for sustainable fashion that is animal and eco-friendly. She also uses her name and her brand as a platform to push for a greener fashion industry. The brand uses the EP&L tool which was created to help companies understand their environmental impact by measuring greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water use, water pollution, air pollution and waste across the entire global supply chain. [268] (#cite_note-268) Gabriela Hearst (/wiki/Gabriela_Hearst) during her tenure at Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) and under her own name has made sustainability a key focus of her work. The runway presentation for her Spring/Summer 2020 eponymous collection was certified carbon neutral. [269] (#cite_note-269) Gabriela Hearst also avoids single use plastic in retail and supply chain networks, using compostable polymers and recycled cardboard. [270] (#cite_note-270) While she was at Chloé, the label became the first major luxury brand to receive a B Corp (/wiki/B_Corporation_(certification)) certification. [271] (#cite_note-271) Controversies [ edit ] This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section (/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies) may compromise the article's neutrality (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure) . Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections through discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus) on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Sustainable_fashion) . ( October 2023 ) Marketing controversies [ edit ] The increase in western consumers' environmental interest is motivating companies to use sustainable and environmental arguments solely to increase sales. Because environmental and sustainability issues are complex, it is also easy to mislead consumers. Companies can use sustainability as a “marketing ploy” something that can be seen as greenwashing (/wiki/Greenwashing) . [272] (#cite_note-272) Greenwashing is the deceptive use of an eco-agenda in marketing strategies. [37] (#cite_note-:1-37) It refers mostly to corporations that make efforts to clean up their reputation because of social pressure or for the purpose of financial gain. Companies continuing to be using greenwashing in turn hurts companies that are true to their environmental goals, losing their competitive edge to bigger corporations. [273] (#cite_note-273) Greenwashing [ edit ] Main article: Greenwashing (/wiki/Greenwashing) A major controversy on sustainable fashion concerns how the "green" imperative is used as a cover-up for systemic labor exploitation, social exclusion and environmental degradation (/wiki/Environmental_degradation) , what is generally labelled as greenwashing. Market-driven sustainability can only address sustainability to a certain degree as brands still need to sell more products in order to be profitable. Thus, almost any initiative towards addressing ecological and social issues still contributes to the damage. In a 2017 report, the industry projects that the overall apparel consumption will rise by 63%, from 62 million tons today to 102 million tons in 2030, thus effectively erasing any environmental gains made by current initiatives. [274] (#cite_note-274) Materials controversies [ edit ] Though some designers have marketed bamboo fiber (/wiki/Bamboo_fiber) , as an alternative to conventional cotton, citing that it absorbs greenhouse gases during its life cycle and grows quickly and plentifully without pesticides, the conversion of bamboo fiber to fabric is the same as rayon and is highly toxic. The FTC ruled that labeling of bamboo fiber should read "rayon from bamboo". Bamboo fabric can cause environmental harm in production due to the chemicals used to create a soft viscose from hard bamboo. [275] (#cite_note-275) Impacts regarding production of new materials make recycled, reclaimed, surplus, and vintage fabric arguably the most sustainable choice, as the raw material requires no agriculture and no manufacturing to produce. [276] (#cite_note-276) However, these are indicative of a system of production and consumption that creates excessive volumes of waste. Second-hand controversies [ edit ] Used clothing is sold in more than 100 countries. In Tanzania, used clothing is sold at Mitumba markets ( Swahili (/wiki/Swahili_language) for "bundles"). Most of the clothing is imported from the United States. [23] (#cite_note-waste-23) However, there are concerns that trade in secondhand clothing in African countries decreases development of local industries even as it creates employment in these countries. [277] (#cite_note-277) While the reuse of materials brings resource savings, there are some concerns that the influx of cheap, second-hand clothing, particularly in Africa, has undermined indigenous textile industries, with the result that clothing collected in the West under the guise of 'charitable donations' could actually create more poverty. [159] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-159) The authors of Recycling of Low Grade Clothing Waste warn that in the long run, as prices and quality of new clothing continue to decline, the demand for used clothing will also diminish. [278] (#cite_note-278) See also [ edit ] Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Ecodesign (/wiki/Ecodesign) Ethical consumerism (/wiki/Ethical_consumerism) Pollution in the fashion industry (/wiki/Pollution_in_the_fashion_industry) Reusable shopping bag (/wiki/Reusable_shopping_bag) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Product tracing (/wiki/Product_tracing) systems, which allow consumers to see the source factory of a product Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "What Does 'Sustainable Fashion' Actually Mean?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/sustainable-fashion) . British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . April 19, 2021 . Retrieved October 24, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-destin_2-0) "Destination Zero: seven years of Detoxing the clothing industry" (https://storage.googleapis.com/planet4-international-stateless/2018/07/destination_zero_report_july_2018.pdf) (PDF) . Greenpeace . 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Well dressed? : the present and future sustainability of clothing and textiles in the United Kingdom . Univ. of Cambridge Inst. for Manufacturing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1902546520 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 441247814 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/441247814) . ^ (#cite_ref-278) "Science Search" (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WR0201_6352_FRP.pdf) (PDF) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121011101547/http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WR0201_6352_FRP.pdf) (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2012 . Retrieved October 13, 2018 . Further reading [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sustainable fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sustainable_fashion) . Black, Sandy (2008). Eco-chic : the fashion paradox, London: Black Dog. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-906155-09-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-906155-09-7) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 966078563 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/966078563) . Black, Sandy (2013). The sustainable fashion handbook, New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780500290569 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500290569) . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 939743661 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/939743661) . Choi, Tsan-Ming; Cheng, T. C. Edwin, eds. (2015). Sustainable fashion supply chain management: from sourcing to retailing . Springer series in supply chain management. Vol. 1. New York: Springer (/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-3-319-12703-3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-12703-3) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783319127026 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 907012044 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907012044) . Farley, Jennifer; Hill, Colleen (2015). Sustainable fashion: past, present, and future . New York: Bloomsbury Academic (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857851857 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 860754344 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/860754344) . Fletcher, Kate (2014) [2008]. Sustainable fashion and textiles: design journeys (2nd ed.). London; Washington, DC: Earthscan (/wiki/Earthscan) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415644556 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 846847018 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/846847018) . Fletcher, Kate; Grose, Lynda (2012). Fashion & sustainability: design for change . London: Laurence King Publishing (/wiki/Laurence_King_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781856697545 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 778610112 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/778610112) . Fletcher, Kate; Tham, Mathilda, eds. (2015). Routledge handbook of sustainability and fashion . Routledge international handbooks. London; New York: Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415828598 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 820119510 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820119510) . Friedman, Vanessa (May 7, 2022). "Redefining 'Sustainable Fashion' (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/07/style/redefining-sustainable-fashion.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/07/style/redefining-sustainable-fashion.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved October 3, 2023 . Gardetti, Miguel Ángel; Torres, Ana Laura, eds. (2013). Sustainability in fashion and textiles: values, design, production and consumption . Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781906093785 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 827952084 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/827952084) . Gwilt, Alison; Rissanen, Timo (2010). Shaping sustainable fashion: changing the way we make and use clothes . London; Washington, DC: Earthscan (/wiki/Earthscan) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781849712415 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 656849440 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/656849440) . Shell, Hanna Rose (2020). Shoddy : From Devil's Dust to the Renaissance of Rags . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9-780226-698-22-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780226-698-22-9) . 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