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Argentine fashion model (born 1991) Flo Gennaro Gennaro at Custo Barcelona (/wiki/Custo_Barcelona) Spring 2009 show Born ( 1991-01-09 ) January 9, 1991 (age 33) [1] (#cite_note-nymag-1) Rosario (/wiki/Rosario) , Argentina [2] (#cite_note-vmodel-2) Modeling information Height 6 ft; 1.83 m Hair color Light Brown Eye color Brown Flo Gennaro (born January 9, 1991 [1] (#cite_note-nymag-1) in Rosario, Santa Fe (/wiki/Rosario,_Santa_Fe) ) is an Argentine (/wiki/Argentina) fashion model (/wiki/Model_(person)) . She has modeled for Ann Demeulemeester (/wiki/Ann_Demeulemeester) , Chaiken (/wiki/Chaiken) , Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , Costello Tagliapietra (/wiki/Costello_Tagliapietra) , Doo.Ri (/wiki/Doo.Ri) , Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(clothing)) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Marni (/wiki/Marni_(clothing)) , and Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) and has appeared on the cover of D (/wiki/D_(magazine)) , Qvest (/w/index.php?title=Qvest&action=edit&redlink=1) , and Korean Vogue Girl (/wiki/Vogue_Girl) . [1] (#cite_note-nymag-1) [3] (#cite_note-fmd-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-v-5) She was named one of the top 10 models of Spring 2008 by V (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) magazine. [5] (#cite_note-v-5) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Flo Gennaro" (http://nymag.com/fashion/models/fgennaro/flogennaro/) . New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_Magazine) . ^ (#cite_ref-vmodel_2-0) "Model Of The Week: Flo Gennaro" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080619015747/http://vmagazine.com/blog.php?n=7761) . V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) . 2008-06-16. Archived from the original (http://www.vmagazine.com/blog.php?n=7761) on 2008-06-19 . Retrieved 2009-08-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-fmd_3-0) "Flo Gennaro" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/flo_gennaro/) . Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Flo Gennaro photos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140704024724/http://www.style.com/peopleparties/modelsearch/person4415) . Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) . Archived from the original (http://www.style.com/peopleparties/modelsearch/person4415) on 2014-07-04. ^ Jump up to: a b "Top 10 Models of Spring 2008: #9 Flo Gennaro" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071101072528/http://www.vmagazine.com/blog.php?n=2687) . V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) . 2007-10-29. Archived from the original (http://vmagazine.com/blog.php?n=2687) on 2007-11-01. External links [ edit ] Media related to Flo Gennaro (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flo_Gennaro) at Wikimedia Commons Flo Gennaro (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/flo_gennaro/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Flo Gennaro (http://nymag.com/fashion/models/fgennaro/flogennaro/) at NYmag.com (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) Flo Gennaro (https://web.archive.org/web/20140704024724/http://www.style.com/peopleparties/modelsearch/person4415) photos at Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) (archived) This biographical article about an Argentine model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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This article does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Heat_transfer_vinyl) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Heat transfer vinyl" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Heat+transfer+vinyl%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Heat+transfer+vinyl%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Heat+transfer+vinyl%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Heat+transfer+vinyl%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Heat+transfer+vinyl%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Heat+transfer+vinyl%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Heat transfer vinyl ( HTV ) is a speciality polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) with a heat-activated adhesive (typically polyester-based) that can be used on certain fabrics (/wiki/Fabrics) and materials to apply designs to promotional products, textiles and apparel, such as T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirts) . It comes laminated together with a clear polyester (/wiki/Polyester) carrier in a roll or sheet form, with an adhesive (/wiki/Adhesive) tacky backing, so it can be cut, weeded, and placed on a substrate (/wiki/Substrate_(printing)) for application via a heat press (/wiki/Heat_press) . The design is cut into the material with a cutting plotter (/wiki/Cutting_plotter) in reverse (adhesive/vinyl side up). The excess material is removed with tools such as hooks or tweezers - a manual and dextrous process referred to as "weeding". The tacky adhesive between the carrier and the vinyl holds together complex designs, although the labour naturally increases the more weeding that is required. The clear polyester carrier keeps the design visible to aid positioning on the substrate. For these and other reasons, it is a popular and more robust alternative to transfer paper (/wiki/Transfer_paper) (that does not incorporate a carrier sheet). Heat transfer vinyl is made in single colors and also has special options such as patterned, glitter, flocked (/wiki/Flocked) , holographic (/wiki/Holographic) , glow-in-the-dark, reflective and 3D puff. Heat transfer vinyl also benefits from a high degree of stretch and rebound, achieved by a memory effect (/wiki/Memory_effect) , making it suitable for use on apparel and other flexible items including the garments typically used, such as sports jerseys (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) . Types of heat transfer vinyl [ edit ] Heat transfer vinyl comes in single colors, in the specialty options listed above, in full-color pattern options, and in a printable version that must be used with solvent ink & a solvent printer. It is best used for simple designs with minimal colors since each individual color or pattern used in the design must be cut, weeded, and heat pressed. Certain heat transfer vinyl can be layered to form multi-colored designs. The more layers involved, the harder it is to match up each to achieve the end result. Heat transfer vinyl cannot be used for full-color pictures or anything with gradients. There are other applications for those options. Heat transfer vinyl can be used to create special effects with its glitter, flocked, holographic, glow-in-the-dark, and 3D puff options. The layering of these types of vinyl is dependent on the type of vinyl used. Heat transfer vinyl is available in sizes from small sheets, to large "master" rolls, that can be up to 60" x 50 yards. Typical sizes are 15" and 19" wide rolls in 1 yard, 5 yard, 10 yard, 25 yard, and 50-yard lengths. In metric territories, widths are typically 200, 300 and 500 millimetres, sold per the metre or in increments i.e. 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 metre "logs", priced according to economy of scale (/wiki/Economy_of_scale) . The film is typically 20 to 100 micrometres (/wiki/Micrometres) thick, although specifications vary as to whether this includes the adhesive layer or not. In recent years, very thin vinyls have become available owing to improvements in the polymer extrusion (/wiki/Extrusion) and calendering (/wiki/Calendering) process, which varies by manufacturer. Despite being commonly referred to as vinyl, the material does not contain PVC (/wiki/PVC) , meaning it is generally considered non-toxic, and sometimes (for instance in Europe) carries internationally recognised ecological certifications such as from Oeko-Tex (/wiki/Oeko-Tex) (although laboratories including SGS S.A. (/wiki/SGS_S.A.) are also used). A common certification for heat transfer vinyl is Oeko-Tex Standard 100 (Class 1). Thus, the use of heat transfer vinyl to decorate apparel is often cited as an ecologically friendly alternative to plastisol (/wiki/Plastisol) screen-printing (/wiki/Screen-printing) inks, that is despite the consumable nature of the plastics (/wiki/Plastics) involved. Usage [ edit ] Heat transfer vinyl is traditionally placed on textile products. Because of the nature of the way the vinyl is applied, it must be used on products that can take the heat and pressure required to make the transfer adhere properly. For fabrics and clothing, typically this is temperatures in the range of 250-300 deg Fahrenheit, or 120-150 degrees Celsius. The product (also known as a substrate) will also need to hold up under the clamping action and pressure of the heat press (/wiki/Heat_press) . Each heat transfer vinyl manufacturer will list what products can be used for each type of vinyl. Fabrics such as cotton, cotton/polyester blends, polyester, and canvas work well with heat transfer vinyl. There are types of vinyl that can also be used with nylon and leather. However, products such as paper and plastics do not work well because they cannot take the heat required to adhere the vinyl to the substrate. It is very important to make sure the correct vinyl type is used with the correct substrate. Equipment [ edit ] Equipment needed to work with heat transfer vinyl includes design software and a vinyl cutter (/wiki/Vinyl_cutter) . Desktop cutters are suitable for low volume and low budget while standalone cutters are more appropriate for higher volumes. Print/cut printers have the ability to do printed vinyl. Weeding tools are used to remove the heat transfer vinyl that is not going to be pressed onto the product from its adhesive (/wiki/Adhesive) carrier sheet. A heat press (/wiki/Heat_press) or iron is used to transfer the vinyl onto the product. Heat presses have the ability to set a specific temperature (/wiki/Temperature) and pressure level to suit a specific vinyl and is recommended for professional results. Durability [ edit ] Heat transfer vinyl should last the lifetime of the product if it is attached to the substrate according to the manufacturer's instructions. 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American model from Cedar Rapids, Iowa Alanna Arrington Arrington in 2019 Born Alanna Lynn Arrington ( 1998-11-18 ) November 18, 1998 (age 25) [2] (#cite_note-2) Cedar Rapids (/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa) , Iowa (/wiki/Iowa) , U.S. Nationality American (/wiki/Americans) Modeling information Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Hazel Agency Next Model Management (/wiki/Next_Model_Management) (New York, Paris, Milan, London, Los Angeles, Miami) MIKAs (Stockholm) Mother Management (St. Louis) [1] (#cite_note-models.com-1) Alanna Lynn Arrington (born November 18, 1998) is an American model (/wiki/Model_(person)) from Cedar Rapids, Iowa (/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa) . [3] (#cite_note-3) She has been on the cover of Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) and Elle U.K. (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) She is a model for Victoria’s Secret (/wiki/Victoria%E2%80%99s_Secret) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Early life [ edit ] Born to Anthony and Amy Arrington, Arrington has one sister named Amyah. [7] (#cite_note-7) Arrington is biracial. She attended Erskine Elementary School, McKinley Middle School, and Washington High School (/wiki/Washington_High_School_(Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa)) in Cedar Rapids and was on their varsity basketball team. [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] Arrington was scouted by the talent agents Jeff and Mary Clarke of Mother Model Management, in St Louis (/wiki/St_Louis) , Missouri (/wiki/Missouri) . [9] (#cite_note-9) She subsequently signed to Next Model Management (/wiki/Next_Model_Management) . She first worked in Los Angeles before moving to New York City to do high fashion modeling. [10] (#cite_note-10) Arrington debuted during the 2016 F/W ready-to-wear collections, opening the Altuzarra (/wiki/Altuzarra) show. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) She walked over 20 shows that season, including Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Etro (/wiki/Etro) , Céline (/wiki/C%C3%A9line_(brand)) and Diane Von Furstenberg (/wiki/Diane_Von_Furstenberg) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Since then she has walked the runway for Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) , Mulberry (/wiki/Mulberry) , Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) , Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , Roland Mouret (/wiki/Roland_Mouret) , and Yeezy (/wiki/Kanye_West) . [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Arrington has appeared in editorials for magazines such as Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , [17] (#cite_note-17) British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) , Vogue España, Vogue Russia, Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) , [18] (#cite_note-18) Harper’s Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%E2%80%99s_Bazaar) , [19] (#cite_note-19) Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , [20] (#cite_note-20) Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) , [21] (#cite_note-21) Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) , [22] (#cite_note-22) i-D (/wiki/I-D) , [23] (#cite_note-23) and Wonderland Magazine. [24] (#cite_note-24) Arrington has appeared in advertisements for Polo Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Polo_Ralph_Lauren) , [25] (#cite_note-25) Gap Inc. (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) , Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) , DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) , Mango (/wiki/Mango_(retailer)) , Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , [26] (#cite_note-26) H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , [27] (#cite_note-27) Levi’s (/wiki/Levi%E2%80%99s) , Express (/wiki/Express,_Inc.) , and Aldo (/wiki/Aldo_Group) . [28] (#cite_note-28) She walked the 2016-2018 Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) . [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) She is ranked as a "Money" girl on models.com. [31] (#cite_note-31) In 2017, she was chosen as one of the "11 Models You Need to Know" by Vogue Arabia (/wiki/Vogue_Arabia) . [32] (#cite_note-32) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-models.com_1-0) "Alanna Arrington - Model" (https://models.com/models/alanna-arrington) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Bass, Debra D. "Midwest's latest Victoria's Secret model will rock curls in Paris" (http://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/fashion-and-style/debra-bass/midwest-s-latest-victoria-s-secret-model-will-rock-curls/article_769f5570-c100-5fcd-8e32-13466030be49.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Alanna Arrington Went From an Iowa Basketball Team to Some Pretty Major Runways" (https://www.vogue.com/article/alanna-arrington-new-model-interview) . 23 February 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Alanna Arrington Is Maxim's March/April Cover Girl" (https://www.maxim.com/women/alanna-arrington-cover-girl-2018-2) . 13 February 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Can we talk about how fierce May 2018 fashion magazine covers are?" (https://mic.com/articles/188764/can-we-talk-about-how-fierce-may-2018-fashion-magazine-covers-are) . Mic.com . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Who's that girl?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/who-is-alanna-arrington-interview) . Vogue UK . 16 February 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Zabel, Liz. "Cedar Rapids native ready to walk the Victoria's Secret runway" (https://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/cedar-rapids-native-ready-to-walk-the-victorias-secret-runway-20161125) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Fruehling, Tom. "Arrington swaps sports for modeling" (http://metrosportsreport.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33479:arrington-swaps-sports-for-modeling&catid=184:about-msr) . metrosportsreport.com . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Sayad, Helene (April 14, 2016). "The Minds Behind Mother Model Management" (https://www.stlmag.com/culture/the-mothership-mother-model-management/) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Who is Alanna Arrington? - Grazia Australia" (https://grazia.com.au/articles/alanna-arrington-profile/) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Meet the 17-Year-Old from Iowa Who Opened the Altuzarra Show" (https://fashionista.com/2016/02/alanna-arrington) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Alanna Arrington Went From an Iowa Basketball Team to Some Pretty Major Runways" (https://www.vogue.com/article/alanna-arrington-new-model-interview) . Vogue . 23 February 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "12 Things to Know About Our New Style Crush, Alanna Arrington" (https://www.instyle.com/celebrity/alanna-arrington-12-things-to-know) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Milligan, Lauren (16 February 2017). "Who's That Girl?" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/who-is-alanna-arrington-interview) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Sofia Richie, Teyana Taylor, and Yeezy's Celebration of Diversity" (https://www.vogue.com/article/kanye-west-yeezy-season-4-casting-diversity) . 7 September 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Photo feat. Alanna Arrington" (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/roland-mouret/shows/2017/spring-summer/24102/alanna-arrington-571352/) . Fashion Model Directory . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Living Color (American Vogue)" (https://models.com/work/american-vogue-living-color) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Alanna Arrington Is the Next Big Model You Need to Know — And These Photos Are PROOF" (https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/model-alanna-arrington-interview-fall-oversize-trend) . 15 July 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "What's New In Lingerie" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a20005/whats-new-in-lingerie/) . January 18, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Swept Away (Elle U.S.)" (https://models.com/work/elle-us-swept-away) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Hey Shorty! (Interview Magazine)" (https://models.com/work/interview-magazine-hey-shorty/552200) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) GOLDBERG, NATHANIEL (24 June 2016). "Positively 4th Street: Bohemian Style" (https://www.allure.com/gallery/bohemian-style) . ^ (#cite_ref-23) " (http://www.ccmag.eu/street-life-by-matt-jones-for-i-d-magazine/) 'Street Life' by Matt Jones for i-D Magazine" (http://www.ccmag.eu/street-life-by-matt-jones-for-i-d-magazine/) . www.ccmag.eu . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Alanna - Wonderland Magazine" (https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2016/06/07/alanna/) . June 7, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Ansel Elgort, Alanna Arrington Fete Polo Red Rush Release" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/ansel-elgort-alanna-arrington-polo-red-rush-1202765367/) . WWD . 26 July 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Meet Alanna Arrington, the Model Favored by Stella McCartney and Victoria's Secret - V Magazine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180923124435/https://vmagazine.com/article/alanna-arrington-model-interview/) . vmagazine.com . Archived from the original (https://vmagazine.com/article/alanna-arrington-model-interview/) on 2018-09-23 . Retrieved 2018-04-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "H&M summer 2018 campaign" (https://www.fashiongonerogue.com/hm-summer-2018-campaign/) . Fashion Gone Rogue . 23 May 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Midwest's latest Victoria's Secret model will rock curls in Paris" (https://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/fashion-and-style/debra-bass/midwest-s-latest-victoria-s-secret-model-will-rock-curls/article_769f5570-c100-5fcd-8e32-13466030be49.amp.html) . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Zabel, Liz. "Cedar Rapids native ready to walk the Victoria's Secret runway - The Gazette" (http://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/cedar-rapids-native-ready-to-walk-the-victorias-secret-runway-20161125) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Xidias, Angelica. "These are the models who will be walking in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2018 - Vogue Australia" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/these-are-the-models-that-will-be-walking-in-the-victorias-secret-fashion-show-2018/image-gallery/90e35fa9c215b534a0f1eef7af5fda02) . www.vogue.com.au . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "MODELS.com's The Money Girls" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/MoneyGirls/23209#23209) . models.com . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "11 Models You Need to Know for 2017" (https://en.vogue.me/fashion/models-to-watch-2017/) . Vogue Arabia . 11 January 2017. 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Luigi_Voltan) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Luigi Voltan" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Luigi+Voltan%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Luigi+Voltan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Luigi+Voltan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Luigi+Voltan%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Luigi+Voltan%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Luigi+Voltan%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Luigi Voltan Shoe Company Industry Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Founded 1898 ; 126 years ago ( 1898 ) in Stra (/wiki/Stra) , Italy Founder Giovanni Luigi Voltan The Luigi Voltan Shoe Company is a shoemaker founded in the Italian (/wiki/Italy) village of Stra (/wiki/Stra) in 1898 by Giovanni Luigi Voltan (1873–1941). After returning to Italy from the United States, Voltan introduced serialized production process for his factory. The mechanization of some phases of the cycle allowed him to cut costs, which lowered the price for consumers. The quick growth of the Voltan footwear (/wiki/Footwear) factory became the basis for the development of the Riviera del Brenta (/wiki/Riviera_del_Brenta) footwear district. Background [ edit ] In 1898, Stra was a little country village of the Venetian hinterland that was affected, like many others, by the agricultural crisis. As emigration seemed to be the only alternative to unemployment, Voltan left the country for Boston (/wiki/Boston) in the United States (/wiki/United_States) . At that time, shoe manufacturing was a significant industry in Boston. The U.S. footwear production was very much industrialized; it was characterized by division of the production cycle (/wiki/Production_cycle) , and mechanization of the manufacturing phases. Voltan was hired by large companies and worked in different departments. He mastered the serialized production process, concluding that these techniques should be used in Italy. Mass production [ edit ] Returning to Stra gave Voltan many advantages over more traditional Italian shoe makers (/wiki/Shoemaking) who were still bound to manual production. Sewing machines (/wiki/Sewing_machine) for leather and hides marketed by the Singer Corporation (/wiki/Singer_Corporation) were beginning to spread throughout Italy, but these machines were too simple for mass production. The few shoe factories in existence at that time were extensions of craft shops rather than production lines. Voltan started a workshop in his native village, using American and German machinery. In 1904, he employed between 400 and 500 workers, producing 1,000 shoes a day. The mechanization of some phases of the cycle allowed him to cut costs, which lowered the price for consumers. It was a strategic choice. He created his own retail sales network so that he could sell directly to consumers and thus undercut his competitors. He opened shops throughout Italy prior to the First World War (/wiki/First_World_War) . After Giovanni Luigi, his son Emanuele ran the company, as well as his nephew Giovanni, together with his two sons Emanuele and Marco. The quick growth of the Voltan footwear factory was an example for others, and it was the basis for the development of the Riviera del Brenta (/wiki/Riviera_del_Brenta) footwear district. Thus, the Voltan factory became the catalyst for one of many new industries in Italy during that period. [1] (#cite_note-1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Giorgio Roverato – docent of Economic History at the University of Padova. External links [ edit ] MaySneakers Website (https://www.maysneakers.net/) This Italian corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Voltan&oldid=1163925271 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Voltan&oldid=1163925271) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shoe brands (/wiki/Category:Shoe_brands) Shoe companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1898 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1898) Italian companies established in 1898 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1898) Italian company stubs (/wiki/Category:Italian_company_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2014 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2014) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) |
Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This category is for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) in the year 2021 (/wiki/2021) . 2016 (/wiki/Category:2016_in_fashion) 2017 (/wiki/Category:2017_in_fashion) 2018 (/wiki/Category:2018_in_fashion) 2019 (/wiki/Category:2019_in_fashion) 2020 (/wiki/Category:2020_in_fashion) 2021 2022 (/wiki/Category:2022_in_fashion) 2023 2024 2025 2026 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5fdc497c9b‐5nfrs Cached time: 20240718074842 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.143 seconds Real time usage: 0.234 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 162/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4648/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 109/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 70/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.103/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1512288/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 221.770 1 Template:YYYY_in_fashion_category_header 100.00% 221.770 1 -total 69.76% 154.708 1 Template:Category_series_navigation 22.38% 49.626 1 Template:Portal 5.75% 12.749 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 4.67% 10.358 1 Template:FindYDCportal 3.82% 8.468 1 Template:Category_other 3.10% 6.876 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 2.52% 5.592 6 Template:Title_year 0.81% 1.806 1 Template:DECADE Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73313124-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718074842 and revision id 1145177198. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "2021 in fashion" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Costume Designers Guild Awards 2021 (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Awards_2021) H House of Gucci (/wiki/House_of_Gucci) I In America: A Lexicon of Fashion (/wiki/In_America:_A_Lexicon_of_Fashion) S Satan Shoes (/wiki/Satan_Shoes) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2021_in_fashion&oldid=1145177198 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2021_in_fashion&oldid=1145177198) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2021 (/wiki/Category:2021) 2020s fashion (/wiki/Category:2020s_fashion) Fashion by year (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_year) Hidden categories: Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) |
The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Uniforms of the United States Air Force (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5795bc6b8c‐n7sr4 Cached time: 20240720075141 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.039 seconds Real time usage: 0.050 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 432/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.021/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 627170/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 43.783 1 Template:Cat_main 100.00% 43.783 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56331767-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720075141 and revision id 1136922316. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge Pages in category "United States Air Force uniforms" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Uniforms of the United States Air Force (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force) A A-2 jacket (/wiki/A-2_jacket) Airman Battle System-Ground (/wiki/Airman_Battle_System-Ground) Airman Battle Uniform (/wiki/Airman_Battle_Uniform) Army Combat Uniform (/wiki/Army_Combat_Uniform) B Battle Dress Uniform (/wiki/Battle_Dress_Uniform) Boonie hat (/wiki/Boonie_hat) D Desert Camouflage Uniform (/wiki/Desert_Camouflage_Uniform) G G-1 military flight jacket (/wiki/G-1_military_flight_jacket) M MA-1 bomber jacket (/wiki/MA-1_bomber_jacket) MA-2 bomber jacket (/wiki/MA-2_bomber_jacket) P Patrol cap (/wiki/Patrol_cap) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:United_States_Air_Force_uniforms&oldid=1136922316 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:United_States_Air_Force_uniforms&oldid=1136922316) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : United States Air Force (/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force) Air force uniforms (/wiki/Category:Air_force_uniforms) United States military uniforms (/wiki/Category:United_States_military_uniforms) |
Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Wolverine World Wide (/wiki/Wolverine_World_Wide) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐58747bfdd4‐2l989 Cached time: 20240715184316 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.061 seconds Real time usage: 0.082 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 25/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1480/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1367/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.040/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 870143/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 71.361 1 -total 69.25% 49.414 1 Template:Portal 30.56% 21.805 1 Template:Cat_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:71167169-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715184316 and revision id 1095363030. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge Pages in category "Wolverine World Wide" The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . * Wolverine World Wide (/wiki/Wolverine_World_Wide) C Chaco (footwear) (/wiki/Chaco_(footwear)) H Hush Puppies (/wiki/Hush_Puppies) K Keds (/wiki/Keds) M Merrell (company) (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) R Ragsdale v. Wolverine World Wide, Inc. (/wiki/Ragsdale_v._Wolverine_World_Wide,_Inc.) S Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Sperry Top-Sider (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Sider) Stride Rite Corporation (/wiki/Stride_Rite_Corporation) Sweaty Betty (/wiki/Sweaty_Betty) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wolverine_World_Wide&oldid=1095363030 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wolverine_World_Wide&oldid=1095363030) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (/wiki/Category:Companies_listed_on_the_New_York_Stock_Exchange) Manufacturing companies based in Michigan (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Michigan) Shoe companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_the_United_States) |
For the Slipknot bassist sometimes known as V-man, see Alessandro Venturella (/wiki/Alessandro_Venturella) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/VMan) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "VMan" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22VMan%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22VMan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22VMan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22VMan%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22VMan%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22VMan%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) VMan VMAN Summer 2009 cover Categories Fashion magazine (/wiki/Fashion_magazine) Frequency Quarterly Founded 2003 ( 2003-month ) Company Visionaire (/wiki/Visionaire) Country United States (/wiki/United_States) Based in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) Language English Website www (http://www.vman.com) .vman (http://www.vman.com) .com (http://www.vman.com) ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1546-0835 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1546-0835) VMan is a magazine featuring men's clothing published as an offshoot of V (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) magazine. History and profile [ edit ] VMan was established in 2003, and is published quarterly by Visionaire Publishing, also responsible for V and Visionaire . [1] (#cite_note-1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Jacob Bernstein (August 27, 2014). "A Parting of the Ways at Visionaire" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/fashion/a-parting-of-the-ways-at-visionaire.html?_r=0) . The New York Times . Retrieved January 18, 2017 . This fashion magazine or journal-related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VMan&action=edit) . See tips for writing articles about magazines (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines/Writing_guide) . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page (/wiki/Talk:VMan) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐2glx9 Cached time: 20240712184935 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.411 seconds Real time usage: 0.560 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 765/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20221/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 669/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12282/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.300/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4016100/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 522.425 1 -total 28.54% 149.086 1 Template:Reflist 26.98% 140.948 1 Template:Infobox_magazine 25.97% 135.691 1 Template:Infobox 25.85% 135.031 1 Template:Cite_news 18.29% 95.568 1 Template:Ref_improve 17.37% 90.745 1 Template:Fashion-mag-stub 16.88% 88.209 1 Template:Asbox 16.66% 87.031 1 Template:Ambox 8.33% 43.537 1 Template:For Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22912600-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712184935 and revision id 1226118217. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VMan&oldid=1226118217 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VMan&oldid=1226118217) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Visual arts magazines published in the United States (/wiki/Category:Visual_arts_magazines_published_in_the_United_States) Quarterly magazines published in the United States (/wiki/Category:Quarterly_magazines_published_in_the_United_States) Magazines established in 2003 (/wiki/Category:Magazines_established_in_2003) Magazines published in New York City (/wiki/Category:Magazines_published_in_New_York_City) Men's fashion magazines (/wiki/Category:Men%27s_fashion_magazines) Fashion magazine stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_magazine_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2017) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) |
Anne Christine "Kiki" Sørum (16 January 1939 – 30 August 2009) was a Norwegian (/wiki/Norway) fashion journalist, editor, and author. She worked as a fashion editor for the weekly magazine Hjemmet (/wiki/Hjemmet) from 1973 to 1977 and general editor of the magazine Nicole from 1979 to 1981. She also worked as a freelancer for several publications, among these Verdens Gang (/wiki/Verdens_Gang) , Se og Hør (/wiki/Se_og_H%C3%B8r_(Norway)) and Dagbladet (/wiki/Dagbladet) . The books she authored included Hollywood i moten ( Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles,_California) in Fashion, 1986) and Kle deg magisk (Dress Magically, 1999). [1] (#cite_note-Aftenposten-1) Sørum was also recognised internationally for her fashion writing, and received the French (/wiki/France) Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres) in 2003 and became Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland (/wiki/Order_of_the_Lion_of_Finland) in 2005. [1] (#cite_note-Aftenposten-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Moteekspert Kiki Sørum er død" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090901062127/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article3241942.ece) . Aftenposten (/wiki/Aftenposten) (in Norwegian). 30 August 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article3241942.ece) on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . External links [ edit ] Home page (https://web.archive.org/web/20071114123302/http://www.kjentfolk.no/flere/kiki/) (in Norwegian) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/000000036177247X) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/223974519) National Norway (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90229518) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7df7778fc8‐5xfbm Cached time: 20240712050322 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.268 seconds Real time usage: 0.347 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 164/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6287/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 75/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9453/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.221/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15872817/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 330.879 1 -total 36.55% 120.948 1 Template:Authority_control 33.31% 110.216 1 Template:Reflist 30.07% 99.500 1 Template:In_lang 27.91% 92.361 1 Template:Cite_news 0.53% 1.746 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24167403-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712050322 and revision id 1027908109. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiki_Sørum&oldid=1027908109 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiki_Sørum&oldid=1027908109) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1939 births (/wiki/Category:1939_births) 2009 deaths (/wiki/Category:2009_deaths) Fashion journalists (/wiki/Category:Fashion_journalists) Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (/wiki/Category:Chevaliers_of_the_Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres) Commanders of the Order of the Lion of Finland (/wiki/Category:Commanders_of_the_Order_of_the_Lion_of_Finland) Norwegian women journalists (/wiki/Category:Norwegian_women_journalists) 20th-century Norwegian journalists (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Norwegian_journalists) Hidden categories: CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)) Articles with Norwegian-language sources (no) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with BIBSYS identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BIBSYS_identifiers) |
English model This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Asha_Leo) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Asha_Leo) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Asha Leo" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Asha+Leo%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Asha+Leo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Asha+Leo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Asha+Leo%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Asha+Leo%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Asha+Leo%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. 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Find sources: "Asha Leo" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Asha+Leo%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Asha+Leo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Asha+Leo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Asha+Leo%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Asha+Leo%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Asha+Leo%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Asha Leo Born ( 1982-01-05 ) 5 January 1982 (age 42) Kingston upon Thames (/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames) , England Years active 1995–present Modelling information Height 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) Hair colour Brown Eye colour Green Agency ICM, 3 Arts, Ford Models, LA Talent Website www.ashaleo.com Asha Leo (born 5 January 1982) is a British fashion model and television presenter of Welsh and Indian descent. Career [ edit ] She was discovered at the age of 13, which lead her becoming a model. Upon moving to America, Leo hosted The Brit List on BBC America. After moving to Los Angeles she hosted red carpet award shows, commenting on celebrity style as well as films and television trivia. On NBC she has hosted on both Access Hollywood and Access Hollywood Live . Her bi-weekly segment "Access Style Deals" focuses on the fashion trends. Personal life [ edit ] Leo grew up in Kingston-upon-Thames (/wiki/Kingston-upon-Thames) and attended The London College of Fashion (/wiki/The_London_College_of_Fashion) where she earned a degree in Fashion Promotion, PR, and Journalism and Broadcast. Leo attended Tiffin Girls' School (/wiki/Tiffin_Girls%27_School) . References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to Asha Leo (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Asha_Leo) . 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British luxury eyewear brand This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cutler_and_Gross) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Cutler_and_Gross) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cutler_and_Gross) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 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Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutler_and_Gross&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Cutler and Gross Company type Private Company Industry Fashion Founded 1969 Headquarters London, United Kingdom Key people Graham Cutler & Tony Gross, founders Products Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) and opticals (/wiki/Opticals) Number of employees 200 est. Website www.cutlerandgross.com (http://www.cutlerandgross.com) Cutler and Gross is a British luxury (/wiki/Luxury_good) eyewear (/wiki/Eyewear) brand, founded in London by opticians Graham Cutler and Tony Gross in 1969. The frames are handmade in the brand's atelier in Italy, and have been worn by the likes of Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) , Javier Bardem, Bill Nighy, Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) and Manolo Blahnik (/wiki/Manolo_Blahnik) . [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] The brand was started in London in 1969 by partners Graham Cutler and Tony Gross, who first met at Northampton College (/wiki/Northampton_College) while studying optometry in the early 1960s. [2] (#cite_note-2) They opened their first optician's office in Knightsbridge (/wiki/Knightsbridge) in 1971, stocking handmade bespoke frames, and soon won recognition for pioneering the concept of fashionable eyewear. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-auto-4) Their collection developed from producing only sunglasses, to currently incorporating optical designs for prescription lenses. Their products are designed to be unisex, for men, and women. It is made to complement all lifestyles and face shapes. [5] (#cite_note-5) Boutiques [ edit ] As well as their flagship boutique in London's Knightsbridge (/wiki/Knightsbridge) district, Cutler and Gross have stores in Spitalfields (/wiki/Spitalfields) , Bath, Los Angeles, Toronto, and New York. Fashion [ edit ] Cutler and Gross eyewear is designed and made in the brand's factory in Domegge di Cadore (/wiki/Domegge_di_Cadore) , Italy. [6] (#cite_note-6) The company's eyewear has been worn on catwalks and in magazines, including Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) , Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , Grazia (/wiki/Grazia) , Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , Dazed & Confused (/wiki/Dazed_%26_Confused_(magazine)) , [7] (#cite_note-7) GQ (/wiki/GQ) , Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) , Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) , The Financial Times (/wiki/The_Financial_Times) , and Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Film and television [ edit ] Cutler and Gross sunglasses and opticals have been a mainstay across film and television. Notable features include Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) in Notting Hill (/wiki/Notting_Hill_(film)) , Colin Firth (/wiki/Colin_Firth) & Samuel L. Jackson (/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson) in Kingsman: The Secret Service (/wiki/Kingsman:_The_Secret_Service) , Daniel Craig (/wiki/Daniel_Craig) in Knives Out 2 (/wiki/Knives_Out) and Michael Fassbender (/wiki/Michael_Fassbender) in The Counsellor (/wiki/The_Counselor) . Projects [ edit ] In 2008 Cutler and Gross showed their new and past collections at Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges) London. In 2009, Cutler and Gross was presented with the award for Best Accessory, by HRH Princess Royal at the UK Fashion Export Awards. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2010, Cutler and Gross eyewear was on the front cover of Graham Pullin's book Design Meets Disability . The book was dedicated to Graham Cutler and Tony Gross. 2011 marked the launch of their bi-annual magazine. On the catwalk [ edit ] Cutler and Gross eyewear has been an accessory in catwalk collections for many designers over the past few decades. Some recent collaborations include: 2009: Cutler and Gross eyewear features on the catwalks of Erdem (/wiki/Erdem_Moral%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu) , Giles Deacon (/wiki/Giles_Deacon) , Jasmine de Milo (/w/index.php?title=Jasmine_de_Milo&action=edit&redlink=1) , Twenty8Twelve (/wiki/Twenty8Twelve) , Jenny Packham (/wiki/Jenny_Packham) , Richard Nichol and Osman Yousefzada (/wiki/Osman_Yousefzada) . 2010 A/W Fashion Weeks: Their eyewear featured on the catwalks of Daks (/wiki/DAKS) , Osman Yousefzada (/wiki/Osman_Yousefzada) and b Store (/w/index.php?title=B_Store&action=edit&redlink=1) . 2011 S/S Fashion Weeks: At Paris Fashion Week, they feature the catwalks of Emanuel Ungaro (/wiki/Emanuel_Ungaro) , Cacharel (/wiki/Cacharel) and Maison Martin Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Martin_Margiela) . In London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , Cutler and Gross feature in the catwalk shows of Holly Fulton (/wiki/Holly_Fulton) , Richard Nicoll (/wiki/Richard_Nicoll) and Twenty8Twelve (/wiki/Twenty8Twelve) . Additionally, in New York Fashion Week, Cutler and Gross made an appearance on the catwalk of Tim Hamilton. 2011 A/W Fashion Weeks: In London Fashion Week, Cutler and Gross featured on the catwalks of Holly Fulton (/wiki/Holly_Fulton) and Meadham Kirchhoff (/wiki/Meadham_Kirchhoff) . During New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , Cutler and Gross appeared on the catwalk show of Timo Weiland (/wiki/Timo_Weiland) . [ citation needed ] Collaborations [ edit ] Cutler and Gross has collaborated with a range of fashion labels to create limited edition frames over the years. Recent collaborations include: Erdem (/wiki/Erdem_Moralio%C4%9Flu) : [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2009 Cutler and Gross collaborated with Canadian designer Erdem (2005 Fashion Fringe winner) to create a collection of sunglasses for the Spring/Summer 2010 collection. The collection was inspired by an image of a Japanese fisherwoman dressed in brightly printed shorts charging out from the waves across black sand. The glasses are a juxtaposition of vibrant colour pops with darker backgrounds on a 1960s style round frame. The sunglasses were created in black, black lace, tortoise, neutral stone and Erdem's customised Kyoto print. Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) : In 2010 Cutler and Gross teamed up with avant-garde French fashion label Maison Margiela. The collection of sunglasses featured two lines, 'Wrong Size' and 'Anatomic', both appearing in acetate and metal varieties. The 'Wrong Size' line consists of classic Cutler and Gross aviator-style frames which are deconstructed then reconstructed with ill-fitting lenses creating a unique range of sunglasses. The 'Anatomic' line consisted of large futuristic, wraparounds sunglasses that are designed wrap around the wearer in a custom fit. Giles Deacon (/wiki/Giles_Deacon) : In 2010 Cutler and Gross collaborated with Giles Deacon to create a range of retro inspired 'Cats Eye' sunglasses. Mirrored lenses added a modern twist to the retro style. Comme Des Garcons (/wiki/Comme_Des_Garcons) : 2009 saw the second collaboration of Cutler and Gross with Comme Des Garcons. The 'Future of Black' limited edition collection consisted of three designs, all fitted with extra dark grey tinted lenses to create a totally black look. The glasses came inside a unique glasses case covered in Comme des Garcons' own fabric. Mulberry (/wiki/Mulberry_(company)) : [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2008, Cutler and Gross collaborated with British accessories giant Mulberry. The collection showcased a small history from the archives of Cutler and Gross, dating back from the bold block colours of the early 1980s to rock & roll style of the 1990s. Thomas Tait. Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) . Martyn Bal (/wiki/Martyn_Bal) . Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) : Cutler and Gross works with the celebrity designer to create an eyewear line under her own moniker. Kingsman: The Secret Service (/wiki/Kingsman:_The_Secret_Service) . [11] (#cite_note-11) See also [ edit ] Alexander Daas (/wiki/Alexander_Daas) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Cutler and Gross - The Brand" (https://www.weloveglasses.com/brands/cutler-and-gross/) . We Love Glasses . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Tony Gross obituary" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/mar/29/tony-gross-obituary) . The Guardian . 29 March 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-3) FashionModelDirectory.com, The FMD-. "Cutler and Gross - Fashion Brand | Brands | The FMD" (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/cutler-and-gross/) . The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : |last= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-auto_4-0) "Cutler & Gross" (https://www.timeout.com/london/shopping/cutler-gross) . Time Out London . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Buy Designer Glasses and Opticals | Cutler and Gross" (https://www.cutlerandgross.com/us/opticals-designer-glasses.html?___store=cutler_store_us&___from_store=default) . www.cutlerandgross.com . Retrieved 31 May 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20111227193509/http://www.opticalprism.ca/articles/21604) "Optical Prism on Cutler and Gross" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111227193509/http://www.opticalprism.ca/articles/21604) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20111227193509/http://www.opticalprism.ca/articles/21604) . Archived from the original (http://www.opticalprism.ca/articles/21604) on 27 December 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-7) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20101013235228/http://www.masakiave.com/blog/?p=379) "Double Spread on Dazed and Confused" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101013235228/http://www.masakiave.com/blog/?p=379) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20101013235228/http://www.masakiave.com/blog/?p=379) . Archived from the original (http://www.masakiave.com/blog/?p=379) on 13 October 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "UK Fashion Exports winners announced" (https://www.drapersonline.com/news/uk-fashion-exports-winners-announced-2) . 5 June 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Erdem Eyes" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/erdem-and-cutler-and-gross-collaboration) . British Vogue . 19 November 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-10) " (http://www.theluxechronicles.com/the_luxe_chronicles/2008/01/mulberry-teams.html) "The Luxe Chronicles on Cutler and Gross" (http://www.theluxechronicles.com/the_luxe_chronicles/2008/01/mulberry-teams.html) " (http://www.theluxechronicles.com/the_luxe_chronicles/2008/01/mulberry-teams.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Kingsman - The Gentleman's Wardrobe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150205061034/http://www.mrporter.com/Content/kingsman_wardrobe) . Mr. Porter. Archived from the original (http://www.mrporter.com/Content/kingsman_wardrobe) on 5 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . External links [ edit ] Cutler and Gross official web site (http://www.cutlerandgross.com) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/305376252) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013120729) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐569fcb5c45‐spk7g Cached time: 20240718143013 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.335 seconds Real time usage: 0.415 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2292/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 84830/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 15940/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 52692/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.228/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6597053/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 383.648 1 -total 28.23% 108.311 4 Template:Ambox 28.20% 108.189 1 Template:Reflist 24.45% 93.796 11 Template:Cite_web 17.96% 68.896 1 Template:Multiple_issues 17.91% 68.718 1 Template:Authority_control 17.34% 66.535 1 Template:Infobox_company 15.30% 58.691 1 Template:Infobox 11.01% 42.250 1 Template:Short_description 10.77% 41.326 1 Template:More_citations_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34290537-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718143013 and revision id 1235279113. 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(Redirected from Slippers (/w/index.php?title=Slippers&redirect=no) ) Informal footwear For other uses, see Slipper (disambiguation) (/wiki/Slipper_(disambiguation)) . Open-heeled slippers Slippers are a type of shoes falling under the broader category of light footwear (/wiki/Footwear) , that are easy to put on and off and are intended to be worn indoors, particularly at home. [1] (#cite_note-1) They provide comfort and protection for the feet when walking indoors. History [ edit ] The recorded history of slippers can be traced back to the 12th century. [2] (#cite_note-2) In the West (/wiki/Western_world) , the record can only be traced to 1478. [3] (#cite_note-3) [ better source needed ] [4] (#cite_note-4) [ failed verification ] The English word "slippers" ( sclyppers ) occurs from about 1478. [5] (#cite_note-5) English-speakers formerly also used the related term " pantofles (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pantofles) " (from French pantoufle ). Peranakan (/wiki/Peranakan) Chinese wedding slippers from the late 19th century Slippers in China (/wiki/China) date from 4700 BCE; [ dubious – discuss (/wiki/Talk:Slipper#Dubious) ] they were made of cotton or woven rush, had leather linings, and featured symbols of power, such as dragons. [6] (#cite_note-6) Native American moccasins were also highly decorative. Such moccasins depicted nature scenes and were embellished with beadwork and fringing; their soft sure-footedness made them suitable for indoors appropriation. Inuit and Aleut people made shoes from smoked hare-hide to protect their feet against the frozen ground inside their homes. [7] (#cite_note-7) Fashionable Orientalism (/wiki/Orientalism) saw the introduction into the West of designs like the baboosh (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baboosh) . Victorian (/wiki/Victorian_era) people needed such shoes to keep the dust and gravel outside their homes. [8] (#cite_note-8) For Victorian (/wiki/Victorian_era) ladies slippers gave an opportunity to show off their needlepoint skills and to use embroidery as decoration. [9] (#cite_note-9) Types [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Slipper) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Types of slippers include: Open-heel slippers – usually made with a fabric upper layer that encloses the top of the foot and the toes, but leaves the heel open. These are often distributed in expensive hotels, included with the cost of the room. Closed slippers – slippers with a heel guard that prevents the foot from sliding out. Slipper boots – slippers meant to look like boots. Often favored by women, they are typically furry boots with a fleece or soft lining, and a soft rubber sole. Modeled after sheepskin boots (/wiki/Sheepskin_boots) , they may be worn outside. Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) slippers – cushioned sandals with soft rubber or fabric soles, similar to Birkenstock (/wiki/Birkenstock) 's cushioned sandals. Evening slipper, also known as the "Prince Albert" slipper in reference to Albert, Prince Consort (/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort) . It is made of velvet with leather soles and features a grosgrain (/wiki/Grosgrain) bow or the wearer’s initials embroidered in gold. Novelty animal-feet slippers Some slippers are made to resemble something other than a slipper and are sold as a novelty item (/wiki/Novelty_item) . The slippers are usually made from soft and colorful materials and may come in the shapes of animals, animal paws, vehicles, cartoon characters, etc. Not all shoes with a soft fluffy interior are slippers. Any shoe with a rubber sole and laces is a normal outdoor shoe. In India, rubber chappals (/wiki/Chappal) (flip-flops) are worn as indoor shoes. [10] (#cite_note-10) In popular culture [ edit ] The fictional character Cinderella (/wiki/Cinderella) is said to have worn glass slippers; in modern parlance, they would probably be called glass high heels (/wiki/High_heels) . This motif was introduced in Charles Perrault (/wiki/Charles_Perrault) 's 1697 version of the fairy tale (/wiki/Fairy_tale) , "Cendrillon ou la petite pantoufle de verre" "Cinderella, or The Little Glass Slipper". For some years it was debated that this detail was a mistranslation and the slippers in the story were instead made of fur (French: vair ), but this interpretation has since been discredited by folklorists. [11] (#cite_note-11) A pair of ruby slippers (/wiki/Ruby_slippers) worn by Judy Garland (/wiki/Judy_Garland) in The Wizard of Oz (/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)) sold at Christie's in June 1988 for $165,000. The same pair was resold on May 24, 2000, for $666,000. [12] (#cite_note-12) On both occasions, they were the most expensive shoes from a film to be sold at auction. [13] (#cite_note-13) In Hawaii and many islands of The Caribbean (/wiki/Caribbean) , slippers, or "slippahs" is used for describing flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) . [14] (#cite_note-14) The term "house shoes" (elided into how-shuze ) is common in the American South (/wiki/American_South) . [15] (#cite_note-15) See also [ edit ] Bunny slippers (/wiki/Bunny_slippers) Moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin) Lady's slipper orchids (/wiki/Lady%27s_slipper_orchid) Ruby slippers (/wiki/Ruby_slippers) Slip-on shoe (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Slippering (/wiki/Slippering) (punishment) Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Definition of (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/slipper) slipper Retrieved 2017-09-12 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Compare: Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (17 March 2015). "Slippers: Slippers in History" (https://books.google.com/books?id=gO9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA532) . World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence . Routledge. p. 532. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-45167-9 . Retrieved 24 April 2024 . Ancient Athenians imported Laconian slippers from Sparta or Asian slip-ons from Persia. [...] Roman women wore socci (slippers) indoors and for assignations. [...] After 449, Anglo-Saxon grooms received their brides' 'slype-scoes' (slip-shoes) from their fathers-in-law as symbols of protection and female control. [...] Trends continued to offer new sensations, as with the Italian pianella (wedge mule) and the scarpetta (slipper) of the late 1300s made in the same fabric as an ensemble. In contrast to the stride of the booted male, women adjusted their gait to suit the slipper, an emblem of femininity. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "History of the Slipper" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170922100857/https://betsyblue.co.uk/blogs/news/9037635-history-of-the-slipper) . betsyblue.co.uk . September 10, 2013. Archived from the original (https://betsyblue.co.uk/blogs/news/9037635-history-of-the-slipper) on 2017-09-22 . Retrieved 2020-03-01 . The earliest recorded reference to the slipper was is[sic] in the 12th Century by a Southern Song Dynasty Officer where he describes two types of slipper he saw in what is now Vietnam. [...] In the West, slippers were first recorded around 1478. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Slipper History" (http://www.iinuu.eu/en/wisdom/good-to-know/slipper-history) . iinuu.eu . September 9, 2010 . Retrieved 2020-03-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "slipper" (https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=slipper) . Oxford English Dictionary (/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) (Online ed.). Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . (Subscription or participating institution membership (https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (17 March 2015). World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence . Routledge. p. 532. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-45167-9 . In China as early as 4700 B.C.E,, court robes and cotton or woven rush slippers sported leather linings and embroidered dragon-and-phoenix designs as emblems of power. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The history of the slipper" (https://www.ernestjournal.co.uk/blog/2017/8/14/the-history-of-the-slipper) . Ernest journal . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 2022-03-30 . Inuit and Aleut people would make shoes from smoked hare hide to protect their feet against the frozen ground inside their homes. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The history of the slipper" (https://www.ernestjournal.co.uk/blog/2017/8/14/the-history-of-the-slipper) . Ernest journal . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 2022-03-30 . [...] the discerning Victorian gentleman was in need of a pair of 'house shoes' in order to keep the dust and gravel outside – much better than ruining his expensive rug and beautifully polished floor. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The history of the slipper" (https://www.ernestjournal.co.uk/blog/2017/8/14/the-history-of-the-slipper) . Ernest journal . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 2022-03-30 . Embroidered slippers presented Victorian ladies (on both sides of the Atlantic) with an opportunity to show off their needlepoint skills. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Khanna, Parul (3 October 2009). "Hawai chappal the new fashion accessory!" (http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/hawai-chappal-the-new-fashion-accessory/story-ApEvMe8tiIjRDhcsizQaWI.html) . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Tatar, Maria. The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Ruby red slippers fetch $666,000" (https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ruby-red-slippers-fetch-666-000-1.275235) . The Irish Times . Retrieved 2023-04-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Most expensive shoes from a film sold at auction" (http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-expensive-shoes-from-a-film-sold-at-auction) . guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 2018-12-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Kell, Duke; Kell, Nancy (9 August 2022). Teaching with Equity: Strategies and Resources for Building a Culturally Responsive and Race-Conscious Classroom . Simon and Schuster. p. 160. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-64604-379-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Cassidy, Frederic Gomes, and Joan Houston Hall (eds). (2002) Dictionary of American Regional English . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 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French blue-and-white striped cotton shirt This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Marini%C3%A8re) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Marinière" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marini%C3%A8re%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marini%C3%A8re%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marini%C3%A8re%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marini%C3%A8re%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marini%C3%A8re%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marini%C3%A8re%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Marinière of the French Navy (/wiki/French_Navy) A marinière ( French: [maʁinjɛʁ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ), or tricot rayé ( French: [tʁiko (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ʁɛje] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ; lit. ' striped sweater ' ), is a cotton long-sleeved shirt with horizontal blue and white stripes. Characteristically worn by quartermasters (/wiki/Quartermaster#French_Navy) and seamen (/wiki/Seaman_(rank)) in the French Navy (/wiki/French_Navy) , it has become a staple in civilian French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) and, especially outside France, this kind of striped garment is often part of the stereotypical image of a French person. [1] (#cite_note-1) It is also known as a Breton shirt , as many sailors in the French Navy were from Brittany (/wiki/Brittany) . History [ edit ] French sailor in uniform, early 20th century Regulations of 27 March 1858 introduced the blue-and-white marinière to the French Navy (/wiki/French_Navy) 's official uniform for seamen (/wiki/Seaman_(rank)) , describing it thus: Le corps de la chemise devra compter 21 rayures blanches, chacune deux fois plus large que les 20 à 21 rayures bleu indigo. The body shall have 21 white stripes, each twice as wide as the 20 or 21 navy blue (/wiki/Navy_blue) stripes. A genuine marinière has, front and back, twenty navy blue stripes each 10 millimetres (0.4 in) wide, spaced 20 millimetres (0.8 in) apart, and on the sleeves fourteen navy blue stripes spaced the same. [Note 1] (#cite_note-2) The three-quarter-length sleeves must be no longer than those of the overjacket, [2] (#cite_note-lexpress-mars2012-3) and the flared collar must reach the neck. The " Tricot bleu de service courant Marine nationale " ("French Navy Standard Duty Blue Jersey") is part of Uniforms 22bis and 23. [ citation needed ] Sailors used to say that the stripes made it easier to see men who had fallen into the sea. [ citation needed ] Marinières were made by independent tailors, but eventually were made in navy workshops; army tailoring was a separate duty, often performed by conscripts. Marinières became a large product in France, manufactured by companies such as Saint James (/w/index.php?title=Saint_James_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1) , Armor Lux (/w/index.php?title=Armor_Lux&action=edit&redlink=1) [3] (#cite_note-4) and Orcival (/w/index.php?title=Orcival_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1) . Fashion [ edit ] Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) , in the interwar period Although it originated in the Navy, the marinière has been an important fashion item ever since. During the First World War (/wiki/First_World_War) , Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) regularly took seaside holidays and was inspired by the local sailors' uniforms. At her second shop in Deauville (/wiki/Deauville) she launched the "Navy Style", a short marinière. In doing so she continued the emancipation of women's bodies and the "practical" side of her creations, by using simple jersey fabric (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) during times of privation. Her marinières became widespread luxury items. Years later, Karl Lagerfield (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfield) paid homage to House of Chanel (/wiki/House_of_Chanel) by regularly recreating the marinière for his fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) , [4] (#cite_note-5) especially in his ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) summer collection "Croisière". [5] (#cite_note-yk-6) In the 1940s the marinière was worn by John Wayne (/wiki/John_Wayne) , then Jean Cocteau (/wiki/Jean_Cocteau) , Pablo Picasso (/wiki/Pablo_Picasso) , [2] (#cite_note-lexpress-mars2012-3) Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) , Marcel Marceau (/wiki/Marcel_Marceau) . Much later, Sting (/wiki/Sting_(musician)) modelled for photographs wearing one. Mime artist Marcel Marceau (/wiki/Marcel_Marceau) , 1963, by Erling Mandelmann (/wiki/Erling_Mandelmann) In the 1960s, after Jean Seberg (/wiki/Jean_Seberg) 's appearance in a marinière in the film Breathless (/wiki/Breathless_(1960_film)) , Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) introduced it into his premier collections, [6] (#cite_note-7) causing a fashion revolution in haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) . Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) has been in love with the marinière since the 1980s, in all its forms, styles and the most diverse materials. In 1983, it was the major element of his Boy Toy collection, Gaultier greeting the audience at the end of the show in a "classic classic", a marinière. [Note 2] (#cite_note-8) In 2006, the marinière was rediscovered as an item of eveningwear. [7] (#cite_note-palomo-9) Yvette Horner (/wiki/Yvette_Horner) dressed in a marinière to model it for Pierre and Gilles (/wiki/Pierre_and_Gilles) , who used it as the design of flacons (/wiki/Flacon) for Gaultier's fragrance line " Le Mâle (/wiki/Le_M%C3%A2le) ". [8] (#cite_note-10) [9] (#cite_note-11) For him and his "children" [10] (#cite_note-12) and his partners [11] (#cite_note-13) the marinière has become an integral part of the world of fashion. In the 2000s, Kenzo Takada (/wiki/Kenzo_Takada) started selling marinières, with polka dots, [12] (#cite_note-14) Sonia Rykiel (/wiki/Sonia_Rykiel) having previously used differently coloured stripes, most often black, before returning to white on blue. [13] (#cite_note-15) In 2010, the marinière set the trend: the Elite modelling agency (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) in its annual competition, it dressed the finalists in them; Prada (/wiki/Prada) added them in its September collection, Gilas Loaëc (/w/index.php?title=Gilas_Loa%C3%ABc&action=edit&redlink=1) 's Breton brand Kitsuné (/wiki/Kitsun%C3%A9) , took it up, [14] (#cite_note-16) as did Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) and others. The following year, the France national football team (/wiki/France_national_football_team) commissioned its supplier Nike (/wiki/Nike_(company)) for new away kit (/wiki/Away_kit) as a white jersey with blue stripes, [15] (#cite_note-17) taking inspiration from the marinière. [16] (#cite_note-18) It was seldom used. Much commented upon – and criticised – this striped kit was dropped eleven months afterwards in favour of a much plainer all-white strip. [17] (#cite_note-19) In April 2011, the boutique Colette (/wiki/Colette_(boutique)) had the marinière as its theme, represented by many ready-to-wear brands: Chanel, Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) , Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s_International) , Ladurée (/wiki/Ladur%C3%A9e) , Longchamp (/wiki/Longchamp_(company)) and its Montblanc (/wiki/Montblanc_(company)) range of baggage, YSL (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , Swatch (/wiki/Swatch) , and others. Jean Paul Gaultier had an offering as always, but so did Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo) , Oscar de la Renta (/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta) , and The Row (/wiki/Mary-Kate_and_Ashley_Olsen#The_Row) . [5] (#cite_note-yk-6) Alexis Mabille (/wiki/Alexis_Mabille) [2] (#cite_note-lexpress-mars2012-3) [18] (#cite_note-20) incorporated it into collections. A year later, Thom Browne (/wiki/Thom_Browne) used the blue-and-white motif on trousers, for Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) , [19] (#cite_note-21) followed by A.P.C. (/wiki/A.P.C.) and Marc by Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) . [20] (#cite_note-22) In addition to traditional French companies Armor Lux (/w/index.php?title=Armor_Lux&action=edit&redlink=1) , Saint James (/w/index.php?title=Saint_James_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1) only since 1982 (which at that time completed its historic wool manufacture with cotton) [21] (#cite_note-23) [22] (#cite_note-24) and the venerable Orcival (/w/index.php?title=Orcival_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1) , [23] (#cite_note-25) who has been manufacturing marinières in France since it supplied the French Navy, the brand Petit Bateau (/wiki/Petit_Bateau) [24] (#cite_note-26) have taken up the marinière after a long absence, using it in a range of styles. [25] (#cite_note-27) [26] (#cite_note-28) In 2017, the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) has chosen the Orcival Breton top to epitomize the genuine Breton top for its exhibition "Is Fashion Modern?" [27] (#cite_note-29) Political symbol [ edit ] On 19 October 2012, Arnaud Montebourg (/wiki/Arnaud_Montebourg) , the French Industry Minister, wore an Armor Lux marinière in a cover photo (/wiki/Cover_photo) for Le Parisien (/wiki/Le_Parisien) ' s magazine. [28] (#cite_note-30) Montebourg had agreed to the magazine's request to wear the marinière, with a French-made watch, in front of French-made household appliances. The cover article was a ten-page dossier on " Made in France (/wiki/Made_in_France) ", Montebourg's domestic production drive. See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sailor suit (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Telnyashka (/wiki/Telnyashka) – An undershirt used with military uniforms in Russia inspired by the marinière Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-2) There can be twenty-one on the body and fifteen on the sleeves for very tall sailors. Legend has it that each of the twenty-one represents one of Napoleon's victories (/wiki/Napoleonic_wars) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Two years later, in 1985, Charlotte Gainsbourg (/wiki/Charlotte_Gainsbourg) wore one in L'Effrontée (/wiki/L%27Effront%C3%A9e) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) The ultimate symbol of French cool (https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160309-the-ultimate-symbol-of-french-cool) . bbc.com by Katya Foreman 9 March 2016 ^ Jump up to: a b c de Monplanet, Anne Cécile (14 March 2012). "La marinière en 4 dates". L'Express Styles (in French) (3167). L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) : 30. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0014-5270 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-5270) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Très chère marinière" (http://www.puretrend.com/rubrique/histoire-de-la-mode_r16/tres-chere-mariniere_a32132/1) [Very dear marinière]. puretrend.com . July 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Charlot, Aurore (9 June 2009). "Les basiques de la maison Chanel" (http://www.elle.fr/Mode/Dossiers-mode/Les-basiques-de-la-maison-Chanel-871206#La-mariniere-871223) [House of Chanel basics]. Elle magazine (/wiki/Elle_magazine) (in French) . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Neuville, Julien (27 June 2012). "Les quinze collections croisières qui nous ont fait chavirer!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120902030756/http://www.ykone.com/les-quinze-collections-croisieres-qui-nous-ont-fait-chavirer) [Fifteen Croisière collections that had us all at sea!]. ykone.com (in French). Archived from the original (http://www.ykone.com/les-quinze-collections-croisieres-qui-nous-ont-fait-chavirer) on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Quilleriet, Anne-Laure (5 June 2008). "Saint Laurent forever..." (http://www.lexpress.fr/informations/saint-laurent-forever_723513.html) L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) (in French) . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-palomo_9-0) Palomo-Lovinski, Noël (2011). "Jean Paul Gaultier". Les plus grands créateurs de mode: de Coco Chanel à Jean Paul Gaultier (in French). Pomier, Lise-Éliane (translator). Paris. p. 75. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-212-55178-5 . La marinière à rayures bleu marine et blanches est la signature de Gaultier... pour fêter trente ans de collections, clin d'œil de Gaultier à lui-même en créant cette robe du soir. [The blue-and-white marinière is Gaultier's signature... after thirty years of collections, in a blink of an eye it has become eveningwear.] {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : |work= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored) ) CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Le flacon "Le Mâle" (http://www.jeanpaulgaultier.com/shop/fr/le-male/le-male-l-eau-de-toilette.html) " (http://www.jeanpaulgaultier.com/shop/fr/le-male/le-male-l-eau-de-toilette.html) . jeanpaulgaultier.com (in French). ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Merci Jean-Paul" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141209075349/http://www.strategies.fr/articles/r12729W/merci-jean-paul.html) . strategies.fr (in French). 26 May 2000. Archived from the original (http://www.strategies.fr/articles/r12729W/merci-jean-paul.html) on 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Pouliquen, Katell (4 September 2009). "Jean Paul Gaultier lance sa ligne enfant" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode-beaute/mode/jean-paul-gaultier-lance-sa-ligne-enfant_784364.html) [Jean-Paul Gaultier launches his children's line]. L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) . Styles (in French) . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ronin, Caroline (18 December 2009). "Jean-Paul Gaultier collabore avec Pataugas" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode-beaute/mode/jean-paul-gaultier-collabore-avec-pataugas_837116.html) [Jean-Paul Gaultier partners with Pataugas]. L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) . Styles (in French) . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Gray, Héloïse (2 March 2006). "Esprit marin" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode-beaute/mode/esprit-marin_482879.html) [Sea spirit]. L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) (in French) . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Dormoy, Géraldine (10 February 2010). "La collection Sonia Rykiel pour H&M en images" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode-beaute/mode/la-collection-sonia-rykiel-pour-h-m-en-images_848041.html) [Sonia Rykiel's collection for H&M in pictures]. L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) . Styles (in French) . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Pouliquen, Katell (24 June 2010). "Quand les voyages inspirent les créateurs" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode-beaute/mode/quand-les-voyages-inspirent-les-createurs_901036.html) [When travel inspires designers]. L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) . Styles (in French) . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Maillot Marinière Équipe de France extérieur 2011 Nike" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHS-3DLTDOw) [Marinière of France's 2011 Nike away strip]. YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) (in French) . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Le nouveau maillot des Bleus, il est..." (http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/sport/le-nouveau-maillot-des-bleus-il-est_969592.html) [The new Blues kit, it's...]. L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) (in French). 7 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Les Bleus abandonnent la marinière" (http://www.lefigaro.fr/sport-business/2012/02/24/20006-20120224ARTFIG00407-les-bleus-abandonnent-leur-mariniere.php) [Blues Drop Marinière]. Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) (in French). 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Acou-Bouaziz, Katrin (24 June 2011). "Défilé: Alexis Mabille et me déshabille" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/defiles-de-mode/defile-alexis-mabille-et-me-deshabille_1006043.html) [Exposed: Alex Mabille and my undressing]. L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Les rayures prennent le large" (http://www.lefigaro.fr/lefigaromagazine/2012/07/05/01006-20120705ARTFIG00776-les-rayures-prennent-le-large.php) [Stripes are feeling the width]. Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) Magazine (in French). 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Le B.A.-BA... de la marinière" (http://www.lemonde.fr/web/recherche_breve/1,13-0,37-1204503,0.html) [DYB DYB DYB... in a marinière]. Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) (in French). 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Saint-James, la mode marine " made in Normandy " (https://www.lafabriquehexagonale.com/2009/11/saint-james-la-mode-marine-made-in-normandy/) " (https://www.lafabriquehexagonale.com/2009/11/saint-james-la-mode-marine-made-in-normandy/) (in French). La Fabrique hexagonale. 22 November 2009 . Retrieved 2020-03-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Les tricots Saint James" (http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=0021f0tsmt4rgmfr&forumId=002163tlv6ysz98x&action=messageDetail&messageId=00226kyg34kz2ai7) . viadeo (in French). 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Beaugé, Marc (2 November 2012). "Est-ce bien raisonnable de porter une marinière?" (http://www.lemonde.fr/style/article/2012/11/02/est-ce-bien-raisonnable-de-porter-une-mariniere_1784091_1575563.html) [Is it very wise to wear a marinière?]. Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) Magazine . Style (in French) . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Encore largement produite en France, chez Saint James, Orcival ou Armor-Lux [Once again one of France's growing products] ^ (#cite_ref-26) "La marinière Petit Bateau" (http://www.tendances-de-mode.com/2008/04/14/792-la-mariniere-petit-bateau) [The Petit Bateau marinière]. tendances-de-mode.com (in French). 14 April 2008 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Pouget, Clémence (29 February 2012). "La collection Herman Düne pour Petit Bateau" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode/la-collection-herman-duene-pour-petit-bateau_1087084.html) . L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) . Styles (in French) . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Allègre, Claire-Marie (18 April 2012). "Une nouvelle collection Petit Bateau avec Tsumori Chisato" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/minute-mode/une-nouvelle-collection-petit-bateau-avec-tsumori-chisato_1105651.html) [New Petit Bateau collection with Tsumori Chisato]. L'Express (/wiki/L%27Express) . Styles (in French) . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "MoMA Plunges Headfirst Into Fashion" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/arts/design/moma-items-is-fashion-modern-review.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . 5 October 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Arnaud Montebourg en marinière: Made in France... sauf sa montre!" (http://www.purepeople.com/article/arnaud-montebourg-en-mariniere-made-in-france-sauf-sa-montre_a109048) [Arnaud Montebourg wearing a marinière... but without his watch!]. purepeople.com (in French). Le Parisien (/wiki/Le_Parisien) . 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . External links [ edit ] Look up marinière (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/marini%C3%A8re) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 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British womenswear fashion label The Fold London Industry Clothing Founded 2012 Founder Polly McMaster (/wiki/Polly_McMaster) Website https://thefoldlondon.com (https://thefoldlondon.com) The Fold London is a British womenswear fashion label providing luxury business attire, and describes itself as offering "the feminine alternative to the Savile Row suit". [1] (#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-1) The brand is London-based, with a large retail store in Belgravia (/wiki/Belgravia) , London. [2] (#cite_note-Drapers-2) History [ edit ] The company was founded in 2012 by British entrepreneur Polly McMaster, a former finance executive. [1] (#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-1) [2] (#cite_note-Drapers-2) McMaster is an alumnus of London Business School (/wiki/London_Business_School) , and was included in the Management Today (/wiki/Management_Today) list of "35 under 35". [3] (#cite_note-3) The Fold is backed by Active Partners, [1] (#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-1) with Nick Evans (founder of Evans Cycle) leading the board of investors. [4] (#cite_note-Active_Partners-4) The company began by offering a "semi-bespoke" service from a studio and workshop in London's Clerkenwell (/wiki/Clerkenwell) , and this facility had closed by the time the first store had opened in 2018. [2] (#cite_note-Drapers-2) [5] (#cite_note-Financial_Times-5) Their first store opened in March 2018, a 1,400 sq ft space in a grade II listed building in Cadogan Place (/wiki/Cadogan_Place) , in London's Belgravia (/wiki/Belgravia) . [2] (#cite_note-Drapers-2) [5] (#cite_note-Financial_Times-5) The store's interior design was created by the all women London-based firm KKD. [5] (#cite_note-Financial_Times-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) In August 2018, Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) included The Fold in its "Chic, smart and British: The 5 workwear brands to stock up on this autumn", and wrote, "corporate dressing doesn't have to be frumpy". [7] (#cite_note-Tatler-7) The brand has been included in workwear recommendations articles from publications including Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) [8] (#cite_note-8) and Who What Wear . [9] (#cite_note-9) Awards and recognition [ edit ] In 2016, The Fold was one of 12 companies selected the by UK luxury brand association Walpole (founded by John Ayton (/wiki/John_Ayton) ) for its Brands of Tomorrow programme. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-Walpole-12) For several years, the company has supported Smartworks.org, a charity dedicated to donating free, smart workwear for women going back to work after a period of unemployment, with donations and fundraising activities. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Notable customers [ edit ] Notable customers include the Duchess of Cambridge (/wiki/Duchess_of_Cambridge) , [1] (#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-1) Pippa Middleton (/wiki/Pippa_Middleton) , [15] (#cite_note-15) Holly Willoughby (/wiki/Holly_Willoughby) , [16] (#cite_note-16) and Samantha Cameron (/wiki/Samantha_Cameron) . [12] (#cite_note-Walpole-12) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Burn-Callander, Rebecca (19 December 2015). "Luxury womenswear brand The Fold to expand overseas" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/12058305/Luxury-womenswear-brand-The-Fold-to-expand-overseas.html) . The Daily Telegraph . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235) . Retrieved 11 January 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Sutherland, Emily (13 March 2018). "Welcome to The Fold's first physical store" (https://www.drapersonline.com/business-operations/stores/welcome-to-the-folds-first-physical-store/7029279.article) . Drapers . Retrieved 15 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Inspiring women: Polly McMaster" (https://startups.co.uk/inspiring-women-polly-mcmaster/) . Startups.co.uk . 2016-06-30 . Retrieved 2020-01-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-Active_Partners_4-0) "Nick Evans, Partner" (https://active.partners/people-profile/nick) . Active Partners . Retrieved 15 January 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Groom, Avril (1 March 2018). "The Fold opens its first flagship boutique" (https://howtospendit.ft.com/womens-style/202873-the-fold-opens-its-first-flagship-boutique) . The Financial Times . Retrieved 15 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The Fold" (https://www.kkd.co.uk/featured/the-fold) . Kinnersley Kent Design . Retrieved 2020-01-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tatler_7-0) Annabelle Spranklen, Annabelle Spranklen (31 August 2018). "Chic, smart and British: The 5 workwear brands to stock up on this autumn" (https://www.tatler.com/article/best-british-work-wear-labels) . Tatler . Retrieved 15 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Goldstone, Penny (August 21, 2019). "10 new shoe brands I'm excited about for autumn/winter" (https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/fashion/new-shoe-brands-666319) . Marie Claire . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Langedijk, Bonnie (November 20, 2018). "10 Pieces Later, You've Got a Perfect Business Capsule Wardrobe" (https://www.whowhatwear.co.uk/business-capsule-wardrobe/slide3) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Hounslea, Tara (19 January 2016). "The Fold and Milli Millu selected as Walpole's Brands of Tomorrow" (https://www.drapersonline.com/news/walpole-announces-its-brands-of-tomorrow/7003975.article) . Drapers . Retrieved 15 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Brands of Tomorrow" (https://www.thewalpole.co.uk/programmes/brands-of-tomorrow/) . Walpole . Retrieved 2020-01-13 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The Fold" (http://walpole100.thewalpole.co.uk/fashion-and-apparel/the-fold/) . Walpole . Retrieved 15 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "The Fold Woman: an interview with CEO Kate Stephens" (https://smartworks.org.uk/london/the-fold-speak-with-ceo-kate-stephens/) . Smart Works . 28 June 2019 . Retrieved 2020-01-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Meghan's fashion tips as new patron" (https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-46831763/meghan-markle-s-fashion-tips-as-new-patron-of-smart-works) . BBC News . Retrieved 2020-01-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Pippa Middleton wears £500 dress by British designer to the Royal Wedding" (https://metro.co.uk/2018/05/19/pippa-middleton-wears-500-dress-british-designer-fold-dress-royal-wedding-7559359/) . Metro . 2018-05-19 . Retrieved 2020-01-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Holly Willoughby's grey tea dress she wore on This Morning is THE perfect date outfit" (https://www.hellomagazine.com/fashion/celebrity-style/2020011383068/holly-willoughby-grey-dress-this-morning-instagram-the-fold/) . HELLO! . 2020-01-13 . Retrieved 2020-01-13 . 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1951 birthday dress worn in England Cream Dior dress of Princess Margaret Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret) 's 21st birthday portrait, taken by Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) Designer Dior (/wiki/Dior) Year 1951 Type Off-the-shoulder couture gown Material Silk (/wiki/Silk) organza over satin (/wiki/Satin) Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret) wore a cream Dior (/wiki/Dior) dress for her 21st birthday commemorations at Sandringham House (/wiki/Sandringham_House) in 1951. The off-the-shoulder silk gown was created and customised by designer Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , whom Margaret became closely associated with. The princess was captured in the piece, dubbed one of her favourite dresses, by Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) , with the portrait becoming one of the most memorable royal photographs of the twentieth century. The dress has been cited as a part of fashion history, and has been a part of the permanent collection at the Museum of London (/wiki/Museum_of_London) since 1968. Background [ edit ] Princess Margaret originally met Dior during her first trip to Europe. [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) Following his first fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) in London, Dior put together a special presentation at the Embassy of France (/wiki/Embassy_of_France,_London) for members of the royal family, including Margaret, Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II) , Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (/wiki/Princess_Marina,_Duchess_of_Kent) , and Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (/wiki/Princess_Olga_of_Greece_and_Denmark) . [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) Dior admired the princess's style and described her as "very charming". [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) In terms of dressing, her sister was expected to remain loyal to British brands, whereas Margaret could afford to take bolder risks with fashion. [2] (#cite_note-people-2) She subsequently became one of his first high-profile English clients. [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) In 1951, Princess Margaret ordered her 21st birthday gown from the Dior's 'Oblique' line, an adaption of the 'Matinee Poetique' design that had been presented in the Spring/Summer collection. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) [2] (#cite_note-people-2) Design and debut [ edit ] The dress is an embroidered, off-the-shoulder cream couture gown with chiffon sleeves, made of silk organza over satin, and featuring beads, mother-of-pearls, sequins and raffia detailing. [5] (#cite_note-w-5) [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) The outfit is a two-piece, with the top consisting of boned bodice as well as a dropped shoulder sash. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) [6] (#cite_note-telegraph-6) The seven-layer voluminous skirt, which is gathered into a 55 cm waist, has an inner layer of silk, three layers of netting, and two outer layers of organza. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) During the dress's customisation, Dior asked Margaret if she felt like a silver or gold person; she chose gold. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) As a result, the front panel is intricately embroidered with gold rhinestones. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) The use of synthetic materials permitted for specific colors and effects, and was considered a modern choice made by the princess for a royal event. [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) [7] (#cite_note-mental-7) This was Dior's intention, as he aimed to "mark a departure" from the simplistic fashions of wartime years. [7] (#cite_note-mental-7) The raffia (/wiki/Raffia) elements were in line with trends of the 1950s, with the dress embodying Dior's New Look (/wiki/New_Look_(style_of_clothing)) , which reintroduced feminine features and voluminous skirts in a post- World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) era. [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) [2] (#cite_note-people-2) Upon viewing the gown, the princess joked that the adornments resembled potato peelings. [7] (#cite_note-mental-7) Princess Margaret wore the dress to her birthday commemorations, which took place at Sandringham House (/wiki/Sandringham_House) . [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) She was photographed in the gown by Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) for her official birthday portrait; she was captured reclining on a plush red sofa with an ornate tapestry backdrop, wearing a five-strand pearl necklace. [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) The photograph became one of the most famous royal portraits of the twentieth century. [8] (#cite_note-8) The princess rewore the dress two months later on 21 November 1951, where she was the guest of honour at a charity gala organised by the Cercle de l'Union interalliée (/wiki/Cercle_de_l%27Union_interalli%C3%A9e) in benefit of the Hertford British Hospital (/wiki/Hertford_British_Hospital) . [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) The event took place at the Hôtel Perrinet de Jars (/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Perrinet_de_Jars) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , and had "the grandest names of the French aristocracy" in attendance. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) Princess Margaret accessorised the gown with a Cartier platinum and diamond tiara, a diamond necklace, two bracelets, and evening gloves (/wiki/Evening_gloves) . [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) The princess later stated that the piece was her "favourite dress of all", keeping the gown for seventeen years before its donation to the Museum of London (/wiki/Museum_of_London) , which was then based at Kensington Palace (/wiki/Kensington_Palace) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) Legacy and exhibition [ edit ] Princess Margaret, considered a fashion icon (/wiki/Fashion_icon) , remained a customer of Dior throughout her life, through the tenure of Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , transitioning from couture to ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) . [10] (#cite_note-another-10) [2] (#cite_note-people-2) [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) In his autobiography, Dior wrote that Margaret "crystallised the whole popular frantic interest in royalty". [10] (#cite_note-another-10) Several Dior pieces were marketed 'as worn by Princess Margaret' after her purchase. [10] (#cite_note-another-10) Katie Frost for Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , Katie Trotter of Vogue Arabia (/wiki/Vogue_Arabia) , Dean Mayo Davies from Another Magazine (/wiki/Another_Magazine) , and Brigit Katz of Smithsonian (/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)) magazine all referred to both the gown and portrait as "iconic", with Katz calling the look "the vision of a princess." [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) [11] (#cite_note-evogue-11) [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) [10] (#cite_note-another-10) Beatrice Behlen, curator of the Museum of London, compared the dress's "sweeping lines" to Cinderella (/wiki/Cinderella) 's ballgown. [4] (#cite_note-mol-4) Vogue Arabia deemed the dress as one of the 10 most important moments in fashion history. [11] (#cite_note-evogue-11) In 2019, the dress was loaned from the London Museum to the V&A Museum (/wiki/V%26A_Museum) , as part of 'Dior in Britain' exhibition, covering the impact of his 'New Look'. [12] (#cite_note-12) [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) A gala was held in January to mark the exhibit, attended by Princess Margaret's children, Lady Sarah Chatto (/wiki/Lady_Sarah_Chatto) and David Armstrong-Jones, Earl of Snowdon (/wiki/David_Armstrong-Jones) . [2] (#cite_note-people-2) The gown was the centrepiece of the exhibit, and had to be restored by curators upon its arrival, with conservator Emily Austin speculating that the wear-and-tear indicated that the gown was "well-loved". [3] (#cite_note-smiths-3) Harper's Bazaar called the dress "one of the standout dresses of the show". [1] (#cite_note-harpers-1) Upon viewing the exhibition, Another Magazine stated that "the gown wears beautifully the fragile passing of time – it has enjoyed itself, as it should – yet its intricate couture embroidery remains, bulletproof: you get what you pay for". [10] (#cite_note-another-10) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Wedding dress of Princess Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret) Poltimore Tiara (/wiki/Poltimore_Tiara) Coronation gown of Elizabeth II (/wiki/Coronation_gown_of_Elizabeth_II) Travolta dress (/wiki/Travolta_dress) Revenge dress (/wiki/Revenge_dress) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Frost, Karie (30 January 2019). "Princess Margaret's iconic 21st birthday gown goes on display at the V&A's Dior exhibition" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a26084601/princess-margaret-birthday-portrait-gown-dior-exhibition/) . Harper's Bazaar . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jessen, Monique. "See Princess Margaret's Epic 21st Birthday Dress on the Anniversary of Her Birth" (https://people.com/royals/princess-margaret-birthday-dress-display-dior-london/) . People . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Katz, Brigit. "Princess Margaret's Iconic 21st Birthday Dress Goes on Display" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/princess-margarets-iconic-21st-birthday-dress-goes-displaystains-and-all-180971404/) . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Behlen, Beatrice. "Christian Dior, Princess Margaret & Cinderella" (https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/princess-margarets-cinderella-london-dior-dress) . Museum of London . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-w_5-0) Park, Andrea (31 January 2019). "Princess Margaret's 21st Birthday Christian Dior Gown Is Going on Display at the Victoria and Albert Museum" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/princess-margaret-dior-dress) . W Magazine . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-telegraph_6-0) Armstrong, Lisa (26 January 2019). "Is Dior the greatest fashion house of the past century?" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/dior-greatest-fashion-house-past-century/) . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Petsko, Emily (5 February 2019). "Princess Margaret's 21st Birthday Dress Is On Display at London's Victoria and Albert Museum" (https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/573009/princess-margaret-christian-dior-dress-display-london) . Mental Floss . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Storochuck, Jessica (21 August 2021). "Fashion Favourite: Princess Margaret and Christian Dior" (https://royalcentral.co.uk/uk/fashion-favourite-princess-margaret-and-christian-dior-164518/) . Royal Central . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Hills, Megan C. (February 2019). "The Christian Dior exhibition in London: The story behind Princess Margaret's iconic gown and more" (https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/style/christian-dior-exhibition-london-how-to-get-tickets-dates-dresses-a4046851.html) . The Standard . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mayo Davies, Dean (31 January 2019). "How Christian Dior and Princess Margaret Formed a Fashion Friendship" (https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11455/christian-dior-princess-margaret-21st-birthday-dress-designer-of-dreams-v-and-a) . Another Magazine . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Trotter, Katie (20 April 2020). "10 Most Important Fashion Moments in History" (https://en.vogue.me/fashion/10-historical-fashion-moments/) . Vogue Arabia . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Princess Margaret's 21st birthday dress among star-studded frocks in UK's largest Dior exhibition" (https://www.itv.com/news/2019-01-30/princess-margarets-21st-birthday-dress-shown-in-uks-largest-dior-exhibition) . ITV . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . v t e Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon) 21 August 1930 – 9 February 2002 ( 1930-08-21 – 2002-02-09 ) Titles (1960–1978) Countess of Snowdon (/wiki/Earl_of_Snowdon) Viscountess Linley Family Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon (/wiki/Antony_Armstrong-Jones,_1st_Earl_of_Snowdon) (former husband) wedding (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Margaret_and_Antony_Armstrong-Jones) David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon (/wiki/David_Armstrong-Jones,_2nd_Earl_of_Snowdon) (son) Lady Sarah Chatto (/wiki/Lady_Sarah_Chatto) (daughter) George VI (/wiki/George_VI) (father) Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) (mother) Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) (sister) Fashion Wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_the_United_Kingdom) Cream Dior dress Poltimore Tiara (/wiki/Poltimore_Tiara) Memorials LMS Princess Royal Class 6203 Princess Margaret Rose (/wiki/LMS_Princess_Royal_Class_6203_Princess_Margaret_Rose) Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Cancer_Centre) Princess Margaret Hospital, Christchurch (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital,_Christchurch) Princess Margaret Hospital, Funafuti (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital,_Funafuti) Princess Margaret Hospital (Hong Kong) (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital_(Hong_Kong)) Princess Margaret Hospital for Children (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital_for_Children) Princess Margaret Mountain (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Mountain) Princess Margaret Road (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Road) Princess Margaret Rose (gladiolus) (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Rose_(gladiolus)) Princess Margaret Rose Cave (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Rose_Cave) Princess Margaret School (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_School) Princess Margaret Secondary School, Penticton (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Secondary_School,_Penticton) Princess Margaret Secondary School, Surrey (/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Secondary_School,_Surrey) Popular culture Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor (1950) (/wiki/Conversation_Piece_at_the_Royal_Lodge,_Windsor) Spitting Image (1984–1996) (/wiki/Spitting_Image) Willi und die Windzors (1996) (/wiki/Willi_und_die_Windzors) The Queen's Sister (2005) (/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Sister) The Queen (2009) (/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)) A Royal Night Out (2015) (/wiki/A_Royal_Night_Out) The Crown (2016–2023) (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) Ma'am Darling (2017) (/wiki/Ma%27am_Darling) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐sdbzs Cached time: 20240712185946 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.355 seconds Real time usage: 0.462 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1296/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39522/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1058/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 62753/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.231/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5622878/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 411.755 1 -total 38.13% 157.012 1 Template:Reflist 25.27% 104.049 1 Template:Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon 22.13% 91.134 1 Template:Cite_magazine 20.43% 84.126 1 Template:Navbox 16.01% 65.906 1 Template:Short_description 10.11% 41.641 10 Template:Cite_web 8.88% 36.578 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item 8.52% 35.092 2 Template:Pagetype 8.48% 34.909 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69141391-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712185946 and revision id 1212782290. 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American businesswoman (born 1965) Dame (/wiki/Dame) Natalie Massenet DBE (/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) Massenet at LeWeb at Les Docks Paris conference Born Natalie Sara Rooney ( 1965-05-13 ) 13 May 1965 (age 59) Los Angeles, California, US Nationality British [1] (#cite_note-DualCitizenship-1) American [1] (#cite_note-DualCitizenship-1) Alma mater UCLA (/wiki/UCLA) Occupation(s) Founder and chairman, Net-a-Porter (/wiki/Net-a-Porter) Chair, British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) Spouse Arnaud Massenet (divorced) [2] (#cite_note-ES_Tobin-2) Partner Erik Torstensson [3] (#cite_note-3) Children 3 Awards DBE [4] (#cite_note-Dame-4) [5] (#cite_note-DBE-5) Dame Natalie Sara Massenet , DBE (/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) [4] (#cite_note-Dame-4) [5] (#cite_note-DBE-5) ( née Rooney ; born 13 May 1965) is a British-American fashion entrepreneur and former journalist, who founded the designer fashion portal Net-a-Porter (/wiki/Net-a-Porter) . From 2013 to 2017, she was the chairman of the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) . [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) [7] (#cite_note-BFC-7) In 2018 [8] (#cite_note-WLLP-8) [9] (#cite_note-Entrepreneur-9) alongside Nick Brown, she co-founded Imaginary Ventures and became non executive co-chairman at Farfetch. [10] (#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-10) Credited by many as changing the way designer fashion is retailed, she has been described by The Observer (/wiki/The_Observer) as: "fashion's favourite self-made success story". [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) Background and early career [ edit ] Natalie Massenet, née Natalie Sara Rooney, was born in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) on 13 May 1965, [11] (#cite_note-11) the daughter of American journalist-turned-film publicist Robert “Bob” L. Rooney and Barbara Jones, a British model for Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , and film stand-in (/wiki/Stand-in) for Sophia Loren (/wiki/Sophia_Loren) . [12] (#cite_note-VF_Reardon-12) She spent her early childhood in Paris, moving back to Los Angeles in 1976 with her father, after her parents divorced. [13] (#cite_note-DT_Picardie-13) Her first job after graduating from high school was in a menswear shop in Los Angeles and Massenet then attended UCLA (/wiki/UCLA) , studying English Literature. [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) [14] (#cite_note-NYT_Jacobs-14) After graduating, she spent a year in Tokyo working as a fashion model and stylist. [15] (#cite_note-Vogue_timeline-15) Other early jobs included working as a receptionist at Universal Studios (/wiki/Universal_Studios) and assisting at Italian magazine Moda , where she worked with the then-emerging photographer Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) . [14] (#cite_note-NYT_Jacobs-14) Massenet began her career as a fashion journalist at Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) (WWD) in 1993. She then moved on to Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) in the UK, where she worked as assistant to Isabella Blow (/wiki/Isabella_Blow) and her colleagues included Lucy Yeomans (/wiki/Lucy_Yeomans) . She left to freelance in 1998. [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) [14] (#cite_note-NYT_Jacobs-14) Net-a-Porter [ edit ] Massenet founded Net-a-Porter in 2000 in London as a website in magazine format for selling designer fashion. [16] (#cite_note-Observer_Wiseman-16) The idea came about after Massenet was attempting to source products online for a fashion shoot. [16] (#cite_note-Observer_Wiseman-16) The business was launched from Massenet's flat in Chelsea (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) and she raised the £1.2m start-up costs with the help of her then-husband, French hedge fund manager (/wiki/Hedge_fund_manager) Arnaud Massenet. [17] (#cite_note-LDNFASHION_2011-17) Initially the business operation was so low-key that Net-a-Porter's trademark black delivery boxes were stacked up in the bath. [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) The concept behind the site was to be able to click on an image of an outfit within a magazine format and buy it. In an interview for The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) , Massenet said that she'd walked away from her dream career in journalism to take the idea forward and it took her several years to realise that she had created a magazine format for the 21st century. [18] (#cite_note-WSJ_Yell-18) Initially, the idea of selling high fashion online was unappealing to designers and investors, who couldn't imagine selling goods without a physical retail outlet, however in 2001 Massenet persuaded Roland Mouret (/wiki/Roland_Mouret) to sell his first collection via the site. By 2004, the company was profitable and won the best fashion shop award at the British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) . [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) The company launched a fashion discount site The Outnet in 2009 and in 2010 Massenet sold Net-a-Porter to Swiss luxury goods holding company Richemont (/wiki/Richemont) for a figure estimated at £50m, remaining involved with the company as executive chairman and an investor. [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) [14] (#cite_note-NYT_Jacobs-14) [16] (#cite_note-Observer_Wiseman-16) In 2011, a menswear site Mr Porter was established; beauty was added to the site in early 2013 under the leadership of David Olsen. [19] (#cite_note-19) As of September 2013, Net-a-Porter employed 2,600 people in the UK, US and Hong Kong, with further offices in Shanghai and fulfilment centres on the outskirts of three cities. [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) [14] (#cite_note-NYT_Jacobs-14) Net-a-Porter Group is now estimated as a £350m company. [15] (#cite_note-Vogue_timeline-15) In early 2014, it launched a print magazine called Porter , with an associated app and digital version of the magazine. [20] (#cite_note-WSJ_Binkley-20) Ahead of a merger with the Yoox Group, Massenet stepped down as the executive chairman of Net-a-Porter in September 2015. [21] (#cite_note-21) After Net-a-Porter [ edit ] Massenet took over as chairman of the British Fashion Council in 2013. In this honorary role, which normally carries a three-year commitment, she is responsible for steering London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) and overseeing the Council's other activities to promote British fashion design in the UK and overseas. [22] (#cite_note-DT_White-22) [23] (#cite_note-Vogue_Karmali-23) An article in 2013, suggested she has boosted London's reputation as an international fashion centre. [6] (#cite_note-Observer_Groskop-6) She stepped down of her role in May 2018, replaced by Stephanie Phair (/wiki/Stephanie_Phair) , Chief Strategy Officer at Farfetch (/wiki/Farfetch) . Massenet is still very much involved in online luxury as she's joined the online luxury platform, Farfetch (/wiki/Farfetch) in February 2017 as non executive co-chairman. [24] (#cite_note-businessoffashion.com-24) On the day of the announcement, Jose Neves (/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Neves) very enthusiastically said "I have always been a huge huge fan of Natalie. She was a pioneer that started this whole thing for the rest of us. I’ve always had huge admirations. I actually found that the thought was actually mutual. She loved the Farfetch model and the brand DNA. She got more and more excited about the business." [24] (#cite_note-businessoffashion.com-24) She also co-founded Imaginary Ventures in 2018 with Nick Brown, [8] (#cite_note-WLLP-8) [9] (#cite_note-Entrepreneur-9) formerly of 14W Ventures. Imaginary is a Venture Capital Fund that invests in early–stage opportunities at the intersection of retail and technology in Europe and the US. They've already invested in millennial (/wiki/Millennial) beauty brand Glossier created by Emily Weiss (/wiki/Emily_Weiss) , Khloe Kardashian (/wiki/Khlo%C3%A9_Kardashian) ’s denim company Good American, sustainable US label Reformation, tights company Heist, cosmetic dermatology brand Ever/Body, pop up retail company Appear Here (/wiki/Appear_Here) and many more. [25] (#cite_note-25) She has been extensively renovating the listed Donhead House in Wiltshire (/wiki/Wiltshire) , with Erik Torstensson since she purchased it for £1.4 million in 2014. Philip Joseph was responsible for the interior renovation of the property. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-ES-28) Personal life [ edit ] Massenet has two daughters with her ex-husband French hedge fund manager Arnaud Massenet, [17] (#cite_note-LDNFASHION_2011-17) and a son with her long-time partner fashion brand FRAME co-founder and creative director Erik Torstensson. [28] (#cite_note-ES-28) Awards [ edit ] Massenet was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) (MBE) for services to the fashion industry in 2009 [29] (#cite_note-Vogue_Milligan-29) and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) (DBE) [4] (#cite_note-Dame-4) in the 2016 New Year Honours (/wiki/2016_New_Year_Honours) for services to the fashion and retail industries. [5] (#cite_note-DBE-5) [1] (#cite_note-DualCitizenship-1) In 2013, Massenet was made a Woman of the Year by US Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) magazine. [14] (#cite_note-NYT_Jacobs-14) [15] (#cite_note-Vogue_timeline-15) [30] (#cite_note-Glamour_Albo-30) In 2014, she was named as one of the 100 most influential people by Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . [31] (#cite_note-Time_Lyons-31) [7] (#cite_note-BFC-7) Between 2013 and 2017, she has been awarded a place in the BOF 500 list which is the professional index of the people shaping the $2.4 trillion fashion industry, hand-selected by the editors of The Business of Fashion (/wiki/The_Business_of_Fashion) , based on hundreds of nominations received from current BoF 500 members, extensive data analysis and research. [32] (#cite_note-32) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Theodosi, Natalie (30 December 2015). "Natalie Massenet Named a Dame on Queen's Honors List" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/natalie-massenet-fashion-names-queens-honors-list-10303357/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 7 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-ES_Tobin_2-0) Tobin, Lucy. "She's got bottle" (https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/shes-got-bottle-nails-inc-founder-thea-green-on-how-to-build-a-business-with-a-22million-turnover--and-be-a-working-mum-9305040.html?origin=internalSearch) . London Evening Standard . No. 30 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Newbold, Alice (26 September 2017). "Natalie Massenet's New Arrival" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/natalie-massenet-surrogate-baby-erik-torstensson) . British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . Retrieved 6 August 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "No. 61450" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61450/supplement/N8) . The London Gazette (/wiki/The_London_Gazette) (Supplement). 30 December 2015. p. N8. ^ Jump up to: a b c Roberts, Lauretta (19 February 2016). "Natalie Massenet collects her DBE on opening day of London Fashion Week" (https://www.theindustry.fashion/natalie-massenet-collects-her-dbe-on-opening-day-of-london-fashion-week/) . TheIndustry.fashion . Retrieved 7 August 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Groskop, Viv. "Natalie Massenet: style leader who means business" (https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2013/sep/22/observer-profile-natalie-massenet) . The Observer . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Dame Natalie Massenet" (https://www.britishfashioncouncil.co.uk/BFC-Contact-profile/Natalie-Massenet-MBE) . British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) . Retrieved 7 August 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Natalie Massenet DBE, founder of Net-a-Porter and co-founder of Imaginary Ventures" (https://www.withersworldwide.com/en-gb/insight/defining-moments-interview-series-natalie-massenet-dbe-founder-of-net-a-porter-and-co-founder-of-imaginary-ventures) . Withersworldwide (/wiki/Withers_LLP) . 2 July 2021 . Retrieved 7 August 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tuchman, Robert (9 January 2022). "How Success Happened for Nick Brown, Co-Founder of Imaginary Ventures" (https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/411728) . Entrepreneur . Retrieved 7 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_10-0) de la Merced, Michael (17 April 2018). "Net-a-Porter Founder's Next Act Is a Venture Capital Firm" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/16/business/dealbook/net-a-porter-natalie-massenet-venture-capital.html?rref=collection%2Fissuecollection%2Ftodays-new-york-times&action=click&contentCollection=todayspaper®ion=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=13&pgtype=collection) . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Queen of internet shopping" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/queen-of-internet-shopping-f9c3dj7250m) . The Sunday Times . 29 April 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-VF_Reardon_12-0) Reardon, Kate. "V.F. portrait: Natalie Massenet" (http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2012/09/natalie-massenet-netaporter-fashion) . Vanity Fair . No. September 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-DT_Picardie_13-0) Picardie, Justine (16 September 2007). "Natalie Massenet: the woman who dresses the world" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110119085551/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/justine-picardie/TMG3361196/Natalie-Massenet-the-woman-who-dresses-the-world.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/justine-picardie/TMG3361196/Natalie-Massenet-the-woman-who-dresses-the-world.html) on 19 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jacobs, Alexandra (20 December 2013). "The world at her fingertips" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/fashion/Net-a-Porter-Natalie-Massenet-Fashion.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0) . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Timeline Natalie Massenet" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/person/natalie-massenet) . Vogue . 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Wiseman, Eva (11 July 2010). "One click wonder: the rise of Net-a-Porter" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/11/natalie-massenet-net-a-porter-internet-fashion) . The Observer . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Net-A-Porter founder Natalie Massenet divorces husband" (https://www.ldnfashion.com/news/net-a-porter-founder-natalie-massenet-divorces-husband) . LDNFASHION . 5 May 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-WSJ_Yell_18-0) Yell, Rebel (9 September 2010). "Net Worth" (http://magazine.wsj.com/hunter/rebel-yell/net-worth/) . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Felder, Rachel (22 December 2015). "Net-a-Porter's Unexpected King of Beauty" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/fashion/net-a-porters-unexpected-king-of-beauty.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-WSJ_Binkley_20-0) Binkley, Christina. "Net-A-Porter launches magazine" (https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303442704579362900001314062) . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Conlon, Scarlett (3 September 2015). "Natalie Massenet On Her Shock Departure" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/natalie-massenet-departure-net-a-porter-chairman) . British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . ^ (#cite_ref-DT_White_22-0) White, Belinda (5 September 2012). "Natalie Massenet appointed chairman of the British Fashion Council" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9522036/Natalie-Massenet-appointed-chairman-of-the-British-Fashion-Council.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_Karmali_23-0) Karmali, Sarah (5 September 2012). "Natalie Massenet named BFC Chairman" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2012/09/05/natalie-massenet-chairman-of-british-fashion-council-succeeds-harold-tillman) . Vogue . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Natalie Massenet Joins Farfetch as Co-Chairman" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/natalie-massenet-joins-farfetch-as-co-chairman) . The Business of Fashion . 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Klerk, Amy de (17 April 2018). "Natalie Massenet has launched her first business since Net-a-Porter" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a19836129/natalie-massenet-venture-capital-firm-imaginary/) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved 1 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Times, The Sunday. "Rich List 2020: profiles 802-900=, featuring Daniel Craig and Adele" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rich-list-2020-profiles-802-900-featuring-daniel-craig-and-adele-z5qvqsq6x) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved 5 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Burroughs, Katrina (5 November 2022). "Natalie Massenet's stylish and dramatic renovation of Donhead House" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-stylish-and-dramatic-renovation-of-donhead-house-times-luxury-f8h7sxmb7) . ^ Jump up to: a b Morgan, Jessica (27 September 2017). "Net-a-Porter boss Dame Natalie Massenet has baby aged 52" (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/netaporter-boss-dame-natalie-massenet-has-baby-aged-52-a3644571.html) . Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) . Retrieved 6 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_Milligan_29-0) Milligan, Laura (13 November 2009). "Natalie Massenet MBE" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2009/11/13/natalie-massenet-receives-her-mbe-from-the-queen) . Vogue . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Glamour_Albo_30-0) Albo, Mike (2013). "Natalie Massenet: The Chairman of Cool" (http://www.glamour.com/inspired/women-of-the-year/2013/natalie-massenet) . Glamour . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Time_Lyons_31-0) Lyons, Jenna (2014). "The 100 most influential people" (http://time.com/70889/natalie-massenet-2014-time-100) . Time . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Natalie Massenetis One of the 500 People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/natalie-massenet) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 1 January 2019 . 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Filipino fashion designer (1932–2021) Ben Farrales Born ( 1932-07-01 ) July 1, 1932 Cotabato (/wiki/Cotabato_City) , Cotabato (/wiki/Cotabato_(historical_province)) , Philippine Commonwealth (/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth) Died March 6, 2021 (2021-03-06) (aged 88) Nationality Filipino Occupation Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) Ben Farrales (1 July 1932 – 6 March 2021) was a Filipino fashion designer most known for his Muslim-inspired dress designs. Early life and education [ edit ] Farrales was born on July 1, 1932, in Cotabato City (/wiki/Cotabato_City) to Salvador Farrales and Paulina Samio. He attended San Beda College (/wiki/San_Beda_College) for his early education. [1] (#cite_note-prominent-1) Flunking math, Farrales also had to repeat the subject in Cotabato, where he took note of the attires worn by Muslim women in the area. [2] (#cite_note-minustaray-2) Faralles attended the University of Santo Tomas (/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas) (UST) for his collegiate studies where he pursued a degree on fine arts. [1] (#cite_note-prominent-1) By the time he was a freshman college student, he was working part-time in a department store in Manila which is often patronized by wealthy women. [2] (#cite_note-minustaray-2) Career [ edit ] Ben Farrales, affectionately called "Mang Ben" had been a fashion designer for more than 60 years and had high-profile actresses and socialites as his clients. [1] (#cite_note-prominent-1) [3] (#cite_note-whengenius-3) He became known as the "Dean of Philippine Fashion", a title given to him by socialite and Karilagan Arts International founder Conching Sunito in his 30s. [2] (#cite_note-minustaray-2) He is known for his Muslim-inspired (/wiki/Moro_people) ternos (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) . He was also the first Filipino to organize a fashion show at the Manila Hotel (/wiki/Manila_Hotel) in 1959 and the Kennedy Center (/wiki/Kennedy_Center) in Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) , in the United States in 1984. [1] (#cite_note-prominent-1) He was designer of Ruffa Gutierrez (/wiki/Ruffa_Gutierrez) 's Sarimanok (/wiki/Sarimanok) -inspired dress which she wore at the Miss World 1993 (/wiki/Miss_World_1993) beauty pageant. [4] (#cite_note-tribune1-4) Farrales has received various awards and recognitions for his works; including being named Outstanding Filipino (/wiki/TOFIL_Award) (TOFIL), and recognitions from the Philippine Red Cross (/wiki/Philippine_Red_Cross) and his alma mater San Beda University (/wiki/San_Beda_University) . [3] (#cite_note-whengenius-3) He has also received an award from the Cultural Center of the Philippines (/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines) in 2015. [1] (#cite_note-prominent-1) He has also been endorsed to be named as a National Artist for fashion design (/wiki/National_Artist_of_the_Philippines) . [4] (#cite_note-tribune1-4) Death [ edit ] Farrales died on March 6, 2021, at the age of 88. [4] (#cite_note-tribune1-4) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Requintina, Robert (6 March 2021). "Prominent Filipino fashion designer Ben Farrales passes away" (https://mb.com.ph/2021/03/06/prominent-filipino-fashion-designer-ben-farrales-passes-away/) . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved 6 March 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Silvestre, Jojo (30 June 2013). "Ben Farrales, minus the 'taray' (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2013/06/30/959678/ben-farrales-minus-taray) " (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2013/06/30/959678/ben-farrales-minus-taray) . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 6 March 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Silvestre, Jojo (30 June 2020). "Ben Farrales: When genius creates and shares" (https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/07/01/ben-farrales-when-genius-creates-and-shares/) . Daily Tribune . Retrieved 6 March 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Filipino fashion designer Ben Farrales passes away" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211017121420/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/03/06/filipino-fashion-designer-ben-farrales-passes-away/) . Daily Tribune . 6 March 2021. Archived from the original (https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/03/06/filipino-fashion-designer-ben-farrales-passes-away/) on 17 October 2021 . Retrieved 6 March 2021 . 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Throughout its history, the costume of ballet (/wiki/Ballet) has influenced and been influenced by fashion (/wiki/Fashion) . Ballet-specific clothing used in productions and during practice, such as ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) , ballerina skirt (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) , legwarmers (/wiki/Legwarmer) , and leotards (/wiki/Leotard) have been elements of fashion trends. Ballet costume itself has adapted aesthetically over the years, incorporating contemporary fashion trends while also updating fabrics and materials to allow for greater freedom of movement for the dancers. The classic ballerina costume with a tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) and pointe shoes (/wiki/Pointe_shoe) debuted in the 1830s. Ballet costume is marked by the innovation in lightweight materials such as tulle (/wiki/Tulle_(netting)) , chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) , and organza (/wiki/Organza) . In the early 20th century, productions by the Russian ballet company Ballets Russes (/wiki/Ballets_Russes) had a large influence on fashion design in Paris. Designers incorporated ballet-inspired themes in their creations. Designers that have been influenced by ballet include Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , Elsa Schiaparelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) , Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) , Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) , Jacques Fath (/wiki/Jacques_Fath) , Jeanne Lanvin (/wiki/Jeanne_Lanvin) , Madeleine Vionnet (/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet) , Molly Goddard (/wiki/Molly_Goddard) , and Simone Rocha (/wiki/Simone_Rocha) . History [ edit ] See also: Ballet § Costumes (/wiki/Ballet#Costumes) 17th and 18th centuries [ edit ] Marie Taglioni (/wiki/Marie_Taglioni) dancing the title role in La Sylphide , 1832. Ballet costume originated in the 17th-century royal courts (/wiki/Royal_court) of Italy and France, including that of Louis XIV (/wiki/Louis_XIV) . Early costume designs (/wiki/Costume_design) in ballet productions were based on court dress, though more extravagant. [1] (#cite_note-1) All of the performers in early ballets were men, with boys performing the female roles en travesti (/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)) . In the 18th century, as ballet became professionalized and moved from the courts to the theaters, women joined the ranks of ballet dancers (/wiki/Ballet_dancer) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Traditionally, dancers wore heeled shoes, [3] (#cite_note-Brittanica-3) until the 1730s, when Paris Opera Ballet (/wiki/Paris_Opera_Ballet) dancer Marie Camargo (/wiki/Marie-Anne_de_Cupis_de_Camargo) was one of the first to wear ballet slippers instead. [4] (#cite_note-4) She also wore midcalf-length skirts and close-fitting drawers. [3] (#cite_note-Brittanica-3) Until the late 18th century, lead dancers in a ballet company often wore masks. The practice was abandoned after balletmaster Jean-Georges Noverre (/wiki/Jean-Georges_Noverre) [3] (#cite_note-Brittanica-3) and choreographer Maximilien Gardel (/wiki/Maximilien_Gardel) dispensed with them, seeing how they impeded the dancers' movements and the ability to see their facial expressions. Similarly, cumbersome hairstyles and wigs that were not conducive to ballet movements were largely excluded from the stage. [5] (#cite_note-Bennahum2005-5) 19th century [ edit ] Ballet costume has an essential role in facilitating the movements of dancers while "maintaining the integrity of the line of the body". Technical and visual problems with ballet costume are avoided through the creation of well-designed and proportioned clothing. Ballet costume has evolved alongside choreography (/wiki/Choreography) to allow for the display of musculature. [5] (#cite_note-Bennahum2005-5) In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the industrialisation of cotton manufacturing led to the widespread availability of cheap cotton fabrics such as tulle (/wiki/Tulle_(netting)) , muslin (/wiki/Muslin) , tarlatan (/wiki/Tarlatan) , and gauze (/wiki/Gauze) . Ballet companies were able to produce new costumes for each production. [6] (#cite_note-Kant2007-6) Ballet costume during the early 19th century mirrored the women's fashions of the era (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) . Ballet appropriated high fashion elements, including full sleeves, revealing decolletage, fitted waist, bell-shaped skirts, and more diaphanous (/wiki/Diaphanous) fabrics. Adaptations such as lighter fabrics and raised hemlines (/wiki/Hemline) allowed dancers greater freedom of movement and the audience to appreciate the dancer's footwork. As clothing became less restricted, the natural silhouette (/wiki/Silhouette) was emphasized. [7] (#cite_note-Pound2019-7) L'Étoile by Edgar Degas (/wiki/Edgar_Degas) , c. 1878 Pointe shoes (/wiki/Pointe_shoe) were invented around 1820 [8] (#cite_note-Marshall2018-8) and the archetypal look of the romantic ballerina was provided by Marie Taglioni (/wiki/Marie_Taglioni) in the 1832 ballet La Sylphide (/wiki/La_Sylphide) . Her fitted décolleté bodice (/wiki/Bodice) , diaphanous calf-length tulle skirt, [9] (#cite_note-O'Brien2021-9) and satin pointe shoes laced around the calf provided the template for the ballerina costume. Her ballerina skirt (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) was a shortened version of the 1830s fashion gown. [7] (#cite_note-Pound2019-7) She was the first ballerina to dance a full-length ballet en pointe , and became very popular with images of her widely published. Following her fame, luxury fabrics and corsets were produced bearing the names Taglioni or La Sylphide . [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-Moorman2022-11) As ballet emerged as entertainment for aristocrats, the ballet dancer became principally a woman's profession and the reputation of ballerinas declined in the later 19th century. The feminization of ballet was due in part to a larger male audience. [11] (#cite_note-Moorman2022-11) Ballerinas were frequently poor, marginalized members of society, regarded more as workers than artists. They were often subject to the attention of lascivious men, sexually commodified, and sometimes forced into prostitution. [12] (#cite_note-12) Styles of ballet costume were influenced by the popularity of romantic narratives of regional and supernatural folklore, such as the sylph (/wiki/Sylph) motif. [11] (#cite_note-Moorman2022-11) Towards the end of the 19th century, the classical tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) was codified in St. Petersburg (/wiki/St._Petersburg) during the era of ballet master Marius Petipa (/wiki/Marius_Petipa) . [9] (#cite_note-O'Brien2021-9) During this time, the tutu was shortened and the boxes of pointe shoes were reinforced. [6] (#cite_note-Kant2007-6) 20th century [ edit ] Ballets Russes [ edit ] Performers from the Ballets Russes, c. late 1910s Beginning in 1909, the Russian ballet company Ballets Russes (/wiki/Ballets_Russes) brought high classical ballet to the West, principally in Paris. Fashion designers and haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) were inspired by the influential ballet company. [11] (#cite_note-Moorman2022-11) Léon Bakst (/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst) was the troupe's principal costume designer in the early 1900s. His designs inspired Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) , who also designed for the company. [13] (#cite_note-Williams2021-13) Trends in Parisian fashion were adapted into ballet costume by Ballets Russes. [14] (#cite_note-14) The dress from Stravinsky's 1910 ballet The Firebird (/wiki/The_Firebird) was influential in fashion design. The Orientalist aesthetic of Ballets Russes influenced the boldly colored trousers and harem skirts (/wiki/Harem_skirt) and trousers of fashion designer Paul Poiret. [7] (#cite_note-Pound2019-7) Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) designed costumes for the 1924 ballet Le Train Bleu (/wiki/Le_Train_Bleu_(ballet)) and went on to create ballet-inspired fashions. [13] (#cite_note-Williams2021-13) 1920s [ edit ] Ballets Russes continued to have an influence on fashion into the 1920s. A turning point in the relationship between ballet and fashion was Sergei Diaghilev (/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev) 's 1921 production of The Sleeping Beauty (/wiki/The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)) . [7] (#cite_note-Pound2019-7) The ballet's use of light pastels such as lilac (/wiki/Lilac_(color)) influenced color trends in fashion. The production's bluebird blue costumes inspired Elsa Schiaparelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) to create her signature color "sleeping blue". [11] (#cite_note-Moorman2022-11) French fashion designer Jeanne Lanvin (/wiki/Jeanne_Lanvin) 's full-skirted robe de style (/wiki/Robe_de_style) dresses of the mid-1920s and Madeleine Vionnet (/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet) 's Ballerina dress both had inspiration in the ballerina costume. According to ballet historian Ilyana Karthas, during the 1920s images of femininity (/wiki/Femininity) were promoted in the context of athleticism, exercise, and the physical body. [11] (#cite_note-Moorman2022-11) Italian fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) also collaborated with the Ballets Russes, inspired by the surrealistic costuming of Giorgio de Chirico (/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico) in Diaghilev's 1929 production of Le Bal . [13] (#cite_note-Williams2021-13) 1930s and balletomania [ edit ] The 1932 ballet Cotillon was choreographed by George Balanchine (/wiki/George_Balanchine) and starred Tamara Toumanova (/wiki/Tamara_Toumanova) , one of the first Baby Ballerinas (/wiki/Baby_Ballerinas) . [11] (#cite_note-Moorman2022-11) Costumes from the production were designed by Christian Bérard (/wiki/Christian_B%C3%A9rard) and made by Barbara Karinska (/wiki/Barbara_Karinska) , who innovated the layering of differently colored tulle. Bérard's designs inspired the glittering tulle gowns that Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) designed in the 1930s. [7] (#cite_note-Pound2019-7) Since the 1930s, ballet costume has inspired the fashion trends of fitted bodices and bell-shaped silhouettes. Materials used for tutus, such as chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) , silk tulle, [11] (#cite_note-Moorman2022-11) and organza (/wiki/Organza) were later incorporated into fashion collections. [15] (#cite_note-15) The romantic-era tutu style also had an influence on the design of gowns. In the 1930s, longer dresses with tulle skirts became fashionable, as exemplified by Coco Chanel's 1937 "Etoiles" dress. [16] (#cite_note-Dance2020-16) which drew inspiration from Balanchine's 1932 ballet Cotillon . [17] (#cite_note-17) The balletomania trend of the 1930s and 1940s had a marked influence on fashion. In the early 1930s, ballet fashion was frequently featured in magazines. Ballerinas were also employed as models from the 1930s onward. [18] (#cite_note-Vogue-18) 1940s and 1950s [ edit ] With the advent of synthetic materials, ballet practice clothing such as leotards (/wiki/Leotard) and tights became popular as fashion pieces from the 1940s on. [19] (#cite_note-19) Pointe shoes, designed in the early 19th century, would later be absorbed into fashion in the form of ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flats) and ballet boots (/wiki/Ballet_boots) . In 1941, former ballet student and fashion editor Diana Vreeland (/wiki/Diana_Vreeland) innovated the use of pointe shoes as everyday wear, in part because wartime restrictions did not apply to them. [11] (#cite_note-Moorman2022-11) Due to a shortage of leather, fashion designer Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) commissioned the dance house Capezio (/wiki/Capezio) to produce a range of ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) to match her designs. [20] (#cite_note-20) The ballet flat went on to become everyday footwear. [21] (#cite_note-21) Designers of high fashion and haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) collaborated frequently with star ballerinas such as Margot Fonteyn (/wiki/Margot_Fonteyn) in the 1940s. Couturiers such as Pierre Balmain (/wiki/Pierre_Balmain) designed costume for ballet as well as high fashion. Designers Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) and Jacques Fath (/wiki/Jacques_Fath) were both influenced by ballet costume. [7] (#cite_note-Pound2019-7) Costumes designed by Fath for the 1948 film The Red Shoes (/wiki/The_Red_Shoes_(1948_film)) featuring the ballerina Moira Shearer (/wiki/Moira_Shearer) were also influential in creating a demand for ballet-inspired fashion. [7] (#cite_note-Pound2019-7) The fashion house Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , founded by Pierre Balmain (/wiki/Pierre_Balmain) , and the designer Cristóbal Balenciaga (/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga) drew inspiration from the aesthetics of ballet costume. The use of feathers in the ballet costumes of ballerina-bird characters in productions of The Firebird (/wiki/The_Firebird) , The Dying Swan (/wiki/The_Dying_Swan) , and Swan Lake (/wiki/Swan_Lake) was also mimicked in fashion. [16] (#cite_note-Dance2020-16) 1960s and 1970s [ edit ] The tulle (/wiki/Tulle_(netting)) fabric of tutus (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) , pointe shoes (/wiki/Pointe_shoe) , and soft pastel color palettes have all influenced fashion trends. During the late 1960s and 1970s, the clothing brand Danskin produced leotards that could be worn for dance as well as streetwear. Fashion designer Bonnie August (/wiki/Bonnie_August) popularized the look of unitards (/wiki/Unitard) worn under wrap skirts (/wiki/Wrap_skirt) in the mid-1970s. Ballet-inspired fashion designs experienced a revival in the 1970s during the disco (/wiki/Disco) era while athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) incorporated mainstays of ballet rehearsal clothing such as leotards. [18] (#cite_note-Vogue-18) In the 1970s, Dance Theatre of Harlem (/wiki/Dance_Theatre_of_Harlem) founder Arthur Mitchell (/wiki/Arthur_Mitchell_(dancer)) decided that dancers' tights and shoes should match their skin tone (/wiki/Skin_tone) . The dance apparel company Capezio produced brown pointe shoes for the company. [8] (#cite_note-Marshall2018-8) A 1976 collection from Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(fashion_house)) paid homage to the Ballets Russes and Serge Diaghilev. [22] (#cite_note-22) 21st century [ edit ] During the early 2000s, a ballet-inspired fashion trend drawing heavily on warm-up clothing was called "dancer off-duty". In the 2000s, ballet fashion was popularized on film and television through the film Black Swan (/wiki/Black_Swan_(film)) and Carrie Bradshaw (/wiki/Carrie_Bradshaw) 's iconic tulle skirt from Sex and The City (/wiki/Sex_and_The_City) . [23] (#cite_note-TZR-23) The 2000s saw the lines of companies that produce pointe shoes broaden to include skin tones of people of color, including Black women in ballet (/wiki/Black_women_in_ballet) . [16] (#cite_note-Dance2020-16) [24] (#cite_note-Jackson2022-24) A 2020 exhibition Ballerina: Fashion's Modern Muse was held at The Museum at FIT (/wiki/The_Museum_at_FIT) . [16] (#cite_note-Dance2020-16) Balletcore [ edit ] A resurgence in interest in ballerina-inspired fashion in the mid-2020s came to be known as balletcore. The fashion trend drew inspiration from the graceful and elegant aesthetic of ballet dancers, which has been called "hyper-feminine" and embraces both comfort and body movement in a context that explores femininity. [23] (#cite_note-TZR-23) [25] (#cite_note-Glamour-25) The popularity of the trend has been attributed to Gen Z (/wiki/Gen_Z) 's obsession with nostalgia. [23] (#cite_note-TZR-23) Balletcore continued fashion's use of traditional ballet costumes such as ballet flats, pointe shoes, ballerina skirts, leotards, and tights. Athleisure fashions incorporate dancewear elements such as legwarmers (/wiki/Legwarmers) , which are often layered or combined with tie skirts and wrap tops, as well as delicate accessories like ribbon (/wiki/Ribbon) chokers (/wiki/Choker) and ballet slipper (/wiki/Ballet_shoe) -inspired shoes. [25] (#cite_note-Glamour-25) Balletcore continued to rely on lightweight materials such as tulle (/wiki/Tulle_(netting)) and satin (/wiki/Satin) , organza (/wiki/Organza) , sheer fabrics, mesh, and spandex (/wiki/Spandex) . Ballet-inspired fashion continues to emphasize soft pastel hues such as pink, peach, baby blue, lilac, and light neutral colors. [26] (#cite_note-CNN-26) [16] (#cite_note-Dance2020-16) In the 2020s, ballet-inspired elements have increased the popularity as a part of the collections of Rodarte (/wiki/Rodarte) and Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , as well as those of fashion designers Molly Goddard (/wiki/Molly_Goddard) and Simone Rocha (/wiki/Simone_Rocha) . [24] (#cite_note-Jackson2022-24) [26] (#cite_note-CNN-26) While principally a phenomenon in women's clothing, ballet has also influenced designs in men's wear and workout wear (/wiki/Sportswear) , with brands creating collections that combined functionality with a balletic aesthetic. [27] (#cite_note-27) See also [ edit ] History of ballet (/wiki/History_of_ballet) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Bennahum, Judith (2005). The Lure of Perfection: Fashion and Ballet, 1780-1830 . Routledge. p. 25. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-135-87830-6 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230916234432/https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Xxd8-dYxp0UC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PP1&dq=ballet%20fashion&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=ballet%20fashion&f=false) from the original on 2023-09-16 . Retrieved 2023-09-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Karthas, Ilyana (2012). "The Politics of Gender and the Revival of Ballet in Early Twentieth Century France" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41678946) . Journal of Social History . 45 (4): 962. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/jsh/shr102 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshr102) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0022-4529 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4529) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 41678946 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41678946) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Ballet costume" (https://www.britannica.com/art/ballet-costume) . Britannica. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230226162714/https://www.britannica.com/art/ballet-costume) from the original on 26 February 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Guiheen, Julia (4 August 2020). "The History of Pointe Shoes: The Landmark Moments That Made Ballet's Signature Shoe What It Is Today" (https://pointemagazine.com/history-of-pointe-shoes/) . Pointe Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230829101828/https://pointemagazine.com/history-of-pointe-shoes/) from the original on 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chazin-Bennahum, Judith (2005). The Lure of Perfection: Fashion and Ballet, 1780-1830 . Psychology Press. p. 30. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-415-97038-9 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230916234433/https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gIQFiVm2fcUC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PP1&dq=fashion%20ballet&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q=fashion%20ballet&f=false) from the original on 2023-09-16 . Retrieved 2023-09-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kant, Marion (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Ballet . Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–193. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-139-82719-5 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230916234434/https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iy8SRnmE9ZEC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PA187&dq=%22ballet%20costume%22%20cotton%20manufacturing&pg=PA187#v=onepage&q=%22ballet%20costume%22%20cotton%20manufacturing&f=false) from the original on 2023-09-16 . Retrieved 2023-09-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Pound, Cath (22 October 2019). "How ballet has inspired fashion" (https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20191016-how-fashion-fell-in-love-with-ballet) . BBC . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230916234954/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20191016-how-fashion-fell-in-love-with-ballet) from the original on 16 September 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Marshall, Alex (4 November 2018). "Brown Point Shoes Arrive, 200 Years After White Ones" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/04/arts/dance/brown-point-shoes-diversity-ballet.html) . The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230505205218/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/04/arts/dance/brown-point-shoes-diversity-ballet.html) from the original on 5 May 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b O'Brien, Caroline (2021). "Costume" (https://books.google.com/books?id=nTkqEAAAQBAJ&dq=fashion+ballet&pg=PA420) . The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Ballet . Oxford University Press. p. 420. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-087149-9 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230916234434/https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nTkqEAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PA435&dq=fashion%20ballet&pg=PA420#v=onepage&q=fashion%20ballet&f=false) from the original on 2023-09-16 . Retrieved 2023-09-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Bateman, Kristen (2 March 2022). "Why Balletcore is Back" (https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/ballet-fashion-trend-2022) . W Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230510104901/https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/ballet-fashion-trend-2022) from the original on 10 May 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Moorman, Katya (13 July 2022). "The History of the Ballet Trend in Fashion" (https://www.nokillmag.com/articles/the-history-of-the-ballet-trend-in-fashion/) . No Kill Mag . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220812025945/https://www.nokillmag.com/articles/the-history-of-the-ballet-trend-in-fashion/) from the original on 12 August 2022 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Toledo, Ricky; Vijandre, Chito (7 June 2023). "How the 'immoral' ballerina turned into a style muse" (https://philstarlife.com/style/351683-immoral-ballerina-turned-style-muse) . The Philippine Star . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230916234434/https://philstarlife.com/style/351683-immoral-ballerina-turned-style-muse) from the original on 16 September 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Aimee (2021). "Ballet and Fashion: A Love Affair" (https://thefashionglobe.com/ballet-and-fashion) . The Fashion Globe . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220820032748/https://thefashionglobe.com/ballet-and-fashion) from the original on 2022-08-20 . Retrieved 2023-09-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "New book explains ballet's fashion influence, from streetwear to Chanel" (https://thedaily.case.edu/new-book-explains-ballets-fashion-influence-from-streetwear-to-chanel/) . The Daily . 19 August 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191205014037/https://thedaily.case.edu/new-book-explains-ballets-fashion-influence-from-streetwear-to-chanel/) from the original on 5 December 2019 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Burnwal, Vishakha (27 June 2023). "The Influence of Ballet in Fashion" (https://fashionlawjournal.com/the-influence-of-ballet-in-fashion/) . Fashion Law Journal . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230916234935/https://fashionlawjournal.com/the-influence-of-ballet-in-fashion/) from the original on 16 September 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Shadle, Caroline (17 February 2020). "Inside Fashion's Love Affair With Ballet" (https://www.dancemagazine.com/ballet-and-fashion/) . Dance Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230602083559/https://www.dancemagazine.com/ballet-and-fashion/) from the original on 2 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Daher, Nadine (27 February 2020). "From Ballerina Flats to Tutus, Ballet Has Left Its Mark on Fashion" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ballerina-flats-tutus-ballet-has-left-its-mark-fashion-180974296/) . Smithsonian Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230531153007/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ballerina-flats-tutus-ballet-has-left-its-mark-fashion-180974296/) from the original on 31 May 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Borrelli-Persson, Laird (24 November 2022). "Balletcore: A Look Back at How Designers Have Been Inspired by Dance" (https://www.vogue.com/article/balletcore-a-look-back-at-how-designers-have-been-inspired-by-dance) . Vogue . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230604065129/https://www.vogue.com/article/balletcore-a-look-back-at-how-designers-have-been-inspired-by-dance) from the original on 4 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Lee, Heather Vaughan (2019). Artifacts from American Fashion . Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 275. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4408-6458-2 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230916234935/https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ikrEEAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PA275&dq=leotards%20fashion%201940s&pg=PA275#v=onepage&q=leotards%20fashion%201940s&f=false) from the original on 2023-09-16 . Retrieved 2023-09-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Condra, Jill (2008-01-01). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History: 1801 to the present . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313336652 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) White, Constance C. R. (1998-11-17). "Celebrating Claire McCardell" (https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/17/style/celebrating-claire-mccardell.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160307101423/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/17/style/celebrating-claire-mccardell.html) from the original on 2016-03-07 . Retrieved 2016-07-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Davis, Mary E. (2010). Ballets Russes Style: Diaghilev's Dancers and Paris Fashion . Reaktion Books. p. 7. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-86189-757-2 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230916234935/https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1lngCwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PP1&dq=ballet%20fashion&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=ballet%20fashion&f=false) from the original on 2023-09-16 . Retrieved 2023-09-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Goldberg, Jordan (20 January 2023). "Balletcore Is Definitely A *Thing* — Here's What Makes The Look Work" (https://www.thezoereport.com/fashion/balletcore-trend-2022) . The Zoe Report . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230601042241/https://www.thezoereport.com/fashion/balletcore-trend-2022) from the original on 1 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, Hannah (9 June 2022). "Ballet Style Is Back. This Time Let's Make It Size Inclusive" (https://www.vogue.com/article/ballet-style-is-back-this-time-lets-make-it-size-inclusive) . Vogue . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230803003908/https://www.vogue.com/article/ballet-style-is-back-this-time-lets-make-it-size-inclusive) from the original on 3 August 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Turner, Elle (16 February 2023). "Balletcore beauty is the romantic update to 'no makeup makeup', and it's universally flattering" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/balletcore-beauty) . Glamour UK . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230330032916/https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/balletcore-beauty) from the original on 30 March 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Pryor, Morgan (3 April 2023). "Balletcore is trending: Here's how to get the look, according to stylists and influencers" (https://edition.cnn.com/cnn-underscored/fashion/balletcore-trend) . CNN Underscored . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230504161425/https://edition.cnn.com/cnn-underscored/fashion/balletcore-trend) from the original on 4 May 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Shah, Sadiq (8 June 2023). "Balletcore Is Not Just for Girls" (https://www.mens-folio.com/111930/balletcore-is-not-just-for-girls/) . Men's Folio . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230916234938/https://www.mens-folio.com/111930/balletcore-is-not-just-for-girls/) from the original on 16 September 2023 . Retrieved 16 September 2023 . Further reading [ edit ] Mears, Patricia; Jacobs, Laura; Pritchard, Jane; Harden, Rosemary; Lobenthal, Joel (2019). Ballerina: Fashion's Modern Muse . New York: Vendome. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clothing companies of Sweden (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Sweden) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐p28cl Cached time: 20240721095402 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.059 seconds Real time usage: 0.230 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2687/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 437/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.031/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946199/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 221.811 1 Template:Commons_category 100.00% 221.811 1 -total 98.79% 219.117 1 Template:Sister_project 97.95% 217.256 1 Template:Side_box 2.61% 5.780 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:4467299-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721095402 and revision id 833653332. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. Shoe companies of Sweden (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Sweden) (1 P) B Clothing brands of Sweden (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Sweden) (1 C, 15 P) R Clothing retailers of Sweden (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Sweden) (8 P) Pages in category "Clothing companies of Sweden" The following 20 pages are in this category, out of 20 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Acne Studios (/wiki/Acne_Studios) Acqua Limone (/wiki/Acqua_Limone) B Björn Borg (brand) (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_(brand)) C Cheap Monday (/wiki/Cheap_Monday) Craft of Scandinavia (/wiki/Craft_of_Scandinavia) F Fjällräven (/wiki/Fj%C3%A4llr%C3%A4ven) G Galvin Green (/wiki/Galvin_Green) H Haglöfs (/wiki/Hagl%C3%B6fs) Happy Socks (/wiki/Happy_Socks) Hestra (/wiki/Hestra) J Jenny Hellström (/wiki/Jenny_Hellstr%C3%B6m) L Lindex (/wiki/Lindex) N Nakkna (/wiki/Nakkna) Noko Jeans (/wiki/Noko_Jeans) Nudie Jeans (/wiki/Nudie_Jeans) O Odd Molly (/wiki/Odd_Molly) S Svensson (company) (/wiki/Svensson_(company)) T Tenson (brand) (/wiki/Tenson_(brand)) Tiger of Sweden (/wiki/Tiger_of_Sweden) W WESC (/wiki/WESC) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_Sweden&oldid=833653332 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_of_Sweden&oldid=833653332) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Swedish fashion (/wiki/Category:Swedish_fashion) Design companies of Sweden (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_of_Sweden) Clothing companies by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_country) Companies of Sweden by industry (/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Sweden_by_industry) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) |
This article is about the fashion retailer. For the building also called Nine West, see Solow Building (/wiki/Solow_Building) . American online footwear retailer This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nine_West) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Nine West" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nine+West%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nine+West%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nine+West%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nine+West%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nine+West%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nine+West%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Nine West Company type Public Industry designer purses Fashion Founded 1983 ; 41 years ago ( 1983 ) Solow Building (/wiki/Solow_Building) , Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) , New York City, U.S. Founders Jerome Fisher (/wiki/Jerome_Fisher) Vince Camuto (/wiki/Vince_Camuto) Defunct 2018 (retail stores only) Headquarters White Plains, New York (/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York) , U.S. , U.S. Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Nine West Holdings (/wiki/Nine_West_Holdings) (1999–2018) Authentic Brands Group (/wiki/Authentic_Brands_Group) (2018–present) Nine West at South Shore Plaza (/wiki/South_Shore_Plaza) in Braintree, Massachusetts (/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts) Nine West in CF Promenade (/wiki/CF_Promenade) Nine West , also known as 9 West , is an American online fashion retailer (/wiki/Retailer) which is based in White Plains, New York (/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York) . It was founded in 1983 and closed its brick and mortar (/wiki/Brick_and_mortar) stores business in 2018. Its products continue to be sold at other retailers. History [ edit ] Nine West was named for its founding location in the Solow Building (/wiki/Solow_Building) at 9 West 57th Street (/wiki/West_57th_Street) in New York City. In 1983, Nine West opened its first specialty retail store in Stamford, Connecticut (/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut) . In 1986, Nine West launched its first national ad campaign. Nine West first expanded internationally with the opening of a Hong Kong location in 1994. It has since become a brand located in over 800 global locations in 57 countries. [ citation needed ] Initially founded as a fashion footwear brand, Nine West expanded into handbags, sunglasses, legwear, outerwear, jewelry, belts, watches, cold weather accessories, hats, scarves and wraps, and eyewear. [1] (#cite_note-1) After the launch of handbags in 1995, Nine West expanded to dresses, suits and children's footwear. Through licensing agreements, it also offers eyewear, sunglasses, legwear, outerwear, belts, hats, cold weather accessories, scarves and wraps. In March 1995, Nine West purchased the footwear division of the United States Shoe Corporation (/wiki/United_States_Shoe_Corporation) , which included the Easy Spirit (/wiki/Easy_Spirit) brand. [2] (#cite_note-ninewest-2) In 1999, Nine West was acquired by Jones Apparel Group (/wiki/The_Jones_Group) . [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2006, Nine West began collaborating with Vivienne Westwood, Thakoon and Sophia Kokosalaki on limited edition "capsule collections". In 2009, Nine West and New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) collaborated to develop a collection of footwear. Fred Allard served as Creative Director starting in 2006. [4] (#cite_note-4) On July 7, 2015, the Canadian distributor and retailer of Nine West, the Sherson Group, filed for bankruptcy protection for the Canadian locations. [5] (#cite_note-5) In April 2018, Nine West's North American operations in the United States and Canada both filed for bankruptcy and closed all stores. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) The Nine West brand was then acquired out of bankruptcy by Authentic Brands Group (/wiki/Authentic_Brands_Group) . In popular culture [ edit ] In Gwyn Cready (/wiki/Gwyn_Cready) 's comedic romance novel Tumbling Through Time , Seph Pyle is transported back in time to 1705 after trying on a pair of sandals at the Nine West store in the Pittsburgh airport. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Nine West brand" (http://www.jonesgroupinc.com/brands/better-jeanswear/nine-west) , Jones Apparel Group ^ (#cite_ref-ninewest_2-0) "Nine West And U.S. Shoe Agree on Deal" (https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/18/business/luxottica-to-acquire-us-shoe-for-1.4-billion.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . March 17, 1995 . Retrieved January 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Nine West Inc. Company History" (http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Nine-West-Group-Inc-Company-History.html) , fundinguniverse.com ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Jones Apparel Group Names Creative Director for Nine West Brand" (http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail/4441768-1.html) , allbusiness.com, Wednesday, October 18, 2006 ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Nine West store owner in Canada files for bankruptcy protection" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/nine-west-store-owner-in-canada-files-for-bankruptcy-protection-1.3142837) . CBC News. July 9, 2015 . Retrieved July 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Nine West To Close All Stores, Join Retail's Growing List Of Casualties In 2018 (https://www.bisnow.com/national/news/retail/nine-west-close-all-stores-bankruptcy-retail-casualties-87166) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Nine West is shutting down in Canada" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190930140155/https://nowtoronto.com/lifestyle/nine-west-closing/) . Archived from the original (https://nowtoronto.com/lifestyle/nine-west-closing/) on September 30, 2019 . Retrieved May 5, 2018 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nine West (brand) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nine_West_(brand)) . Official website (http://www.ninewest.com/) v t e Authentic Brands Group (/wiki/Authentic_Brands_Group) Subsidiaries Aéropostale (/wiki/A%C3%A9ropostale_(clothing)) Arrow (/wiki/The_Arrow_Collar_Man) Brooks Brothers (/wiki/Brooks_Brothers) Eddie Bauer (/wiki/Eddie_Bauer) Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) Frederick's of Hollywood (/wiki/Frederick%27s_of_Hollywood) Frye (/wiki/The_Frye_Company) Hart Schaffner Marx (/wiki/Hart_Schaffner_Marx) Hervé Léger (/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_L%C3%A9ger) Hickey Freeman (/wiki/Hickey_Freeman) Izod (/wiki/Izod) Juicy Couture (/wiki/Juicy_Couture) Lucky Brand Jeans (/wiki/Lucky_Brand_Jeans) Nautica (/wiki/Nautica) Prince (/wiki/Prince_Sports) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Rockport (/wiki/Rockport_(company)) Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) Sports Illustrated Kids (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Kids) Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) Vision Street Wear (/wiki/Vision_Street_Wear) Volcom (/wiki/Volcom) Brands Companies Barneys (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) Nine West Thomasville (/wiki/Thomasville_Furniture_Industries) People Adrienne Vittadini (/wiki/Adrienne_Vittadini) Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) Greg Norman (/wiki/Greg_Norman) Judith Leiber (/wiki/Judith_Leiber) Julius Erving (/wiki/Julius_Erving) Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) Muhammad Ali (/wiki/Muhammad_Ali) Shaquille O'Neal (/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal) Thalía (/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa) Vince Camuto (/wiki/Vince_Camuto) Major shareholders BlackRock (/wiki/BlackRock) General Atlantic (/wiki/General_Atlantic) GIC (/wiki/GIC_(sovereign_wealth_fund)) Jamie Salter (/wiki/Jamie_Salter_(businessman)) Leonard Green & Partners (/wiki/Leonard_Green_%26_Partners) Lion Capital (/wiki/Lion_Capital_LLP) Key people Jamie Salter (/wiki/Jamie_Salter_(businessman)) (founder & CEO) Category Commons NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐rf5rj Cached time: 20240720170233 Cache expiry: 975448 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.418 seconds Real time usage: 0.576 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2163/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 42938/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2668/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26277/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.276/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5848201/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 522.044 1 -total 19.69% 102.790 1 Template:Reflist 18.62% 97.199 1 Template:Infobox_company 17.05% 89.024 1 Template:Authentic_Brands_Group 16.90% 88.225 2 Template:Navbox 15.99% 83.490 2 Template:Cite_news 15.47% 80.758 1 Template:Infobox 13.00% 67.870 1 Template:Refimprove 12.36% 64.509 1 Template:Ambox 8.08% 42.200 1 Template:About Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10583783-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720170233 and revision id 1232079696. 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Works of fiction with the gyaru (/wiki/Gyaru) or gal fashion subculture as a topic, theme, setting or some significant element. Also includes the more specific kogal (/wiki/Kogal) and ganguro (/wiki/Ganguro) subcultures. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐77448c77dd‐fjpzb Cached time: 20240709170334 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.006 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:65653684-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709170334 and revision id 1043743341. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Gyaru in fiction" The following 23 pages are in this category, out of 23 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 2.5 Dimensional Seduction (/wiki/2.5_Dimensional_Seduction) B Bounce Ko Gals (/wiki/Bounce_Ko_Gals) C Citrus (manga) (/wiki/Citrus_(manga)) The Coppersmith's Bride (/wiki/The_Coppersmith%27s_Bride) F Flying Colors (2015 film) (/wiki/Flying_Colors_(2015_film)) G Gal Circle (/wiki/Gal_Circle) Gal Gohan (/wiki/Gal_Gohan) Gal-sen (/wiki/Gal-sen) Gals! (/wiki/Gals!) H Hime Gal Paradise (/wiki/Hime_Gal_Paradise) Hokkaido Gals Are Super Adorable! (/wiki/Hokkaido_Gals_Are_Super_Adorable!) K Kandagawa Jet Girls (/wiki/Kandagawa_Jet_Girls) M The Many Sides of Voice Actor Radio (/wiki/The_Many_Sides_of_Voice_Actor_Radio) More Than a Married Couple, But Not Lovers (/wiki/More_Than_a_Married_Couple,_But_Not_Lovers) My Dress-Up Darling (/wiki/My_Dress-Up_Darling) My First Girlfriend Is a Gal (/wiki/My_First_Girlfriend_Is_a_Gal) My Roomie Is a Dino (/wiki/My_Roomie_Is_a_Dino) P Peach Girl (/wiki/Peach_Girl) Please Tell Me! Galko-chan (/wiki/Please_Tell_Me!_Galko-chan) R Rooming with a Gamer Gal (/wiki/Rooming_with_a_Gamer_Gal) Y Yancha Gal no Anjō-san (/wiki/Yancha_Gal_no_Anj%C5%8D-san) You Were Experienced, I Was Not: Our Dating Story (/wiki/You_Were_Experienced,_I_Was_Not:_Our_Dating_Story) Yuri Is My Job! (/wiki/Yuri_Is_My_Job!) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Gyaru_in_fiction&oldid=1043743341 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Gyaru_in_fiction&oldid=1043743341) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Gyaru (/wiki/Category:Gyaru) Japan in fiction (/wiki/Category:Japan_in_fiction) Fiction about fashion (/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_fashion) |
This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_hand_fans_in_the_18th_century&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/European_hand_fans_in_the_18th_century) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "European hand fans in the 18th century" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22European+hand+fans+in+the+18th+century%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22European+hand+fans+in+the+18th+century%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22European+hand+fans+in+the+18th+century%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22European+hand+fans+in+the+18th+century%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22European+hand+fans+in+the+18th+century%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22European+hand+fans+in+the+18th+century%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Hand fans (/wiki/Hand_fan) first arrived in Europe (/wiki/Europe) in the 15th century from Asia and became popular in the 16th century. Several fan styles were common and a plethora of materials were used to create them. Subject matter varied greatly, from Biblical scenes to landscapes. Hand fans serve as a cooling mechanism, social instrument, and fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) . History [ edit ] Fans were used throughout history, and can be traced back as long as five thousand years ago. They developed in ancient Egypt (/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) , India (/wiki/India) and China (/wiki/China) , where they were used for ceremonies and practical purposes. [1] (#cite_note-Steele-1) In the 12th century, during the Crusades (/wiki/Crusades) , the fan was brought to Europe. [2] (#cite_note-Alexander-2) At first, Europeans adopted the rigid fan (/w/index.php?title=Rigid_fan&action=edit&redlink=1) and feather fans (/w/index.php?title=Feather_fan&action=edit&redlink=1) . Queen Elizabeth I of England (/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England) (1533–1603) owned dozens of these fans, as was shown in her portraits. Later in the 16th century, folding fans (/wiki/Folding_fan) were introduced into Europe from Japan (/wiki/Japan) where they originated. [1] (#cite_note-Steele-1) Queen Elizabeth I ('The Ditchley portrait') by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger Elizabeth I George Gower Once the fan was known to Europe, France (/wiki/France) became the center for fan design and production. At the end of the 17th century, Huguenot (/wiki/Huguenot) immigrants traveled to England (/wiki/England) , bringing the fan craft with them. [2] (#cite_note-Alexander-2) French fans were so popular that they were smuggled into England during the 18th century. During this time the Worshipful Company of Fan Makers (/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fan_Makers) tried to grow the English fan trade, but their success was small in comparison to the French industry. [2] (#cite_note-Alexander-2) Types [ edit ] There were two main types of fans seen in Europe during the 18th century: the rigid (or fixed) fan and the folding fan. Rigid fan [ edit ] As its name implies, the rigid fan is stiff and is made to retain its shape. Possible fan shapes are a leaf, a rectangle, or an oval. The fan is attached to a base where it is held. [1] (#cite_note-Steele-1) Folding fan [ edit ] The folding fan was the most popular in Europe during the 18th century, a time known as the golden age of the folding fan. [3] (#cite_note-3) The principal folding fan styles are pleated, brisé, and cockade. [2] (#cite_note-Alexander-2) Hand fan 1800 1805 Pleated fan [ edit ] The pleated fan (/w/index.php?title=Pleated_fan&action=edit&redlink=1) consists of a mount and a set of sticks. The outer sticks (the guards) are wider than the others and are often more decorated. At the base of the sticks is a pivot which connects the fan and allows it to spread and open. The base is either shaped or rounded off. [2] (#cite_note-Alexander-2) Brisé fan [ edit ] The brisé fan (/w/index.php?title=Bris%C3%A9_fan&action=edit&redlink=1) consists only of a set of sticks. These sticks are attached to a base with a pivot similar to that of a pleated fan. A cord or ribbon runs across the top of the fan, holding the sticks together. [2] (#cite_note-Alexander-2) Hand fan 1815 1820 Cockade fan [ edit ] A Parisian Cockade fan of silk and ivory, 1800-1850 A cockade fan (/w/index.php?title=Cockade_fan&action=edit&redlink=1) opens into a complete circle around the pivot. Their style can be either pleated or brisé. They were not very practical and considered too flamboyant, and thus they saw little popularity. [2] (#cite_note-Alexander-2) Materials [ edit ] Fans in the 18th century were made from a wide variety of materials depending on their style and purpose. During the 18th century fans were a fashion accessory and thus were made from the fashionable materials of the time. [4] (#cite_note-Mayor,_Susan_1980-4) Sticks and handles [ edit ] Sticks and handles could be made of gold (/wiki/Gold) , tortoise shell (/wiki/Tortoiseshell_material) , ivory (/wiki/Ivory) , mother-of-pearl (/wiki/Mother-of-pearl) , horn (/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)) , or wood (/wiki/Wood) . They were often highly decorated. Most sticks and handles were not only made of the previously listed materials, but were inlaid with others. For example, a mother-of-pearl fan could be inlaid with gold. Other sticks were plain. [4] (#cite_note-Mayor,_Susan_1980-4) Mounts [ edit ] Previous to 1780, mounts were typically made of vellum (/wiki/Vellum) or paper (/wiki/Paper) . Some, more valuable fans were decorated with materials used for the sticks such as mother-of-pearl. [4] (#cite_note-Mayor,_Susan_1980-4) Other decorations included feathers (/wiki/Feather) , butterfly (/wiki/Butterfly) wings, silk (/wiki/Silk) , gold, and sequins (/wiki/Sequin) . Although not as common, the 18th century also saw lace (/wiki/Lace) fans. [4] (#cite_note-Mayor,_Susan_1980-4) Subject matter [ edit ] European fans were often decorated with historical, political, or social images. While some fans were meant to inform, others were meant to entertain. There was fan for every occasion; whether it be a wedding (/wiki/Wedding) , a funeral (/wiki/Funeral) , or a dance (/wiki/Dance_(event)) , there was always a fan made specifically for the event. [5] (#cite_note-Bennett,_Anna_G._1981-5) Entertainment [ edit ] Some artists designed fans which would prevent boredom (/wiki/Boredom) during a dull event, or would start a conversation. These fans were often covered with riddles (/wiki/Riddle) and puzzles (/wiki/Puzzle) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Another type of entertainment fan was the fortune-telling (/wiki/Fortune-telling) fan. These presented questions such as “Whether one is to get Riches; Whether one will be successful in Love; What sort of Husband shall I have; etc.” [1] (#cite_note-Steele-1) Instructive [ edit ] The 18th century saw fans which assisted in remembering holidays (/wiki/Holiday) or that served as maps (/wiki/Map) . [5] (#cite_note-Bennett,_Anna_G._1981-5) The fan, “Map of Warwickshire” is such a fan. [7] (#cite_note-Schreiber-7) Historical [ edit ] Fans commonly recorded current events. [5] (#cite_note-Bennett,_Anna_G._1981-5) There were souvenir (/wiki/Souvenir) fans that depicted scenes such as Vesuvius (/wiki/Vesuvius) erupting and the Coliseum (/wiki/Coliseum) . Others celebrated public events such as a military victory. [1] (#cite_note-Steele-1) The fan, “Coronation of George II” shows the banquet of George II (/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain) and Queen Caroline (/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach) in Westminster Hall (/wiki/Westminster_Hall) on their coronation (/wiki/Coronation) day, October 11, 1727. [7] (#cite_note-Schreiber-7) Biblical and classical [ edit ] Classical myths (/wiki/Myth) and biblical scenes were frequent during the early 18th century. [1] (#cite_note-Steele-1) Fans for church depicted Bible subjects such as Jacob (/wiki/Jacob) and Rachel (/wiki/Rachel) or Ruth (/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)) and Boaz (/wiki/Boaz) . [5] (#cite_note-Bennett,_Anna_G._1981-5) The fan, “Moses Striking the Rock” shows the Israelite encampment in the wilderness and Moses (/wiki/Moses) standing by the rock from which water flows. [7] (#cite_note-Schreiber-7) Pastoral [ edit ] Later in the 18th century, rococo (/wiki/Rococo) pastoral scenes became popular. Landscapes (/wiki/Landscape) were common as well as images with love (/wiki/Love) and courtship (/wiki/Courtship) themes. Cupid (/wiki/Cupid) was often a principal figure on such fans. [1] (#cite_note-Steele-1) The fan, “Pastoral Landscape” shows a river (/wiki/River) landscape with men and women walking by and sheep (/wiki/Sheep) grazing. [7] (#cite_note-Schreiber-7) Purposes [ edit ] Practical [ edit ] When originated, the fan’s purpose was to cool the face and keep away insects (/wiki/Insect) . Before the 18th century their most common use was to keep flies away from church altars (/wiki/Altar) . [8] (#cite_note-8) While driving insects away became less and less of a fan’s purpose, the fan continued to serve as a cooling mechanism. [2] (#cite_note-Alexander-2) Fashion [ edit ] In Europe, fans were not a necessity. They were mainly used as a fashion accessory, to complement the rest of the lady’s outfit. “Fans were as much an adjunct to a lady of fashion’s attire as were gloves or bags.” [2] (#cite_note-Alexander-2) By the 18th century fans were used only by females. The fan was described as the “feminine accessory, par excellence.” [1] (#cite_note-Steele-1) Propaganda [ edit ] Subject matter such as historical and political events made fans a means of spreading news (/wiki/News) or political propaganda (/wiki/Propaganda) . Other fans contained brand names (/wiki/Brand_name) and store fronts and thus acted as advertisements (/wiki/Advertisement) . [2] (#cite_note-Alexander-2) Social instrument – fan language [ edit ] Due to their large use and popularity, fans began to affect gestures (/wiki/Gesture) and thus a fan “ sign language (/wiki/Sign_language) ” developed between 1711 and 1740. [5] (#cite_note-Bennett,_Anna_G._1981-5) In a 1740 edition of the Gentleman's Magazine (/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Magazine) , there was an advertisement for “The New Fashioned Speaking FAN!” [1] (#cite_note-Steele-1) This “speaking fan” created a system whereby motions of the fan translated into letters of the alphabet. The alphabet, with the exception of J, was split into five sections. These sections corresponded to one of the following movements: Moving the fan with the left hand to the left arm Moving the fan with the right hand to the left arm Placing the fan against the bosom Raising the fan to the mouth Raising the fan to the forehead In order to signal a letter two movements were necessary. The first corresponded to one of the five alphabet groups (/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_group&action=edit&redlink=1) , and the second told the letter’s position in the group. For example, to signal “D”, one would use movement 1 (first section of the alphabet), followed by movement 4 (fourth letter in that section of the alphabet). [1] (#cite_note-Steele-1) Current status [ edit ] This section is about an event or subject that may not be current but does not specify the time period . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_hand_fans_in_the_18th_century&action=edit) to include this information. The talk page (/wiki/Talk:European_hand_fans_in_the_18th_century) may contain suggestions. (August 2018) Fans are often considered minor works of art. [ according to whom? ] Many survived and are in the hands of owners or museums throughout the world. [2] (#cite_note-Alexander-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Steele, Valerie. The Fan: Fashion and Femininity Unfolded. New York: Rizzoli, 2002. Print. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Alexander, Hélène. Fans. London: B.T. Batsford, 1984. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Fans." The Decoratosr and Furnisher 24.5 (1894): 182. JSTOR. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mayor, Susan. Collecting Fans. New York: Mayflower, 1980. Print. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bennett, Anna G., and Ruth Berson. Fans in Fashion. [San Francisco]: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1981. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Esdaile, Arundell. "Fans." British Museum Quarterly (/wiki/British_Museum_Quarterly) 14.1 (1940): 23-24. JSTOR. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Schreiber, Charlotte. Fans and Fan-Leaves. Comp. Lionel Cust (/wiki/Lionel_Cust) . London: Oxford UP, 1893. Print. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Standen, Edith. "Acquisitions of Works of Art by Museums and Galleries: Supplement." The Burlington Magazine 107.750 (1965): 487. JSTOR. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. 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Fashion designer (born c. 1970) Rena Koh (born c. 1970) is a Malaysian-born British fashion designer, especially noted for her bridal wear. [1] (#cite_note-Publishing2004-1) She is based in Boca Raton, Florida (/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida) . History [ edit ] Based in Hong Kong in the early 1990s, [2] (#cite_note-WWD94-2) in 1993 she won the "Best Collection Award" at the Hong Kong Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) [3] (#cite_note-3) and at the 1997 British Bridal Awards (/w/index.php?title=British_Bridal_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1) three of her dresses were entered and one won the best "Long and Romantic" dress. [4] (#cite_note-4) In an attempt to break into the US market in the 1990s her dresses were sold with other British designers, and sold as "The Designer Collection". [5] (#cite_note-FieldsFields1999-5) Her dresses are sold in global cities such as New York City and Chicago, [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) London and Tokyo, and she has Rena Koh Collections stores in Boca Raton, Florida (/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida) [8] (#cite_note-8) and on James Road in Tyseley (/wiki/Tyseley) , Birmingham (/wiki/Birmingham) in the UK. [ citation needed ] Her dresses appeared at the debut edition of the New York Bridal Apparel Show in April 1994 and was one of the busiest booths with visitors on display. [2] (#cite_note-WWD94-2) In 2004, her designer bridal gowns were nominated for a national DEBI Award, alongside gowns by the likes of Eve of Milady (/w/index.php?title=Eve_of_Milady&action=edit&redlink=1) , Lazaro (/wiki/Lazaro) , and Monique Lhuillier (/wiki/Monique_Lhuillier) . [9] (#cite_note-WWD04-9) Style [ edit ] Rena Koh is known for her designer bridal gowns. Textile Asia mentioned that she made "elegant dresses", "cut in georgette, silk chifron, silk crepe with folds of satin and heavy folds of deep velvet". [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2001, one of her dresses, a "sleeveless gown, approximately 15 to 20 yards of silk organza with a Basque waist, delicate beading along the neckline and the front skirt and a built-in tulle underskirt and boned bodice" was donated by the Bridal Salon at Marshall Field's to the Lyric Opera (/wiki/Lyric_Opera) of Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) and worn by Alexandra von der Weth (/wiki/Alexandra_von_der_Weth) and Noemi Nademann (/w/index.php?title=Noemi_Nademann&action=edit&redlink=1) in the Cafe Momus scene in Act II of Giacomo Puccini (/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini) 's " La Boheme (/wiki/La_Boheme) " in January–February 2002. [11] (#cite_note-11) Her dresses are retailed at $1,500- $3,000, [1] (#cite_note-Publishing2004-1) and her used dresses often sell for $600–800. In 2013 the charity Oxfam (/wiki/Oxfam) are selling a Size 12 dress of Rena Koh's for £110, describing it as a "gorgeous wedding dress from Rena Koh in a heavy ivory polyester & trimmed with festoons of rosebuds with clusters of pearl stamens at their centres." [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Cincinnati Wedding . Emmis Publishing. 2004. p. 87. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1945-0354 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-0354) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Vendors, buyers laud N.Y. show. (New York Bridal Apparel Show)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140610055850/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15147029.html) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . 19 March 1994. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15147029.html) on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Altar images from Rena" (http://www.scmp.com/article/35117/altar-images-rena) . South China Morning Post (/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) . 1993-06-30. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180712064958/https://www.scmp.com/article/35117/altar-images-rena) from the original on 2018-07-12. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Rena Koh Bridal Wedding Gowns & Dresses" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130224092337/http://bride1.com/gowns.php?gown_id=70&name=Rena_Koh_Bridal_Wedding_Gowns_&_Dresses) . Bride1.com. Archived from the original (http://bride1.com/gowns.php?gown_id=70&name=Rena_Koh_Bridal_Wedding_Gowns_&_Dresses) on 24 February 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-FieldsFields1999_5-0) Fields, Denise; Fields, Alan (1 January 1999). Bridal Gown Guide 1999 . Windsor Peak Press. p. 309 (https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781889392035/page/309) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-889392-03-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) New York . New York Magazine Company. 2001. p. 66. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "SOMETHING OLD; SOME BRIDES ARE FINDING THEIR WAY THE SECOND TIME AROUND" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140610055936/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61973490.html) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . 25 April 2000. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61973490.html) on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Rena Koh Collection - Boca Raton, Palm Beach County, Florida, United States" (http://www.mbendi.com/orgs/ftdb.htm) . Mbendi . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-WWD04_9-0) "MAKING BIG PLANS.(Company Profile)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140610055951/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-118510248.html) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . 23 June 2004. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-118510248.html) on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Textile Asia . Business Press. 1997. p. 118. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Lyric Opera hosts Fantasy of the Opera gala benefit" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060119/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-583560501.html) . Chicago Defender (/wiki/Chicago_Defender) . 29 December 2001. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-583560501.html) on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Rena Koh - Size 12 - ivory - Rosebud wedding dress" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063014/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/shop/bridal/wedding-dresses/rena-koh-size-12-ivory-rosebud-wedding-dress-hd_100146769) . Oxfam (/wiki/Oxfam) . Archived from the original (http://www.oxfam.org.uk/shop/bridal/wedding-dresses/rena-koh-size-12-ivory-rosebud-wedding-dress-hd_100146769) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . 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Mexican fashion designer Mitzy Website mitzy (http://mitzy.mx) .mx (http://mitzy.mx) Jorge García Cardenas , better known as Mitzy , (born Municipio de La Huacana (/wiki/La_Huacana_Municipality) , Michoacán (/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n) , 1955) is a Mexican fashion designer known for his work on television. Early life [ edit ] Mitzy was born in Michoacan, Mexico among a family of peasants. His father was murdered when he was 5 years old. At 14 he went to Mexico City to work but lived on the streets for 8 months before being invited by a shady character who promised to help him but instead made him suffer sexual abuse. [1] (#cite_note-1) The man was later arrested and sent to prison. He later met Francis (/wiki/Francis_Garc%C3%ADa) , a transgender vedette and drag queen. From Francis, he learned fashion design. Biography [ edit ] Later on he met stylist Alfredo Palacios and actress and singer Verónica Castro (/wiki/Ver%C3%B3nica_Castro) , who hires him as a dresser. Olga Guillot (/wiki/Olga_Guillot) , Lupita D’alesio (/wiki/Lupita_D%27Alessio) , Olga Breenskin (/wiki/Olga_Breeskin) , y Thalía (/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa) [2] (#cite_note-2) later wore his designs. Thalía's wedding gown In 2000, when Thalía married music manager Tommy Mottola (/wiki/Tommy_Mottola) , she decided to use one of Mitzy's designs, despite the fact that she already had a compromise with Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_(fashion_house)) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Conversion [ edit ] In 2003, after speaking with Federica Sodi, Thalía's sister, Mitzy became a Christian. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Vivencia de Mitzy (in Spanish) , retrieved 4 August 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Vivencia de Mitzy (in Spanish) , retrieved 4 August 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Mitzy habla del vestido de novia de Thalia (in Spanish) , retrieved 4 August 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Mitzy" (https://www.excelsior.com.mx/opinion/gustavo-a-infante/2013/06/29/906448) . Excélsior (in Spanish). 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2019 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6cc9f7fdd7‐vctcm Cached time: 20240715191637 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.361 seconds Real time usage: 0.582 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1741/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8982/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 985/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16148/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.219/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4830767/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 567.589 1 -total 48.38% 274.582 1 Template:Infobox_person 25.11% 142.510 1 Template:Reflist 21.20% 120.303 1 Template:Wikidata_image 21.15% 120.044 3 Template:Citation 17.53% 99.478 1 Template:Short_description 9.64% 54.711 18 Template:Main_other 8.67% 49.231 2 Template:Pagetype 5.25% 29.776 1 Template:SDcat 5.09% 28.872 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36303709-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715191637 and revision id 1110202472. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitzy_(fashion_designer)&oldid=1110202472 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitzy_(fashion_designer)&oldid=1110202472) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Televisa (/wiki/Category:Televisa) Mexican fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Mexican_fashion_designers) 1955 births (/wiki/Category:1955_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from October 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2019) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) |
Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2000s portal (/wiki/Portal:2000s) This category is for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) in the year 2003 (/wiki/2003) . 1965 (/wiki/Category:1965_in_fashion) 1973 (/wiki/Category:1973_in_fashion) 2000 (/wiki/Category:2000_in_fashion) 2001 (/wiki/Category:2001_in_fashion) 2002 (/wiki/Category:2002_in_fashion) 2003 2004 (/wiki/Category:2004_in_fashion) 2005 (/wiki/Category:2005_in_fashion) 2006 (/wiki/Category:2006_in_fashion) 2007 (/wiki/Category:2007_in_fashion) 2008 (/wiki/Category:2008_in_fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7cd59cdcfb‐sv78r Cached time: 20240718002738 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.114 seconds Real time usage: 0.196 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 161/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4886/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 109/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 47/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.082/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1556616/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 185.281 1 Template:YYYY_in_fashion_category_header 100.00% 185.281 1 -total 62.46% 115.732 1 Template:Category_series_navigation 29.56% 54.771 1 Template:Portal 11.95% 22.148 1 Template:FindYDCportal 6.06% 11.236 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 4.06% 7.530 1 Template:Category_other 3.37% 6.249 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 2.22% 4.108 6 Template:Title_year 0.78% 1.441 1 Template:DECADE Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39096665-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718002738 and revision id 949562894. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "2003 in fashion" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Apple Bottoms (/wiki/Apple_Bottoms) H Hanfu Movement (/wiki/Hanfu_Movement) V Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2003) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2003_in_fashion&oldid=949562894 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2003_in_fashion&oldid=949562894) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2003 (/wiki/Category:2003) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Fashion by year (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_year) Hidden categories: Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) |
Technical clothing for cycling A road cyclist wearing a typical, modern slim-fitting summer jersey with graphics design (/wiki/Graphics_design) , association and sponsor logos (/wiki/Logos) . The rear of the jersey features pockets at the waist facing upwards to store belongings. A cycling jersey is a specialised jersey (/wiki/Sports_jersey) for cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) . The cycling jersey used to be made of wool since the inception of cycling as a sport in the early 1900s, [1] (#cite_note-1) while contemporary jerseys have evolved into technical (/wiki/Technical_textile) sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) that is lightweight, fitted, made of synthetic and moisture-wicking fabric. A specialised cycling jersey for the road discipline (/wiki/Road_cycling) features the following unique characteristics: [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) A longer cut in the back to accommodate the bent-over cycling position Pockets on the back panel to prevent spill Silicone grippers at the hem to prevent the jersey from moving up the body while cycling Full length zip (/wiki/Zipper) to allow for ventilation Tight-fitting cut to eliminate loose fabric and reduce air resistance Moisture-wicking material to keep the cyclist cooler and more comfortable Cycling jerseys are available in various cuts. For instance, a loose 'club cut' offering relaxed fit for recreational cyclists, and a form-fitting 'race cut' featuring a tailored fit that is tighter and shorter. [5] (#cite_note-5) Jerseys for other cycling disciplines such as mountain biking (/wiki/Mountain_biking) have different characteristics. Looser jerseys allow body armour to be worn beneath. [6] (#cite_note-6) Long sleeve options also provide additional protection against branches and twigs. [7] (#cite_note-7) Professional cycling is heavily sponsored (/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)) . Regulations specify the size, colour and the placement of sponsor, national federation and manufacturer logos and other graphics. [8] (#cite_note-8) In professional races, certain colours or patterns (/wiki/Cycling_jerseys_of_professional_races) have special symbolism that signify the leader or the champion of a race or tour. Numbers are pinned on the back of the jersey for a race. See also [ edit ] Cycling (/wiki/Cycling) Cycling kit (/wiki/Cycling_kit) Distinctive jerseys in professional cycling (/wiki/Distinctive_jerseys_in_professional_cycling) Exercise dress (/wiki/Exercise_dress) Performance fabrics (/wiki/Performance_fabrics) Road bicycle racing (/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing) Road cycling (/wiki/Road_cycling) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Cycling Jersey: A Robust History, From Bland to Colorful to Current Trends" (https://seemewear.com/cycling-jersey-history/) . See Me Wear High Visibility Cycling Jerseys . 2018-03-08 . Retrieved 2022-10-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Brown, John. "The Importance of a Cycling Jersey" (https://havefunbiking.com/products/cycling-jerseys-importance/) . HaveFunBiking.com . Retrieved 2022-10-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Bicycle Jerseys - Should You Buy One? Benefits to Wearing a Bike Jersey" (https://seemewear.com/bicycle-jerseys/) . See Me Wear High Visibility Cycling Jerseys . Retrieved 2022-10-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "4 Tips for Choosing a Cycling Jersey" (https://www.pactimo.com/blogs/cycling-people-places-things/new-to-cycling-bike-jerseys) . Pactimo . Retrieved 2022-10-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Cycling Size Guide" (https://www.champ-sys.ca/pages/cycling-size-guide) . Champion System Canada . Retrieved 2022-10-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Buyer's guide to summer mountain bike jerseys" (https://off.road.cc/content/buying/buyer-s-guide-to-summer-mountain-bike-jerseys-776) . off-road.cc . 2018-04-20 . Retrieved 2022-10-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Zach Nehr (2021-12-01). "What to wear mountain biking: All the mountain bike gear you need from head to toe" (https://www.bikeperfect.com/features/what-to-wear-mountain-biking-all-the-mountain-bike-gear-you-need-from-head-to-toe) . Bike Perfect . Retrieved 2022-10-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) UCI JERSEYS VISUAL GUIDELINES MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATIONS & MODEL VARIATIONS (PDF) . 2021. v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri 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(Redirected from Controversy about bras (/w/index.php?title=Controversy_about_bras&redirect=no) ) Movement consisting of not wearing a bra The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bralessness&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Bralessness) , or create a new article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard) , as appropriate. ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Italian actress and producer Gisella Marengo (/wiki/Gisella_Marengo) appears braless at the 66th Venice Film Festival (/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival) , 2009. She is wearing see-through clothing (/wiki/See-through_clothing) . In Western society (/wiki/Western_society) , since the 1960s, there has been a slow but steady trend towards bralessness among a number of women, especially millennials (/wiki/Millennial) , who have expressed opposition to and are giving up wearing bras (/wiki/Bra) . [1] (#cite_note-mallenbaum-1) In 2016, Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) magazine fashion director Rachael Wang wrote, "Going braless is as old as feminism, but it seems to be bubbling to the surface more recently as a direct response to Third Wave (/wiki/Third-wave_feminism) moments like #freethenipple (/wiki/Free_the_Nipple_(campaign)) hashtag campaign, increased trans-visibility like Caitlyn Jenner (/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner) 's Vanity Fair cover ... and Lena Dunham (/wiki/Lena_Dunham) 's show Girls (/wiki/Girls_(TV_series)) ." [1] (#cite_note-mallenbaum-1) Women choose to go braless due to discomfort, health-related issues, their cost, and for social reasons, often having to do with self-acceptance and political expression. Women have protested the physical and cultural restrictions imposed by bras over many years. A feminist protest (/wiki/Miss_America_protest) at the 1968 Miss America contest (/wiki/Miss_America_1969) is often seen as the beginning of the anti-bra movement, prompting manufacturers to market new designs that created a softer, more natural look. [2] (#cite_note-sadaf-2) Terms [ edit ] The word braless was first used circa 1965. [3] (#cite_note-3) Other terms for going braless include breast freedom, top freedom (/wiki/Topfreedom) , and bra freedom. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Activists advocating going braless have referred to protests as a "bra-cott". [7] (#cite_note-7) This section may lend undue weight (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight) to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation (/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE) . Discuss and resolve (/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution) this issue before removing this message. ( July 2023 ) Benefits of bralessness [ edit ] Researchers and physicians have found health benefits for going braless. One researcher found that women who did not wear a bra experienced less shoulder and neck pain. According to a study published in the Clinical Study of Pain , large-breasted women can reduce back pain by going braless, and they may find going braless as a preferred treatment instead of reduction with a mammaplasty (/wiki/Mammaplasty) . [8] (#cite_note-myint-8) Of the women with larger breasts who participated in the study, 79% decided to stop wearing bras completely. [9] (#cite_note-johnson-9) Improved breast shape [ edit ] Women with breasts of all sizes may benefit from bralessness, with some women who have gone long periods without wearing a bra often report that this leads their breasts being firmer, rounder, and perkier over time. [10] (#cite_note-lapidos-10) In another study, eleven adult female subjects aged 22–39 wore a correctly fitted bra for three months and then went braless for three months. After the bra-wearing period, when compared with the bra-free period, the distance between the woman's right and left nipples became wider, and their breasts sagged more. [11] (#cite_note-11) A 15-year-long study of the benefits women get from wearing a bra concluded that the nipples of 330 women aged 18 to 35 who never wore bras were on average 7 millimetres (0.28 in) higher in relation to their shoulders each year than regular bra users. [12] (#cite_note-mednews-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) The results and research methods of this study were questioned by some, noting they were not published in a medical journal. [16] (#cite_note-hwy-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Critics and skeptics noted that they cannot locate the actual study Rouillon is reported to have completed, but only reports about it, including the initial interview on French radio that sparked widespread coverage. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) As of 2006, about 10% of Australian women did not wear a bra. [20] (#cite_note-20) Surveys have reported that 5–25 per cent of Western women do not wear a bra. [21] (#cite_note-independent15aug-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Better circulation [ edit ] Because finding a well-fitting bra is difficult, women who wear bras sometimes feel constricted. One study found that 70% of women wear bras that are too small. [24] (#cite_note-wood-24) Sekhon says that bras can impede blood flow to back and chest muscles, contributing to sore back muscles. Women with large breasts who stop wearing a bra may experience improved blood flow more quickly than women with smaller breasts, as bras supporting larger breasts tend to fit tighter than those worn by women with smaller breasts. [10] (#cite_note-lapidos-10) [25] (#cite_note-healthshots-25) [26] (#cite_note-george-26) Increased comfort [ edit ] Women with large breasts feel increased comfort compared to women with smaller breasts. [10] (#cite_note-lapidos-10) [26] (#cite_note-george-26) Some women who have gone braless while working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic do not want to go back to wearing bras again. [27] (#cite_note-huffingtonpost.ca-27) Better breast skin health [ edit ] Women wearing a bra often experience "boob sweat", clogged pores, skin irritation, and body odor. They can develop acne mechanica (/wiki/Acne_mechanica) . It is possible to alleviate this problem by going braless. [28] (#cite_note-28) [25] (#cite_note-healthshots-25) [27] (#cite_note-huffingtonpost.ca-27) [26] (#cite_note-george-26) Comfort [ edit ] Braless at home [ edit ] Upon returning home from a day at work, many women confess one of the things they look forward to is taking off their bra as soon as they get home. [29] (#cite_note-elite-29) One editor wrote, "Taking your bra off is an extremely liberating feeling, and one we females look forward to—every day, all day long." [29] (#cite_note-elite-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-bazaar316-32) During the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) and the subsequent requirement for remote work (/wiki/Remote_work) , many women publicly admitted to forgoing wearing a bra at all times. [33] (#cite_note-refinery29-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) [10] (#cite_note-lapidos-10) Miami fashion blogger Maria Tettamanti gladly confessed that while working from home she is braless. "The only positive attribute coming out of this pandemic is the notion we can work from home braless – free of wires, overly snug, overly padded bras." [35] (#cite_note-35) During April 2020, online bra sales dropped 12%. [32] (#cite_note-bazaar316-32) Women welcomed the chance to avoid the normal discomfort that often accompanies wearing a bra. [36] (#cite_note-36) One clothing manufacturer surveyed 1000 women and found that 35% of women were braless while working from home. They also reported that hashtags like #nobranoproblem and #bralessandflawless were common on Twitter. [37] (#cite_note-37) Comfort over fashion [ edit ] A Harris Poll (/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics) commissioned by Playtex (/wiki/Playtex) in 2009 asked more than 1,000 women what they like in a bra. Among the respondents, 67 percent said they prefer wearing a bra to going braless, while 85 percent wanted to wear a "shape-enhancing bra that feels like nothing at all." They were split as regards underwire bras: 49 percent said they prefer underwire bras, the same percentage as those who said they prefer wireless bras. [38] (#cite_note-38) Apparel company Ruby Ribbon surveyed 3,000 women in 2014 in advance of National No Bra Day about their attitudes towards their breasts and bras. Among respondents, 92 percent said they simply want support and comfort and are less interested in sex appeal or fashionable colors and designs. Twenty-one percent rated their bra "An Enemy—I wish I had never met her", and nearly half (46%) answered, "A Business Partner—I put up with her". When asked to describe their bra in one word, the most popular term was "uncomfortable". [39] (#cite_note-prnews-39) [29] (#cite_note-elite-29) Bra fit and discomfort [ edit ] A variety of factors make it difficult for women to find a bra that fits properly. These include widely varying international manufacturing standards and measurement methods, the variety of bra sizes, and the wide anatomical differences among women. [40] (#cite_note-suntimes-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) In some women, one breast is slightly larger than the other. [42] (#cite_note-love_c1-42) More obvious and persistent asymmetry in breast size occurs in up to 25% of women. [43] (#cite_note-mgh2010-43) Women tend to find a bra that appears to fit and stay with that size for a long period of time even though they may lose and gain weight. [44] (#cite_note-cope-44) Medical studies have shown that most women experience pain as a result of wearing a bra, and shown that it is difficult for women to find a correctly fitting bra. [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-McGhee-46) As a result of these factors, 80 – 85% of women who wear a bra are wearing the wrong bra size. In one study, 70% of women wear bras that are too small and 10% wear bras that are too large. [24] (#cite_note-wood-24) [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-braill-48) Women complain of breast (/wiki/Breast_pain) , shoulder, neck, and back pain, migraines, indigestion, skin abrasions, and restricted breathing due to wearing bras. [49] (#cite_note-49) [48] (#cite_note-braill-48) Women who have large breasts are more likely to experience discomfort. Large cup size has been correlated with an increase in shoulder and neck pain. [8] (#cite_note-myint-8) One researcher found that 40% of women who rode horses reported breast pain. [50] (#cite_note-50) Women often cite the discomfort and pain associated with wearing bras as the primary reason for disliking them and for giving up wearing one. [40] (#cite_note-suntimes-40) Health issues [ edit ] Susan M. Love, a Clinical Professor of Surgery at UCLA (/wiki/University_of_California_Los_Angeles) , is a founder of the National Breast Cancer Coalition. She wrote, "Except for the women who find bras especially comfortable or uncomfortable, the decision to wear or not wear one is purely aesthetic - or emotional. If you don't enjoy it, and job or social pressures don't force you into it, don't bother." [51] (#cite_note-51) Cancer fears [ edit ] Some women choose not to wear bras because they worry that it might increase the risk of breast cancer. This idea was promoted in a controversial 1995 book Dressed to Kill: The Link Between Breast Cancer and Bras . A 2002 survey found that 6% of women agreed that "Under-wire bras can cause breast cancer", 63% disagreed with this claim, and another 31% did not know. [52] (#cite_note-sampson-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) There is no credible scientific evidence that wearing bras causes cancer. [52] (#cite_note-sampson-52) [54] (#cite_note-chen-54) The United States National Cancer Institute (/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute) states that bras have not been found to increase a woman's risk for breast cancer, [55] (#cite_note-nci-55) and the American Cancer Society (/wiki/American_Cancer_Society) stated, "There are no scientifically valid studies that show wearing bras of any type causes breast cancer." [56] (#cite_note-acs-56) Misinformation about bras and cancer spread across the internet "mostly inspired by one study with several scientific flaws...The study, never published in a peer-reviewed journal, did not adjust for known breast cancer risk factors that might be associated with bra-wearing behavior, like weight and age. Also, study participants knew the hypothesis before taking the survey." [57] (#cite_note-nyt-57) A well-regarded 2014 study by researchers at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (/wiki/Fred_Hutchinson_Cancer_Research_Center) in Seattle found no direct link between wearing a bra and developing breast cancer. [58] (#cite_note-58) The report noted, "no aspect of bra wearing, including bra cup size, recency, average number of hours a day worn, wearing a bra with an underwire, or age first began regularly wearing a bra, was associated with risks" of breast cancer. [59] (#cite_note-59) The study included detailed studies of women's lifestyle and bra-wearing habits and found no correlation between bra use and cancer. [60] (#cite_note-WaPo-60) [57] (#cite_note-nyt-57) Breast sagging [ edit ] Further information: Ptosis (breasts) (/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)) A common misconception is that bras are required to keep breasts from sagging later in life. [61] (#cite_note-healthnews-61) [62] (#cite_note-myths-62) There is no relationship between wearing a bra and whether breasts sag. [63] (#cite_note-prevention-63) Wearing a bra for any amount of time does not arrest, slow, or in any way affect breast ptosis (/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)) . [64] (#cite_note-64) John Dixey, former CEO of bra-maker Playtex (/wiki/Playtex) , explained on a British TV Channel 4 (/wiki/Channel_4) interview, "We have evidence that wearing a bra could not prevent sagging, because the breast itself is not muscle, so keeping it toned up is an impossibility. ... There's no permanent effect on the breast from wearing a particular bra. The bra will give you the shape the bra's been designed to give while you're wearing it." [61] (#cite_note-healthnews-61) [65] (#cite_note-65) [66] (#cite_note-66) Social issues [ edit ] Modern women have been socialized to believe that perky breasts are desirable. Laura Tempesta, bra expert and founder of bra manufacturer Bravolution, stated, "Lifted breasts are considered attractive in our culture which is why bra-wearing is a cultural development." [63] (#cite_note-prevention-63) Women feel pressured to wear bras because society expects their breasts to "stay firm and in the right position", or that if they are braless, it means she is promiscuous, loose, or slutty. An increasing number of millennial women reject these ideas as holdovers from earlier eras when a "woman's existence is for the male gaze." [2] (#cite_note-sadaf-2) An increasing number of women, especially those among the millennial generation, feel more comfortable about not wearing a bra, and what they wear is based more on what they want and not due to social norms or feminist ideology. With the increasing acceptance of the Me Too movement (/wiki/Me_Too_movement) , co-workers and others have finally realized that they do not have the right to say anything about a woman who chooses not to wear a bra. [67] (#cite_note-cbs8-67) Jennifer Maher, a gender studies professor at Indiana University, says wearing or not wearing a bra is no longer "a feminist tenet". [68] (#cite_note-68) Feminist reaction [ edit ] During the 1960s, a few feminists embraced bralessness. [69] (#cite_note-:0-69) However, most Western women continued to wear bras, despite complaining about how uncomfortable they were. [69] (#cite_note-:0-69) In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest (/wiki/Miss_America_protest) , protesters symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can". These included bras, [70] (#cite_note-dow-70) which were among items the protesters called "instruments of female torture" [71] (#cite_note-Duffett_1968,_p._4-71) and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity (/wiki/Femininity) . A local news story in the Atlantic City Press reported that "the bras, girdles, falsies, curlers, and copies of popular women's magazines burned in the 'Freedom Trash Can'". [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) : 109–110 But individuals who were present said that no one burned a bra nor did anyone take off her bra. [71] (#cite_note-Duffett_1968,_p._4-71) [74] (#cite_note-collins-74) Reporter Lindsy Van Gelder drew an analogy between the feminist protesters and Vietnam War (/wiki/Vietnam_War) protesters who burned their draft cards (/wiki/Draft-card_burning) , and this parallel between protesters burning their draft cards and women burning their bras was encouraged by some organizers including Robin Morgan (/wiki/Robin_Morgan) . "The media picked up on the bra part", Carol Hanisch (/wiki/Carol_Hanisch) said later. "I often say that if they had called us 'girdle burners,' every woman in America would have run to join us." [74] (#cite_note-collins-74) [75] (#cite_note-Greenfieldboyce-75) Feminism and "bra-burning" became linked in popular culture. [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) While feminist women may or may not literally have burned their bras that day, some stopped wearing them in protest. [78] (#cite_note-78) [79] (#cite_note-79) Feminist author Bonnie J. Dow suggested that the association between feminism and bra-burning was encouraged by individuals who opposed the feminist movement. [70] (#cite_note-dow-70) "Bra-burning" created an image that women were not really seeking freedom from sexism, but were attempting to assert themselves as sexual beings. [70] (#cite_note-dow-70) This might lead individuals to believe, as Susan J. Douglas (/wiki/Susan_J._Douglas) wrote, that the women were merely trying to be "trendy, and to attract men". [80] (#cite_note-80) [70] (#cite_note-dow-70) : 130 [81] (#cite_note-81) [82] (#cite_note-82) [83] (#cite_note-83) Some feminist activists believe that anti-feminists (/wiki/Anti-feminist) use the bra burning myth and the subject of going braless to trivialize what the protesters were trying to accomplish at the feminist 1968 Miss America protest and the feminist movement in general. [84] (#cite_note-84) [85] (#cite_note-85) [86] (#cite_note-burnbra-86) The trope (/wiki/Trope_(philosophy)) of feminists burning their bras was anticipated by an earlier generation of feminists who called for burning corsets as a step toward liberation. In 1873 Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward (/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_Phelps_Ward) wrote: So burn up the corsets! ... No, nor do you save the whalebones, you will never need whalebones again. Make a bonfire of the cruel steels that have lorded it over your thorax and abdomens for so many years and heave a sigh of relief, for your emancipation I assure you, from this moment has begun. [87] (#cite_note-87) Some feminists began arguing in the 1960s and 1970s that the bra was an example of how women's clothing shaped and even deformed women's bodies to male expectations. Professor Lisa Jardine (/wiki/Lisa_Jardine) listened to feminist Germaine Greer (/wiki/Germaine_Greer) talk about bras during a formal college dinner in Newnham College, Cambridge (/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge) , in 1964 (Greer had become a member of the college faculty in 1962): At the graduates' table, Germaine was explaining that there could be no liberation for women, no matter how highly educated, as long as we were required to cram our breasts into bras constructed like mini-Vesuviuses, two stitched white cantilevered cones which bore no resemblance to the female anatomy. The willingly suffered discomfort of the Sixties bra, she opined vigorously, was a hideous symbol of female oppression. [88] (#cite_note-dangermouth-88) Greer's book The Female Eunuch (/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch) (1970) became associated with the anti-bra movement because she pointed out how restrictive and uncomfortable a bra could be. [89] (#cite_note-89) "Bras are a ludicrous invention", she wrote, "but if you make bralessness a rule, you're just subjecting yourself to yet another repression." [90] (#cite_note-90) Susan Brownmiller (/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller) in her book Femininity (1984) took the position that women without bras shock and anger men because men "implicitly think that they own breasts and that only they should remove bras." [91] (#cite_note-young-91) Feminist author Iris Marion Young (/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young) wrote in 2005 that the bra "serves as a barrier to touch" and that a braless woman is " deobjectified (/wiki/Sexual_objectification) ", eliminating the "hard, pointy look that phallic culture posits as the norm." Without a bra, in her view, women's breasts are not consistently shaped objects but change as the woman moves, reflecting the natural body. [91] (#cite_note-young-91) Young also argued that training bras (/wiki/Training_bra) are used to indoctrinate girls into thinking about their breasts as sexual objects and to accentuate their sexuality. [91] (#cite_note-young-91) She wrote in 2007 that, in American culture, breasts are subject to "[c]apitalist, patriarchal (/wiki/Patriarchy) American media-dominated culture [that] objectifies breasts before such a distancing glance that freezes and masters." [92] (#cite_note-burns-92) : 31 Academic Wendy Burns-Ardolino wrote in 2007 that women's decision to wear bras is mediated by the " male gaze (/wiki/Male_gaze) ". [92] (#cite_note-burns-92) : 30–32 In March, 2017, actress Emma Watson (/wiki/Emma_Watson) was braless in a Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) photo shoot. She was criticized by some [ who? ] who thought she was a hypocrite for supporting feminism and showing some skin. She responded, "Feminism is about giving women a choice; feminism is not a stick with which to beat other women with. It's about freedom, it's about liberation, it's about equality. I really don't know what my tits have to do with it." [93] (#cite_note-93) Impact on sales [ edit ] In 1970, bra and girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) sales [ where? ] were about $900 million, down from $1 billion the prior year. But the reduction in sales was due to sharply lower girdle sales, which have been negatively affected by the increasing popularity of panty-hose (/wiki/Panty-hose) and shorter skirts (/wiki/Miniskirts) . [94] (#cite_note-barmash-94) Manufacturers designed and marketed products that appealed to consumers' personal pride. Themes included "Be Some Body with Formfit Rogers" and "Exquisite Form Loves Women in Full Flower". Bra sales increased sharply. But bra makers also noted the beginning of a trend in which women would rather not wear bras, especially when relaxing at home or in other informal surroundings. [94] (#cite_note-barmash-94) Bralessness as a form of protest [ edit ] In the 1960s, some hippie (/wiki/Hippie) women went braless to make political statements about sexual liberation (/wiki/Sexual_liberation) or their relationship with nature and their bodies. [95] (#cite_note-95) In 1966, during the height of the hippie (/wiki/Hippie) era in San Francisco, two women students at San Francisco State College protested a proposed law that would require women to wear bras by walking topless (/wiki/Topless) near the campus. [96] (#cite_note-96) [97] (#cite_note-97) On August 1, 1969, an Anti-Bra Day was declared in San Francisco to protest societal pressure to wear constrictive, feminine garments. The protest drew large crowds, blocking traffic, and a few women took their bras off from under their clothing in the Financial District. [98] (#cite_note-98) [99] (#cite_note-99) Bralessness as a fashion [ edit ] In 1968, shortly after the feminist protest against bras and other feminine products at the Miss America (/wiki/Miss_America) pageant, actress Marlo Thomas (/wiki/Marlo_Thomas) began going braless on the prime-time television series That Girl (/wiki/That_Girl) . "God created women to bounce, so be it." Thomas said in an interview in Good Housekeeping (/wiki/Good_Housekeeping) magazine. "If I bounce, I'm glad to be a girl." [100] (#cite_note-100) [101] (#cite_note-Tucek-101) On August 5, 1970, the New York Times wrote that "the braless look has established a beachhead in Manhattan. ... Generally speaking, the braless woman is under 30 and small‐breasted. But grandmothers are also among the throngs, as are C and D cuppers—who get the most comment, both pro and con, from male oglers." [102] (#cite_note-102) In 1971, activist and actress Bianca Jagger (/wiki/Bianca_Jagger) broke tradition and wore a tailored Yves St. Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) Le Smoking (/wiki/Le_Smoking) jacket to her Catholic wedding with nothing underneath. Singer, songwriter, model, and actress Debbie Harry (/wiki/Debbie_Harry) was well known for going braless during the 1970s. Model and actress Jerry Hall (/wiki/Jerry_Hall) set an example during the same period when she was frequently photographed braless and featured in fashion magazines. [103] (#cite_note-103) [104] (#cite_note-104) Writer and social influencer Sabina Socol (/w/index.php?title=Sabina_Socol&action=edit&redlink=1) is known for never wearing a bra. [105] (#cite_note-vogue-105) She attributes it to discomfort. [106] (#cite_note-bazaar-106) I realized at a very young age, as a teenager, that bras are uncomfortable, at least for me. I don't like it when you can see them through T-shirts. I don't care at all if we can see my nipples or the shape of my breasts. We all have them. I don't think it's offensive. The young female characters on Lena Dunham (/wiki/Lena_Dunham) 's controversial HBO show Girls (/wiki/Girls_(TV_series)) (2012-2017) were often without bras." [1] (#cite_note-mallenbaum-1) [107] (#cite_note-107) [108] (#cite_note-108) [109] (#cite_note-109) An increasing number of women question previously accepted medical, physiological, anatomical, and social reasons for wearing bras. [110] (#cite_note-007b_Breast-110) They recognize that they wear bras for psychological, aesthetic, or practical reasons. [111] (#cite_note-111) An informal movement advocates breast freedom, top freedom (/wiki/Topfreedom) , bra freedom, or simply going braless. [112] (#cite_note-112) [113] (#cite_note-113) [114] (#cite_note-114) [115] (#cite_note-115) There are a large number of magazine articles and YouTube videos in which women describe their motives and offer guidance on how to go braless. [116] (#cite_note-brenhouse-116) Poet Savannah Brown of London published a YouTube video, "sav's guide to going braless", which has nearly one million views. [117] (#cite_note-117) [118] (#cite_note-118) [119] (#cite_note-119) Religious issues [ edit ] In 2009 Somalia's hard-line Islamic group Al-Shabaab (/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)) forced women to shake their breasts at gunpoint to see if they were wearing bras, which they called "un-Islamic". [120] (#cite_note-radiocanada-120) [121] (#cite_note-121) A resident of Mogadishu (/wiki/Mogadishu) whose daughters were whipped said, "The Islamists say a woman's chest should be firm naturally, or flat." [120] (#cite_note-radiocanada-120) Free the Nipple campaign [ edit ] Women took part in the Free the Nipple campaign (/wiki/Free_the_Nipple_(campaign)) after a movie (/wiki/Free_the_Nipple_(film)) of that name was made in 2015. They protested the legal prohibitions and cultural taboos attached to exposing female breasts in places where it is legal for men to be topless. [122] (#cite_note-122) [123] (#cite_note-123) The Free the Nipple campaign was sparked in part due to double standards and the censorship of women's bodies on social media. Its advocates believe that women's nipples should be legally and culturally acceptable. [124] (#cite_note-124) In many Western countries, women used social media to show their support of the right to go topless or without a bra. In Iceland during Free the Nipple day in 2015, some female university students purposefully wore clothing that revealed they were not wearing a bra and a few others chose to go topless for the day. [125] (#cite_note-125) Teen Vogue reported that the Free the Nipple movement may have initially focused on being actually topless, but it has grown to include the idea of going braless under clothes. Women are seeking to free the nipple beneath the outer clothing they wear. [126] (#cite_note-126) No Bra Day [ edit ] One outgrowth of the resistance to bras was the formation of No Bra Day (/wiki/No_Bra_Day) in 2013. In 2017, the unofficial day was observed by women in 30 countries, [ citation needed ] including New Zealand, Romania, Malaysia, Scotland, India, and Ghana. [127] (#cite_note-127) [128] (#cite_note-128) [129] (#cite_note-129) [130] (#cite_note-130) [131] (#cite_note-vizan-131) More than 82,000 women posted pictures on Twitter and Instagram using the hashtag #nobraday. [132] (#cite_note-132) Empowerment of women [ edit ] Some media outlets have capitalized on the no bra phenomenon with exploitative stories. The tabloid website TMZ (/wiki/TMZ) posted an item about "Happy No Bra Day" with an image of Selena Gomez (/wiki/Selena_Gomez) wearing a see-through top. Another site [ which? ] featured a photo gallery titled "#NoBraDay: 15 Celebs Who Frolick About With Their Fun Bags Freed". [133] (#cite_note-katz-133) Whether a woman wears a bra or not has progressed in some social circles [ which? ] from discussions about appropriate clothing to "the body shaming and sexualizing of women" [ attribution needed ] [134] (#cite_note-independent-134) and a "societal debate on the equality of men and women, as it pertains to their bodies." [ attribution needed ] [135] (#cite_note-candada-135) One woman [ who? ] commented, "The reason is that I tried being braless, and I liked it better. It wasn't a political decision, except insofar as everything a woman does with her body that isn't letting someone else dictate what she ought to do with it is a political decision." [ attribution needed ] [116] (#cite_note-brenhouse-116) French journalist Sabina Socol commented, "I never liked wearing bras; I always felt suffocated in them." She grew up in a household where going braless wasn't seen as sexual or taboo. "Even as a woman with breasts, I do what I want with my body. Every human has nipples. There shouldn't be any shame [in showing them], but if you want to hide them, that's okay, too, as long as the choice is yours." [105] (#cite_note-vogue-105) In June, 2017, Sarah Starks organized a protest in Charleston, West Virginia, in response to the social expectation that women and girls must wear bras and shirts to avoid offending or arousing others. "It's sexual because people say it is", she added. A West Virginia University professor of social work commented that "if other people are made uncomfortable by it, that's cultural and that's social". Starks commented that breasts are "like this separate, sexual part of us, and if you want to be taken seriously as a woman, cover them up." [136] (#cite_note-136) The protest's purpose was to show that nipples and breasts are not sexual objects. Some of the marchers went braless, others topless, and others fully clothed. [137] (#cite_note-137) Opposition to training bras [ edit ] Main article: Training bras (/wiki/Training_bras) In Western culture, the bra is sometimes viewed as an icon of popular culture, [91] (#cite_note-young-91) : 192 and purchasing a girl's first bra (/wiki/Training_bras) is seen by some as a long-awaited rite of passage (/wiki/Rite_of_passage) into womanhood, [138] (#cite_note-mitchell-138) [92] (#cite_note-burns-92) : 36 signifying her coming of age (/wiki/Coming_of_age) . The age at which girls first wear bras is sometimes controversial. [139] (#cite_note-desantis-139) [140] (#cite_note-pitts-140) Within Western cultures that place great value upon youth, bras are marketed to women of all ages by emphasizing their ability to preserve a youthful appearance. [138] (#cite_note-mitchell-138) Young girls may begin to develop breasts as early as age 9 or as late as 18. The early stage of breast development is known as "breast budding" and is measured on the Tanner scale (/wiki/Tanner_scale) . [141] (#cite_note-141) Some believe that girls who are developing breasts may be self-conscious and desire a bra to conceal their emerging breasts and for psychological comfort. [142] (#cite_note-breastdev-142) A girl developing breasts has no physical need for support, so training bras serve only social and psychological purposes. Bras of all kinds are often designed and marketed for fashionable rather than functional purposes. [143] (#cite_note-143) The training bra is marketed to help young girls become accustomed to wearing lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) . [144] (#cite_note-144) Critics of training bras say companies are appealing to very young girls' desire to feel more sexy and attractive. [91] (#cite_note-young-91) The opponents believe that manufacturers market training bras as a way to sexualize (/wiki/Sexualization) young girls and indoctrinate them into thinking about their breasts as sexual objects. [138] (#cite_note-mitchell-138) The critics believe that businesses benefit financially by encouraging precocious sexuality in girls and exploiting their fears about self-image and social norms. [145] (#cite_note-brumberg-145) [146] (#cite_note-146) Legal issues [ edit ] This article may contain excessive (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size) or irrelevant (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight) examples . Please help improve the article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bralessness&action=edit) by adding descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples (/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft) . ( January 2019 ) The number and variety of legal issues faced by women about whether to wear a bra or not illustrates the depth and complexity of the subject in society. Security issues [ edit ] In Chatham, Ontario, Canada, police came under criticism after it was revealed that a woman held in custody was required to remove her bra before a breathalyzer (/wiki/Breathalyzer) test. The police stated that they required women in custody to give up any item which could be used as "ligatures for self-harm or strangulation" – including necklaces, ties, shoelaces and bras. According to her lawyer, the woman didn't normally go braless in public and was "terrified and upset" by this requirement. [147] (#cite_note-147) In 2013, at the same time that Vancouver police required women to remove their bra, York Regional Police were required by a judge to change this concordant ligature policy, amending it from a blanket requirement to a case-by-case assessment. [148] (#cite_note-148) In a similar case in Osaka (/wiki/Osaka) during 2017, a female defendant was forbidden from wearing a bra while in custody. Although police rules allow women to request a bra for a court appearance, her request was denied. Her attorneys filed a complaint with the Osaka Bar Association, claiming that denying the woman's right to wear a bra was a "breach of human rights". [149] (#cite_note-149) The right of prisoners to choose bralessness was affirmed in the province of Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) , Canada in 2014. [150] (#cite_note-150) Workplace dress codes [ edit ] Some employers continue to require women to wear bras. [151] (#cite_note-151) Relevant laws governing workplace dress codes may enable employers to instill coverage requirements that differ between genders, [152] (#cite_note-152) however in New York state, human rights law prevents employers from "applying grooming or appearance standards that impose different requirements for people based on gender." [67] (#cite_note-cbs8-67) In January 2011, a German court ruled that employers can require female employees to wear bras or undershirts at work. The case involved an airport security firm defending the essentiality of bras, as part of the dress code, in order to "preserve the orderly appearance of employer-provided uniforms." [153] (#cite_note-153) The case enabled employers and companies in Germany (/wiki/Germany) to require their female employees to wear brassiere and to dismiss (/wiki/Dismissal_(employment)) female employees who do not comply. [154] (#cite_note-154) Academic dress codes [ edit ] School dress codes are increasingly contested by students who resist rules that are supported by weight or gender discrimination. Bras are a focal point among students who think the codes have become too invasive. [155] (#cite_note-sole-155) After a bad sunburn, 17-year-old American high school student Lizzy Martinez wore a boy's loose, oversized, long-sleeve, crew-neck T-shirt without a bra to school in April 2017. Called out of class to the dean's office, Martinez was told she was in violation of the School District of Manatee County's dress code (although the district's dress code did not require females to wear a bra) [156] (#cite_note-156) and was causing a "distraction," stating that boys were "looking and laughing.” [157] (#cite_note-krischer-157) Notifying them of her sunburn, she was required her to wear an additional shirt and due to the continued visibility of her nipples through her T-shirt was told by the dean to obtain adhesive bandages from the school's clinic in order to cover them. The American Civil Liberties Union (/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union) wrote a letter to the school district protesting what they described as their discriminatory enforcement of the school's dress code. [157] (#cite_note-krischer-157) [158] (#cite_note-158) Martinez continued to refuse to wear a bra to school, stating, "I was wearing a shirt given to me by a male friend and I'm 100 percent sure he wasn't wearing a bra the countless times he wore it to school." [159] (#cite_note-bradention-159) Martinez went on to comment on the discriminatory and victim-blaming nature of the code, stating that "If the boys in my class were so distracted, shouldn't they have been talked to and educated about the situation and not me being pulled out of class?" [160] (#cite_note-160) She organized a "bracott" two weeks later during which she encouraged female students to attend school without a bra, or to wear a shirt with a supportive message. [159] (#cite_note-bradention-159) [161] (#cite_note-161) During the protest, about 30 female students did not wear bras, and several students marked their backpacks with adhesive bandages in the shape of an X. [157] (#cite_note-krischer-157) University of Richmond law professor Meredith Harbach, who has written about sexualization and public school dress codes, [162] (#cite_note-162) said that the school was "foisting this notion that unrestrained breasts are sexual and likely to cause disruption and distract other students." [157] (#cite_note-krischer-157) In Montana (/wiki/Montana) , senior Kaitlyn Juvik at Helena high school was reprimanded on May 25, 2016, for wearing an off-the-shoulder black top without a bra, being told that she was causing male students and staff to feel "uncomfortable". The school handbook does not require bras, but forbids students from showing a bra strap. [163] (#cite_note-163) The principal insisted the issue was not about whether she wore a bra, but her dress that made others uncomfortable and prompted him to ask her to "cover-up". A friend of hers created a Facebook page named ‘No Bra, No Problem’ about the issue, which quickly attracted over 1,200 members. [164] (#cite_note-164) About 300 fellow students joined her in protesting her treatment by attending school on May 27 without a bra. Several male students wore bras outside their shirts to support the protest. The incident drew international attention due to the school's reaction and her protest. [165] (#cite_note-auto-165) [166] (#cite_note-166) Juvik stated that the issue of women wearing or not wearing a bra is larger than whether a woman wears an article of clothing. She told People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) that it's about "the body shaming and sexualizing of women". "Wearing a bra is a personal choice. It's my body. Why is it anybody else's business whether I'm wearing a bra, especially when I'm covered up and dressed appropriately?" [134] (#cite_note-independent-134) [165] (#cite_note-auto-165) [167] (#cite_note-167) In Quebec, Canada, the Facebook group “Les Carrés Jaunes” was launched by four students at Joseph-François-Perrault High School against the “restrictive and sexist" school dress code. During March 2018 the group organised a protest which saw the students wear yellow squares on their clothing to protest this “archaic” code and demand the right to go without bras. One of the organisers, Célestine Uhde, wrote that bras can be uncomfortable. The students "launched the movement to fight the culture of rape and hypersexualization. We want the equality of men and women both in our treatment and how the world views our bodies." She said, "We as women shouldn't be put down because of our bodies." [155] (#cite_note-sole-155) Public dress codes [ edit ] Morality police are bodies within some countries that function to police and enforce strict codes of coverage and clothing. There have been reported instances of these police reprimanding women for bralessness. In July 2019, a woman was arrested in Iran for not wearing a bra, her actions potentially “[arousing] men”. [168] (#cite_note-:1-168) Within Iran the Guidance Patrol (/wiki/Guidance_Patrol) ( Gasht-e Ershad) act as undercover agents who implement, enforce, and uphold state interpretations and expectations of morality, including rules of dress. Supported by Basij militia (/wiki/Basij) and established by the Iranian judiciary and police, [169] (#cite_note-:2-169) the Guidance Patrol hold a primary focus on enforcing the observance of hijab (/wiki/Hijab) , with all Iranian women (including tourists) required to uphold the coverage rules [169] (#cite_note-:2-169) underpinned by religious conservatism. The arrested woman, Narges, was moved into a van by three women of the Guidance Patrol after they noticed her bralessness soon after she stepped out of the metro station. She claimed that due to medication utilised to treat an acute fibrocystic disease her skin and breasts had become sensitive and painful, further justifying her position in stating that, “I do not wear bras at home, at work or even at parties.” [168] (#cite_note-:1-168) For her release, Narges was coerced into signing a pledge declaring that she would not repeat the action. In popular culture [ edit ] Prior to strict enforcement of the Hays Code (/wiki/Hays_Code) in mid-1934, actress Carole Lombard (/wiki/Carole_Lombard) was always braless, as was Jean Harlow (/wiki/Jean_Harlow) . [170] (#cite_note-170) [171] (#cite_note-171) [172] (#cite_note-172) Many pre-code (/wiki/Pre-Code_Hollywood) movies were characterized by sexual energy, including scenes of women obviously braless. After the code was enforced, bralessness was not shown in film again until the 1960s. [173] (#cite_note-173) [174] (#cite_note-174) Notable instances of women braless in popular culture include: Clara Bow (/wiki/Clara_Bow) plays Nasa "Dynamite" Springer in the 1932 pre-code (/wiki/Pre-Code_Hollywood) film Call Her Savage (/wiki/Call_Her_Savage) . Wearing a white blouse, she is braless in multiple scenes. [175] (#cite_note-175) [176] (#cite_note-176) In April 1957, Italian actress Sophia Loren (/wiki/Sophia_Loren) was being welcomed to Hollywood by Paramount Pictures (/wiki/Paramount_Pictures) at a dinner party at Romanoff's restaurant in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills) . American actress Jayne Mansfield (/wiki/Jayne_Mansfield) was seated at a table between Loren and Clifton Webb (/wiki/Clifton_Webb) . Braless and wearing a deeply plunging neckline, Mansfield at one point purposefully stood up and leaned forward, exposing her breasts and her left nipple (/wiki/Jayne_Mansfield-Sophia_Loren_photo) . [177] (#cite_note-177) Photographer Delmar Watson (/wiki/Delmar_Watson) captured Loren staring at Mansfield's breasts, and Joe Shere caught Loren looking side-eye at Mansfield's bust. Both pictures went viral (/wiki/Viral_marketing) , receiving world-wide attention. [178] (#cite_note-178) The success of the television show Charlie's Angels (/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels) was sometimes attributed to the scanty or provocative clothing frequently worn by the female stars. Actress Farrah Fawcett (/wiki/Farrah_Fawcett) once said the TV show's success was due to what critics described as " Jiggle TV (/wiki/Jiggle_television) ". [179] (#cite_note-179) She said, "When the show was number three, I figured it was our acting. When it got to be number one, I decided it could only be because none of us wears a bra." [180] (#cite_note-180) Director George Lucas (/wiki/George_Lucas) required actress Carrie Fisher (/wiki/Carrie_Fisher) to forego wearing a bra during filming of Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars) . He told her, "There's no underwear in space." [181] (#cite_note-181) [182] (#cite_note-182) He later explained to her that human bodies expand in space, and that her bra might have strangled her. She replied sarcastically, "Really? Now I understand it." [183] (#cite_note-183) See also [ edit ] Going commando (/wiki/Going_commando) History of bras (/wiki/History_of_bras) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Mallenbaum, Carly (19 July 2016). "Why Millennials are going braless" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2016/07/19/braless-millenials-bralette/87111292/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . 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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Elena_Mir%C3%B2##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elena_Mir%C3%B2&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Elena Mirò" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Elena+Mir%C3%B2%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Elena+Mir%C3%B2%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Elena+Mir%C3%B2%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Elena+Mir%C3%B2%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Elena+Mir%C3%B2%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Elena+Mir%C3%B2%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2014 ) Elena Mirò is an Italian fashion brand with international distribution. The Elena Mirò brand originated in 1985 "within the Alba, Piedmont (/wiki/Alba,_Piedmont) -based clothing company Vestebene (now Miroglio Fashion (/wiki/Miroglio) )." [1] (#cite_note-our_story-1) The brand was born to wear women "with fuller figures who wear shapely sizes". [1] (#cite_note-our_story-1) Among its featured models were Jennie Runk (/wiki/Jennie_Runk) , [2] (#cite_note-2) Crystal Renn (/wiki/Crystal_Renn) , and Lizzie Miller (/wiki/Lizzie_Miller) . [3] (#cite_note-3) In recent years, Elena Mirò has extended the range of sizes from 42 to 58 (Italian sizes). The brand today is recognized for the quality , for the Italian design and for the fit of its garments. The brand has made inclusivity towards women a real mission. This is why it has always carried out projects dedicated to women's empowerment , to help build a world that is desirable and sustainable for all. Distribution [ edit ] Elena Mirò is distributed internationally through more than 160 single-brand stores and corners in the most important Italian and European locations, 800 multi-brand customers (600 in Italy). It has active e-commerce in 14 countries, and 6 marketplaces . History [ edit ] 1985 Elena Mirò was born in Alba, in the heart of the Langhe, in Italy 1997 The brand's presence in Italy is consolidated and international development begins with the opening of the first store in Paris 1999 The brand develops its presence in the Iberian Peninsula 2005 Elena Mirò shows for the first time at "Milano Collezioni" 2016-2019 Collaboration with Vanessa Incontrada as testimonial of the brand 2020 New logo 2021 Repositioning of the Brand towards size extension. Collaboration with Alessandro Dell'Acqua for the Fall Winter Collection 2021 Opening of the Flagship store in Via Dante, in Milan 2022 Capsule Collection with Korean designer Lisa Von Tang for Spring Summer 2022 References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Our Story" (http://www.elenamiro.com/eshop/cms/action/list/type/OurStory/) . Elena Mirò . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Cruz, Marcy (14 January 2014). "Plus Model Jennie Runk Talks About The Industry, Body Image And Dieting With Elle Magazine" (http://www.plus-model-mag.com/2014/01/plus-model-jennie-runk-talks-about-the-industry-body-image-and-dieting-with-elle-magazine/) . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Lizzie Miller and Crystal Renn for Elena Miro' (http://press.miroglio.com/en/comunicato/lizzie-miller-and-crystal-renn-elena-miro%E2%80%99) " (http://press.miroglio.com/en/comunicato/lizzie-miller-and-crystal-renn-elena-miro%E2%80%99) (Press release). Miroglio. 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . 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Brazilian fashion model (born 1994) Ari Westphal Born ( 1994-05-12 ) 12 May 1994 (age 30) Vitória, Espírito Santo (/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria,_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo) , Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) [2] (#cite_note-2) Occupation Model Children 1 Modeling information Height 1.76 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Hazel Agency One Management (New York, Barcelona) New Madison (Paris) Wilhelmina Models (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models) (London) Skins Model Management (Amsterdam) Live Management (Belo Horizonte) Model Management (Hamburg) BOSSA Mgt. (São Paulo) Partners (São Paulo) (mother agency) [1] (#cite_note-1) Ariely Westphal [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) (born May 12, 1994) is a Brazilian fashion model. Career [ edit ] Westphal was discovered by a modeling agency in her hometown of Belo Horizonte [4] (#cite_note-4) and debuted as a semi-exclusive for Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) in the Fall Winter 2015 season, including runway and campaigns, [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) and Brandon Maxwell (/wiki/Brandon_Maxwell) . [8] (#cite_note-8) On the runway she modeled for brands such as Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) 3.1 Phillip Lim (/wiki/3.1_Phillip_Lim) , [11] (#cite_note-11) Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo) x H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , [12] (#cite_note-12) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , Sonia Rykiel (/wiki/Sonia_Rykiel) , [13] (#cite_note-13) Belstaff (/wiki/Belstaff) , Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) , [14] (#cite_note-14) Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , [15] (#cite_note-15) and Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Westphal has been on the cover of Vogue Brasil , Elle Brasil (/wiki/List_of_Elle_Brasil_(Brazil)_cover_models) , and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) Netherlands among others. [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) She can be seen alongside models like Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) , Maria Borges (/wiki/Maria_Borges) , and Issa Lish (/wiki/Issa_Lish) in Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) 's Let's Beauty Together campaign. [19] (#cite_note-19) Westphal has been frequently deemed a future supermodel and is called "the next Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) " by Brazilian media and Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) She is known for her short haircut. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) Personal life [ edit ] She is of Italian Brazilian (/wiki/Italian_Brazilian) , German Brazilian (/wiki/German_Brazilian) , and Afro-Brazilian (/wiki/Afro-Brazilian) descent. [26] (#cite_note-26) Before modeling, she was studying law (/wiki/Law) in Minas Gerais (/wiki/Minas_Gerais) , her home state. [27] (#cite_note-27) In July 2024, she gave birth to her first child. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Ari Westphal - Model" (https://models.com/models/ari-westphal) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Depois de Paris, modelo capixaba estreia na São Paulo Fashion Week" (https://www.gazetaonline.com.br/noticias/cidades/2015/10/depois-de-paris-modelo-capixaba-estreia-na-sao-paulo-fashion-week-1013912199.html) . www.gazetaonline.com.br (in Portuguese). 19 October 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-:0_3-0) "Ari Westphal: capixaba new face é capa da edição de março da Vogue" (http://vogue.globo.com/moda/moda-news/noticia/2016/02/ari-westphal-capixaba-new-face-e-capa-da-edicao-de-marco-da-vogue.html) . vogue.globo.com . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Watch This Face: Ari Westphal" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a36453/watch-this-face-ari-westphal/) . 2016-02-03. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The Models You Are Going to See a Lot of in 2016" (https://graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/how-to/models-going-see-lot-2016/) . February 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "WATCH: Exclusive behind the scenes of the new Chloé campaign. | LOVE" (http://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/posts/5996/watch-exclusive-behind-the-scenes-of-the-new-chloe-campaign) . LOVE . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Chloé Spring 2016 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2016-ready-to-wear/chloe/slideshow/collection#7) . Vogue . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Brandon Maxwell Spring 2017 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2017-ready-to-wear/brandon-maxwell/slideshow/collection#6) . Vogue . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "CHANEL CRUISE 2017 IN CUBA: THE BEAUTY - CRASH Magazine" (http://www.crash.fr/chanel-cruise-2017-in-cuba-the-beauty/) . CRASH Magazine (in French). 2016-05-05 . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Chanel Haute Couture Fall 2016 Show (Chanel)" (https://models.com/work/chanel-chanel-haute-couture-fall-2016-show/548266) . MODELS.com . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "3.1 Phillip Lim Spring 2017 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2017-ready-to-wear/3-1-phillip-lim/slideshow/collection#24) . Vogue . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "5 Reasons Stella McCartney Is THE Hot Backstage Pass of PFW" (http://www.instyle.co.uk/beauty/news/backstage-at-stella-mccartney) . InStyle.co.uk . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Golden Girls Hair is the Beauty Look People Can't Stop Talking About" (https://www.refinery29.com/2015/10/95262/sonia-rykiel-paris-fashion-week-spring-2016-hair) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "FALL PORTFOLIO (Saks Fifth Avenue)" (https://models.com/work/saks-fifth-avenue-fall-portfolio) . MODELS.com . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "5 Reasons Stella McCartney Is THE Hot Backstage Pass of PFW" (http://www.instyle.co.uk/beauty/news/backstage-at-stella-mccartney) . InStyle.co.uk . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Vivienne Westwood Spring/Summer 2016 Ready-To-Wear" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/spring-summer-2016-ready-to-wear/vivienne-westwood/collection) . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Vogue Brazil March 2016 Cover (Vogue Brasil)" (https://models.com/work/vogue-brasil-vogue-brazil-march-2016-cover) . MODELS.com . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Cover of Harper's Bazaar Netherlands with Ari Westphal, March 2016 (ID:42604)| Magazines | the FMD" (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/magazines/harpers-bazaar-netherlands/covers/march-2016/ari-westphal-42604/) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Sephora (2017-04-11), Let's Beauty Together | Sephora , retrieved 2018-01-18 ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Meet the New Brazilian Models You Need to Know Now" (https://www.vogue.com/article/brazilian-models-to-know-2016) . Vogue . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "A nova Gisele Bündchen? Conheça Ari Westphal, que com simpatia e corte de cabelo 'errado' virou o rosto da temporada" (http://chic.uol.com.br/moda/noticia/a-nova-gisele-bundchen-conheca-ari-westphal-que-com-simpatia-e-corte-de-cabelo-errado-virou-o-rosto-da-temporada) . Chic - Gloria Kalil . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Duarte, Elisa (2 January 2018). "Bombando: New face Ari Westphal lembra os traços de Gisele Bündchen" (https://mdemulher.abril.com.br/moda/bombando-new-face-ari-westphal-lembra-os-tracos-de-gisele-bundchen/) . MDEMulher . Retrieved 27 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Larkworthy, Jane. "Thanks to a Bad Haircut, Model Ari Westphal Is Having the Best Fashion Week Ever" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/ari-westphal-fashion-week-model-hair) . W Magazine . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Reynoso, Patricia. "How a MAC PR Girl Fell in Love With Her Curls" (https://www.glamour.com/story/jeniffer-rosa-curly-hair) . Glamour . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "The 10 Best Instagrams of the Week: Irina Shayk, Ari Westphal, and More Take the Summer Plunge" (https://www.vogue.com/article/best-celebrity-beauty-instagrams-hair-makeup-kendall-jenner-irina-shayk) . 25 May 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "The Next Generation of Brazilian Models Has Arrived" (https://www.vogue.com/article/next-generation-brazilian-models-sao-paolo) . Vogue . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Ari Westphal: Get to know this Brazilian model and rising star" (https://www.wgsn.com/blogs/ari-westphal-get-to-know-this-brazilian-model-and-rising-star/) . 2016-04-21. External links [ edit ] Ari Westphal (https://models.com/models/ari-westphal) on Models.com Ari Westphal (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/ari_westphal/) at the Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) This biographical article about a Brazilian model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ari_Westphal&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐npf5w Cached time: 20240712233425 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.538 seconds Real time usage: 0.812 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2856/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 55835/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4727/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 103335/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.396/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9616044/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 779.442 1 -total 37.51% 292.375 1 Template:Infobox_model 30.79% 240.001 1 Template:Reflist 19.40% 151.203 1 Template:Short_description 16.75% 130.550 10 Template:Cite_web 15.20% 118.460 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 14.20% 110.664 19 Template:Main_other 12.49% 97.347 1 Template:SDcat 10.89% 84.866 1 Template:Brazil-model-stub 10.44% 81.376 1 Template:Asbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55230061-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712233425 and revision id 1233932641. 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American school teacher and murder victim Death of Irene Garza Date April 1960 Location McAllen (/wiki/McAllen,_Texas) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) , U.S. Cause Suffocation (/wiki/Asphyxia) Arrests John Bernard Feit Convicted Murder (/wiki/Murder_(United_States_law)) Sentence Life imprisonment (/wiki/Life_imprisonment) Irene Garza (November 15, 1934 – April 1960) was an American schoolteacher and beauty queen (/wiki/Beauty_queen) whose death was the subject of investigation for several decades. She was last seen alive on April 16, 1960, when she went to confession (/wiki/Confession_(Catholic_Church)) at a church in McAllen (/wiki/McAllen,_Texas) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) . She was reported missing (/wiki/Missing_person) the following morning. Following the largest volunteer search to that date in the Rio Grande Valley (/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)) , Garza's body was discovered in a canal on April 21. An autopsy (/wiki/Autopsy) concluded that she had been sexually assaulted (/wiki/Sexual_assault) before being killed; the cause of death was suffocation (/wiki/Asphyxia) . Father John Bernard Feit, the Catholic (/wiki/Catholic_Church) priest who heard Garza's last confession, was the only identified suspect in her death. Two clergymen, Fr. Dale Tacheny and Fr. Joseph O'Brien, came forward to authorities in 2002 to say that Feit had confessed to Garza's murder shortly after the crime. He had left the priesthood in the 1970s, married and had a family. For many years, the district attorney (/wiki/District_attorney) in Hidalgo County (/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas) considered the evidence against Feit to be too weak to secure a conviction. He brought the case before a grand jury (/wiki/Grand_jury) in 2004, but Feit, Tacheny and O'Brien were not subpoenaed (/wiki/Subpoena) and the jury did not indict (/wiki/Indictment) Feit. The investigation into Garza's death was renewed in 2015 after a new district attorney took office in Hidalgo County. In February 2016, the 83-year-old Feit was arrested in Arizona (/wiki/Arizona) in connection with Garza's death. He was later extradited (/wiki/Extradition) to Texas. His murder trial began in late November 2017. On December 7, 2017, Feit was found guilty of murder and the next day was sentenced to life imprisonment (/wiki/Life_imprisonment) . Feit died in February 2020. Background [ edit ] Location of Hidalgo County, Texas (/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas) , near the US-Mexico border Irene Garza was born in 1934. [1] (#cite_note-Monitor-1) Her parents, Nicolas and Josefina, owned a dry cleaning business in McAllen (/wiki/McAllen,_Texas) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) , a city located in the South Texas (/wiki/South_Texas) border region known as the Rio Grande Valley (/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)) . By the time Garza was a teenager, her parents' business had become successful, and the family was able to move from the south side of McAllen to a more affluent area on the north side. She graduated from McAllen High School (/wiki/McAllen_High_School) , where she had become the first Latina to perform as a twirler (/wiki/Baton_twirling) or head drum majorette (/wiki/Drum_major_(marching_band)) . Garza was crowned the 1958 Miss All South Texas Sweetheart and was a homecoming queen (/wiki/Homecoming_queen) at Pan American College (/wiki/University_of_Texas%E2%80%93Pan_American) . [2] (#cite_note-Unholy-2) At the time of her death, Garza was a second-grade schoolteacher; she taught indigent students at an elementary school (/wiki/Elementary_school_(United_States)) on the south side of McAllen. In a letter written to a friend before her disappearance, she described herself as extremely shy but expressed fulfillment in her work. Noting that she had recently become secretary of her parent-teacher association (/wiki/Parent-teacher_association) , Garza said that she was beginning to feel more confident in herself. A member of the Legion of Mary (/wiki/Legion_of_Mary) , she took her Catholic (/wiki/Catholicism) faith seriously. In her letter, Garza indicated that she found comfort in attending daily Mass (/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church) and Communion (/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church) . [2] (#cite_note-Unholy-2) On Saturday, April 16, 1960, Garza–who lived with her parents–told them that she was going to confession (/wiki/Confession_(Catholic_Church)) at Sacred Heart Church in McAllen. She was often conspicuous in the congregation because of her striking appearance, and several parishioners remembered seeing Garza at the church that night. When her parents did not hear from her that evening, they first thought that she had stayed at the church for the Easter Vigil (/wiki/Easter_Vigil) mass. When Garza did not return home by 3:00 a.m., they went to the McAllen Police Department to report their daughter missing (/wiki/Missing_person) . [1] (#cite_note-Monitor-1) Investigation [ edit ] On April 18, in a trail of evidence stretching several hundred yards down a McAllen road, passersby found Garza's purse, her left shoe and her lace veil. Authorities and volunteers started a search that was the largest in Rio Grande Valley history at that time. A woman claiming to be Garza called her home, saying that she had been kidnapped (/wiki/Kidnapping) and taken to a hotel in nearby Hidalgo (/wiki/Hidalgo,_Texas) , but the call was found to have been false. Another person told an Edinburg (/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas) waitress that he had killed Garza, but that was found to be a joke made after the man had been drinking heavily. [2] (#cite_note-Unholy-2) Garza's body was found in a canal on April 21, in an area several miles away from the other evidence. From the postmortem examination, medical examiners could tell that Garza had died of suffocation (/wiki/Suffocation) . She had been raped (/wiki/Rape) while unconscious and beaten. There was bruising over both of her eyes and to the right side of her face. Any physical evidence that might have identified an attacker, such as hair, blood or semen (/wiki/Semen) , appeared to have been washed away during the time the body spent in the canal. [2] (#cite_note-Unholy-2) Law enforcement officials questioned about 500 people across several Texas cities, including known sex offenders (/wiki/Sex_offender) and Garza's family members, co-workers and ex-boyfriends. [2] (#cite_note-Unholy-2) They carried out almost fifty polygraph (/wiki/Polygraph) examinations, and offered a $2,500 reward (/wiki/Bounty_(reward)) for information about her death, which was larger than any amount of money previously offered in a Rio Grande Valley murder case. [1] (#cite_note-Monitor-1) South Texas businessmen later posted $10,000 of reward money. [2] (#cite_note-Unholy-2) John Bernard Feit [ edit ] The priest who heard Garza's last confession, Father John Feit (27), came under suspicion soon after her disappearance. [2] (#cite_note-Unholy-2) Feit had been at the McAllen church since completing seminary training in San Antonio (/wiki/San_Antonio) . [3] (#cite_note-Fuentes-3) Church members reported that Feit's confession line moved slowly on the night of Garza's disappearance and that he was away from the sanctuary several times. When the canal was drained several days after the discovery of Garza's body, Feit's photo slide viewer was found. Fellow priests had noticed scratch marks on Feit's hands after Easter Vigil mass, and said it was irregular for Feit to have taken Garza to the church rectory (/wiki/Clergy_house) to hear her confession as he had reportedly done that night. [2] (#cite_note-Unholy-2) McAllen police initially stated that Feit passed polygraph tests, but the tests were later said to be inconclusive. [4] (#cite_note-Herald-4) Feit initially denied hearing Garza's confession in the rectory, but later admitted to having done so. He accounted for his absence from the sanctuary by claiming that he had broken his glasses that night; he said that he often played with his glasses nervously as he listened to confession. Feit stated that he had driven back to his church’s pastoral house, a short drive away, to get another pair of glasses, and when he arrived he had no key, so he had to climb into the house on the second floor. He said that he sustained the scratches on his hands as he was climbing the outside of the brick structure. [2] (#cite_note-Unholy-2) Three weeks before Garza's death, a woman named Maria America Guerra had been sexually (/wiki/Sexual_assault) assaulted while kneeling at the communion rail at another Catholic church in the McAllen area. [5] (#cite_note-Wang-5) Rumor held that Feit was responsible, but local church leaders discouraged people from considering the possibility that a priest could have been involved in a violent crime. Feit admitted to visiting a priest at that church on the day of Guerra's attack, but he denied assaulting her. He was later charged with rape, and the trial ended in a hung jury (/wiki/Hung_jury) . In 1962, rather than face a second trial, Feit entered a plea of no contest (/wiki/Nolo_contendere) to a misdemeanor charge of aggravated assault (/wiki/Aggravated_assault) and paid a $500 fine. [1] (#cite_note-Monitor-1) Years later, Feit said he did not understand that a no contest plea would be considered a conviction in the case. [6] (#cite_note-AGN-6) Stagnation in the case [ edit ] After the legal proceedings in the Guerra case, Feit was sent to Assumption Abbey (/wiki/Assumption_Abbey,_Missouri) , a Trappist (/wiki/Trappists) monastery in Missouri (/wiki/Missouri) . An abbot (/wiki/Abbot) at Assumption Abbey told monk Dale Tacheny that Feit had killed someone and asked Tacheny to counsel Feit for a few months to determine whether he had the disposition to become a monk. Tacheny said that Feit confessed to hurting a young lady and murdering another one, but he said it was not his job to judge Feit at the time. Feit's confession went unreported to authorities for many years. [7] (#cite_note-Santos-7) Feit did not feel comfortable with the monastic lifestyle at Assumption Abbey. [7] (#cite_note-Santos-7) He was sent to Jemez Springs (/wiki/Jemez_Springs,_New_Mexico) , New Mexico (/wiki/New_Mexico) , to a treatment retreat for troubled priests run by the Servants of the Paraclete (/wiki/Servants_of_the_Paraclete) , after which he joined the order as a staff member and worked his way into a supervisory role at the center. Father James Porter (/wiki/James_Porter_(Catholic_priest)) came to the center after he was known to have begun molesting (/wiki/Child_molestation) children in the 1960s, and Feit cleared him for placement in another parish. Porter was later defrocked (/wiki/Defrocking) and imprisoned after abusing as many as 100 children. [8] (#cite_note-DMN-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Feit left the priesthood in the 1970s. He married, moved to the Phoenix (/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona) area and had three children. He worked at the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul (/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul) as a food charity volunteer for seventeen years. [7] (#cite_note-Santos-7) In 2002, Tacheny decided he could no longer keep the secret of Feit's confession. Thinking that the murder had taken place in San Antonio because Feit had trained there, Tacheny called authorities in that city. The investigation into Garza's death was reopened that year. Texas Rangers (/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division) investigator Rudy Jaramillo contacted Father Joseph O'Brien, a priest who had worked with Feit at the time of Garza's death. While O'Brien had told a television program in 2000 that he did not know anything about the murder, he admitted to Jaramillo that Feit had confessed shortly after it had taken place. [10] (#cite_note-Hours-10) Later in 2002, the polygraph examiner who had tested Feit in 1960 said that he questioned the reported results. The initial report said that Feit passed the polygraph, but the report was later edited to say that the results were inconclusive; the examiner felt all along that Feit had failed the test. [4] (#cite_note-Herald-4) Rene Guerra (no relation to Maria America Guerra), the district attorney (/wiki/District_attorney) of Hidalgo County (/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas) from the 1980s until 2014, [1] (#cite_note-Monitor-1) chose not to bring the Garza case before a grand jury (/wiki/Grand_jury) until 2004. [11] (#cite_note-CNNTimeline-11) Tacheny, O'Brien and Feit did not receive subpoenas (/wiki/Subpoena) in the case, and the grand jury declined to indict (/wiki/Indictment) Feit. O'Brien died in 2005. [11] (#cite_note-CNNTimeline-11) Guerra was reluctant to revisit the case, saying that the early police investigation had been shoddy, that O'Brien was suffering from dementia (/wiki/Dementia) when he was questioned and that there was no physical evidence. He said that Jaramillo had inappropriately fed Tacheny the location of the murder after the monk mistakenly said it occurred in San Antonio. [10] (#cite_note-Hours-10) Guerra angered Garza's family by asking, "Why would anyone be haunted by her death? She died. Her killer got away." [2] (#cite_note-Unholy-2) Renewed interest [ edit ] In 2014, district court judge Ricardo Rodriguez campaigned to unseat Guerra as district attorney, and the Garza case arose as a campaign issue. [12] (#cite_note-Fischler-12) Rodriguez said that he wanted justice for the Garza family, and promised to take a new look at the case if he were elected. [13] (#cite_note-KGBT-13) In the days Rodriguez' election as district attorney, Guerra sought to appoint him as a special prosecutor (/wiki/Special_prosecutor) in the Garza case. Rodriguez declined, saying that he preferred to take a new look at the evidence once he took office in January 2015. [14] (#cite_note-Custer-14) In April, he announced that the Garza case was reopened. [13] (#cite_note-KGBT-13) In February 2016, Feit was arrested in Scottsdale (/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona) , Arizona (/wiki/Arizona) . [15] (#cite_note-Arrest-15) He was 83 at the time of his arrest, and he used a walker when he appeared in court. Feit was extradited (/wiki/Extradition) to Texas in March 2016 and incarcerated at the Hidalgo County Sheriff Adult Detention Facility (/wiki/Hidalgo_County_Sheriff%27s_Office_(Texas)) . [16] (#cite_note-KXAS-16) He entered a plea of not guilty. The prosecution requested a $750,000 bond (/wiki/Bail) , while the defense team asked for a $100,000 bond, adding that Feit had stage 3 kidney (/wiki/Kidney_cancer) and bladder cancer (/wiki/Bladder_cancer) . Judge Luis Singleterry set a $1 million bond. [17] (#cite_note-KGBT2-17) Status hearings in the case were held in June and November 2016, and the discovery (/wiki/Discovery_(law)) process was ongoing as of November. [18] (#cite_note-Status-18) [19] (#cite_note-NovStatus-19) In February 2017, a judge set a late April trial date, and Feit remained under medical supervision at the Hidalgo County jail. [20] (#cite_note-Tentative-20) In April 2017, Feit's defense filed for a change of venue (/wiki/Change_of_venue) because they believed that their client would not receive a fair and impartial trial (/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial) in Hidalgo County. They filed a 700-page document with evidence showing that reporters allegedly condemned Feit as a murderer, and that the only reason why he avoided prosecution for years was because the Roman Catholic Church (/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church) had protected him. [21] (#cite_note-21) Sometime in March, Tacheny testified against Feit in closed deposition (/wiki/Deposition_(law)) . This was permitted under Texas law given the witness' age and exclusive knowledge of the case. [22] (#cite_note-:0-22) On May 24, Judge Singleterry heard arguments from the prosecution and the defense on the request for the change of venue. [23] (#cite_note-23) On June 7, he denied a request for a change of venue after considering that the defendant failed to prove that there was prejudice against him in the Hidalgo community. [24] (#cite_note-24) On July 19, Feit appeared in court for a prehearing. [25] (#cite_note-25) The trial was expected to begin on September 11. [26] (#cite_note-26) However, on September 10, the court decided to push the trial back because of scheduling conflicts; one of Feit's attorneys was defending another high-profile murder suspect in Hidalgo County. Feit appeared in court on September 11 – for the first time without a prison uniform – expecting to face trial that week. [22] (#cite_note-:0-22) The initial phase of jury selection was done in mid-September; the trial was delayed until mid-October. [27] (#cite_note-27) On October 30, Feit's defense filed a motion for continuance; jury selection was reset to November 14 and the November 6 trial date was moved back to November 28. [28] (#cite_note-28) On December 7, Feit was convicted of Garza's murder. [29] (#cite_note-29) In the sentencing phase of the trial, Feit's defense attorney asked that Feit be given probation (/wiki/Probation) , citing his lack of felony convictions since Garza's death. The prosecution asked for a sentence of 57 years, which was symbolic of the amount of time that had passed since Garza's death, but on December 8, 2017, the jury pronounced a sentence of life in prison. [30] (#cite_note-Life-30) Feit was incarcerated at the W. J. Estelle Unit (/wiki/W._J._Estelle_Unit) , ten miles (16 km) north of central Huntsville (/wiki/Huntsville,_Texas) , Texas. He died of natural causes (/wiki/Natural_causes) on February 12, 2020. [31] (#cite_note-31) See also [ edit ] List of solved missing person cases (/wiki/List_of_solved_missing_person_cases:_pre-2000) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hernandez, Kristian; Zazueta-Castro, Lorenzo (February 13, 2016). "Irene Garza's family feels weight has been lifted as former priest faces murder charge" (http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/irene-garza-s-family-feels-weight-has-been-lifted-as/article_08731f56-d2b9-11e5-928d-879164c36842.html) . The Monitor . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Colloff, Pamela (January 20, 2013). "Unholy act" (http://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/unholy-act/) . Texas Monthly (/wiki/Texas_Monthly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161109195315/http://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/unholy-act/) from the original on November 9, 2016 . Retrieved October 20, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fuentes_3-0) Fuentes, Diana (February 25, 2016). "Ex-priest coming back to Texas to stand trial in the gruesome death of a Valley beauty queen" (http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/article/Ex-priest-coming-back-to-Texas-to-stand-trial-in-6853963.php) . Mysa . San Antonio Express-News (/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161022182930/http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/article/Ex-priest-coming-back-to-Texas-to-stand-trial-in-6853963.php) from the original on October 22, 2016 . Retrieved October 20, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Perez-Treviño, Emma (August 11, 2002). "Priests polygraph disputed by examiner" (http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/community/article_77e54eca-4ba8-5443-ad60-ecc7cc6c9ddb.html) . The Brownsville Herald (/wiki/The_Brownsville_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190417114024/https://www.brownsvilleherald.com/community/article_77e54eca-4ba8-5443-ad60-ecc7cc6c9ddb.html) from the original on April 17, 2019 . Retrieved October 20, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wang_5-0) Wang, Yanan (February 11, 2016). "Break in cold case: Police arrest former beauty queen's priest in her 1960 killing" (http://www.smh.com.au/world/break-in-cold-case-police-arrest-former-beauty-queens-priest-in-her-1960-killing-20160211-gmrhii.html?deviceType=text) . The Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190524023746/https://www.smh.com.au/world/break-in-cold-case-police-arrest-former-beauty-queens-priest-in-her-1960-killing-20160211-gmrhii.html?deviceType=text) from the original on May 24, 2019 . Retrieved October 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-AGN_6-0) "Convicted priest says he was 'out of loop' (http://amarillo.com/stories/2002/07/17/tex_priestsays.shtml#.WAhVe-ArI2w) " (http://amarillo.com/stories/2002/07/17/tex_priestsays.shtml#.WAhVe-ArI2w) . amarillo.com . Amarillo Globe-News (/wiki/Amarillo_Globe-News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132743/http://amarillo.com/stories/2002/07/17/tex_priestsays.shtml#.WAhVe-ArI2w) from the original on October 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 20, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Santos, Fernanda (February 11, 2016). "Ex-priest is arrested in 1960 killing of Texas beauty queen" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/us/texas-beauty-queen-murder-irene-garza.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160327034821/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/us/texas-beauty-queen-murder-irene-garza.html) from the original on March 27, 2016 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-DMN_8-0) "Ex-priest baffled by arrest in 1960 McAllen schoolteacher slaying | Texas | Dallas News" (http://www.dallasnews.com/news/texas/2016/02/10/ex-priest-baffled-by-arrest-in-1960-mcallen-schoolteacher-slaying) . DallasNews.com (/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News) . February 10, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161021134107/http://www.dallasnews.com/news/texas/2016/02/10/ex-priest-baffled-by-arrest-in-1960-mcallen-schoolteacher-slaying) from the original on October 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 20, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Perez-Treviño, Emma (July 22, 2002). "40-year-old murder, unsolved, unforgotten Profile: Crime records paint portrait of murder victim" (http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/local/article_1ae25f4a-e4a3-58d6-be96-bd5a52865f58.html) . The Brownsville Herald (/wiki/The_Brownsville_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171031145531/http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/local/article_1ae25f4a-e4a3-58d6-be96-bd5a52865f58.html) from the original on October 31, 2017 . Retrieved March 5, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Schlesinger, Richard (April 16, 2016). "48 Hours: The last confession" (http://www.cbsnews.com/news/irene-garza-murder-former-priest-john-feit-arrested-in-beauty-queens-1960-murder/) . CBS News (/wiki/CBS_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161020203223/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/irene-garza-murder-former-priest-john-feit-arrested-in-beauty-queens-1960-murder/) from the original on October 20, 2016 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tuchman, Gary; Bronstein, Scott (June 2013). "Timeline: The killing of Irene Garza" (http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/31/justice/garza-cold-case-timeline/) . CNN.com (/wiki/CNN.com) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132032/http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/31/justice/garza-cold-case-timeline/) from the original on October 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fischler_12-0) Fischler, Jacob (March 3, 2014). "On eve of election, Rene Guerra fights back on Irene Garza issue" (http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/on-eve-of-election-rene-guerra-fights-back-on-irene/article_08da87c8-a34e-11e3-b454-0017a43b2370.html) . The Monitor (/wiki/The_Monitor_(Texas)) . Retrieved October 20, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Custer, Ashly (April 15, 2015). "Irene Garza's cold case under review in Hidalgo County" (http://valleycentral.com/news/local/irene-garzas-cold-case-under-review-in-hidalgo-county) . KGBT-TV (/wiki/KGBT-TV) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161021142329/http://valleycentral.com/news/local/irene-garzas-cold-case-under-review-in-hidalgo-county) from the original on October 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Custer_14-0) Custer, Ashly (March 11, 2014). "Ricardo Rodriguez responds to Rene Guerra's request to appoint him in Irene Garza case" (http://valleycentral.com/news/local/ricardo-rodriguez-responds-to-rene-guerras-request-to-appoint-him-in-irene-garza-case) . KGBT-TV (/wiki/KGBT-TV) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161021135423/http://valleycentral.com/news/local/ricardo-rodriguez-responds-to-rene-guerras-request-to-appoint-him-in-irene-garza-case) from the original on October 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 20, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Arrest_15-0) Jamieson, Alastair; Helsel, Phil (February 10, 2016). "Ex-priest, 83, arrested over beauty queen's 1960 murder" (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ex-priest-john-feit-arrested-1960-murder-irene-garza-n515551) . NBC News (/wiki/NBC_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161021155128/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ex-priest-john-feit-arrested-1960-murder-irene-garza-n515551) from the original on October 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-KXAS_16-0) "Ex-priest accused in woman's death extradited to TX" (http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/Ex-Priest-Accused-in-Womans-1960-Death-Extradited-to-Texas-371609631.html) . NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth (/wiki/KXAS-TV) . March 9, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033555/http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/Ex-Priest-Accused-in-Womans-1960-Death-Extradited-to-Texas-371609631.html) from the original on March 6, 2017 . Retrieved March 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-KGBT2_17-0) Ortiz, Analise (March 14, 2016). "Former priest pleads not guilty in Irene Garza murder case, bond set at $1 million" (http://valleycentral.com/news/local/former-priest-john-feit-pleads-not-guilty-to-killing-mcallen-beauty-queen-irene-garza) . KGBT-TV (/wiki/KGBT-TV) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161021140204/http://valleycentral.com/news/local/former-priest-john-feit-pleads-not-guilty-to-killing-mcallen-beauty-queen-irene-garza) from the original on October 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Status_18-0) Zazueta-Castro, Lorenzo (June 6, 2016). "Former priest appears in court again; plans in works for inspection of church grounds" (http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/former-priest-appears-in-court-again-plans-in-works-for/article_9811aab6-2c09-11e6-8ad9-6fd5a3843c5b.html) . The Monitor (/wiki/The_Monitor_(Texas)) . Retrieved October 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-NovStatus_19-0) "No new motions filed in John Feit's pretrial hearing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161104162651/http://www.krgv.com/story/33624292/no-new-motions-filed-in-john-feits-pretrial-hearing) . KRGV-TV (/wiki/KRGV-TV) . November 3, 2016. Archived from the original (http://www.krgv.com/story/33624292/no-new-motions-filed-in-john-feits-pretrial-hearing) on November 4, 2016 . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tentative_20-0) Zazueta-Castro, Lorenzo (February 13, 2017). "Tentative trial date set in Feit case" (http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/tentative-trial-date-set-in-feit-case/article_c0289698-f20d-11e6-8ea5-4370b27e5faf.html) . The Monitor (/wiki/The_Monitor_(Texas)) . Retrieved March 4, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Zazueta-Castro, Lorenzo (April 9, 2017). "Former priest's attorney files for change of venue" (http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/valley/article_21cc09bc-1d96-11e7-a59c-6b2a8dde9194.html) . The Brownsville Herald. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170415075848/http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/valley/article_21cc09bc-1d96-11e7-a59c-6b2a8dde9194.html) from the original on April 15, 2017 . Retrieved April 18, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b De la Garza, Erik (September 12, 2017). "Cold-Case Murder Trial Meets Second Delay" (https://www.courthousenews.com/cold-case-murder-trial-meets-second-delay/) . Courthouse News Service (/wiki/Courthouse_News_Service) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171018135916/https://www.courthousenews.com/cold-case-murder-trial-meets-second-delay/) from the original on October 18, 2017 . Retrieved October 18, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Lopez-Puente, Naxiely (May 24, 2014). "Judge mulls change of venue in Irene Garza case" (http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/article_f70fe33e-40a3-11e7-97cb-6b837f01e74b.html) . The Monitor (/wiki/The_Monitor_(Texas)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170706021103/http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/article_f70fe33e-40a3-11e7-97cb-6b837f01e74b.html) from the original on July 6, 2017 . Retrieved June 8, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Zazueta-Casto, Lorenzo (June 7, 2017). "Feit trial to remain in Hidalgo County" (http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/article_68a46e74-4b9f-11e7-98fb-b3d7e003b6c8.html) . The Monitor (/wiki/The_Monitor_(Texas)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170708151451/http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/article_68a46e74-4b9f-11e7-98fb-b3d7e003b6c8.html) from the original on July 8, 2017 . Retrieved June 8, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Martinez, Amy (July 18, 2017). "Former Priest to Appear Before Judge for Pre-Trial Hearing" (http://www.rgvproud.com/news/local-news/former-priest-to-appear-before-judge-for-pre-trial-hearing/768510675) . RGV Proud . Nexstar Media Group (/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170801032739/http://www.rgvproud.com/news/local-news/former-priest-to-appear-before-judge-for-pre-trial-hearing/768510675) from the original on August 1, 2017 . Retrieved August 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Nelson, Aaron (June 8, 2017). "Fall trial for priest accused in 1960 beauty queen murder will stay in Valley" (http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/article/State-District-Judge-Luis-Singleterry-denied-a-11205869.php) . San Antonio Express-News (/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170805130629/http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/article/State-District-Judge-Luis-Singleterry-denied-a-11205869.php) from the original on August 5, 2017 . Retrieved August 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Zazueta-Castro, Lorenzo (September 10, 2017). "Feit, Patterson cases intersect as trial proceedings loom" (http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/premium/article_b6ba1982-969b-11e7-bce9-973f3b3847a0.html) . The Brownsville Herald (/wiki/The_Brownsville_Herald) . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-28) Smith, Molly (October 31, 2015). "Feit trial pushed back to late November" (http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/article_39d70ff0-be5b-11e7-a70a-d3f3ebd60c8e.html) . The Monitor . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171031233026/http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/article_39d70ff0-be5b-11e7-a70a-d3f3ebd60c8e.html) from the original on October 31, 2017 . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Former priest convicted of murdering Texas beauty queen in 1960" (http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/priest-85-convicted-murdering-texas-beauty-queen-article-1.3684955) . NY Daily News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171208151420/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/priest-85-convicted-murdering-texas-beauty-queen-article-1.3684955) from the original on 2017-12-08 . Retrieved 2017-12-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-Life_30-0) Smith, Molly (December 8, 2017). "Former priest John Feit gets life in prison for schoolteacher's murder" (http://www.themonitor.com/irenegarza/article_84172c94-dc8d-11e7-ad35-274cee316d00.html) . The Monitor (/wiki/The_Monitor_(Texas)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171209085247/http://www.themonitor.com/irenegarza/article_84172c94-dc8d-11e7-ad35-274cee316d00.html) from the original on December 9, 2017 . Retrieved December 9, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Reagan, Mark (February 13, 2020). "Former priest convicted in 1960 cold case dies two years into life sentence" (https://www.themonitor.com/2020/02/13/da-former-priest-john-feit-convicted-2017-irene-garzas-murder-dies-prison/) . Themonitor.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200214000824/https://www.themonitor.com/2020/02/13/da-former-priest-john-feit-convicted-2017-irene-garzas-murder-dies-prison/) from the original on 2020-02-14 . Retrieved 2020-02-13 . Further reading [ edit ] Fanning, Diane (2016). "3". Holy Homicide . Diane Fanning (/wiki/Diane_Fanning) . p. 92. 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Hi Life Exhibition Actresses Geethika, Varsha, and Kushitha Kallapu at the launch of Hi Life Exhibition on 26 June, 2023 Status active Venue Different Location(s) Hyderabad (/w/index.php?title=Hi_Life_Hyderabad&action=edit&redlink=1) , Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Ahmedabad, Surat & more Years active 2013–present Inaugurated 2013 Hi Life Exhibitions are fashion (/wiki/Fashion) exhibitions which take place in 30 cities including Hyderabad (/w/index.php?title=Hi_Life_Hyderabad&action=edit&redlink=1) , Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Surat, Colombo, Bangkok and Durban (/wiki/Durban) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Hi Life exhibition was founded by Aby Dominic [8] (#cite_note-8) in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) in 2013. The event exhibits the work of Indian fashion designers. Hi Life Exhibitions runs four brands, Hi Life, Design Library, Hi Life Brides and Hi Life Jewels. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) History [ edit ] Hi Life Exhibitions Pvt Ltd, was started in 2013 with a modest investment of Rs. 15 lakh. From a humble start with just two staff members, today Hi Life Exhibitions has a turnover of Rs. 80 crore. [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Maheshwari, Deepika (20 July 2022). Unstoppable By Deepika Maheshwari . p. 66. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Actors Rashi Singh, Subhashree Rayguru, Sonu Thakur, fashion lovers, and fashion enthusiasts participated in the launch of Hi-Life Exhibition at HICC-Novotel" (https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-hi-life-exhibition-commences-at-hicc-novotel) . telanganatoday.com/ . 22 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Indulge yourself this festive season" (https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-indulge-yourself-this-festive-season) . telanganatoday.com/ . 2 October 2022 . Retrieved 25 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Hi Life showcases new trends" (https://www.dailynews.lk/2015/11/10/business/hi-life-showcases-new-trends) . www.dailynews.lk . Retrieved 29 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Grand launch of Hi Life Exhibition" (https://epaper.eenadu.net/Home/Index?date=27/06/2023&eid=239&pid=2250447) . www.eenadu.net . Retrieved 29 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Actresses Geethika, Varsha, and Kushitha graced the launch of Hilife exhibition" (https://www.dailypioneer.com/uploads/2023/epaper/june/hyderabad-english-edition-2023-06-27.pdf) (PDF) . www.dailypioneer.com . Retrieved 29 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Hi Life Exhibition unveiled" (https://web.archive.org/web/20230629070225/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=17291977) . Deccan Chronicle (/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle) . Archived from the original (http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=17291977) on 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 29 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) The Weekend Leader. "An Epic Journey from Kerala's Rubber Plantations to a Rs. 80 Crore Turnover Exhibitions Company" (https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/3226/journey-to-riches.html) . Retrieved 15 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "REDESIGNING THE FUTURE OF FASHION & LUXURY" (https://brightbusinesskerala.com/index.php/2023/05/20/redesigning-the-future-of-fashion-luxury/) . brightbusinesskerala.com/ . Retrieved 25 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Touch-and-feel prem kahani" (https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/touch-and-feel-prem-kahani-23304559) . Mid Day . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "An Epic Journey from Kerala's Rubber Plantations to a Rs. 80 Crore Turnover Exhibitions Company" (https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/3226/journey-to-riches.html) . The Weekend Leader . Retrieved 4 January 2024 . This article about a fashion brand, house, corporation or company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Find sources: "GirlsAward 2015 Autumn/Winter" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22GirlsAward+2015+Autumn%2FWinter%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22GirlsAward+2015+Autumn%2FWinter%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22GirlsAward+2015+Autumn%2FWinter%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22GirlsAward+2015+Autumn%2FWinter%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22GirlsAward+2015+Autumn%2FWinter%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22GirlsAward+2015+Autumn%2FWinter%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) GirlsAward 2015 Autumn/Winter Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Date(s) October 24, 2015 Location(s) Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Japan Inaugurated 2010 Founder GirlsAward executive committee Previous event 2015 S/S (/wiki/GirlsAward_2015_Spring/Summer) Next event 2016 S/S (/wiki/GirlsAward_2016_Spring/Summer) Attendance 34,000 [1] (#cite_note-1) Sponsors Ministry of Foreign Affairs (/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)) , Tokyo Metropolitan Government (/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government) Fuji Television (/wiki/Fuji_Television) Website 2015aw (http://2015aw.girls-award.com/) .girls-award (http://2015aw.girls-award.com/) .com (http://2015aw.girls-award.com/) GirlsAward (/wiki/GirlsAward) 2015 Autumn/Winter ( ガールズアワード 2015 Autumn/Winter ) is a fashion and music event held on October 24, 2015, at Yoyogi National Gymnasium 1st Gymnasium (/wiki/Yoyogi_National_Gymnasium) in Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Japan. [2] (#cite_note-2) Tokyo Girls' Style (/wiki/Tokyo_Girls%27_Style) appeared as an opening act performer. [3] (#cite_note-3) The main MCs were Ryōta Yamasato (/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dta_Yamasato) and Naomi Watanabe (/wiki/Naomi_Watanabe) . [4] (#cite_note-modelpress20151015-4) Models [ edit ] Aya Asahina, Saki Asamiya, AMO, Hitomi Arai( Tokyo Girls' Style (/wiki/Tokyo_Girls%27_Style) ), Mayuko Arisue (/wiki/Mayuko_Arisue) , Elaiza Ikeda (/wiki/Elaiza_Ikeda) , Rika Izumi (/wiki/Rika_Izumi) , Nina Itō, Alisa Urahama, emma, Emiri Miyasaka (/wiki/Emiri_Miyasaka) , Elli-Rose, Mitsuki Oishi (/wiki/Mitsuki_Oishi) , Kana Oya (/wiki/Kana_Oya) , Nonoka Ono (/wiki/Nonoka_Ono) , Kaede, Saya Kagawa, Miwako Kakei, Nana Katō, Mayuko Kawakita (/wiki/Mayuko_Kawakita) , Kiki&Lala, Reina Kizu, Kiwa, Rikako Sakata (/wiki/Rikako_Sakata) , Remi Sakamoto, Yui Sakuma (/wiki/Yui_Sakuma) , Arisa Sato (/wiki/Arisa_Sato_(model)) , Harumi Satō, Satoumi, Hinako Sano (/wiki/Hinako_Sano) , Shione Sawada, Yuki Shikanuma, Yuumi Shida (/wiki/Yuumi_Shida) , Mayu Sugieda, Sonmi (/wiki/Sonmi) , Dakota Rose, Ai Takahashi (/wiki/Ai_Takahashi) , Eri Tachibana, Tina Tamashiro (/wiki/Tina_Tamashiro) , Ryōta Tsuge, Hazuki Tsuchiya, Reina Triendl (/wiki/Reina_Triendl) , Minori Nakada, An Nakamura, Nana (/wiki/Nana_(singer)) ( After School (/wiki/After_School_(band)) ), Nanao (/wiki/Nanao_(model)) , Tomoko Nozaki, Moeka Nozaki, Karen Fujii, Shuuka Fujii (/wiki/Shuuka_Fujii) , Nicole Fujita (/wiki/Nicole_Fujita) , Akane Hotta (/wiki/Akane_Hotta) , Maggy (/wiki/Maggy_(model)) , Airi Matsui (/wiki/Airi_Matsui) , Erika Matsumoto, Yuka Mizuhara, Juliana Minato, Akina Minami (/wiki/Akina_Minami) , Yōko Melody, Hikari Mori, Alissa Yagi (/wiki/Alissa_Yagi) , Hirona Yamazaki (/wiki/Hirona_Yamazaki) , Haruka Yamashita, Yu Yamada (/wiki/Yu_Yamada) , Yūki Yamamoto, Chisato Yoshiki, Loveli (/wiki/Loveli) [4] (#cite_note-modelpress20151015-4) Non-no (/wiki/Non-no) models: Mao Ueda, Azusa Okamoto, Yūna Suzuki, Miki Satō, Yuko Araki (/wiki/Yuko_Araki) , Yua Shinkawa (/wiki/Yua_Shinkawa) , Sayaka Okada, Hinako Kinoshita, Anri Okamoto (/wiki/Anri_Okamoto) , Akiko Kuji, Riho Takada (/wiki/Riho_Takada) , Niina Endō, Fumika Baba (/wiki/Fumika_Baba) , Haru Izumi, Mina Sayado, Yūka Suzuki [4] (#cite_note-modelpress20151015-4) Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(Japanese_magazine)) models: Ayaka Miyoshi (/wiki/Ayaka_Miyoshi) , Ayami Nakajo (/wiki/Ayami_Nakajo) , Manami Enosawa, Marie Iitoyo (/wiki/Marie_Iitoyo) , Sachi Fujii, Nanami Abe, Miki Shimomura (/wiki/Miki_Shimomura) , Ai Hashizume, Natsumi Okamoto, Reina Kurosaki, Mayū Yokota, Karen Ōtomo, Momoko Tanabe [4] (#cite_note-modelpress20151015-4) Artists [ edit ] XOX, Ayame Goriki (/wiki/Ayame_Goriki) , Shinee (/wiki/Shinee) , Chōtokkyū, Scandal (/wiki/Scandal_(Japanese_band)) , Dempagumi.inc (/wiki/Dempagumi.inc) , Nogizaka46 (/wiki/Nogizaka46) , Sonoko Inoue, Tokyo Girls' Style (/wiki/Tokyo_Girls%27_Style) , Miracle Vell Magic [4] (#cite_note-modelpress20151015-4) Guests [ edit ] Keiko Kitagawa (/wiki/Keiko_Kitagawa) , GENKING, Ai Takahashi (/wiki/Ai_Takahashi) , Nozomi Tsuji (/wiki/Nozomi_Tsuji) , Manami Hashimoto (/wiki/Manami_Hashimoto) , [4] (#cite_note-modelpress20151015-4) E-girls (/wiki/E-girls) [5] (#cite_note-5) Brands [ edit ] Bershka, Dickies, EMODA, FOREVER 21, GUILD PRIME, GYDA, Heather, JEANASIS, JILL by JILLSTUART, KIMONO PRINCESS, LOVELESS, LOWRYS FARM, Me%, Million Carats, MURUA, OLD NAVY, OLIVE des OLIVE, REDYAZEL, RESEXXY, Samantha Thavasa, Samantha Vega, SPINNS, Stradivarius, Ungrid, WEGO [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) 北川景子ら豪華集結「GirlsAward 2015 A／W」来場者数発表 (in Japanese). modelpress. 2015-10-24 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) GirlsAward 2015 AW出演モデル決定 (in Japanese). Kadokawa Corporation. 2015-07-15 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) マギー、トリンドル、中村アン、菜々緒、筧美和子ら『GirlsAward』出演決定 . mynavi.jp (in Japanese). 2015-07-16 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f E-girls「GirlsAward」出演決定＜GirlsAward 2015 A／W＞ (in Japanese). modelpress. 2015-10-15 . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) E-girls「GirlsAward」シークレット登場で「Follow Me」熱唱 クール＆キュートな迫力ライブ (in Japanese). modelpress. 2015-10-24 . Retrieved 2016-10-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) GirlsAward 2015 AUTUMN/WINTER｜ガールズアワード (in Japanese). GirlsAward . Retrieved 2016-10-24 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://2015aw.girls-award.com/) v t e GirlsAward (/wiki/GirlsAward) Events 2009 2010 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2010_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2010 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2010_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2011 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2011_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2011 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2011_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2012 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2012_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2012 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2012_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2013 S/S (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2013_Spring/Summer&action=edit&redlink=1) 2013 A/W (/w/index.php?title=GirlsAward_2013_Autumn/Winter&action=edit&redlink=1) 2014 S/S (/wiki/GirlsAward_2014_Spring/Summer) 2014 A/W (/wiki/GirlsAward_2014_Autumn/Winter) 2015 S/S (/wiki/GirlsAward_2015_Spring/Summer) 2015 A/W 2016 S/S (/wiki/GirlsAward_2016_Spring/Summer) 2016 A/W (/wiki/GirlsAward_2016_Autumn/Winter) Other fashion show Tokyo Girls Collection (/wiki/Tokyo_Girls_Collection) Kobe Collection (/wiki/Kobe_Collection) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Japanese photographer and internet celebrity Kimiko Nishimoto ( 西本 喜美子 , Nishimoto Kimiko , born 1928) is a Brazilian-born Japanese photographer and internet celebrity (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) . She was previously a hairdresser (/wiki/Hairdresser) , track cyclist (/wiki/Track_cycling) , and homemaker (/wiki/Homemaker) . Early life and education [ edit ] Kimiko Nishimoto was born in Brazil in 1928. Her parents taught agriculture (/wiki/Agriculture) to locals. She was the second daughter of 7 siblings. At the age of 8, her family moved to Kumamoto (/wiki/Kumamoto) . She graduated from beauty school (/wiki/Beauty_School) . [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) Career [ edit ] Nishimoto worked as a hairdresser (/wiki/Hairdresser) in her father's salon where she specialized in bridal and Japanese coiffure (/wiki/Coiffure) . After 4 years working as a hairdresser, Nishimoto attended cycling school and became licensed as a professional cyclist. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) From the age of 22 to 27, she competed nationally as a track cyclist (/wiki/Track_cycling) with her younger 2 brothers. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) In 2001, Nishimoto began her career as an amateur photographer after taking a photography and image processing (/wiki/Image_processing) course taught by her eldest son. In 2011, she had her first solo exhibit at the Kumamoto Prefectural Museum of Art (/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefectural_Museum_of_Art) . [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) In 2018, she had an exhibition named "Asobokane?" ( transl. "Shall We Play?" ) at the Shinjuku (/wiki/Shinjuku) . [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) As of March 2020 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimiko_Nishimoto&action=edit) , Nishimoto had developed a social media presence, with over 220,000 followers of her Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) account. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) Personal life [ edit ] At the age of 27, Nishimoto married Hitoshi, a tax official, and they raised their 3 children in Kyushu (/wiki/Kyushu) . She was a homemaker (/wiki/Homemaker) for over 45 years. Nishimoto's husband died in 2012 of lung cancer (/wiki/Lung_cancer) . [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) As of May 2018 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimiko_Nishimoto&action=edit) , Nishimoto resides in Kumamoto Prefecture (/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture) . [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) In reference to her longevity, Nishimoto stated that she is a daily cigarette smoker (/wiki/Cigarette_smoker) and drinks a tall glass (/wiki/Tall_glass) of Bourbon whiskey (/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey) every day. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Ito, Masami (2018-02-10). " (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2018/02/10/people/insta-gran-kimiko-nishimoto-discovers-never-late-experiment-inventive-photography/) 'Insta-gran' Kimiko Nishimoto discovers that it's never too late to experiment with inventive photography" (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2018/02/10/people/insta-gran-kimiko-nishimoto-discovers-never-late-experiment-inventive-photography/) . The Japan Times . Retrieved 2020-07-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_2-0) Sasaki, Sayo (December 18, 2017). "89-year-old photographer Kimiko Nishimoto debuts in Tokyo with funny selfies" (https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2017/12/a524895e661f-89-year-old-photographer-kimiko-nishimoto-debuts-in-tokyo-with-funny-selfies.html) . Kyodo News+ . Retrieved 2020-07-06 . ^ a b Clark, Nicole (May 29, 2018). "This Insta-Famous 89-Year-Old Japanese Woman Takes Amazing Self-Portraits" (https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/evkp9a/kimiko-nishimoto-takes-amazing-photos-89-years-old) . Vice . Retrieved 2020-07-06 . ^ a b Airth, Johanna (March 30, 2020). "What the Japanese can teach us about super-ageing gracefully" (https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200327-what-the-japanese-can-teach-about-super-ageing-gracefully) . BBC . Retrieved 2020-07-06 . 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Nigerian fashion designer Lisa Folawiyo - Designer Lisa Folawiyo is a Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designers) . Biography [ edit ] Folawiyo has a background in law, which she studied at the University of Lagos (/wiki/University_of_Lagos) . [1] (#cite_note-punch-1) She started her label Jewel by Lisa in 2005 from her home, with an initial investment of 20,000 Naira (/wiki/Nigerian_naira) . She bought 12 yards of fabric and made the first pieces with her mother. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) She has showrooms in Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) and in New York (/wiki/New_York_City) . She incorporates traditional West African textiles such as Ankara (/wiki/African_wax_prints) [3] (#cite_note-3) with modern tailoring techniques and an emphasis on beading and sequin trim. [4] (#cite_note-4) Senegalese-American actress Issa Rae (/wiki/Issa_Rae) has worn her clothing. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2012 she was featured in Vogue Italia . [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) Lisa Folawiyo wearing her own designs Prizes [ edit ] 2012: Africa Fashion Award [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) 2014: One of eight emerging talents by WWD Women's Wear Daily [7] (#cite_note-7) 2015: Featured in the BOF500 [8] (#cite_note-bellanaija-8) Personal life [ edit ] Folawiyo had been married for 18 years [ when? ] . She is mother to two children. Her father-in-law was the industrialist Wahab Iyanda Folawiyo (/wiki/Wahab_Iyanda_Folawiyo) . [1] (#cite_note-punch-1) [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "I started Jewel by Lisa with N20,000 – Lisa Folawiyo" (http://punchng.com/started-jewel-lisa-n20000-lisa-folawiyo/) . The Punch. January 22, 2017 . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_2-0) Francesca Ururi (January 30, 2016). "The Lisa Folawiyo Interview" (http://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/leading-ladies-africa/) . The Guardian . Retrieved October 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Veselinovic, Milena (14 April 2015). "From court to catwalk, a former barrister's designs go global" (https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/14/world/lisa-folawiyo-designer-nigeria/index.html) . CNN World . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Lisa Folawiyo" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/lisa-folawiyo) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 2017-03-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Shooting Stars". Daily Telegraph, The (Sydney) . 25 February 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b "Lisa Folawiyo is part of the BoF 500" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/lisa-folawiyo) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 2021-04-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The New Guard 8 Emerging Talents" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/the-new-guard-8-emerging-talents-8046471/) . WWD: Women's Wear Daily . 208 (110): 4–1. 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-bellanaija_8-0) "Lisa Folawiyo & Reni Folawiyo Join Business of Fashion's 500 List, Caitlyn Jenner, Amal Clooney & More also Make the Cut" (https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/09/lisa-folawiyo-reni-folawiyo-join-business-of-fashions-500-list-caitlyn-jenner-amal-clooney-more-also-make-the-cut/) . Bella Naija. September 22, 2015 . Retrieved October 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Ayo-Adeusi, David (March 2016). "Designer talks growing up with ethnically diverse parents" (http://pulse.ng/fashion/lisa-folawiyo-designer-on-how-she-deals-with-family-being-a-creative-director-id4747304.html) . Pulse . Pulse News . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . 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Silvert's Adaptive Clothing & Footwear Company type Private (/wiki/Private_Company) Industry Retail Founded 1929 Founder I.D. Ed Alter Headquarters Concord (/wiki/Concord,_Ontario) , Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) , Canada (/wiki/Canada) Area served North America (/wiki/North_America) Products Adaptive clothing (/wiki/Adaptive_clothing) Website silverts (http://silverts.com) .com (http://silverts.com) Silvert's Holdings Ltd. , operating as Silvert's Adaptive Clothing & Footwear , is a U.S. and Canadian (/wiki/Canada) based retailer that designs and distributes adaptive clothing (/wiki/Adaptive_clothing) and footwear for men and women. The company makes a variety of types of adaptive apparel, including wheelchair clothing, easy access clothing as well as diabetic shoes, socks and slippers, designed to assist physically challenged individuals in their daily dressing and undressing. [1] (#cite_note-variety-1) [2] (#cite_note-physically_challenged-2) [3] (#cite_note-offering-3) History [ edit ] In 1929, I.D Ed Alter founded Jack's Department Store in Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada (/wiki/Ingersoll,_Ontario) . [3] (#cite_note-offering-3) [4] (#cite_note-ingersoll-4) [5] (#cite_note-store-5) Jack's Department Store was initially a small town department store selling a range of products. After the death of I.D Alter, in 1978, his grandson, Jeffrey Alter joined the firm. [4] (#cite_note-ingersoll-4) In 1980, the company changed its name to Silvert's Clothing for Seniors and began specializing in adaptive clothing with Jeffrey Alter as CEO. [5] (#cite_note-store-5) [3] (#cite_note-offering-3) Silvert's opened its head office, warehouse and retail store in Concord, Ontario, Canada. [6] (#cite_note-concord-6) Silvert's had its first mobile store on the road in 1981 [7] (#cite_note-mobile_store-7) and in 1987, its first catalog for adaptive clothing was introduced. [8] (#cite_note-catalog-8) Silvert's sold its products mainly through mental-health institutions before selling directly to customers. [8] (#cite_note-catalog-8) Silvert's began expanding sales nationally for two years and started selling internationally in 1993. [9] (#cite_note-sales-9) In 1995, Silvert's had 41 full-time employees and 15 part-time staff. [10] (#cite_note-employees-10) Silvert's has since grown in recent years with a 9.01 out of 10 rating on ResellerRatings.com (/wiki/ResellerRatings) on June 15, 2018. [11] (#cite_note-resellerratings-11) Silvert's was acquired by Careismatic Brands in August 2018. In January 2024, Careismatic Brands filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy (/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Products [ edit ] Silvert's sells a wide variety of adaptive clothing ranging from wheelchair pants, shorts, open-back tops, dresses, nightwear, sportswear, and footwear, in addition to special-needs clothing accessories. [13] (#cite_note-apparel-13) [14] (#cite_note-clothing-14) Snap closures, elastic waists, Velcro closures are some of the features that Silvert's integrate when designing its adaptive wear. [8] (#cite_note-catalog-8) Silvert's creates their own design in Canada but its clothing is manufactured in both Canada and China. [8] (#cite_note-catalog-8) Because many of Silvert's clothes are worn by people in home care facilities, Silvert's clothing and even some slippers are designed to hold up to industrial washers. [9] (#cite_note-sales-9) Sales and marketing [ edit ] Silvert's mainly sells its products online and through catalogs that the company distributes twice a year. [14] (#cite_note-clothing-14) [15] (#cite_note-twice_a_year-15) Silvert's online website allows the user to shop according to their specific disability and needs. [16] (#cite_note-needs-16) Silvert's uses social media such as Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) where caregivers and family members can share ideas, experiences and reviews about Silvert's products and service. Silvert's also has a points-rewards system set up for its regular customers through which they can redeem their accumulated points. [8] (#cite_note-catalog-8) Challenge Contest [ edit ] In 2016, Silvert's participated in the Small Business Challenge contest sponsored by The Globe and Mail and Telus Corp. and was amongst the top 50 honorable-mention winners. [17] (#cite_note-contest-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-variety_1-0) Nims, Brittany (June 18, 2018). "Adaptive Clothing Brands That Make Getting Dressed Easier" (https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/adaptive-clothing-brands-for-kids-women-men-seniors_us_5b27cb27e4b056b2263c77e7) . HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) . Retrieved June 22, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-physically_challenged_2-0) Henriques, Carolina (June 8, 2018). "Workplace Dress Codes Can Limit Opportunities for People with Disabilities, Researchers Say" (https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/2018/06/08/workplace-dress-codes-can-be-barrier-to-people-with-disabilities-linked-to-ms-other-conditions/) . Multiple Sclerosis News Today . Retrieved June 14, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Gibson, Valerie (August 11, 1992). "Helping Seniors stay in STYLE!". Toronto Sun (/wiki/Toronto_Sun) . ^ Jump up to: a b Carter, Joyce (July 1, 1993). "Muumuus by mail". The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Uncommon Results". Regina Leader-Post (/wiki/Regina_Leader-Post) , September 12, 1995. ^ (#cite_ref-concord_6-0) Moore, Marie (June 1, 1989). "Two companies respond to needs of nation's growing senior market". Canadian Jewish News (/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_News) . ^ (#cite_ref-mobile_store_7-0) Cherniak, Lisa (March 6, 1995). "He's found his niche serving the 'gray' market". Toronto Star (/wiki/Toronto_Star) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Spence, Rick (April 30, 2012). "Help us tailor a solution for 'adaptive' clothing maker Silvert's" (http://business.financialpost.com/entrepreneur/help-us-tailor-a-solution-for-adaptive-clothing-maker-silverts) . National Post (/wiki/National_Post) . Retrieved June 15, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Moore, Kerry (January 25, 1994). "All the right moves". Province Showcase . ^ (#cite_ref-employees_10-0) Cherniak, Lisa (March 6, 1995). "Mobile clothier serves seniors". Toronto Star (/wiki/Toronto_Star) . ^ (#cite_ref-resellerratings_11-0) "ResellerRatings - Silverts.com" (https://www.resellerratings.com/store/Silverts_com) . www.resellerratings.com . Retrieved June 15, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Medical scrubs company Careismatic files for bankruptcy" (https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/medical-scrubs-company-careismatic-files-bankruptcy-2024-01-23/) . Reuters . January 23, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-apparel_13-0) Gibson, Valerie (May 21, 1994). "A SENIOR’S SUMMER". Toronto Sun (/wiki/Toronto_Sun) . ^ Jump up to: a b Spence, Rick (May 7, 2012). "Silvert's has to push harder" (http://business.financialpost.com/entrepreneur/silverts-has-to-push-harder) . Financial Post (/wiki/Financial_Post) . Retrieved June 15, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-twice_a_year_15-0) "Silverts adds retail store to fashion service for seniors". C.A.R.P. News . June 1989. ^ (#cite_ref-needs_16-0) Gerber, Charlotte (December 5, 2018). "Fashionable and Functional Adaptive Clothing for Wheelchair Users". verywellhealth . ^ (#cite_ref-contest_17-0) "Fifty small businesses recognized in Challenge contest" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/sb-growth/the-challenge/fifty-small-businesses-are-recognized-in-challenge-contest/article32492305/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . April 14, 2018 . Retrieved June 15, 2018 . 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1800s fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1800s_fashion) . Fashion in the 1800s. 1750s (/wiki/Category:1750s_fashion) 1760s (/wiki/Category:1760s_fashion) 1770s (/wiki/Category:1770s_fashion) 1780s (/wiki/Category:1780s_fashion) 1790s (/wiki/Category:1790s_fashion) 1800s 1810s (/wiki/Category:1810s_fashion) 1820s (/wiki/Category:1820s_fashion) 1830s (/wiki/Category:1830s_fashion) 1840s (/wiki/Category:1840s_fashion) 1850s (/wiki/Category:1850s_fashion) 14th (/wiki/Category:14th-century_fashion) 15th (/wiki/Category:15th-century_fashion) 16th (/wiki/Category:16th-century_fashion) 17th (/wiki/Category:17th-century_fashion) 18th (/wiki/Category:18th-century_fashion) 19th (/wiki/Category:19th-century_fashion) 20th (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) 21st (/wiki/Category:21st-century_fashion) 22nd 23rd 24th NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐44fqc Cached time: 20240720174354 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.172 seconds Real time usage: 0.240 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 277/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6316/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 367/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 23/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6719/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.117/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1524575/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 226.085 1 -total 54.96% 124.254 1 Template:Navseasoncats_with_centuries_below_decade 37.05% 83.771 1 Template:Commons_category 35.87% 81.106 1 Template:Sister_project 35.00% 79.135 1 Template:Side_box 15.16% 34.284 2 Template:If_then_show 6.43% 14.535 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 4.15% 9.377 1 Template:Category_other 3.37% 7.622 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 1.42% 3.218 1 Template:Title_decade Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38829970-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720174354 and revision id 1081502020. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "1800s fashion" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 1795–1820 in Western fashion (/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion) D Dents (/wiki/Dents) E Empire silhouette (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) W Wilson Block (Dallas, Texas) (/wiki/Wilson_Block_(Dallas,_Texas)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1800s_fashion&oldid=1081502020 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1800s_fashion&oldid=1081502020) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1800s (/wiki/Category:1800s) 19th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:19th-century_fashion) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) 1800s in art (/wiki/Category:1800s_in_art) Fashion by decade (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_decade) Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Category series navigation decade and century (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_decade_and_century) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) |
Southern Marsh Collection Company type Private Industry Clothing and Accessories Founded 2008 Founder Matthew Valiollahi and Stephen Smith Headquarters Baton Rouge, LA (/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_LA) , United States Area served Worldwide Website Southern Marsh Collection (http://www.southernmarsh.com) A Southern Marsh Store at Market Street in The Woodlands, Texas (/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas) Southern Marsh Collection , also known as Southern Marsh, is a clothing and accessories retailer headquartered in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana) . Founded in 2007 by Matthew Valiollahi and Stephen Smith, the brand markets a variety of shirts, shorts, pants, outerwear and accessories that aim to represent Southern culture (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States) . History [ edit ] In 2007, founders Matthew Valiollahi and Stephen Smith, both students of Louisiana State University (/wiki/Louisiana_State_University) at the time, decided to create a brand of T-shirts and casual wear inspired by Southern (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States) style. As a senior in his final year, Matthew approached his friend Stephen to design the brand, from which came the trademark mallard logo and general aesthetic of the company. [1] (#cite_note-1) At first, the two simply sold their designs, but then moved into designing fabrics from the ground up. Walter Morales, then an adjunct professor at Louisiana State University (/wiki/Louisiana_State_University) , helped the pair refine their business plan. Locations [ edit ] Currently, the company partners with over 700 retailers across the United States, and has factory operations throughout Asia. [2] (#cite_note-2) In addition, the company has expanded its sales to online shoppers, and [3] (#cite_note-3) also manufactures licensed college apparel. In August, 2015, the company was listed as #689 [4] (#cite_note-4) in Inc. Magazine's (/wiki/Inc._(magazine)) 5,000 fastest growing companies in America. [5] (#cite_note-5) Front and center at the first Southern Marsh brick and mortar in The Woodlands, Texas (/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas) In October 2018, the store's first brick and mortar opened at Market Street in The Woodlands, TX. Products [ edit ] Originally, the brand sold only T-shirts. Now, the company markets a variety of clothing and accessories including, but not limited to: shorts, pants, dress shirts, jackets, pullovers, polos, bags, performance clothing, and hats. Their product line has significantly grown since 2007, mainly due to sizable revenue growth [6] (#cite_note-6) allowing for expansion. Southern Marsh clothing can be found at many high-end (/wiki/Luxury_goods) retailers across the country, like Apple's Limited [7] (#cite_note-7) in Poplarville, MS (/wiki/Poplarville,_Mississippi) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Stephen Smith and Matthew Valiollahi - Baton Rouge Business Report" (https://www.businessreport.com/article/stephen-smith-and-matthew-valiollahi) . Baton Rouge Business Report . 2013-04-30 . Retrieved 2016-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Southern Marsh Selects BlueCherry® Enterprise Suite to Support Growth and Expansion" (http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/05/prweb11854371.htm) . PRWeb . Retrieved 2016-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "LSU Names 2016 Fastest Growing Businesses" (http://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/article_11fb1a7c-6df7-11e6-95b7-3f81f725007c.html) . The Advocate . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "10 Baton Rouge-area companies make Inc. 5000; Winn-Dixie Resilience Awards: Weekly Business Bulletin" (http://www.nola.com/business/baton-rouge/index.ssf/2015/08/baton_rouge_inc_5000_winn_dixie_luba.html) . NOLA.com . Retrieved 2016-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "10 Baton Rouge area firms make 'Inc.' list of America's 5,000 fastest-growing companies - Baton Rouge Business Report" (https://www.businessreport.com/article/10-baton-rouge-area-firms-make-inc-list-americas-5000-fastest-growing-companies) . Baton Rouge Business Report . 2015-08-13 . Retrieved 2016-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Southern Marsh Collection: Number 689 on the 2015 Inc. 5000" (http://www.inc.com/profile/southern-marsh-collection) . Inc.com . Retrieved 2016-06-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Apple's Ltd. meeting fashion needs for decades | Picayune Item" (http://www.picayuneitem.com/2015/06/apples-ltd-calls-poplarville-home-for-nearly-50-years/) . www.picayuneitem.com . Retrieved 2016-06-03 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Marsh_Collection&oldid=1226512187 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Marsh_Collection&oldid=1226512187) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing retailers of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_the_United_States) Companies based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana) Clothing companies established in 2008 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2008) Culture of the Southern United States (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States) |
A pet tree is a kind of keyring (/wiki/Keyring) or mobile phone (/wiki/Mobile_phone) accessory that contains a very small cactus (/wiki/Cactus) or succulent plant (/wiki/Succulent_plant) in a bell jar (/wiki/Bell_jar) . The plant can be watered and, once it grows too large for the accessory, can be removed so that it may continue growing. [1] (#cite_note-1) Pet trees are popular in Japan (/wiki/Japan) , but are also available in the West (/wiki/Western_world) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Wild, Adrienne (10 December 2006). "Gardens: Grow and Behold". Sunday Mirror (/wiki/Sunday_Mirror) . p. 11. ^ (#cite_ref-2) DeLeo, Jennifer L. (24 August 2007). "10 Wacky Cell Phone Accessories: 4 Pet Tree Mini Live Cactus" (https://www.pcmag.com/slideshow_viewer/0,3253,l%253D213921%2526a%253D213923%2526po%253D4,00.asp?p=n) . PC Magazine (/wiki/PC_Magazine) . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Katbamna, Mira (8 May 2006). "WPM" (https://www.theguardian.com/money/2006/may/08/careers.theguardian1) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . External links [ edit ] Photograph of Pet Trees (https://www.flickr.com/photos/megz/124272458/) , by Meighan NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7f5795bc46‐4xf4d Cached time: 20240626042027 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.107 seconds Real time usage: 0.130 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 186/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4444/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 72/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11395/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.069/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2992280/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 116.950 1 Template:Reflist 100.00% 116.950 1 -total 84.10% 98.360 3 Template:Cite_news 1.41% 1.652 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32155138-0!canonical and timestamp 20240626042027 and revision id 1134090967. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pet_tree&oldid=1134090967 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pet_tree&oldid=1134090967) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Succulent plants (/wiki/Category:Succulent_plants) Pets (/wiki/Category:Pets) |
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐9fmhh Cached time: 20240721020642 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72819435-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721020642 and revision id 1141211835. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Ukrainian military uniforms" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . D Dubok (camouflage) (/wiki/Dubok_(camouflage)) M Mazepynka (/wiki/Mazepynka) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Ukrainian_military_uniforms&oldid=1141211835 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Ukrainian_military_uniforms&oldid=1141211835) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Military uniforms (/wiki/Category:Military_uniforms) Military equipment of Ukraine (/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_of_Ukraine) |
Venezuelan model and Miss World Venezuela 2021 In this Spanish name (/wiki/Spanish_name) , the first or paternal surname (/wiki/Surname) is Daboín and the second or maternal family name is Ricardo . Ariagny Daboín Born Ariagny Idayari Daboín Ricardo ( 1997-01-03 ) 3 January 1997 (age 27) Maracay (/wiki/Maracay) , Aragua (/wiki/Aragua) , Venezuela Occupations Psychologyst model beauty pageant titleholder Height 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) [1] (#cite_note-1) Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Cojedes 2021 Miss World Venezuela 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela_2021) Major competition(s) Miss Venezuela 2021 (Miss Venezuela World 2021) Miss World 2023 (/wiki/Miss_World_2023) (Unplaced) Ariagny Idayari Daboín Ricardo (born 3 January 1997) is a Venezuelan beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Venezuela World 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela_2021) earning her right to represent her country at Miss World 2024. Vidas Brillantes (Brilliant Lives) the social project of Miss Venezuela World 2021, was accredited by UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) . Life and career [ edit ] Early life and education [ edit ] Daboín was born 3 January 1997, [2] (#cite_note-2) and raised in Maracay (/wiki/Maracay) , Aragua (/wiki/Aragua) . [3] (#cite_note-3) She obtained a bachelor's degree in Clinical psychology (/wiki/Clinical_psychology) from the Arturo Michelena University (/wiki/Arturo_Michelena_University) in Carabobo state (/wiki/Carabobo) . [4] (#cite_note-4) During as part of her degree, she participated in different social activities aimed at children at risk. She has also volunteered for soup kitchens, dynamic activities for children in low-income schools or street activities such as gift-giving, and visits to various seniors. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Daboin is a pole sport (/wiki/Pole_sports) teacher and played volleyball for several years. She also served as a reporter for the local newspaper El Siglo of Maracay. From the age of 7 she modelled, and at 18 she entered Miss Venezuela. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Pageantry [ edit ] Miss Venezuela World 2021 [ edit ] Main article: Miss Venezuela 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela_2021) Daboín represented the Cojedes (/wiki/Cojedes_(state)) state at Miss Venezuela 2021 held on September 24, 2020, and won. Daboín succeeded and was crowned by Miss Venezuela 2020 (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela_2020) , Alejandra Conde (/wiki/Alejandra_Conde) at the final event. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) During her reign, she created the emotional intelligence (/wiki/Emotional_intelligence) project Vidas Brillantes (Brilliant Lives). This arose from the need for more psychological support, given the increase in cases of depression, suicide, and violent behaviour throughout Latin America and the world. The project aspired to provide emotional education to children, teaching them to work with their emotions by identifying them. The project was taken into a range of preschools to high schools. [21] (#cite_note-21) In February 2023, Vidas Brillantes, together with the team from the Yuj Vocational Training Institute, was recognized as a training program by UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) . Among the Brilliant Lives actions that were endorsed were, neuroyoga in the classroom, and emotional intelligence. These were taught by Daboin who is a clinical psychologist with the support of professionals from the Yuj Vocational Training Institute. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Miss World 2023 [ edit ] Main article: Miss World 2023 (/wiki/Miss_World_2023) Daboín represented Venezuela at Miss World 2023 (/wiki/Miss_World_2023) but was unplaced. [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "MV – Candidata: Ariagny Daboin - Miss Venezuela" (https://www.missvenezuela.com/candidata/2021/miss-cojedes) . www.missvenezuela.com . Miss Venezuela. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Candidata Ariagny Daboin Miss Cojedes" (https://www.missvenezuela.com/candidata/2021/miss-cojedes) . www.missvenezuela.com (in Spanish). 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Leonardo (2021-10-29). "BIOGRAFÍA- Esta es Ariagny Daboin, Miss Venezuela Mundo 2021" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211129084836/https://gossipvzla.com/biografia-esta-es-ariagny-deboin-miss-venezuela-mundo-2021/) . Gossipvzla (in Spanish). Archived from the original (https://gossipvzla.com/biografia-esta-es-ariagny-deboin-miss-venezuela-mundo-2021/) on 2021-11-29 . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "CONOCE A MISS VENEZUELA WORLD 2021/ MEET MISS VENEZUELA WORLD 2021" (https://www.missvenezuela.com/missmundo) . Missvenezuela.com . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Silva, Marilyn (28 October 2021). "Miss World Venezuela 2021 es Ariagny Daboin, Miss Cojedes (+videos) - Qué Pasa" (https://www.quepasa.com.ve/cultura-y-farandula/miss-cojedes-ariagny-daboin-es-la-miss-venezuela-mundo-2021/) (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Moreno / Maracaibo / Nota de Prensa /, Lenys. "Ariagny Daboin se corona como la nueva Miss Venezuela Mundo" (http://www.laverdad.com/arteyocio/187745-ariagny-daboin-se-corona-como-la-nueva-miss-venezuela-mundo.html) . Diario La Verdad . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Ariagny Daboin, Miss Cojedes, es la Miss Venezuela Mundo 2021 - Standard Digital News | Noticias verdaderas de Venezuela y el Mundo" (https://standarddigitalnews.com/ariagny-daboin-miss-cojedes-es-la-miss-venezuela-mundo-2021/) . standarddigitalnews.com . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Ariagny Daboin" (https://www.diariorepublica.com/etiquetas/ariagny-daboin) . DiarioRepublica.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Miss Cojedes, Ariagny Daboin, representará al país en el Miss Mundo 2022" (https://versionfinal.com.ve/vivir/miss-cojedes-ariagny-daboin-representara-al-pais-en-el-miss-mundo-2022/) . Diario Versión Final (in Spanish). 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Ariagny Daboin es la nueva Miss World Venezuela 2021" (https://albertonews.com/entretenimiento/ariagny-daboin-es-la-nueva-miss-world-venezuela-2021/) . AlbertoNews - Periodismo sin censura (in Spanish). 2021-10-29 . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Morante, Nairobys (2021-10-29). "Ariagny Daboin la nueva Miss Venezuela Mundo 2021" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222039/https://noticiascaracas.com/ariagny-daboin-la-nueva-miss-venezuela-mundo-2021/farandula/) . Noticias Caracas (in Spanish). Archived from the original (https://noticiascaracas.com/ariagny-daboin-la-nueva-miss-venezuela-mundo-2021/farandula/) on 2021-11-23 . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Ariagny Daboin es Miss Venezuela World 2021" (http://www.vidayarte.com/espectaculos/ariagny-daboin-es-miss-venezuela-world-2021) . Vida y Arte (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ronda, Revista (2021-10-29). "¡Batacazo! La nueva Miss World Venezuela es Ariagny Daboín" (https://revistaronda.net/batacazo-la-nueva-miss-world-venezuela-es-ariagny-daboin/) . Revista Ronda (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Ariagny Daboin: ¿Quién es la nueva Miss Venezuela Mundo?" (https://eldiario.com/2021/10/28/ariagny-daboin-miss-venezuela-mundo/) . El Diario | eldiario.com (in Spanish). 2021-10-29 . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Eazzycom. "Ariagny Daboin: ¿Quién es la nueva Miss Venezuela Mundo?" (http://www.missnews.com.br/noticias/ariagny-daboin-quien-es-la-nueva-miss-venezuela-mundo/) . www.missnews.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese) . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Miss World Venezuela es Ariagny Daboin, Miss Cojedes" (https://www.elnacional.com/entretenimiento/miss-world-venezuela-ariagny-daboin-miss-cojedes/) . EL NACIONAL (in Spanish). 2021-10-29 . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) MISS COJEDES, ARIAGNY DABOÍN, EN PORTADAS 07-09-21 , retrieved 2021-11-28 ^ (#cite_ref-18) ARIAGNY DABOÍN, MISS VENEZUELA WORLD 2022, ENTREVISTA (1-2) , retrieved 2021-11-28 ^ (#cite_ref-19) ARIAGNY DABOÍN, MISS VENEZUELA WORLD 2022, ENTREVISTA (2-2) , retrieved 2021-11-28 ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Miss World Venezuela: Ariagny Daboin representante de Cojedes" (https://caigaquiencaiga.net/miss-world-venezuela-ariagny-daboin-representante-de-cojedes/) . Caiga Quien Caiga (in Spanish). 2021-10-29 . Retrieved 2021-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Santamaria, Acela (July 28, 2022). "ARIAGNY DABOÍN IMPULSA PROYECTO SOCIAL "VIDAS BRILLANTES" (https://cg.com.ve/ariagny-daboin-impulsa-proyecto-social-vidas-brillantes/) " (https://cg.com.ve/ariagny-daboin-impulsa-proyecto-social-vidas-brillantes/) . CG Latin Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Proyecto social de Ariagny Daboin obtuvo acreditación de la Unesco" (https://primicia.com.ve/placeres/proyecto-social-de-ariagny-daboin-obtuvo-acreditacion-de-la-unesco/) . Primicia . February 9, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-23) Hernández, Sonia (February 8, 2023). "Ariagny Daboín, Miss Venezuela World, logra acreditación de la Unesco / Ariagny Daboín, Miss Venezuela World, achieves Unesco accreditation" (https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/chevere/ariagny-daboin-miss-venezuela-world-unesco/#:~:text=Ariagny%20Dabo%C3%ADn%2C%20Miss%20Venezuela%20World%2C%20logra%20acreditaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Unesco,-Sonia%20Hern%C3%A1ndez&text=En%20el%20marco%20de%20su,ha%20comenzado%20a%20dar%20frutos.) . Últimas Noticias / Latest News (in Spanish). External links [ edit ] Awards and achievements Preceded by Alejandra Conde (/wiki/Alejandra_Conde) Miss World Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) 2022 (/wiki/Miss_World) Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Alejandra Conde (/wiki/Alejandra_Conde) , Aragua Miss World Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela_2021) Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Camile Ramírez Miss Cojedes (/wiki/Cojedes_(state)) 2021 Succeeded by Linamar Nadaf Portal (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Lists (/wiki/Portal:Lists) v t e Miss World 2023 (/wiki/Miss_World_2023) national titleholders Kedist Deltour (/wiki/Kedist_Deltour) Lesego Chombo (/wiki/Lesego_Chombo) Leticía Frota (/wiki/Letic%C3%ADa_Frota) Camila Pinzón (/wiki/Camila_Pinz%C3%B3n) Lucija Begić (/wiki/Lucija_Begi%C4%87) Krystyna Pyszková (/wiki/Krystyna_Pyszkov%C3%A1) Clémence Botino (/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mence_Botino) Jessica Gagen (/wiki/Jessica_Gagen) Sini Shetty (/wiki/Sini_Shetty) Yasmina Zaytoun (/wiki/Yasmina_Zaytoun) Wenanita Angang (/wiki/Wenanita_Angang) Priyanka Rani Joshi (/wiki/Priyanka_Rani_Joshi) Gwendolyne Fourniol (/wiki/Gwendolyne_Fourniol) Aché Abrahams (/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_Abrahams) Sofia Shamia (/wiki/Sofia_Shamia) Ariagny Daboín Huỳnh Nguyễn Mai Phương (/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Mai_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng) v t e Venezuelan (/wiki/Venezuelan) placements in Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) Miss World Susana Duijm (/wiki/Susana_Duijm) ( 1955 (/wiki/Miss_World_1955) ) Pilín León (/wiki/Pil%C3%ADn_Le%C3%B3n) ( 1981 (/wiki/Miss_World_1981) ) Astrid Carolina Herrera (/wiki/Astrid_Carolina_Herrera) ( 1984 (/wiki/Miss_World_1984) ) Ninibeth Leal (/wiki/Ninibeth_Leal) ( 1991 (/wiki/Miss_World_1991) ) Jacqueline Aguilera (/wiki/Jacqueline_Aguilera) ( 1995 (/wiki/Miss_World_1995) ) Ivian Sarcos (/wiki/Ivian_Sarcos) ( 2011 (/wiki/Miss_World_2011) ) 1st runner-up Albany Lozada (/wiki/Albany_Lozada) ( 1987 (/wiki/Miss_World_1987) ) Martina Thorogood (/wiki/Martina_Thorogood) ( 1999 (/wiki/Miss_World_1999) ) 2nd runner-up Sharon Luengo (/wiki/Sharon_Luengo) ( 1990 (/wiki/Miss_World_1990) ) Francis Gago (/wiki/Francis_Gago) ( 1992 (/wiki/Miss_World_1992) ) Irene Ferreira (/wiki/Irene_Ferreira) ( 1994 (/wiki/Miss_World_1994) ) Adriana Vasini (/wiki/Adriana_Vasini) ( 2010 (/wiki/Miss_World_2010) ) 4th runner-up Marzia Piazza (/wiki/Marzia_Piazza) ( 1969 (/wiki/Miss_World_1969) ) Top 5-7 María Conchita Alonso (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Conchita_Alonso) ( 1975 (/wiki/Miss_World_1975) ) Ruddy Rodríguez (/wiki/Ruddy_Rodr%C3%ADguez) ( 1985 (/wiki/Miss_World_1985) ) María Begoña Juaristi (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Bego%C3%B1a_Juaristi) ( 1986 (/wiki/Miss_World_1986) ) Emma Rabbe (/wiki/Emma_Rabbe) ( 1988 (/wiki/Miss_World_1988) ) Mónica Lei (/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Lei) ( 1993 (/wiki/Miss_World_1993) ) Ana Cepinska (/wiki/Ana_Cepinska) ( 1996 (/wiki/Miss_World_1996) ) Top 10 Goizeder Azúa (/wiki/Goizeder_Az%C3%BAa) ( 2002 (/wiki/Miss_World_2002) ) Top 15-17 Betzabé Franco ( 1962 (/wiki/Miss_World_1962) ) Mercedes Hernández ( 1964 (/wiki/Miss_World_1964) ) Ana María Padrón ( 1971 (/wiki/Miss_World_1971) ) Genoveva Rivero (/wiki/Genoveva_Rivero) ( 1976 (/wiki/Miss_World_1976) ) Patricia Tóffoli (/wiki/Patricia_T%C3%B3ffoli) ( 1978 (/wiki/Miss_World_1978) ) Hilda Abrahamz (/wiki/Hilda_Abrahamz) ( 1980 (/wiki/Miss_World_1980) ) Federica Guzmán (/wiki/Federica_Guzm%C3%A1n) ( 2006 (/wiki/Miss_World_2006) ) Claudia Suárez (/wiki/Claudia_Su%C3%A1rez) ( 2007 (/wiki/Miss_World_2007) ) Hannelly Quintero (/wiki/Hannelly_Quintero) ( 2008 (/wiki/Miss_World_2008) ) Top 20 Valentina Patruno (/wiki/Valentina_Patruno) ( 2003 (/wiki/Miss_World_2003) ) Top 30-40 Ana Carolina Ugarte (/wiki/Ana_Carolina_Ugarte) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_World_2017) ) Veruska Ljubisavljević (/wiki/Veruska_Ljubisavljevi%C4%87) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_World_2018) ) Isabella Rodríguez (/wiki/Isabella_Rodr%C3%ADguez) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_World_2019) ) Alejandra Conde (/wiki/Alejandra_Conde) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_World_2021) ) Unplaced Celsa Pieri ( 1956 (/wiki/Miss_World_1956) ) Consuelo Nouel ( 1957 (/wiki/Miss_World_1957) ) Ida Margarita Pieri ( 1958 (/wiki/Miss_World_1958) ) Bexi Romero ( 1961 (/wiki/Miss_World_1961) ) Milagros Galíndez ( 1963 (/wiki/Miss_World_1963) ) Nancy González (/wiki/Nancy_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(model)) ( 1965 (/wiki/Miss_World_1965) ) Jeannette Köpp ( 1966 (/wiki/Miss_World_1966) ) Irene Böttger ( 1967 (/wiki/Miss_World_1967) ) Cherry Núñez ( 1968 (/wiki/Miss_World_1968) ) Tomasita de las Casas ( 1970 (/wiki/Miss_World_1970) ) Amalia Heller (/wiki/Amalia_Heller) ( 1972 (/wiki/Miss_World_1972) ) Edicta García ( 1973 (/wiki/Miss_World_1973) ) Alicia Rivas ( 1974 (/wiki/Miss_World_1974) ) Jacqueline van den Branden ( 1977 (/wiki/Miss_World_1977) ) Tatiana Capote (/wiki/Tatiana_Capote) ( 1979 (/wiki/Miss_World_1979) ) Michelle Shoda (/wiki/Michelle_Shoda) ( 1982 (/wiki/Miss_World_1982) ) Carolina Cerruti (/wiki/Carolina_Cerruti) ( 1983 (/wiki/Miss_World_1983) ) Fabiola Candosin (/wiki/Fabiola_Candosin) ( 1989 (/wiki/Miss_World_1989) ) Christina Dieckmann (/wiki/Christina_Dieckmann) ( 1997 (/wiki/Miss_World_1997) ) Veronica Schneider (/wiki/Veronica_Schneider) ( 1998 (/wiki/Miss_World_1998) ) Vanessa Cárdenas (/wiki/Vanessa_C%C3%A1rdenas) ( 2000 (/wiki/Miss_World_2000) ) Andreína Prieto (/wiki/Andre%C3%ADna_Prieto) ( 2001 (/wiki/Miss_World_2001) ) Andrea Milroy (/wiki/Andrea_Milroy) ( 2004 (/wiki/Miss_World_2004) ) Susan Carrizo (/wiki/Susan_Carrizo) ( 2005 (/wiki/Miss_World_2005) ) María Milagros Véliz (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Milagros_V%C3%A9liz) ( 2009 (/wiki/Miss_World_2009) ) Gabriella Ferrari (/wiki/Gabriella_Ferrari) ( 2012 (/wiki/Miss_World_2012) ) Karen Soto (/wiki/Karen_Soto) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) Debora Menicucci (/wiki/Debora_Menicucci) ( 2014 (/wiki/Miss_World_2014) ) Anyela Galante (/wiki/Anyela_Galante) ( 2015 (/wiki/Miss_World_2015) ) Diana Croce (/wiki/Diana_Croce) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_World_2016) ) Ariagny Daboín ( 2023 (/wiki/Miss_World_2023) ) Did not compete Miriam Estévez/Aura Rodríguez ( 1960 (/wiki/Miss_World_1960) ) Miss Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Venezuela) Miss World Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_World) Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) v t e Miss World Venezuela titleholders (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Venezuela_titleholders) 1950s Susana Duijm (/wiki/Susana_Duijm) (1955) Celsa Pieri (1956) Consuelo Nouel (1957) Ida Margarita Pieri (1958) 1960s Miriam Estévez/Aura Rodríguez (1960) Bexi Romero (1961) Betzabé Franco (1962) Milagros Galíndez (1963) Mercedes Hernández (/wiki/Mercedes_Hern%C3%A1ndez) (1964) Nancy González (/wiki/Nancy_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(model)) (1965) Jeannette Köpp (1966) Irene Böttger (1967) Dolores Núñez (1968) Marzia Piazza (/wiki/Marzia_Piazza) (1969) 1970s Tomasita de las Casas (1970) Ana María Padrón (/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Padr%C3%B3n) (1971) Amalia Heller (/wiki/Amalia_Heller) (1972) Edicta García (1973) Alicia Rivas (1974) María Conchita Alonso (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Conchita_Alonso) (1975) Genoveva Rivero (/wiki/Genoveva_Rivero) (1976) Jacqueline 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Hair accessory worn by women in Punjab This article is about a decoration for a braid tassel. For other uses, see Paranda (disambiguation) (/wiki/Paranda_(disambiguation)) . Punjabi girl wearing Paranda in her hair Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Punjabi_culture) on Punjabis (/wiki/Punjabis) History (/wiki/History_of_Punjab) Folklore (/wiki/Punjabi_folklore) Language (/wiki/Punjabi_language) Dialects (/wiki/Punjabi_dialects) Punjab (/wiki/Punjab) Punjabis (/wiki/Punjabis) Nationalism (/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism) Diaspora (/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora) Asia Afghanistan (/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan) Europe United Kingdom (/wiki/British_Punjabis) North America United States (/wiki/Punjabi_Americans) Canada (/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians) Oceania Australia (/wiki/Punjabi_Australians) New Zealand (/wiki/Punjabi_New_Zealanders) Culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Punjab) Clothing (/wiki/Punjabi_clothing) Cuisine (/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine) Dance (/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab) Festivals (/wiki/Punjabi_festivals) ( India (/wiki/List_of_fairs_and_festivals_in_Punjab,_India) • Pakistan (/wiki/Punjabi_festivals_(Pakistan)) ) Literature (/wiki/Punjabi_literature) Media (/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_media) Music (/wiki/Music_of_Punjab) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab) ( Folk religion (/wiki/Folk_practices_in_Punjab) ) Sport (/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi) Television (/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_television_channels) Regions Majha (/wiki/Majha) Malwa (/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)) Doaba (/wiki/Doaba) Puadh (/wiki/Puadh) Bagar (/wiki/Bagar_tract) Pothwar (/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau) Derajat (/wiki/Derajat) Bhatiore (/wiki/Bhatiore) Bhattiana (/wiki/Bhattiana) Chhachh (/wiki/Chhachh) Kachhi (/wiki/Kachhi_(Punjab)) Doabs (/wiki/Doab#The_Punjab_Doabs) ( Indus Sagar (/wiki/Indus_Sagar_Doab) • Chaj (/wiki/Chaj_Doab) • Rachna (/wiki/Rachna_Doab) • Bari (/wiki/Bari_Doab) • Bist (/wiki/Bist_Doab) ) Bars (/wiki/Bar_Region) ( Sandal (/wiki/Sandal_Bar) • Kirana (/wiki/Kirana_Bar) • Neeli (/wiki/Neeli_Bar) • Ganji (/wiki/Ganji_Bar) • Gondal (/wiki/Gondal_Bar) • Jungle (/wiki/Jungle_Bar) ) Punjab portal (/wiki/Portal:Punjab) v t e A Punjabi paranda , also known as a parandi , is a women's hair (/wiki/Hair) ornament (/wiki/Ornament_(art)) made of multicolored silk (/wiki/Silk) threads (/wiki/Thread_(yarn)) and decorated with floral (bunches) designs and ornamental tassels (/wiki/Tassel) . The Paranda is a part of traditional ethnic Punjabi clothing (/wiki/Punjabi_clothing) and a folk (/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion) accessory of Punjabi culture (/wiki/Punjabi_culture) . Patiala (/wiki/Patiala) is famous for its salwars (/wiki/Patiala_salwar) and parandas [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Material [ edit ] Parandas are made by interweaving silk threads of different contrast colors. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The practice of making parandas was started by women in Punjab, who began making them as a hobby, art, and craft. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Style [ edit ] The paranda is braided into the hair, with ornate tassels usually hanging from the end of the braid. It is often made to match the clothing of the wearer, and is worn commonly during performances of folk dances such as the Giddha (/wiki/Giddha) . Young girls and women may adorn themselves with it on special occasions like marriages (/wiki/Punjabi_wedding_traditions) and folk festivals such as Lohri (/wiki/Lohri) , Vaisakhi (/wiki/Vaisakhi) , Teej (/wiki/Teej) , etc. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) However, the paranda is worn less frequently in modern day. [10] (#cite_note-10) See also [ edit ] Jutti (/wiki/Jutti) Phulkari (/wiki/Phulkari) Gallery [ edit ] Folk dancers from Punjab performing at six-day Folk Dance Festival ‘Lok Tarang, in New Delhi on January 19, 2007 Diagram of a tassel Making a tassel from yarn (/wiki/Yarn) Illustration of various tassels, from A Handbook of Ornament , by Franz Sales Meyer (/wiki/Franz_Sales_Meyer) Tassels of a bed from Paris, circa 1782–1783, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) (New York City) Punjabi girl wearing a Paranda with tassels References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Experts, Arihant (2019-06-04). Know Your State Punjab . Arihant Publications India limited. pp. 269, 265. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-93-131-6766-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Moga, Parminder Singh Grover; Singh, Davinderjit (2011-05-20). Discover Punjab: Attractions of Punjab . Parminder Singh Grover. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Singh, Mohinder (1988). Prof. Harbans Singh Commemoration Volume . Prof. Harbans Singh Commemoration Committee. p. 242. ^ Jump up to: a b January 07 2020, Dayle PereiraLast Updated. "Lohri 2020: 8 Parandi Hair Accessories To Give Your Look A Traditional Touch" (https://swirlster.ndtv.com/beauty/lohri-2020-8-parandi-hair-accessories-to-give-your-look-a-traditional-touch-2160202) . swirlster.ndtv.com . Retrieved 2021-02-02 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Fairchild's dictionary of textiles . New York: Fairchild Publications. 1959. p. 401. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Singh, Mohinder (1988). History and Culture of Panjab . Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 242. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Singh, Parul Sharma (2012-11-17). "Savouring Punjab" (https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/savouring-punjab/article4105008.ece) . The Hindu . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 2021-02-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Walia, Aarohi (2008). Folk Dances of Punjab . Unistar Books. p. 54. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-7142-602-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) New Quest . for the Indian Association for Cultural Freedom. 2004. p. 67. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Paranda, a dieing culture of Punjab - YouTube" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcLfppGIyuA&feature=youtu.be) . www.youtube.com . 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Saraiki Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Saraiki_shalwar_suits) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Headgear Bughti (/wiki/Bughti) Khoyi (/w/index.php?title=Khoyi&action=edit&redlink=1) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Rumelli (/w/index.php?title=Rumelli&action=edit&redlink=1) Saaluk (/w/index.php?title=Saaluk&action=edit&redlink=1) Tuktay (/wiki/Tuktay) Dastar (Pagri) (/wiki/Turban) Shawls Ajrak (/wiki/Ajrak) Sajarak (/wiki/Sajarak) Stitching and design Balochi needlework (/wiki/Balochi_needlework) Embroidery of Pakistan Footwear Multani Khussa (/wiki/Multani_Khussa) Peshawari Chappal (/wiki/Peshawari_Chappal) Quettani Norozi (/w/index.php?title=Quettani_Norozi&action=edit&redlink=1) Sindhi Mojari (/wiki/Sindhi_Mojari) By ethnicity Baloch (/wiki/Balochi_clothing) Gilgiti (/w/index.php?title=Gilgiti_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Pashtun (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Punjabi (/wiki/Punjabi_clothing) Sindhi (/wiki/Sindhi_clothing) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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2nd Miss Charm competition, beauty pageant edition This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "Miss Charm 2024" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Miss+Charm+2024%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Miss+Charm+2024%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Miss+Charm+2024%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Miss+Charm+2024%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Miss+Charm+2024%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Miss+Charm+2024%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Miss Charm 2024 Date 24 August 2024 Venue Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , United States Placements 20 Debuts Australia Canada Cuba El Salvador Honduras Hungary Iran Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Lesotho Malawi Montenegro New Zealand Paraguay Peru Romania Senegal Somalia Spain Togo United States Withdrawals Argentina ← 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Charm_2023) Miss Charm 2024 will be the second edition of the Miss Charm (/wiki/Miss_Charm) pageant. Luma Russo (/wiki/Luma_Russo) of Brazil will crown her successor at the end of the event. Background Preliminary round Prior to the final competition, the contestants will compete in a preliminary competition, which involves closed-door interviews with the judges and a presentation show where they compete in áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) , national costume, swimwear, and evening gowns. Finals The results of the preliminary competition, which consisted of swimsuit and evening dress competitions, as well as closed interviews, determined the 20 selected semifinalists. The winner of Miss BlockCharm will advance to the top 10. The top 20 compete in the swimsuit competition and are narrowed down to the top 10 afterward. The top 10 competed in an evening gown competition and narrowed down to the top 6 afterward. The top 6 competed in a question and answer preliminary round, and the final 3 were chosen. The final word piece was brought back, after which Miss Charm 2024 and its two runners-up were announced. Selection of participants Withdrawals and replacements On 6 May 2024, Indonesia's Lulu Zaharani (/wiki/Lulu_Zaharani) withdrew from the competition and was replaced by Melati Tedja (/wiki/Melati_Tedja) . [1] (#cite_note-1) On 2 June 2024, the Philippines' representative Krishnah Gravidez (/wiki/Krishnah_Gravidez) withdrew from the competition and was replaced by Kayla Jean Carter. [2] (#cite_note-2) Contestants As of July 2024, the following contestants had been confirmed: [3] (#cite_note-3) Country/Territory Contestants Age [a] (#cite_note-A-4) Hometown Bolivia (/wiki/Bolivia) Fernanda Antelo [4] (#cite_note-5) 18 La Paz (/wiki/La_Paz) Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Thaíz Jagelski [5] (#cite_note-6) 24 Pérola d'Oeste (/wiki/P%C3%A9rola_d%27Oeste) Canada (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Canada) Melanie Renaud [6] (#cite_note-7) 26 Windsor (/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario) Chile (/wiki/Chile) Sofia Depassier (/wiki/Sofia_Depassier) [7] (#cite_note-8) 26 Santiago (/wiki/Santiago) Colombia (/wiki/Colombia) Vanesa Velásquez (/wiki/Vanesa_Vel%C3%A1squez) [8] (#cite_note-9) 25 Cartago (/wiki/Cartago,_Valle_del_Cauca) El Salvador (/wiki/El_Salvador) Alejandra Guajardo [9] (#cite_note-10) 27 Cabañas (/wiki/Caba%C3%B1as_Department) England (/wiki/England) Chloe McEwen [10] (#cite_note-11) 21 Harrogate (/wiki/Harrogate) Indonesia (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) Melati Tedja (/wiki/Melati_Tedja) [11] (#cite_note-12) [12] (#cite_note-13) 25 Surabaya (/wiki/Surabaya) Iran (/wiki/Iran) Mahrou Ahmadi [13] (#cite_note-14) 25 Tehran (/wiki/Tehran) Japan (/wiki/Japan) Tomoyo Ikeda [14] (#cite_note-15) 26 Naha (/wiki/Naha) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Kazakhstan) Diana Tashimbetova [15] (#cite_note-16) 20 Almaty (/wiki/Almaty) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) Rashmita Rasindran [16] (#cite_note-17) 24 Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur) Mexico (/wiki/Mexicana_Universal) Tania Estrada (/wiki/Tania_Estrada) [17] (#cite_note-18) 28 Vicente Guerrero (/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero,_Chihuahua) Montenegro (/wiki/Montenegro) Ana Dedvukaj [18] (#cite_note-19) 19 Podgorica (/wiki/Podgorica) Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Saartje Langstraat [19] (#cite_note-20) 23 Bergschenhoek (/wiki/Bergschenhoek) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) Georgia Waddington [20] (#cite_note-21) 22 Christchurch (/wiki/Christchurch) Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) Hannah Iribhogbe [21] (#cite_note-22) 23 Edo (/wiki/Edo_State) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) Sawera Saeed [22] (#cite_note-23) 24 Lahore (/wiki/Lahore) Paraguay (/wiki/Paraguay) Lia Ashmore (/wiki/Lia_Ashmore) [23] (#cite_note-24) 29 Villarrica (/wiki/Villarrica,_Paraguay) Peru (/wiki/Peru) Romina Lozano (/wiki/Romina_Lozano) [24] (#cite_note-25) 27 Bellavista (/wiki/Bellavista,_Bellavista) Philippines (/wiki/The_Miss_Philippines) Kayla Jean Carter (/wiki/Kayla_Jean_Carter) [25] (#cite_note-26) 27 Talisay (/wiki/Talisay,_Cebu) Poland (/wiki/Miss_Polonia) Adrianna Kaperska [26] (#cite_note-27) 20 Poznań (/wiki/Pozna%C5%84) Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) Carolina Gómez [27] (#cite_note-28) 27 Salinas (/wiki/Salinas,_Puerto_Rico) Romania (/wiki/Romania) Andreea Kira Stan [28] (#cite_note-29) 25 Bucharest (/wiki/Bucharest) Russia (/wiki/Russia) Anna Linnikova (/wiki/Anna_Linnikova) [29] (#cite_note-30) 24 Orenburg (/wiki/Orenburg) Senegal (/wiki/Senegal) Amy Gueye [30] (#cite_note-31) 28 Dakar (/wiki/Dakar) Somalia (/wiki/Somalia) Hibaq Ahmed [31] (#cite_note-32) 28 Mogadishu (/wiki/Mogadishu) Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) Arabella Gregory [32] (#cite_note-33) 21 Phatthalung (/wiki/Phatthalung_Province) United States (/wiki/United_States) Angel Reyes [33] (#cite_note-34) 29 Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) Venezuela (/wiki/Venezuela) Fernanda Rojas [34] (#cite_note-35) 21 Mérida (/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida) Zambia (/wiki/Zambia) Cecilia Kongwa [35] (#cite_note-36) 19 Lusaka (/wiki/Lusaka) ^ (#cite_ref-A_4-0) Ages at the time of the pageant References ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C6oH8PZpmn1/?igsh=MWdsaGlodXoyNno1Mw==) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Adina, Armin (2 June 2024). "Krishnah Gravidez withdraws from Miss Charm pageant" (https://entertainment.inquirer.net/559524/krishnah-gravidez-withdraws-from-miss-charm-pageant) . Philippine Daily Inquirer (/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer) . Retrieved June 2, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Miss Charm 2024 Delegates" (https://misscharm.tv/category-model/miss-charm-2024/) . Miss Charm . 22 July 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-5) @misscharm.tv (9 May 2024). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to FERNANDA ANTELO @ferantelo_t - Miss Charm Bolivia 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C6voFz9v3JQ/) . Retrieved 9 May 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) @missbrasiloficial and thaizjagelski (14 December 2023). "𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐁𝐄́𝐍𝐒 @thaizjagelski, 𝐌𝐈𝐒𝐒 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐌 𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐒𝐈𝐋 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟒!" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C00bWMouatS/) . Retrieved 14 December 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C4iE9Q_vANw/) . www.instagram.com . Retrieved 2024-03-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) @misscharm.tv (16 August 2023). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to SOFIA DEPARSSIER @sofiadepassier - Miss Charm Chile 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Cv_ViwDPIoa/) . Retrieved 16 August 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) @misscharm.tv (19 January 2024). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to VANESA VELASQUEZ @vanesaveleasquezv - Miss Charm Colombia 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C2Q__vsvljY/) . Retrieved 19 January 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) @misscharm.tv and aleguajardo_sv (13 December 2023). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to ALEJANDRA GUAJARDO @aleguajardo_sv - Miss Charm El Salvador 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Cv_ViwDPIoa/) . Retrieved 30 December 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) @misscharm.tv (9 May 2024). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to CHLOE MCEWEN @chloemcewen8 - Miss Charm England 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C9bdYrNzvEv/) . Retrieved 15 July 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Salma, Dina Fadillah (May 13, 2024). "8 Kebaya Melati Tedja, Miss Charm Indonesia 2024 yang Menawan!" (https://www.idntimes.com/life/women/dina-fadillah-salma-2/kebaya-melati-tedja) . IDN Times (/wiki/IDN_Times) . Retrieved May 17, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Prima, Berkat (May 8, 2024). "Melati Tedja Akan Menjadi Wakil Indonesia di Ajang Miss Charm 2024" (https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/berkat-prima/melati-tedja-jadi-wakil-indonesia-di-ajang-miss-charm-2024-c1c2) . IDN Times (/wiki/IDN_Times) (in Indonesian) . Retrieved May 17, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) @misscharm.tv and mahrouahmadi (21 November 2023). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to MAHROU AHMADI @mahrouahmadi - Miss Charm Iran 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Cz6Sd0vvVb5/) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) @misscharm.tv (22 April 2024). "OFFICIAL-Congrats to TOMOYO IKEDA @tomoyo.misscharmjapan - Miss Charm Japan 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Ct0chxePaXr/) . Retrieved 22 April 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) @misscharm.tv and diana.tashii (23 June 2023). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to DIANA TASHIMBETOVA @diana.tashii - Miss Charm Kazakhstan 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Ct0chxePaXr/) . Retrieved 23 June 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) @misscharm.tv and rashmita_rasindran (5 November 2023). "Let's admire the charming beauty of the Malaysian representative at Miss Charm 2024 together. Miss Charm Malaysia @r.a.s.h.m.i.t.a @ratuwanitamalaya" (https://www.instagram.com/p/CzlfOfGvZRR/) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Melissa Flores, de Michoacán, representará a México en Miss Universo 2023" (https://www.diariodemorelos.com/noticias/melissa-flores-de-michoac-n-representar-m-xico-en-miss-universo-2023) . diariodemorelos.com (in Spanish). 2023-09-02 . Retrieved 2023-09-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) @misscharm.tv and anadedvukaj (10 July 2024). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to ANA DEDVUKAJ @anadedvukaj - Miss Charm Montenegro 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C9O0FLJPquv/) . Retrieved 10 July 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Miss Charm Netherlands 2024" (https://misscharm.tv/delegates/netherlands-2/) . Miss Charm . 22 July 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-21) @misscharm.tv and missnewzealandpageant (27 November 2023). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to GEORGIA WADDINGTON @gwaddington - Miss Charm New Zealand 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Ct0chxePaXr/) . Retrieved 27 November 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) @misscharm.tv (1 July 2024). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to HANNAH ONOSETALE IRIBHOGBE - Miss Charm Nigeria 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C84jUd2P_n0/) . Retrieved 1 July 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-23) @misscharm.tv and sawerarapootofficial (26 December 2023). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to Sawera Saeed @sawerarapootofficial - Miss Charm Pakistan 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Ct0chxePaXr/) . Retrieved 30 December 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) @misscharm.tv (23 March 2024). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to Leah Ashmore @leleashmore - Miss Charm Paraguay 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C4237IvPlGk/) . Retrieved 23 March 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) @misscharm.tv (10 June 2024). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to ROMINA LOZANO @romilozano - Miss Charm Peru 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C8CFx5qP47V/) . Retrieved 10 June 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Purnell, Kristofer (2024-07-06). "Kayla Jean Carter is new Miss Charm Philippines 2024" (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2024/07/06/2368229/kayla-jean-carter-new-miss-charm-philippines-2024) . Philstar.com . Retrieved 2024-07-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) @misscharm.tv (13 November 2023). "[OFFICIAL]Congrats to ADRIANNA MARIA KOPERSKA @koperskada - Miss Charm Poland 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/CzlfOfGvZRR/) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) @misscharm.tv (15 July 2024). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to CAROLINA MÍA GÓMEZ CUMBA @carolinagomez.mc - Miss Charm Puerto Rico 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C9cnFXeTrcW/) . Retrieved 15 July 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) @misscharm.tv (14 July 2024). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to ANDREEA KIRA STAN @andreeakira - Miss Charm Romania 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C9SVVDqPfcD/) . Retrieved 13 July 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) @misscharm.tv (8 July 2024). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to ANNA LINNIKOVA @anna__linnikova - Miss Charm Russia 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C9KNX01v5Fe/) . Retrieved 8 July 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-31) @misscharm.tv (11 January 2024). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to AMY GUEYE @amygueye_official - Miss Charm Senegal 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C19QySCvE2j/) . Retrieved 11 January 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) @misscharm.tv and hibaq__ahmed (3 November 2023). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to HIBAQ AHMED @official_hibaq - Miss Charm Somalia 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/CzK0XGlPcpg/) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-33) @misscharm.tv (8 September 2023). "[OFFICIAL] Congrats to ARABELLA GREGORY @bellagregoryy - Miss Charm Thailand 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw6UK-zv4j8/) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-34) @misscharm (5 January 2024). "www.facebook.com/MISSCHARM.TV/posts/924772779003774?ref=embed_post" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw6UK-zv4j8/) . Retrieved 5 January 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-35) @elconcursobyos (24 June 2024). "Tenemos nueva representante rumbo al MISS CHARM 24 @misscharm.tv @ferisabelr quien viajará a USA, y gritará el nombre de VENEZUELA" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C8mrJJaO6hO/) (in Spanish) . Retrieved 24 June 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) @misscharm (27 June 2024). "Congrats to CECILIA KONGWA @cece_kongwa - Miss Charm Zambia 2024" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C8mrJJaO6hO/) (in Spanish) . Retrieved 27 June 2024 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . External links Official website (https://www.misscharm.tv) v t e Miss Charm 2024 contestants Alina Akselrad (/wiki/Alina_Akselrad) Sofia Depassier (/wiki/Sofia_Depassier) Vanesa Velásquez (/wiki/Vanesa_Vel%C3%A1squez) Melati Tedja (/wiki/Melati_Tedja) Tania Estrada (/wiki/Tania_Estrada) Leah Ashmore (/wiki/Leah_Ashmore) Romina Lozano (/wiki/Romina_Lozano) Kayla Jean Carter (/wiki/Kayla_Jean_Carter) Anna Linnikova (/wiki/Anna_Linnikova) v t e Miss Charm (/wiki/Miss_Charm) 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Charm_2023) 2024 v t e Miss Charm (/wiki/Miss_Charm) participant countries and territories Active (/wiki/Miss_Charm) Americas Argentina (2023-) Canada (2024-) Chile (2023-) United States (2024-) Asia Indonesia (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) (2023-) Iran (2024-) Philippines (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Philippines) (2023-) Europe Italy (2024-) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Miss_Kazakhstan) (2024-) Oceania New Zealand (2024-) Unknown (/wiki/Miss_Charm) Africa Eritrea South Africa South Sudan Zambia Americas Bolivia (/wiki/Miss_Bolivia) Brazil (/wiki/Miss_Brazil) Colombia (/wiki/Miss_Colombia) Costa Rica (/wiki/Reinas_de_Costa_Rica) Dominican Republic (/wiki/Miss_Dominican_Republic) Mexico (/wiki/Mexicana_Universal) Nicaragua (/wiki/Miss_Nicaragua) Puerto Rico Venezuela Asia Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh_at_major_beauty_pageants) Cambodia (/wiki/Miss_Cambodia) China India (/wiki/Glamanand_Supermodel_India) Japan Laos (/wiki/Lao_beauty_pageants) Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Myanmar) Pakistan Singapore South Korea Thailand (/wiki/Miss_Thailand) Vietnam Europe England Germany Netherlands Poland (/wiki/Miss_Polonia) Portugal (/wiki/Miss_Portugal) Russia Ukraine Wales Oceania NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐75854f7f49‐q57h7 Cached time: 20240722051130 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.594 seconds Real time usage: 0.787 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9255/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 151641/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 15830/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 160427/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.327/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6651702/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 679.365 1 -total 37.69% 256.049 2 Template:Reflist 30.55% 207.568 32 Template:Cite_web 16.50% 112.101 1 Template:Infobox_beauty_pageant 15.67% 106.472 22 Template:Cite_Instagram 13.47% 91.490 1 Template:Infobox 10.94% 74.304 4 Template:Navbox 10.57% 71.836 1 Template:Miss_Charm_2024_delegates 9.72% 66.032 1 Template:Primary_sources 9.10% 61.805 1 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74086762-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722051130 and revision id 1235969031. 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British businessperson (born 1971) The Right Honourable (/wiki/The_Right_Honourable) The Baroness Mone OBE (/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) Mone in 2013 Member of the House of Lords (/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords) Lord Temporal (/wiki/Lords_Temporal) Incumbent (/wiki/Incumbent) Assumed office 15 October 2015 Life peerage (/wiki/Life_peer) Personal details Born Michelle Georgina Allan ( 1971-10-08 ) 8 October 1971 (age 52) Glasgow (/wiki/Glasgow) , Scotland Political party Conservative (/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)) (until 2023) [1] (#cite_note-1) Other political affiliations Labour (/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)) (until 2009) Spouses Michael Mone ( m. 1989–2011) Doug Barrowman (/wiki/Doug_Barrowman) ( m. 2020) Residence(s) London, United Kingdom Occupation Businesswoman (/wiki/Businessperson) , parliamentarian (/wiki/Legislator) Known for Founder of Ultimo (/wiki/Ultimo_(lingerie)) Michelle Georgina Mone, Baroness Mone , OBE (/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) ( née Allan ; born 8 October 1971) is a Scottish businesswoman and life peer (/wiki/Life_peer) . She has set up several businesses, including MJM International Ltd in 1996 and the lingerie company Ultimo (/wiki/Ultimo_(lingerie)) along with her then husband Michael Mone. Other ventures include naturopathic (/wiki/Naturopathic) 'weight-loss' pills, and a fake tan (/wiki/Fake_tan) product via Ultimo Beauty. Mone became a Conservative (/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)) life peer in 2015. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Mone's husband's company PPE Medpro was awarded £200m of contracts to provide PPE by the UK government. The company made a profit of £60m and some of the products they provided were defective and went unused. From 2020 to 2023, Mone vehemently denied that she or her husband had any involvement with the contracts. In January 2022 The House of Lords Commissioner for Standards (/wiki/House_of_Lords_Commissioner_for_Standards) and National Crime Agency (/wiki/National_Crime_Agency) launched investigations into Mone's links to the contracts. Mone announced in December that year that she was taking a leave of absence from the House of Lords "to clear her name" amid the allegations. Shortly afterwards the UK government announced plans to sue PPE Medpro for £122 million plus costs over the defective items. In December 2023, Mone disclosed that she had been involved with PPE Medpro and said she had previously denied it to protect her family. In February 2024, a leak revealed that five months prior to £29 million of PPE Medpro's profits being transferred into a trust that Mone would benefit from, she assured the government that she wouldn't gain "any financial benefit whatsoever", and that there were "no conflicts whatsoever" with regard to the company she had recommended to the government. [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life Born on 8 October 1971, [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:5-4) Michelle Allan grew up in Glasgow's East End (/wiki/Glasgow_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)) . She recounted how she had lived with her family in a one-bedroom house with no bath or shower until she was 10 years old. She also told of how her younger brother, who had spina bifida (/wiki/Spina_bifida) , died at the age of eight, when she was 10 years old, and that her father, who was suffering from cancer, lost the use of his legs when she was 15. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-Observer-6) She left school aged 15, with no qualifications, to pursue a modelling career. [6] (#cite_note-Observer-6) Business career Mone obtained a marketing job with the Labatt (/wiki/Labatt) brewing company [ when? ] and, within two years, had risen to become its head of marketing (/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer) in Scotland. [6] (#cite_note-Observer-6) She has since said that she invented qualifications to help get the job there. [6] (#cite_note-Observer-6) She was then made redundant by the company, prompting her, at the age of 23, to set up her own business using the redundancy compensation she received from Labatt. [6] (#cite_note-Observer-6) MJM International In November 1996, Mone founded MJM International with her then-husband Michael. [7] (#cite_note-MJM-losses-7) In August 1999, Mone launched the Ultimo (/wiki/Ultimo_(brand)) lingerie brand at Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges) department store in London. Mone came up with the idea for the Ultimo bra, the brand's first product, when she was wearing an uncomfortable cleavage-enhancing bra one day and believed she could create a more comfortable cleavage-enhancing bra. [8] (#cite_note-Robarts-8) Mone had read about a new silicone product while on holiday in Florida and approached the company to obtain its European licence to produce bras. [6] (#cite_note-Observer-6) Mone has claimed that an Ultimo bra was worn by Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) in the Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) film Erin Brockovich (/wiki/Erin_Brockovich_(film)) , but this was denied by the film's creators. [9] (#cite_note-ww-9) Ultimo went on to include other products, such as backless dresses (/wiki/Backless_dress) and shapewear (/wiki/Foundation_garment) , which led to MJM International's growth. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Mone left MJM International briefly in 2013 following the breakdown of her relationship with her then husband. The business assets were transferred to its parent firm, Ultimo Brands International Ltd, in a partnership with MAS Holdings (/wiki/MAS_Holdings) . [7] (#cite_note-MJM-losses-7) MJM International was then dissolved. In November 2014, Mone sold 80% of her stake in Ultimo Brands International to MAS Holdings. [12] (#cite_note-bbc-12) In 2014, a former operations director for MJM won a claim for unfair dismissal from her company after discovering that Mone had authorised electronic bugging of his office. [13] (#cite_note-13) Mone threatened to sue her critics when it was revealed her company MJM International had paid a substantial sum of money into a controversial tax avoidance (/wiki/Tax_avoidance) scheme, criticised by Chancellor (/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer) George Osborne (/wiki/George_Osborne) as "morally repugnant". [14] (#cite_note-14) Following a test case brought by HMRC (/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs) against Rangers Football Club (/wiki/Rangers_F.C.) , the scheme utilising an employee benefit trust (/wiki/Employee_benefit_trust) (the type of tax avoidance scheme used by MJM International) was exposed as ineffective in November 2015. Mone said she had "not done anything wrong" in relation to tax avoidance and that her ex-husband had "dealt with all the finance". [15] (#cite_note-15) In August 2015, Mone resigned her directorships (/wiki/Director_(business)) of both MJM and Ultimo, saying she had sold 80% of the latter. [12] (#cite_note-bbc-12) TrimSecrets and weight loss TrimSecrets were weight loss pills formulated by the “naturopath” Jan de Vries. The product also used diet and exercise advice. [16] (#cite_note-scotsman.com-16) In 2006 MJM formed a joint venture with de Vries, taking a 50% share in the product. [17] (#cite_note-The_first_lady_of_lingerie-17) [16] (#cite_note-scotsman.com-16) Mone claimed that exercise and reduced calorific intake had no effect on her weight and credited TrimSecrets pills for her weight loss. [16] (#cite_note-scotsman.com-16) Mone falsely claimed the efficacy of the product had been proven in clinical trials. However, when questioned further, she said that approximately 60 users had completed a questionnaire but was unable to produce the results. [17] (#cite_note-The_first_lady_of_lingerie-17) In October 2013, Jan de Vries sold his interest in the company with Mone having 60% of the business and a silent business partner the remaining 40%. [16] (#cite_note-scotsman.com-16) In August 2015 it was reported that the company had made a loss in each of the last four years for which accounts were available. [18] (#cite_note-18) In November 2015, Mone was criticised for using her "Baroness Mone"-styled Twitter account to promote TrimSecrets pills, although a spokesman for Mone said she had disposed of her ownership of the firm before her tweet. A spokesman for the British Dietetic Association (/wiki/British_Dietetic_Association) said "there is no scientific basis or rationale for these products, they are making claims which are unfounded and feeding into public confusion around nutrition and pseudo-science." [19] (#cite_note-19) On the ITV programme Loose Women (/wiki/Loose_Women) in 2020, Mone said she lost weight during the COVID-19 lockdown (/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_the_United_Kingdom) by exercising three times a day. She stated: "When I was overweight and in a very uncomfortable horrible marriage, my way of coping with that was to continuously eat." [20] (#cite_note-Glasgow_Times-20) Ultimo Beauty/Ubeauty Global In 2012 Mone's company, Ultimo Beauty, launched a fake tan (/wiki/Fake_tan) product. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) In 2014 when announcing that she had sold most of her stake in Ultimo, she confirmed she had taken 100% control of Ubeauty Global, consisting of the assets of Ultimo Beauty. [23] (#cite_note-23) In 2016, after she was made a peer, Mone changed the company formation so that it no longer had to publish public trading accounts. In February 2017 accounts for the company were published, covering the time from 2014 to 2016 and it was revealed the company had assets of £23,000. [24] (#cite_note-24) In March 2017, Mone announced that she had sold the company. [25] (#cite_note-25) Aston Plaza development In 2017, Mone and her partner Doug Barrowman launched a £250 million residential development in Dubai which they claimed was to be the "first-ever development to be priced in bitcoin (/wiki/Bitcoin) ". [26] (#cite_note-26) In April 2019, The Sunday Times (/wiki/The_Sunday_Times) reported that the development was "on hold" with the construction incomplete, while a spokesman for Mone said that it was going "extremely well" and was in the process of being redesigned. [27] (#cite_note-27) Equi cryptocurrency In 2018, Mone and her partner Doug Barrowman launched a cryptocurrency (/wiki/Cryptocurrency) called Equi through a company called Equi Capital. [28] (#cite_note-equitimes-28) It aimed to raise $US80 million which would be invested in startup companies. [29] (#cite_note-29) Mone described herself as "one of the biggest experts in Cryptocurrency and Blockchain" [30] (#cite_note-kelly-30) and promoted the project as the "bitcoin of Britain". [31] (#cite_note-31) The company recruited 1,000 people to promote the cryptocurrency through social media, but they only raised £1,600. According to Barrowman, £5.4 million of tokens were sold in a "pre-sale offering" but the public sale beginning in March 2018 raised only £540,000. By August 2018, The Sunday Times reported that the project had "flopped" and all investors had been refunded. [28] (#cite_note-equitimes-28) The Financial Times reported that it had "ended in a fiasco that exposes the total absence of oversight in the ICO (/wiki/Initial_coin_offering) market". [30] (#cite_note-kelly-30) Media appearances Mone was profiled in 2002 in a BBC Two (/wiki/BBC_Two) documentary, Trouble at the Top: Boom or Bust . [32] (#cite_note-32) She was a presenter on a 2005 BBC One (/wiki/BBC_One) series of programmes, Mind Your Own Business , in which she gave advice to a number of small businesses. [33] (#cite_note-33) Mone appeared on nine episodes of BBC Two's The Apprentice: You're Fired! (/wiki/The_Apprentice:_You%27re_Fired!) between 2007 and 2009, [34] (#cite_note-34) and was a contestant on a 2009 celebrity edition of The Apprentice (/wiki/The_Apprentice_(British_TV_series)) . [35] (#cite_note-35) She appeared as a contestant on an ITV show, 71 Degrees North (/wiki/71_Degrees_North) in 2010. [6] (#cite_note-Observer-6) She was a contestant on Celebrity MasterChef (/wiki/Celebrity_MasterChef) in 2011. [36] (#cite_note-36) She was the subject of a BBC Radio 4 (/wiki/BBC_Radio_4) profile in 2015 on taking up a role as a government entrepreneurship tsar. [37] (#cite_note-37) Political career Mone says she previously supported the Labour Party (/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)) , as did her family, but withdrew her support in 2009 after the prime minister (/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom) , Gordon Brown (/wiki/Gordon_Brown) , increased the top income tax rate (/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_Kingdom) to 50%, also indicating that she would leave the UK. She further stated that Brown and his government mismanaged the country's finances during the global economic crisis (/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008) . [38] (#cite_note-38) During the London riots in August 2011 (/wiki/2011_England_riots) , Mone called for the army to be brought in and tweeted "People who riot, steal, cover face deserve zero human rights". [39] (#cite_note-39) In January 2012, she gave an interview to The Sunday Times (/wiki/The_Sunday_Times) stating her intention to move herself and her business to England were Scotland to become independent (/wiki/Scottish_independence) following the 2014 referendum (/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum) on the issue. [40] (#cite_note-40) However, despite Scotland voting No in the referendum, Mone confirmed a few months later that she was leaving Scotland. [41] (#cite_note-41) On 10 August 2015, the government announced that Mone would lead a two-part review into entrepreneurship and small businesses, particularly focusing upon setting up small businesses in deprived areas, under the Work and Pensions Secretary (/wiki/Work_and_Pensions_Secretary) , Iain Duncan Smith (/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith) . [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) On 27 August 2015, the prime minister, David Cameron (/wiki/David_Cameron) , announced a list of new creations of life peers (/wiki/Life_peer) , including Mone. [44] (#cite_note-44) Her inclusion drew criticism from other business leaders. [45] (#cite_note-45) Some Conservatives questioned her suitability for the House of Lords (/wiki/House_of_Lords) . [46] (#cite_note-hs3-46) [47] (#cite_note-hs4-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) Mone was criticised on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) when her first vote in the House of Lords was to vote against a motion to delay government cuts to tax credits of around £1,300 a year for three million low-income families. Mone responded to the controversy by tweeting that people should "work hard" and not "look for excuses" for their own poverty. [49] (#cite_note-independent.co.uk-49) In October 2016 she said that she was wrong to support the cuts and she regretted the way she voted. [50] (#cite_note-50) Attendance in House of Lords In her maiden speech in the House of Lords, Mone stated: "I look forward to playing a full and active role in your lordships’ house". The Times reported in 2018 that in the previous year, Mone had only attended the House of Lords on 12% of the days in which it was sitting, missing important debates including on the Brexit bill. [51] (#cite_note-drury-51) [30] (#cite_note-kelly-30) Her low attendance led SNP MSP (/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament) Rona Mackay (/wiki/Rona_Mackay) to describe her as the "Layabout Lady of Mayfair" and businessman Douglas Anderson, who had criticised her original appointment, called for her to resign. [51] (#cite_note-drury-51) By early 2022, Mone had made only five speeches in the House of Lords and asked 22 written questions. [52] (#cite_note-52) In December 2022, Mone's spokesperson said she was taking a leave of absence from the House of Lords in order to "clear her name" of allegations [see PPE Medpro controversy, below] that had been "unjustly levelled against her". At that time, Mone had not spoken in a debate since March 2020 and had last voted in April 2022. [53] (#cite_note-leave-53) PPE Medpro controversy Further information: Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom) PPE Medpro Limited was incorporated on 12 May 2020 as a private limited company in England and Wales, registered to an address on the Isle of Man, at that time wholly owned and controlled by Anthony Page. [ citation needed ] Page had business connections with both Mone and her husband, Doug Barrowman. On the same day that PPE Medpro was incorporated, Page resigned as business as secretary for MGM Media, the company owned in whole by Mone that manages and receives payment for Mone's branding and media engagements. [54] (#cite_note-The_Herald-54) Page also served as company director of the Knox House Trust until September 2022. The Knox House Trust, wholly owned by Barrowman, has two divisions; one providing offshore wealth management services to high net worth clients, and the second, which was run by Page, is Barrowman's “family office”, also known as the Knox family office, which oversees his and his family's financial affairs. [55] (#cite_note-55) On 12 June 2020, PPE Medpro was awarded its first contract to supply personal protective equipment (/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment) (PPE) to the NHS COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom) after one month of incorporation. This first contract was valued at £80.85m for the supply of 210m facemasks. Two weeks later, the company secured its second contract valued at £122m for the supply of 25m surgical gowns. [54] (#cite_note-The_Herald-54) [56] (#cite_note-:0-56) The government awarded both contracts for PPE without competitive tenders under COVID-19 emergency regulations that waived normal requirements. [56] (#cite_note-:0-56) [57] (#cite_note-57) [58] (#cite_note-58) The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) later reported that throughout 2020 lawyers acting for both Mone and Barrowman "consistently and emphatically" denied any involvement with PPE Medpro when questioned; in November 2020, Mone's lawyer told The Guardian that Mone "is not connected in any way with PPE Medpro". Barrowman's lawyers repeatedly denied that he was an investor in the company or a consortium supporting it, and said he "never had any role or function in PPE Medpro". In December 2020, a lawyer instructed by Mone and Barrowman told The Guardian that "any suggestion of an association" between Mone and PPE Medpro was "inaccurate", "misleading" and "defamatory". [59] (#cite_note-:1-59) In November 2021, a Freedom of Information (/wiki/Freedom_of_Information) request revealed that Mone personally recommended the company to the government by lobbying Theodore Agnew (/wiki/Theodore_Agnew,_Baron_Agnew_of_Oulton) (then the Minister of State for Efficiency and Transformation (/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Efficiency_and_Transformation) and cabinet minister responsible for procurement during the COVID-19 pandemic) and cabinet minister Michael Gove (/wiki/Michael_Gove) (then the chair of the COVID-19 operations subcommittee) through its VIP fast-track lane for firms with political connections and that the company was awarded £200 million in government contracts. [60] (#cite_note-60) This high-priority process was set up in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to bypass the normal competitive tender process for procurement that was considered urgent. It further emerged in January 2022 that Mone personally recommended Medpro for a government contract five days before PPE Medpro had been formed; in one key email, sent on 8 May 2020, Mone, using her private email address, proposed supplying large quantities of PPE face masks to the government, saying they could be sourced through “my team in Hong Kong”. [61] (#cite_note-61) Despite Mone first claiming her involvement in the company went no further than a single recommendation, many further emails detailed extensive lobbying of multiple ministers and staff for months. Leaked WhatsApp (/wiki/WhatsApp) messages seen by The Guardian appeared to show Mone further discussing intimate details of the orders including the size of garments that formed part of a contract. [62] (#cite_note-62) Mone was also shown to have lobbied for LFI Diagnostics, a company established as a secret entity of her husband Barrowman's family office (/wiki/Family_office) , Knox family office. [63] (#cite_note-Second_firm-63) Lawyers for Mone and her husband denied the allegations. [64] (#cite_note-64) An unnamed source told The Guardian that Mone was "in a class of her own in terms of the sheer aggression of her advocacy" for LFI Diagnostics. Mone's lobbying of government was later described as bullying and hectoring ministers by Whitehall, and with her lobbying later accused of being "extraordinarily aggressive" and "threatening" by Matt Hancock (/wiki/Matt_Hancock) , the then Minister of Health (/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)) . [65] (#cite_note-:2-65) [66] (#cite_note-66) [67] (#cite_note-67) Following a complaint by the Labour (/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)) peer George Foulkes (/wiki/George_Foulkes,_Baron_Foulkes_of_Cumnock) , the House of Lords commissioner for standards (/wiki/House_of_Lords_Commissioner_for_Standards) launched an investigation into the relationship between Mone and PPE Medpro in January 2022. [68] (#cite_note-68) On 27 April 2022, Mone's homes in London and on the Isle of Man (/wiki/Isle_of_Man) and associated business addresses were raided by the police, who launched an investigation into potential fraud. [69] (#cite_note-NCA_investigation-69) The National Crime Agency (/wiki/National_Crime_Agency) is pursuing a tandem investigation into PPE Medpro. [70] (#cite_note-70) It was reported that the NCA is liaising with the Crown Prosecution Service and could, ultimately, seek to bring charges under bribery or fraud laws. [65] (#cite_note-:2-65) In November 2022, The Guardian reported that an Isle of Man trust, of which Mone and her adult children are beneficiaries, had received £29 million originating from PPE Medpro via a series of offshore transactions involving Barrowman. Her lawyer had previously said she did not declare PPE Medpro in the House of Lords register of financial interests as "she did not benefit financially and was not connected to PPE Medpro in any capacity." [71] (#cite_note-71) The Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) reported that according to a leaked HSBC (/wiki/HSBC) report, the bank had frozen bank accounts linked to Mone and Barrowman in 2020 during an investigation into possible corruption in securing government contracts. The bank accounts were unfrozen in November 2020 after assurances from Barrowman that neither Barrowman nor Mone had any role advising UK government officials on PPE procurement and that Mone had no involvement in the business activities of PPE Medpro. Despite such denials, the HSBC report also documented Mone telling the bank that she and Barrowman advised government ministers on procurement, with Mone complaining that the frozen accounts were damaging PPE Medpro “indicating [she] may indeed have had an interest” in the supplier. [72] (#cite_note-72) On 6 December 2022, Mone's spokesperson said she was taking a leave of absence from the House of Lords with immediate effect "in order to clear her name of the allegations that have been unjustly levelled against her." [53] (#cite_note-leave-53) [63] (#cite_note-Second_firm-63) On 19 December 2022 it emerged that the government would sue PPE Medpro for £122 million plus costs. The government said that medical gowns which were supplied by the company "did not comply with the specification in the contract" and could not be used in the NHS. PPE Medpro said it would "rigorously" defend the claim. [73] (#cite_note-73) In November 2023, after three years of denials, Mone acknowledged that Barrowman and she were involved with PPE Medpro. [59] (#cite_note-:1-59) PPE Medpro commissioned a documentary released on YouTube titled The Interview: Baroness Mone and the PPE Scandal produced by investigative journalist Mark Williams-Thomas (/wiki/Mark_Williams-Thomas) . The film said that Mone and Barrowman had been interviewed under caution. Two participants in the film told The Sunday Times that they had not been informed during production that the film was funded by PPE Medpro. [74] (#cite_note-74) A representative acting for Barrowman confirmed that half the money required upfront was "provided by the Family Office of Doug Barrowman", part of the Knox firm ultimately controlled by Barrowman which manages his private wealth. [59] (#cite_note-:1-59) The representative also said that Barrowman "was the chairman and leader of the PPE Medpro consortium that supplied the UK government". [59] (#cite_note-:1-59) [75] (#cite_note-:3-75) In December, Mone featured in another interview on Laura Kuenssberg (/wiki/Laura_Kuenssberg) 's BBC show in which she stated that she had lied to the press "to protect my family", adding that this was "not a crime". [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) On 26 January 2024, assets controlled by Mone and her husband were frozen under a court order obtained by the Crown Prosecution Service (/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service) . [78] (#cite_note-78) [79] (#cite_note-79) [80] (#cite_note-80) The Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) reported that restrictions had been placed over £75m worth of assets, including a townhouse in Belgravia (/wiki/Belgravia) , properties in Glasgow (/wiki/Glasgow) , an estate on the Isle of Man (/wiki/Isle_of_Man) and numerous bank accounts. [81] (#cite_note-81) In June 2024 it was reported that a 46-year-old man, who was not named, had been arrested in connection with the criminal investigation into PPE Medpro, on suspicion of conspiracy to commit fraud and attempting to pervert the course of justice. [82] (#cite_note-82) Awards and recognition On 21 November 2002, Paisley University (/wiki/Paisley_University) awarded her an honorary doctorate (/wiki/Honorary_degree) . [83] (#cite_note-83) Mone was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) (OBE) for her "services to the lingerie industry" in the 2010 New Year Honours (/wiki/2010_New_Year_Honours) . [84] (#cite_note-84) [85] (#cite_note-85) [86] (#cite_note-86) After consultation with the College of Arms (/wiki/College_of_Arms) , on 30 September 2015, she was created a life peer (/wiki/Life_peer) as Baroness Mone , of Mayfair in the City of Westminster. [87] (#cite_note-87) She was introduced in the House of Lords (/wiki/House_of_Lords) on 15 October by fellow Conservative (/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)) peers (/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom) Lord Freud (/wiki/Lord_Freud) and Baroness Morris of Bolton (/wiki/Baroness_Morris_of_Bolton) . [88] (#cite_note-88) She was recognised as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2017. [89] (#cite_note-89) Personal life Aged 17, Allan met her future husband, Michael Mone, and by 18 was pregnant with her first child, Rebecca. [6] (#cite_note-Observer-6) She then converted from Protestantism (/wiki/Protestantism) to Catholicism (/wiki/Catholicism) and married Michael, an anaesthetist (/wiki/Anaesthetist) 's son from a Catholic family. [6] (#cite_note-Observer-6) In November 2013 Mone gave Hello! a tour of her home in Glasgow and falsely claimed that Albert Einstein (/wiki/Albert_Einstein) once lived there. [90] (#cite_note-90) When questioned about this claim by The National in 2023, she threatened to take legal action against the newspaper. [91] (#cite_note-91) [92] (#cite_note-92) [93] (#cite_note-93) Mone's autobiography, My Fight to the Top was published in 2015. [94] (#cite_note-94) On 26 December 2018 Mone announced her engagement to Scottish businessman Douglas Barrowman (/wiki/Douglas_Barrowman) . They were married on 29 November 2020. [95] (#cite_note-95) In December 2021, a wealth manager (/wiki/Wealth_management) of Indian heritage accused Mone of sending racist (/wiki/Racist) text messages to him after the two were involved in a 2019 yachting incident in Monaco (/wiki/Monaco) , which resulted in the death of a person. He said that Mone called him "a waste of a man's white skin" via text. [96] (#cite_note-96) A spokesperson for Mone said she was not a racist and "Baroness Mone and her husband have built over 15 schools in Africa in the past three years"; this was followed by a message from her lawyers, who said that Mone could not access her messages and had no "detailed memory of them". [97] (#cite_note-Conn-97) Mone's spokesperson said it was "illogical she would have made such a comment or made it with the slightest racist intent as, at the time, she had no knowledge that the complainant was anything other than white British, as his appearance is 100% white, with a cut-glass English accent." [97] (#cite_note-Conn-97) The allegations of racism were referred to the House of Lords Commissioner for Standards (/wiki/House_of_Lords_Commissioner_for_Standards) , but commissioners did not investigate the matter as Mone's comments were said in a personal capacity and not in her capacity as a member of the House of Lords. [97] (#cite_note-Conn-97) In January 2022, the Metropolitan Police (/wiki/Metropolitan_Police) announced they were investigating the incident after receipt of an allegation of a racially aggravated malicious communication. [98] (#cite_note-98) In August 2022, Mone reached a settlement "on a no fault or damages basis in relation to the alleged racist claim", according to The Guardian ; the settlement also involved a payment to the other party. [99] (#cite_note-99) Mone and Barrowman own the Ballakew estate in St. Mark's (/wiki/St._Mark%27s,_Isle_of_Man) on the Isle of Man (/wiki/Isle_of_Man) . The estate is set over 154 acres. The nine bedroomed house was described by Country Life (/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)) as having "a list of leisure facilities which would make a 5-star hotel blush" with "tennis courts, helipad and grand architecture which will turn heads". The house also has an indoor pool and an amphitheatre. [100] (#cite_note-CL20-100) It was put up for sale in 2019 for £25 million. [101] (#cite_note-IOM19-101) [100] (#cite_note-CL20-100) References Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Politics portal (/wiki/Portal:Politics) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Quinn, Andrew (18 December 2023). "Michelle Mone is no longer a Conservative Party member" (https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/politics/michelle-mone-no-longer-conservative-31698427) . Daily Record . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Conn, David (7 February 2024). "Leak reveals Michelle Mone told government she would not benefit financially from PPE firm" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/feb/07/leak-reveals-michelle-mone-told-government-she-would-not-benefit-financially-from-ppe-firm-medpro) . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Sibun, Jonathan (8 December 2007). "Michelle Mone, the Bra Queen" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2820804/Michelle-Mone-the-Bra-Queen.html) . The Telegraph . 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Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Fisher, James; Keel, Toby (23 April 2020). "Three palatial Isle of Man homes for sale — and one millionaire's playground waiting to happen" (http://web.archive.org/web/20200427081406/https://www.countrylife.co.uk/property/three-palatial-isle-of-man-homes-for-sale-and-one-millionaires-playground-waiting-to-happen-214582) . Country Life (/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://www.countrylife.co.uk/property/three-palatial-isle-of-man-homes-for-sale-and-one-millionaires-playground-waiting-to-happen-214582) on 27 April 2020 . Retrieved 17 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-IOM19_101-0) "Multi-millionaire couple's home up for sale" (http://web.archive.org/web/20240117113218/https://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/multi-millionaire-couples-home-up-for-sale-229604) . Isle of Man Today . 12 August 2019. Archived from the original (https://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/multi-millionaire-couples-home-up-for-sale-229604) on 17 January 2024 . Retrieved 17 January 2023 . External links Official Michelle Mone website (http://www.michellemone.com/) Profile (https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/https://members.parliament.uk/member/4544/career) at the Parliament of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom) Current session contributions in Parliament (https://hansard.parliament.uk/search/MemberContributions?memberId=4544) at Hansard (/wiki/Hansard) Voting record (https://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?mpn=Baroness_Mone) at PublicWhip.org (/wiki/PublicWhip.org) Record in Parliament (https://www.theyworkforyou.com/peer/baroness_mone) at TheyWorkForYou.com (/wiki/TheyWorkForYou) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/18146094137400330454) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2016006569) People UK Parliament (https://id.parliament.uk/LWv3SsM9) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐2fb8g Cached time: 20240719211025 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.230 seconds Real time usage: 1.524 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 13792/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 225231/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7889/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 15/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 396798/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.773/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10983194/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1388.272 1 -total 43.91% 609.563 1 Template:Reflist 27.51% 381.900 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder 24.94% 346.238 60 Template:Cite_news 11.84% 164.369 39 Template:Cite_web 6.33% 87.830 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 6.30% 87.405 1 Template:Ubl 6.21% 86.228 1 Template:Authority_control 6.13% 85.130 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office 5.86% 81.343 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11638472-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719211025 and revision id 1229067077. 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LaCrosse Footwear Company type Private, subsidiary Industry Footwear Founded 1897 La Crosse, Wisconsin (/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin) , Headquarters 2001 Portland (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) , Oregon (/wiki/Oregon) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Products Boots Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) ABC-Mart (/wiki/ABC-Mart) Website lacrossefootwear.com (http://www.lacrossefootwear.com/) LaCrosse Footwear, Inc. is an American company based in Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) . Founded in 1897 in La Crosse, Wisconsin (/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin) , the footwear company moved to Oregon (/wiki/Oregon) in 2001 where its Danner Boots subsidiary was based. In 2012, the company, which previously had been publicly traded, was bought by Japanese-based ABC-Mart (/wiki/ABC-Mart) . The company manufactures boots and other footwear primarily for use in agriculture, hunting, construction, and the outdoors. [1] (#cite_note-moves-1) Other products include rubber boots for farm and hunting, all manufactured in Asia. [1] (#cite_note-moves-1) History [ edit ] Former La Crosse Footwear building in La Crosse, Wisconsin (/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin) is now mostly apartments and mixed-use development (/wiki/Mixed-use_development) A well-worn pair of Danner boots LaCrosse was established in Wisconsin (/wiki/Wisconsin) in 1897 as the La Crosse Rubber Mill in the city of La Crosse. [2] (#cite_note-history-2) The company became the largest employer in that city in 1930. [2] (#cite_note-history-2) In 1994, the company acquired Portland, Oregon-based Danner Boots in a merger that was expected to create a company with an annual revenue of $100 million. [1] (#cite_note-moves-1) A month later the company announced plans for an initial public offering (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) (IPO) worth up to $24 million in order to help purchase Danner. [3] (#cite_note-ipo-3) At the time, LaCrosse had annual sales of $82 million. [3] (#cite_note-ipo-3) The IPO went ahead in April 1994, raising nearly $18 million with a stock symbol of BOOT. LaCrosse bought footwear maker Lake of the Woods in June 1997 for $6.5 million. [4] (#cite_note-4) Company revenues had grown to $138 million for fiscal year 2000. [1] (#cite_note-moves-1) [5] (#cite_note-5) The company closed its US-based manufacturing for the namesake brand in July 2001, and later that year moved its headquarters to Portland in order to consolidate operations and take advantage of the concentration of shoe companies in the Portland metropolitan area (/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area) . [1] (#cite_note-moves-1) [6] (#cite_note-6) Later that year, it also reported the first quarterly profit since 1999. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2010, LaCrosse opened a new factory in Portland for its Danner brand, [8] (#cite_note-PBJ_acquired-8) which helped it earn a contract with the U.S. Department of Defense (/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense) in September 2011 for making boots for the Marine Corps (/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-asia-10) In July 2012, ABC-Mart (/wiki/ABC-Mart) (Japanese: エービーシー・マート) purchased LaCrosse for $20 per share. [10] (#cite_note-asia-10) [11] (#cite_note-bigger-11) ABC-Mart, a Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) -based retailer, had approximately 800 stores in Japan, Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) , and South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) . [8] (#cite_note-PBJ_acquired-8) LaCrosse hoped to use those distribution channels to expand their brand in Japan where the company's American made boots were popular. [11] (#cite_note-bigger-11) At the time of the announcement, LaCrosse had 300 employees in Portland, [12] (#cite_note-12) and no layoffs were expected. [10] (#cite_note-asia-10) The deal was finalized in August, with LaCrosse then becoming a private subsidiary of ABC-Mart/Japan. [13] (#cite_note-ceo_departs-13) President and CEO Joseph Schneider then left the company in September 2012. [13] (#cite_note-ceo_departs-13) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Goldfield, Robert (August 2, 2001). "Shoe company LaCrosse moves to Portland" (http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2001/07/30/daily34.html?page=all) . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Our History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120510112831/http://www.lacrossefootwear.com/lacrosse-timeline/) . Company . LaCrosse Footwear. Archived from the original (http://www.lacrossefootwear.com/lacrosse-timeline/) on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sandler, Larry (February 22, 1994). "LaCrosse plans public offering" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A5RQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2999,5650581&dq=lacrosse+footwear&hl=en) . The Milwaukee Sentinel (/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Sentinel) . p. D1 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "LaCrosse Footwear to purchase Lake of the Woods for $6.5 million" (http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/1997/06/23/daily7.html) . The Business Journal . June 25, 1997 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Shoe Company Merger" (https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/26/business/shoe-company-merger.html) . The New York Times . January 26, 1994 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "LaCrosse Footwear moving HQ to Portland" (http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2001/07/30/daily31.html) . The Business Journal . August 1, 2001 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "LaCrosse Footwear steps into the black" (http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2001/10/15/daily10.html) . The Business Journal . October 15, 2001 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Stevens, Suzanne (July 6, 2012). "LaCrosse Footwear to be acquired for $138M" (http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/threads_and_laces/2012/07/lacrosse-footwear-to-be-acquired-for-13.html) . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Siemers, Erik (September 26, 2011). "LaCrosse receives $15.4M order from Marines" (http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2011/09/26/lacrosse-receives-154m-order-from.html) . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Brettman, Allan (July 6, 2012). "LaCrosse Footwear deal hinged on share price, ability to expand in Asia" (http://www.oregonlive.com/playbooks-profits/index.ssf/2012/07/lacrosse_footwear_deal_hinged.html#incart_river_default) . The Oregonian (/wiki/The_Oregonian) . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Siemers, Erik (July 6, 2012). "Already big in Japan, LaCrosse sale could make it bigger" (http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/threads_and_laces/2012/07/already-big-in-japan-lacrosse-sale.html) . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Brettman, Allan (July 5, 2012). "Japan-based shoe retailer announces agreement to purchase LaCrosse Footwear of Portland" (http://www.oregonlive.com/playbooks-profits/index.ssf/2012/07/japan-based_shoe_retailer_anno.html) . The Oregonian . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Brettman, Allan (October 1, 2012). "Top executives depart LaCrosse Footwear, Inc" (http://www.oregonlive.com/playbooks-profits/index.ssf/2012/10/top_executives_depart_lacrosse.html#incart_river_default) . The Oregonian . Retrieved October 1, 2012 . External links [ edit ] LaCrosse Footwear (http://www.lacrossefootwear.com/) Danner Boots (https://www.danner.com/) v t e Large companies formerly based in Oregon (/wiki/Oregon) Peak annual revenues of $100 million or more Moved out of state Georgia-Pacific (/wiki/Georgia-Pacific) Integra Telecom (/wiki/Electric_Lightwave) (2014) JELD-WEN (/wiki/Jeld-Wen) (2015) Louisiana-Pacific (/wiki/Louisiana-Pacific) Banfield (/wiki/Banfield_Pet_Hospital) Acquired by out-of-state entities Camera World (/wiki/Camera_World) (2002) Cascade Microtech (/wiki/Cascade_Microtech) (2016) Electro Scientific Industries (/wiki/Electro_Scientific_Industries) (2019) Fred Meyer (/wiki/Fred_Meyer) Freightliner (/wiki/Freightliner_Trucks) Harry & David (/wiki/Harry_%26_David) (2014) J. K. Gill (/wiki/J._K._Gill_Company) (1980) LaCrosse Footwear (2012) Les Schwab (/wiki/Les_Schwab_Tire_Centers) (2020) MathStar (/wiki/MathStar) (2010) McCormick & Schmick's (/wiki/McCormick_%26_Schmick%27s) (2012) Meier & Frank (/wiki/Meier_%26_Frank) Mentor Graphics (/wiki/Mentor_Graphics) (2017) Merix (/wiki/Merix_Corporation) (2010) Oregon Steel Mills (/wiki/Oregon_Steel_Mills) Planar Systems (/wiki/Planar_Systems) (2015) Sawyer's (/wiki/Sawyer%27s) (1966) Sequent Computer Systems (/wiki/Sequent_Computer_Systems) (1999) StanCorp Financial (/wiki/StanCorp_Financial_Group) (2016) Tektronix (/wiki/Tektronix) (2007) U.S. Bancorp (/wiki/U.S._Bancorp) West Coast Bank (/wiki/West_Coast_Bancorp) (2012) Willamette Industries (/wiki/Willamette_Industries) (2002) Defunct or out of business Consolidated Freightways (/wiki/Consolidated_Freightways) (2002) Emporium (/wiki/Emporium_(department_store_chain)) (2003) Evergreen International Aviation (/wiki/Evergreen_International_Aviation) Floating Point Systems (/wiki/Floating_Point_Systems) G.I. Joe's (/wiki/G.I._Joe%27s) (2009) Hollywood Video (/wiki/Hollywood_Video) (2010) Sprouse-Reitz (/wiki/Sprouse-Reitz) (1994) White Stag Manufacturing (/wiki/White_Stag_(clothing)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐q5mwl Cached time: 20240712171817 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.462 seconds Real time usage: 0.646 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1571/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36483/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 757/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 59982/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.303/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4579047/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 568.936 1 -total 40.98% 233.126 1 Template:Infobox_company 37.25% 211.950 1 Template:Infobox 35.80% 203.686 1 Template:Reflist 29.07% 165.388 12 Template:Cite_news 20.47% 116.451 1 Template:FormerORCompanies 19.98% 113.645 1 Template:Navbox 7.58% 43.125 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 1.95% 11.086 1 Template:Cite_web 0.57% 3.236 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36355482-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712171817 and revision id 1188528579. 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American cosmetic retailer "Morphe" redirects here. Not to be confused with Morphy (/wiki/Morphy_(disambiguation)) . Morphe Holdings LLC Closed Morphe store in Dadeland Mall (/wiki/Dadeland_Mall) , Kendall, Florida (/wiki/Kendall,_Florida) Trade name (/wiki/Trade_name) MORPHE, Morphe Cosmetics Company type Privately Held, Subsidiary Industry Cosmetics Founded November 2008 ; 15 years ago ( 2008-11 ) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , U.S. (/wiki/U.S.) Founders Chris Tawli & Linda Tawli, Summit Partners (/wiki/Summit_Partners) Headquarters Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Products Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) General Atlantic (/wiki/General_Atlantic) Forma Brands LLC (/w/index.php?title=Forma_Brands_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1) Website www (https://www.morphe.com) .morphe (https://www.morphe.com) .com (https://www.morphe.com) Morphe Cosmetics , also known as Morphe Brushes, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) legally known as Morphe Holdings (stylized as MORPHE) , is a Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) cosmetics and beauty manufacturer founded in 2008. The company specializes in the digital retail direct-to-consumer distribution of beauty and personal care products using partnerships with social media influencers (/wiki/Social_media_influencers) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Morphe has cut ties with multiple partners after many influencers became embroiled in controversy. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In August 2019, Morphe Holdings announced the company had formed new partnership with General Atlantic (/wiki/General_Atlantic) , who would acquire a majority stake. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Additional terms of the deal were not disclosed, however, Morphe's existing shareholders would continue to be investors in the company. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) On January 5, 2023 Morphe announced on social media that all stores in the US would close immediately after facing criticism for employee working conditions, and to focus more on their digital storefront. Seven days later, on January 12, 2023, Morphe′s parent company Forma Brands filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy (/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code) . [6] (#cite_note-6) At the time, Morphe owed YouTube stars and beauty gurus Jaclyn Hill (/wiki/Jaclyn_Hill) $2 million and Jeffree Star (/wiki/Jeffree_Star) $1.4 million, respectively, in unsecured claims. [7] (#cite_note-7) That March, Morphe′s main creditors bought Forma for $690 million. [8] (#cite_note-8) Partnerships [ edit ] Morphe partnered with Shane Dawson (/wiki/Shane_Dawson) and Jeffree Star (/wiki/Jeffree_Star) but cut ties in 2020, amid online criticism of the brand after the two became embroiled in a feud between beauty vloggers Tati Westbrook (/wiki/Tati_Westbrook) and James Charles (/wiki/James_Charles_(Internet_personality)) and, in Star's case, accusations of racism (/wiki/Racism) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Morphe partnered with Charles in 2017, [11] (#cite_note-11) producing two palettes of eyeshadows, [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) but cut ties in 2021 amid online calls for a boycott after Charles admitted to inappropriately texting two 16-year-old boys when he was 20 or 21. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Other partnerships include Manny Gutierrez (/wiki/Manny_MUA) , Nikita Dragun (/wiki/Nikita_Dragun) , Jaclyn Hill (/wiki/Jaclyn_Hill) , Maddie Ziegler (/wiki/Maddie_Ziegler) , Avani Gregg (/wiki/Avani_Gregg) , Madison Beer (/wiki/Madison_Beer) , Jackie Aina (/wiki/Jackie_Aina) , Charli D'Amelio (/wiki/Charli_D%27Amelio) , Dixie D'Amelio (/wiki/Dixie_D%27Amelio) , and Bretman Rock (/wiki/Bretman_Rock) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2020, and 2021, Morphe collaborated with Coca-Cola (/wiki/Coca-Cola) . [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Tenbarge, Kat. "Makeup lovers are boycotting Morphe as the brand stays silent on James Charles sexting allegations" (https://www.businessinsider.com/james-charles-morphe-boycott-sponsors-sexting-grooming-scandal-makeup-2021-4) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved 21 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Morphe LLC" (https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1493791D:US) . Bloomberg.com . Bloomberg . Retrieved 19 October 2019 . [ primary source ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Collins, Allison (6 November 2019). "James Charles Talks Shifting Influencer Sphere, Morphe and Launching His Own Beauty Brand" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/james-charles-talks-shifting-influencer-sphere-morphe-launching-his-own-beauty-brand-1203352469/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 21 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Morphe Holdings and General Atlantic Announce Partnership and Strategic Growth Investment" (https://www.generalatlantic.com/media-article/morphe-holdings-and-general-atlantic-announce-partnership-and-strategic-growth-investment/) . General Atlantic . Retrieved 19 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Brumpton, Harry (18 July 2019). "General Atlantic nears acquisition of beauty brand Morphe" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morphe-m-a-generalatlantic/general-atlantic-nears-acquisition-of-beauty-brand-morphe-sources-idUSKCN1UD1G2) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Retrieved 19 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Morphe parent company Forma Brands files for bankruptcy" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/morphe-parent-company-forma-brands-154559680.html) . 2023-01-12 . Retrieved 2023-01-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Morphe's parent company has filed for bankruptcy after influencer-fueled rise alongside Jeffree Star, James Charles in the late aughts" (https://www.insider.com/forma-brands-morphe-bankruptcy-jaclyn-hill-james-charles-2023-1) . Insider.com (/wiki/Insider.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Bankrupt Morphe Owner Acquired by Lenders for $690 Million" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/beauty/bankrupt-morphe-owner-acquired-by-lenders-for-690-million/) . 29 March 2023. ^ Jump up to: a b Russo, Gianluca (11 July 2020). "Morphe Has Officially Dropped Jeffree Star Cosmetics" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/morphe-drops-jeffree-star-cosmetics) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Retrieved 21 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Chung, Gabrielle (10 July 2020). "Jeffree Star Dumped by Morphe Cosmetics Amid Mounting Criticism of the Makeup Mogul" (https://people.com/style/jeffree-star-dumped-by-morphe-cosmetics-amid-mounting-criticism-of-the-makeup-mogul/) . People Magazine (/wiki/People_Magazine) . Retrieved 21 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Collins, Allison (7 December 2018). "Influence Peddler: James Charles: Beauty's Next Consultant?" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/influence-peddler-james-charles-beautys-next-consultant-1202920145/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 21 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Olson, Samantha (13 April 2021). "Charli and Dixie D'Amelio Are Releasing 'Go To Faves' Makeup Kits With Morphe 2" (https://www.seventeen.com/beauty/makeup-skincare/a36108706/charli-dixie-damelio-morphe-2-go-to-faves-makeup/) . Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) . Retrieved 21 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Dall'Asen, Nicola (25 June 2020). "Maddie Ziegler Made a Makeup Line That's Just as Cute as It Is Durable" (https://www.allure.com/story/maddie-ziegler-morphe-imagination-collection) . Allure . Retrieved 2021-06-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Moore, Zoe (4 May 2021). "Morphe launching Coca-Cola makeup collab" (https://goodmorningamerica.com/style/story/morphe-launching-coca-cola-makeup-collab-77470204) . ABC News . 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Japanese fashion label Samantha Thavasa Japan Limited Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) TYO (/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange) : 7829 (https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=7829) Industry Retail Founded Tokyo, Japan (March 1994 ( 1994-03 ) ) [1] (#cite_note-1) Founder Kazumasa Terada Key people Kazumasa Terada A Samantha Thavasa in Nagoya (/wiki/Nagoya) Samantha Thavasa is a Japanese luxury fashion house founded in 1994 by Kazumasa Terada. The label is known primarily for its handbags (/wiki/Handbag) popular among women in their twenties. Other accessory lines such as Samantha Thavasa Deluxe, Samantha Vega, Samantha Thavasa New York were created to meet different markets. The company was founded in 1994 by Kazumasa Terada, the current CEO and president. Its name is derived from the characters Samantha and Tabitha Stephens from the American sitcom series Bewitched (/wiki/Bewitched) . The company has over 130 retail stores in Japan. In late 2006, Samantha Thavasa opened its first U.S. store in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Marketing [ edit ] The company's marketing strategy is typified by its extensive utilization of Western celebrities and socialites in its advertising, although Lee Byung-hun (/wiki/Lee_Byung-hun) was used to promote its jewelry brand, Samantha Tiara. American singer Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles) along with her sister Solange Knowles (/wiki/Solange_Knowles) and Paris Hilton (/wiki/Paris_Hilton) and Nicky Hilton (/wiki/Nicky_Hilton) have been in advertising campaigns. Nicky Hilton (/wiki/Nicky_Hilton) , Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) , Penelope (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) and Monica Cruz (/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Cruz) and Tinsley Mortimer (/wiki/Tinsley_Mortimer) had handbag lines with the company. [3] (#cite_note-3) Singer and actress Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) also endorsed the brand in 2009. In 2011, Taylor Momsen (/wiki/Taylor_Momsen) also became a member of Samantha Thavasa Muse. In 2012, South Korean girl group After School (/wiki/After_School_(group)) promoted the summer collection line with single "Lady Luck", in a commercial. In 2013, Momsen appeared in a television commercial for Samantha Vega handbags along with one of the Japanese idol Tomomi Itano (/wiki/Tomomi_Itano) of AKB48 (/wiki/AKB48) . [4] (#cite_note-4) In June 2012, Australian model Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) signed a contract to become the latest celebrity muse, [5] (#cite_note-5) and launched a handbag line titled "Miranda Kerr for Samantha Thavasa Collection" in 2016. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In September 2013, Samantha Thavasa announced that girl group Girls' Generation (/wiki/Girls%27_Generation) would be the company's endorsement models. The girls wear Samantha Thavasa skinny jeans in various colors for television ads and for their eighth single " Galaxy Supernova (/wiki/Galaxy_Supernova) ", released on 18 September. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Global Success? It's In The Bag | Fashion | Trends in Japan" (http://web-japan.org/trends/fashion/fas051222_02.html) . Web Japan . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Samantha Thavasa To Open 1st U.S. Store in The Big Apple" (http://www.nitrolicious.com/blog/2006/11/05/samantha-thavasa-to-open-1st-us-store-in-the-big-apple/) . nitrolicious.com. 5 November 2006 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Rees, Alex. "Penélope Cruz to Design for Agent Provocateur" (https://www.thecut.com/2012/10/penelope-cruz-to-design-for-agent-provocateur.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 28 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Taylor Momsen for Samantha Thavasa 2011 - 2013 , retrieved 28 January 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-5) ミランダ・カー、ミニワンピで美脚披露！スカイツリーに降臨 - モデルプレス . Modelpress (in Japanese). 9 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) 2016 Miranda Kerr for Samantha Thavasa Debut!! , retrieved 28 January 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Behance" (https://www.behance.net/gallery/34363959/Samantha-Thavasa-featuring-Miranda-Kerr) . www.behance.net . Retrieved 28 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Park Jin Yong (5 September 2013). "Girls' Generation to endorse 'Samantha Thavasa Jeans' (http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/girls-generation-to-endorse-samantha-thavasa-jeans-082200319.html) " (http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/girls-generation-to-endorse-samantha-thavasa-jeans-082200319.html) . Korea Star Daily / Yahoo / Kpopfighting.com/gmail.com/tobad.com . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.samantha.co.jp) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐5nxcn Cached time: 20240715025253 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.251 seconds Real time usage: 0.335 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1742/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19964/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1490/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30776/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.154/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5193510/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 308.497 1 -total 39.80% 122.783 1 Template:Reflist 32.00% 98.708 6 Template:Cite_web 30.15% 93.023 1 Template:Infobox_company 27.12% 83.665 1 Template:Infobox 21.13% 65.197 1 Template:Short_description 12.18% 37.589 2 Template:Pagetype 5.71% 17.600 8 Template:Main_other 5.16% 15.931 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 4.72% 14.574 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16762523-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715025253 and revision id 1223903041. 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This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=By_Far&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( May 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Bulgarian fashion brand By Far Company type Limited company (/wiki/Limited_company) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 2016 ; 8 years ago ( 2016 ) Founder Valentina Ignatova Sabina Gyosheva Denitsa Bumbarova Headquarters Sofia (/wiki/Sofia) , Bulgaria Area served Worldwide Key people Sabina Gyosheva ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Products Ready-to-wear handbags footwear perfume Revenue €30 million (2022) [1] (#cite_note-vogue-1) Number of employees 60 (2022) [1] (#cite_note-vogue-1) Website www (http://www.byfar.com/) .byfar (http://www.byfar.com/) .com (http://www.byfar.com/) By Far (stylized in all caps (/wiki/All_caps) ) is a Bulgarian luxury ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) and leather (/wiki/Leather) goods brand. It was founded in 2016 by Valentina Ignatova, Denitsa Bumbarova and Sabina Gyosheva, who also serves as the company's CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) , in Sofia (/wiki/Sofia) . By Far primarily operates online, but it also has three flagship (/wiki/Flagship_store) brick-and-mortar (/wiki/Brick-and-mortar) stores in Los Angeles, Shanghai and Beijing. Its products are designed between Sofia, Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) and London (/wiki/London) , and are sold through more than 300 retailers worldwide, including Galeries Lafayette (/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette) , Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges) , Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) , Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) , Net-a-Porter (/wiki/Net-a-Porter) , Farfetch (/wiki/Farfetch) and Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) . [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] Founded in 2016 by Sabina Gyosheva, Valentina Ignatova and Denitsa Bumbarova, By Far emerged from an idea conceived in 2015 when Bumbarova's spouse, commissioned for a solar panel installation at a shoe factory in the Bulgarian town of Peshtera (/wiki/Peshtera) , presented her with production cost details for leather shoes. The brand's name, By Far, is an amalgamation (/wiki/Amalgamation_(names)) of the initials of the co-founders' sons: Filip, Alek, and Roman. [3] (#cite_note-capital-3) Shortly after its inception, By Far began selling its shoes at a temporary pop-up store in London. Within one year, By Far's shoes were stocked by 35 high-end (/wiki/High-end) stores across the world. [3] (#cite_note-capital-3) In 2018, By Far added leather bags to its product portfolio. [4] (#cite_note-4) By 2022, By Far's accessories had brought in over 30 million in annual revenue. [5] (#cite_note-fragrance-5) In the same year, the company opened its first flagship store (/wiki/Flagship_store) at 8408 Melrose Place (/wiki/Melrose_Place) in Los Angeles, as well as a second one in Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) . [6] (#cite_note-wwd-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2022, By Far launched its debut fragrance, Daydream, alongside a short film starring Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) . [5] (#cite_note-fragrance-5) [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2023, By Far opened a second store in China, in Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) , and launched its fragrance collection at fifteen Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) stores across the United States. [6] (#cite_note-wwd-6) [9] (#cite_note-forbes-9) That same year, By Far expanded into ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) clothing. [1] (#cite_note-vogue-1) Collaborations [ edit ] In 2020, By Far released a circular (/wiki/Circular_fashion) collection of reworked pieces in collaboration with French second-hand (/wiki/Used_good) platform Vestiaire Collective (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestiaire_Collective) . [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2021, By Far collaborated with American celebrity stylist Mimi Cuttrell, and released a capsule collection of nine handbag and shoe pieces. [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Chitrakorn, Kati (17 November 2023). "By Far built a buzzy bag brand. Can it do the same with clothes?" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/story/fashion/by-far-built-a-buzzy-bag-brand-can-it-do-the-same-with-clothes) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 24 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Moore, Booth (21 May 2022). "By Far Opens First Retail Store on Melrose Place in L.A." (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/exclusive-by-far-opens-first-retail-store-on-melrose-place-in-l-a-1235190174/) WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 24 January 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Georgieva, Mara (30 June 2017). "Български обувки, харесани от Vogue" (https://www.capital.bg/biznes/predpriemach/2017/06/30/2997434_bulgarski_obuvki_haresani_ot_vogue/) . Capital (/wiki/Capital_(Bulgarian_newspaper)) (in Bulgarian) . Retrieved 24 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Farra, Emily (27 April 2018). "Your Favorite Shoe Brand Is Launching Handbags—Including a '90s Baguette Named After a Friends Character" (https://www.vogue.com/article/by-far-shoes-handbag-launch-90s-fashion) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 24 January 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chitrakorn, Kati (15 September 2022). "By Far: On marketing fragrance as accessory" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/beauty/by-far-enters-beauty-category-with-first-fragrance-accessory-launch) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 24 January 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bobila, Maria (3 June 2022). "Inside By Far's Store Opening Party In Los Angeles" (https://www.nylon.com/fashion/by-far-store-opening-los-angeles) . Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) . Retrieved 24 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Hu, Denni (15 December 2022). "By Far Eyes China Expansion With Shanghai Flagship" (https://wwd.com/business-news/retail/by-far-shanghai-flagship-1235450382/) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 24 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Celia, Ellenberg (16 September 2022). "By Far Launches A Kendall Jenner-Approved Perfume Library That Doubles As The Perfect Accessory" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/beauty/article/by-far-perfume-kendall-jenner) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-forbes_9-0) Portee, Allyson (3 May 2023). "By Far's Fragrance Collection Launches At Nordstrom" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/allysonportee/2023/05/03/byfars-fragrance-collection-launches-at-nordstrom/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Retrieved 24 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Cary, Alice (16 November 2020). "By Far And Vestiaire Collective Unveil An Upcycled Edit Of It Girl-Ready Accessories" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/by-far-vestiaire-collective-future-collectibles) . British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Subair, Eni (22 December 2021). "By Far X Mimi Cuttrell Is Exactly What The Festive Season Calls For" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/mimi-cuttrell-by-far-collaboration) . British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . Retrieved 24 January 2024 . 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Puerto Rican model (born 1988) In this Spanish name (/wiki/Spanish_name) , the first or paternal surname (/wiki/Surname) is Smalls and the second or maternal family name is Rodríguez . Joan Smalls Smalls in 2015 Born Joan Smalls Rodriguez ( 1988-07-11 ) July 11, 1988 (age 36) Hatillo, Puerto Rico (/wiki/Hatillo,_Puerto_Rico) [1] (#cite_note-fmd-1) Alma mater Interamerican University of Puerto Rico (/wiki/Interamerican_University_of_Puerto_Rico) ( BA (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts) ) Occupation(s) Model, television personality Years active 2007–present Modeling information Height 1.79 m (5 ft 10 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown (EU) 83-61-87 [1] (#cite_note-fmd-1) Agency IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) Joan Smalls Rodriguez (born July 11, 1988) is a Puerto Rican model (/wiki/Model_(person)) and television personality. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2011, she became the first Latina (/wiki/Latinas) model to represent Estée Lauder (/wiki/Estee_Lauder_Companies) cosmetics. [3] (#cite_note-CNN_-_Joan_Smalls_Rodriguez,_First_Latina_Face_of_Estee_Lauder-3) In 2013, she entered Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) magazine's "World's Highest-Paid Models" list for the first time, ranking at number eight with over $3 million in earnings, [4] (#cite_note-Forbes-4) In January 2014, Smalls appeared on the "Return of the Supermodel (/wiki/Supermodel) " cover of American Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . [5] (#cite_note-Young_2013-5) In 2012, Smalls was ranked the number #1 model in the world by Models.com. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Early life and education [ edit ] Joan Smalls Rodríguez was born and raised in Hatillo, Puerto Rico (/wiki/Hatillo,_Puerto_Rico) , with her two sisters. [9] (#cite_note-9) Her father, Eric Smalls, is an accountant (/wiki/Accountant) , and is West Indian (/wiki/West_Indian) , of African (/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people) and Irish (/wiki/Irish_Caribbean) heritage, from Saint Thomas (/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands) . [10] (#cite_note-Fashionista-10) Smalls' mother, Betzaida Rodríguez, is a social worker (/wiki/Social_worker) , [11] (#cite_note-issuu.com-11) who is Puerto Rican (/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people) , and of Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_people) and Taíno (/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno) heritage. Rodríguez also has distant Irish and Indian ancestry. [10] (#cite_note-Fashionista-10) Smalls initially became interested in modeling as a teenager, entering local competitions. She met with a New York agency who told her she would have to correct her teeth in order to succeed; during that time she went to college. [12] (#cite_note-WattsES-12) Smalls graduated magna cum laude (/wiki/Magna_cum_laude) from the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico (/wiki/Interamerican_University_of_Puerto_Rico) with a bachelor's degree in psychology (/wiki/Psychology) . [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Upon graduation, she moved to New York City to begin her modeling career. Career [ edit ] Modeling [ edit ] Smalls on the runway for DVF (/wiki/DVF) , 2014 New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) She was signed by Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) in 2007, and did commercial modeling jobs such as Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) , Liz Claiborne (/wiki/Liz_Claiborne) , and Sass & bide (/wiki/Sass_%26_bide) . [12] (#cite_note-WattsES-12) [15] (#cite_note-BOF-15) In 2009, she left Elite and switched to IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) worldwide, where she changed her focus to runway work. She was chosen as a Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) exclusive for Riccardo Tisci (/wiki/Riccardo_Tisci) 's Spring/Summer Haute Couture (/wiki/Haute_Couture) show in January 2010, and her modeling career gained traction. [12] (#cite_note-WattsES-12) Since working for Givenchy, Smalls has modeled haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) and ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) collections for top designers and fashion houses such as Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , Isabel Marant (/wiki/Isabel_Marant) , Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) , Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) , Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(company)) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) , Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) , DSquared² (/wiki/DSquared%C2%B2) , Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) , Oscar De La Renta (/wiki/Oscar_De_La_Renta) , DVF (/wiki/DVF) , Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)) , Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) , Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) and many more. She has appeared in shows for fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) in New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) , and Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) . In 2010, Smalls began modeling for Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) and has appeared in their 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) . She has appeared in editorials for several international editions of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Harpers Bazaar (/wiki/Harpers_Bazaar) , i-D (/wiki/I-D) , GQ (/wiki/GQ) , Dazed & Confused (/wiki/Dazed_%26_Confused_(magazine)) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , Industrie (/w/index.php?title=Industrie_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1) , Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) , American and Spanish V (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) , Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) and W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Her international covers include the Italian, American, Australian, Japanese, Turkish, Brazilian, Mexican, Latin American, Korean, Russian, Spanish, and German editions of Vogue ; the British, French, Dutch, South African, Turkish, Belgium, Italian and American editions of Elle ; the South African, Mexican, Latin American and British editions of GQ ; and the American, British, Japanese, Brazilian, Kazakhstan, Bulgarian, Dutch, Thai, Czech, Singaporean, Malaysian, Argentine, Vietnamese, Taiwanese, German, Spanish, Korean, Latin American, Mexican, Indian, Arabian and Greek editions of Harper's Bazaar . She has appeared on the cover of Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , W , W Korea (/wiki/W_(magazine)) , Lui (/wiki/Lui) , Porter (/wiki/YOOX_Net-a-Porter_Group) , Garage (/wiki/Garage_Magazine) , Lucky (/wiki/Lucky_(magazine)) , Dazed & Confused , Glam Belleza Latina (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , The Last Magazine , V , 10 (/wiki/10_Magazine_(British_magazine)) , Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) , Self (/wiki/Self_(magazine)) , Grazia (/wiki/Grazia) , The Edit , The Impression , Caras (/wiki/Caras_(magazine)) , ES Magazine (/wiki/London_Evening_Standard) , WSJ (/wiki/WSJ.) , POP (/wiki/Pop_(fashion_magazine)) , i-D , 032c (/wiki/032c) , Narcisse , Documentary Beauty (https://documentarybeauty.com/) , WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , Glamour , Stylist (/wiki/Stylist_(magazine)) and CR Fashion Book (/wiki/Carine_Roitfeld) . In September 2013, Smalls and fellow model Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) appeared on a feature of Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) , which dubbed them "The New Supers (/wiki/Supermodel) ". [16] (#cite_note-16) She appeared in the 2012 and 2014 Pirelli Calendar (/wiki/Pirelli_Calendar) . She also featured on the cover of American Vogue ' s September 2014 issue. In 2018, Joan Smalls was featured as one of the CR Calendar Girls representing the month of February, in CR Fashion Book ' s first ever calendar. She was styled by Carine Roitfeld (/wiki/Carine_Roitfeld) , editor-in-chief of CR Fashion Book & fashion stylist and shot by photographer Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) . Smalls has been photographed by fashion photographers such as Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) , Mert and Marcus (/wiki/Mert_and_Marcus) , Steven Klein, Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) , Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) , Peter Lindbergh (/wiki/Peter_Lindbergh) , Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) , Nick Knight (/wiki/Nick_Knight_(photographer)) , Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) , Annie Leibovitz (/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz) , Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) , Hans Feurer, Terry Richardson (/wiki/Terry_Richardson) , David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) , Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_van_Lamsweerde_and_Vinoodh_Matadin) , Norman Jean Roy, Camilla Akrans, Henry Dingo, Alasdair McLellan, Ellen Von Unwerth (/wiki/Ellen_Von_Unwerth) , Emma Summerton, Josh Olins, Mikael Jansson, Daniel Jackson, Tom Munro, Willy Vanderperre, Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) , Gilles Bensimon (/wiki/Gilles_Bensimon) , Luigi Murenu, Daniele + Iango, Sean & Seng, Sebastian Faena (/wiki/Sebastian_Faena) , Sølve Sundsbø, Giampaolo Sgura, Cass Bird (/wiki/Cass_Bird) , Roe Ethridge (/wiki/Roe_Ethridge) , Richard Bush, Cedric Buchet, Daniel Zaretsky, Henrique Gendre, Txema Yeste, Victor Demarchelier, Boo George, Matt Jones, Russell James (/wiki/Russell_James) , Charlotte Wales, Chris Colls, Todd Hido (/wiki/Todd_Hido) , Jason Kibbler, Greg Kadel (/wiki/Greg_Kadel) , Marcus Ohlsson, Carter Smith (/wiki/Carter_Smith) , Sebastian Kim, Vivian Sassen, Cuneyt Akeroglu, Luigi & Iango, Zee Nunes, Matthew Welch, Greg Swales, Luke Gilford, Brigitte Lacombe (/wiki/Brigitte_Lacombe) , Mariano Vivanco (/wiki/Mariano_Vivanco) , Glen Luchford (/wiki/Glen_Luchford) and Lachlan Bailey. Smalls is the first Puerto Rican fashion model chosen by brands to front their advertising campaigns, including Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Gucci Eyewear, Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Fendi eyewear, Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Versace Eyewear, Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Jeans, Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Givenchy Eyewear, Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) , Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) , Gap (/wiki/Gap_(clothing_retailer)) , J Crew (/wiki/J_Crew) , Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) , Studio W. (/wiki/Woolworths_Group_(United_Kingdom)) , Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) , Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) , Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) , Free People (/wiki/Free_People) , W Hotels (/wiki/W_Hotels) , Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) , Next (/wiki/Next_plc) , Ogilvy (/wiki/Ogilvy_(department_store)) , Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) , Smartwater (/wiki/Energy_Brands) , Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) x Karla, H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Katie Grand (/wiki/Katie_Grand) for Hogan, ICB, Smart & Sexy, Americana Manhasset (/wiki/Americana_Manhasset) , La Maison Simons (/wiki/La_Maison_Simons) , True Religion (/wiki/True_Religion_(clothing_brand)) , Giambattista Valli (/wiki/Giambattista_Valli) , David Yurman (/wiki/David_Yurman) , Estée Lauder (/wiki/Estee_Lauder_Companies) , Ports 1961 (/wiki/Ports_1961) , Rag & Bone (/wiki/Rag_%26_Bone) , Prabal Gurung (/wiki/Prabal_Gurung) , Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) , Hugo Boss Eyewear, Tiffany & Co. (/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co.) , Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) , Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , and Missoni Eyewear, Stuart Weitzman (/wiki/Stuart_Weitzman) , United Colors of Benetton (/wiki/Benetton_Group) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Underwear, Joe Fresh (/wiki/Joe_Fresh) , Replay (/wiki/Renzo_Rosso) , Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) , Liu·Jo (/wiki/Liu%C2%B7Jo) , Liu·Jo eyewear, Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) , Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) , Bottega Veneta Eyewear, Dsquared² (/wiki/Dean_and_Dan_Caten) , Etam (/wiki/Etam_D%C3%A9veloppement) , Animale, Brandon Maxwell (/wiki/Brandon_Maxwell) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors_(brand)) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) Cruise, Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , Tom Ford Eyewear and Jimmy Choo (/wiki/Jimmy_Choo_Ltd) . In late 2017, Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) , creative director of the fashion house Moschino, unveiled Joan Smalls as the new face for the new Moschino fragrance, Fresh Couture Gold, shot by Giampaolo Sgura. This marked Joan Smalls first fragrance campaign. Smalls in 2012 In September 2012, Smalls was named "Model of the Year" at the 9th Annual "Style Awards". Supermodel Iman (/wiki/Iman_(model)) presented Smalls with the award. [15] (#cite_note-BOF-15) In 2013, Smalls ranked #8 on Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) magazine's "World's Highest-Paid Models" list, earning an estimated $3.5 million. In September 2012, Smalls was ranked #1 on the "Top 50 Models" list by Models.com. [a] (#cite_note-17) She remained at the top of the list until August 2014, when the site named her as one of the "New Supers". [17] (#cite_note-18) In January 2014, Smalls appeared on the cover of American Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) and was featured in the article "The Return of the Supermodel: It's Joan Smalls". Other [ edit ] In 2017, W Hotels (/wiki/W_Hotels) Worldwide appointed Supermodel Joan Smalls as the first ever Global Fashion Innovator. Smalls will help create, shape and innovate W's global fashion platform around the world. From special appearances and distinct collaborations to exclusive in-room and digital content, Smalls will add her signature style and taste to the W Hotel guest experience. [18] (#cite_note-19) Cosmetic contracts [ edit ] Joan Smalls for Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) Spring/Summer 2011. In 2011, Estée Lauder (/wiki/Estee_Lauder_Companies) signed Smalls to its line-up of global beauty ambassadors. [19] (#cite_note-20) She is the first Latina signed to a worldwide campaign for the brand. Richard Ferretti, Estée Lauder's global creative director stated, "The word supermodel is overused, but if there's any woman of our generation who deserves the title, it's Joan. She can go from looking girl-next-door to superchic-tough-strong—and she is all of that." [20] (#cite_note-Chernikoff_2013-21) [21] (#cite_note-22) In 2015, Smalls teamed up with Estée Lauder to create 12 New Matte Lipsticks for the cosmetics giant. The Supermodel provided inspiration for the 12 new shades, including a broad selection of reds, pinks, chocolatey browns and a dark burgundy (all permanent additions to the Estée Lauder line). [22] (#cite_note-23) Television and media [ edit ] Smalls served as co-host (along with model Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) ) of the MTV (/wiki/MTV) fashion series House of Style (/wiki/House_of_Style) . She was featured alongside singer Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) in the June 2011 edition of Vogue . [23] (#cite_note-24) In 2006 she appeared in Ricky Martin (/wiki/Ricky_Martin) 's "It's Alright" music video. [24] (#cite_note-25) In November 2013, she co-starred with actor Michael K. Williams (/wiki/Michael_K._Williams) in the music video and short film for the American rapper ASAP Rocky (/wiki/ASAP_Rocky) 's track "Phoenix", written by Asia Argento (/wiki/Asia_Argento) and Francesco Carrozzini (/wiki/Francesco_Carrozzini) and directed by Carrozzini. In 2013, she appeared in Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles) 's " Yoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_(album)) " video. [25] (#cite_note-26) In 2017, she appeared as a guest judge on the ninth season of the reality competition RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_9)) . [26] (#cite_note-27) Design [ edit ] In 2015, Smalls designed a denim collection, Joan Smalls x True Religion . Photographer Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) shot Smalls for the True Religion (/wiki/True_Religion_(clothing_brand)) collection ad campaign. [27] (#cite_note-28) In 2017, Smalls teamed up with the Smart and Sexy brand, to create a line of lingerie and swimwear to be sold at Walmart (/wiki/Walmart) . [28] (#cite_note-29) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Work Outcome 2012 Style Awards Model of the Year Numerous Won Philanthropy [ edit ] Smalls is involved with a non-profit organization called Project Sunshine, where she helps children with medical needs. [29] (#cite_note-Dazed_&_Confused-30) Smalls was part of the ‘ Jeans for Refugees (/w/index.php?title=Jeans_for_Refugees&action=edit&redlink=1) ’ campaign, a Johny Dar (/w/index.php?title=Johny_Dar&action=edit&redlink=1) project and artistic fundraising initiative dedicated to helping refugees around the world, with all proceeds going to the International Rescue Committee. She has also been involved with The Garden of Dreams Foundation, a non-profit organization that works with The Madison Square Garden Company and MSG Networks, Inc. to positively impact the lives of children facing obstacles. [30] (#cite_note-Hollywood_Life-31) Personal life [ edit ] As of July 2018, she was dating entrepreneur Bernard Smith. [31] (#cite_note-businessinsider.in-32) They had dated since 2011. [31] (#cite_note-businessinsider.in-32) Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Director 2017 John Wick: Chapter 2 (/wiki/John_Wick:_Chapter_2) Continental Female Assassin Chad Stahelski (/wiki/Chad_Stahelski) 2018 Set It Up (/wiki/Set_It_Up) Suze Claire Scanlon Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2010 Videofashion (/w/index.php?title=Videofashion&action=edit&redlink=1) Herself Joan Smalls - Model Profile - Videofashion (/w/index.php?title=Videofashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2011–2016 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) Herself Annual Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) 2012 The Style Awards Herself The Style Network (/wiki/Esquire_Network) 9th Annual Style Awards 2015 Victoria's Secret Swim Special (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Swim_Special) Herself Victoria's Secret Swim Special (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Swim_Special) in Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) 2017 RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race) Herself Episode: " Gayest Ball Ever (/wiki/Gayest_Ball_Ever) " 2018 Lip Sync Battle (/wiki/Lip_Sync_Battle) Herself Episode: "S4.E7 Luis Fonsi (/wiki/Luis_Fonsi) vs Joan Smalls" 2018 Movie Night with Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) Herself Episode: "S1.E6 Hitch (/wiki/Hitch_(film)) " Music videos [ edit ] Year Title Artist Director(s) 2006 " It's Alright (/wiki/It%27s_Alright_(Ricky_Martin_song)) " Ricky Martin (/wiki/Ricky_Martin) Simón Brand (/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Brand) 2013 " Phoenix (/wiki/Phoenix_(ASAP_Rocky_song)) " ASAP Rocky (/wiki/ASAP_Rocky) Francesco Carrozzini (/wiki/Francesco_Carrozzini) 2014 " Yoncé (/wiki/Partition_(song)) " Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Ricky Saiz 2016 " Wolves (/wiki/Wolves_(Kanye_West_song)) " Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(photographer)) 2016 " Fuego (/wiki/Juanes_discography) " Juanes (/wiki/Juanes) Kacho López 2017 " Hermosa Ingrata (/wiki/Juanes_discography) " Juanes (/wiki/Juanes) Kacho López 2018 "Està Rico" Marc Anthony (/wiki/Marc_Anthony) , Will Smith (/wiki/Will_Smith) , Bad Bunny (/wiki/Bad_Bunny) Carlos Perez References and notes [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "FMD Profile of Joan Smalls" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Joan_Smalls/) . Fashion Model Directory . Retrieved October 20, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Grinberg, Emanuella (February 17, 2012). "Puerto Rican model Joan Smalls breaks down color barriers, one runway at a time" (http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/16/living/joan-smalls-fashion-week/index.html?iref=obnetwork) . CNN . Retrieved March 15, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-CNN_-_Joan_Smalls_Rodriguez,_First_Latina_Face_of_Estee_Lauder_3-0) "First Latina face of Estee Lauder - Puerto Rican model Joan Smalls breaks down color barriers, one runway at a time" (http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/16/living/joan-smalls-fashion-week/index.html?iref=obnetwork=) . CNN . September 2, 2012 . Retrieved August 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Forbes_4-0) "The World's Highest-Paid Models, 2013 – Joan Smalls Rodriguez-No.8" (https://www.forbes.com/pictures/eimi45mdj/no-8-joan-smalls) . Forbes . August 20, 2013 . Retrieved August 20, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Young_2013_5-0) Young, Molly (December 4, 2013). "The Return of the Supermodel: It's Joan Smalls" (https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/g7749/joan-smalls-quotes-fashion-photos/) . Elle . Retrieved March 11, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Numero Uno: Joan Smalls | models.com MDX" (https://models.com/mdx/numero-uno-joan-smalls/) . Models.com . Retrieved 2018-11-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "New Supers" (http://models.com/rankings/ui/NewSupers/7108#7108) . Models.com . Retrieved March 11, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The Money Girls" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/MoneyGirls/7108#7108) . Models.com. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Macalister-Smith, Tilly (February 16, 2017). "Joan Smalls on race, rejection and refusing to take no for an answer" (https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/joan-smalls-on-race-rejection-and-refusing-to-take-no-for-an-answer-a3466591.html) . Evening Standard. ^ Jump up to: a b Binlot, Ann (February 5, 2014). "Joan Smalls Says She and Cara Delevingne Still Get Nervous Before Runway Shows" (http://fashionista.com/2014/02/joan-smalls-cara-delevingne-interview/) . Fashionista . Retrieved February 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-issuu.com_11-0) "The Return of the Supermodel: It's Joan Smalls" (http://issuu.com/franj.glez/docs/elle_usa_-_january_2014/111=) . Elle Magazine . December 4, 2013 . Retrieved December 6, 2013 . [ dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Watts, Matt (February 15, 2017). "Joan Smalls: A model agent told me you can't be black and have crooked teeth" (https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/fashion/joan-smalls-a-model-agent-told-me-you-cant-be-black-and-have-crooked-teeth-a3467411.html) . Evening Standard. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "GOING STRONG With Joan Smalls" (https://www.net-a-porter.com/us/en/porter/article-db8f84d3a0caeea6/cover-stories/cover-stories/joan-smalls) . PORTER . Net-a-Porter. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Supermodel Joan Smalls's Beautiful World" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/supermodel-joan-smallss-beautiful-world-1415289367) . Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company, Inc. ^ Jump up to: a b "Joan Smalls" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/joan-smalls) . Business of Fashion. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Carl, Michael (September 2013). "Two for the Mode" (http://www.vanityfair.com/style/2013/09/karlie-kloss-joan-smalls-portraits) . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "New Supers" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/NewSupers/7108#7108) . models.com. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Kline, Katie (April 10, 2017). "A Model Guest: W Hotels Worldwide Names Joan Smalls First Global Fashion Innovator" (http://news.marriott.com/2017/04/model-guest-w-hotels-worldwide-names-joan-smalls-first-global-fashion-innovator/) . Marriott . Retrieved August 27, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Estee Stories Article: Jump On It" (https://www.esteelauder.com.au/estee-stories-article-jump-it) . Estée Lauder Australia Official Site . Retrieved 2018-06-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-Chernikoff_2013_21-0) Chernikoff, Leah (December 4, 2013). "From Tomboy To Supermodel: Charting Joan Smalls' Runway Rise" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131211064408/http://www.elle.com/_mobile/fashion/celebrity-style/joan-smalls-childhood-photos#slide-1#slide-1) . Elle Magazine . Archived from the original (http://www.elle.com/_mobile/fashion/celebrity-style/joan-smalls-childhood-photos#slide-1) on 2013-12-11 . Retrieved December 6, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Grinberg, Emanuella (September 7, 2012). "Puerto Rican model Joan Smalls breaks down color barriers, one runway at a time" (http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/16/living/joan-smalls-fashion-week) . CNN . Retrieved September 7, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Regensdorf, Laura (August 3, 2015). "Exclusive! Model Joan Smalls on Her 12 New Matte Lipsticks for Estée Lauder" (http://www.vogue.com/article/model-joan-smalls-matte-lipsticks-estee-lauder) . Vogue . Retrieved August 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Bruno Mars and Joan Smalls in Puerto Rico" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141026180657/http://video.vogue.com/watch/vogue-diaries-bruno-mars-and-joan-smalls-in-puerto-rico) . Vogue . January 16, 2012. Archived from the original (http://video.vogue.com/watch/vogue-diaries-bruno-mars-and-joan-smalls-in-puerto-rico) on October 26, 2014 . Retrieved May 15, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Blasberg, Derek (December 23, 2011). "Model Q & A: Joan Smalls" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131227030607/http://www.mrblasberg.com/2011/12/22/model-qa-joan-smalls/#) . Mr. Blasberg . Archived from the original (http://www.mrblasberg.com/2011/12/22/model-qa-joan-smalls/) on 2013-12-27 . Retrieved March 23, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Busis, Hillary (December 24, 2013). "Beyonce gets down with grills and girls in new 'Yonce' video – WATCH" (http://music-mix.ew.com/2013/12/24/beyonce-video-yonce/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Retrieved December 30, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) " (https://www.accessonline.com/articles/rupauls-drag-race-celeb-guest-judges-announced-season-9) 'RuPaul's Drag Race': Celeb Guest Judges Announced For Season 9" (https://www.accessonline.com/articles/rupauls-drag-race-celeb-guest-judges-announced-season-9) . AccessOnline . NBCUniversal Media, LLC. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Remsen, Nick (February 18, 2015). "Exclusive: Model Joan Smalls Unveils Her New Denim Collection for True Religion" (http://www.vogue.com/article/joan-smalls-true-religion-collaboration-jeans) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved August 2, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) BOF, Team (June 26, 2017). "News Bites Joan Smalls' Designs on Mass-Market Lingerie" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170710033740/https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-bites/joan-smalls-design-smart-and-sexy-walmart-lingerie-swimwear) . BOF (/wiki/Business_of_Fashion) . Archived from the original (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-bites/joan-smalls-design-smart-and-sexy-walmart-lingerie-swimwear/) on July 10, 2017 . Retrieved August 2, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dazed_&_Confused_30-0) Davies, Dean Mayo (July 12, 2012). "Joan Smalls Goes Big" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/14001/1/joan-smalls-goes-big) . Dazed . Retrieved December 13, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hollywood_Life_31-0) Fure, Rana (April 25, 2017). "The Garden of Dreams Foundation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170712141240/http://hollywoodlife.com/pics/hottest-celebrity-pics-this-week-lea-michele-april-24-30/#!52/joan-smalls-garden-of-dreams-2) . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original (http://hollywoodlife.com/pics/hottest-celebrity-pics-this-week-lea-michele-april-24-30/#!52/joan-smalls-garden-of-dreams-2) on July 12, 2017 . Retrieved July 16, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Meet The Husbands And Boyfriends Of Victoria's Secret Supermodels" (https://www.businessinsider.in/retail/meet-the-husbands-and-boyfriends-of-victorias-secret-supermodels/slidelist/25562167.cms) . Business Insider . Retrieved 2021-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) The list system has since gone alphabetical rather than ranking numerically. Smalls has been the last model to reach number one before that change. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joan Smalls (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joan_Smalls) . Joan Smalls (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4788703/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Joan Smalls on IMG Models (https://www.imgmodels.com/joansmalls) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210107043232/https://www.imgmodels.com/joansmalls) 2021-01-07 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Joan Smalls (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/joan_smalls/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐7rxgk Cached time: 20240720165701 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.681 seconds Real time usage: 1.065 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4198/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 70549/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4983/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 120531/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.426/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10556039/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 950.121 1 -total 33.59% 319.149 1 Template:Infobox_model 30.73% 291.926 2 Template:Reflist 20.46% 194.423 24 Template:Cite_web 16.77% 159.381 1 Template:Short_description 11.53% 109.504 24 Template:Main_other 9.72% 92.319 1 Template:SDcat 7.57% 71.964 1 Template:Wikidata_image 6.32% 60.004 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 5.26% 49.972 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35079508-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165701 and revision id 1218361000. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Smalls&oldid=1218361000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Smalls&oldid=1218361000) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1988 births (/wiki/Category:1988_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) IMG Models models (/wiki/Category:IMG_Models_models) Interamerican University of Puerto Rico alumni (/wiki/Category:Interamerican_University_of_Puerto_Rico_alumni) People from Hatillo, Puerto Rico (/wiki/Category:People_from_Hatillo,_Puerto_Rico) Puerto Rican female models (/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rican_female_models) Puerto Rican people who self-identify as being of Taíno descent (/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rican_people_who_self-identify_as_being_of_Ta%C3%ADno_descent) People of Afro–Puerto Rican descent (/wiki/Category:People_of_Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Rican_descent) Puerto Rican people of Indian descent (/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rican_people_of_Indian_descent) Puerto Rican people of Irish descent (/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rican_people_of_Irish_descent) Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent (/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rican_people_of_Spanish_descent) Puerto Rican people of European descent (/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rican_people_of_European_descent) Puerto Rican television personalities (/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rican_television_personalities) Hispanic and Latino American female models (/wiki/Category:Hispanic_and_Latino_American_female_models) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from June 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2016) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) |
American model Teri Toye is a former model and historic preservationist from Des Moines, Iowa (/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa) . She is widely regarded as the first successful openly transgender (/wiki/Transgender) model in the United States, and is best known for her work with designers such as Stephen Strouse (/wiki/Stephen_Sprouse) , Thierry Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) , and Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Early life and modeling career [ edit ] Toye was born and raised in Des Moines, Iowa with one sister. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) In the late 1970s, she moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) to study fashion at Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) , though she later dropped out as her modeling career took off. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) While a student there, she began her gender transition. [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Toye met Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) at a party thrown by Gabriel Rotello (/wiki/Gabriel_Rotello) , and began modeling for an illustration class that he taught at Parsons. [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) She became involved in the downtown culture of the East Village (/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan) in the early 1980s, frequenting clubs such as Studio 54 (/wiki/Studio_54) and meeting designers like Stephen Sprouse. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Toye rose to prominence as a model after serving as Sprouse's muse and walking in his 1984 show at The Ritz (/wiki/The_Ritz_(rock_club)) night club. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-:4-9) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [10] (#cite_note-:5-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) In 1984, she was named "Girl of the Year" by New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) fashion columnist John Duka. [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) Toye was represented by Frances Grill of Click, [12] (#cite_note-12) walked in shows internationally for Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , and appeared in editorials for Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) . [13] (#cite_note-13) [10] (#cite_note-:5-10) Toye also became friends with artists of the East Village scene, including Nan Goldin (/wiki/Nan_Goldin) and Greer Lankton (/wiki/Greer_Lankton) . She was Lankton's maid of honor and the subject of a doll by Lankton, which has been exhibited at galleries like Civilian Warfare (/wiki/Civilian_Warfare_Gallery) and Participant Inc. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [9] (#cite_note-:4-9) Historic preservation work [ edit ] In 1987, Toye married art dealer Patrick Fox and moved back to Des Moines. [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) She became involved in real estate and local advocacy groups for the preservation of historic homes, and continues to work as a specialist for FEMA (/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency) consulting on historic preservation and renovation. [18] (#cite_note-18) [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) [19] (#cite_note-19) In 1993, Toye and Fox purchased the Hatton House, a 130-year old Stick style (/wiki/Stick_style) home in the River Bend neighborhood. Toye prevented the destruction of the house and preserved original features using a grant from the State Historic Preservation Office (/wiki/State_Historic_Preservation_Office) in the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Natural_Resources) . [20] (#cite_note-:6-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) When Toye and Fox divorced in 1995, she retained full ownership of the home. [20] (#cite_note-:6-20) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Factora, James (January 24, 2022). "Unapologetically Queer Designer Manfred Thierry Mugler Has Died" (https://www.them.us/story/manfred-thierry-mugler-death-queer-designer) . Them Magazine . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Blasberg, Derek (March 24, 2017). "Models Matter: A Love Letter to the Women Who Shaped the Industry" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/03/models-matter-christopher-niquet-steven-meisel) . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Yuan, Jada; Wong, Aaron (December 2015). "The First Black Trans Model Had Her Face on A Box of Clairol" (https://www.thecut.com/2015/12/tracey-africa-transgender-model-c-v-r.html) . The Cut . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Walker, Andre (December 16, 2009). "Heroes: Teri Toye" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091216145810/https://vmagazine.com/article.php?n=12232) . V Magazine . Archived from the original (https://vmagazine.com/article.php?n=12232) on December 16, 2009 . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Carothers-Kay, Ann (November 16, 1996). "Passion for Preservation" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register-teri-toye-passi/36297862/) . The Des Moines Register . p. 34 . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Brown, Elspeth (2019). Work!: A Queer History of Modeling . Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781478002147 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gross, Michael (October 2, 1992). "Madonna's Magician: How Lensman Steven Meisel, the Cat in the Hat, Makes Things Click" (https://books.google.com/books?id=oOQCAAAAMBAJ&dq=teri+toye+parsons&pg=PA34) . New York Magazine . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Gilhart, Julie (September 7, 2016). "Unforgettable Moments (New York Fashion Week: An Oral History)" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/08/fashion/new-york-fashion-week-history-moments.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hogrefe, Jeffrey (October 2, 1984). "It's a Mod, Mod World" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1984/10/02/its-a-mod-mod-world/a7552fb7-1f55-4451-a3b9-dc1912f5cc46/) . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Street, Mikelle (November 30, 2018). "Born Beautiful: A Short History of Trans Models in Fashion" (https://www.out.com/news-opinion/2018/11/29/timeline-history-trans-models-fashion) . Out Magazine . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Strong, Lester Q (November 2009). "Stephen Sprouse's Time to Design" (https://glreview.org/article/article-174/) . The Gay & Lesbian Review . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Laneri, Raquel (February 16, 2019). "How one agent changed fashion by opening the modeling world" (https://nypost.com/2019/02/16/how-one-agent-changed-fashion-by-opening-the-modeling-world/) . New York Post . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Linn, James (August 14, 2008). "Tranny Models Who Made History" (https://www.thecut.com/2008/08/tranny_models_who_made_history.html) . The Cut . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Goldin, Nan (October 1999). "Features: Greer Lankton" (https://www.artforum.com/features/greer-lankton-162842/) . ArtForum . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Cotter, Holland (December 4, 2014). "The Artist and the Work, Both Intricate and Fluid" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/arts/design/greer-lankton-a-retrospective-at-participant-inc.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Cohen, Alina (February 15, 2019). "1980s Icon Greer Lankton Explored Glamour and Gender in Her Eerie Dolls" (https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-1980s-icon-greer-lankton-explored-glamour-gender-eerie-dolls) . Artsy . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Gonzalez, Rita (February 7, 2019). "Q&A with Paul Monroe: Life and Work of Greer Lankton" (https://unframed.lacma.org/2019/02/07/qa-paul-monroe-life-and-work-greer-lankton) . Los Angeles County Museum of Art . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Hines, Holly (June 21, 2014). "Hubbard Park site holds clues of early black culture" (https://www.press-citizen.com/story/news/local/2014/06/22/hubbard-park-site-holds-clues-early-black-culture/11227829/) . Iowa City Press Citizen . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Basu, Rekha (August 7, 2014). "Losing Kruidenier home would be blow to D.M." (https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/rekha-basu/2014/08/07/losing-kruidenier-home-hurt/13755121/) The Des Moines Register . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Stamps, Danelle Theresa (January 1, 2006). "The Many Histories of the Hatton House" (https://core.ac.uk/reader/268898390) . Iowa State University Digital Repository . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Pitts, Jeff (January 4, 2017). "Hatton House: If these walls could talk..." (https://www.dmcityview.com/feature-2/2017/01/04/hatton-house-if-these-walls-could-talk/) DMV Cityview . Retrieved October 18, 2023 . 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Headgear (/wiki/Headgear) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Headgear (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Headgear) . Headgear , headwear or headdress is the name given to any element of clothing which is worn on the skull and/or other parts of the head (/wiki/Human_head) , either for practical reasons such as physical protection or for ornamental, ceremonial or symbolic purposes. Contents Top (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Headgear) 0–9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=0) A (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=A) B (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=B) C (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=C) D (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=D) E (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=E) F (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=F) G (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=G) H (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=H) I (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=I) J (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=J) K (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=K) L (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=L) M (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=M) N (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=N) O (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=O) P (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=P) Q (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=Q) R (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=R) S (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=S) T (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=T) U (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=U) V (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=V) W (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=W) X (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=X) Y (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=Y) Z (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&from=Z) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐26wpn Cached time: 20240720174205 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.100 seconds Real time usage: 0.145 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 443/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24989/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2861/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4627/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.030/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1110877/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 134.240 1 -total 42.42% 56.943 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 40.28% 54.074 2 Template:Category_other 37.91% 50.888 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 36.05% 48.387 1 Template:Commons_cat 34.04% 45.693 1 Template:Sister_project 33.59% 45.096 1 Template:Category_TOC 33.00% 44.302 1 Template:Side_box 27.90% 37.450 1 Template:TOC_top 21.50% 28.859 1 Template:Flatlist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:714883-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720174205 and revision id 953307141. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 16 subcategories, out of 16 total. Headgear by country (/wiki/Category:Headgear_by_country) (11 C) C Crowns (headgear) (/wiki/Category:Crowns_(headgear)) (7 C, 75 P, 1 F) E Eyewear (/wiki/Category:Eyewear) (7 C, 25 P) H Hats (/wiki/Category:Hats) (7 C, 207 P) Headgear in heraldry (/wiki/Category:Headgear_in_heraldry) (1 C, 11 P) Helmets (/wiki/Category:Helmets) (7 C, 54 P) Hijab (/wiki/Category:Hijab) (1 C, 41 P) Hoods (headgear) (/wiki/Category:Hoods_(headgear)) (7 P) Headgear (horse) (/wiki/Category:Headgear_(horse)) (2 C, 19 P) K Kerchiefs (/wiki/Category:Kerchiefs) (4 P) M Masks (/wiki/Category:Masks) (13 C, 9 P) R Religious headgear (/wiki/Category:Religious_headgear) (2 C, 38 P) S Scarves (/wiki/Category:Scarves) (1 C, 35 P, 1 F) T Turbans (/wiki/Category:Turbans) (22 P) V Veils (/wiki/Category:Veils) (3 C, 25 P) W Wigs (/wiki/Category:Wigs) (15 P) Pages in category "Headgear" The following 179 pages are in this category, out of 179 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Headgear (/wiki/Headgear) * List of headgear (/wiki/List_of_headgear) A Agal (accessory) (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Aigrette (/wiki/Aigrette) Albert shako (/wiki/Albert_shako) Alice band (/wiki/Alice_band) Ammama (/wiki/Ammama) Apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) B Balaclava (clothing) (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) Balzo headdress (/wiki/Balzo_headdress) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Beanie (seamed cap) (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) Bell-boy hat (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Benkan (/wiki/Benkan) Birrus (/wiki/Birrus) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bonnet (headgear) (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Boss of the Plains (/wiki/Boss_of_the_Plains) Bridal crown (/wiki/Bridal_crown) Bumpits (/wiki/Bumpits) Būrk (/wiki/B%C5%ABrk) C Campaign cord (/wiki/Campaign_cord) Cap (/wiki/Cap) Cap comforter (/wiki/Cap_comforter) Casquette d'Afrique (/wiki/Casquette_d%27Afrique) Catcher's mask (/wiki/Catcher%27s_mask) Caul (headgear) (/wiki/Caul_(headgear)) Chapeau (/wiki/Chapeau) Chaplet (headgear) (/wiki/Chaplet_(headgear)) Chechia (/wiki/Chechia) Claw clip (/wiki/Claw_clip) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Combat helmet (/wiki/Combat_helmet) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Corolla (headgear) (/wiki/Corolla_(headgear)) Crown (/wiki/Crown) D Deely bobber (/wiki/Deely_bobber) Dragoon helmet (/wiki/Dragoon_helmet) Dumalla (/wiki/Dumalla) Dunce cap (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Durag (/wiki/Durag) Dush-toh (/wiki/Dush-toh) E Earmuffs (/wiki/Earmuffs) Energy dome (/wiki/Energy_dome) Epanokalimavkion (/wiki/Epanokalimavkion) Escoffion (/wiki/Escoffion) F Ear saver (/wiki/Ear_saver) Face shield (/wiki/Face_shield) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Feather headdress (/wiki/Feather_headdress) Ferronnière (/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re) Fillet (clothing) (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) Four Winds hat (/wiki/Four_Winds_hat) Frisette (wig) (/wiki/Frisette_(wig)) G Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) Gamsbart (/wiki/Gamsbart) Gele (head tie) (/wiki/Gele_(head_tie)) Għonnella (/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella) Goffa (/wiki/Goffa) Gold wreaths from Thrace (/wiki/Gold_wreaths_from_Thrace) H Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Hackle (/wiki/Hackle) Hair clip (/wiki/Hair_clip) Hair drop (/wiki/Hair_drop) Hair stick (/wiki/Hair_stick) Hair tie (/wiki/Hair_tie) Hairnet (/wiki/Hairnet) Half hat (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo hat (/wiki/Halo_hat) Hat Act 1731 (/wiki/Hat_Act_1731) Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) Hat cord (/wiki/Hat_cord) Head cone (/wiki/Head_cone) Head covering for Jewish women (/wiki/Head_covering_for_Jewish_women) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Headache Hat (/wiki/Headache_Hat) Headgear (martial arts) (/wiki/Headgear_(martial_arts)) Headpiece (/wiki/Headpiece) Headscarf (/wiki/Headscarf) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) I I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) J Jeep cap (/wiki/Jeep_cap) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) K Kanzashi (/wiki/Kanzashi) Kasa (hat) (/wiki/Kasa_(hat)) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Kepi (/wiki/Kepi) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Kimeshek (/wiki/Kimeshek) Kiss-me-quick hat (/wiki/Kiss-me-quick_hat) Klobuk (/wiki/Klobuk) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kokyet (/wiki/Kokyet) Korymbos (headgear) (/wiki/Korymbos_(headgear)) Koukoulion (/wiki/Koukoulion) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Kurkhars (/wiki/Kurkhars) L Labbadeh (/wiki/Labbadeh) Lampshade hat (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Lappet (/wiki/Lappet) Laurel wreath (/wiki/Laurel_wreath) List of combat helmets (/wiki/List_of_combat_helmets) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) M MAGA hat (/wiki/MAGA_hat) Makarapa (/wiki/Makarapa) Medical gown (/wiki/Medical_gown) Mianguan (/wiki/Mianguan) Mitznefet (Israeli military) (/wiki/Mitznefet_(Israeli_military)) Mobcap (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (headdress) (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Motoring hood (/wiki/Motoring_hood) Myrtle wreath at Vergina (/wiki/Myrtle_wreath_at_Vergina) N Nemes (/wiki/Nemes) O Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Olive wreath (/wiki/Olive_wreath) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) Orle (helmet decoration) (/wiki/Orle_(helmet_decoration)) P Paag (/wiki/Paag) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Peineta (comb) (/wiki/Peineta_(comb)) Peinetón (/wiki/Peinet%C3%B3n) Perak (headdress) (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Headphones (/wiki/Headphones) Pilgrim's hat (/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat) Plume (feather) (/wiki/Plume_(feather)) Powered air-purifying respirator (/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator) Printer's hat (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Q Queen Puabi's headdress (/wiki/Queen_Puabi%27s_headdress) R Raikan (/wiki/Raikan) Riegelhaube (/wiki/Riegelhaube) Roach (headdress) (/wiki/Roach_(headdress)) S Šajkača (/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da) Salako (/wiki/Salako) Scrum cap (/wiki/Scrum_cap) Scrunchie (/wiki/Scrunchie) Secrete (helmet) (/wiki/Secrete_(helmet)) Shaguma (/wiki/Shaguma) Shako (/wiki/Shako) Ski helmet (/wiki/Ski_helmet) Smoke hood (/wiki/Smoke_hood) Snood (headgear) (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Snoopy cap (/wiki/Snoopy_cap) Sou'wester (/wiki/Sou%27wester) Sseugaechima (/wiki/Sseugaechima) Stephane (headdress) (/wiki/Stephane_(headdress)) Stormy Kromer cap (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Šubara (/wiki/%C5%A0ubara) T Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Tainia (costume) (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Tantour (/wiki/Tantour) Taranga (clothing) (/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)) Telpek (/wiki/Telpek) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Tenugui (/wiki/Tenugui) Ti'i langga (/wiki/Ti%27i_langga) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Tokin (headwear) (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Tudor bonnet (/wiki/Tudor_bonnet) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Turban helmet (/wiki/Turban_helmet) U Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Utility cover (/wiki/Utility_cover) V Visor (armor) (/wiki/Visor_(armor)) W War bonnet (/wiki/War_bonnet) Wax vinok (/wiki/Wax_vinok) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Wreath (attire) (/wiki/Wreath_(attire)) Wreaths and crowns in antiquity (/wiki/Wreaths_and_crowns_in_antiquity) Wrestling headgear (/wiki/Wrestling_headgear) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&oldid=953307141 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Headgear&oldid=953307141) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by type (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_type) Fashion accessories (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessories) Human head and neck (/wiki/Category:Human_head_and_neck) Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Template Category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 101–200 pages (/wiki/Category:Template_Category_TOC_via_Automatic_category_TOC_on_category_with_101%E2%80%93200_pages) Automatic category TOC generates standard Category TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_standard_Category_TOC) |
Model and LGBTQ rights activist Jari Jones Jones modeling for Chromat (/wiki/Chromat) in 2018 Born ( 1991-05-18 ) May 18, 1991 (age 33) New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) , U.S. Occupations actress model LGBTQ rights activist Years active 2018–present Jari Jones (born 1991) [1] (#cite_note-1) is an American trans Femme activist, performance artist and creative. Jones was a cast member, script consultant, acting coach, and producer of Port Authority (/wiki/Port_Authority_(film)) . Career [ edit ] Jones was the first black trans woman (/wiki/Trans_woman) producer of a film competing at the Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) . [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2020, Jones was one of the nine faces in Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) 's 2020 pride campaign. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Apart from acting, Jones advocates for transgender rights (/wiki/Transgender_rights) and is part of the Black Lives Matter (/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter) movement. [5] (#cite_note-5) Jones is a promoter of self-love, Blackness, and femininity. [6] (#cite_note-6) Jones has been featured in New York Fashion Week, becoming the first Black transgender woman to display the No Sesso brand on the runway. [7] (#cite_note-7) Jones has modeled for other brands including Dove in their "Goodbye Judgement, Hello Underarms" campaign and Elizabeth Suzann (/wiki/Elizabeth_Suzann) 's "Clothing is Political" campaign. [8] (#cite_note-8) She participated in The Real Catwalk (/w/index.php?title=The_Real_Catwalk&action=edit&redlink=1) in New York City in 2019. [9] (#cite_note-9) Jones is featured on Calvin Klein's YouTube channel to express her support for LGBTQ+ youth. She is a self-proclaimed, "mom to a whole bunch of queer youth." [10] (#cite_note-10) She has written for Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) , The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) , and Out (/wiki/Out_(magazine)) magazine focusing on the representation of queer, transgender, and people of color in the media. She was featured in Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) 's Tales of the City (/wiki/Tales_of_the_City_(2019_miniseries)) series. [11] (#cite_note-11) She is the first black trans producer to have a film in the Cannes Film Festival. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) The film, Port Authority , also included the first trans woman of color, Leyna Bloom (/wiki/Leyna_Bloom) , in a lead role. [14] (#cite_note-14) Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2019 Adam Schuyler 2019 Port Authority Naima Also associate producer 2021 On Our Way Nina 2023 Mutt (/wiki/Mutt_(film)) Fiona Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2018 Pose Butt Smack Woman Episode: "The Fever" 2019 Tales of the City Ronda Episode: "Days of Small Surrenders" 2019 Transparent Skylar Episode: "Transparent Musicale Finale" 2023 Bob's Burgers (/wiki/Bob%27s_Burgers) Marshmallow Episode: "Fight at the Not Okay Chore-ral" See also [ edit ] LGBT culture in New York City (/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City) List of LGBT people from New York City (/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Pérez Sánchez, Fernanda (June 28, 2020). "Jari Jones: Conoce a la modelo transgénero de la que todos hablan" (https://www.vogue.mx/estilo-de-vida/articulo/jari-jones-modelo-transgenero-que-se-convierte-en-imagen-de-calvin-klein) . Vogue México y Latinoamérica (in Spanish) . Retrieved June 18, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Michael, Michael Love (May 29, 2019). "Jari Jones Made History at Cannes Film Festival" (https://www.papermag.com/jai-jones-port-authority-2638329692.html) . Paper . Retrieved June 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Palumbo, Jacqui (June 26, 2020). "Black trans model Jari Jones fronts Calvin Klein's Pride campaign" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/calvin-klein-pride-campaign-jari-jones-trend/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved June 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Avila, Pamela (June 28, 2020). "Black Trans Model Jari Jones Fronts Calvin Klein 2020 Pride Campaign" (https://www.eonline.com/news/1165699/black-trans-model-jari-jones-fronts-calvin-klein-2020-pride-campaign) . E! Online . Retrieved June 29, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Jari Jones, la trans afroamericana que protagoniza campaña de Calvin Klein" (https://www.poresto.net/hiperviral/2020/6/26/jari-jones-la-trans-afroamericana-que-protagoniza-campana-de-calvin-klein-291.html) . Por Esto! (in Spanish). June 26, 2020 . Retrieved June 27, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Smalls, Krystal A. (April 2021). "Fat, Black, and Ugly: The Semiotic Production of Prodigious Femininities" (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/traa.12208) . Transforming Anthropology . 29 (1): 12–28. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/traa.12208 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftraa.12208) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1051-0559 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1051-0559) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 235561519 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235561519) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Jari Jones is Building a Legacy for the Future" (https://vmagazine.com/article/jari-jones-is-building-a-legacy-for-the-future/) . V Magazine . September 24, 2020 . Retrieved October 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Naidoo, Alicia (June 25, 2020). "Pride Month: Calvin Klein chooses plus-size model activist Jari Jones" (https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/calvin-klein-plus-size-model-jari-jones/) . The South African . Retrieved June 29, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Brooks, Jazmin (December 3, 2018). " (https://www.essence.com/fashion/the-real-catwalk-2018/) 'The Real Catwalk' Event Reminds The World That Sexy Comes In All Sizes" (https://www.essence.com/fashion/the-real-catwalk-2018/) . Essence . Retrieved June 30, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Jacqui Palumbo (June 26, 2020). "Black trans model Jari Jones fronts Calvin Klein's Pride campaign" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/calvin-klein-pride-campaign-jari-jones-trend/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved October 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Jari Jones" (https://avalonuk.com/clients/19141/) . Avalon . February 28, 2020 . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Clothing Is Political: Jari Jones" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200511202957/https://elizabethsuzann.com/blogs/stories/clothing-is-political-jari-jones) . Elizabeth Suzann . April 29, 2020. Archived from the original (https://elizabethsuzann.com/blogs/stories/clothing-is-political-jari-jones) on May 11, 2020 . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Handler, Rachel (May 19, 2019). "Port Authority's Cast on Their Viral, History-Making Cannes Moment" (https://www.vulture.com/2019/05/port-authoritys-cast-on-their-history-making-cannes-moment.html) . Vulture . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Ford, Rebecca (May 14, 2019). "Mumbai Hidden Gem: 'Port Authority' Showcases a Different Kind of Ballroom Love Story" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mumbai-hidden-gem-port-authority-showcases-a-kind-ballroom-love-story-1210554) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28, 2020 . 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jari_Jones&action=edit) . v t e This biographical article about a United States activist is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jari_Jones&action=edit) . v t e This biography related to lesbian (/wiki/Lesbian) , gay (/wiki/Gay) , bisexual (/wiki/Bisexuality) , or transgender (/wiki/Transgender) history (/wiki/LGBT_history) or culture (/wiki/LGBT_culture) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Type of soft woollen hat For similar names, see Bluebonnet (/wiki/Bluebonnet_(disambiguation)) . The Craigy Bield , by David Allan. Two Lowland shepherds of the 18th century, wearing variations on the blue bonnet. The blue bonnet was a type of soft woollen (/wiki/Wool) hat that for several hundred years was the customary working wear of Scottish labourers and farmers. Although a particularly broad and flat form was associated with the Scottish Lowlands (/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands) , where it was sometimes called the scone cap , [1] (#cite_note-jameson352-1) the bonnet was also worn in parts of Northern England (/wiki/Northern_England) and became widely adopted in the Highlands (/wiki/Scottish_Highlands) . In later years it came to be associated with Highland dress (/wiki/Highland_dress) , and in the 19th century gave rise to other headgear such as the more elaborate Balmoral bonnet (/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet) , the tam o' shanter (/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)) , and (with the addition of a wire cage) the military feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) . Construction [ edit ] The characteristic blue bonnet was knitted in one piece from a thick wool, dyed with woad (/wiki/Woad) , and felted (/wiki/Felt) to produce a water resistant finish. Strings were often sewn around the inner edge, allowing a close fit around the brow, whilst the top was worn pulled into a broad circle. The typical Lowland man's bonnet was large and worn flat, overhanging at the front and back and sometimes ornamented with a small tuft or red worsted (/wiki/Worsted) "cherry", [2] (#cite_note-chambers-2) while in the Highlands the fashion was for a smaller, plain bonnet, sometimes peaked at the front. [3] (#cite_note-chambers2-3) A blue bonnet, worn in a romanticised Victorian-era depiction, by McIan, of a MacAulay clansman The bonnet's construction made it an extremely practical piece of clothing in Scotland's damp, cool climate. The flat shape formed an effective brim against the weather, could be pulled down ("scrugged") in various directions for additional cover, pulled over the ears for warmth, or folded and put in a pocket. [4] (#cite_note-barnett-4) It could also be removed and used as a pocket or bag in its own right. The felted wool helped protect the wearer against rain, and could be easily wrung dry. History [ edit ] A print of the 1650s, satirising Covenanter (/wiki/Covenanter) manipulation of the young Charles II (/wiki/Charles_II_of_England) , shows 'Jockie', a stereotypical Presbyterian (/wiki/Presbyterian) Lowland Scot, wearing a broad blue bonnet. A substantial hand-knitting industry is believed to have developed in Scotland by the late 15th century. Bonnetmakers produced broad, flat knitted caps in imitation of the velvet (/wiki/Velvet) caps popular amongst the upper classes of the time. [5] (#cite_note-osh-5) Dyed with blue or grey vegetable dyes (/wiki/Vegetable_dye) , they became popular with the peasantry and by the end of the 16th century—as noted by Fynes Moryson (/wiki/Fynes_Moryson) —the bonnet had been adopted nearly universally by men throughout the Lowlands, although it did not become widely worn in the Highlands until the following century. [6] (#cite_note-milne-6) By 1700, Martin Martin (/wiki/Martin_Martin) described Highlanders as mainly wearing thick woollen bonnets of blue or grey. It was the bonnet's blue colour, as well as, perhaps, its Lowland and peasant origins, that influenced its adoption as a badge of the Covenanters (/wiki/Covenanters) , [7] (#cite_note-paterson-7) who used blue to distinguish themselves from their Royalist opponents and their red cockades (/wiki/Cockade) and ribbons. The blue bonnet as a sign of Jacobite allegiance, here worn by Lord George Murray (/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)) (though in black, and not really distinguishable from the later Balmoral bonnet (/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet) ). During the 18th century the bonnet was, to outsiders, the most readily identifiable Scottish piece of clothing in the popular imagination. Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) would occupy this role in the following century. Despite its earlier association with the Covenanters, adorned with a white cockade the blue bonnet was also adopted as an emblem of Jacobitism (/wiki/Jacobitism) . [8] (#cite_note-tankard120-8) Its political symbolism became overt: one night in December 1748, over two years after the failure of the 1745 Jacobite rising (/wiki/1745_Jacobite_rising) , someone scaled the Edinburgh Parliament House (/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh) and dressed the lion in the Scottish royal arms (/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland) in a white wig, blue bonnet, and large white cockade. [9] (#cite_note-ross155-9) The association was reinforced by later nostalgic Jacobite songs, such as "Blue Bonnets Over the Border", set down (and possibly written) by Sir Walter Scott (/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott) , who himself affected to wear a bonnet in later life, dressing very much like "an old Border (/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border) baron", according to James Hogg (/wiki/James_Hogg) . [10] (#cite_note-hogg241-10) The blue bonnet remained everyday wear for Lowland farmers until the end of the 18th century, but its use was gradually discontinued under the influence of fashion and increasingly industrialised clothing manufacture. A minister of a lowland parish of Angus (/wiki/Angus,_Scotland) , noting the increase in the use of imported cloth and clothing in his lifetime, wrote "in 1760 there were only two hats in the parish: in 1790 few bonnets are worn; the bonnet-maker trade in the next parish is given up". [11] (#cite_note-qr369-11) An 1825 dictionary described the bonnet as "formerly worn by the more antiquated peasantry". [1] (#cite_note-jameson352-1) By the middle of the century the characteristic broad, flat Lowlander's bonnet, usually worn with clothing of homespun hodden grey (/wiki/Hodden_grey) and perhaps a woollen, black and white checkered maud (/wiki/Maud_(plaid)) , was said to have disappeared or survived only in the "degenerate form of a small round Kilmarnock bonnet (/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet) worn pretty generally by ploughmen, carters and boys of the humbler ranks". [2] (#cite_note-chambers-2) Reflecting the Victorian (/wiki/Victorian_Britain) fascination with (and militarisation of) Highland dress, the smaller Kilmarnock or Balmoral bonnet, further elaborated with ribbons, a diced border, and a toorie (/wiki/Toorie) , was incorporated into British military uniform during the 19th century. The informal version of the Balmoral, also adorned with a toorie, is often known as the Tam o' shanter, after a Robert Burns (/wiki/Robert_Burns) poem whose central character wears a "gude blue bonnet", though the more modern "tam" may be made of a wide range of materials. Like the English Monmouth cap (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) , the true knitted blue bonnet is still made in small quantities for historical and military re-enactment groups. The "bonnet laird" [ edit ] In Scotland the term "bonnet-laird", or "bannet-laird", was sometimes used to refer to a yeoman (/wiki/Yeoman) , who themselves farmed land of which they owned the freehold (/wiki/Freehold_(law)) . [12] (#cite_note-jamieson-12) The name combined the Scottish title of laird (/wiki/Laird) , the holder of an established estate, with the blue bonnet of the typical Scottish farmer. Walter Scott gave a slightly differing definition of the term, stating that it signified "a petty proprietor", or member of the low-ranking gentry, who adopted "the dress, along with the habits, of a yeoman". [13] (#cite_note-scott204-13) Other uses [ edit ] The flowers of Succisa pratensis , locally called the "blue bonnet" in Scotland. Owing to the flower's resemblance to the cap, the wildflower Succisa pratensis (/wiki/Succisa_pratensis) was often called the "blue bonnet" in Scotland. By extension the name was also applied to the garden flower Centaurea montana (/wiki/Centaurea_montana) . The blue tit (/wiki/Blue_tit) was also called the "blue bonnet" or "blue bannet" [14] (#cite_note-jamieson73-14) in parts of Scotland, with the equivalent name "blue cap" being used in northern England. [15] (#cite_note-lockwood32-15) See also [ edit ] Monmouth cap (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Jameson, An etymologic dictionary of the Scottish language , v2, p.352 ^ Jump up to: a b "British Costumes", Chambers' Information for the People , no.87, 1842, p.392 ^ (#cite_ref-chambers2_3-0) "British Costumes", Chambers' Information for the People , no.87, 1842, p.391 ^ (#cite_ref-barnett_4-0) Barnett, "Scott's Blue Bonnet" in The Border Magazine , v XVII, 1912, 163 ^ (#cite_ref-osh_5-0) Lynch (ed) The Oxford Companion to Scottish History , p.177 ^ (#cite_ref-milne_6-0) Milne, Scottish Culture and Traditions , 2010, p.47 ^ (#cite_ref-paterson_7-0) Campbell Paterson, A Land Afflicted: Scotland and the Covenanter Wars, 1638-1690 , 1998, p.26 ^ (#cite_ref-tankard120_8-0) Tankard (ed) Facts and Inventions: Selections from the Journalism of James Boswell , 2014, p.120 ^ (#cite_ref-ross155_9-0) Ross, From Scenes Like These , 2000, p.155 ^ (#cite_ref-hogg241_10-0) Hogg, Familiar Anecdotes of Sir Walter Scott , 1834, p.241 ^ (#cite_ref-qr369_11-0) "Scotch topography and statistics", The Quarterly Review , vol 82 (1848), John Murray, 362 ^ (#cite_ref-jamieson_12-0) Jamieson (1825), Supplement to the Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language , p. 118 ^ (#cite_ref-scott204_13-0) Scott (1832), "Notes and Illustrations", Introductions and Notes and Illustrations to the Novels, Tales and Romances of the Author of Waverley, Vol. I, p. 204. ^ (#cite_ref-jamieson73_14-0) Jamieson (1846), A Dictionary of the Scottish Language , W. Tait, p.73 ^ (#cite_ref-lockwood32_15-0) Lockwood, The Oxford Book of British Bird Names , 1984, p.32 v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam (/wiki/Tam_cap) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Cabbage-tree 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(/wiki/Lappet) Plume (/wiki/Plume_(feather)) Sarpech (/wiki/Sarpech) Visor (/wiki/Visor) Accessories Cockade (/wiki/Cockade) Feathers (/wiki/Feather) Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐b58xw Cached time: 20240712173055 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.238 seconds Real time usage: 0.338 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 631/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 58484/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 410/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15025/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.099/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1921448/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 204.358 1 -total 44.19% 90.300 5 Template:Navbox 40.80% 83.384 1 Template:Hats 34.85% 71.220 1 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Turkish jewelry fabricator and retailer Goldaş A.Ş. Company type Anonim Şirket (/wiki/S.A._(corporation)) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) BİST (/wiki/Borsa_Istanbul) : GOLDS (https://www.borsaistanbul.com/en/) Industry Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Founded 1993 Headquarters Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) , Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) Key people Hasan Yalinkaya ( Chairman (/wiki/Chairman) , Sedat Yalinkaya CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Products Jewellery, Assayed Precious Metal Cards, Licensed Brand Goods Website www.goldas.com (http://www.goldas.com/kurumsal/eng) Goldaş or Goldaş Jewellery is a Turkish jewellery fabricator and retail sales company. [1] (#cite_note-1) Goldaş markets its product offerings under multiple brand names including Goldas, Assortie, SilverD’sign, WeddingD’sign, Danthel, Chip Gold, and Chip Silver. Chip silver bullion bar Chip gold bullion bar History [ edit ] Goldaş Jewellery was founded in Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) , Turkey in 1993 by the Yalinkaya Group. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 1997, Goldaş was reorganized as a subsidiary of a new subsidiary Goldart Holding (/w/index.php?title=Goldart_Holding&action=edit&redlink=1) under a new company Yalinkaya Holding A.Ş. (/w/index.php?title=Yalinkaya_Holding_A.%C5%9E.&action=edit&redlink=1) [note 1] (#cite_note-3) From 1998 to 2008, Goldaş saw rapid growth as a company as measured by a 5,609% increase or $955 million in its turnover and was recognized by CNBC-e (/wiki/CNBC-e) Business Magazine as first among Turkey's 100 fastest growing companies. [3] (#cite_note-4) [4] (#cite_note-5) On January 22, 2009 and January 23, 2009, Goldart Holding bought 1.6 million shares of public stock to increase its stake to 55.5% or 80 million shares of Goldaş. [5] (#cite_note-a-6) After the stock appreciated by 59% in three months time, Goldart Holding sold 11.4 million shares of Goldaş for 14.14 million Turkish liras to three investment funds: Regulus Emerging Market Fund (/w/index.php?title=Regulus_Emerging_Market_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1) , Neos Emerging Capital Investment (/w/index.php?title=Neos_Emerging_Capital_Investment&action=edit&redlink=1) , and Porrima Investment (/w/index.php?title=Porrima_Investment&action=edit&redlink=1) . [5] (#cite_note-a-6) Financial disputes [ edit ] Goldaş has been involved in several major financial disputes since 2008. In March 2008, Société Générale (/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale) filed suit against Goldaş for not returning a large consignment of gold. [6] (#cite_note-7) In September 2009, Bank of Nova Scotia (/wiki/Scotiabank) and Commerzbank (/wiki/Commerzbank) filed suits against Goldaş for US$10.9 million and US$11.1 million, respectively. [7] (#cite_note-8) In April 2013, a judgment from the Bakırköy Commercial Court of First Instance in Istanbul had been made in favor of Commerzbank to force the bankruptcy of Goldaş; they announced their plans to appeal the verdict while still engaged with Bank of Nova Scotia in the Istanbul Anatolia Commercial Court of First Instance. [8] (#cite_note-9) Later that year, Turkey's High Court of Appeals effectively reversed the bankruptcy judgment of the lower Turkish court by heeding Goldaş's request for adjudication under British law before subjugation under Turkish bankruptcy law. [9] (#cite_note-10) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-3) For the date of company reorganization, see www.yalinkaya.com Corporate Milestones (http://www.yalinkaya.com/Kurumsal/eng/corporate/milestones.aspx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110718134249/http://www.yalinkaya.com/Kurumsal/eng/corporate/milestones.aspx) 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Retrieved 2011-01-05 For structure of new company, see Arslaner, S. (n.d.). Corporate Social Responsibility And Initial Public Offerings [PowerPoint Slides]. 10. www.britishcouncil.org (http://www.britishcouncil.org/turkey-society-public-diplomacy-oulton-visit-goldas-2.ppt) Retrieved 2011-01-05. See also [ edit ] Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Precious metals (/wiki/Precious_metal) Brand licensing (/wiki/Brand_licensing) Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review (/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News) The Anatolia News Agency (/wiki/Anadolu_Agency) Judicial system of Turkey (/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) www.reuters.com Company Profile (https://archive.today/20120910015808/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=GOLDS.IS) Retrieved 2011-01-05 ^ (#cite_ref-2) www.goldas.com Corporate Milestones (http://www.goldas.com/Kurumsal/eng/corporate/milestones.aspx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100821003926/http://www.goldas.com/Kurumsal/eng/corporate/milestones.aspx) 2010-08-21 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Retrieved 2011-01-06 ^ (#cite_ref-4) The Anatolia News Agency. "Turkey's fastest growing 100 companies." October 4, 2009. www.todayszaman.com (http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=2900BC616FAF2781590E5C4599A27BA4?newsId=188864) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191736/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action%3Bjsessionid%3D2900BC616FAF2781590E5C4599A27BA4?newsId=188864) October 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Retrieved 2011-01-06 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ӧzer,F., Işık, E. "En Hizli Büyüyen 100 Şirket." Anadolu Agency. www.aa.com.tr (http://www.aa.com.tr/en/en-hizli-buyuyen-100-sirket.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084615/http://www.aa.com.tr/en/en-hizli-buyuyen-100-sirket.html) 2014-05-29 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Retrieved 2011-01-06 ^ Jump up to: a b Referans. "Goldaş shares sold to three funds." June 26, 2009. www.hurriyetdailynews.com (http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=goldas-shares-sold-to-three-funds-2009-06-26) Retrieved 2011-01-06 ^ (#cite_ref-7) en.wikipedia.org Missing consignment of gold by Goldaş (/wiki/Societe_Generale#March_2008) Retrieved 2011-01-05 ^ (#cite_ref-8) www.hurriyetdailynews.com Goldaş in deep trouble (http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=goldas-in-deep-trouble-2009-09-03) Retrieved 2011-01-05 ^ (#cite_ref-9) The Anatolia News Agency. "Court approves local jewelry firm’s default." April 3, 2013. www.hurriyetdailynews.com (http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/court-approves-local-jewelry-firms-default.aspx?pageID=238&nID=44156&NewsCatID=345) Retrieved 2013-06-03 ^ (#cite_ref-10) The Anatolia News Agency. "High court rejects Goldaş bankruptcy in legal row." September 10, 2013. www.hurriyetdailynews.com (http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/high-court-rejects-goldas-bankruptcy-in-legal-row.aspx?pageID=238&nID=54215&NewsCatID=345) Retrieved 2016-02-21 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goldaş (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Golda%C5%9F) . Official website (http://www.goldas.com/kurumsal/eng) Financial information on Goldaş (http://www.corporateinformation.com/Company-Snapshot.aspx?cusip=38075M101) Goldaş Regional office locations (https://web.archive.org/web/20071011165347/http://jewelleryistanbul.com/detail.asp?iData=1671&iCat=331&iChannel=19) Goldaş promotional video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTnL_ac7VUY) Goldaş articles from www.hurriyetdailynews.com (http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ix.php?as_q=goldas) Goldaş articles from www.aa.com.tr (in Turkish) (http://www.aa.com.tr/index.php?searchword=Golda%FE&option=com_search&Itemid=) [ permanent dead link ] v t e BIST 100 (/wiki/BIST_100) companies of Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) Alternatif Bank (/wiki/Alternatif_Bank) Acıbadem (/wiki/Ac%C4%B1badem_Healthcare_Group) Akbank (/wiki/Akbank) Aksa (/wiki/Aksa_(company)) Alarko Holding (/wiki/Alarko_Holding) Albaraka Türk (/wiki/Albaraka_T%C3%BCrk) Anadolu Isuzu (/wiki/Isuzu_(Anadolu)) Anadolu Sigorta (/wiki/Anadolu_Sigorta) Arçelik (/wiki/Ar%C3%A7elik) Aselsan (/wiki/Aselsan) Aygaz (/wiki/Aygaz) Bursa Çimento (/wiki/Bursa_%C3%87imento) Coca-Cola İçecek (/wiki/Coca-Cola_%C4%B0%C3%A7ecek) DenizBank (/wiki/DenizBank) Doğan Holding (/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_Holding) DYO (/wiki/DYO_Boya) Eczacıbaşı Building Products (/wiki/VitrA_(sanitaryware)) Eczacıbaşı Investment Holding (/wiki/Eczac%C4%B1ba%C5%9F%C4%B1) Eczacıbaşı Investment Partnership (/wiki/Eczac%C4%B1ba%C5%9F%C4%B1) Enka (/wiki/Enka_%C4%B0n%C5%9Faat_ve_Sanayi_A.%C5%9E.) EÜAŞ (/wiki/Electricity_Generation_Company_(Turkey)) Erdemir (/wiki/Erdemir) Finansbank (/wiki/Credit_Europe_Bank) Ford Otosan (/wiki/Ford_Otosan) Garanti BBVA (/wiki/Garanti_BBVA) Goldaş Halkbank (/wiki/Halkbank) ICBC Turkey (/wiki/ICBC_Turkey) İhlas Holding (/wiki/%C4%B0hlas_Holding) İşbank (/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fbank) İş Yatırım (/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F_Yat%C4%B1r%C4%B1m) Kale Kalıp (/w/index.php?title=Kale_Kal%C4%B1p&action=edit&redlink=1) Kardemir (/wiki/Kardemir) Karsan (/wiki/Karsan) Koç Holding (/wiki/Ko%C3%A7_Holding) Koza İpek Holding (/wiki/Koza_%C4%B0pek_Holding) Koza Altın (/wiki/Koza_Alt%C4%B1n) Kristal Kola (/wiki/Kristal_Kola) Logo (/wiki/Logo_Software) Migros (/wiki/Migros_(Turkey)) Otokar (/wiki/Otokar) Pegasus Airlines (/wiki/Pegasus_Airlines) Petkim (/wiki/Petkim) Petrol Ofisi (/wiki/Petrol_Ofisi) Sabancı Holding (/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Holding) Şekerbank (/wiki/%C5%9Eekerbank) Şişecam (/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fecam) Taraf (/wiki/Taraf) TAV Airports Holding (/wiki/TAV_Airports_Holding) Tekfen (/wiki/Tekfen_Construction_and_Installation) Tofaş (/wiki/Tofa%C5%9F) Turkcell (/wiki/Turkcell) Tüpraş (/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F) Türk Ekonomi Bank (/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Ekonomi_Bankas%C4%B1) Türk Telekom (/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Telekom) Turkish Airlines (/wiki/Turkish_Airlines) Ülker (/wiki/%C3%9Clker) VakıfBank (/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank) Vestel (/wiki/Vestel) Yapı Kredi (/wiki/Yap%C4%B1_Kredi) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐zrpcw Cached time: 20240720172056 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.294 seconds Real time usage: 0.458 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1780/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24147/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2773/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17805/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.165/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3125234/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 389.927 1 -total 29.29% 114.221 1 Template:Infobox_company 27.13% 105.779 1 Template:Istanbul_Stock_Exchange_companies 26.85% 104.687 1 Template:Infobox 26.62% 103.806 1 Template:Navbox 18.13% 70.699 1 Template:Short_description 10.54% 41.080 2 Template:Pagetype 7.99% 31.157 1 Template:Dead_link 6.82% 26.583 1 Template:Fix 6.72% 26.198 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30322331-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720172056 and revision id 1213492578. 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Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) brands (/wiki/Brands) are brands in the cosmetics industry (/wiki/Industry_(economics)) . Contents Top (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_brands) 0–9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=0) A (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=A) B (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=B) C (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=C) D (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=D) E (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=E) F (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=F) G (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=G) H (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=H) I (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=I) J (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=J) K (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=K) L (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=L) M (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=M) N (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=N) O (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=O) P (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=P) Q (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=Q) R (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=R) S (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=S) T (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=T) U (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=U) V (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=V) W (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=W) X (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=X) Y (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=Y) Z (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_brands&from=Z) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐wwkfb Cached time: 20240712141015 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.070 seconds Real time usage: 0.099 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 309/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24588/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2844/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3099/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.003/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 556190/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 89.627 1 -total 100.00% 89.627 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 97.96% 87.798 2 Template:Category_other 93.41% 83.723 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 60.95% 54.627 1 Template:Category_TOC 49.36% 44.240 1 Template:TOC_top 35.50% 31.816 1 Template:Flatlist 3.54% 3.175 1 Template:TOC_bottom 2.47% 2.210 1 Template:Category_TOC/tracking 1.59% 1.426 1 MediaWiki:Toc Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:18789297-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712141015 and revision id 1184207022. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. F Forever Living Products (/wiki/Category:Forever_Living_Products) (3 P) L L'Oréal brands (/wiki/Category:L%27Or%C3%A9al_brands) (20 P, 1 F) R Revlon brands (/wiki/Category:Revlon_brands) (11 P) S Cosmetics brands of South Korea (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_brands_of_South_Korea) (1 C, 10 P) Pages in category "Cosmetics brands" The following 111 pages are in this category, out of 111 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Albion Co., Ltd. (/wiki/Albion_Co.,_Ltd.) Anastasia Beverly Hills (/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills) Aqua Net (/wiki/Aqua_Net) Aravind Laboratories (/wiki/Aravind_Laboratories) Avon Products (/wiki/Avon_Products) B Bain de Soleil (/wiki/Bain_de_Soleil) Bajaj Consumer Care (/wiki/Bajaj_Consumer_Care) Balmshell (/wiki/Balmshell) Bayankala (skincare) (/wiki/Bayankala_(skincare)) Beautycounter (/wiki/Beautycounter) Benefit Cosmetics (/wiki/Benefit_Cosmetics) BITE Beauty (/wiki/BITE_Beauty) Bondi Sands (/wiki/Bondi_Sands) Boots (company) (/wiki/Boots_(company)) Boots Ireland (/wiki/Boots_Ireland) O Boticário (/wiki/O_Botic%C3%A1rio) Bobbi Brown (/wiki/Bobbi_Brown) Burt's Bees (/wiki/Burt%27s_Bees) C Carmex (/wiki/Carmex) Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) Charlotte Tilbury Beauty (/wiki/Charlotte_Tilbury_Beauty) Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) Clé de Peau Beauté (/wiki/Cl%C3%A9_de_Peau_Beaut%C3%A9) Clinique (/wiki/Clinique) ColourPop Cosmetics (/wiki/ColourPop_Cosmetics) Coppertone (sunscreen) (/wiki/Coppertone_(sunscreen)) Sugar Cosmetics (/wiki/Sugar_Cosmetics) Cover FX (/wiki/Cover_FX) CoverGirl (/wiki/CoverGirl) Crème Simon (/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_Simon) Cristtee (/wiki/Cristtee) D Dermacol (/wiki/Dermacol) DHC Corporation (/wiki/DHC_Corporation) Dm-drogerie markt (/wiki/Dm-drogerie_markt) E E.l.f. (cosmetics) (/wiki/E.l.f._(cosmetics)) Eisenberg Paris (/wiki/Eisenberg_Paris) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc.) F Fabergé (cosmetics) (/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_(cosmetics)) Fenty Beauty (/wiki/Fenty_Beauty) Florence by Mills (/wiki/Florence_by_Mills) Forest Essentials (/wiki/Forest_Essentials) Forever Living Products (/wiki/Forever_Living_Products) Fourth Ray Beauty (/wiki/Fourth_Ray_Beauty) G Glossier (/wiki/Glossier) Glow & Lovely (/wiki/Glow_%26_Lovely) Good Glamm Group (/wiki/Good_Glamm_Group) H Hada Labo (/wiki/Hada_Labo) Halo Beauty (/wiki/Halo_Beauty) Haus Labs (/wiki/Haus_Labs) Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) Holo Taco (/wiki/Holo_Taco) Huda Beauty (/wiki/Huda_Beauty) I Imedeen (/wiki/Imedeen) Inglot Cosmetics (/wiki/Inglot_Cosmetics) Inoherb (/wiki/Inoherb) IsaDora cosmetics (/wiki/IsaDora_cosmetics) J Jaclyn Hill Cosmetics (/wiki/Jaclyn_Hill_Cosmetics) Jeffree Star Cosmetics (/wiki/Jeffree_Star_Cosmetics) Jo Malone London (/wiki/Jo_Malone_London) K KKW Beauty (/wiki/KKW_Beauty) Kylie Cosmetics (/wiki/Kylie_Cosmetics) L L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) Lakmé Cosmetics (/wiki/Lakm%C3%A9_Cosmetics) Laura Mercier Cosmetics (/wiki/Laura_Mercier_Cosmetics) Lime Crime (/wiki/Lime_Crime) Lunar Beauty (/wiki/Lunar_Beauty) M MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) Madara Cosmetics (/wiki/Madara_Cosmetics) Madison Reed (/wiki/Madison_Reed) Make Up For Ever (/wiki/Make_Up_For_Ever) Mandom (/wiki/Mandom) Mane 'n Tail (/wiki/Mane_%27n_Tail) Merle Norman Cosmetics (/wiki/Merle_Norman_Cosmetics) Moroccanoil (/wiki/Moroccanoil) Morphe Cosmetics (/wiki/Morphe_Cosmetics) N NARS Cosmetics (/wiki/NARS_Cosmetics) Neutrogena (/wiki/Neutrogena) No. 7 (brand) (/wiki/No._7_(brand)) O OPI Products (/wiki/OPI_Products) Oriflame (/wiki/Oriflame) Origins (cosmetics) (/wiki/Origins_(cosmetics)) P Parachute (brand) (/wiki/Parachute_(brand)) Pechoin (/wiki/Pechoin) Pedro del Hierro (brand) (/wiki/Pedro_del_Hierro_(brand)) Pleasing (brand) (/wiki/Pleasing_(brand)) Princess Pat (brand) (/wiki/Princess_Pat_(brand)) R R.E.M. 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American interior designer (1926–2023) Mica Ertegun Born 1926 Died December 2, 2023 (aged 97) Nationality Romanian-American Occupation(s) Interior Designer, Philanthropist Known for Founding MAC II Spouse Ahmet Ertegun (/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun) Mica Ertegun was a Romanian-American interior designer and philanthropist, widely regarded for her influential work in design and significant contributions to the arts and education. Early life [ edit ] Born in Romania (/wiki/Romania) , Ertegun left her country after the Russian occupation (/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania) , spending time in Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) and Paris before moving to Canada. She eventually settled in New York after marrying Ahmet Ertegun (/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun) , the founder and chairman of Atlantic Records (/wiki/Atlantic_Records) , in 1960. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-HoF-3) Career [ edit ] In 1967, she co-founded MAC II with decorator and author Chessy Rayner (/wiki/Chessy_Rayner) (with the MAC initials representing "Mica And Chessy"), focusing on residential and commercial projects. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Ertegun's design projects have been celebrated for their elegance and sophistication, including the iconic 1969 redesign of Saks Fifth Avenue's (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_store) flagship store's fifth floor. [4] (#cite_note-4) Philanthropy [ edit ] Ertegun's philanthropic efforts were numerous, with significant donations to the University of Oxford (/wiki/University_of_Oxford) , establishing the Ertegun Graduate Scholarship Programme in the Humanities. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Her contributions to cultural heritage include leading donations for the restoration of the Holy Edicule at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre) in Jerusalem and the creation of the Mica and Ahmet Ertegun Atrium at Jazz at Lincoln Center (/wiki/Lincoln_Center) in New York (/wiki/New_York_City) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Awards and honors [ edit ] For her contributions to philanthropy, education, and British-American cultural relations, Ertegun was awarded an honorary CBE (/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II in 2017. [9] (#cite_note-9) She was a 1993 inductee in the Interior Design (/wiki/Interior_Design_(magazine)) magazine Hall of Fame along with her MAC II founder, Rayner. [3] (#cite_note-HoF-3) [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2023, she was added to the Architectural Digest (/wiki/Architectural_Digest) AD100 Hall of Fame. [11] (#cite_note-11) Death [ edit ] Mica Ertegun died, aged 97, at her home in Southampton, New York (/wiki/Southampton,_New_York) on December 2, 2023. [12] (#cite_note-12) [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c McFadden, Robert D. (2023-12-02). "Mica Ertegun, 97, Glamorous Interior Designer and Philanthropist, Dies" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/02/style/mica-ertegun-dead.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2024-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Reginato, James (2017-04-27). "Mica Ertegun, the Nonagenarian Style Legend Who Shows No Signs of Stopping" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/04/mica-ertegun-style-legend) . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2024-02-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Mica Ertegun: 1993 Hall of Fame Inductee" (https://interiordesign.net/designwire/mica-ertegun-1993-hall-of-fame-inductee/) . Interior Design . Retrieved 2024-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Taylor, Elise (2023-12-06). " (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/i-hate-clutter-the-chic-cultivated-interiors-of-mica-ertegun-as-seen-in-vogue) "I Hate Clutter": The Chic, Cultivated Interiors of Mica Ertegun, As Seen in Vogue" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/i-hate-clutter-the-chic-cultivated-interiors-of-mica-ertegun-as-seen-in-vogue) . Vogue . Retrieved 2024-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Ertegun Scholarships founder Mica Ertegun receives Honorary CBE" (https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2017-07-07-ertegun-scholarships-founder-mica-ertegun-receives-honorary-cbe) . University of Oxford . Retrieved 2024-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Ahmet Ertegun's widow donates $41M to Oxford for scholarships" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/ahmet-ertegun-s-widow-donates-41m-to-oxford-for-scholarships-1.1256935) . CBC News . February 29, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Oxford mourns the loss of Mrs Mica Ertegun, CBE" (https://www.ox.ac.uk/news-and-events/oxford-mourns-loss-mrs-mica-ertegun-cbe) . University of Oxford . Retrieved 2024-02-06 . [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Jazz at Lincoln Center's New Mica and Ahmet Ertegun Atrium | 2015-12-23 | Architectural Record" (https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11417-jazz-at-lincoln-centers-new-mica-and-ahmet-ertegun-atrium) . www.architecturalrecord.com . Retrieved 2024-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Ertegun Scholarships founder Mica Ertegun receives Honorary CBE" (https://www.ertegun.ox.ac.uk/article/ertegun-scholarships-founder-mica-ertegun-receives-honorary-cbe) . Ertegun Graduate Scholarship Programme in the Humanities . Retrieved 2024-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Chessy Rayner: 1993 Hall of Fame Inductee" (https://interiordesign.net/designwire/chessy-rayner/) . Interior Design . Retrieved 2024-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Rubinstein, Dan (2021-11-30). "Mica Ertegun: Meet the AD100 2023 Hall of Fame" (https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/ad100-mica-ertegun) . Architectural Digest . Retrieved 2024-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Mica Ertegun, 1926 to 2023" (https://www.trinity.ox.ac.uk/mica-ertegun-1926-to-2023/) . Trinity College Oxford . Retrieved 2024-02-06 . 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Green vintage buttons Button collecting is the collecting (/wiki/Collecting) of various types of clothing buttons (/wiki/Button) . Button collecting varies widely. In its most informal manifestation, a button collection may simply be the household (/wiki/Household) button container, where buttons are stored for future use on clothing or for crafts (/wiki/Crafts) . At the other end of the spectrum (/wiki/Spectrum) is the competitive collector, mainly found in the United States (/wiki/United_States) . History of button collecting [ edit ] An early collection of military buttons was assiduously gathered by Luis Fenollosa Emilio in the United States. He began this collection around 1890, and donated it in 1908 to the Essex Institute (/wiki/Essex_Institute) in Salem, MA (now the Peabody Essex Museum (/wiki/Peabody_Essex_Museum) ). During the Belle Époque (/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque) in Western Europe, there was an interest in collecting small antiques (/wiki/Antique) , which included buttons. Notable button collections were created in this period. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) : 14 A serious collector from this period was M. H. R. D’Allemagne of Paris. He documented key items from his collection in his three-volume Les Accessoires du Costume et du Mobilier (1928). After his death, his collection was purchased by an American collector and made its way to the United States. [2] (#cite_note-2) : xiii In the late 1800s, young women in England would accumulate glass buttons on a string, and it is said that when there were 1,000, she was ready for a suitor. [3] (#cite_note-3) Button collecting became more organized in the late 1930s in America. The first known serious button collector in the US was Gertrude Patterson, who spoke about her collection on Dave Elman's Hobby Lobby radio interview show in 1938. This show featured one hobby per weekly episode. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Even earlier, Otto C. Lightner (/w/index.php?title=Otto_C._Lightner&action=edit&redlink=1) started Hobbies magazine (/w/index.php?title=Hobbies_magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) in the 1920s, and in 1938 sponsored a hobby show in Chicago, in which button collectors were involved. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Factors like these led to a surge in others collecting in a focused way. There were large quantities of buttons available at that time, enabling this trend. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) : 14 The inexpensive nature of buttons made them affordable, even during the Great Depression. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) : x Lillian Smith Albert was one collector who documented her collecting efforts in her first and second volumes of A Button Collector's Journal ( 1941). This new area of collecting required not just accumulating buttons, but also researching them. In order to further button collecting and research, the National Button Society (https://www.nationalbuttonsociety.org/index.html) was formed in 1938. The society has developed a classification system for buttons used for competition, but also useful for collecting. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) : 14 [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Collectors began to gather at shows for educational programs and to have access to the many buttons for sale. The first NBS show was held in Chicago in 1939, followed in the 1940s by shows put on by newly formed state and regional clubs. These shows continue through to the present. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Books began to be published on the topic, and a magazine was started in 1944 and continued to 1979, Just Buttons , edited by Sally Luscomb (/w/index.php?title=Sally_Luscomb&action=edit&redlink=1) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Button Lines: The Journal of the British Button Society [8] (#cite_note-8) began publication in 1976, just before Just Buttons ceased publication. [9] (#cite_note-9) The National Button Bulletin , the publication of the National Button Society, began publication in 1942. These periodicals provided an opportunity for an expanding number of collectors to share their research in a manageable way. In the July 1942 issue of The National Button Society Quarterly Bulletin , Mrs. Peter Pastor wrote: The most satisfying phase of button collecting, however, will be the study which each button affords as to material or identification of subject or design. It entails the perusing of volume after volume of history and art and costuming; dating a button by shank or material; researching for characteristics of buttons of various countries; and reading about the styles that created these various types of buttons. [10] (#cite_note-10) : 23 Equipment [ edit ] The following materials are recommended when starting to collect buttons. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-:4-12) Storage containers: Ventilated boxes that will not rust the way that metal tins will. Mounting cards: Non-acidic, 9" x 12" if entering buttons into a competition. Awl: To punch holes in mounting cards. Plastic-coated wire: For mounting buttons onto cards. Sold by dealers in collectible buttons. Trays: These are special frames designed to hold a card with buttons mounted on it. Magnifying glass: To view details, 10x is a good magnification. Magnet: To test for steel buttons. Metal polish or jeweler's polishing cloth: To clean metal buttons, used with care. Acquiring buttons [ edit ] New collectors often begin with button boxes or jars from their own families or from friends. Buttons can also be found at antique shops and shows, auctions, fabric shops, garage sales, thrift shops, and advertisements in button society magazines. [12] (#cite_note-:4-12) : 3 Buttons might also be found in sewing boxes, on uniforms and other clothing, and in jewelry boxes. Excellent sources for buttons are button collector gatherings, such as national or regional shows, and meetings of button clubs. [5] (#cite_note-:3-5) : xi-xii Buttons in museums and galleries [ edit ] Some museums (/wiki/Museums) and art galleries (/wiki/Art_galleries) hold culturally, historically, politically, and/or artistically significant buttons in their collections. London'ts Victoria & Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) has many buttons (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?offset=0&limit=15&narrow=&q=button&commit=Search&quality=2&objectnamesearch=&placesearch=&after=&after-adbc=AD&before=&before-adbc=AD&namesearch=&materialsearch=&mnsearch=&locationsearch=&listing_type=image&orderby=0&order=0) , particularly in its jewellery collection (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Jewellery) , as does the Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) in Washington, DC. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) The Cooper-Hewitt National Museum of Design (/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum) in New York, a division of the Smithsonian, has many buttons from the Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance) forward. The Strong Museum (/wiki/The_Strong) in Rochester, NY (/wiki/Rochester,_New_York) also has a large button collection. [16] (#cite_note-16) : 73 The Corning Museum of Glass (/wiki/Corning_Museum_of_Glass) in Corning, NY (/wiki/Corning_(city),_New_York) has many buttons that are viewable on their website, and also numerous button-related items in their library. [17] (#cite_note-17) A specialized button museum is the National Pearl Button Museum (https://muscatinehistory.org/) in Muscatine, Iowa (/wiki/Muscatine,_Iowa) , the "Pearl Button Capital of the World" in the early 1900s. A button museum within a museum is the Waterbury Button Museum (https://muscatinehistory.org/) in the Mattatuck Museum (/wiki/Mattatuck_Museum) in Waterbury, CT (/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut) . Buttons have been manufactured in Waterbury for over 200 years, first by hand, then by machine. [18] (#cite_note-18) The Keep Homestead Museum in Monson, MA (/wiki/Monson,_Massachusetts) has "one of the largest collections of antique and vintage buttons on display in the U.S," [19] (#cite_note-19) with an online archive (https://keephomesteadmuseum.org/category/button-collection/) of a number of their buttons. Collecting specialties [ edit ] Collectors have many possibilities for specializing in the buttons they collect. They might decide to focus on buttons made of a particular material, buttons from a particular time frame, or buttons featuring a particular subject. Those who are interested in exhibiting their buttons competitively in regional or national shows in the United States follow the classification system contained in the National Button Society's Blue Book: Official Classification Competition Guidelines . [20] (#cite_note-:6-20) Buttons exist in a myriad of materials, including fabric and cloth, metal, glass, ceramic, enamel, natural materials such as wood, bone, or shell, a number of types of plastic, and more. [21] (#cite_note-:5-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) Collectors of buttons by time frame might collect them from a particular century, 18th or 19th, for example, or may be more specialized still, such as acquiring those buttons manufactured during the reign of Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) of England. [21] (#cite_note-:5-21) A collection of hat-shaped buttons Those who collect buttons by topic might specialize in bird buttons, flowers, animals, insects. or virtually any topic of interest. Another type of collecting specialty is by the type of use the buttons saw. Examples are uniform (/wiki/Uniform) buttons and non-military uniform buttons. [23] (#cite_note-23) Studio buttons, those made in small quantities primarily for button collectors, are another collecting area. [20] (#cite_note-:6-20) : 65 Collecting and competing using the classification system of the National Button Society [ edit ] This classification system is used by collectors who enter and who judge button competitions in the United States. But it is also useful for all collectors who would like to choose specialties or organize their collections. [20] (#cite_note-:6-20) : 2 The classification system defines important components: Divisions, such as old (pre-1918), junior (ages 13-17), or related specialties (such as buckles (/wiki/Buckle) /clasps or button covers) Size The classification sections are divided by Material type, divided very precisely by particular features of buttons of that material; Pictorials, again divided very precisely; Features or Types, such as borders, shapes, or inlay (/wiki/Inlay) Age (18th century or earlier) Usage All of these guidelines are very precisely laid out in the National Button Society Blue Book , issued periodically and provided to society members. [20] (#cite_note-:6-20) Some button dealers use the classification system when organizing their buttons for sale. Organizations [ edit ] There are numerous local, regional, and national button collecting organizations. National organizations include the National Button Society (https://www.nationalbuttonsociety.org/?fbclid=IwAR09MSPfymmZv2ls3z7oNAJHS5eEALmBasU_PX5nsdirl2eqlIs4VJV9wkQ) (US), which lists their purpose as "Educating, enjoying and preserving all that is beautiful and historic in buttons," the British Button Society (https://www.britishbuttonsociety.com/) , Fibule (https://fibule.123.fr/) (France), and the Dutch Antique Button Society (https://dutchantiquebuttonsociety.jimdofree.com/) (Netherlands). Links on the websites of some of these societies will lead to regional and local button organizations and clubs. An example is The Victorian Button Collectors Club (https://www.vicbuttonclub.com.au/) (Melbourne, Australia). See also [ edit ] Button (/wiki/Button) Shank (/wiki/Shank_(sewing)) Pin-back button (/wiki/Pin-back_button) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Epstein, Diana (1991). Buttons . Millicent Safro, Foreword by Jim Dine, Preface by Tom Wolfe, Photography by John Parnell. New York: H.N. Abrams. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8109-3113-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 22767115 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22767115) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: date and year ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year) ) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Ertell, Viviane Beck (1973). The colorful world of buttons (1st ed.). Princeton [N.J.]: Pyne Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-87861-037-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 2656254 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2656254) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Oregonian/OregonLive, Peter Talbot | The (2019-08-01). "Hardcore button collectors see beauty, history in the fashion essential" (https://www.oregonlive.com/trending/2019/08/hardcore-button-collectors-see-beauty-history-in-the-fashion-essential.html) . oregonlive . Retrieved 2023-02-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Home" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111226182647/http://www.nationalbuttonsociety.org/Home.html) . 2011-12-26. Archived from the original (http://www.nationalbuttonsociety.org/Home.html) on 2011-12-26 . Retrieved 2023-02-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b Luscomb, Sally C. (2006). The collector's encyclopedia of buttons (Rev. 6th ed.). Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7643-2329-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 64222626 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64222626) . ^ Jump up to: a b "FOR THE MEDIA" (https://www.nationalbuttonsociety.org/for-the-media-2.html) . www.nationalbuttonsociety.org . Retrieved 2023-02-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Art Speaks / Buttons: Tiny Marvels Worth Collecting" (https://textilecentermn.org/art-speaks-buttons-tiny-marvels-worth-collecting/) . Textile Center . Retrieved 2023-02-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Button Lines" (https://www.britishbuttonsociety.com/button-lines) . The British Button Society . Retrieved 2023-02-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Hendricks, Leta. "Research Guides: Historic Button Research: Button, Button: A Selected Bibliography" (https://guides.osu.edu/historicbuttonresearch/bibliography) . guides.osu.edu . Retrieved 2023-02-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Pastor, Mrs. Paul (July 1942). "What a hobby...". The National Button Society Quarterly Bulletin . 1 (3): 23. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Resources" (https://www.nationalbuttonsociety.org/resources.html) . www.nationalbuttonsociety.org . Retrieved 2022-12-28 . ^ Jump up to: a b Green, Marilyn V. (1991). The button lover's book . Radnor, Pa.: Chilton Book Co. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8019-8184-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 23141150 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23141150) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Domestic button collection, circa 1935 (http://www.smithsonianlegacies.si.edu/objectdescription.cfm?ID=50) , from Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) , at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History (/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Button with Post Office Department seal" (http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=63886&img=1&pg=1) – USPS (/wiki/USPS) uniform buttons Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110723123107/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=63886&img=1&pg=1) 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , at 'Arago', the Smithsonian National Postal Museum (/wiki/National_Postal_Museum) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Silver buttons (http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=3704) held in the Smithsonian American Art Museum (/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum) 's Renwick Gallery (/wiki/Renwick_Gallery) ^ (#cite_ref-16) Whittemore, Joyce (1992). The book of buttons (1st American ed.). New York: Dorling Kindersley, Inc. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-56458-028-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 24669490 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24669490) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Site Search | Corning Museum of Glass" (https://www.cmog.org/search/site/buttons) . www.cmog.org . Retrieved 2023-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Waterbury Button Museum - Mattatuck Museum" (https://www.mattmuseum.org/collections/waterbury-button-museum/,%20https://www.mattmuseum.org/collections/waterbury-button-museum/) . 2016-05-06 . Retrieved 2023-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Button Collection" (https://keephomesteadmuseum.org/button-collection/) . Keep Homestead Museum . Retrieved 2023-02-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Blue Book: Official Classification Competition Guidelines . National Button Society. 2023. ^ Jump up to: a b Fink, Nancy; Ditzler, Maryalice (1993). Buttons : the collector's guide to selecting, restoring and enjoying new and vintage buttons . Philadelphia, PA: Courage Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-56138-215-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 30085467 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30085467) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Howells, Jocelyn (2006). Button Materials A-Z: Identification Guide . Portland, OR: JossButtons. ^ (#cite_ref-23) Albert, Lillian Smith; Adams, Jane Ford (1951). The Button Sampler . New York: Gramercy. Further reading [ edit ] Howells, Jocelyn. (2006). Button materials A - Z: Identification guide. Portland, OR: JossButtons. Hughes, Elizabeth & Lester, Marion. (1991). The big book of buttons: the encyclopedia of button history, design, and identification. Price guide. St. Johann Press. Also 2 volume second edition, 2011. Luscomb, Sally C. (2006). The collector's encyclopedia of buttons (Revised 6th ed.). Atglen, PA: Schiffer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7643-1815-2 . LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 2003101645 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2003101645) . Osborne, Peggy A. (1997). Button, button : Identification and price guide . Atglen, PA: Schiffer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7643-0082-2 . LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 92063104 (https://lccn.loc.gov/92063104) . Peacock, Primrose. (1978). Discovering old buttons . Discovering series ; no. 213. Rosemary Godsell (illus.). Aylesbury, UK: Shire Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-85263-445-5 . Wisniewski, Debra J. (1997). Antique & collectible buttons : Identification & values . Charley Lynch. Paducah, KY: Collector Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-89145-711-9 . LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 97122120 (https://lccn.loc.gov/97122120) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buttons (collecting) . 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Women's fashion retailer This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=House_of_CB&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=House+of+CB&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=House+of+CB) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=House_of_CB) for suggestions. ( January 2017 ) House of CB Industry Fashion Founded 2010 Founder Conna Walker Products Lingerie, swimwear, shoes, accessories, bridal collection Website www.houseofcb.com (https://www.houseofcb.com/) House of CB, Westfield Stratford City, London. House of CB (House of Celeb Boutique) is a women's fashion retailer (/wiki/Fashion_brands) founded by British Conna Walker in 2010 and headquartered in London, UK. [1] (#cite_note-1) Since the start of the brand, Walker wanted to design clothing that would give the illusion of an hourglass silhouette, and continues to be the brand's unique selling proposition. [2] (#cite_note-:03-2) [3] (#cite_note-:23-3) [4] (#cite_note-:33-4) House of CB is known for its form-fitting and tailored pieces, producing designer-inspired party clothing. [5] (#cite_note-:43-5) The company currently has over 40 retail locations, 4.5 million followers on social and achieved in $15 million in 2018 profits. [6] (#cite_note-:13-6) From the start, House of CB has evolved from a simple reselling operation into a globally recognized luxury fashion house. Each garment from the brand is designed in their London studio, focusing on detailed craftsmanship and fits designed to flatter natural body shapes. [5] (#cite_note-:43-5) [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) History [ edit ] The brand was founded by a then 17 year old, Conna Walker, who started her business buying and selling ready made pieces on eBay. She would eventually build her own website and rebrand to House of CB [8] (#cite_note-8) with a £3,880 loan [6] (#cite_note-:13-6) from her father. The brand includes a full collection of womenswear (/wiki/Womenswear) that also covers lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) , swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) , shoes, and accessories. Its garments have been worn by celebrities, such as Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , and the Kardashians (/wiki/Kardashians) . [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) In 2016 Walker introduced House of CB's younger sister brand, Mistress Rocks. [9] (#cite_note-9) House of CB is considered more sustainable than other "Throw-away fashion" because it is of higher quality and shelf-life. [5] (#cite_note-:43-5) Brand Evolution [ edit ] Originally an online retailer specializing in party-wear, House of CB has grown into a globally recognized brand offering luxury clothing with an emphasis on form-fitting designs. [2] (#cite_note-:03-2) The brand's transition from a niche e-commerce site to a significant presence in the fashion industry illustrates its strategic growth and impactful marketing approaches. Founder Conna Walker early on recognized the potential of social media for promotion, particularly through platforms like Instagram. [5] (#cite_note-:43-5) House of CB's social media strategy, which includes partnerships with influencers, sponsored posts, and celebrity endorsements, has supported a consistent monthly growth rate of 2.71% and increased engagement. [10] (#cite_note-:53-10) House of CB has diversified its offerings to include evening dresses, accessories, and a fitness line, along with a bridal collection introduced in 2020. [11] (#cite_note-11) Describing itself as "affordable luxury," House of CB's products are priced between £59 ($73) and £209 ($261.) The brand's marketing efforts include engaging directly with consumers through social media by re-sharing customer images, conducting contests, and sharing behind-the-scenes content from photo shoots. The visibility of the brand has been further enhanced by public endorsements from influencers and celebrities who often wear its clothing at high-profile events. [3] (#cite_note-:23-3) [4] (#cite_note-:33-4) Marketing [ edit ] House of CB has utilized social media to expand its brand visibility and foster business growth. After the initial launch in 2009 on eBay, Walker shifted in 2014 to creating a personalized online store. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) A central aspect of House of CB’s marketing strategy is the strategic use of social media platforms, notably Instagram, where it currently sits at 4.5 million followers as of May 2024. [10] (#cite_note-:53-10) Additionally, the brand engages both micro- and mega-influencers, aiming to expand its audience reach. This strategy of influencer collaboration, alongside the brand's consistent growth in social media followers, demonstrates the brand's ability to utilize digital platforms to enhance its market presence. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Dove, Rachael (2019-03-23). "Meet the multimillionaire owner of House of CB" (https://www.standard.co.uk/esmagazine/conna-walker-house-of-cb-interview-a4096036.html) . Evening Standard . Retrieved 2023-04-17 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Celebrities favourite sexy dress brand House of CB now available in Scotland" (http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/celebrities-favourite-sexy-dress-brand-7607264) . Daily Record. 2016-03-22 . Retrieved 2017-01-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b "On The Scene: House of CB's Los Angeles Flagship Launch Party with Mel B, Eva Marcille, Laura Govan and More! – Fashion Bomb Daily Style Magazine" (http://fashionbombdaily.com/on-the-scene-2/) . Fashionbombdaily.com . 2016-06-15 . Retrieved 2017-01-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Khloe Kardashian Fetes Opening of London's House of C.B. in Los Angeles" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/khloe-kardashian-fetes-opening-london-903391) . Hollywoodreporter.com . 2016-06-15 . Retrieved 2017-01-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Rackham, Annabel (2018-11-26). "Meet the British designer Beyonce loves" (https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46206955) . BBC News . Retrieved 2020-04-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Conna Walker" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/conna-walker/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2023-04-17 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Ogunnaike, Nikki (2016-06-30). "How House of CB Went From Unknown to Red Carpet Domination" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/celebrity-style/a37501/house-of-cb-profile/) . Elle.com . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Briones, Isis. "What It Takes To Be One Of Jennifer Lopez's Favorite Designers" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/isisbriones/2018/05/31/house-of-cb-founder-interview/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2024-05-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "House of CB London ROI Analysis" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210410223254/http://www.multidigital.co.uk/house-of-cb-london-affiliates/) . Multidigital.co.uk . Archived from the original (http://www.multidigital.co.uk/house-of-cb-london-affiliates/) on 2021-04-10 . Retrieved 2021-04-10 . ^ Jump up to: a b "BoomSocial - House Of CB Instagram account Statistics" (https://www.boomsocial.com/EN/Instagram/Account/houseofcb-195534944) . www.boomsocial.com . Retrieved 2024-05-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "House of CB Just Launched Their First-Ever Bridal Collection With Wedding Gowns Starting at $524" (https://www.brides.com/house-of-cb-just-launched-their-first-ever-bridal-collection-5074403) . Brides . Retrieved 2023-04-20 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of CB (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:House_of_CB) . Official Website (https://www.houseofcb.com/) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Red hair (/wiki/Red_hair) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red hair (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Red_hair) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐99x9k Cached time: 20240721120609 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.054 seconds Real time usage: 0.084 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 150/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2846/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 244/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.031/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1180189/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 76.367 1 -total 59.11% 45.137 1 Template:Commons_category 56.24% 42.949 1 Template:Sister_project 54.21% 41.398 1 Template:Side_box 40.76% 31.128 1 Template:Cat_main 33.18% 25.342 2 Template:If_then_show Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40437678-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721120609 and revision id 1059023400. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Red hair" The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Red hair (/wiki/Red_hair) A Auburn hair (/wiki/Auburn_hair) B Being Ginger (/wiki/Being_Ginger) D Discrimination against people with red hair (/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_red_hair) G Ginger Kids (/wiki/Ginger_Kids) H Henna (/wiki/Henna) How to be a Redhead (/wiki/How_to_be_a_Redhead) R Redhead Day (/wiki/Redhead_Day) List of redheads (/wiki/List_of_redheads) T Titian hair (/wiki/Titian_hair) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Red_hair&oldid=1059023400 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Red_hair&oldid=1059023400) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Human hair color (/wiki/Category:Human_hair_color) Shades of red (/wiki/Category:Shades_of_red) Stereotypes (/wiki/Category:Stereotypes) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) |
Type of necklace This article does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rope_chain) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Rope chain" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rope+chain%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rope+chain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rope+chain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rope+chain%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rope+chain%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rope+chain%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) 14 karat gold rope chain A rope chain is a metal chain necklace (/wiki/Necklace) consisting of several small links which pattern the shape of a rope. The rope chain begins as a metal wire and is twisted into links. The style is immensely popular throughout the world. these chains are most popular in silver and gold but can also be made with other metals as well. The rope chain is popular within the Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) community and was popularized by Golden age rap (/wiki/Golden_age_rap) groups, Run D.M.C. (/wiki/Run-DMC) as well as Eric B. & Rakim (/wiki/Eric_B._%26_Rakim) . This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rope_chain&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐zdz7b Cached time: 20240712192715 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.182 seconds Real time usage: 0.324 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 268/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12690/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 272/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5760/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.129/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2022014/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 234.320 1 -total 33.86% 79.337 1 Template:Short_description 33.51% 78.517 1 Template:Fashion-stub 32.64% 76.489 1 Template:Asbox 32.51% 76.173 1 Template:Unreferenced 29.64% 69.464 1 Template:Ambox 18.13% 42.484 2 Template:Pagetype 10.19% 23.884 2 Template:Main_other 9.05% 21.201 1 Template:SDcat 6.97% 16.324 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48936321-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712192715 and revision id 1194027963. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rope_chain&oldid=1194027963 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rope_chain&oldid=1194027963) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Chains (/wiki/Category:Chains) Types of jewellery (/wiki/Category:Types_of_jewellery) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles lacking sources from January 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_sources_from_January_2016) All articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_sources) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) |
This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Vexed_Generation&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Vexed+Generation&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Vexed+Generation) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Vexed_Generation) for suggestions. ( September 2018 ) Vexed Generation is a British menswear brand founded by designers Joe Hunter and Adam Thorpe. Thorpe studied Microbiology (/wiki/Microbiology) at Kingston University (/wiki/Kingston_University) and Hunter graduated as a graphic designer (/wiki/Graphic_designer) from Middlesex University (/wiki/Middlesex_University) in 1990. [1] (#cite_note-1) Launched in 1994 the brand produced a range of garments that were designed for and addressed an urban environment and associated environmental issues including air pollution, surveillance, and civil liberties. They used a range of military and technological fabrics including high-tenacity ballistic cloths, and knife-proof and bullet-proof fabrics. [2] (#cite_note-2) The brand is also known for its creation of a series of conceptual retail spaces and shops from 1994 onwards that questioned the process and function of the fashion retail environment. [3] (#cite_note-3) in 2003 a partnership with PUMA (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) was announced to create two new apparel lines for Puma, Martial Arts and Urban Mobility, which would be launched for their men's 2004 Autumn Collection and continued for a number of years. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) After a number of years working on other partnerships and collaborations, in 2017 it was announced that the brand would create a new range of garments for Autumn/Winter 2018. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Council, British. "Vexed Generation | Artists | Collection | British Council − Visual Arts" (http://visualarts.britishcouncil.org/collection/artists/vexed-generation) . visualarts.britishcouncil.org . Retrieved 2018-09-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Dazed (2017-07-13). "The return of cult political fashion brand Vexed Generation" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/36710/1/the-return-of-cult-political-fashion-brand-vexed-generation-90s-london) . Dazed . Retrieved 2018-09-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Fashion: Pssst! Can you keep a secret?" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/fashion-pssst-can-you-keep-a-secret-1185648.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/fashion-pssst-can-you-keep-a-secret-1185648.html) from the original on 2022-08-17 . Retrieved 2018-09-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "PUMA Announces Partnership with Vexed Generation" (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20031209005225/en/PUMA-Announces-Partnership-Vexed-Generation) . Retrieved 2018-09-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Puma X Vexed Generation" (https://hypebeast.com/2006/3/puma-x-vexed-generation) . HYPEBEAST . Retrieved 2018-09-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Vexed Generation: Fashioning Resistance | Stylus | Innovation Research & Advisory" (https://www.stylus.com/jxmrnb) . Stylus | Innovation Research & Advisory . Retrieved 2018-09-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Dazed (2017-07-13). "The return of cult political fashion brand Vexed Generation" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/36710/1/the-return-of-cult-political-fashion-brand-vexed-generation-90s-london) . Dazed . Retrieved 2018-09-03 . 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WikiProject Transportation in China (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Transportation_in_China) wants new members to help improve, update, and create pages relating to this matter. Sign up today! New Portals Community (reference) (/wiki/Portal:Community) Numismatics (/wiki/Portal:Numismatics) Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia) Portal:Speculative fiction (/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction) has added a feature for listing new and revised articles. Portal:Politics (/wiki/Portal:Politics) has been abandoned and, because it is headed with clippings from current affairs, is grossly out of date and no credit to Wikipedia. Someone expert in Portal design should take this in hand - there's a lot of good material already there. Portal:Theatre (/wiki/Portal:Theatre) has recently been created and seeks several more editors to help out. If you have any questions and comments, please contact User:TBC (/wiki/User:TBC) . Portal:Nuclear technology (/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology) has been created and needs more editors to join and help out. Questions/Comments: User:Schzmo (/wiki/User:Schzmo) . The Iraq portal (/wiki/Portal:Iraq) has recently been created. It still needs a lot of editing, so come and visit it and help us out. Contact Snailwalker (/wiki/User:Snailwalker) for questions. Use forum software or have an interest in them? Well take a look at Portal:Forums (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Forums&action=edit&redlink=1) , the portal to organise Wikipedia's various forum information. Interested in food? Then come to Portal:Food (/wiki/Portal:Food) , a recently created portal that needs several more editors to join and help out. If you have any questions or comments, please contact User:TBC (/wiki/User:TBC) . For those who are fashion savvy, help build the new Portal:Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) . Any questions, comments should be directed to User:Osbus (/wiki/User:Osbus) . Portal:California Central Valley (/w/index.php?title=Portal:California_Central_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1) has been created. Any support is welcome. Portal:Radio (/wiki/Portal:Radio) has been created. Join up! __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Jeb-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-March_2006-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z","replies":["c-Jeb-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z-March_2006"],"uneditableSection":true,"text":"March 2006","linkableTitle":"March 2006"} March 2006 __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Jeb-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-March_2006-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z","replies":["c-Jeb-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z-March_2006"],"uneditableSection":true}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Jeb-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z-March_2006","timestamp":"2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Jeb-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-March_2006-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z","replies":["c-Jeb-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z-March_2006"],"uneditableSection":true,"text":"March 2006","linkableTitle":"March 2006"} Portal:Fascism (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Fascism&action=edit&redlink=1) has been created, and any help editing and adding content would be welcome. Contact User:Lurker (/wiki/User:Lurker) for further details. The poll for the proposal to replace the Main Page (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Usability/Main_Page) is over! Just over 1000 users turned out for the event. The preliminary count of the poll results came out to 687 votes in support of the new design vs 213 oppose , with the remainder voting conditionally, neutrally, or anonymously. In commemoration of the end of the election, check out the pic of the day (/wiki/Wikipedia:Today%27s_second_feature/March_19,_2006) . Cheers! Portal:Industrial Design (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Industrial_Design&action=edit&redlink=1) has been created and needs new materials and edits. Contact User:Juanscott (/wiki/User:Juanscott) for details. Need people interested on subject. Portal:Asia (/wiki/Portal:Asia) has recently been created and needs several more editors to come and help out. See User:TBC (/wiki/User:TBC) if you have any questions or comments. The Tip of the day (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Tip_of_the_day) project needs Wikipedia experts to contribute their best tips. Remember your hardest wiki-lessons learned? Come and share those lessons in the form of tips, so that others won't have to go through the same troubles as you did in the climb up the learning curve. Tips begin displaying again on April 20th (for the first time since 2004)! Portal: Rock and Roll (/wiki/Portal:Rock_and_Roll) has been created. However, it needs help on the construction of the portal itself and collaborators would be appreciated. For more information, see User:Osbus (/wiki/User:Osbus) and if interested, leave a message on User talk: Osbus (/wiki/User_talk:Osbus) . Thank you. Portal:Singularity (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Singularity&action=edit&redlink=1) has recently been created and needs several more editors to come and help out. See User:Jeb (/wiki/User:Jeb) if you have any questions or comments. This will be a HUGE portal and many collaborators will be needed. I find that I am very overwhelmed with trying to figure out how to edit this Portal. Please help 'ole Jeb! Jeb (/wiki/User:Jeb) 05:41, 24 March 2006 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_bulletin_board/Archive_1#c-Jeb-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z-March_2006) __DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__ __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z","author":"Jeb","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Jeb-2006-03-24T05:41:00.000Z-March_2006","replies":[]}} WikiProject Gaelic Games (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Gaelic_Games) , is looking for users to help start up the project. If you have an interest, knowledge of, would like to learn more about Gaelic Games (/wiki/Gaelic_Games) , i.e. Gaelic Football (/wiki/Gaelic_Football) , Hurling (/wiki/Hurling) , Camogie (/wiki/Camogie) , or would just like to help out, then please come and sign up on the project page, or drop the project a line. We have created new portal called Portal:Culture of Indians (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Culture_of_Indians&action=edit&redlink=1) . We need people to help support and design it. We have 6 sections and 2 of them are completed. February, 2005 __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-February,_2005","replies":[],"uneditableSection":true}} Portal:United States Marine Corps (/w/index.php?title=Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1) has been established. Have a look and help out if you can. Wikipedia:Scientific peer review (/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_peer_review) is currently recruiting academic scientists for a review board. If you want to nominate yourself or another, come on over. Also, anyone who wants to help (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Scientific_peer_review) work out the logistics is welcome. Portal:Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) has been established. Come check it out! User:Shuo Xiang (/wiki/User:Shuo_Xiang) is running a Wikipedia survey on User:Shuo Xiang (/wiki/User:Shuo_Xiang) , your participation is much appreciated! Ashibaka is compiling a list of hoaxes on Wikipedia (/w/index.php?title=User:Ashibaka/Hoaxes&action=edit&redlink=1) . If you can remember any he's missed, go ahead and add them! Pulldate:Update this entry every Monday The Article assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_assessment) team, having finished with extinct mammals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_assessment/Extinct_mammals) , is looking at articles about 1980s comedy films (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_assessment/1980s_comedy_films) and accepting submissions for African countries (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_assessment/African_countries) during the week starting March 6, 2006. WikiProject Law Enforcement (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Law_Enforcement) is in desperate need of support. Any help from people with experience or knowledge in this field would be greatly appreciated. A Portal on NATO (/w/index.php?title=Portal:NATO&action=edit&redlink=1) has been created. However it was started without prior knowledge to portal creation and editors to help create it would be extremely welcome. WikiProject Hiking Trails (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hiking_Trails) has been founded and welcomes new members. WikiProject Military history/Middle Ages task force (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history/Middle_Ages_task_force) has formed and welcomes new members. Portal:North America (/wiki/Portal:North_America) has been established and needs editors to construct it. Portal:Denmark (/wiki/Portal:Denmark) is created. Contributions are welcome. The Rugby union collaboration of the fortnight (/wiki/Portal:Rugby_Union/Collaboration_of_the_fortnight) has now started, and needs several more users to help. The first collaboration is rugby union (/wiki/Rugby_union) . The WikiProject Dinosaurs (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Dinosaurs) , has officially been reactivated and seeks more members knowledgable of dinosaurs. Please come and sign up on the project page. There is a new portal called Portal:Culture of Indians (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Culture_of_Indians&action=edit&redlink=1) . People needed to create this hugh portal and thank User:Sango123 (/wiki/User:Sango123) for helping User:Code Napoleon (/wiki/User:Code_Napoleon) with how to create it. There is a new Collaboration Project, Join in (/wiki/Wikipedia:Join_in) , designed to take some of the weight off Article Improvement Drive and deliver a faster response for editors that just need a few helpers with their article. Three articles have been nominated, so get collaborating! WikiGnomes (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiGnome) are writing WikiTips for the upcoming Grand Reopening of the Tip of the day project, which has been on hiatus since 2004. If you are a WikiGnome, and would like to become a Wikipedia tipster (/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_tipster) , feel free to join the fun! More on the reopening later...*We need help with the Basketball Wikiportal (/wiki/Portal:Basketball) . If you like basketball this is the portal for you. Wikipedia has reached 1,000,000 (/wiki/Special:Statistics) articles ! Read the press release (https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_press_releases/English_Wikipedia_hits_milestone_1_million_articles) . The article was Jordanhill railway station (/wiki/Jordanhill_railway_station) , created by Nach0king (/wiki/User:Nach0king) . Anr (/wiki/User:Anr) won the Million Pool (/wiki/Wikipedia:Million_Pool) . Skully Collins (/wiki/User:Skully_Collins) has recently finished the Phil Collins Template (/wiki/Template:Phil_Collins) . Please check if there is anything missing. Wikipedia:Article assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_assessment) is looking at articles about extinct mammals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_assessment/Extinct_mammals) and accepting submissions for 1980s comedy films (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_assessment/1980s_comedy_films) during the week starting 27 February 2006 Portal:Portugal (/wiki/Portal:Portugal) is created. The vote for the Main Page Redesign (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Usability/Main_Page) , which continues through March 18th, is currently running 73% support / 27% oppose . Everyone with a user account is welcome to vote on the The Main Page Redesign Project (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Usability/Main_Page) is proud to present their final draft (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Usability/Main_Page) . Everyone is welcome to vote (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Usability/Main_Page) in the official poll to ratify it over the current Main Page. Congratulations to RexNL (/wiki/User:RexNL) for winning Esperanza (/wiki/Wikipedia:Esperanza) 's Best User Page Award (/wiki/Wikipedia:Esperanza/User_Page_Award) ! Construction has begun on Portal:Psychology (/wiki/Portal:Psychology) . Interested users needed to improve and maintain the portal. A few of us have decided to start WikiProject Early Web History (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Early_Web_History) . If you remember the early thrill of the Web from a decade ago or more, please help us make sure that everyone else will. WikiProject Tycoon Computer Games (/wiki/Wikipedia:TCG) has been launched. We are still looking for users who are knowledgeable about Tycoon Computer Games (/wiki/Tycoon_Computer_Game) and users who can copyedit and such. We would really appreciate your help!* Portal:Puerto Rico (/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico) has been created. Construction is commenced on Portal:Papua New Guinea (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1) . Needs users who are willing to contribute and boldly create. A new WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Former_Yugoslavia) has been formed to help contributors coordinate their efforts on articles regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) , Croatia (/wiki/Croatia) , Macedonia (/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia) , Serbia and Montenegro (/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro) and Slovenia (/wiki/Slovenia) , as well as former Yugoslavia (/wiki/Yugoslavia) . The Apple Macintosh Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Apple_Macintosh&action=edit&redlink=1) needs help in maintenance and construction! If interested please see the Macintosh WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Macintosh) . Please help the Computer and Video Games project to compile a working list of Essential CVG Articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_and_video_games/Essential_articles) for 1.0 or a WikiReader. New portal: U.S. Roads (/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads) . Portal is dedicated to interstate, federal, and state/territorial roads of the United States. New Portal: Olympics (/wiki/Portal:Olympics) . Please help construct this page! There is a new portal, the Human rights Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Human_rights&action=edit&redlink=1) . We need users willing to contribute in field of Human rights. There is a new portal, the Rugby Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby&action=edit&redlink=1) ! We need users to help contribute and edit it and all articles relating to Rugby Football (/wiki/Rugby_Football) . There are also two sub-portals: Portal:Rugby Union (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_Union&action=edit&redlink=1) , and Portal:Rugby League (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Rugby_League&action=edit&redlink=1) . The Shakespeare Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Shakespeare&action=edit&redlink=1) is looking for users to help expand it. The Wikipedia:WikiProject Poker (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Poker) Wikiproject has been active for about a week now. We welcome any new members that can help us complete our uncompleted tasks. New notice board for Wikipedians interested in the three Baltic States (/wiki/Baltic_countries) is launched at Wikipedia:Baltic States notice board (/wiki/Wikipedia:Baltic_States_notice_board) . The Paris Streets (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Paris_Streets) Wikiproject is just ready to go - searchable street database (with infobox code generator) and experimental 'map and floating point' infobox is finally done and operational. Where do you live, where have you visited? Come share! The Paris Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Paris&action=edit&redlink=1) has been launched, but is in need of expansion. Categories concerning Paris (needed by the Portal) are in great need of sorting and organisation - this last task could use some 'tried hands'. New Neopaganism WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Neopaganism) is launched and is looking for more participants. The new WikiProject Pro Golfers (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Pro_Golfers) needs your help inserting infoboxes on as many pages as possible. The template can be found at Template:Infobox golfer (/wiki/Template:Infobox_golfer) . Most of the information that you will need can be found in the pages or at [1] (http://www.golfweb.com/players/r) . Article assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_assessment) begins, looking at natural disasters (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_assessment/Natural_disasters) in its first week. Harry Potter Movies Portal (/w/index.php?title=Portal:Harry_Potter_Movies&action=edit&redlink=1) is launched and is looking for feedback and suggestions. Star Wars Project (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Star_Wars) is launched and is looking for more participants. New weekly collaboration - The Core topics collaboration of the week (/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Core_topics/Core_topics_COTW) - has started. We'll work on essential articles intended for a release version of Wikipedia. You're invited. The Help Project (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Help) needs your help. We are about to undertake the monumental task of cleaning up the Wikipedia namespace, including a redesign of Wikipedia's help system. What were we thinking? Helllllllp! Please have a look at Current computer and video games events (/wiki/Current_computer_and_video_games_events) . It's been going for a couple weeks now (See January entries (/w/index.php?title=January_2006_in_Computer_and_video_games&action=edit&redlink=1) ), and could use more contributors & feedback. New Featured content Portal (/wiki/Portal:Featured_content) is looking for maintainers. New South African municipalities Project (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_South_African_municipalities) is looking for more participants The Germany Portal (/wiki/Portal:Germany) has undergone a major upgrade (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3AGermany&diff=39479985&oldid=36367135) . An experimental lightweight deletion system has started a test run. Discussion is at Wikipedia:Proposed deletion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion) . Sam Korn (/wiki/User:Sam_Korn) and Morven (/wiki/User:Morven) were granted CheckUser status on the request of the Arbitration Committee. 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British journalist Jess Cartner-Morley Born ( 1973-06-01 ) 1 June 1973 (age 51) Alma mater Oxford University (/wiki/Oxford_University) Occupation Fashion journalist Years active 2000―present Spouse Tom Findlay Children 2 Jess Cartner-Morley (born 1 June 1973) [1] (#cite_note-10M-1) [2] (#cite_note-Vogue-2) is a British journalist. She has been the fashion editor of The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) since 2000. [3] (#cite_note-RRoy-3) After attending the private City of London School for Girls (/wiki/City_of_London_School_for_Girls) , and studying History at Oxford University (/wiki/Oxford_University) , Cartner-Morley had work experience at Just Seventeen (/wiki/Just_Seventeen) magazine before joining The Guardian as a researcher. [3] (#cite_note-RRoy-3) She was deputy fashion editor before becoming The Guardian' s fashion editor in June 2000. [3] (#cite_note-RRoy-3) Personal life [ edit ] She is married to Tom Findlay from the electronic music duo Groove Armada (/wiki/Groove_Armada) . They have two children. They live in North London with their dog called Prince. [4] (#cite_note-MMSmith-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-10M_1-0) Cartner-Morley, Jess (28 November 2020). "No Filter: Jess Cartner-Morley Writes About Her Fashion Childhood" (https://10magazine.com/jess-cartner-morley-issue-65-essay/) . 10 Magazine (/wiki/10_Magazine_(British_magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628134600/https://10magazine.com/jess-cartner-morley-issue-65-essay/) from the original on 28 June 2024 . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_2-0) Cartner-Morley, Jess (14 January 2024). "The Unexpected Joy Of Fashion At 50" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/fashion-at-50-kate-moss-victoria-beckham) . British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240114090656/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/fashion-at-50-kate-moss-victoria-beckham) from the original on 14 January 2024 . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Rebekah Roy, "An Interview with Fashion Editor of The Guardian Jess Cartner-Morley" (http://www.fashion-stylist.net/blog/2010/03/26/an-interview-with-fashion-editor-of-the-guardian-jess-cartner-morley/) , Fashion Stylist , 26 March 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-MMSmith_4-0) [1] (https://www.mrandmrssmith.com/our-reviewers/jess-cartner-morley) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131113173956/http://www.mrandmrssmith.com/reviewer/jess-cartner-morley) 2013-11-13 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Mr & Mrs Smith . External links [ edit ] UKmediawatch (https://ukmediawatch.org/2012/08/14/oxford-cambridge-and-the-privileged-guardian-1/) Telegraph Article (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4727934/Now-you-see-her.html) Guardian profile (https://theguardian.com/profile/jesscartnermorley) Jess Cartner-Morley on Twitter (https://twitter.com/JessC_M) How to Dress series on theguardian.com (https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/series/how-to-dress) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐78789c78f5‐z6pl6 Cached time: 20240628135812 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.507 seconds Real time usage: 0.613 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1795/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10155/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1335/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11735/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.325/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5328785/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 595.272 1 -total 39.90% 237.489 1 Template:Infobox_person 33.63% 200.218 1 Template:Reflist 26.84% 159.799 2 Template:Cite_news 16.67% 99.204 1 Template:Short_description 9.95% 59.211 2 Template:Pagetype 9.83% 58.496 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.02% 53.717 18 Template:Main_other 7.68% 45.708 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 7.17% 42.655 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40233859-0!canonical and timestamp 20240628135828 and revision id 1231476238. 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American fashion designer specialising in lingerie Sylvia Pedlar Born ( 1900-06-01 ) June 1, 1900 New York Died February 26, 1972 (1972-02-26) (aged 71) New York Nationality American Label Iris Lingerie Awards Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) (1951; 1964), Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) (1960). [1] (#cite_note-agrid-1) Sylvia Pedlar (1900–1972) was an American fashion designer specialising in lingerie. [1] (#cite_note-agrid-1) She is the only designer to have won the Special Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) more than once, in 1951 and 1964. [1] (#cite_note-agrid-1) Born Sylvia Schlang in 1900 in New York, she was an art student at Cooper Union (/wiki/Cooper_Union) and the Art Students League of New York (/wiki/Art_Students_League_of_New_York) before marrying William A. Pedlar. [1] (#cite_note-agrid-1) In 1929 she launched her own business, Iris Lingerie , which she headed through to its closure in 1970. [1] (#cite_note-agrid-1) For her success Pedlar relied on the high quality of her product rather than employing salesmen or purchasing advertising. [2] (#cite_note-2) She is credited with creating super-short babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) nighties in the early 1940s as a response to fabric shortages during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , although she hated the term "baby doll" and refused to use it. [3] (#cite_note-fe-3) One of her most famous innovations was the easily removable toga (/wiki/Toga) -inspired négligée specially designed for women who slept in the nude. [3] (#cite_note-fe-3) She used the toga theme throughout her career, [4] (#cite_note-met5-4) with one négligée prominently featured in 1962 by both Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . [3] (#cite_note-fe-3) [5] (#cite_note-met62-5) She also reworked Victorian styles such as the traditional modest flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Mother Hubbard nightgown (/wiki/Mother_Hubbard_dress) , which she produced in sheer flowing cotton, [3] (#cite_note-fe-3) and reproduced nineteenth-century whitework embroidery (/wiki/Whitework_embroidery) by machine to such a high standard that her work rivalled luxurious handmade French lingerie. [6] (#cite_note-met55-6) Examples of Pedlar lingerie are held by the Costume Institute (/wiki/Costume_Institute) , [4] (#cite_note-met5-4) [5] (#cite_note-met62-5) [6] (#cite_note-met55-6) and archival material dating from 1946-1967 is held by the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) . [1] (#cite_note-agrid-1) Pedlar died in New York on the February 26, 1972. [1] (#cite_note-agrid-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Sylvia Pedlar collection, 1946-1967" (http://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/902811936) . ArchiveGrid . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Bender, Marylin (17 December 1963). "Lingerie Can Be Sensibly Elegant". The New York Times . ( Cited by Blausen (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/Mu-Pi/Pedlar-Sylvia.html) .) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Blausen, Whitney. "Sylvia Pedlar" (http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/Mu-Pi/Pedlar-Sylvia.html) . Fashion Encyclopaedia . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Staff writer. "Printed nightgown by Sylvia Pedlar, 1955" (http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/158856) . The Collection Online . Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Staff writer. "Negligée by Sylvia Pedlar, 1962" (http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/158857) . The Collection Online . Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Staff writer. "Nightgown and bedjacket by Sylvia Pedlar, 1955" (http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/158851) . The Collection Online . Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras (/wiki/Bra) History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong (/wiki/Thong) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies (/wiki/Falsies) Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) 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Ugandan fashion designer Abbas Kaijuka Born ( 1989-12-15 ) 15 December 1989 (age 34) Uganda (/wiki/Uganda) Nationality Ugandan Occupation Fashion designer Years active 2016–present Abbas Kaijuka is a Ugandan fashion designer, stylist and fashion collector known for his brand Kai's Divo . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) He is a recipient of the East Africa’s Male Fashion Designer of the Year award at the 2020 East Africa Fashion Awards and the Fashion Designer of the Year award at the 2016 (/wiki/Abryanz_Style_and_Fashion_Awards_2016) Abryanz Style & Fashion Awards (/w/index.php?title=Abryanz_Style_and_Fashion_Awards_(ASFAs)&action=edit&redlink=1) and received various nominations including the East African Designer of the year award at the 2017 Swahili Fashion Week. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Awards & Nominations Year Award Category Result Ref 2020 East Africa Fashion Awards East Africa’s Male Fashion Designer of the Year Won [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Stylist of the Year Nominated 2019 Abryanz Style & Fashion Awards Fashion Designer of the Year Won The Man Awars Nigeria Fashion Designer of the Year Africa Won [13] (#cite_note-13) 2018 Abryanz Style & Fashion Awards Fashion Stylist of the Year Nominated Pearl of Africa Fashion Awards Fashion Stylist of the Year Nominated The Man Awards, Nigeria Designer of the Year Africa Nominated Swahili Fashion Week East African Designer of the year Nominated [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) 2017 Abryanz Style & Fashion Awards Fashion Stylist of the Year Nominated Pearl of Africa Fashion Awards Fashion Stylist of the Year Nominated Swahili Fashion Week East African Designer of the year Nominated 2016 Abryanz Style & Fashion Awards Fashion Stylist of the Year Won Rising Star Awards Celebrity Stylist of the Year Won References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Meet Kaijuka Abbas, Every Kampala Celebrity's Favourite Fashion Stylist" (https://bigeye.ug/meet-kaijuka-abbas-every-kampala-celebritys-favourite-fashion-stylist/) . Big Eye . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "How Kaijuka Abbas Became Kampala's Most Sought After Stylist" (https://satisfashionug.com/how-kaijuka-abbas-became-kampalas-most-sought-after-stylist/) . Satisfashion . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Check out Ugandan designer Kai Divo's collection at Swahili Fashion Week" (https://www.matookerepublic.com/2016/12/05/check-out-ugandan-designer-kai-divos-collection-at-swahili-fashion-week/) . Matooke Republic . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Batuta, Gloria. "Kaijuka Abbas Represents UG At Swahili Fashion Week" (https://chano8.com/kaijuka-abbas-represents-ug-at-swahili-fashion-week/) . Chano8 . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Abbas Kaijuka Stands To Win African Male Designer In This Year's Designer Awards Africa" (http://satisfashionug.com/abbas-kaijuka-stands-to-win-african-male-designer-in-this-years-designer-awards-africa/) . Satisfashion . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Rema's Designer Abbas Kaijuka Wins 'Designer of the Year Award' at Men's Fashion Week Nigeria" (https://blizz.co.ug/1520/Remas-Designer--Abbas-Kaijuka-Wins-Designer-of-the-Year-Award-at-Mens-Fashion-Week-Nigeria) . Blizz . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Spice Diana and Designer Abbas Kaijuka Feature on the Sanyuka Wardrobe" (https://uganda.watsupafrica.com/news/spice-diana-and-designer-abbas-kaijuka-feature-on-the-sanyuka-wardrobe/) . Wats Up Africa . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-8) "ABBAS, KANSIIME, MCENSAL SCHOOL OF FASHION, SWAHILI FASHION WEEK EMERGE WINNERS AT EAST AFRICA FASHION AWARDS 2020" (https://hautefashionafrica.com/abbas-kansiime-mcensal-school-of-fashion-swahili-fashion-week-emerge-winners-at-east-africa-fashion-awards-2020/) . Haute Fashion Africa . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Kawalha, Shamim. "Abbas Kaijuka Reveals Success Behind his Fashion Line" (https://chimpreports.com/abbas-kaijuka-reveals-success-behind-his-fashion-line/) . Chimp Reports . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "The Uganda International Fashion Week as it happened: Kaijuka Abbas from Uganda" (https://www.sqoop.co.ug/201908/features/the-uganda-international-fashion-week-as-it-happened.html) . Sqoop . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Abbas Kaijuka stands to win African male designer in this years designer awards Africa" (https://satisfashionug.com/abbas-kaijuka-stands-to-win-african-male-designer-in-this-years-designer-awards-africa/) . Satisfashion . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Ruby, Josh. "Ugandan designer Kaijuka Abbas wins top African award in Nigeria" (https://mbu.ug/2019/12/01/ugandan-designer-kaijuka-abbas-wins-top-african-award-in-nigeria/) . Mbu . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "It's Official, Abbas Kaijuka Is The Designer Of The Year" (https://satisfashionug.com/its-official-abbas-kaijuka-is-the-designer-of-the-year/) . Satisfashion . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Batuta, Gloria. "Kaijuka Abbas Represents UG At Swahili Fashion Week" (https://chano8.com/kaijuka-abbas-represents-ug-at-swahili-fashion-week/) . Chano8 . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-15) "See Every Look From Kai's Divo Collection's New Collection Presented at Swahili Fashion Week" (https://satisfashionug.com/see-every-look-from-kais-divo-collections-new-collection-presented-at-swahili-fashion-week/) . Satisfashion Ug . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . 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Traditional Chinese forehead decoration` Huadian Buddhist donors wearing huadian on the forehead and Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) clothing, Mokao Cave. Type Traditional Chinese women facial makeup Material Diverse Place of origin Spring and Autumn period (/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period) and Warring States period (/wiki/Warring_States_period) , China (/wiki/China) Huadian Huadian applied on forehead, dimples, temples, and cheeks of a Buddhist donor in Tang dynasty hanfu, from Mokao Cave. Chinese name Traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) 花鈿 Simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) 花钿 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) Huādiàn Huazi Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 花子 Literal meaning Little flower Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) Huāzǐ English name English Shouyang makeup/ Plum blossom makeup Huadian ( traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 花鈿 ; simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 花钿 ), also known as huazi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 花子 ; lit. 'Little flower'), [1] (#cite_note-:5-1) mianhua ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 面花 ), meizi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 媚子 ), [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) plum blossom makeup [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) or plum makeup [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 梅花妝 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : méihuāzhuāng or Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 落梅妝 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : luòméizhuāng ) or Shouyang makeup [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 壽陽妝 ), is a form of traditional Chinese (/wiki/Han_Chinese) women ornamental forehead (/wiki/Forehead) makeup, [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) which is located between the eyebrows (/wiki/Eyebrow) [5] (#cite_note-:6-5) [6] (#cite_note-:7-6) and sometimes on the cheeks (/wiki/Cheek) , [1] (#cite_note-:5-1) the temples (/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)) , [7] (#cite_note-:9-7) and the dimples (/wiki/Dimple) . [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) According to a folklore legend, the huadian in floral shape originated in the Southern dynasty period (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) ; [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) its creation is attributed to Princess Shouyang, [9] (#cite_note-9) [6] (#cite_note-:7-6) a daughter of Emperor Wu (/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song) of Liu Song (/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty) (420 – 479 AD). [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) However, the origins of the huadian can be traced back earlier than the folklore legends to the Qin (/wiki/Qin_dynasty) and Han dynasties (/wiki/Han_dynasty) , [7] (#cite_note-:9-7) and even in the pre-Qin period [10] (#cite_note-:10-10) with its customs arising as early as the Spring and Autumn period (/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period) (c. 770 – 476 BC) and Warring States period (/wiki/Warring_States_period) (c. 475 – 221 BC) based on archaeological artifacts and studies. [11] (#cite_note-:11-11) [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) Its origins has no connection with the diandan ( Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 点丹 ; lit. 'Dot Cinnabar'), i.e. Baihao (/wiki/Urna) ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 白毫 ), found on the middle forehead of Buddha statue (/wiki/Buddha_in_art) . [12] (#cite_note-12) The huadian was also popular among Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) and Song dynasties (/wiki/Song_dynasty) ' women. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) The popularity of the huadian declined in the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) . [7] (#cite_note-:9-7) The huadian forms an integral part of Chinese clothing (/wiki/Hanfu) culture. [13] (#cite_note-13) In present days, huadian is often combined with the wearing of hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) , the traditional clothing of the Han Chinese. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) Designs and colours [ edit ] The huadian come in various different shapes and patterns, [1] (#cite_note-:5-1) including flowers, plum blossoms, butterfly, coins, peaches, birds, phoenixes and other animals. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) [14] (#cite_note-:2-14) It is typically red in colour but can also be found in different colours, such as green and gold. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) Different materials such as cuidian ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 翠鈿 ), gold leaf, silver leaf, paper, fish scales, feathers, pearls, jewels, dragonfly wings can be used. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) [1] (#cite_note-:5-1) Application location [ edit ] The huadian is typically applied on the forehead (/wiki/Forehead) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) between the eyebrows (/wiki/Eyebrow) ; [5] (#cite_note-:6-5) [6] (#cite_note-:7-6) sometimes, it is applied on the cheeks (/wiki/Cheek) , [1] (#cite_note-:5-1) on the temples (/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)) , [7] (#cite_note-:9-7) and even on the dimples (/wiki/Dimple) where this form of make-up became referred as mianye ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 面靨 ). [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) Mianye were typically about 1 cm from each sides of the lips and were red in colour. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) During the prosperous period of the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period) , the mianye reached high up to the two sides of the nose. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) History [ edit ] The customs of applying early prototypes of the huadian can be traced back to the Pre-Qin period; [10] (#cite_note-:10-10) for examples, female figurines unearthed from the tomb of Chu (/wiki/Chu_(state)) dating to the Warring States period (/wiki/Warring_States_period) in Changsha (/wiki/Changsha) , Hunan province (/wiki/Hunan) , have decorative shapes or patterns painted on their face, which shows that the prototypes of the huadian already existed much earlier than the folk legends. [11] (#cite_note-:11-11) [2] (#cite_note-:8-2) Northern and Southern dynasties [ edit ] Women with huadian painted on forehead, from the painting Admonitions Scroll (/wiki/Admonitions_Scroll) , attributed to Gu Kaizhi (/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi) . According to a legend, the huadian in floral design originated in the Southern dynasty period (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) when a plum blossom (/wiki/Prunus_mume) was blown on the forehead of Princess Shouyang (a daughter of Song Wudi (/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) ) when the latter was taking a walk in the palace in early spring. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) The plum blossom for some reasons could not be removed or washed off; but since it looked beautiful on the princess, it became a fashion trend. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Another legend says that Princess Shouyang was taking a nap when a plum blossom fell on her forehead (and cheeks [14] (#cite_note-:2-14) ) leaving imprints; [15] (#cite_note-:3-15) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) these imprints stays for three days. [14] (#cite_note-:2-14) The effect of the flower imprint was so striking that it formed a new vogue and was copied by other ladies. [15] (#cite_note-:3-15) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) This fashion trend soon became popular across the country. [14] (#cite_note-:2-14) Tang dynasty and Five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period [ edit ] According to the Youyang zazu ( 酉陽雜俎 ), women in the Tang dynasty painted huazi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 花子 ) on their face, which originated from Shangguan Wan'er (/wiki/Shangguan_Wan%27er) . [11] (#cite_note-:11-11) According to the Chinese folk legend, the red plum blossom huadian became popular in the Tang dynasty under the influence of Shangguan Wan'er. Shangguan Wan'er had her face ruined by Wu Zetian (/wiki/Wu_Zetian) with a scar on the forehead, and as a result, she tattooed a red plum blossom around her scar and dyed it red taking inspiration to the plum blossom makeup created by Princess Shouyang. [16] (#cite_note-:12-16) The red plum blossom not only covered her scar but also made her look more beautiful and charming, which in turn made the makeup popular from the palace ladies to the common folk turning it into a representative makeup of the Tang dynasty. [16] (#cite_note-:12-16) This became known as Hongmei zhuang ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 紅梅妝 ; lit. 'Red Plum Makeup'). In the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , the huadian could also be painted or made of tiny pieces of metal, [6] (#cite_note-:7-6) such as gold or silver foil. [5] (#cite_note-:6-5) Other materials such as paper, fish scales or dragonfly wings were also used to make the huadian . [5] (#cite_note-:6-5) During this period, there were more than 10 variations of plum blossoms which were used as facial adornment. [14] (#cite_note-:2-14) Bird, snake and lead-shaped decorations were also popular. [14] (#cite_note-:2-14) During the prosperous period of the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period) , the mianye reached high up to the two sides of the nose, and they were shaped in the form of coins, peaches, birds, and flowers. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Courtesan with huadian on forehead, Tang dynasty A Tang dynasty woman A Tang dynasty woman Woman wearing huadian on forehead and mianye, Five dynasties (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period) period. Song dynasty [ edit ] In the Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) , huadian embellished with pearls became popular. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) Woman applying huadian in the shape of a flower Song dynasty empress of Qinzong wearing pearl huadian. Empress of Yingzong wearing pearl huadian. 21st century [ edit ] In the 21st century, the huadian typically do not appear on women's face as daily makeup. However, the traditional pattern design of huadian is still used in the designs of contemporary wedding accessories and large shows. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) The huadian is also used as a form of makeup for women when wearing hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) . [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) It is also depicted in many Chinese television drama (/wiki/Chinese_television_drama) . [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) Nowadays, the huadian can either be painted or be applied on the face in the form of commercialized temporary tattoos (/wiki/Tattoo) . Not to be confused with [ edit ] Bindi (/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)) Tilaka (/wiki/Tilaka) Urna (/wiki/Urna) See also [ edit ] Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Hanfu accessories (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e The Palace Museum. "Pottery Figurines In Connection With Ladies' Lives" (https://en.dpm.org.cn/www_oldweb/English/E/E5/part3.htm) . en.dpm.org.cn . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "战国花钿 - 《中国大百科全书》第三版网络版" (https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=339395&Type=bkdzb&SubID=605) . www.zgbk.com . Retrieved 2022-09-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Hua, Mei (2011). Chinese clothing (Updated ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. pp. 32–33. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-521-18689-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 781020660 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/781020660) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Chen, Jack Wei (2010). The poetics of sovereignty : on Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty . Cambridge (Massachusetts). p. 234. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-68417-055-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 956711878 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956711878) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d 刘瑜芬. "How cosmetics were created in ancient China" (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201804/21/WS5ada295aa3105cdcf6519a30.html) . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d 5000 years of Chinese costumes . Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu. San Francisco, CA: China Books & Periodicals. 1987. pp. 86–87. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-8351-1822-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 19814728 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wu, Qian (2022). "传统艺术中的花钿研究--《河北大学》2010年硕士论文" (https://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/article/cdmd-10075-2010208787.htm) . cdmd.cnki.com.cn . Retrieved 2022-09-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Huadian - A Special Hanfu Makeup for Female" (https://www.newhanfu.com/7034.html) . www.newhanfu.com . 20 October 2020 . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Shu, Hongxia (2021). "Rhyme in the Poems by Li Qingzhao and Zhu Shuzhen--《Journal of Yuncheng Advanced Training College》2000年05期" (https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-YCGD200005018.htm) . en.cnki.com.cn . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b Rui, Ying (2016). "浅析妇女花钿妆--《艺术品鉴》2016年12期" (https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-YSPJ201612110.htm) . www.cnki.com.cn . Retrieved 2022-09-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Cao, Lifang (2011). "古代女子的花钿 – 国学网" (http://www.guoxue.com/?p=11516) . Guoxue (in Chinese (China)) . Retrieved 2022-09-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Yu, Qian; Lu, Xiuwen (2006). "敦煌壁画中的妇女花钿妆——妆饰文化研究之五--《敦煌研究》2006年05期" (https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD2006-DHYJ200605009.htm) . www.cnki.com.cn . Retrieved 2022-09-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Li, Xuewei (2007). "古之花钿 今更俏" (http://www.cqvip.com/qk/96606x/200702/24617457.html) . cqvip.com . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Zhang, Lei (2012). "The pursuit of beauty|Life|chinadaily.com.cn" (http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2012-11/16/content_15935976.htm) . europe.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2021-07-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b The Works of Li Qingzhao . Ronald Egan, Anna Shields. Berlin. 2019. p. 170. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5015-0451-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1091683826 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1091683826) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b "Shangguan Wan'er: A beauty blogger in the Tang Dynasty, with skillful hands creating a splendid life" (https://min.news/en/culture/3734fc4ea7824d3d5aa79a241ca8128a.html) . iMedia . 2022-09-23. v t e Traditional Han Chinese clothing (/wiki/Hanfu) Characteristics Garment and neckline (list) (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu) Jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Cross-collars) Mandarin collar (/wiki/Mandarin_collar) Fastening Pankou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Chinese button knot (/wiki/Chinese_button_knot) Zimukou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Styles Baoyi bodai (/wiki/Paofu#Baoyi_bodai) Shangjian xiafeng (/wiki/Ruqun#Shangjian_xiafeng) Fuyao (/wiki/Fuyao_(fashion)) Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) List of hanfu (/wiki/List_of_hanfu) Textile decoration and craft Diancui (/wiki/Tian-tsui) Chinese knotting (/wiki/Chinese_knotting) Chinese embroidery (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list) (/wiki/Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing) Xiangyun (/wiki/Xiangyun_(Auspicious_clouds)) Lishui (sea-waves) (/wiki/Lishui_(sea-waves)) Mandarin square (/wiki/Mandarin_square) Chinese ornamental gold silk (/wiki/Chinese_ornamental_gold_silk) Goldwork (/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)) Chinese patchwork (/wiki/Chinese_patchwork) Belief system and social movement Confucianism (/wiki/Confucianism) Taoism (/wiki/Taoism) Wufu (/wiki/Wufu) Wuxing (Chinese philosophy) (/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)) Yin and Yang (/wiki/Yin_and_Yang) Hanfu movement (/wiki/Hanfu_movement) Sumptuary laws Tifayifu (/wiki/Tifayifu) Related rituals Guan Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) Ji Li (ceremony) (/wiki/Ji_Li_(ceremony)) Garments Set of attire Ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) Tanling ruqun (/wiki/Tanling_ruqun) Qixiong ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) Qungua (/wiki/Qungua) Xiuhefu (/wiki/Xiuhefu) Mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) Bianfu (/wiki/Bianfu) Tongtianguanfu (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) Xuanduan (/wiki/Xuanduan) Diyi (/wiki/Diyi) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Shanku (/wiki/Shanku) Upper garment Ru (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Yi (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Shan (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Ao (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Chang'ao (/wiki/Chang%27ao) Baijiayi (/wiki/Baijiayi) Daxiushan (/wiki/Daxiushan) Bijia (/wiki/Bijia) Banbi (/wiki/Banbi) Dahu (/wiki/Dahu_(clothing)) Beizi (/wiki/Beizi) Pifeng (/wiki/Beizi) Hechang (/wiki/Beizi) Shuitianyi (/wiki/Shuitianyi) Yuanlingshan (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) Robe Shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) Zhiju (/wiki/Shenyi) Quju (/wiki/Shenyi) Paofu (/wiki/Paofu) Daopao (/wiki/Daopao) Zhiduo (/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)) Yuanlingpao (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) Fanlingpao (/wiki/Fanlingpao) Panling Lanshan (/wiki/Panling_Lanshan) Longpao (/wiki/Dragon_robe) Mangfu (/wiki/Mangfu) Tieli (/wiki/Terlig) Yesa (/wiki/Yesa_robe) Zhisun (/wiki/Jis%C3%BCn) Feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) Inner and undergarment Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Hezi (/wiki/Hezi_(clothing)) Moxiong (/wiki/Hezi_(clothing)) Maweiqun (/wiki/Maweiqun) Lower garment Ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) Qun (/wiki/Qun) Baidiequn (/wiki/Baidiequn) Mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) Religious clothing Daojiao fushi (/wiki/Daojiao_fushi) Headwear (list) (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu_headwear) Guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) Mianguan (/wiki/Mianguan) Fengguan (/wiki/Fengguan) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Tang official headwear (/wiki/Tang_official_headwear) Song official headwear (/wiki/Song_official_headwear) Mao Humao (/wiki/Humao) Damao (/wiki/Damao_(hat)) Liangmao (/wiki/Liangmao) Weimao (/wiki/Weimao) Jin Fujin (/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)) Wangjin (/wiki/Wangjin) Hairpin Chinese hairpin (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) Buyao (/wiki/Buyao) Comb Shubi (/wiki/Shubi_(comb)) Veil Honggaitou (/wiki/Honggaitou) Mili (/wiki/Mili_(veil)) Footwear (list) (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Xiuhuaxie (/wiki/Xiuhuaxie) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Accessories (list) (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories) Head Lingzi (/wiki/Lingzi) Neck Yingluo (/wiki/Yingluo_(ornament)) Yunjian (/wiki/Yunjian) Fangxingquling (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) Shoulders Pibo (/wiki/Pibo) Xiapei (/wiki/Xiapei) Chest Yajin (/wiki/Yajin) Waist Yaoqun (/wiki/Yaoqun) Lap Bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) Ribbons and knots Lào zi (/wiki/L%C3%A0o_zi) Portable Hebao (/wiki/Hebao) Xiangnang (fragrant sachet) (/wiki/Hebao) Hu (ritual baton) (/wiki/Hu_(ritual_baton)) Fu (tally) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)) Yufu (fish tally) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Fish_tally/_yufu) Yudai (fish bag) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Yudai) Folding fan (/wiki/Hand_fan) Tuanshan (/wiki/Tuanshan) Jewellery Longevity lock (/wiki/Lock_charm) Yupei (/wiki/Yupei) Jinbu (/wiki/Yupei#Jinbu_(禁步)) Influenced clothing Traditional clothing Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Ryusou (/wiki/Ryusou) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Performance costume Xifu (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) Guzhuang (/wiki/Guzhuang_(costume)) Cosmetics Huadian List of Hanfu (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐tjzts Cached time: 20240716042940 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.609 seconds Real time usage: 0.724 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2586/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 116917/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 921/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 97647/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.400/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15203127/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 621.495 1 -total 27.69% 172.111 1 Template:Reflist 24.25% 150.743 1 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Material innovation company This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinnova&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( May 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Spinnova Plc Native name Spinnova Oyj Company type Public limited company (/wiki/Public_limited_company) ( julkinen osakeyhtiö (/wiki/Julkinen_osakeyhti%C3%B6) ) Founded 2014 ; 10 years ago ( 2014 ) Founder Janne Poranen Juha Salmela Headquarters Jyväskylä (/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4) , Finland (/wiki/Finland) Products Textile (/wiki/Textile) fibre Number of employees 70 Website spinnova (https://spinnova.com/) .com (https://spinnova.com/) Spinnova Plc (natively Spinnova Oyj ) is a Finnish (/wiki/Finland) textile material innovation company, that has developed a breakthrough patented technology for making textile fibre from wood pulp or waste, without harmful dissolving chemicals. [1] (#cite_note-1) The company has developed a technology, which can transform cellulosic (/wiki/Cellulosic) pulp into fiber for the textile industry, with a mechanical process. [2] (#cite_note-2) The company’s headquarters and pilot factory are located in Jyväskylä (/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4) , Finland (/wiki/Finland) and it also has offices in Helsinki (/wiki/Helsinki) , Finland. In 2021, Spinnova and its partner, Suzano Papel e Celulose (/wiki/Suzano_Papel_e_Celulose) announced plans to build the first commercial-scale fiber production facility in Jyväskylä. [3] (#cite_note-3) The facility, called Woodspin, opened in May 2023, with a capacity to produce 1,000 tonnes of sustainable, recyclable and fully biodegradable textile fibre from responsibly-grown wood each year. [4] (#cite_note-4) In March 2024, Spinnova announced to update its strategy and targets, which focuses on technology sales. [5] (#cite_note-5) Technology [ edit ] Spinnova's technology, initially developed at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (/wiki/VTT_Technical_Research_Centre_of_Finland) , led to the formation of an independent company in 2014. [6] (#cite_note-6) This technology is focused on mechanically converting cellulosic fiber (/wiki/Cellulose_fiber) into textile fibers using bio-based raw materials (/wiki/Bio-based_material) . Spinnova has incorporated various materials in its fiber production, including wood, textile waste, and agricultural by-products like wheat and barley straw (/wiki/Straw) . [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2021, the company expanded its research and development efforts to include the creation of fibers derived from leather (/wiki/Leather) waste. [8] (#cite_note-8) Recognitions [ edit ] 2019 World Changing Ideas Awards Winner in the Experimental category [9] (#cite_note-9) Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company) ’s 2020 Innovation by Design Awards’ Sustainability category finalist with Marimekko (/wiki/Marimekko) [10] (#cite_note-10) Sustainability Achievement of the Year 2020 award with Bergans (/wiki/Bergans) [11] (#cite_note-11) Scandinavian Outdoor Awards 2021/22 overall winner with Bergans [12] (#cite_note-12) See also [ edit ] Lyocell (/wiki/Lyocell) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Spinnova. Cleanest process. Disruptive circularity. | Spinnova" (https://spinnova.com/) . spinnova.com . Retrieved 2024-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Peters, Adele (4 August 2019). "This tech can make fabric from old clothing, agricultural waste–and trees" (https://www.fastcompany.com/90326568/this-tech-can-make-fabric-from-old-clothing-agricultural-waste-and-even-trees) . Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company) . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Spinnova and Suzano to invest in a commercial-scale fibre facility in Finland" (https://bioenergyinternational.com/biochemicals-materials/spinnova-and-suzano-to-invest-in-a-commercial-scale-fibre-facility-in-finland) . Bioenergy International (/w/index.php?title=Bioenergy_International&action=edit&redlink=1) . 4 August 2019 . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Woodspin ramps up production of sustainable, wood-based SPINNOVA® fibre at new zero-emission factory | Spinnova" (https://spinnova.com/news/press-releases/woodspin-ramps-up-production-of-sustainable-wood-based-spinnova-fibre-at-new-zero-emission-factory/) . spinnova.com . Retrieved 2024-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Inside information: Spinnova updates its strategy and targets - focus on technology sales" (https://spinnovagroup.com/releases/inside-information-spinnova-updates-its-strategy-and-targets-focus-on-technology-sales/) . Spinnovagroup . 2024-03-14 . Retrieved 2024-07-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Salmela, Jussi (24 January 2020). "The Finnish startup Spinnova is trying to transform the textile industry without burdening the environment (quote): "You can even eat our fibres"(end quote)" (https://forest.fi/article/the-finnish-startup-spinnova-is-transforming-the-textile-industry-without-burdening-the-environment-you-can-even-eat-our-fibres/#00b66d65) . Forest.fi (/w/index.php?title=Forest.fi&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "EUR 50 million factory for Spinnova sustainable fibre" (https://www.innovationintextiles.com/eur-50-million-factory-for-spinnova-sustainable-fibre/) . Innovation in Textiles (/w/index.php?title=Innovation_in_Textiles&action=edit&redlink=1) . 25 February 2021 . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Introducing Respin: Spinnova and ECCO leather partner KT Trading create new circular textile made from leather waste" (https://finance.yahoo.com/news/introducing-respin-spinnova-ecco-leather-072200558.html) . Yahoo! Finance (/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance) . 25 February 2021 . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Spinnova awarded for world-changing idea" (https://www.goodnewsfinland.com/spinnova-awarded-for-world-changing-idea/) . Good News from Finland (/wiki/Good_News_from_Finland) . 10 April 2019 . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Marimekko And Spinnova's Collaboration On Groundbreaking, Sustainable Fabrics Recognized In Fast Company's 2020 Innovation By Design Awards" (https://www.texintel.com/eco-news/marimekko-and-spinnovas-collaboration-on-groundbreaking-sustainable-fabrics-recognized-in-fast-companys-2020-innovation-by-design-awards) . Texintel (/w/index.php?title=Texintel&action=edit&redlink=1) . 4 October 2020 . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Remington, Chris (27 January 2020). "Bergans, Spinnova sweep ISPO awards" (https://www.ecotextile.com/2020012725582/materials-production-news/bergans-spinnova-sweep-ispo-awards.html) . EcoTextile News (/w/index.php?title=EcoTextile_News&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Magnusson, Johan (4 February 2021). "Bergans and Spinnova awarded for Collection of Tomorrow" (https://www.scandinavianmind.com/news/bergans-and-spinnova-awarded-for-collection-of-tomorrow) . Scandinavian Mind (/w/index.php?title=Scandinavian_Mind&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . 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Submission declined on 12 July 2024 by HitroMilanese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:HitroMilanese) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:HitroMilanese) ). This submission's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) —that is, they do not show significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in published , reliable , secondary sources that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the subject (see the guidelines on the notability of people (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) ). Before any resubmission, additional references meeting these criteria should be added (see technical help (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners#Inserting_a_reference) and learn about mistakes to avoid (/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_sourcing_mistakes_(notability)) when addressing this issue). If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shanaya+Kapoor%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shanaya+Kapoor%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shanaya+Kapoor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shanaya+Kapoor%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Shanaya+Kapoor%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Shanaya+Kapoor%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shanaya+Kapoor%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Shanaya+Kapoor%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Shanaya_Kapoor) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Shanaya_Kapoor&defaults=y) Declined by HitroMilanese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:HitroMilanese) 9 days ago. Last edited by AnomieBOT (/wiki/User:AnomieBOT) 9 days ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Nikkyadav&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D§ion=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Submission declined on 3 July 2024 by Jamiebuba (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jamiebuba) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Jamiebuba) ). This submission's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) —that is, they do not show significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in published , reliable , secondary sources that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the subject (see the guidelines on the notability of people (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) ). Before any resubmission, additional references meeting these criteria should be added (see technical help (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners#Inserting_a_reference) and learn about mistakes to avoid (/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_sourcing_mistakes_(notability)) when addressing this issue). If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. Declined by Jamiebuba (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jamiebuba) 18 days ago. Comment: Note to AFC Reviewers: There is currently a redirect from the title of this draft with only minor history. If this draft passes acceptance, the redirect may be deleted. If you wish to accept this draft and do not have the Page mover (/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_mover) privilege, please tag the redirect for speedy deletion with Twinkle as an AFC move, and wait for an admin to delete the redirect. Robert McClenon (/wiki/User:Robert_McClenon) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Robert_McClenon) ) 01:14, 13 July 2024 (UTC) Comment: Not meeting WP:NACTOR (/wiki/Wikipedia:NACTOR) or WP:GNG (/wiki/Wikipedia:GNG) . Additionally, notability can not be inherited. Hitro talk 15:35, 12 July 2024 (UTC) imerging bollywood actress and model Shanaya Kapoor Shanaya Kapoor grace Abu Jani and Sandeep Khoslas fashion show-18 Born ( 1999-10-03 ) 3 October 1999 (age 24) Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) , Maharashtra (/wiki/Maharashtra) , India Occupation Actress Parent Sanjay Kapoor (/wiki/Sanjay_Kapoor) (father) Maheep Kapoor (mother) Relatives Jahaan Kapoor (brother) Anil Kapoor (/wiki/Anil_Kapoor) (uncle) Boney Kapoor (/wiki/Boney_Kapoor) (uncle) Shanaya Kapoor (born on 03 November 1999) is an Indian actress and model. Daughter of actor Sanjay Kapoor (/wiki/Sanjay_Kapoor) and his wife Maheep Kapoor. [1] (#cite_note-1) She made her mark behind the scenes as an assistant director in the movie Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl (2020). [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Early Life and Background [ edit ] Shanaya Kapoor is from a family deeply rooted in the Indian film industry, with her father, Sanjay Kapoor (/wiki/Sanjay_Kapoor) , being an actor as well as her uncles, Anil Kapoor (/wiki/Anil_Kapoor) and Boney Kapoor (/wiki/Boney_Kapoor) . Shanaya's cousins include actors Sonam Kapoor (/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor) , Arjun Kapoor (/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor) , and Janhvi Kapoor (/wiki/Janhvi_Kapoor) . Shanaya completed her schooling at Ecole Mondiale World School (/wiki/Ecole_Mondiale_World_School) in Mumbai. [3] (#cite_note-3) Career [ edit ] Shanaya Kapoor began her career as an assistant director on the 2020 film Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl , which starred her cousin Janhvi Kapoor (/wiki/Janhvi_Kapoor) in the lead role. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In March 2021, Shanaya was officially introduced as a new talent by Karan Johar (/wiki/Karan_Johar) Dharma Productions (/wiki/Dharma_Productions) . She signed a deal with the company. Her debut film will be directed by Shashank Khaitan (/wiki/Shashank_Khaitan) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Shanaya kapoor will be joining the cast of the pan-India film (/wiki/Pan-Indian_film) Vrushabha , co-produced by Karan Johar (/wiki/Karan_Johar) . [6] (#cite_note-6) She is the first brand ambassador for Dot & Key Skincare. [7] (#cite_note-7) She has also done advertising work for Samsung India (/wiki/Samsung_India_Software_Centre) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Modelling She has work as a model for several designers such as Manish Malhotra (/wiki/Manish_Malhotra) , [9] (#cite_note-9) Abu Jani and Sandeep Khosla (/wiki/Sandeep_Khosla) also has been featured in various fashion magazines. [10] (#cite_note-10) She has also partnered with Vogue India (/wiki/Vogue_India) . [11] (#cite_note-11) Filmography [ edit ] Year Title Director Notes Ref. TBA Vrushabha Nanda Kishore In-Production [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Shanaya Kapoor turns 23: Parents Sanjay-Maheep Kapoor, and BFF Navya-Ananya makes it special" (https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/shanaya-kapoor-turns-23-parents-sanjay-maheep-kapoor-and-bff-navya-ananya-makes-it-special-8244647/) . The Indian Express . 2022-11-02 . Retrieved 2024-07-09 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Pics: Janhvi Kapoor's Cousin Shanaya "Learning The Ropes" On Gunjan Saxena Set" (https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pics-janhvi-kapoors-cousin-shanaya-learning-the-ropes-on-gunjan-saxena-set-2278983) . NDTV.com . 2020-08-13 . Retrieved 2024-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Bureau, ABP News (2018-04-14). "PROM NIGHT! Khushi Kapoor, Shanaya Kapoor & Aaliyah Kashyap turn stunners for Ecole Mondiale World School event! PICS!" (https://news.abplive.com/movies/prom-night-khushi-kapoor-shanaya-kapoor-aaliyah-kashyap-turn-stunners-for-ecole-mondiale-world-school-event-pics-864588) . news.abplive.com . Retrieved 2024-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Desk, The Hindu Net (2021-03-22). "Shanaya Kapoor to make Bollywood debut with Dharma Productions" (https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shanaya-kapoor-to-make-bollywood-debut-with-dharma-productions/article61923768.ece) . The Hindu . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 2024-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Desk, The Hindu Net (2021-03-22). "Shanaya Kapoor to make Bollywood debut with Dharma Productions" (https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shanaya-kapoor-to-make-bollywood-debut-with-dharma-productions/article61923768.ece) . The Hindu . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 2024-07-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Karan Johar accepts Shanaya Kapoor has 'lineage benefit' as she bags Mohanlal's Vrushabha" (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-accepts-shanaya-kapoor-has-lineage-benefit-as-she-bags-mohanlal-vrushabha-8841268/) . The Indian Express . 2023-07-16 . Retrieved 2024-07-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bureau, Adgully (2024-04-26). "Dot & Key Skincare announces Shanaya Kapoor as brand ambassador" (https://www.adgully.com/dot-key-skincare-announces-shanaya-kapoor-as-brand-ambassador-145029.html) . www.adgully.com . Retrieved 2024-07-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Shanaya Kapoor and Prit Kamani #AmpYourAwesome with Galaxy A Series" (https://news.samsung.com/in/shanaya-kapoor-and-prit-kamani-ampyourawesome-with-galaxy-a-series) . news.samsung.com . Retrieved 2024-07-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) September 21 2023, SABRINA MATHEWSLast Updated; Pm, 06:09. "It May Be White But Shanaya Kapoor's White Manish Malhotra Saree Is Just As Festive" (https://swirlster.ndtv.com/style/it-may-be-white-but-shanaya-kapoors-white-manish-malhotra-saree-is-just-as-festive-4410906) . swirlster.ndtv.com . Retrieved 2024-07-03 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : |first2= has numeric name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#numeric_names) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Shanaya Kapoor Embodies Gen Z Fashion In Latest Pics" (https://news.abplive.com/web-stories/celebrities/shanaya-kapoor-gen-z-fashion-elle-magazine-photos-1695566) . news.abplive.com . Retrieved 2024-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Staff, Vogue (2024-06-03). "Shanaya Kapoor's Euro summer style includes patterns and maxi dresses" (https://www.vogue.in/content/shanaya-kapoors-euro-summer-style-includes-patterns-and-maxi-dresses) . Vogue India . Retrieved 2024-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Shanaya Kapoor, Zahrah S Khan join Mohanlal-starrer Vrushabha" (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shanaya-kapoor-zahrah-s-khan-join-mohanlal-starrer-vrushabha-8839609/) . The Indian Express . 2023-07-15 . Retrieved 2024-07-09 . External links [ edit ] Shanaya Kapoor (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11863914/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Shanaya Kapoor (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/shanaya-kapoor/) at Bollywood Hungama (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama) Shanaya Kapoor (https://www.instagram.com/shanayakapoor02/?hl=en) at Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐844cd986b8‐8rrmj Cached time: 20240722150012 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, vary‐user, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.435 seconds Real time usage: 0.576 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3648/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 123303/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9718/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 56784/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.262/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7804931/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 524.750 1 -total 38.83% 203.774 2 Template:AFC_submission 35.75% 187.615 2 Template:AfC_submission/declined 34.62% 181.647 2 Template:Ombox 27.55% 144.560 1 Template:Reflist 21.68% 113.778 10 Template:Cite_web 19.52% 102.435 1 Template:Infobox_artist 16.76% 87.938 1 Template:AfC_submission/helptools 16.30% 85.550 4 Template:Hidden 6.08% 31.885 1 Template:Find_sources Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:77279540-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722150012 and revision id 1234183873. 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Hairstyles in ancient Rome Marble bust 'Matidia 1' c.119 CE Roman statue of a woman with elaborate hairstyle ( Aphrodisias (/wiki/Aphrodisias) , 2nd century AD) Hairstyle fashion in Rome (/wiki/Rome) was ever changing, and particularly in the Roman Imperial Period (/wiki/Roman_Empire) there were a number of different ways to style hair. As with clothes, there were several hairstyles that were limited to certain people in ancient society. Styles are so distinctive they allow scholars today to create a chronology of Roman portraiture (/wiki/Roman_portraiture) and art; we are able to date pictures of the empresses on coins or identify busts depending on their hairstyles. Barbery was introduced to Rome by Publius Titinius Menas (/wiki/Titinia_gens) , who, in 209 or 300 BCE, brought a barber from the Greek colonies (/wiki/Greek_colonisation) in Sicily (/wiki/Sicily) . During earlier parts of Roman history, most people acted as their own barber. Due to the difficulty in handling the tools of barbery the craft became a profession. This profession prospered most during the Imperial period. (/wiki/Roman_Empire) Significance [ edit ] A young woman sits while a servant fixes her hair with the help of a cupid (/wiki/Cupid) , who holds up a mirror (/wiki/Mirror) to offer a reflection, detail of a fresco (/wiki/Fresco) from the Villa of the Mysteries (/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries) , Pompeii (/wiki/Pompeii) , c. 50 BC Much like today, hair for the Romans was as much an expression of personal identity as clothes. Hairstyles were determined by a number of factors, namely gender, age, social status, wealth and profession. A woman's hairstyle expressed her individuality in the ancient Roman World. How one dressed one's hair was an indication of a person's status and role in society. Hair was a very erotic area of the female body for the Romans, and attractiveness of a woman was tied to the presentation of her hair. As a result, it was seen as appropriate for a woman to spend time on her hair in order to create a flattering appearance. Hairdressing and its necessary accompaniment, mirror gazing, were seen as distinctly feminine activities. Lengthy grooming sessions for women were tolerated, despite writers such as Tertullian and Pliny commenting on their abhorrence for time and energy women dedicate to their hair. [1] (#cite_note-1) However, the numerous depictions of women hairdressing and mirror-gazing in tomb reliefs and portraiture is a testament to how much hairdressing was seen as part of the female domain. [2] (#cite_note-2) For more than just attractiveness, hairstyling was the leisure pursuit of the cultured, elegant woman. Hair was seen as much as an indication of wealth and social status as it was of taste and fashion. But unlike modern-day hairstyles, comfort and naturalism for the Romans took a back-seat to hairstyles that displayed the wearer's wealth to a maximum. In other words, having a complex and unnatural hairstyle would be preferred to a simple one, because it would illustrate the wealth of the wearer in being able to afford to take the time to style their hair. [3] (#cite_note-Bartman_2001,_6-3) For women to have a fashionable hairstyle showed they were part of the elegant Roman culture. A 'natural' style was associated with barbarians, who the Romans believed had neither the money nor the culture to create these styles. "Natural" showed a lack of culture, and grooming of the hair went hand-in-hand with being part of a sophisticated civilization. The association with barbarians was why Roman men kept their hair cut short. [3] (#cite_note-Bartman_2001,_6-3) It was the job of slave hairdressers, called ornatrices , to create their master's hairstyle new each day, as well as pulling out any grey hairs. [4] (#cite_note-4) Apart from society, hair was used symbolically to mark rites of passage; for instance, loosened hair was common at a funeral, and the seni crines was the hairstyle worn by brides and Vestal Virgins (/wiki/Vestal_Virgin) ; divided and plaited into six braids, and in the case of the bride, it was parted with a spear. [5] (#cite_note-5) A bride's hair was parted with a hasta recurva or hasta caelibaris , a bent iron spearhead and crowned with flowers. In addition to ceremonies hairstyle defined the age of a woman. [6] (#cite_note-6) There was a marked difference in hair acceptable for preadolescent girls and sexually mature women. Preadolescent girls would often have long hair cascading down the back where as women would have equally long hair but it would be controlled through wrapping and braiding. Medical and religious [ edit ] It was common for sailors to shave their eyebrows and dedicate the hair to the gods, to earn their protection. The Vestal virgins (/wiki/Vestal_Virgin) would hang leftover hair on trees as a religious service and to consecrate (/wiki/Consecration) a person. In Martial's (/wiki/Martial) Epigrams (/wiki/Epigram) a character (/wiki/Character_(arts)) named Encolpus dedicates their hair to a character named Phoebus. [7] (#cite_note-7) The Romans also believed that shaving one's head was necessary for diagnosing (/wiki/Diagnosis) certain illnesses (/wiki/Disease) . Pliny the Elder suggested many possible cures (/wiki/Cure) and remedies (/wiki/Traditional_medicine) for balding (/wiki/Hair_loss) hair. [8] (#cite_note-8) It was a popular custom (/wiki/Convention_(norm)) to dedicate the hair from someone's first haircut to the gods (/wiki/Roman_mythology) . Usually, the time a Roman would perform this act was when they reached the age of 20 (/wiki/20_(number)) or donned the toga virillis (/wiki/Toga) . [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) Headgear [ edit ] Statue showing palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) drawn over head. This hairstyle is that of the Antonine Period. Veils [ edit ] Perhaps due to its erotic association, hair was often linked with Roman ideas of female modesty and honour. We know that veils were important in this case, as they protected against (or encouraged, according to Seneca the Elder (/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder) ) solicitations by men. [10] (#cite_note-10) The palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) was the mark of a married, respectable woman. It was a piece of cloth wrapped around the body with one end over the shoulder. There is significant evidence for the palla being draped over the back of the head as a veil. [11] (#cite_note-11) The palla supposedly signified the dignity and sexual modesty of a married woman, but due to its encumbering nature as a veil, there has been much debate whether it was only worn in public by the aristocracy, or if at all by working women of lower classes. [12] (#cite_note-12) Vittae were woollen fillets that bound a married woman's hair. They were another indication of a wife's modesty and purity and were seen as part of the clothing and presentation of a matron. [13] (#cite_note-13) Vittae could be inset with precious stones, or in the case of the Flaminicae , they would be purple in colour. Wigs [ edit ] Due to the nature of hair and the relatively wet climate in the upper reaches of the Roman Empire, there are very few examples of wigs that survive to this day. Women wore wigs whether they were bald or not. So too did men; Emperor Otho (/wiki/Otho) wore a wig, as did Domitian (/wiki/Domitian) . [14] (#cite_note-14) Wigs allowed women to better achieve the kind of 'tall' styles that particularly punctuated the Flavian (/wiki/Flavian_dynasty) and Trajanic eras (e.g. the periods of 69–96 and 98–117 AD). So tall were these hairstyles, that ancient writer Juvenal (/wiki/Juvenal) likens them to multi-storey buildings. So important is the business of beautification; so numerous are the tiers and storeys piled one upon another on her head! — Juvenal, Satires [15] (#cite_note-15) Fresco showing a woman looking in a mirror as she dresses (or undresses) her hair, from the Villa of Arianna at Stabiae (/wiki/Stabiae) (Castellammare di Stabia), 1st century AD Wigs were made from human hair; blonde (/wiki/Blonde) hair from Germany and black from India were particularly prized, especially if the hair came from the head of a person from a conquered civilisation. [16] (#cite_note-16) The blond hair of various Germanic peoples (/wiki/Germanic_peoples) symbolized the spoils of war. In cases where wigs were used to hide baldness, a natural look was preferred, therefore a wig with a hair colour similar to the wearer's original was worn. But in instances where a wig was worn for the purpose of showing off, naturalism did not play much of a part. Obviously fake wigs were preferred, sometimes intertwined with two contrasting hair colours with blonde hair from Germany and black from India. [17] (#cite_note-17) Gold dust also gave the appearance of blond hair and enhanced already blond hair. Emperor Lucius Verus (/wiki/Lucius_Verus) (r. 161 – 169 AD), who had natural blond hair, was said to sprinkle gold dust on his head to make himself even blonder. [18] (#cite_note-18) Marble portrait of a young girl wearing a wig, about 120–230 AD, British Museum A convenience of wigs used by Romans is that they could be directly pinned onto the head of the wearer, meaning a style could be achieved much faster than if it had been done with the wearer's own hair. Further, it would lessen the inconvenience of having to grow one's own hair too long. It has been suggested that the necessary length to be able to create these hairstyles daily would be well below the shoulder, perhaps to the waist. [19] (#cite_note-19) There were two types of wig in Roman times: the full wig, called the capillamentum , and the half wig, called the galerus . [20] (#cite_note-20) The galerus could be in the form of a fillet of woolen hair used as padding to build an elaborate style, or as a toupee on the back or front of the head. Toupees were attached by pins, or by sewing the it onto a piece of leather and attaching it as a wig. Further, glue could be used to affix it to the scalp or alternatively, as a bust from the British Museum illustrates, the toupee could be braided into the existing hair. [21] (#cite_note-21) Janet Stephens (/wiki/Janet_Stephens) is an amateur archaeologist and hairdresser who has reconstructed some of the hairstyles of ancient Rome, attempting to prove that they were not done with wigs, as commonly believed, but with the person's own hair. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Detachable marble wigs [ edit ] Busts (/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)) themselves could have detachable wigs. There have been many suggestions as to why some busts have been created with detachable wigs and some without. Perhaps the main reason was to keep the bust looking up-to-date. It would have been too expensive to commission a new bust every time hair fashion changed, so a mix-and-match bust would have been preferable for women with less money. [24] (#cite_note-Kleiner_and_Matheson_1996,_174-24) Perhaps another reason was to accommodate the Syrian (/wiki/Syrian) ritual of anointing the skull of the bust with oil. [24] (#cite_note-Kleiner_and_Matheson_1996,_174-24) Or further, in cases where the bust was a funerary commission, it can be safely assumed that the subject of the bust would not have had an opportunity to sit for another portrait after their death. [25] (#cite_note-25) Although exactly how these marble wigs were attached is unknown, the likely difficulty of changing the 'wigs' effectively would have probably put many women off choosing a detachable and reattachable bust in the first place. [26] (#cite_note-jstor-26) Profession [ edit ] Dyes [ edit ] Dyeing hair was popular among women, although frequent dyeing often made it weaker. Tertullian discusses a hair dye that burnt the scalp and was harmful for the head. [27] (#cite_note-27) Artificial colors were applied as powders and gels. Henna (/wiki/Henna) or animal fat could be applied to make the hair more manageable. [28] (#cite_note-28) To prevent graying, some Romans wore a paste at night made from herbs and earthworms; in addition, pigeon dung was used to lighten hair. In order to dye hair black, Pliny the Elder (/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder) suggests applying leeches that have rotted in red wine for 40 days. [29] (#cite_note-29) Dyeing hair red involved a mixture of animal fat and beechwood ashes [30] (#cite_note-30) whilst saffron was used for golden tones. [31] (#cite_note-31) Ovid mentions several vegetable dyes. [32] (#cite_note-32) To cure diseases such as hair loss, Pliny suggests the application of a sow's gall bladder, mixed with bull's urine, or the ashes of an ass's genitals, or other mixtures such as the ashes of a deer's antlers mixed with wine. Further, goat's milk or goat's dung is said to cure head lice. [33] (#cite_note-33) Roman bone pin (/wiki/Bone_tool) with traces of a green dye Suetonius (/wiki/Suetonius) , in his The Twelve Caesars states: [34] (#cite_note-34) These he reserved for his parade, compelling them not only to dye their hair red and to let it grow long, — Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars Roman prostitutes (/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome) dyed (/wiki/Hair_coloring) their hair yellow to indicate their profession. Usually, they would just wear a wig (/wiki/Wig) dyed yellow. To dye their hair yellow they used a mixture of the ashes of burnt nuts or plants. Romans would make a black dye by fermenting (/wiki/Fermentation) leeches (/wiki/Leech) in a lead (/wiki/Lead) vessel. [35] (#cite_note-35) Gold Hairnet, Imperial period, Pompeii (/wiki/Pompeii) Curling irons, pins and hairnets [ edit ] The calamistrum was the name for the Roman curling iron (/wiki/Curling_iron) . It consisted of a hollow metal outer cylinder and a smaller solid cylinder inside it. The hair would be wrapped around the solid cylinder and inserted into the metal outer. The metal outer would be heated in a fire, making the hair curly. It has been reported that because of the frequency and temperature that hair was curled at, thinning and damaged hair was common amongst women. [36] (#cite_note-36) While gel and henna, as mentioned above, were used to manage hair, hairnets and pins were in common usage too. Poorer women would have used wooden pins, while the aristocracy used gold, ivory, crystal, silver or painted bone. The pins were decorated with carvings of the gods, or beads and pendants. [37] (#cite_note-37) Society [ edit ] Most barber shops were located in tabernae (/wiki/Taberna) . Many shops clustered around the Temple of Flora (/wiki/Temple_of_Flora) and the Circus Maximus (/wiki/Circus_Maximus) . [38] (#cite_note-38) It is possible that only barbers with connections to wealthy people were allowed or able to practice in tabernae, while most others would have been forced to practice in the open. They would be identified of signs depicting scissors or mirrors located outside the shop's premises. Plautus (/wiki/Plautus) , an ancient Roman playwright (/wiki/Playwright) , wrote about characters (/wiki/Character_(arts)) going to the barber's shop. Whilst there, they would often discuss gossip (/wiki/Gossip) and talk about news (/wiki/News) . [39] (#cite_note-39) This resulted in Roman barbers gaining a habit of excessively talking about the latest news and gossip to their customers (/wiki/Customer) . Oftentimes barber's shops became incredibly crowded. Emperor Domitian (/wiki/Domitian) regulated (/wiki/Roman_law) barbershops, prohibiting razors (/wiki/Razor) from being drawn in the middle of a dense crowd, and barbers from practicing in public places. Another emperor, Trajan (/wiki/Trajan) , once pondered how the Lex Aquilia (/wiki/Lex_Aquilia) , a law concerning liability (/wiki/Liability_insurance) , would conflict with this law. Trajan cited an example of a slave (/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome) who had their throat slit by a barber because the barber, who was practicing in a public space, had their hand moved by a ball. There were also barber labor unions (/wiki/Trade_union) . [9] (#cite_note-:2-9) [40] (#cite_note-:13-40) Process [ edit ] To begin the haircut the customer would step on a low stool. Then the barber would place a wrapper around them in order to protect their toga (/wiki/Toga) . He would proceed to comb through the customer's hair while asking them what he should do with their hair. Most Romans liked their hairs to be of even length (/wiki/Length) . [40] (#cite_note-:13-40) Sometimes the head or eyebrows (/wiki/Eyebrow) were even shaved. [41] (#cite_note-:23-41) Aside from cutting hair Roman barbers would also clean and pare (/wiki/Kitchen_knife) the nails (/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)) of their customer using special knives. [40] (#cite_note-:13-40) The corns (/wiki/Corn_(medicine)) were also cut, stray hairs plucked, and warts (/wiki/Wart) removed. [40] (#cite_note-:13-40) Shears (/wiki/Hair-cutting_shears) were used to cut the hair on the crown (/wiki/Crown_(anatomy)) of the head. At the end of the barber's work they would place a mirror (/wiki/Mirror) up to the customer's face so that they could judge the quality of their work. [41] (#cite_note-:23-41) The barber would also use a curling iron (/wiki/Hair_iron) , tweezers (/wiki/Tweezers) , and razors (/wiki/Razor) . [41] (#cite_note-:23-41) Each razor had its own case. [42] (#cite_note-:02-42) Some barbers made enough money to own 20 slaves (/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome) and 20 horses (/wiki/Horse) . [40] (#cite_note-:13-40) Styles over time [ edit ] Roman hairstyles changed, but there were several constant hairstyles that were used continuously, such as the tutulus , or the bun. The beehive, helmet, hairbouquet or pillbox are modern day names given to Roman (/wiki/Ancient_Rome) hairstyles. Tutulus [ edit ] The tutulus was originally an Etruscan (/wiki/Etruscan_society) style worn commonly in the late 6th and early 5th century BCE [43] (#cite_note-43) was a hairstyle worn primarily by the materfamilias , the mother of the family. [44] (#cite_note-Olson_2008,_39-44) It remained in constant use even when fashion changed. To achieve it, the hair was divided and piled high and shaped into a bun, after which it was tied with purple fillets of wool. By the end, the hair would be conical in shape. It was also the hairstyle worn by the flaminicae . [44] (#cite_note-Olson_2008,_39-44) Portrait head of a young woman on a modern bust, late 1st–early 2nd century CE (Rome, Capitoline Museums 434) Republican period and Augustan era styles [ edit ] The nodus style was particularly common in the Republican period. In Imperial iconography the nodus coiffure was associated predominately with the women of Augustus' household. The nodus style saw the hair parted in three, with the hair from the sides of the head tied in a bun at the back while the middle section is looped back on itself, creating an effect not unlike the (comparably modern) Pompadour (/wiki/Pompadour_(hairstyle)) style. [45] (#cite_note-45) Livia (/wiki/Livia) , wife of Augustus (/wiki/Augustus) , and Octavia (/wiki/Octavia_Minor) , sister of Augustus, particularly favoured the nodus style, both continuing to use it well into the Imperial Period. [46] (#cite_note-46) Other styles in the Julio-Claudian (/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty) era were designed to be simple, with hair parted in two and tied in a bun at the back. This was perhaps done in order to juxtapose Roman modesty against Cleopatra (/wiki/Cleopatra) and her flamboyance. [47] (#cite_note-47) Flavian and Antonine hairstyles [ edit ] The back of the portrait head shown above, late 1st–early 2nd century CE (Rome, Capitoline Museums 434) Flavian and Antonine hairstyles differed greatly between men and women in real life and in the physical appearance of hair for male and female sculptures. In ancient Rome hair was a major determinant of a woman's physical attractiveness; women preferred to be presented as young, and beautiful. Therefore, female sculptures were known to have dramatic curls carved with strong chiaroscuro (/wiki/Chiaroscuro) effects. On the other hand, most men in the Flavian period of the late first century CE have their hair trimmed short on the crown like the portrait of Domitian (/wiki/Domitian) for example (pictured) that implied an active role in society, while a woman's connoted passivity. Flavian (/wiki/Flavian_dynasty) and Antonine (/wiki/Nervan-Antonine_dynasty) hairstyles are perhaps the most famous, and extravagant, of Imperial Rome's styles. During this time the aristocratic women's style became the most flamboyant (Cypriote curls). The styles were lofty, with masses of shaped curls and braids. The high arching crowns on the front were made using fillets of wool and toupees, and could be attached to the back of the head as well as the front. Typically, as in the case of the famous Fonseca Bust (pictured), this particular hairstyle appears to have been popular during the Flavian period. The hair was combed into two parts; the front section was combed forwards and built with curls, while the back was plaited and coiled into an elaborate bun ( orbis comarum ). [48] (#cite_note-48) This fashion was described by the writer Juvenal as the hairstyles that made women appear tall from the front but quite the opposite from the back. The later Antonine period saw curls at the front of the head brought to a lower level than the Flavian period. The braids coiled at the back of the head were brought further forward, instead often resting on the top of the head. Another style of the Antonine period saw the hair separated into rivets and tied at the back. [49] (#cite_note-:0-49) Furthermore, whether Roman portraits faithfully translate the actual hairstyles worn by the sitters is problematic because of the scarcity of surviving hair which leaves little basis of comparison. The second problem is the physical accuracy of the Roman portraits itself. However, as a result of the many sculptures that have some reference to hair, ethnographers and anthropologists have recognized hair to play a key role in identifying gender and determining societies in which individuals belonged. [49] (#cite_note-:0-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) Severan dynasty [ edit ] Julia Domna (/wiki/Julia_Domna) , wife of Septimius Severus (/wiki/Septimius_Severus) , had a particularly notable hairstyle. Julia Domna was the wig's most influential patron. She wore a heavy, globular wig with simple finger-sized waves with a simple center parting. Julia Domna was the daughter of a high-ranking priest from Syria (/wiki/Syria) , and it has been suggested that her style was indicative of her foreign origins. [51] (#cite_note-51) Despite being from the East, she adopted a wig to project a familiar Roman guise and particularly in order to imitate her predecessor, Faustina the Younger. [52] (#cite_note-Bartman_2001,_17-8-52) In 2012 Janet Stephens (/wiki/Janet_Stephens) 's video Julia Domna: Forensic Hairdressing , a recreation of a later hairstyle of the Roman empress, was presented at the Archaeological Institute of America (/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America) ’s annual meeting in Philadelphia. Foreign women often wore their hair differently from Roman women, and women from Palmyra (/wiki/Palmyra) typically wore their hair waved in a simple center-parting, accompanied by diadems and turbans according to local customs. Women from the East were not known to commonly wear wigs, preferring to create elaborate hairstyles from their own hair instead. [52] (#cite_note-Bartman_2001,_17-8-52) As time progressed, Severan hairstyles switched from the finger-waved center parting style, to one with more curls and ringlets at the front and back of the head, often accompanied by a wig. [53] (#cite_note-53) Men's hairstyles [ edit ] Bust of Julius Caesar (/wiki/Julius_Caesar) in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples (/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Naples) Roman hairstyles for men would change throughout ancient times. While men's hair may have required no less daily attention than women's, the styling as well as the social response it engendered were radically different. Lengthy grooming sessions for men would be looked at as taboo. Throughout the period as well, women's hair was carved according to different techniques based on the sex. For example, one of the primary features that is seen in many women but never in men is long hair divided by a center part. It is apparent men never wore this, since there is no biological difference in hair between sexes this is a practice determined solely by culture. Eyebrows of both sexes were tended to be treated in the same manner. [54] (#cite_note-:1-54) In early times, it is most likely Roman men wore their hair long. With the introduction of barbers called tonsors in about 300 BC it became customary to wear hair short. In Ancient Rome, household slaves would perform hairdressing functions for wealthy men. However, men who lacked access to private hairdressing and shaving services or those who preferred a more social atmosphere went to a barbershop ( tonstrina ). Barbershops were places of social gatherings and a young man's first shave was often even celebrated as a passage to manhood in the community. The barbers usually shaved the customers faces with iron razors and applied an aftershave with ointments that may have contained spider webs. Trimming a head of hair and shaving would be the rule in Rome in the second century BC. Roman men who wore beards would not be admitted into the senate unless they shaved. [55] (#cite_note-55) Bust of the emperor Hadrian (/wiki/Hadrian) in the Capitoline Museums (/wiki/Capitoline_Museums) In Ancient Rome it was desirable for men to have a full head of hair. This was a problem for Julius Caesar (/wiki/Julius_Caesar) . Being bald was considered a deformity at the time, so Caesar went to great pains to hide his thinning hair, combing his thin locks forward over the crown of his head. Suetonius (/wiki/Suetonius) wrote: "His baldness was something that greatly bothered him." Caesar was allowed by the Senate to wear a laurel crown with which he was able to mask his receding hairline. During the Roman times it is easy to know how the emperors wore their hair. For example, one constant feature of Augustus (/wiki/Augustus) 's portraits is his hairstyle, with its distinctive forked locks of hair on his forehead. [56] (#cite_note-56) The emperor was most often looked at as the trendsetter during these times. This is shown by the emperor Nero (/wiki/Nero) (54–68 AD), who adopted elaborate hairstyles with curls and even had sideburns. Men began to curl their hair more and Nero started the trend. Following in the Flavian period most men have hair trimmed short on the crown and lacking strong plasticity. [54] (#cite_note-:1-54) During the next few decades a straight hair cut with forehead bangs was popular with Trajanic (/wiki/Trajan) men. Another trend that was started by emperor Hadrian (/wiki/Hadrian) (117–138 AD). He was the first emperor to wear a beard, and after him many of the emperors continued the trend. [57] (#cite_note-57) This has usually been seen as a mark of his devotion to Greece and Greek culture. One literary source, the Historia Augusta , claims that Hadrian wore a beard to hide blemishes on his face. [58] (#cite_note-58) See also [ edit ] Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) Greco-Roman hairstyle (/wiki/Greco-Roman_hairstyle) List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) Clothing in ancient Greece (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) Clothing in ancient Rome (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Tertullian., De Culti Feminarum,2:7 (http://www.tertullian.org/anf/anf04/anf04-07.htm#P419_87976) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kampman (1981), 149–52 ^ Jump up to: a b Bartman (2001), 6 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/507324?&Search=yes&term=%22Elizabeth+Bartman%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Elizabeth%2BBartman%2522%26wc%3Don&item=2&ttl=26&returnArticleService=showArticle) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Carcopino (1973), 167 (https://books.google.com/books?id=5LiIJEU4bE8C&q=daily+life+in+ancient+rome+carcopino) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bartman (2001), 4 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/507324?&Search=yes&term=%22Elizabeth+Bartman%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Elizabeth%2BBartman%2522%26wc%3Don&item=2&ttl=26&returnArticleService=showArticle) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Roman Wedding Clothing" (http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-clothing/roman-wedding-clothing.htm) . www.tribunesandtriumphs.org . Retrieved 2015-11-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Martialis, Marcus Valerius. Epigrams . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Pliny the Elder. Natural History (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Rackham,_Jones,_%26_Eichholz)/Book_20) . ^ Jump up to: a b Kaufman, David B (March 21, 1932). " Roman Barbers (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4339078?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents) ". The Classical Weekly (/w/index.php?title=The_Classical_Weekly&action=edit&redlink=1) . No. 25. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 4339078. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Seneca the Elder., Controversiae 2.7.6 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Olson (2008), 33 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Fantham (2008), 166-7; Olsen (2008), 33-6 both offer discussion on this ^ (#cite_ref-13) Olson (2008), 36 ^ (#cite_ref-14) Suetonius., Life of Otho, 12 [1] (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0132%3Alife%3Dotho%3Achapter%3D12) ; Morgan (1997), 214 ^ (#cite_ref-15) Juvenal., Satire Book 6, 58-9 (http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/juvenal_satires_06.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-16) Ovid, Amores, 1:14:45-6 [2] (http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.03.0016;layout=;query=toc;loc=1.14.1) [ permanent dead link ] ; Bartman (2001), 14 [3] (https://www.jstor.org/stable/507324?&Search=yes&term=%22Elizabeth+Bartman%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Elizabeth%2BBartman%2522%26wc%3Don&item=2&ttl=26&returnArticleService=showArticle) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Bartman (2001), 14 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/507324?&Search=yes&term=%22Elizabeth+Bartman%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Elizabeth%2BBartman%2522%26wc%3Don&item=2&ttl=26&returnArticleService=showArticle) ^ (#cite_ref-18) Michael Grant (1994). The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition (https://books.google.com/books?id=1KTVnjWiEo0C&q=The+Antonines:+The+Roman+Empire+in+Transition) . London & New York: Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-415-10754-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10754-7) , pp 27-28. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Olson (2008), 71; Bartman (2001), 10 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/507324?&Search=yes&term=%22Elizabeth+Bartman%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Elizabeth%2BBartman%2522%26wc%3Don&item=2&ttl=26&returnArticleService=showArticle) ^ (#cite_ref-20) Olson (2008), 74 ^ (#cite_ref-21) Bust of Matidia, London, The British Museum 1805.7-3.96; Bartman (2001), 10 ^ (#cite_ref-22) Stephens, Janet (2008). "Ancient Roman hairdressing: on (hair)pins and needles". Journal of Roman Archaeology . 21 : 110–132. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1017/S1047759400004402 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759400004402) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 193177068 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193177068) . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Pesta, Abigail (2013-02-06). "On Pins and Needles: Stylist Turns Ancient Hairdo Debate on Its Head" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324900204578286272195339456) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2014-01-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kleiner and Matheson (1996), 174 ^ (#cite_ref-25) Fittschen and Zanker (1983), 105 ^ (#cite_ref-jstor_26-0) Bartman (2001), 19 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/507324?&Search=yes&term=%22Elizabeth+Bartman%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Elizabeth%2BBartman%2522%26wc%3Don&item=2&ttl=26&returnArticleService=showArticle) ^ (#cite_ref-27) Tertullian, De Culti Feminarum, 2:6 (http://www.tertullian.org/anf/anf04/anf04-07.htm#P419_87976) ^ (#cite_ref-28) Bartman (2001), 12 Hair and the Artifice of Roman Female Adornment (https://www.jstor.org/stable/507324) doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/507324 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F507324) ; Allason-Jones (1989), 133-7 ^ (#cite_ref-29) Pliny the Elder., Natural History, 32:23 (http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137;layout=;query=toc;loc=32.47) ^ (#cite_ref-30) Pliny the Elder., Natural History, 28:51 (http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137;layout=;query=toc;loc=32.47) ^ (#cite_ref-31) Tertullian, De Culti Feminarum, 2:6:1 (http://www.tertullian.org/anf/anf04/anf04-07.htm#P419_87976) ^ (#cite_ref-32) Ovid., Ars Amatoria, 3:158-64 (http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/ovid/lboo/lboo60.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-33) Pliny the Elder., Natural History, 28:46 (http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137;layout=;query=toc;loc=32.47) ^ (#cite_ref-34) Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius. The Twelve Ceasers ^ (#cite_ref-35) Kenny, Erin; Ph.D, Elizabeth Gackstetter Nichols (2017-06-22). Beauty around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia (https://books.google.com/books?id=VAUmDwAAQBAJ&q=Dying) . ABC-CLIO. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61069-945-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-945-7) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Olson (2008), 73 ^ (#cite_ref-37) Kleiner and Matheson (1996), 162; Olson (2008), 75-6 ^ (#cite_ref-38) Holleran, Claire (2012-04-26). Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate (https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC) . OUP Oxford. pp. 125–126. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-969821-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969821-9) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Apuleius, Lucius Metamorphoses Liber 3.16 (http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/apuleius3.html) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Nicolson, Frank W. (1891). "Greek and Roman Barbers" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/310326) . Harvard Studies in Classical Philology . 2 : 41–56. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/310326 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F310326) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 310326 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/310326) . Retrieved 2020-11-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Kaufman, David B (March 21, 1932). "Roman Barbers" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4339078) . The Classical Weekly (/w/index.php?title=The_Classical_Weekly&action=edit&redlink=1) . No. 25. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 4339078 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4339078) . ^ (#cite_ref-:02_42-0) The Living Age . Living Age Company. 1919. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Sebesta, Judith Lynn (2001). World of Roman Costume . Madison: University of Wisconsin. ^ Jump up to: a b Olson (2008), 39 ^ (#cite_ref-45) [4] (http://www.vroma.org/images/raia_images/julia.jpg) Examples of the Nodus style (http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/matrona_vatican1.jpg) ^ (#cite_ref-46) Further examples of the Nodus [5] (http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/octavia_aureus.jpg) and [6] (http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/julia_similar.jpg) ^ (#cite_ref-47) Kleiner and Matheson (1996), 37 ^ (#cite_ref-48) Bartman (2001), 18 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/507324?&Search=yes&term=%22Elizabeth+Bartman%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Elizabeth%2BBartman%2522%26wc%3Don&item=2&ttl=26&returnArticleService=showArticle) ^ Jump up to: a b Examples of the Antonine styles [7] (http://www.vroma.org/images/raia_images/woman_head3b.jpg) and riveted [8] (http://www.vroma.org/images/raia_images/woman_bust2.jpg) ^ (#cite_ref-50) Andrews, William (1904). At the Sign of the Barber's Pole: Studies in Hirsute History . J. R. Tutin. ^ (#cite_ref-51) Bartman (2001), 17 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/507324?&Search=yes&term=%22Elizabeth+Bartman%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Elizabeth%2BBartman%2522%26wc%3Don&item=2&ttl=26&returnArticleService=showArticle) ^ Jump up to: a b Bartman (2001), 17-8 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/507324?&Search=yes&term=%22Elizabeth+Bartman%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Elizabeth%2BBartman%2522%26wc%3Don&item=2&ttl=26&returnArticleService=showArticle) ^ (#cite_ref-53) Example of Severan style, finger waves underneath Palla (http://www.vroma.org/images/scaife_images/092b.jpg) ^ Jump up to: a b Bartman, Elizabeth. "Artifice of Roman Female Adornment". American Journal of Archaeology . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History . Westport, CT: Greenwood. p. 162. ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Portrait Head of Augustus" (http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/8212/unknown-maker-portrait-head-of-augustus-roman-25-1-bc/) . Getty Museum . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Alchin, Linda. "Roman Hairstyles" (http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-clothing/roman-hairstyles.htm) . Tribunes and Triumphs . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "British Museum - Hadrian – the image of a ruler" (https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/themes/leaders_and_rulers/hadrian/the_image_of_a_ruler.aspx) . www.britishmuseum.org . Retrieved 2015-11-22 . 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French director, producer and screenwriter This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Jean Luret" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jean+Luret%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jean+Luret%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jean+Luret%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jean+Luret%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jean+Luret%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jean+Luret%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( March 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Jean Luret Born ( 1952-08-06 ) 6 August 1952 Occupation Director · Producer · Screenwriter Jean Luret (born 6 August 1952) is a French director, producer and screenwriter. Career [ edit ] At the end of the high school, to improve his English, Luret went to live in London. In 1978, Luret created Cinémadis, a production company and film distribution. He began to create, at this time, feature films, including Baisers exotiques ; Comme des bêtes , with Michel Galabru (/wiki/Michel_Galabru) , Robert Castel (/wiki/Robert_Castel_(actor)) , Katia Tchenko (/wiki/Katia_Tchenko) and Jacques Balutin (/wiki/Jacques_Balutin) ; Exotic Kisses ; and Like Animals (a feature film with the voice of animal Claude Piéplu (/wiki/Claude_Pi%C3%A9plu) ). In 1986, Luret penetrated the fashion world by conducting interviews with celebrities who are still shown on television. Luret has an archive of over 2,000 hours of footage and interviews with celebrities of all kinds. These records are classified, scanned, indexed and made available to researchers. In the beginning of the 1990s, Luret created for fashion houses hundreds of corporate videos on fashion shows. Hence, he obtained the recognition of this medium and the confidence of designers, which allows him even today to work with leading fashion houses. In parallel with this activity, Luret produced and directed for French television documentary series, including: Paris Chic, anthologie de la mode – 35 episodes of 26 minutes each; broadcast on Planète+ (/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te%2B) Arts de vivre – 12 episodes of 26 minutes each; broadcast on Odyssée (/wiki/Odyss%C3%A9e) Paris Glamour – 12 episodes of 26 minutes each; broadcast on NRJ 12 (/wiki/NRJ_12) Documentaries of 52 minutes include: Black Beauty – broadcast on France Ô (/wiki/France_%C3%94) Katoucha (/wiki/Katoucha_Niane) , le destin tragique d'un top model – broadcast on France 3 (/wiki/France_3) With JLP Movies, Luret's activity consists in creating, for companies and private individuals, short and promotional films for websites. Filmography [ edit ] Director [ edit ] Films [ edit ] 1975 - The Daughter of Emanuelle 1982 – Les petites têtes 1984 – C'est facile et ça peut rapporter... 20 ans (/w/index.php?title=C%27est_facile_et_%C3%A7a_peut_rapporter..._20_ans&action=edit&redlink=1) 1985 – Adam et Ève 1988 – Comme des bêtes Documentaries [ edit ] Documentaries of 52 minutes [ edit ] Folies Berrichonnes Comme des bêtes Folies Villageoises Fashion, Oh la la Body-mania L'hiver de la Haute Couture Ah la Mode Noire Beauté La Mode des Grands Créateurs Les deux pieds dans le terroir Paris, Capitale de la Mode Voyage en Haute Lingerie L’Homme parfait La Femme parfaite Katoucha, le destin tragique d’un top model (/w/index.php?title=Katoucha,_le_destin_tragique_d%E2%80%99un_top_model&action=edit&redlink=1) [1] (#cite_note-1) L'extravagant destin de Geneviève de Fontenay (/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_de_Fontenay) [2] (#cite_note-2) L'intrigant destin d’un Transformiste, Michou (/wiki/Michou_(drag_artist)) Raymond Poulidor [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Programme TV - Katoucha, le destin tragique d'un top model" (https://tvmag.lefigaro.fr/programme-tv/programme/katoucha-le-destin-tragique-d-un-top-model-f4827394) . Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "France 3 Lorraine va diffuser un documentaire tourné à Longwy.. "L'extravagant destin" de la Lorraine Geneviève de Fontenay" (https://www.estrepublicain.fr/actualite/2012/01/05/un-destin-trempe-dans-l-acier) . L'Est Républicain (/wiki/L%27Est_R%C3%A9publicain) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Disparition de Raymond Poulidor : " Il a élevé la malédiction au rang de vertu rayonnante " (https://www.nouvelobs.com/teleobs/20191113.OBS21039/disparition-de-raymond-poulidor-il-a-eleve-la-malediction-en-vertu-rayonnante.html) " (https://www.nouvelobs.com/teleobs/20191113.OBS21039/disparition-de-raymond-poulidor-il-a-eleve-la-malediction-en-vertu-rayonnante.html) . L'Obs (/wiki/L%27Obs) . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.jlpfilms.fr/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐4bc77 Cached time: 20240623143535 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.530 seconds Real time usage: 0.729 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2129/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18347/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1593/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15875/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.339/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5515379/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 691.553 1 -total 27.62% 190.977 1 Template:Infobox_person 22.13% 153.028 1 Template:Reflist 20.98% 145.055 1 Template:BLP_sources 19.00% 131.413 3 Template:Cite_web 16.84% 116.473 1 Template:Short_description 12.75% 88.143 1 Template:Ambox 8.92% 61.688 21 Template:Main_other 8.86% 61.281 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.71% 60.204 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35615333-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623143535 and revision id 1153437055. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Luret&oldid=1153437055 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Luret&oldid=1153437055) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1952 births (/wiki/Category:1952_births) 20th-century French non-fiction writers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_non-fiction_writers) 21st-century French non-fiction writers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_French_non-fiction_writers) French documentary film producers (/wiki/Category:French_documentary_film_producers) Film directors from Paris (/wiki/Category:Film_directors_from_Paris) French documentary film directors (/wiki/Category:French_documentary_film_directors) French film producers (/wiki/Category:French_film_producers) French male screenwriters (/wiki/Category:French_male_screenwriters) French screenwriters (/wiki/Category:French_screenwriters) French television directors (/wiki/Category:French_television_directors) French television producers (/wiki/Category:French_television_producers) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Writers from Paris (/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Paris) 20th-century French male writers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_male_writers) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) BLP articles lacking sources from March 2020 (/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_March_2020) All BLP articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_BLP_articles_lacking_sources) Use dmy dates from January 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2016) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia) Place of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_(living_people)) |
American artist and art instructor Edith Mahier Newcomb College, Tulane University, Senior portrait, 1916 Born Edith Albina Mahier ( 1892-12-14 ) December 14, 1892 Baton Rouge, Louisiana (/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana) Died December 2, 1967 (1967-12-02) (aged 74) Natchez, Mississippi (/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi) Nationality American Occupation(s) artist and art instructor Known for coaching the Kiowa Six (/wiki/Kiowa_Six) Notable work Roman Nose Canyon (1941), Watonga, Oklahoma Edith Mahier (1892 – 1967) was an American artist and art instructor who was instrumental in helping develop the talent of the Kiowa Six (/wiki/Kiowa_Six) during their studies at the University of Oklahoma (/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma) . In 1941, she won the commission to complete the post office mural (/wiki/United_States_post_office_murals) for the U.S. Treasury Department's Section of Fine Arts (/wiki/Section_of_Painting_and_Sculpture) at the Watonga, Oklahoma (/wiki/Watonga,_Oklahoma) , facility. In her later career at OU she created a division of the arts department dedicated to fashion and even designed motifs for a clothing line developed by Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) . Early life [ edit ] Edith Albina Mahier was born on December 14, 1892, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana) [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk1985391-1) to Henry and Maud B. Mahier. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Census19003B-2) She came from an artistic family. Her sister Frances would later serve as the curator of the Louisiana Art Museum (/wiki/Yazoo_and_Mississippi_Valley_Railroad_Company_Depot) in Baton Rouge (/wiki/Baton_Rouge) and design clothing. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_Recorder''194718-3) Her brother, John would run a pottery factory in their home town called Forest Studios. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Bee''193614-4) [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Writers'_Project2013163-5) Mahier attended Sophie Newcomb College (/wiki/Sophie_Newcomb_College) , the women's college affiliate of Tulane University (/wiki/Tulane_University) , studying under Ellsworth Woodward (/wiki/Ellsworth_Woodward) [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk1985391-1) and graduating 1916. Following her graduation, she worked as an illustrator at the New Orleans Item (/wiki/New_Orleans_Item-Tribune) . [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Sooner_Student''19193-6) In 1917, Mahier was hired as an art teacher at the University of Oklahoma (/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma) (OU) for the salary of $80 per month. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sooner_Magazine''196314-7) She was a member of Gamma Phi Beta (/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta) [8] (#cite_note-8) In 1919, when Tulane created the Bachelor of Design degree, Mahier and other prior students whose work was of special merit were retroactively awarded the degree. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Sooner_Student''19193-6) She later studied at the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts (/wiki/New_York_School_of_Fine_and_Applied_Arts) under George Bridgman (/wiki/George_Bridgman) . [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk1985391-1) Illustration for the 1915 Jambalaya by Mahier Career [ edit ] Mahier, who was known as "Eli" to her students, taught while continuing to create her own artwork. [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Ucell1929256–258-9) In 1918, her painting The Pot of Gold at the End of the Rainbow was singled out for acclaim during an exhibition of Southwestern artists [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Daily_Transcript''19182-10) and her exhibited works were selling. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Oklahoma_Weekly''19222-11) By 1919 she was running the art department during Oscar Jacobson (/wiki/Oscar_Jacobson) 's absence [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Oklahoma_Weekly''19191-12) and in 1921, she was appointed as artistic director for the university magazine. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Oklahoma_Weekly''19212-13) In 1924, the museum that would later become the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art (/wiki/Fred_Jones_Jr._Museum_of_Art) [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFred_Jones_Jr_Museum_of_Art1924-14) held a solo exhibit of her artwork, and soon after she took a leave of absence to study abroad. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Daily_Ardmoreite''192411-15) She was asked to exhibit at the Paris Salon (/wiki/Salon_(Paris)) in 1925 and was the first American and first woman to study fresco (/wiki/Fresco) at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze (/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Firenze) . [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sooner_Magazine''196314-7) "Athletics" by Mahier, 1916 In 1926, Mahier met with Susie Peters (/wiki/Susie_Peters) and two Kiowa (/wiki/Kiowa) artists, Spencer Asah (/wiki/Spencer_Asah) and Jack Hokeah (/wiki/Jack_Hokeah) . The following term, Asah, Hokeah and their fellow artists, Stephen Mopope (/wiki/Stephen_Mopope) and Monroe Tsatoke (/wiki/Monroe_Tsatoke) [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass196856-16) were admitted to a special program at the university and Mahier became their teacher, critic and mentor. Since the Kiowa artists did not meet the entrance requirements and Jacobson was convinced their natural talent needed only coaching, [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEldridge200638-17) Mahier allowed them to use her office as a studio and gave them a balance of criticism and encouragement. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass196856-16) She was forbidden to give instruction on abstract techniques (/wiki/Abstract_art) , perspective (/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)) , or shading (/wiki/Shading) , [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuman2014163-18) but guided them with discussions about anatomy, including the question of whether Indians had six fingers, and comments about rhythm and design elements. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1928363-19) Between semesters, the boys returned to the reservation to work, [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1928361-20) but returned in January 1927, accompanied by Lois Smoky (/wiki/Lois_Smoky) . [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass196857-21) [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1928365-22) By the fall of that year, they were joined by James Auchiah (/wiki/James_Auchiah) . [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass196857-21) Exhibitions of their work at the Denver Art Museum (/wiki/Denver_Art_Museum) and on a tour in Czechoslovakia (/wiki/Czechoslovakia) soon earned the group the name of the Kiowa Six (/wiki/Kiowa_Six) , critical acclaim and enduring fame. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuman2014165-23) Their work showed in the U.S. Pavilion at the 1932 Venice Biennial (/wiki/Venice_Biennial) , [24] (#cite_note-24) the only year Native American artists (/wiki/Native_American_art) have shown in the U.S. Pavilion. By 1935, Mahier had become an associate professor when she was honored by inclusion in the volume American women , along with 8 other OU faculty women and around 6,000 women from throughout the nation who had earned recognition in their fields. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sooner_Magazine''1935228–229-25) She began teaching a two-year fashion drawing course in 1938 when the university created a new five-year degree program, Art for Industry, [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter19389-26) which became the Fashion Arts curriculum in 1941 under her direction. She and her sister, Frances Mahier Brandon, were instrumental in bringing Native American design to fashion, after they presented research on various tribal motifs to Stanley Marcus (/wiki/Stanley_Marcus) head of Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) . The designs were later featured in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sooner_Magazine''196314-7) and the March issue of Holland's Magazine , [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sooner_Magazine''194139-27) when Neiman Marcus developed a fashion line around the motifs. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_Recorder''194718-3) That same year, Mahier won the federal commission to paint a mural for the post office mural project (/wiki/United_States_post_office_murals) for the U.S. Treasury Department's Section of Fine Arts (/wiki/Section_of_Painting_and_Sculpture) at the Watonga, Oklahoma (/wiki/Watonga,_Oklahoma) , facility. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Decatur_Herald''19411-28) She was the only Oklahoma woman to paint murals in Oklahoma as part of the project. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOklahoma_Historical_Society2009-29) Her painting, Roman Nose Canyon , shows Cheyenne Chief Henry Roman Nose (/wiki/Henry_Roman_Nose) in the center of the painting with a rifle, accompanied by his family and other Cheyenne. Behind the chief is a Conestoga wagon (/wiki/Conestoga_wagon) with settlers who have stopped for water in the rugged canyon terrain, painted with bright oranges and reds. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service20086-30) The artwork was controversial for the local Southern Cheyenne (/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes) tribe. Chief Red Bird criticized the depiction of Chief Roman Nose, saying that the painting made him "look like a Navajo (/wiki/Navajo) " and complained that the breech clout (/wiki/Loincloth) was too short and the feathers were worn too far forward on his head. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Decatur_Herald''19411-28) [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Kokomo_Tribune''19411-31) Mahier founded and became the faculty advisor of a fashion fabrication organization called "Shadowbox", in which students and manufacturers could work together on innovations. In the 1950s, her Fashion Design curricula was moved to the home economics department, when she was transferred there. She completed her OU tenure as the head of the fashion and textiles department, retiring in 1963. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sooner_Magazine''196314-7) Thereafter, she moved to Natchez, Mississippi (/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi) , where her sister resided. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times_Recorder''194718-3) Death and interment [ edit ] At the time of her death, Mahier was living in the Williamsburg (Bahin House) which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelefer19856-32) Mahier died December 2, 1967, in Natchez, Mississippi, and was buried at Roselawn Memorial Park and Mausoleum, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESS_Death_Index1967-33) [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoselawn_Memorial_Park2012-34) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Falk 1985 (#CITEREFFalk1985) , p. 391. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Census19003B_2-0) U.S. Census 1900 (#CITEREFU.S._Census1900) , p. 3B. ^ Jump up to: a b c The Times Recorder 1947 (#CITEREFThe_Times_Recorder1947) , p. 18. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Bee''193614_4-0) The Bee 1936 (#CITEREFThe_Bee1936) , p. 14. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Writers'_Project2013163_5-0) Federal Writers' Project 2013 (#CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project2013) , p. 163. ^ Jump up to: a b The Sooner Student 1919 (#CITEREFThe_Sooner_Student1919) , p. 3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Sooner Magazine 1963 (#CITEREFSooner_Magazine1963) , p. 14. ^ (#cite_ref-8) The Crescent of Gamma Phi Beta. , v. 21 (1921), p. 17. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEd'Ucell1929256–258_9-0) d'Ucell 1929 (#CITEREFd'Ucell1929) , pp. 256–258. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Daily_Transcript''19182_10-0) The Daily Transcript 1918 (#CITEREFThe_Daily_Transcript1918) , p. 2. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Oklahoma_Weekly''19222_11-0) The Oklahoma Weekly 1922 (#CITEREFThe_Oklahoma_Weekly1922) , p. 2. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Oklahoma_Weekly''19191_12-0) The Oklahoma Weekly 1919 (#CITEREFThe_Oklahoma_Weekly1919) , p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Oklahoma_Weekly''19212_13-0) The Oklahoma Weekly 1921 (#CITEREFThe_Oklahoma_Weekly1921) , p. 2. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFred_Jones_Jr_Museum_of_Art1924_14-0) Fred Jones Jr Museum of Art 1924 (#CITEREFFred_Jones_Jr_Museum_of_Art1924) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Daily_Ardmoreite''192411_15-0) Daily Ardmoreite 1924 (#CITEREFDaily_Ardmoreite1924) , p. 11. ^ Jump up to: a b Snodgrass 1968 (#CITEREFSnodgrass1968) , p. 56. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEldridge200638_17-0) Eldridge 2006 (#CITEREFEldridge2006) , p. 38. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuman2014163_18-0) Neuman 2014 (#CITEREFNeuman2014) , p. 163. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1928363_19-0) Campbell 1928 (#CITEREFCampbell1928) , p. 363. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1928361_20-0) Campbell 1928 (#CITEREFCampbell1928) , p. 361. ^ Jump up to: a b Snodgrass 1968 (#CITEREFSnodgrass1968) , p. 57. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1928365_22-0) Campbell 1928 (#CITEREFCampbell1928) , p. 365. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuman2014165_23-0) Neuman 2014 (#CITEREFNeuman2014) , p. 165. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Peck, James. "Kiowa Five" (https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/kiowa-5) . Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism . Retrieved 13 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Sooner_Magazine''1935228–229_25-0) Sooner Magazine 1935 (#CITEREFSooner_Magazine1935) , pp. 228–229. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalter19389_26-0) Salter 1938 (#CITEREFSalter1938) , p. 9. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Sooner_Magazine''194139_27-0) Sooner Magazine 1941 (#CITEREFSooner_Magazine1941) , p. 39. ^ Jump up to: a b The Decatur Herald 1941 (#CITEREFThe_Decatur_Herald1941) , p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOklahoma_Historical_Society2009_29-0) Oklahoma Historical Society 2009 (#CITEREFOklahoma_Historical_Society2009) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service20086_30-0) National Park Service 2008 (#CITEREFNational_Park_Service2008) , p. 6. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Kokomo_Tribune''19411_31-0) The Kokomo Tribune 1941 (#CITEREFThe_Kokomo_Tribune1941) , p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelefer19856_32-0) Shelefer 1985 (#CITEREFShelefer1985) , p. 6. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESS_Death_Index1967_33-0) SS Death Index 1967 (#CITEREFSS_Death_Index1967) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoselawn_Memorial_Park2012_34-0) Roselawn Memorial Park 2012 (#CITEREFRoselawn_Memorial_Park2012) . Bibliography [ edit ] Campbell, Isabel (1928). "With Southwestern Artists: All Indians have Six Fingers". Southwest Review (/wiki/Southwest_Review) . 14 (3). Dallas, Texas: Southern Methodist University: 360–369. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0038-4712 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-4712) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 43466014 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43466014) . d'Ucell, Jeanne (May 1929). "Eli—Artist and Teacher" (https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/sooner/articles/p256-258_1929v1n8_OCR.pdf) (PDF) . Sooner Magazine . 1 (8). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma: 256–258 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Eldridge, Laurie A. (October 2006). Ruthe Blalock Jones: Native American Artist and Educator (Ph.D.). Ann Arbor, Michigan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-542-85004-2 . Falk, Peter Hastings, ed. (1985). Who was who in American art: compiled from the original thirty-four volumes of American art annual—Who's who in art, biographies of American artists active from 1898–1947 . Madison, Connecticut: Sound View Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-932087-00-0 . Federal Writers' Project (2013). The WPA Guide to Louisiana: The Pelican State . San Antonio, Texas: Trinity University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59534-216-4 . Neuman, Lisa K. (2014). Indian Play: Indigenous Identities at Bacone College . Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8032-4945-5 . Salter, Dean Lewis (May 1938). "The Place of Fine Arts in a University" (https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/sooner/articles/p8-9,34-37_1938v10n8_OCR.pdf) (PDF) . Sooner Magazine . 10 (8). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma: 8–9 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Shelefer, Marion K., ed. (1985). "Historic American Buildings Survey: Mississippi #55 (Wiliamsburg-Bahin House)" (https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/ms/ms0000/ms0023/data/ms0023data.pdf) (PDF) . Library of Congress . Washington, D. C . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Snodgrass, Jeanne O., ed. (1968). American Indian Painters: A Biographical Dictionary . New York, New York: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. "1900 U.S. Census, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana" (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-6X79-JFW?i=5&wc=9B7Z-3TL%3A1030552101%2C1031710501%2C1031790601%3Fcc%3D1325221&cc=1325221) . FamilySearch . Washington, D. C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. June 8, 1900. p. 3B . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "Art Instructor" (https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/susun-wilkinson/clipnumber/56210/) . Ardmore, Oklahoma: Daily Ardmoreite (/wiki/Daily_Ardmoreite) . June 9, 1924 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 – via Newspaperarchive.com (/wiki/Newspaperarchive.com) . "Chief Red Bird Declares Indian Mural 'Stinks' (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5097312/the_kokomo_tribune/) " (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5097312/the_kokomo_tribune/) . Kokomo, Indiana: The Kokomo Tribune (/wiki/Kokomo_Tribune) . June 14, 1941 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . "Edith Mahier" (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V9DF-MQ7) . FamilySearch . Washington, D.C.: United States Social Security Death Index. December 1967 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "Edith Albina Mahier" (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/85273445) . Find A Grave. February 21, 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "Eight Faculty Women Honored" (https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/sooner/articles/p227-229_1935v7n10_OCR.pdf) (PDF) . Sooner Magazine . 7 (10). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma: 228–229. 1935 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "Exhibition of Art of the Southwest" (http://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc113665/m1/2/zoom/) . Norman, Oklahoma: The Daily Transcript (/wiki/The_Norman_Transcript) . February 6, 1918 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "Exhibitions: Paintings by Edith Mahier" (http://www.ou.edu/fjjma/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/1920-1929/Mahier.html) . Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art (/wiki/Fred_Jones_Jr._Museum_of_Art) . Norman Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma. April 1924 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "If Students Pass Clay Imp Charm Will Get Credit" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5097454/if_students_pass_clay_imp_charm_will/) . Danville, Virginia: The Bee (/wiki/Danville_Register_%26_Bee) . June 11, 1936 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . "Indian Pickets Seek Better Mural, Longer Breech Clout" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5097290/the_decatur_herald/) . Decatur,Illinois: The Decatur Herald (/wiki/Herald_%26_Review) . June 15, 1941 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . "Indian Style" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5097441/indian_style_the_times_recorder/) . Zanesville, Ohio: The Times Recorder. May 25, 1947 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . "Jacobson to Speak to Art Federation" (http://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc110859/m1/1/zoom/?q=mahier) . Norman, Oklahoma: The Oklahoma Weekly. May 6, 1919 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "Magazine Publicizes Artist" (https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/sooner/articles/p13,38-39_1941v13n7_OCR.pdf) (PDF) . Sooner Magazine . 13 (7). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma: 39. 1941 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "Miss Mahier Gets Art Recognition" (http://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc107453/m1/3/zoom/) . Norman, Oklahoma: The Sooner Student. June 10, 1919 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "More Interest Is Taken in Art Near University" (http://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc110986/m1/2/zoom/?q=edith%20mahier) . Norman, Oklahoma: The Oklahoma Weekly. November 9, 1922 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: United States Post Office Watonga" (http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/09000213.pdf) (PDF) . Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. October 20, 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "New Staff Members are Appointed on Magazine" (http://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc110886/m1/2/zoom/?q=edith%20mahier) . Norman, Oklahoma: The Oklahoma Weekly. March 3, 1921 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "Why It Seems" (https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/sooner/articles/p14-16_1963v35n9_OCR.pdf) (PDF) . Sooner Magazine . 35 (9). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma: 14–16. 1963 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . "Women and Work" (http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entryname=WOMEN%20AND%20WORK) . Oklahoma History Center . Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Historical Society (/wiki/Oklahoma_Historical_Society) . 2009 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1625615/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000036772484) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/70802538) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJckPWr34gkyVBvjCfMVmd) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005077625) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5574f6c844‐tjrzk Cached time: 20240717183329 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.848 seconds Real time usage: 1.127 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5456/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 70298/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4591/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 99173/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.565/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8322699/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 944.324 1 -total 25.81% 243.758 1 Template:Infobox_person 17.40% 164.339 8 Template:Cite_web 16.03% 151.413 1 Template:Reflist 15.52% 146.544 43 Template:Sfn 11.82% 111.600 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 11.05% 104.308 1 Template:Short_description 10.62% 100.273 1 Template:Authority_control 8.93% 84.347 1 Template:Birth_date 6.91% 65.263 59 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:50966175-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717183329 and revision id 1194429729. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edith_Mahier&oldid=1194429729 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edith_Mahier&oldid=1194429729) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1892 births (/wiki/Category:1892_births) 1967 deaths (/wiki/Category:1967_deaths) People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana (/wiki/Category:People_from_Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana) American women artists (/wiki/Category:American_women_artists) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) 20th-century American educators (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_educators) Educators from Louisiana (/wiki/Category:Educators_from_Louisiana) 20th-century American women educators (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_educators) American women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_women_fashion_designers) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with FAST identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) |
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐bt28b Cached time: 20240715001225 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:47422216-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715001225 and revision id 1156913033. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. C Clothing brands of Stockholm (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Stockholm) (7 P) Pages in category "Clothing brands of Sweden" The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Björn Borg (brand) (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_(brand)) C Cheap Monday (/wiki/Cheap_Monday) E Eton Shirts (/wiki/Eton_Shirts) F Fjällräven (/wiki/Fj%C3%A4llr%C3%A4ven) G Gudrun Sjödén (fashion label) (/wiki/Gudrun_Sj%C3%B6d%C3%A9n_(fashion_label)) H H&M (/wiki/H%26M) Hestra (/wiki/Hestra) L J.Lindeberg (/wiki/J.Lindeberg) Lovikkavante (/wiki/Lovikkavante) M Marc O'Polo (/wiki/Marc_O%27Polo) N Nakkna (/wiki/Nakkna) Nudie Jeans (/wiki/Nudie_Jeans) O Odd Molly (/wiki/Odd_Molly) T Tiger of Sweden (/wiki/Tiger_of_Sweden) W WESC (/wiki/WESC) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_brands_of_Sweden&oldid=1156913033 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_brands_of_Sweden&oldid=1156913033) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_by_country) Swedish brands (/wiki/Category:Swedish_brands) Clothing companies of Sweden (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Sweden) |
This is a list of sock manufacturers . This is a dynamic list (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists) and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items (/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_sock_manufacturers) with reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Blacksocks (/wiki/Blacksocks) Bombas (/wiki/Bombas) Bonds (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) Corgi Socks (/wiki/Corgi_Socks) Darn Tough Vermont (/wiki/Darn_Tough_Vermont) Fox River Mills (/wiki/Fox_River_Mills) [1] (#cite_note-1) Gold Toe Brands (/wiki/Gold_Toe_Brands) [2] (#cite_note-2) Hanesbrands (/wiki/Hanesbrands) Happy Socks (/wiki/Happy_Socks) Holeproof Hosiery (/wiki/Holeproof_Hosiery) Jockey International (/wiki/Jockey_International) PEDS Legwear (/wiki/PEDS_Legwear) QT Inc. (/wiki/QT_Inc.) Renfro Brands (/wiki/Renco_Group) SmartWool (/wiki/SmartWool) Sock Shop (/wiki/Sock_Shop) Stance (/wiki/Stance_(brand)) [3] (#cite_note-3) Swiss Barefoot Company (/wiki/Swiss_Barefoot_Company) Tabio (/wiki/Tabio_(company)) The Railroad Sock (/wiki/The_Railroad_Sock) Wigwam Mills (/wiki/Wigwam_Mills) [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) List of swimwear brands (/wiki/List_of_swimwear_brands) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Fox River Mills sees anti-bacterial socks" (https://www.qconline.com/news/iowa/fox-river-mills-sees-anti-bacterial-socks/article_e328356a-f767-53dd-9851-8425399adb64.html) . 27 September 1999 . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kosman, Josh (20 February 2010). "Blackstone looks to sell ailing Gold Toe socks" (https://nypost.com/2010/02/20/blackstone-looks-to-sell-ailing-gold-toe-socks/) . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) https://www.gq.com.au/style/trends/best-mens-socks/image-gallery/f97a01d745a8b3dc60fc27b67460deb5 (https://www.gq.com.au/style/trends/best-mens-socks/image-gallery/f97a01d745a8b3dc60fc27b67460deb5) [ bare URL ] ^ (#cite_ref-4) "CHUCK STINNETT: Sock it to me all day long (if they're made in America)" (http://archive.courierpress.com/news/chuck-stinnett-sock-it-to-me-all-day-long--if-theyre-made-in-america-ep-443300957-324886881.html) . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . v t e Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Lower leg Bobby socks (/wiki/Bobby_sock) Bootee (/wiki/Bootee) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Leg warmer (/wiki/Leg_warmer) Loose socks (/wiki/Loose_socks) Socks (/wiki/Sock) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Toe socks (/wiki/Toe_socks) Crew sock (/wiki/Crew_sock) Dress socks (/wiki/Dress_socks) Anklet (/wiki/Anklet_(sock)) Low cut (/wiki/Low_cut_sock) Full leg Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Legskin (/wiki/Legskin) Fully fashioned stockings (/wiki/Fully_fashioned_stockings) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) RHT stockings (/wiki/RHT_stockings) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Full body Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Historical Boothose (/wiki/Boothose) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Brands Aristoc (/wiki/Aristoc) Bonds (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) Calzedonia (/wiki/Calzedonia) Edoo (/wiki/Hanesbrands) Frederick's of Hollywood (/wiki/Frederick%27s_of_Hollywood) Gerbe 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This template was nominated for deletion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Please review the prior discussions if you are considering re-nomination: No consensus , 2018 June 30, see discussion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2018_June_30#Template:Types_of_crowns) . Do not merge , 2018 June 12, see discussion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2018_June_12#Template:Hats) . This template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) : Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. 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Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-BRD-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z","replies":["c-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z-BRD"],"text":"BRD","linkableTitle":"BRD"} BRD [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-BRD-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z","replies":["c-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z-BRD"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z-BRD","timestamp":"2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-BRD-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z","replies":["c-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z-BRD"],"text":"BRD","linkableTitle":"BRD"} This edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Headgear&diff=876690708&oldid=874651570) was reverted, as was an identical edit at Template:Hats (/wiki/Template:Hats) ; the discussion is here (/wiki/Template_talk:Hats#Homburg_(Anthony_Eden_hat)) . Swanny18 (/wiki/User:Swanny18) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Swanny18) ) 22:46, 5 January 2019 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Headgear#c-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z-BRD) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z","author":"Swanny18","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:46:00.000Z-BRD","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-PPEMES-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Hats_section-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z","replies":["c-PPEMES-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z-Hats_section"],"text":"Hats section","linkableTitle":"Hats section"} Hats section [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-PPEMES-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Hats_section-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z","replies":["c-PPEMES-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z-Hats_section"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-PPEMES-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z-Hats_section","timestamp":"2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-PPEMES-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Hats_section-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z","replies":["c-PPEMES-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z-Hats_section"],"text":"Hats section","linkableTitle":"Hats section"} Much of the hats section is duplicate to Template:Hats (/wiki/Template:Hats) . Is there any way to resolve this? Should it rather become identical to relevant section(s) on Template:Hats (/wiki/Template:Hats) , or should it simply be moved there? PPEMES (/wiki/User:PPEMES) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PPEMES) ) 10:51, 21 May 2019 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Headgear#c-PPEMES-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z-Hats_section) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z","author":"PPEMES","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-PPEMES-2019-05-21T10:51:00.000Z-Hats_section","replies":[]}} NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐cqcbq Cached time: 20240721170637 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.009 seconds CPU time usage: 0.186 seconds Real time usage: 0.261 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 169/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10322/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9062/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.138/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1637007/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 216.963 1 -total 72.77% 157.882 1 Template:WikiProject_banner_shell 45.43% 98.570 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 27.15% 58.906 1 Template:Old_AfD_multi 1.57% 3.410 1 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57246222-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721170637 and revision id 1231598171. 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Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Template‑class Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles Template (/wiki/Category:Template-Class_fashion_articles) This template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐xsz9k Cached time: 20240719141958 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.006 seconds CPU time usage: 0.129 seconds Real time usage: 0.164 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 119/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4813/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4867/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.095/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1379819/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 144.025 1 -total 100.00% 144.025 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 1.64% 2.362 1 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62808014-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719141958 and revision id 935372794. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:The_Fashion_Barnstar&oldid=935372794 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:The_Fashion_Barnstar&oldid=935372794) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Template-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:Template-Class_fashion_articles) NA-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles) Hidden category: WikiProject banners without banner shells (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_banners_without_banner_shells) |
Fashion and folk costume of the Philippines This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Fashion and clothing in the Philippines" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2015 ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Fashion and clothing in the Philippines" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A Philippine lady, 1897 1890s woman wearing the Maria Clara dress The clothing style and fashion sense of the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) in the modern-day era have been influenced by the indigenous peoples (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines) , Chinese waves of immigration, the Spaniards, and the Americans, as evidenced by the chronology of events that occurred in Philippine history (/wiki/Philippine_history) . At present, Filipinos conform their way of dressing based on classic fashion or prevailing fashion trends. Apart from Western influence, the Philippine style of clothing was dictated by its climate. With a tropical climate (dry and rainy seasons), indigenous groups wore and to this day still wear colorful woven clothes, often with intricate beadwork and other ornam a type of a collarless shirt – which later became adorned with laces, trimmings, buttons, and a collar – was where from the barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) evolved. On the other hand, the Bahag (/wiki/Bahag_(garment)) was a type of loincloth or G-string (/wiki/G-string) worn by certain indigenous groups. Some Filipinos wear T-shirts together with denim (/wiki/Denim) jeans (locally referred to as maong ) trousers for men and skirts for women. The "jeans and T-shirts" combination was introduced to the Filipinos by the Americans. [ according to whom? ] Some also wear Madras type of shorts called puruntongs (singular: puruntong , a type of pair of shorts or Capri pants) combined with sleeveless shirts or T-shirts. During the rainy season and cold evenings in December and January, some Filipinos wear hooded jackets. Evolution of Philippines fashion [ edit ] Pre-Spanish period [ edit ] An ancient form of Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) in Boxer Codex (/wiki/Boxer_Codex) (c. 1500s) During the period before the Spanish arrived to the islands, the different tribes and kingdoms wore their respective clothing. The Filipino style of clothing had been dictated by the tropical climate in the Philippines, with a dry and rainy season. Early Filipinos – as well as the still extant tribal groups in the Philippines – wore colorful woven clothes, often with "intricate beadwork" and other ornaments. The men wore pants or a loincloth, as while women wore a robe-like dress. The Boxer Codex (/wiki/Boxer_Codex) , showing the attire of a Classical period Filipino, made of silk (/wiki/Silk) and cotton (/wiki/Cotton) . Prior to the emergence of the Spanish Philippines (/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521-1898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization) , the Tagalogs (/wiki/Tagalog_people) of Luzon already wore a garment that was a forerunner of the barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) – the Baro . [1] (#cite_note-1) Earliest reference to the Baro was in the historical account describes that the Luzones (/wiki/Luzones) wore a sleeve-doublet of rough cotton cloth called kanga , reaching slightly below the waist. It was collarless and had an opening in front. The doublets indicated the social status and badge of courage of a man; red was for the Chiefs and the bravest, while black and white were for the ordinary citizens. Their loins were covered with colored Bahague between legs to mid-thigh. The early pre-Philippines (/wiki/Spanish_Philippines) clothing of the indigenous groups such as the Tagalogs (/wiki/Tagalog_people) and Visayans (/wiki/Visayan_people) included both the baro and saya made from silk in matching colours. This style was exclusively worn by the women from the upper caste, while those of lower castes wore baro made from pounded white bark fiber, and a floor-length wrap-around skirt. Women usually wore jewelry, such as gold necklaces and earrings, which symbolized wealth and beauty. In some tribes, women also wore tattoos signifying beauty, power and wealth. Attire of a young woman In contrast, the Visayans wore clothes similar to that of Indonesians and Malaysians. They wore a robe called Marlota or jacket called Baquero without a collar that reached the feet. The robes or jackets were brightly coloured. The Tagalogs and the Visayans bound their foreheads and temples with long, narrow strips of cloth called Putong . Necks were covered with gold necklaces, and wrists with golden armlets called Calombigas – these had intricate patterns. Others would wear precious stones. [2] (#cite_note-2) A fashion for a royal visayans The usual male headdress was the pudong , a turban; though in Panay (/wiki/Panay) , both men and women also wore a head cloth or bandana called saplung . Commoners wore pudong of rough abaca cloth wrapped around only a few turns so that it was more of a headband than a turban and was therefore called pudong-pudong – as the crowns (/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)) and diadems (/wiki/Diadem) on Christian images were later called. A red pudong was called magalong, and was the insignia of braves who had killed an enemy. When Humabon (/wiki/Rajah_Humabon) 's queen went to hear mass during Magellan's visit, she was preceded by three girls carrying one of her hats (/wiki/Hat) . A headdress (/wiki/Headdress) from Cebu with a deep crown, used by both sexes for travel on foot or by boat, was called sarok , which actually meant to go for water. [3] (#cite_note-PC-3) Left to right : [ 1 ] Silver‑inlaid Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) , San Pablo, Laguna (/wiki/San_Pablo,_Laguna) ; [ 2 ] Tortoise (/wiki/Tortoise) -shell and silver Salakot. The Islamic kingdoms in Mindanao (/wiki/Mindanao) especially the Maranao people (/wiki/Maranao_people) have a fashion article for the female called malong , which is a tubeskirt or a light blanket wrapped around the body. More prestigious clothes, lihin-lihin , were added for public appearances and especially on formal occasions – blouses (/wiki/Blouse) and tunics (/wiki/Tunics) , loose smocks with sleeves, capes, or ankle-length robes. [3] (#cite_note-PC-3) Spanish period [ edit ] When the Spaniards came and settled in the country, the fashion changed drastically as the Spanish culture influenced the succeeding centuries of Philippine history. The Spanish dissolved the kingdoms and united the country, resulting in a mixture of cultures from different ethnic groups and Spanish culture. Throughout the 16th century up to the 18th century, women wore a Hispanicized version of the Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) , composed of a bodice – called a camisa , often made in pineapple fiber or muslin – and a floor length skirt, while the men wore the barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) , a collared and buttoned lace shirt or a suit. Filipino women's fashion, 1700s – 1840s By the 19th century, due to the continuing influence of the Western culture, the rising economy, globalization, and exposure from the European fashion scene, the women's clothing began to have a change; by the 1850s, women's clothing was now full wide skirts that usually have long train rather than the simple floor length skirts, a bodice called camisa which means blouse in English and a panuelo , a big square cloth folded triangularly and worn in the Philippines like a great ruffle or collar. The attire is composed of four pieces, namely the camisa, the saya, the pañuelo (a scarf, also spelled panuelo) and the tapis. Aetas, Peninsulares, Criollo, and Indios doing cockfight all in their attires. detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734) The camisa is a collarless chemise whose hem is at the waist, and is made from flimsy, translucent fabrics such as pineapple fiber and jusi. The sleeves of the camisa are similar to the so-called "angel wings", or shaped like bells that have cuffs. The pañuelo is a stiff covering for the neck, which acts as an accent piece because of embellishments added to it. The purpose of the pañuelo is related to modesty, used to cover the low-necked camisa'. The saya is a skirt shaped like a bubble with a length that begins from the waist reaching the floor. These are usually comprised either of single or double sheets, called "panels" or dos panos (lit. "two panels/layers"); some examples are made out of seven gores or siete cuchillos (lit. "seven knives"). The tapis is a knee-length over-skirt that hugs the hips. Tapis designs may be plain, and is usually made of opaque fabrics such as muslin and the madras cloth, and also is used for the purposes of modesty as it keeps the lower torso from showing due to the thinness of the saya. Also, when going to the church or attending mass, the women usually wore a veil above their heads, similar to other Catholic countries at that time. Depiction of 19th Century family belonging in the Principalia Class wearing typical Maria Clara dress and barong tagalog The men also continued to wear but a more intricate version barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) , a collarless shirt originated from the ethnic cloth called canga . Throughout the centuries the barong tagalog has evolved. Buttons and collars were added, as well as intricate designs on its pina fabric and laces. Underneath the transparent barong tagalog is the Camisa de Chino a type of shirt, usually in white that said to have been originated from the Chinese. The women wore this kind of fashion even after the Spanish Government (/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies) has already relinquished control to the United States. Today, this type of clothing is now called as the " Maria Clara (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) " dress, named after the character of Maria Clara from Dr. Jose Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere (/wiki/Noli_me_tangere_(novel)) who became a symbol of the traditional Filipino woman, known as modest, elegant and conservative. American Era (1900s–1920s) [ edit ] Filipino women dressed for church in 1923 When the Americans came, the fashion remained the same for the first five years of the 20th century. But it has started to change and became more modern in contrast to the conservative style of the previous centuries as the Americans started to influence the modern Filipino culture. The women then wore the Traje de Mestiza , the more modern version of the Maria Clara (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) . It had bigger sleeves and a narrower floor length skirt with a long train called saya de cola and replaced the full wide skirt reflecting the Edwardian Fashion of the West. By the 1920s, the style of the skirt still remained, influenced by the flapper dress; however, the wide sleeves had been flattened to butterfly sleeves (popularized by local couturier Pacita Longos), and the big pañuelo reduced its size. Such trends had gained prominence especially during the annual Manila Carnivals of the 1920s and through the 1930s. Some Filipino women who had lived in United States and in Europe wore the western 1920s fashion with loose dresses and knee length skirt. The traje de mestiza ensemble rose in popularity during the 1900s. This example (formerly owned by Doña Mercedes Zialcita y Nakpil) is from the late 1920s to the early 1930s, its silhouette influenced by the flapper dress (/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion) Men wore the Americana , the suit and coat worn in the West, mostly Americans (hence the name), replacing the traditional barong tagalog. Commonwealth Era and Second World War (1930s–1940s) [ edit ] By the 1930s, young adult women and children finally abandoned the typical "Traje de Mestiza" as everyday wear and started to wear floral printed dresses with mid-calf length shirts. Though many women embraced the western ideals, the typical "Traje de Mestiza" was not fully gone. The elders and middle aged women still wore the traditional dress while the young adults considered it only as a formal dress for events such as carnivals, galas, etc. Traje de mestiza during the 1910's In the 1930s, the Philippines was famous for its beauty pageants and carnivals that drew tourists from around the world, and resulted in influencing the fashion and beauty standards of the Filipino women. The women wore more elaborate and intricate dresses. The "Traje de Mestiza" was still popular to the people through the 1930s. Men's fashion remained the same as they continued to wear the "Americana" suit. When 1940s came, the Philippines saw the breaking out of World War II resulting in the shortage of tailoring shops, clothing boutiques and dressmaking factories as the country was occupied by the Japanese Empire. The austerity era started when rations were implemented and the women wore simpler clothing. The terno gradually disappeared and stopped being manufactured. Only the older people wore their old terno dresses. Clothing boutiques only sold monochromatic dresses, mostly in dark tones. The shirtwaist dresses of the previous decade also became popular in the 1940s with a simpler look. The men's fashion still remained unchanged but became a more casual as started abandoning the coat as a casual wear, and wore it only for formal wear. During the mid-1940s, the clothing boutiques, tailoring shops, and dressmakers stopped operation as the final chapter of the World War II occurred in the Philippines. The capital city of Manila was bombed and was left 80% destroyed, and was considered being the second most devastated capital city in World War II, [4] (#cite_note-4) next only to Warsaw. After the war, most of the people either lost their clothes or could not find new clothes. In 1946, the country began its reparation and Manila's restoration. However, the lack of dressmakers made the fashion of the 1930s and early 1940s remain popular for the rest of the decade. 1950s [ edit ] The Filipiniana/Terno gown, the modernized Traje de Mestiza rose to popularity as a formal attire during latter half of the 20th Century. When the decade started, the country saw the rise of economy, once again giving opportunities for people to have more necessities and live in the normal life. Women remained wearing the 1940s fashion during the first five years of the decade. By the late 1950s, women started to wear dresses and with floral prints and fuller knee-length skirts. The style was inspired by Christian Dior's "New Look" collection, [5] (#cite_note-5) characterized by a below-mid-calf length, full-skirt, pointed bust, small waist, and rounded shoulder line. Summer and Day dresses became popular, as well as the pencil skirts and cardigans. Men's fashion changed slightly as the men started wearing youthful clothing such as sweaters, colorful printed polos, pants and flannels. "Chinos" became popular as well as white tee shirt, tartan plaids. The drape cut suits remained popular for formal wear. The barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) became popular once again to be worn as a formal wear, popularized by the then-President Ramon Magsaysay. The Terno was rarely worn by young women everyday; however, it was still worn at formal events such as galas, national events, government parties and film festivals. 1960s [ edit ] Women at the Rizal Monument (/wiki/Rizal_Monument) , Manila, circa 1964 When the 1960s entered, most of the styles from the late 1950s still remained; however, due to the rise of British pop culture that spread in United States and other parts of the world, fashion started to change. A new kind of dress invented by Mary Quant (/wiki/Mary_Quant) , called the miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) , mini dresses started to become popular and mod style fashions also emerged. Hair became very stylish as the hair were styled bigger and higher with the use of hairspray. By the mid-1960s, the hemlines rose and the clothes loosened, influenced by the mod culture. Men's fashion shifted towards a more youthful vibe, influenced by the rising Teenage culture seen in Hollywood and by various Teen-oriented Filipino films where they started wearing polos and pants, replacing the suit and coats. Suits and coats, as well as the barong tagalog, were now only worn during events and by the older men. 1970s [ edit ] With the popularity of the hippie culture in the late 1960s, many Filipinos embraced this culture which has continued until the early seventies. At the same time, the rise of Filipino Nationalism began and both movements influenced the way people lived and dressed. The early 1970s saw women start to abandon mini-dresses for a more modest clothing such as maxi skirts. Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) from the Victorian Era (/wiki/Victorian_Era) of the west also became popular as long sleeves, laces, and collars became popular in dresses. Bell bottom pants (/wiki/Bell_bottoms) started to become popular that would continue to the rest of the decade. Men also started to grow their hair long, the first time ever that such style became acceptable in post-colonial Filipino society. Men also wore Bell bottoms (/wiki/Bell_Bottoms) often in bright colors, similar to the women. The turtle neck (/wiki/Turtle_neck) became popular as well as sweater vests, colorful bright patterned polos and pants. By the mid-1970s, men started wearing t-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) , which replaced the formal look with a more laid-back look. Denim jeans (/wiki/Denim_jeans) also started to emerge, as well as sweatshirts (/wiki/Sweatshirt) . When the disco culture emerged, the bell bottoms became a staple. It came up with different bright colors, as well as the polos and scarfs. Women started wearing sequined dresses, mostly in miniskirts and bell bottom jeans. T-shirts also became popular for women and the footwear called bakya became popular. 1980s [ edit ] Following the 1986 EDSA Revolution (/wiki/People_Power_Revolution) , Corazon Aquino favored western style power dressing and the simpler and more modest kimono in place of the terno. Due to the power dressing movement, women, usually young adults, also started to wear clothes with shoulder pads while teenagers started wearing neon colored clothes. Miniskirts also came back in popularity. Hairstyles were also emphasized as most women had their hair curled. Men's fashion had a shift as they started to wear brightly colored t-shirts or polo shirts and denim jeans for a casual look, throwing away the more formal look. Teenage boys also wore pastel and neon colored jackets, polos, pants, short shorts and t-shirts. Converse All-Stars shoes were also popular among the teenagers. Colorful short shorts for both teen boys and girls were also one of the huge trends that defined the decade. Sportswear also became popular for everyday clothing. Leggings rose to popularity as well as jogging pants, headbands and legwarmers. By 1989, a drastic change in style emerged; a trend having oversized shirts and pants were in style, paving way to the 1990s loose fashion. 1990s [ edit ] Fashion in the 1990s was a laid back version of the 1980s fashion. This decade saw the beginning of the influence of rock music to mainstream fashion. Despite being impractical for tropical weather, but also taking advantage on the increase of affordable air conditioners, men started to wear dark, simple and mostly oversized clothes, moving away to the brightly colored clothes of the 1980s. Women also wore loose, simple and casual clothing such as oversized shirts, denim shorts, denim jeans, simple blouses and sneakers. Skirts weren't as popular as denim throughout the decade. Men's hairstyles also changed as they grew their hair longer for the first time since the decade of the 1970s. Also, a hairstyle called cachupoy was considered popular among teenage boys. It was a straight hairstyle that has a middle parting at the center, most teen celebrities sported this kind of hairstyle. It was also the decade when people from all social classes wore the same style of clothes, with people having a hard time distinguishing who was from the upper class or from the lower class as everyone opted for a simple, laid-back style of dressing. 2000s [ edit ] 1990s fashion remained popular during the early years of the first decade of the 21st century. 2000s fashion was considered a mash up of different styles. In the first part of the decade, the concept of innerwear as an outerwear was popularized resulting in the popularity of spaghetti strap clothes. Men still followed the 1990s fashion with hip-hop inspired of clothing, wearing cargo pants and oversized T-shirts. By the mid 2000s, colorful clothes began to rise again. Men started wearing flannel and checkered polos. At the end of the decade, people saw the mixture of clothing from uggboots worn with short shorts and t-shirts to dresses worn over with leggings. It was characterized by bright colors, textures, patterns and a bunch of accessories. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, Jejemon (/wiki/Jejemon) style clothing consisting of oversized shirts with large prints and high crown hats became popular with teenagers. 2010s [ edit ] Pia Alonzo Wurtzbach (/wiki/Pia_Wurtzbach) Due to the development of social media, many Filipino women and men were exposed to different styles. Also due to the rising economy of the country for the first time since the 1986 People Power Revolution, as well as the constant building of shopping malls and shopping centers, many Filipinos began buying more clothes. The early 2010s began with a continuation of some of the late-2000s fashion; however; in 2011, a change began as people started to move away from the rock influenced 2000s fashion and create a more distinctive 2010s fashion. With the rise of social media, most of the women began wearing inspired clothes. Also, women became interested in 1960s fashion and began replicating that style. Men also began wearing preppy clothes inspired by the British boy band One Direction (/wiki/One_Direction) who rose to fame in 2010. Skinny jeans and shorts proved to be popular among the men and these came up in different colors. In 2013, skater skirts became popular among teenage girls and they started wearing more feminine clothing. When the mid-2010s entered, women began wearing more modest clothing as the fashion brands started to market 1950s and 1960s inspired clothing. Denim pants was replaced by skirts and leggings. Men began to wear more formal clothes. Dresses replaced the casual t-shirts and jeans worn by the women while Chinos (/wiki/Chinos) replaced the denim pants worn by men. By the mid-2010s, many of the fashions from the mid-1960s and mid-1990s returned, clothing such as midi-skirts, denim jackets, knitted sweaters, boat shoes, etc. came back into fashion while fashion pieces like chokers gained prominence once again. Men's fashion also started to move away to the rock/hiphop-influenced styles of the past two decades and started to define a new style for men. 2010s hairstyles were often defined by; loose waves for women and slick-back hair for men. While beauty trends include having emphasis on the lips, and contoured cheeks, nude color palettes were also prominent for make-up. [6] (#cite_note-6) The late 2010s saw Mindanao-influenced designs, and a resurgence of interest for ternos and their redesigns for modern applications, with 2018 hosting the first TERNOCON. [7] (#cite_note-7) Traditional clothing by areas and regions [ edit ] Ethnic clothing was worn by the members of different ethnic tribes around the country before the Spanish colonized the islands. Today, they are still often worn during gatherings, festivals, and for cultural shows. Cordilleras [ edit ] The modern Ifugao youth in their traditional clothing. Igorot ethnic outfit [ edit ] The Igorots (/wiki/Igorot) are indigenous people from the Cordilleras. They are known for wearing a piece of clothing with intricate patterns woven by their own fellowmen. The men's clothing consists of red loincloth called wanes with tribal patterns, tattoos which is a symbol for bravery, and colorful bead necklaces. Women's clothing are usually similar to men's except that the women wear wrap-around skirt or called lufid and usually topless. In some parts of Cordilleras such as the Igorots in Benguet, women wrap their breasts with a very detailed wrap-around clothing. Baro't Saya [ edit ] The traditional Baro't Saya was worn by the lowland people in Filipinas. It includes the blouse called "baro" and a skirt called "saya". It is the Archetype of every Filipiniana dress that has evolved throughout the colonial era of the Philippines. Today, the dress represents the rural life in the Philippines. Urban areas [ edit ] Maria Clara Dress [ edit ] Main article: Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Being the capital which is also located in the lowland Urban area, Manila people often wore more elaborate version of Baro't Saya with wide full skirts rather than the simple skirt. Throughout the 17th–18th century, this clothing also became popular to the upper and middle class Filipinos from other parts of the country, mostly urban areas such as Cebu, Iloilo, Negros Occidental and many more. Today, it is now known as the Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) which represents the Spanish colonial history of the country as well as the aristocracy of the Filipino people. During the American period, the design drastically changed from a wide full skirt to a more modern look and then again changed into the current Filipiniana popularized by Imelda Marcos in the 1960s. Men wore barong tagalog but with also a more elaborate and intricate designs. Visayas [ edit ] Kimona and Patadyong [ edit ] In the islands of the Visayas regions, the Kimona represents Visayan clothing. Most Visayan lowland people wear the typical Kimona , a type of Baro't Saya blouse matching with a knee-length skirt. Kimona is typically a transparent piece of clothing made of pineapple fiber while the skirt is usually either floor-length or knee-length printed with the Patadyong pattern, hence getting the name Patadyong skirt. The dress is often accompanied with a handkerchief called tubao and is often placed above the right shoulder. Mindanao [ edit ] A men's clothing from Mindanao exhibiting at the Bunka Gakuen Costume Museum (/w/index.php?title=Bunka_Gakuen_Costume_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1) in Tokyo, Japan. In Mindanao, there is large minority of the people are practicing Islam, therefore following the Islamic culture. Women wear a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) , a long-sleeved top and a floor-length skirt, while men wear polos and pants together with a hat called taqiyah . Non Islamic people follow Visayan-like fashion. Women's clothing [ edit ] Baro't Saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_Saya) (literally "Shirt and Skirt") is the Filipino style of women's clothing. Traditionally, it is composed of a blouse and a long skirt with a "panuelo". It evolved many variants, some are regional. The upper-class women wore more elaborate baro't saya sewn with beads and colorful designs. The skirt is also wider than what lower classes wore. These types of clothing that are "simple yet functional" that have both indigenous Filipino qualities and Spanish influence started to become prominent during the 16th-century in the Philippines. Such clothing, through the innovation of modern-day Filipino fashion designers, can be worn in the Philippines for formal occasions and office uniforms. These "national clothes" can be made from materials such as piña , jusi , abaca (/wiki/Abaca) , and Mindanao silk. [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) Men's clothing [ edit ] barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) is a clothing worn by men. Having originated in Luzon, this clothing is may be made of pineapple fiber and is translucent, where an undershirt has to be worn together with dark pants. The "coat" or "suit", locally known as the " Amerikana (/wiki/Suit_(clothing)) " or Americana (literally "American") was another type of clothing introduced to the Philippines by the Americans. Worn with a tie, it is used for formal occasions. [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) Fashion designers [ edit ] Notable Filipino fashion designers include Pitoy Moreno (/wiki/Pitoy_Moreno) , Ito Curata (/wiki/Ito_Curata) , Inno Sotto (https://ph.asiatatler.com/people/inno-sotto) , Rajo Laurel, Kermit Tesoro (/wiki/Kermit_Tesoro) , Beatriz Tesoro, Christian Espiritu, Auggie Cordero, Monique Lhuillier (/wiki/Monique_Lhuillier) , Ezra Santos, Mich Dulce (/wiki/Mich_Dulce) , Francis Libiran, Oliver Tolentino, Josie Natori (/wiki/Josie_Natori) , and Michael Cinco (/wiki/Michael_Cinco) . Moreno was known to design and create dresses for Philippine First Ladies. A newly emerging Filipino designer is Wolfram Philippines who introduced iconic Filipino wardrobes through the pop group BGYO (/wiki/BGYO) . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) Popular brands [ edit ] Bench, a Filipino clothing brand Filipino brands [ edit ] Philippine brand clothing that are popular in and outside the Philippines include Crispa , Bench (/wiki/Bench_(Philippine_clothing_brand)) , Onesimus, Michel André, Penshoppe (/wiki/Penshoppe) , Loalde , Kamiseta (literally "T-shirt"), Maldita and Bayo . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) International brands [ edit ] Brands from abroad that are popular in the Philippines include Giordano (/wiki/Giordano_(clothing)) , Levi's (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) , Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , The Gap (/wiki/The_Gap,_Inc.) , Banana Republic (/wiki/Banana_Republic) and Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) First tier includes top designer's labels that are not common to average Filipinos, including Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) . Second tier showcases brands that are affordable to average Filipinos which include Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) , Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors_(brand)) , Nine West (/wiki/Nine_West) , Kate Spade (/wiki/Kate_Spade_New_York) , Longchamp (/wiki/Longchamp_(company)) and Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) . Third tier are the high street brands that are a bit expensive for average Filipinos, including Comme des Garcons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) , Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) , Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(company)) , Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) , Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)) , Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_Productions) . Fourth tier are affordable brands that are good quality, which includes, Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) , Mango (/wiki/Mango_(retailer)) , Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , and Aldo (/wiki/Aldo_(brand)) ". Fifth tier are brands that are very much affordable to an average Filipino and usually of a lower quality, Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , and Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) See also [ edit ] Philippine Fashion Week (/wiki/Philippine_Fashion_Week) Project Runway Philippines (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines) 2010s in Philippine Fashion (/wiki/2010s_in_Philippine_Fashion) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Rayadillo (/wiki/Rayadillo) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Barong Tagalog history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170710074926/http://www.barongsrus.com/barong/history-barong-tagalog-i-20.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.barongsrus.com/barong/history-barong-tagalog-i-20.html) on July 10, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) History of the Barong Tagalog by My Barong (http://mybarong2.com/history-barong-tagalog-art-99.html) ^ a b "Pre-Colonial Traditional Clothing" (https://pinoy-culture.tumblr.com/post/30479656512/pre-colonial-traditional-clothing-note-though) . Pinoy-Culture ~ A Filipino Cultural & History Blog . Retrieved January 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Manila was known as the 'Pearl of the Orient.' Then World War II happened" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/19/manila-was-known-as-the-pearl-of-the-orient-then-world-war-ii-happened/) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . Retrieved July 14, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The Story of Dior, The New Look Revolution" (https://www.dior.com/couture/en_gb/the-house-of-dior/the-story-of-dior/the-new-look-revolution/) . Retrieved July 14, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Yay or Nay: 50 Fashion and Beauty Trends We Spotted in Manila in 2016" (https://www.spot.ph/shopping/the-latest-shopping/68648/50-fashion-and-beauty-trends-2016-a00023-20161226-lfrm2) . SPOT.ph . December 26, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Philippines, Cultural Center of the. "TERNOCON: A Terno Making Convention and Contest for Regional Designers | Cultural Center of the Philippines" (https://www.culturalcenter.gov.ph/programs/archives/ternocon-a-terno-making-convention-and-contest-for-regional-designers/details) . TERNOCON: A Terno Making Convention and Contest for Regional Designers . Retrieved July 30, 2021 . ^ a b c d e f "Filipino Clothing and Various Influences" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131214181220/http://www.filipino-heritage.com/filipino-clothing.html) . Filipino-Heritage.com. Archived from the original (http://www.filipino-heritage.com/filipino-clothing.html) on December 14, 2013 . Retrieved December 14, 2013 . External links [ edit ] Philippines' makes fashion history; breaks world record (https://web.archive.org/web/20131215025853/http://ava.ph/avazine/philippines-makes-fashion-history-breaks-world-record/) by Dinah Manzano v t e Fashion and clothing in the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) Periods Pre-Hispanic (/w/index.php?title=1400s-1500s_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1521-1899 (/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Era_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1900-1929 (/w/index.php?title=1900-1929_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1930–1945 (/w/index.php?title=1930%E2%80%931945_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1945–1959 (/w/index.php?title=1945%E2%80%931960_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1960s (/w/index.php?title=1960s_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1970s (/w/index.php?title=1970s_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1980s (/wiki/1980s_in_Philippine_Fashion) 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_Philippine_Fashion) 2000s 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A men's garment of the Inca Empire Uncu Uncu (Unku [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) ) was a men's garment of the Inca Empire (/wiki/Inca_Empire) . It was an upper-body garment of knee-length; Royals wore it with a mantle cloth called '' yacolla (/wiki/Yacolla_(coth)) .'' Women wore a long dress known as an anaku (/wiki/Anaku_(dress)) . Structure [ edit ] Uncu was similar to a long tunic (/wiki/Tunic) , ranging between 84 and 100 cms, with a 72-79 cms width range. However, the length of the highland and coastal garments was different; Uncu in the highland were sleeveless and longer than the coastal tunic. Kings, nobles, and ordinary people all wore Uncu. The design and motifs for these dresses were rank-, cultural-, and event-specific. For example, capac uncu was a rich, powerful shirt worn by Inca Roca (the king). Inca royals clothing consisted of '' tocapu (/wiki/Tocapu) '' an art of geometric figures enclosed by rectangles or squares. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Each garment was woven individually. [7] (#cite_note-7) Material [ edit ] Ordinary Uncu was made from cotton blending with various camelidae (/wiki/Camelidae) fibres such as llama (/wiki/Llama) , alpaca (/wiki/Alpaca) , guanaco, and vicuña (/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a) , but for royal use, a whole finest cloth ( cumbi (/wiki/Cumbi) ) was used. [8] (#cite_note-8) Gallery [ edit ] Uncu Uncu Inca tunic Inca Tunic, 15th-16th Century References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Dean, Carolyn Sue (1990). Painted Images of Cuzco's Corpus Christi: Social Conflict and Cultural Strategy in Viceregal Peru . University of California, Los Angeles. p. 227. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Cummins, Thomas B. F.; Anderson, Barbara (2008-09-23). The Getty Murua: Essays on the Making of Martin de Murua's "Historia General del Piru", J. Paul Getty Museum Ms. Ludwig XIII 16 . Getty Publications. p. 127. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-89236-894-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Feltham, Jane (1989). Peruvian textiles . Internet Archive. Aylesbury : Shire. p. 57. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7478-0014-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Shimada, Izumi (2015-06-01). The Inka Empire: A Multidisciplinary Approach . University of Texas Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4773-0393-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Vargas, Carlos A. González; Rosati, Hugo; Sánchez, Sánchez Cabello (2002). Guaman Poma: testigo del mundo andino (in Spanish). Lom Ediciones. pp. 57, 113, 122, 123, 146. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-956-282-560-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Bonavia, Duccio (1985). Mural Painting in Ancient Peru . Indiana University Press. p. 120. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-253-33940-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Murra, John V. (1980). The Economic Organization of the Inka State . JAI Press. p. 67. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-89232-118-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The Andean Uncu" (http://www.lacma.org/andean-uncu) . LACMA . Retrieved 2021-06-03 . External links [ edit ] Look up unku (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unku) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Media related to Uncu (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Uncu) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Textile arts (/wiki/Textile_arts) Fundamentals Appliqué (/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9) Beadwork (/wiki/Beadwork) Crochet (/wiki/Crochet) Dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Felting (/wiki/Felt) Fiber (/wiki/Fiber) Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) Lace (/wiki/Lace) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Nålebinding (/wiki/N%C3%A5lebinding) Needlework (/wiki/Needlework) Patchwork (/wiki/Patchwork) Passementerie (/wiki/Passementerie) Plying (/wiki/Plying) Quilting (/wiki/Quilting) Rope (/wiki/Rope) Rug making (/wiki/Rug_making) Sewing (/wiki/Sewing) Spinning (/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)) Stitch (/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)) Textile printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Weaving (/wiki/Weaving) Yarn (/wiki/Yarn) History of ... 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Hong Kong fashion designer and model This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/YaLocalOffgod) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:YaLocalOffgod) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=YaLocalOffgod&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=YaLocalOffgod&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=YaLocalOffgod) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=YaLocalOffgod) for suggestions. 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( May 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) YaLocalOffgod Born Andrew Mok ( 2005-01-21 ) January 21, 2005 (age 19) Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , China Education Victoria Shanghai Academy Occupations Fashion designer model entrepreneur Website offgodofficial (https://offgodofficial.com/) .com (https://offgodofficial.com/) Andrew Mok (莫家俊; born January 21, 2005), known professionally as YaLocalOffgod , is a Hong Kong fashion designer, model and entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneur) . He is best known as being the founder of his clothing brand, bandage boy, and currently serves as the graphic designer (/wiki/Graphic_design) for Lil Bibby's music label, Grade A Productions. Offgod is a portmanteau (/wiki/Portmanteau) of the word 'Off' from Off White (/wiki/Off_White) and the word God. Fashion and modelling background [ edit ] The name of the brand 'bandage boy' was inspired by the bandages Offgod adds to his art, as well as Tyler, The Creator (/wiki/Tyler,_The_Creator) 's Grammy-nominated album 'Flower Boy'. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The idea of the brand can be traced back to an Instagram post by Offgod on January 25, 2022, where he uploaded a picture of the brand's first design – a sewn jacket. Development over the rest of the year was not entirely publicised, but online tabloids like Lifestyle Asia Hong Kong covered the concept of the brand, from Offgod's perspective. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) He mentions that the idea came to fruition after he "pitched it to his management at his record label, and they loved it!" In late 2022, cameos on his Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) page included TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) star Addison Rae (/wiki/Addison_Rae) , wearing Apple (/wiki/Apple_Inc.) AirPod Max attachments for the headphones made from a 3D printer. These attachments included a host of designs, ranging from human-resembling figurines, to abstract artpieces. Following the theme of the aforementioned attachments, Offgod utilised scrapped parts to assemble accessories for a one-of-one suitcase, as well as one-of-one attachments for shoes. 2023 was the breakout year for the designer, accelerating production of items for his brand through various designs such as Apple Watch attachments, sunglasses attachments and further developments on the Airpod Max attachments. In the midst of all these creations, Offgod was featured as a model in Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Hong Kong's 'Stan Smith' collection. His brand's first official release came on 28 July 2023, where an assortment of tote bags, cargo pants, sweaters and shirts were announced. The site sold out within two weeks, after popular demand for the items. Work away from his brand includes articles with Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Hong Kong, Hypebeast (/wiki/Hypebeast_(company)) , and Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) Asia. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Artistic background [ edit ] Offgod was first known for his artistic skill. He began posting on his Instagram page on June 4, 2018, and mainly revolved around late rapper Juice WRLD (/wiki/Juice_WRLD) , and would later sign for the same record label the artist was in. He was first recognised by Japanese artist Takashi Murakami (/wiki/Takashi_Murakami) and then later American singer and fellow fashion designer Pharrell Williams (/wiki/Pharrell_Williams) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) With this new-found exposure, Offgod found himself being contacted by Chicago rapper Lil Bibby, and consequently signed for his label, Grade A Productions. Making covers for songs such as Reminds Me of You (/wiki/Reminds_Me) for Australian rapper The Kid Laroi (/wiki/The_Kid_Laroi) and Juice WRLD as well as TikTok star-turned singer Bella Poarch (/wiki/Bella_Poarch) 's Build a Bitch (/wiki/Build_a_Bitch) , Offgod only grew in popularity, exponentially. His trademark animated-style as well as drawings from the perspective from a fisheye lens (/wiki/Fisheye_lens) got him his first exhibition in Hysan Place, Hong Kong where he showcased his art for the public to see. See also [ edit ] Nigo (/wiki/Nigo) , Japanese fashion designer Pharrell Williams (/wiki/Pharrell_Williams) , American artist and fashion designer Takashi Murakami (/wiki/Takashi_Murakami) , Japanese artist References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Erickson, Nathan (5 August 2022). "How Andrew Mok, aka Offgod, became your favourite rapper's favourite artist" (https://www.lifestyleasia.com/hk/culture/art/offgod-andrew-mok-yalocaloffgod-bandage-boy-interview/) . Lifestyle Asia Hong Kong . Retrieved 27 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Lai, Kaitlyn. " (https://www.voguehk.com/en/article/fashion/offgod-drew-bandage-boy-interview/) "Offgod" Andrew Mok On His New Fashion Brand "Bandage Boy" (https://www.voguehk.com/en/article/fashion/offgod-drew-bandage-boy-interview/) " (https://www.voguehk.com/en/article/fashion/offgod-drew-bandage-boy-interview/) . Vogue Hong Kong (/wiki/Vogue_Hong_Kong) . Retrieved 27 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Chow, Aaron (7 November 2022). "Offgod and Gleb Kostin Collide for Sculptural Air Pods Max Attachments" (https://hypebeast.com/2022/11/offgod-gleb-kostin-apple-air-pods-max-attachment-look-info) . Hypebeast (/wiki/Hypebeast_(company)) . Retrieved 27 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Hall, Amalissa. "From Men's Fashion Week debut to starring in a Gareth T music video, Offgod's Andrew Mok discusses finding success on Instagram and real life" (https://www.tatlerasia.com/style/fashion/10-minutes-with-andrew-mok-interview) . Tatler Asia . Retrieved 27 December 2023 . 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Fashion accessories using lightning rods Lightning rod umbrella Lightning rod fashion was a fad in late eighteenth-century Europe after the lightning rod (/wiki/Lightning_rod) , invented by Benjamin Franklin (/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin) , was introduced. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffer2003190-1) [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly2011184-2) Lightning rod hats for ladies and lightning umbrellas for gentlemen were most popular in France, especially in Paris. The concept that inspired the fashion was that a lightning bolt would strike the Franklin-designed protective device instead of the person, and then the electricity would travel down a small metal chain into the ground harmlessly. The technology was already used to some extent in France to protect wooden buildings, and was therefore an accepted science concept that developed into a temporary fashion. Background [ edit ] The lightning rod, invented by Franklin in the mid-eighteenth century to protect wooden structures, did not become commonplace in the United States until the nineteenth century, over fifty years after he first unveiled the concept. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamenzind200722-3) However, his experiments made electricity a fashionable topic in European society. [4] (#cite_note-ElectricFad-4) Fashion styles [ edit ] Lady's lightning rod hat In 1778, experiments were performed testing the concept of placing a lightning rod above a person's head, in an accessory, to protect them from lightning strikes. [5] (#cite_note-SilverCord-5) A woven metal ribbon was placed around a lady's hat, and a small chain made of silver was attached to the ribbon. The chain was meant to run down the back of the lady's dress and drag on the ground. [6] (#cite_note-FashionCraze-6) The electricity of a lightning strike to the ribbon would theoretically travel down the chain and into the ground, thus protecting the wearer of the hat. The supposed protection that this type of hat offered made it a popular Paris fashion trend in 1778. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiguier1867569-7) [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESociété_française_des_électriciens1936522-8) [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson196020-9) The lightning hat was called le chapeau paratonnerre in French. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly2011184-2) [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDray2005148-10) A gentleman's 1778 version of the lightning hat involved an umbrella with a tip extended into a pointed rod. [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBureaux1895211-11) A metal chain ran from the rod over the exterior of the open umbrella and down onto the ground, thus providing a conduit for the lightning to follow. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDray2005148-10) In French, the lightning umbrella was called le parapluie-paratonnerre . [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDray2005148-10) The French physician and writer Claude Jean Veau Delaunay demonstrated a portable, telescoping lightning rod that was 6 metres (20 feet) long when fully extended. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffer2003190-1) This was intended for use by people in open areas, such as a farmers in their fields. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffer2003190-1) In the humorous play Le Palais de Cristal ou les Parisiens à Londres ( ' The Crystal Palace (/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace) or the Parisians in London ' ), written on the occasion of the Great Exhibition (/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition) 1851 by Clairville (/wiki/Clairville_(Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Nicola%C3%AFe)) and Éléonore Tenaille de Vaulabelle (/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9onore_Tenaille_de_Vaulabelle) (under the pseudonym Jules Cordier), there is a scene presenting a version of the lightning hat ( chapeau paratonnerre ) as a "Chinese invention". [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClairvilleCordier185131-12) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Schiffer 2003 (#CITEREFSchiffer2003) , p. 190. ^ Jump up to: a b O'Reilly 2011 (#CITEREFO'Reilly2011) , p. 184. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamenzind200722_3-0) Camenzind 2007 (#CITEREFCamenzind2007) , p. 22. ^ (#cite_ref-ElectricFad_4-0) "THE LIGHTNING ROD FASHION" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9256546//) . Lubbock Morning Avalanche (/wiki/Lubbock_Avalanche-Journal) . Lubbock, Texas. May 13, 1933 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-SilverCord_5-0) "The Lightning Rod Fashion" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9233163//) . Valley Morning Star . Harlingen, Texas. May 13, 1933 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-FashionCraze_6-0) "Believe it or NOT" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9232654//) . The Record-Argus . Greenville, Pennsylvania. May 13, 1933 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiguier1867569_7-0) Figuier 1867 (#CITEREFFiguier1867) , p. 569. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESociété_française_des_électriciens1936522_8-0) Société française des électriciens 1936 (#CITEREFSociété_française_des_électriciens1936) , p. 522. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson196020_9-0) Wilson 1960 (#CITEREFWilson1960) , p. 20. ^ Jump up to: a b c Dray 2005 (#CITEREFDray2005) , p. 148. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBureaux1895211_11-0) Bureaux 1895 (#CITEREFBureaux1895) , p. 211. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClairvilleCordier185131_12-0) Clairville & Cordier 1851 (#CITEREFClairvilleCordier1851) , p. 31. Sources [ edit ] Bureaux (1895). Le Photo-journal . Bureaux. Camenzind, Hans (1 February 2007). Much Ado about Almost Nothing . Hans Camenzind. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-615-13995-1 . Clairville; Cordier, Jules (1851). Le Palais de Cristal ou les Parisiens à Londres . Beck. p. 31. Dray, Philip (2 August 2005). Stealing God's Thunder . Random House Publishing Group (/wiki/Random_House_Publishing_Group) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58836-461-6 . Figuier, Louis (1867). The wonders of science or popular description of modern inventions . Furne, Juvet. O'Reilly, James (27 December 2011). Travelers' Tales Paris . Travelers' Tales. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60952-074-8 . Benjamin Franklin's discovery of atmospheric electricity did not give birth to a new French hairdress, but he was honored with a hat,"le chapeau paratonnerre," with a little metal chain to attract lightning extending from the back of the hatband. Schiffer, Michael Brian (14 October 2003). Draw the Lightning Down . University of California Press (/wiki/University_of_California_Press) . p. 190 (https://archive.org/details/drawlightningdow00mich/page/190) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-23802-2 . Public discussions of lightning conductors in France also took a more whimsical turn. If buildings could be protected from lightning, then why not people as well? In 1778 it was proposed that hats be equipped with lightning conductors. From a metal ring around the hat, a chain would dangle downward dragging on the ground behind the wearer of this most fashionable contrivance of millinery artistry. Société française des électriciens (1936). Bulletin . En 1778, on voit apparaître à Paris la mode du chapeau paratonnerre pour les femmes; .. = In 1778, the fashion of the lightning rod hat for women appeared in Paris... Wilson, Mitchell A. (1960). American Science and Invention, a Pictorial History: The Fabulous Story of how American Dreamers, Wizards, and Inspired Tinkerers Converted a Wilderness Into the Wonder of the World . Bonanza Books. 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Austrian author This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Madeleine_Daria_Alizadeh&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Madeleine+Daria+Alizadeh&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Madeleine+Daria+Alizadeh) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Madeleine_Daria_Alizadeh) for suggestions. ( March 2021 ) Madeleine Daria Alizadeh DariaDaria at Konzerthaus Wien (/wiki/Konzerthaus_Wien) in May 2016 Born ( 1989-07-10 ) 10 July 1989 (age 35) Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) Madeleine Darya Alizadeh (born 10 July 1989 in Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) , Austria, also known as dariadaria ) is an Austrian author, podcaster, influencer, activist and entrepreneur. Her activities center around environmentalism, sustainability and mindfulness. She initially became known through her blog, which she ran for seven years, and, today, she runs the fashion label dariadéh and the podcast A Mindful Mess . Her book Starkes Weiches Herz (" Strong Soft Heart ") was on the Spiegel bestseller list in fall 2019. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) Life & Education [ edit ] Madeleine Alizadeh, born on 10 July 1989, in Vienna, Austria, is the daughter of an Iranian father and an Austrian mother. [2] (#cite_note-Kreid_2015-08-21-2) Her diverse background would later impact her engagement in political and social issues. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Alizadeh initially studied political sciences and ethnology but shifter to photography, completing a master's degree in Milan. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Career [ edit ] Alizadeh has built a multifaceted career that encompasses blogging, podcasting, fashion design, and activism. Her work predominantly focues on sustainability, ethical practices, social justice, and conscious living. Blogging [ edit ] In 2010, Alizadeh launched the blog dariadaria , which quickly gained popularity in the German-speaking world. [4] (#cite_note-Wanderlust-4) Initially focused on beauty and fashion, the Rana Plaza factory collapse (/wiki/Rana_Plaza_collapse) in 2013 prompted her to shift her focus to ethical fashion and political discourse. [5] (#cite_note-Hable_2021-04-30-5) The blog evolved into a profitable venture through various partnerships and endorsements, [6] (#cite_note-6) making Alizadeh a prominent voice in the sustainability movement. [7] (#cite_note-7) Podcasting [ edit ] In 2017, Alizadeh started the podcast A Mindful Mess , which covers a wide array of topics, including sustainability, mental health, feminism, and personal growth. [8] (#cite_note-8) The podcast has been a significant medium through which Alizadeh continues her advocacy and storytelling, allowing her to reach a broad audience and discuss important issues in a more intimate and personal format. [9] (#cite_note-9) Fashion [ edit ] In 2017, Alizadeh founded dariadéh , a fair-fashion label committed to producing sustainable, high-quality clothing. [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) The brand emphasizes the use of non-toxic materials, inclusive sizing, and ethical production practices. [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [5] (#cite_note-Hable_2021-04-30-5) Writing [ edit ] Alizadeh's book Starkes Weiches Herz (2019) achieved bestseller status on Spiegel's list in the paperback category. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [5] (#cite_note-Hable_2021-04-30-5) [12] (#cite_note-12) She coauthored the book Unlearn Patriarchy (2022) [13] (#cite_note-13) and continues to write a green lifestyle column for the local Wienerin magazine. [4] (#cite_note-Wanderlust-4) [14] (#cite_note-14) Activism [ edit ] Alizadeh is an advocate for environmental protection, animal rights, veganism, and social justice. She promotes transparency, sustainability, and conscious consumption through her platforms. Her activism is deeply rooted in her personal experiences and educational background, driving her to address various social and environmental issues. Alizadeh's activist work primarily includes public speaking and demonstrating. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Political Involvement [ edit ] In 2019, Alizadeh symbolically ran for the Austrian Green Party to support their environmental agenda. [18] (#cite_note-18) Wikipedia Controversy [ edit ] Alizadeh has criticized Wikipedia for repeatedly deleting her page, alleging sexism and unequal standards for women. Her page was deleted on January 25, 2023, with the justification of "no encyclopedic relevance." [19] (#cite_note-19) Alizadeh pointed out that the deletion debate was led mainly by men and argued that women's biographies, especially those with foreign-sounding names, face stricter scrutiny compared to those of men. [20] (#cite_note-20) Awards & Nominations [ edit ] 2015: Otto Blog Award 2.0 in the category "User Voting" [21] (#cite_note-21) 2019: Woman of the Year Award in the category "Sinnfluencer" [22] (#cite_note-22) Publications [ edit ] Alizadeh, Madeleine (2019). Starkes weiches Herz: wie Mut und Liebe unsere Welt verändern können . Berlin: Ullstein leben. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-96366-058-0 . Unlearn patriarchy (7th ed.). Berlin: Ullstein. 2023. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-550-20219-3 . (contributor) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Starkes weiches Herz" (https://www.buchreport.de/bestseller/buch/isbn/9783963660580.htm/) . Buchreport (in German). 24 February 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-Kreid_2015-08-21_2-0) Kreid, Johanna (21 August 2015). "Bloggerin hilft Flüchtlingen in Traiskirchen" (https://kurier.at/chronik/oesterreich/bloggerin-dariadaria-hilft-fluechtlingen-in-traiskirchen/148.309.201) . Kurier (/wiki/Kurier) (in German) . Retrieved 19 February 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sevriens, Lesley (18 September 2019). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20200812210453/https://werde-magazin.de/interview-madeleine-alizadeh/) "Große Veränderungen sind machbar, man muss sie nur wollen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200812210453/https://werde-magazin.de/interview-madeleine-alizadeh/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20200812210453/https://werde-magazin.de/interview-madeleine-alizadeh/) . Werde Magazin (in German). Photos by Maximilian Salzer. Archived from the original (https://werde-magazin.de/interview-madeleine-alizadeh/) on 12 August 2020 . Retrieved 19 February 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Dariadaria" (https://wanderlust.com/artist/dariadaria/) . Wanderlust . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hable, Waltraud (30 April 2021). "How to make the world better according to DariaDaria" (https://www.redbull.com/int-en/theredbulletin/dariadaria-interview-madeleine-alizadeh) . Red Bull (/wiki/Red_Bull) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Blogger: Die Schattenseiten des Internet-Ruhms" (https://kurier.at/leben/blogger-die-schattenseiten-des-internet-ruhms/249.701.730) . Kurier (/wiki/Kurier) . 6 March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Lau, Chloé (16 June 2020). "BAUCHGEFÜHLE" (https://www.forbes.at/artikel/bauchgefuehle.html) . Forbes.at (in German). Photos by Maria Noisterni. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "#6 Madeleine Alizadeh (DariaDaria), Bloggerin & Aktivistin" (https://podcasts.apple.com/at/podcast/6-madeleine-alizadeh-dariadaria-bloggerin-aktivistin/id1441454561?i=1000428918539) . beatframes (Podcast) – via podcasts.apple.com. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "#6 Madeleine Alizadeh (DariaDaria), Bloggerin & Aktivistin" (https://www.beatframes.at/podcast/madeleine-alizadeh-dariadaria/) . beatframes . ^ Jump up to: a b Hunstig, Maria (15 November 2021). "Madeleine Alizadeh (Dariadaria), wie produziert man nachhaltige Mode?" (https://www.vogue.de/mode/artikel/madeleine-alizadeh-dariadaria-nachhaltige-mode-produzieren-business-video) . Vogue Germany (in German) . Retrieved 10 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "STYLE UP YOUR LIFE! Tipp: A Mindful Mess" (https://www.styleupyourlife.at/a-mindful-mess-der-podcast-von-dariadaria) . www.styleupyourlife.at (in Austrian German). 3 July 2020 . Retrieved 10 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "dariadaria legt ihre Lieblingsmusik auf" (https://oe3.orf.at/programm/stories/dariadaria/) . Ö3 Programm (in German). 8 November 2019 . Retrieved 10 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Madeleine Alizadeh (dariadaria)" (https://www.thalia.at/autor/madeleine+alizadeh+(dariadaria)-16295773/) . thalia.at . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Madeleine Alizadeh "dariadaria" (http://weekofdignity.org/team/madeleine-alizadeh/?lang=en) " (http://weekofdignity.org/team/madeleine-alizadeh/?lang=en) . Wiener Woche der Würde . Retrieved 10 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Madeleine Alizadeh alias Dariadaria: Ihr Kampf für Klima und Gleichberechtigung" (https://www.welt.de/iconist/partnerschaft/article199445270/Madeleine-Alizadeh-alias-Dariadaria-Ihr-Kampf-fuer-Klima-und-Gleichberechtigung.html) . DIE WELT (in German). 2 September 2019 . Retrieved 10 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Streaming agenda" (https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/webstreaming?d=20180602&lv=OTHER_EVENTS&view=day) . Multimedia Centre . Retrieved 10 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) TEDx Talks (26 February 2019). The One Thing That Changes Everything | Madeleine Daria Alizadeh | TEDxHeidelberg . Retrieved 10 July 2024 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Dariadaria: "Ich werde keinen Wahlkampf führen" (https://www.profil.at/oesterreich/dariadaria-gruene-wahlkampf-10864864) " (https://www.profil.at/oesterreich/dariadaria-gruene-wahlkampf-10864864) . www.profil.at (in German). 15 July 2019 . Retrieved 10 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Wikipedia:Löschkandidaten/16. Januar 2023" (https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:L%C3%B6schkandidaten/16._Januar_2023&oldid=244706824) . Wikipedia (in German). 5 May 2024 . Retrieved 10 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Influencerin Dariadaria wirft Wikipedia Sexismus vor" (https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000144202693/influencerin-dariadaria-wirft-wikipedia-sexismus-vor) . DER STANDARD (in Austrian German) . Retrieved 10 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "desjen.com und DariaDaria gewinnen den Otto Blog Award 2.0" (https://www.cash.at/handel/digital/desjen.com-und-dariadaria-gewinnen-den-otto-blog-award-2.0-10203) . www.cash.at (in German) . Retrieved 10 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Das sind die Frauen des Jahres" (https://www.leadersnet.at/news/40596,das-sind-die-frauen-des-jahres.html) . www.leadersnet.at (in German) . Retrieved 10 July 2024 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/26156856204049600033) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCJJyrdxc9C7b9Vpvfv3) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1194467334) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐hfn8x Cached time: 20240719020629 Cache expiry: 1115613 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.546 seconds Real time usage: 0.719 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2710/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 53395/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2626/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 93036/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.387/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 21604373/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 684.823 1 -total 19.63% 134.403 1 Template:Infobox_person 16.44% 112.612 1 Template:Reflist 14.03% 96.079 1 Template:Lang 13.92% 95.355 1 Template:Short_description 11.95% 81.819 1 Template:Authority_control 11.94% 81.764 2 Template:Cite_book 9.02% 61.756 19 Template:Cite_web 8.84% 60.513 18 Template:Main_other 8.14% 55.727 1 Template:Orphan Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66395686-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719020629 and revision id 1235391542. 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C.D. Peacock Industry Retail (/wiki/Retailing) Founded 1837 ; 187 years ago ( 1837 ) Headquarters Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , Illinois, United States Products Jewelry (/wiki/Jewellery) Owner Seymour Holtzman Website cdpeacock.com (http://www.cdpeacock.com/) C.D. Peacock , originally established as The House of Peacock , is a Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) -based retail jewelry store founded in 1837 by Elijah Peacock. [1] (#cite_note-pac2015-1) The company is Chicago's oldest existing retailer. [2] (#cite_note-ct1992-2) History [ edit ] The company survived the Great Chicago Fire (/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire) , despite its location in the middle of the city, as all of its merchandise was kept in a fireproof safe. [3] (#cite_note-homepage-3) In 1889, Charles Daniel Peacock assumed control of the business and changed the name to the current C.D. Peacock. [3] (#cite_note-homepage-3) They issued their first retail catalog in 1893, which coincided with the World's Columbian Exposition (/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition) . [1] (#cite_note-pac2015-1) Later, company president Walter C. Peacock (/wiki/Walter_C._Peacock) became an important figure in Chicago and Illinois sporting circles. The Peacock family sold the company to Dayton-Hudson (/wiki/Target_Corporation) in 1969. [2] (#cite_note-ct1992-2) During the 1992 American recession, the company encountered financial difficulty, entered bankruptcy and was sold to Gordon Brothers (/wiki/Gordon_Brothers) , but ultimately survived in a greatly reduced form. As of 1993, C.D. Peacock is owned by Seymour Holtzman, Chairman of Destination XL Group (/wiki/Destination_XL_Group) , with three Metro-Chicago locations. [3] (#cite_note-homepage-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) As of 2023 C. D. Peacock still belongs to a corporation controlled by the Holtzman family. The location in The Palmer House Hilton (/wiki/The_Palmer_House_Hilton) is known for its 3 openwork (/wiki/Openwork) brass Art Nouveau (/wiki/Art_Nouveau) "peacock doors" designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany (/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) (They are unrelated to The Peacock Room (/wiki/The_Peacock_Room) .) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Benham, Alyce Hand (September 19, 2015). "Antiques & Collectibles: Peacock wedding ring needs professional appraisal" (https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/life/antiques-collectibles-peacock-wedding-ring-needs-professional-appraisal/article_ed57a8d1-e296-5229-a911-c1280475e38b.html) . The Press of Atlantic City (/wiki/The_Press_of_Atlantic_City) . Retrieved February 12, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Schmeltzer, John (November 10, 1992). "C.D. Peacock Faces Liquidation" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992-11-10/business/9204120059_1_peacock-family-gordon-brothers-jewelry-business) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Retrieved February 12, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "The History Of C.D.Peacock" (https://cdpeacock.com/history/) . cdpeacock.com . Retrieved February 12, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Janjigian, Robert (April 6, 2014). " (https://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/local/serial-entrepreneur-finds-time-mind-his-own-business/baTFHlNe7q3QI87FswupPK/) 'Serial entrepreneur' finds time to mind his own business(es)" (https://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/local/serial-entrepreneur-finds-time-mind-his-own-business/baTFHlNe7q3QI87FswupPK/) . Palm Beach Daily News (/wiki/Palm_Beach_Daily_News) . Retrieved March 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "C.D. Peacock" (https://www.wilsonsestatejewelry.com/pages/c-d-peacock) , Wilsons Estate Jewelry ^ (#cite_ref-6) https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/worlds-most-historically-significant-doors (https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/worlds-most-historically-significant-doors) ^ (#cite_ref-7) https://cdpeacock.com/pages/history (https://cdpeacock.com/pages/history) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐7pp4v Cached time: 20240721130924 Cache expiry: 903038 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.394 seconds Real time usage: 0.521 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1393/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13108/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 903/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19211/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.253/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4235465/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 493.402 1 -total 45.54% 224.689 1 Template:Infobox_company 42.79% 211.141 1 Template:Reflist 42.09% 207.656 1 Template:Infobox 35.70% 176.127 3 Template:Cite_news 9.78% 48.251 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates 3.90% 19.263 1 Template:DMCA 3.34% 16.487 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 2.86% 14.120 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 2.16% 10.650 1 Template:Start_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44742351-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721130924 and revision id 1225490963. 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Submission declined on 2 May 2024 by CanonNi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:CanonNi) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:CanonNi) ). This submission's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) —that is, they do not show significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in published , reliable , secondary sources that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the subject (see the guidelines on the notability of people (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) ). Before any resubmission, additional references meeting these criteria should be added (see technical help (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners#Inserting_a_reference) and learn about mistakes to avoid (/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_sourcing_mistakes_(notability)) when addressing this issue). If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ahron+Pagayao+Pakan%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ahron+Pagayao+Pakan%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ahron+Pagayao+Pakan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ahron+Pagayao+Pakan%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Ahron+Pagayao+Pakan%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Ahron+Pagayao+Pakan%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ahron+Pagayao+Pakan%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Ahron+Pagayao+Pakan%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Ahron_Pagayao_Pakan) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Ahron_Pagayao_Pakan&defaults=y) Declined by CanonNi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:CanonNi) 2 months ago. Last edited by CanonNi (/wiki/User:CanonNi) 2 months ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2001:4455:57B:700:4C50:ACF8:6A19:96E1&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D§ion=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Ahron Pakan is a Internet Personality Ahron Pakan, also known frytheos on Instagram, an Internet Personality based in Philippines. Ahron has 1944 followers and continuously growing followers by month, and he have also on TikTok. He born on 18th of February 2003. Currently enrolled at Cotabato State University with the degree on bachelor of science in Industrial Technology major in Electrical Technology. References [ edit ] https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13229930/ (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13229930/) https://www.instagram.com/frytheos/ (https://www.instagram.com/frytheos/) Category:Entertainment (/wiki/Category:Entertainment) Category:Internet Personality (/w/index.php?title=Category:Internet_Personality&action=edit&redlink=1) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐6c79c7fcbd‐8hhj8 Cached time: 20240722060248 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, vary‐user] CPU time usage: 0.190 seconds Real time usage: 0.298 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1362/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 81334/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6938/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6502/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.085/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2446054/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 273.214 1 -total 82.48% 225.351 1 Template:AFC_submission 78.18% 213.597 1 Template:AfC_submission/declined 75.75% 206.972 1 Template:Ombox 34.20% 93.446 1 Template:AfC_submission/helptools 33.41% 91.269 4 Template:Hidden 11.55% 31.549 1 Template:Find_sources 10.10% 27.596 1 Template:Short_description 8.43% 23.031 1 Template:Blist 6.85% 18.724 1 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76793365-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722060248 and revision id 1221814943. 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Describes the fashion and style of Diana, Princess of Wales The Princess of Wales at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/1987_Cannes_Film_Festival) The fashion of Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) , had a substantial impact on the clothing industry; her style in the 1980s and 1990s led her to be considered a fashion icon. Fashion and style [ edit ] The Princess chose her dressing style based on both the royal family's demands and popular modern styles in Britain, [1] (#cite_note-1) and developed her personal fashion trend. [2] (#cite_note-Hudson-Fashion-2) Anna Harvey (/wiki/Anna_Harvey) , former Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) editor and Diana's fashion mentor, stated that Diana was "very thoughtful" about how her clothing would be interpreted by the media and public. [3] (#cite_note-Telegraph-fashion-3) [4] (#cite_note-Vogue-Con-4) David Sassoon (/wiki/David_Sassoon_(designer)) , one of the designers who worked with Diana, believed she had "broken the rules" by trying new styles. [5] (#cite_note-BBC-Style-5) Diana chose not to practise certain royal clothing customs, such as wearing gloves when meeting the public, as she believed it would prevent a direct connection with the people she met, including those affected by serious diseases like AIDS (/wiki/AIDS) . [6] (#cite_note-Holt-Fashion-6) [7] (#cite_note-Tashjian-Fashion-7) She wore certain types of clothes at charity events which were appropriate for the people she would meet, including colourful dresses and "jangling jewels" so she could easily play with children at hospitals. [6] (#cite_note-Holt-Fashion-6) [7] (#cite_note-Tashjian-Fashion-7) She also avoided wearing hats during visits that involved children, as she believed it would interfere with her ability to hug or cuddle them. [8] (#cite_note-8) While on diplomatic trips, her attire were chosen to pay respect to the destination countries' culture. [3] (#cite_note-Telegraph-fashion-3) [7] (#cite_note-Tashjian-Fashion-7) She often incorporated national colours, symbols, and traditional dress into her wardrobe when abroad. [9] (#cite_note-cnnfashion-9) For instance, she wore a red and white polka-dotted dress, reflecting the Japanese flag (/wiki/Japanese_flag) during her trip in 1986, and chose a traditional shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) for her 1996 visit to Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) . [9] (#cite_note-cnnfashion-9) While off-duty, she wore loose jackets and jumpers. [3] (#cite_note-Telegraph-fashion-3) [7] (#cite_note-Tashjian-Fashion-7) Diana used fashion to spotlight organisations and charities by wearing their merchandise to polo matches and public events. [9] (#cite_note-cnnfashion-9) Her street style (/wiki/Street_style) featured "statement knitwear": bold, kitschy sweaters from universities and sports teams, often paired with spandex (/wiki/Spandex) bike shorts (/wiki/Bike_shorts) . [9] (#cite_note-cnnfashion-9) [10] (#cite_note-streetstyle-10) One of her most iconic jumpers, the " Black Sheep Sweater (/wiki/Warm_%26_Wonderful) " by British label Warm & Wonderful (/wiki/Warm_%26_Wonderful) , made headlines for its bright red colour, its whimsical design, and what many interpreted as a metaphorical signal that Diana felt like the " black sheep (/wiki/Black_sheep) " of the Royal Family (/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom) . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Diana made her debut as a Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) in 1979 with a gown by Regamus. [2] (#cite_note-Hudson-Fashion-2) Throughout her lifetime, she wore notable ensembles by fashion companies including Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Armani (/wiki/Armani) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) and Clarks (/wiki/C._%26_J._Clark) . [3] (#cite_note-Telegraph-fashion-3) [15] (#cite_note-Diana-Rihanna-15) [16] (#cite_note-Vogue-Elvis-16) Catherine Walker (/wiki/Catherine_Walker_(fashion_designer)) was among Diana's favourite designers [2] (#cite_note-Hudson-Fashion-2) with whom she worked to create her "uniform" for royal work. [5] (#cite_note-BBC-Style-5) For her foreign tours and state visits, Walker and her husband researched to design clothes that wouldn't outshine Diana, [17] (#cite_note-NYT-DiStyle-17) a viewpoint supported by Taki Theodoracopulos (/wiki/Taki_Theodoracopulos) , who believed Diana did not want "to let her clothes wear her". [17] (#cite_note-NYT-DiStyle-17) Eleri Lynn, curator of the exhibition Diana: Her Fashion Story , stated that the Princess sought not to be known as a " clothes horse (/wiki/Clothes_horse#Figurative_usage) ", [6] (#cite_note-Holt-Fashion-6) [18] (#cite_note-18) and mentioned that the style designed by Diana and Walker "was a very slender, fluid silhouette" to mimic timeless fashion, rather than the trends of the time period. [19] (#cite_note-19) Other custom ensembles were designed by Anya Hindmarch (/wiki/Anya_Hindmarch) and Murray Arbeid (/wiki/Murray_Arbeid) . [20] (#cite_note-voguevo-20) Before her marriage, she was observed sticking to "preppy sweater vests, printed midi-dresses, and equestrian boots". [20] (#cite_note-voguevo-20) In the early 1980s, Diana preferred to wear dresses with floral collars, pie-crust blouses, and pearls. [3] (#cite_note-Telegraph-fashion-3) [2] (#cite_note-Hudson-Fashion-2) [21] (#cite_note-Telegraph-fashion2-21) These items rapidly became fashion trends. [3] (#cite_note-Telegraph-fashion-3) Her habit of wearing wide-shouldered gowns and lavish fabrics earned her the nickname "Dynasty Di". [5] (#cite_note-BBC-Style-5) [6] (#cite_note-Holt-Fashion-6) Diana wore hats that featured texture as well as "feathers, veils, and bows". [22] (#cite_note-vanitydi-22) Her early fashion choices were described as "demure and romantic", featuring pastels and ruffles. [22] (#cite_note-vanitydi-22) Vogue noted that during this time her dressing was on par with the "ideal of a princess", using statement evening gowns (/wiki/Evening_gown) as her "calling card". [20] (#cite_note-voguevo-20) In 1982, Richard Blackwell (/wiki/Richard_Blackwell) ranked her first on his list of "Ten Worst Dressed Women", criticising her for going from "a very young, independent, fresh look" to a "tacky, dowdy" style. [23] (#cite_note-23) As she grew in popularity, Diana began to experiment with bolder colours and silhouettes, before trying streamlined blazers and sheath dresses. [22] (#cite_note-vanitydi-22) According to Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) , who worked closely with Diana, her interest and curiosity about fashion grew significantly after her separation from Charles. [17] (#cite_note-NYT-DiStyle-17) Diana wearing the Travolta dress (/wiki/Travolta_dress) , designed by Victor Edelstein (/wiki/Victor_Edelstein) in 1985 In the years after her marriage and then her divorce, Diana grew more confident in her choices, [5] (#cite_note-BBC-Style-5) [24] (#cite_note-NBC-Dress-24) [4] (#cite_note-Vogue-Con-4) and her style underwent a change, with her new choices consisting of structured blazers, one-shoulder and off-shoulder dresses, two-tone themed suits (/wiki/Suit#Women) , military-styled suits, and nude-coloured outfits. [24] (#cite_note-NBC-Dress-24) A white shirt and jeans, plaid dresses, jumpsuits and sheath dresses were among the fashion ensembles she tried. [24] (#cite_note-NBC-Dress-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) She also experimented with slip dresses (/wiki/Slip_dress) and bodycon styles. [20] (#cite_note-voguevo-20) Her dressing was influenced by celebrities including Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) , Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) . [2] (#cite_note-Hudson-Fashion-2) At the end of her life, her wardrobe became more practical with more sensible button-down blouses and skirt suits in an effort to redirect media focus toward her humanitarian work. [22] (#cite_note-vanitydi-22) [9] (#cite_note-cnnfashion-9) Throughout the decade, Diana was frequently photographed clutching distinctive handbags manufactured by Gucci and Dior; they would thereafter became known as Gucci Diana (/wiki/Gucci_Diana) and Lady Dior (/wiki/Lady_Dior) , respectively. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) She also regularly used clutch bags in the mid 1990s, which became known as 'cleavage bags', as she would often use them to cover her cleavage (/wiki/Cleavage_(breasts)) when exiting cars. [28] (#cite_note-28) A clutch bag created by Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A. (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.) for her in 1990 was named "Diana clutch" in her honour. [29] (#cite_note-29) Among her iconic outfits are a décolleté (/wiki/D%C3%A9collet%C3%A9) by David (/wiki/David_Emanuel_(fashion_designer)) and Elizabeth Emanuel (/wiki/Elizabeth_Emanuel) worn by a newly engaged Diana at a charity event, [4] (#cite_note-Vogue-Con-4) a cocktail dress by Christina Stambolian, commonly known as the " Revenge dress (/wiki/Revenge_dress) ", which she wore after Charles's admission of adultery, [30] (#cite_note-30) an evening gown by Victor Edelstein (/wiki/Victor_Edelstein) that she wore to a reception at the White House which later became known as the " Travolta dress (/wiki/Travolta_dress) ", [3] (#cite_note-Telegraph-fashion-3) [5] (#cite_note-BBC-Style-5) [2] (#cite_note-Hudson-Fashion-2) a strapless blue Catherine Walker dress, [31] (#cite_note-31) which was inspired by a dress worn by Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) in To Catch a Thief (/wiki/To_Catch_a_Thief) , [5] (#cite_note-BBC-Style-5) worn to the 1987 Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/1987_Cannes_Film_Festival) , [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) and a Catherine Walker pearl-encrusted gown and jacket dubbed the "Elvis dress", [16] (#cite_note-Vogue-Elvis-16) [2] (#cite_note-Hudson-Fashion-2) which she wore for the first time on an official visit to Hong Kong. [6] (#cite_note-Holt-Fashion-6) [35] (#cite_note-35) Many of these ensembles were considered "distinct moments" in pop culture (/wiki/Pop_culture) . [20] (#cite_note-voguevo-20) At the suggestion of her son, Prince William (/wiki/Prince_William) , she auctioned off dozens of her dresses, including the "Travolta" and "Elvis" ensembles, in 1997, with the proceeds benefiting charities. [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) Copies of Diana's British (/wiki/British_Vogue) Vogue -featured pink chiffon blouse by David and Elizabeth Emanuel, which appeared in the magazine on her engagement announcement day, sold in the millions. [2] (#cite_note-Hudson-Fashion-2) She appeared on three British Vogue covers during her lifetime and was featured on its October 1997 issue posthumously. [38] (#cite_note-38) She was also featured in the cover story for the July 1997 issue of Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . [39] (#cite_note-39) The Princess's influential short hairstyle was created by Sam McKnight (/wiki/Sam_McKnight) after a Vogue shoot in 1990, which, in McKnight and Donatella Versace's opinion, brought her more liberty as "it always looked great". [17] (#cite_note-NYT-DiStyle-17) The Princess reportedly did her own make up and would always have a hairstylist by her side before an event. She told McKnight: "It's not for me, Sam. It is for the people I visit or who come to see me. They don't want me in off-duty mode, they want a princess. Let's give them what they want." [17] (#cite_note-NYT-DiStyle-17) Legacy [ edit ] Diana: A Celebration , an exhibition of Diana's outfits at Frazier History Museum (/wiki/Frazier_History_Museum) , 2012 Diana was a fashion icon whose style was emulated by women around the world. Iain Hollingshead (/wiki/Iain_Hollingshead) of The Telegraph wrote: "[Diana] had an ability to sell clothes just by looking at them." [40] (#cite_note-Telegraph-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) Diana remained a prominent figure for her fashion style, [21] (#cite_note-Telegraph-fashion2-21) [24] (#cite_note-NBC-Dress-24) and is still considered an inspiration for stylists, [43] (#cite_note-43) celebrities, [3] (#cite_note-Telegraph-fashion-3) [15] (#cite_note-Diana-Rihanna-15) influencers [44] (#cite_note-graziaas-44) and young women. [45] (#cite_note-Guardian-ASOS-45) This has been cited to the resurgence of certain trends, as well as the overall stylistic endurance of her ensembles. [44] (#cite_note-graziaas-44) Designers Virgil Abloh (/wiki/Virgil_Abloh) and Hedi Slimane (/wiki/Hedi_Slimane) are considered to be impacted by her style. [44] (#cite_note-graziaas-44) Diana's daughters-in-law, Catherine (/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) and Meghan (/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex) , are believed to be influenced by her in developing their own professional wardrobe. [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) One of Diana's favourite milliners, John Boyd (/wiki/John_Boyd_(milliner)) , said "Diana was our best ambassador for hats, and the entire millinery industry owes her a debt." Boyd's pink tricorn (/wiki/Tricorn) hat Diana wore for her honeymoon was later copied by milliners across the world and credited with rebooting an industry in decline for decades. [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) The Princess was named to the International Best Dressed List (/wiki/International_Best_Dressed_List) Hall of Fame in 1989. [51] (#cite_note-51) In 2004, People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) cited her as one of the all-time most beautiful women. [52] (#cite_note-52) In 2012, Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) included Diana on its All-Time 100 Fashion Icons list. [53] (#cite_note-53) Donatella Versace later remarked that she didn't "think that anyone, before or after her, has done for fashion what Diana did". [17] (#cite_note-NYT-DiStyle-17) Following the opening of an exhibition of Diana's clothes and dresses at Kensington Palace in 2017, Catherine Bennett (/wiki/Catherine_Bennett_(journalist)) of The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) said such exhibitions are among the suitable ways to commemorate public figures whose fashion styles were noted due to their achievements. The exhibition suggests to detractors who, like many other princesses, "looking lovely in different clothes was pretty much her life's work" which also brings interest in her clothing. [54] (#cite_note-54) In 2016, fashion designer Sharmadean Reid (/wiki/Sharmadean_Reid) designed a collection of clothes for ASOS.com (/wiki/ASOS.com) inspired by Diana's style. [45] (#cite_note-Guardian-ASOS-45) "Di's incredible relationship with accessible sportswear through to luxury fashion forms the cornerstone of the collection and feels more modern than ever", Reid said about Diana in a press release. [21] (#cite_note-Telegraph-fashion2-21) Diana was an inspiration for Off-White (/wiki/Off-White) 's spring 2018 show at Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) in 2017. [55] (#cite_note-off-white1-55) The designer Virgil Abloh used Diana's signature looks as fragments to design new suits and attire. [56] (#cite_note-off-white2-56) [57] (#cite_note-57) Supermodel Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , dressed in a combination of white blazer and cropped spandex leggings in reference to Diana's formal and off-duty styles, closed off the show. [55] (#cite_note-off-white1-55) [56] (#cite_note-off-white2-56) In 2019, Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) used Diana's early 1980s style as an inspiration for her spring 2020 show at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [58] (#cite_note-58) In 2021, Rowing Blazers (/wiki/Rowing_Blazers) partnered with Warm & Wonderful (/wiki/Warm_%26_Wonderful) to bring back the original "Black Sheep Sweater", just ahead of its appearance on Emma Corrin (/wiki/Emma_Corrin) in The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) . [44] (#cite_note-graziaas-44) Multiple fictional dramatizations (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales#In_popular_culture_and_art) of her life have prominently featured recreations of outfits and fashion sense. [59] (#cite_note-59) In 2024, Tatler (/wiki/Tatler) included Diana on its list of the most glamorous European royals. [60] (#cite_note-60) Gallery [ edit ] Diana wearing a yellow dress at Brisbane Airport, 1983 Diana wearing a pink ballgown (/wiki/Ballgown) at a gala banquet in Brisbane, 1983 Diana wearing a white outfit and a matching fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) at Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1983 Diana wearing a dress with shoulder pads in Italy, 1985 In Bristol, 1987 In Moscow, 1995 With Sri Chinmoy at Kensington Palace, 1997 In Washington, D.C., 1997 See also [ edit ] Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Jewels_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) List of best-selling individual magazine covers (/wiki/List_of_best-selling_individual_magazine_covers) Fashion of Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Fashion_of_Audrey_Hepburn) Fashion of Madonna (/wiki/Fashion_of_Madonna) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Diana, Style Icon" (http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/diana-style-icon/4/) . CBS News . 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Retrieved 8 March 2024 . v t e Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997 ( 1961-07-01 – 1997-08-31 ) Titles (1981–1996) Princess of Wales (/wiki/Princess_of_Wales) Duchess of Cornwall (/wiki/Duchess_of_Cornwall) Duchess of Rothesay (/wiki/Duchess_of_Rothesay) Countess of Chester (/wiki/Countess_of_Chester_(title)) Baroness of Renfrew (/wiki/Baroness_of_Renfrew) Family Charles III (/wiki/Charles_III) (former husband) William, Prince of Wales (/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales) (elder son) Harry, Duke of Sussex (/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex) (younger son) John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer (/wiki/John_Spencer,_8th_Earl_Spencer) (father) Frances Shand Kydd (/wiki/Frances_Shand_Kydd) (mother) Lady Sarah McCorquodale (/wiki/Lady_Sarah_McCorquodale) (sister) Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes (/wiki/Jane_Fellowes,_Baroness_Fellowes) (sister) Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer (/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_9th_Earl_Spencer) (brother) Spencer family (/wiki/Spencer_family) Life events Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer) guest list (/wiki/List_of_wedding_guests_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer) Squidgygate (/wiki/Squidgygate) Panorama interview (/wiki/An_Interview_with_HRH_The_Princess_of_Wales) Fashion Wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) Jewels (/wiki/Jewels_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) Travolta dress (/wiki/Travolta_dress) Revenge dress (/wiki/Revenge_dress) Lady Dior (/wiki/Lady_Dior) Gucci Diana (/wiki/Gucci_Diana) Charities International Campaign to Ban Landmines (/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines) Landmine Survivors Network (/wiki/Survivor_Corps) Barnardo's (/wiki/Barnardo%27s) Centrepoint (/wiki/Centrepoint_(charity)) Turning Point (/wiki/Turning_Point_(charity)) National AIDS Trust (/wiki/National_AIDS_Trust) The Leprosy Mission (/wiki/The_Leprosy_Mission) English National Ballet (/wiki/English_National_Ballet) The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (/wiki/The_Royal_Marsden_NHS_Foundation_Trust) Great Ormond Street Hospital (/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital) Death (/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) People's princess (/wiki/People%27s_princess) Funeral (/wiki/Funeral_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) Operation Paget (/wiki/Operation_Paget) Conspiracy theories (/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) People Dodi Fayed (/wiki/Dodi_Fayed) (romantic partner) Henri Paul (/wiki/Henri_Paul) (driver) Trevor Rees-Jones (/wiki/Trevor_Rees-Jones_(bodyguard)) (bodyguard) Memorials " Candle in the Wind (/wiki/Candle_in_the_Wind_1997) " Concert for Diana (/wiki/Concert_for_Diana) Diana Award (/wiki/Diana_Award) Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Memorial_Fountain) Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Memorial_Fund) Diana, Princess of Wales Hospital (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Hospital) Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Playground (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Memorial_Playground) Diana, Princess of Wales: Tribute (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales:_Tribute) Diana, Princess of Wales Tribute Concert (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Tribute_Concert) Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Memorial_Walk) Innocent Victims (/wiki/Innocent_Victims) Place Diana (/wiki/Place_Diana) Flame of Liberty (/wiki/Flame_of_Liberty) Princess Diana Memorial (/wiki/Princess_Diana_Memorial) Princess of Wales Bridge (/wiki/Princess_of_Wales_Bridge) Princess of Wales Theatre (/wiki/Princess_of_Wales_Theatre) Rosa 'Diana, Princess of Wales' (/wiki/Rosa_%27Diana,_Princess_of_Wales%27) Rosa 'Princess of Wales' (/wiki/Rosa_%27Princess_of_Wales%27) Statue of Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Statue_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) West Heath School (/wiki/West_Heath_School_(special_school)) Popular culture Books Diana: Her True Story (/wiki/Diana:_Her_True_Story_(book)) (1992) Diana in Search of Herself (/wiki/Diana_in_Search_of_Herself) (1999) 69 Things to Do with a Dead Princess (/wiki/69_Things_to_Do_with_a_Dead_Princess) (2002) If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things (/wiki/If_Nobody_Speaks_of_Remarkable_Things) (2002) Diana: Closely Guarded Secret (/wiki/Diana:_Closely_Guarded_Secret) (2002) The Little White Car (/wiki/The_Little_White_Car) (2004) The Murder of Princess Diana (/wiki/The_Murder_of_Princess_Diana_(book)) (2004) Princess Diana's Revenge (/wiki/Princess_Diana%27s_Revenge) (2006) The Diana Chronicles (/wiki/The_Diana_Chronicles) (2007) The Accident Man (/wiki/The_Accident_Man) (2011) Untold Story (/wiki/Untold_Story_(novel)) (2011) Film and television Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (/wiki/Charles_%26_Diana:_A_Royal_Love_Story) (1982) The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (/wiki/The_Royal_Romance_of_Charles_and_Diana) (1982) Spitting Image (/wiki/Spitting_Image) (1984–1996) Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After (/wiki/Charles_and_Diana:_Unhappily_Ever_After) (1992) Willi und die Windzors (/wiki/Willi_und_die_Windzors) (1996) Diana: Her True Story (/wiki/Diana:_Her_True_Story_(film)) (1993) Diana: A Tribute to the People's Princess (/wiki/Diana:_A_Tribute_to_the_People%27s_Princess) (1998) Diana: The Rose Conspiracy (/wiki/Diana:_The_Rose_Conspiracy) (2005) Whatever Love Means (/wiki/Whatever_Love_Means) (2005) The Queen (2006) Diana: Last Days of a Princess (/wiki/Diana:_Last_Days_of_a_Princess) (2007) The Murder of Princess Diana (/wiki/The_Murder_of_Princess_Diana) (2007) Diana (/wiki/Diana_(2013_film)) (2013) The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) (2020–2023) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(film)) (2021) Documentaries The Queen (/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)) (2009 TV serial) Unlawful Killing (/wiki/Unlawful_Killing_(film)) (2011) Diana, Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy (/wiki/Diana,_Our_Mother:_Her_Life_and_Legacy) (2017) The Story of Diana (/wiki/The_Story_of_Diana) (2017) Diana: In Her Own Words (/wiki/Diana:_In_Her_Own_Words) (2017) Diana, 7 Days (/wiki/Diana,_7_Days) (2017) The Princess (/wiki/The_Princess_(2022_documentary_film)) (2022) Plays and musicals Her Royal Highness..? (/wiki/Her_Royal_Highness..%3F) (1981) Diana (/wiki/Diana_(musical)) (2019) Songs " Buckingham Blues (/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_(album)) " "Diana" (Bryan Adams song) (/wiki/Diana_(Bryan_Adams_song)) " Ain't Nuttin' But Music (/wiki/Ain%27t_Nuttin%27_But_Music) " " Dance in the Dark (/wiki/Dance_in_the_Dark) " Portraits Diana, Princess of Wales (Bryan Organ portrait) (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_(Bryan_Organ_portrait)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7cd59cdcfb‐7wskg Cached time: 20240717215837 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.780 seconds Real time usage: 0.940 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3604/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 163085/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1001/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 264318/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.478/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5238652/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 830.651 1 -total 56.85% 472.221 1 Template:Reflist 29.67% 246.493 33 Template:Cite_news 16.70% 138.679 25 Template:Cite_magazine 15.42% 128.107 3 Template:Navbox 14.61% 121.358 1 Template:Diana,_Princess_of_Wales 13.98% 116.136 1 Template:Short_description 7.79% 64.668 4 Template:Main_other 7.51% 62.349 1 Template:SDcat 4.94% 41.024 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:68276529-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717215837 and revision id 1232884264. 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American fashion designer This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Odette_Barsa) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Odette Barsa" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Odette+Barsa%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Odette+Barsa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Odette+Barsa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Odette+Barsa%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Odette+Barsa%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Odette+Barsa%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Odette Barsa Born Odette Matouk ( 1901-12-29 ) 29 December 1901 Syria Died 8 January 1975 (1975-01-08) (aged 73) Nationality American Occupation(s) Lingerie designer, entrepreneur Spouse Simon Barsa ( m. 1925) Children 3 Odette Barsa (née Matouk , 29 December 1901 – 8 January 1975) was a Syrian-American lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) designer, and the founder of the eponymous label. Biography [ edit ] Odette Barsa was born in Syria on 29 December 1901. [1] (#cite_note-vintagefashionguild.org-1) [2] (#cite_note-SSDI-2) In 1925, she married Simon Barsa (1888–1977), a Syrian-born businessman. After the 1929 stock market crash (/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929) , her husband's business struggled, so she started making lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) . [1] (#cite_note-vintagefashionguild.org-1) In the 1930 census, he was described as "Manufacturer, Rugs". They had three children, Gabriel, Albert and Nadia, all born in New York. Over time her business grew to occupy a whole floor of 16 East 34th Street, New York City. [1] (#cite_note-vintagefashionguild.org-1) Her designs are represented today in the holdings of the Texas Fashion Collection (/wiki/Texas_Fashion_Collection) , the Mint Museum (/wiki/Mint_Museum) , and the Goldstein Museum of Design (/wiki/Goldstein_Museum_of_Design) . [ citation needed ] Barsa died in January 1975, and the business continued for some time, run by her sons. [1] (#cite_note-vintagefashionguild.org-1) [2] (#cite_note-SSDI-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Barsa, Odette" (https://vintagefashionguild.org/label-resource/barsa-odette/) . vintagefashionguild.org . Retrieved 1 March 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "United States Social Security Death Index" (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VSFZ-1P8) . familysearch.org . Retrieved 1 March 2020 . This article about an American person related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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1978 1979 1980 (/wiki/Category:1980_clothing) 1981 (/wiki/Category:1981_clothing) 1982 1983 1984 1985 (/wiki/Category:1985_clothing) 1986 1987 (/wiki/Category:1987_clothing) 1988 1930s (/wiki/Category:1930s_clothing) 1940s (/wiki/Category:1940s_clothing) 1950s (/wiki/Category:1950s_clothing) 1960s (/wiki/Category:1960s_clothing) 1970s 1980s (/wiki/Category:1980s_clothing) 1990s (/wiki/Category:1990s_clothing) 2000s (/wiki/Category:2000s_clothing) 2010s (/wiki/Category:2010s_clothing) 2020s (/wiki/Category:2020s_clothing) 2030s NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐9rkgh Cached time: 20240719054418 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.110 seconds Real time usage: 0.168 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 143/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3980/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 105/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 35/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5517/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.076/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1018979/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 159.651 1 -total 87.20% 139.213 1 Template:Navseasoncats_with_decades_below_year 8.64% 13.801 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 5.30% 8.463 1 Template:Category_other 4.22% 6.735 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 2.85% 4.547 2 Template:Title_year 1.16% 1.852 1 Template:DECADE 1.08% 1.720 1 Template:Template_other 0.91% 1.452 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54848663-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719054418 and revision id 982830671. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "1983 clothing" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . P Princess Leia's bikini (/wiki/Princess_Leia%27s_bikini) T Thriller jacket (/wiki/Thriller_jacket) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1983_clothing&oldid=982830671 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1983_clothing&oldid=982830671) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by year (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_year) 1983 works (/wiki/Category:1983_works) 1980s clothing (/wiki/Category:1980s_clothing) Hidden categories: Category series navigation year and decade (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_year_and_decade) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) |
American fashion and jewelry designer (born 1933) Bill Smith (born 1933) is an American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_design) and jewelry designer (/wiki/Jewelry_designer) who was the first black recipient of a Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) for his designs. [1] (#cite_note-banik-1) He has designed for a number of companies, including costume jewelry for Coro (/wiki/Corocraft) and Richelieu, leather goods for Mark Cross, and furs (/wiki/Fur_clothing) for Ben Kahn, along with designing jewelry for Cartier (/wiki/Cartier_(jeweler)) . [1] (#cite_note-banik-1) Biography [ edit ] Born in 1936 in Madison, Indiana (/wiki/Madison,_Indiana) , in his early childhood Bill Smith was encouraged to develop and make the most of his talents. [2] (#cite_note-wa-2) He went to Indiana University (/wiki/Indiana_University) to study art and whilst there, also explored dance. [2] (#cite_note-wa-2) In 1954 he headed to New York to study dance with Alwin Nikolais (/wiki/Alwin_Nikolais) , but decided to focus on jewelry design and in 1958 set up a small business in Murray Hill, Manhattan (/wiki/Murray_Hill,_Manhattan) . [2] (#cite_note-wa-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-pow-4) Whilst studying dance, he worked part-time soldering (/wiki/Soldering) and casting (/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)) for a jewelry company, which gave him technical and artisan knowledge to support his designing. [2] (#cite_note-wa-2) In June 1968, Bill Smith was made vice-president of Richelieu, at that time the second largest jewelry firm in America, after only two months with the company as their head designer. [5] (#cite_note-veep-5) Later that year in October, he was commissioned to exclusively create all the jewelry for the Broadway production of Coco (/wiki/Coco_(musical)) , a stage musical about the life of Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) starring Katharine Hepburn (/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn) . [1] (#cite_note-banik-1) [6] (#cite_note-6) Bill Smith was one of six jewelry designers honoured with a special Coty Award in 1970 alongside Daniel Stoenescu and Steven Brody of Cadoro (/wiki/Cadoro) , Alexis Kirk (/wiki/Alexis_Kirk) , Marty Ruza (/wiki/Marty_Ruza) and Cliff Nicholson (/wiki/Clifton_Nicholson) . [7] (#cite_note-mcdowell-7) His designs draw inspiration from his African heritage and have been described as sparse and sculptural. [4] (#cite_note-pow-4) At the time of the Coty Award win his designs incorporated tassels, leather, and cord alongside metal and stone, and he had experience with precious and semi-precious stones and metals. [2] (#cite_note-wa-2) Alongside more traditional jewelry, he offered chignon covers (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) and belts, including one in fringed suede fastened with an eight-inch gilded mermaid (/wiki/Mermaid) , and a range of architectural ethnic-style crosses, titled "Peacemakers", hanging from silk cords. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 1972, he posed with Naomi Sims (/wiki/Naomi_Sims) for a fashion spread on black designers and their muses for the April 1972 issue of The Look magazine, which showcased one of his 18-carat gold cuffs for Cartier, modelled by Sims. [4] (#cite_note-pow-4) Sims had introduced him to Kenton Corp, who set up Bill Smith Design Studios, Inc. , with Smith as the president, from where he was creating jewelry for Cartier and leather accessories for Mark Cross. [4] (#cite_note-pow-4) The company had disestablished by 1981, when Smith was working as a consultant on accessory design for Omega Inc. and the Hattie Carnegie (/wiki/Hattie_Carnegie) company which made accessories to accompany Anne Klein (/wiki/Anne_Klein_(fashion_designer)) 's clothing collections. [1] (#cite_note-banik-1) He won an award for excellence in jewelry design in 1984 at the 6th Annual Black Designers Tribute. [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Banik, Sheila (July 1981). "Cutting on the Bias" (https://books.google.com/books?id=rqJ_ZvaSPggC&pg=PA36) . Black Enterprise, vol.11, no. 12 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Bill Smith recipient of Coty Fashion Critics' Award" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2238&dat=19700929&id=lc0lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9fQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4947,6177961) . Washington Afro-American . 29 September 1970 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Genius was noted in college" (https://books.google.com/books?id=RNsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA96) . Ebony . October 1968 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Fashion Now: Black Pow!". The Look . 20 April 1972. ^ (#cite_ref-veep_5-0) "Jewelry Genius Becomes a Veep" (https://books.google.com/books?id=RNsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92) . Ebony . October 1968. pp. 92–94 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "For the Record" (https://books.google.com/books?id=EDkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41) . Jet . 23 October 1969 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-mcdowell_7-0) McDowell, Colin (1984). McDowell's Directory of Twentieth Century Fashion . Frederick Muller. pp. 299–301. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-584-11070-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Lambert, Eleanor (19 September 1970). "Ethnic Theme Monopolises Front Seat in Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200506060453/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2506&dat=19700919&id=45lIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vgkNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4164,4626742) . The News and Courier . Archived from the original (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2506&dat=19700919&id=45lIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vgkNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4164,4626742) on 6 May 2020 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Harveys Bristol Cream sponsors its 6th Annual Black Designers Tribute" (https://books.google.com/books?id=YbQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15) . Jet . 12 March 1984 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . 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Wrist-mounted storage accessory This article does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wristpack) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Wristpack" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wristpack%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wristpack%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wristpack%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wristpack%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wristpack%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wristpack%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The wristpack or wrist pack is a fanny pack (/wiki/Fanny_pack) worn on the wrist (/wiki/Wrist) . It was popular in the early 1980s. The item was designed for runners (/wiki/Runner) and cyclists (/wiki/Cyclist) to use as a wrist wallet (/wiki/Wallet) for their keys and money while performing physical activities (/wiki/Physical_activity) . The wristpack became popular amongst children and teenagers, and was available in an array of colors and designs. A southern California (/wiki/Southern_California) company named IMUNE claims they were the first makers of the wristpack in 1983, though it is hard to pinpoint its first reference in popular culture (/wiki/Popular_culture) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐757b695c56‐95ws5 Cached time: 20240715213303 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.123 seconds Real time usage: 0.186 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 226/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9851/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 389/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1653/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.077/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1602775/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 170.273 1 -total 50.44% 85.885 1 Template:Unreferenced 49.48% 84.254 1 Template:Short_description 46.12% 78.522 1 Template:Ambox 27.78% 47.304 2 Template:Pagetype 13.42% 22.846 2 Template:Main_other 12.02% 20.466 1 Template:SDcat 10.15% 17.287 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 1.50% 2.555 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37288160-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715213303 and revision id 1196601691. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wristpack&oldid=1196601691 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wristpack&oldid=1196601691) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bags (fashion) (/wiki/Category:Bags_(fashion)) Bracelets (/wiki/Category:Bracelets) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles lacking sources from April 2013 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_sources_from_April_2013) All articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_sources) |
(Redirected from Christina Aguilera (Perfume) (/w/index.php?title=Christina_Aguilera_(Perfume)&redirect=no) ) Perfume brand by Christina Aguilera Christina Aguilera Fragrances Product type Perfumes Cosmetics ( body lotion (/wiki/Body_lotion) , body spray (/wiki/Body_spray) , bath gels and deodorants (/wiki/Deodorants) ) Produced by Procter & Gamble (/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble) (2007–2016) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc.) (2016–present) Country United States Introduced 2007 ; 17 years ago ( 2007 ) Markets North America Latin America Asia Europe Ambassador(s) Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) Website parfum (http://parfum.christinaaguilera.com) .christinaaguilera (http://parfum.christinaaguilera.com) .com (http://parfum.christinaaguilera.com) Christina Aguilera Fragrances is a perfume brand (/wiki/Cosmetic_industry) by American singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) . It was founded in 2007 in a deal with Procter & Gamble (/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble) (P&G), who manufactured the products until 2016, after its production and distribution rights were bought out by Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc.) In addition to fragrances, the brand has also worked with the production and sale of other cosmetics, including body lotions (/wiki/Body_lotion) , body sprays (/wiki/Body_spray) , bath gels, and deodorants (/wiki/Deodorant) . The line was influenced by a wide variety of flowers, exotic fruits and Aguilera's childhood in Japan. In addition to being met with positive reviews by perfume critics, the scents received numerous awards and accolades, including at the Duftstars Awards (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) and FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) . The brand's products became successful after its launch, especially in Europe, where it is referred to as the "number-one celebrity perfume line". In January 2016, its monthly gross income was $ (/wiki/American_dollar) 80 million, according Stifel (/wiki/Stifel) analysts. The fragrances also achieved popularity among celebrities and was worn by stars such as Perrie Edwards (/wiki/Perrie_Edwards) , Steve Antin (/wiki/Steve_Antin) and Aguilera herself. Background and creation [ edit ] In 2000 Aguilera signed a deal with New Dana Perfumes Corporation (NDPC) to promote, choose colors, products and packaging for Fetish cosmetics line. [1] (#cite_note-1) The brand consisted of a wide variety of makeup, nail arts (/wiki/Nail_art) , shower gels (/wiki/Shower_gel) , bath oils (/wiki/Bath_oil) , body lotions (/wiki/Body_lotion) , [2] (#cite_note-2) as well three fragrances—manufactured in partnership with International Flavors & Fragrances (/wiki/International_Flavors_%26_Fragrances) (IFF). [3] (#cite_note-FetishLine-3) Commercialized at Sears (/wiki/Sears) and Walgreens (/wiki/Walgreens) stores, [4] (#cite_note-FetishQuits-4) the brand's slogan referenced the title of her Billboard Hot 100 (/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100) number-one single " What a Girl Wants (/wiki/What_a_Girl_Wants_(Christina_Aguilera_song)) ". [3] (#cite_note-FetishLine-3) NDPC's executives expected to increase the company's wholesales in $ (/wiki/American_dollar) 50 million with the release of Fetish line in 2001, [3] (#cite_note-FetishLine-3) and it was promoted with a strong advertising in the leading teen magazines, including Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) , Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) and YM (/wiki/YM_(magazine)) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Aguilera discussed about endorsing the products, stating "I am a lover of fashion and playing with makeup, and I want to have a big say in this [...] I am always checking out products. I can bring these amazing trends around the world to teens. I get to give back in my own way". [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDominguez2003152-6) However, in 2002, she did not renewed her contract with the corporation, aiming "new directions" in beauty business, and the brand was discontinued. [4] (#cite_note-FetishQuits-4) Aguilera returned to the fragrance industry in 2004; she signed a contract with the Greek manufacturer Sarantis, releasing three distinctive scents as part of the Xpose line. [7] (#cite_note-7) The brand was sold in selected European countries only and was promoted with television advertisements. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorth201598-8) Irish Examiner (/wiki/Irish_Examiner) reported that the perfumes line "garnered international success" in terms of sales. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2007, Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) announced a long-term licensing deal from Procter & Gamble (/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble) (P&G) to create the Christina Aguilera Fragrances. [10] (#cite_note-10) Heike Hindenlang, company's global marketing director, commented about the partnership with Aguilera, adding "She sends out a clear message and clear connection with fans. She tries to empower her fans, particularly women, to get out of difficult situations. Christina is also omnipresent in the media". [11] (#cite_note-11) Aguilera revealed that her debut scent under the line would be released in the same year, and explained her team up with the corporation: "I love trying new things in my music and in fashion. To have a perfume of my own is the beginning of an exciting adventure. P&G is the ideal partner for this new experience". [12] (#cite_note-12) Products [ edit ] Conception [ edit ] In addition to fragrances, the line manufactures body lotions (/wiki/Body_lotion) , body sprays (/wiki/Body_spray) , bath gels, and deodorants (/wiki/Deodorant) , [13] (#cite_note-Touch-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) and the smell of the products has been influenced by Aguilera's mother and son, her childhood in Japan and a wide variety of flowers and exotic fruits. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) During an interview with Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , she recalled that her mother used to wear the Poison (/wiki/Poison_(perfume)) perfume by Christian Dior (/wiki/Parfums_Christian_Dior) , which she credits to be where got her "taste for musky [and] sensual scents", [17] (#cite_note-BeautySecrets-17) adding: "One of the strongest memories I have as a child is my mom doing her makeup at her vanity. I would always want to spray her fragrance on me — I can still remember the smell. I love the idea of sharing something so personal with my fans". [18] (#cite_note-EachFragrance-18) While developing the brands's debut fragrance, Aguilera declared that it embodied "everything that makes [her] smile and relax, like tuberose candles", mixing it with "musky tones" as additional inspiration from male colognes. [19] (#cite_note-BodyImage-19) Her son, Max, also served as a "big inspiration", as she describes his energy as "contagious and positive", which inspired a "more colourful direction" at her work both in music and in the cosmetic industry (/wiki/Cosmetic_industry) . [20] (#cite_note-FlareInterview-20) Aguilera also worked with a range of flowers to produce the smell of her perfume line. Due to its "eternal and unmistakable symbol of womanhood", she choose magnolia (/wiki/Magnolia) to develop her fragrances, stating: "[It] is one of the oldest flowers in existence. The fresh, lush scent empowers inner femininity while soft, velvety petals feel like a caressing touch on the skin". [18] (#cite_note-EachFragrance-18) Jasmine (/wiki/Jasmine) was also chosen for the creation process, which she described as "synonymous [with] Old Hollywood glamour". [21] (#cite_note-Informations-21) Other of her favorite petals to create new scents includes tuberose (/wiki/Tuberose) , gardenia (/wiki/Gardenia) , freesia (/wiki/Freesia) , rose (/wiki/Rose) and Valencia orange (/wiki/Valencia_orange) flower. [22] (#cite_note-Inspire-22) Royal Desire was primarily inspired by Aguilera's childhood in Japan and contains traditional ingredients, as well as the country's exotic fruits such as yuzu (/wiki/Yuzu) , mandarin (/wiki/Mandarin_orange) and honeysuckle (/wiki/Honeysuckle) . [23] (#cite_note-GlamourBest-23) Other of her portfolio's fragrances, Red Sin , references her signature color and to its composition was included some of her favorite scents like red apple (/wiki/Apple) and cinnamon (/wiki/Cinnamon) . [19] (#cite_note-BodyImage-19) Packing and scents [ edit ] Mae West (/wiki/Mae_West) wearing the black lace dress in Go West, Young Man (/wiki/Go_West,_Young_Man_(1936_film)) (1936). The design inspired the bottle of the line's debut fragrance. The scents have been known for their curvy bottle design, which emphasize Aguilera's hourglass figure, as well the covered lace on top inspired by her "love of vintage glamour". [24] (#cite_note-Sinful-24) [21] (#cite_note-Informations-21) For the bottle of the line's debut fragrance, a black lace was designed to provide a "distinctly feminine feel", [21] (#cite_note-Informations-21) developed as a reference to the "legendary dress" created to Mae West (/wiki/Mae_West) by French designer Marcel Rochas (/wiki/Marcel_Rochas) . [25] (#cite_note-25) In other one-off releases, the covered lace has been replaced by a coat of arms (/wiki/Coat_of_arms) featuring a small mirror filled with flowers. [26] (#cite_note-26) However, the Inspire perfume was projected in a different aesthetic from other products; created on a "classic teardrop shape", it features a "silver disk-like top detailed with red crystals". [20] (#cite_note-FlareInterview-20) Hilary Howard, columnist for The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , analyzed the brand's bottles and called it "charmed", in addition to noting that each flask of the Royal Desire scent "comes with a silver charm that can be worn on as necklace or bracelet". [27] (#cite_note-27) Aguilera's fragrances generally contain base notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) of sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) , musk (/wiki/Musk) and vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) in their composition, in addition to being combined with a wide range of flowers and exotic fruits. [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Inspire was developed as a "mix of fruity mango and citrus top notes with a hint of freesia", [30] (#cite_note-30) while By Night combines tangerine (/wiki/Tangerine) , red apple, peach (/wiki/Peach) and May blossom (/wiki/May_blossom) . Royal Desire , called an "oriental scent with notes like yuzu and lily", [31] (#cite_note-SweetScent-31) also mixes marshmallow (/wiki/Marshmallow) , mandarin and blackberry (/wiki/Blackberry) . [32] (#cite_note-32) Embodying "sensuality and true confidence", Secret Potion has top notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) of passion fruit (/wiki/Passion_fruit) , lemon and mandarin, merged with lotus (/wiki/Lotus_flower) , jasmine and tonka bean (/wiki/Tonka_bean) . [33] (#cite_note-33) Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) magazine described Red Sin as a "glorification of womanhood with the provocative symbolism of red", and emphasized the use of red ginger (/wiki/Red_ginger) , cinnamon and cyclamen (/wiki/Cyclamen) flowers in its creation process. [24] (#cite_note-Sinful-24) Called "irresistible [and] glamorous", the Unforgettable fragrance "starts with smells of cashmere, vanilla and tonka at its base, adds night-blooming jasmine and Turkish rose", and is "finished with the scents of plum and pomegranate". [34] (#cite_note-34) Touch of Seduction combines lychee (/wiki/Lychee) , raspberry (/wiki/Raspberry) , orris honeysuckle and sugared rose, [13] (#cite_note-Touch-13) while Glam X was created as "one exotic blend of delicate florals, spicy star anise (/wiki/Star_anise) and warm musks", including caramelized peach (/wiki/Peach) , jasmine and lily of the valley (/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley) . [35] (#cite_note-35) The smell of the Definition fragrance features bergamot orange (/wiki/Bergamot_orange) , mandarin diamond orchid (/wiki/Chiloglottis_trapeziformis) and has as base notes heliotrope (/wiki/Heliotrope_(mineral)) and amber (/wiki/Amber) . [36] (#cite_note-36) The Moonlight Bloom scent is the result of a mix of blackcurrant (/wiki/Blackcurrant) , dahlia (/wiki/Dahlia) , narcissus (/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)) and dark ambrette seed (/wiki/Ambrette_seed) . [37] (#cite_note-37) Discussing about her perfume brand, Aguilera described each of her scents, the message, and purpose of its products to femininity and self-confidence: Each fragrance evokes a different emotion and mindset, and they reflect scents I personally love. I hope the scents inspires women to become the best versions of themselves [...] My fragrances always have the message of taking pride in who you are as a woman, which to me represents inner femininity. A woman embodies pride and empowerment. The bright, fruity scent provides a powerful start to instill self-confidence. This is a unique attribute women have [and] fragrance is a one-size-fits-all type of product, and I love that it smells a little different on each person. It's also a fast and easy way to feel sexy. [18] (#cite_note-EachFragrance-18) Line [ edit ] Name Year Ref. Christina Aguilera 2007 [38] (#cite_note-38) Inspire 2008 [39] (#cite_note-39) By Night 2009 [40] (#cite_note-40) Royal Desire 2010 [41] (#cite_note-41) Secret Potion 2011 [42] (#cite_note-42) Red Sin 2012 [43] (#cite_note-43) Unforgettable 2013 [44] (#cite_note-44) Woman 2014 [45] (#cite_note-Woman-45) Touch of Seduction 2015 [13] (#cite_note-Touch-13) Glam X 2017 [46] (#cite_note-46) Definition 2017 [47] (#cite_note-DefinitionAd-47) Violet Noir 2018 [48] (#cite_note-48) Xperience 2019 [49] (#cite_note-49) Eau So Beautiful 2020 [50] (#cite_note-EauSoBeautiful-50) Moonlight Bloom 2021 [51] (#cite_note-Bodysuit-51) Cherry Noir 2022 [52] (#cite_note-52) Xtina 2023 [53] (#cite_note-53) Promotion [ edit ] Scene from the television advertising for brand's debut fragrance. A black lace covers Aguilera's skin as she applies the perfume, referencing the product's bottle. Aguilera has worked with many promotional strategies linked to her scent's line, in addition to wear the perfumes herself, especially when making public appearances. [18] (#cite_note-EachFragrance-18) [17] (#cite_note-BeautySecrets-17) In 2007, Aguilera starred in a television advertising for the brand's debut fragrance in which she strips down while choose a new outfit in the closet; [54] (#cite_note-54) posteriorly, a black lace covers her skin as she apply the scent. [55] (#cite_note-55) Launched in 2009, By Night product's exclusive commercial shows "Christina working it for the cameras in a seriously sexy lace dress and vampish make-up, as she gets ready for a night out in her boudoir". [56] (#cite_note-56) Both fragrances were also featured in a scene from " Not Myself Tonight (/wiki/Not_Myself_Tonight) " music video, directed by Hype Williams (/wiki/Hype_Williams) , released as lead single (/wiki/Lead_single) for Aguilera's sixth studio album, Bionic (/wiki/Bionic_(Christina_Aguilera_album)) (2010). [57] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommane202022-57) [58] (#cite_note-58) In 2008, Aguilera chose David LaChapelle (/wiki/David_LaChapelle) as director for the Inspire scent's advertising campaign, due to its photography "full of life, colour, provocative imagery, and excitement". During an interview with Flare (/wiki/Flare_(magazine)) magazine, she revealed the idea behind the shoot which concept was "inspired by a lot of 1960s pop art", and artists such as Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) and Roy Lichtenstein (/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein) . [20] (#cite_note-FlareInterview-20) To promote Royal Desire fragrance, its television commercial features Aguilera "standing in a royal chamber, when she notices a gift sitting on her throne [and] bends down to pick the perfume's package". [59] (#cite_note-59) However, the advertising was criticized in the media and dubbed as a "low-budget soft porn", as she "[displayed] her cleavage to the camera" to sprays the perfume on her decolletage. [60] (#cite_note-60) Directed by Matthew Rolston (/wiki/Matthew_Rolston) in 2011, [61] (#cite_note-61) Secret Potion scent's television advertising shows Aguilera riding a "elevator to a penthouse party", while her "stunning grey frock is just too drab for such a well-attended bash", she decides to spray the perfume to create a "form-fitting dress covered in sparkles". [62] (#cite_note-62) In the following year, Red Sin fragrance's advertising campaign was launched and features "Aguilera rolling around in her bedsheets [and] then naked in a bath tub". [63] (#cite_note-63) Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) columnist Gregory DelliCarpini, Jr. compared her image in the television commercial with that of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) . [24] (#cite_note-Sinful-24) Definition perfume's promotional video follows a "Trump-esque gilded hall, as Aguilera struts into the lavishly decorated room in a pastel pink silky hip-length coat [while] the wind blowing her platinum locks". [47] (#cite_note-DefinitionAd-47) During Moonlight Bloom scent's exclusive commercial, she was presented on a "lace-up dark blue vest with a par of figure-hugging leather pants" while "pulled of a variety of poses under some sheer fabric". [51] (#cite_note-Bodysuit-51) In 2022, the promotional video received a nomination in the "Public's Choice: Commercial Advertisement" category at the Duftstars Awards (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) . [64] (#cite_note-Duftstars22-64) Aguilera's fragrances were also supported by presential events. In addition to promoted autograph sessions during its scents launch ceremonies in Germany and in the United States, [65] (#cite_note-HeraldSquare-65) [66] (#cite_note-66) thousands of hangers featuring the brand's logo was scattered across Israel's main streets as part of a guerrilla marketing (/wiki/Guerrilla_marketing) . [67] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaucet201553-67) Throughout the years, the perfumes portfolio have appeared as indications in Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) , [68] (#cite_note-68) Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) , [69] (#cite_note-69) Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , [70] (#cite_note-70) Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , [23] (#cite_note-GlamourBest-23) and Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) beauty magazine issues. [71] (#cite_note-71) The line also received media attention after its products were revealed as the favorite fragrances of celebrities such as Perrie Edwards (/wiki/Perrie_Edwards) and Steve Antin (/wiki/Steve_Antin) . [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) Reception [ edit ] Critical response [ edit ] Aguilera's perfume brand was received with generally positive reviews by critics. In a review of its debut self-titled scent, Grazia (/wiki/Grazia) magazine editors opined that "while it's everything you'd expect from a typical celebrity fragrance [...], it's not overpowering or cloying and is, dare we say it, pretty damn sensual". [74] (#cite_note-74) Writing for Yahoo! Beauty (/wiki/Yahoo!_Beauty) , Lauren Carbran shared the same point of view, describing it as "sweet and a little saucy, [puts] you centre-stage wherever you are", in addition to recommending it to "lavish affairs to experience its magic in full force". [75] (#cite_note-YahooBeauty-75) In a review for Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) magazine, Emily Hebert named By Night among the best new scents of 2010 fall, highlighting its "heady vanilla, amber, peach, and May blossom". [76] (#cite_note-76) In the same year, Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) reviewers named Royal Desire as one of the best perfumes for winter due to its "oriental notes [...] making it warm and heady – perfect for winter nights". [77] (#cite_note-77) Melissa Magsaysay, author from Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) , also praised Royal Desire fragrance, calling it an "oriental scent with notes like yuzu and lily". Magsaysay opined that the "standout element [of the perfume] is a top note of sugary sweet marshmallow that's very much heightened by honeysuckle and black currant". [31] (#cite_note-SweetScent-31) In December 2011, editors from Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) Russia ranked Secret Potin among the best perfumes of the month, writing that "Aguilera reveals old secrets with pleasure [...] the aroma of self-confidence, the smell of a woman who is aware of her strength". [78] (#cite_note-78) At Basenotes (/wiki/Basenotes) , which assigns a standard score (/wiki/Standard_score) rating out of five stars to reviews from users critics, Unforgettable fragrance received four stars, whose written avaliation called it "a luscious mix of woods, vanilla, light florals and fruity notes", in addition to recognize it as "sweet, but not sugary sweet [...] it's [not] cloying either". [79] (#cite_note-79) Irina Kuzmicheva, writer of Elle Russia, described Touch of Seduction as a scent "designed for seduction", highlighting in its composition three aphrodisiacs such as rose, vanilla and musk. Kuzmicheva also noted that it follows the same base from other Aguilera's fragrances, with notes of "sandalwood [...] that leaves a gentle velvety sensation". [80] (#cite_note-80) In a less optimistic review, Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia_(magazine)) magazine columnist Liz Spikol commented about Woman scent, opining that it "radiates Central Pennsylvania holiday shopping excursions", although she recognized it was not "overwhelming". [45] (#cite_note-Woman-45) Accolades [ edit ] In addition to being met with positive reviews by perfume critics, the brand has received numerous awards and nominations. Presented by The Fragrance Foundation (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) , it was honoured throughout the years at the Duftstars Awards (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) [81] (#cite_note-Duftstars0818-81) and FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) —whose ceremony has been dubbed in the media as "the Oscars of fragrances industry". [82] (#cite_note-82) [83] (#cite_note-83) In 2011, Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) magazine editors prized one of the brand's perfumes at their annual event gala, the Glammy Beauty Awards (/wiki/Glamour_Awards) . [84] (#cite_note-Glammy-84) Due to its popularity in Russia, some of portfolio's fragrances was awarded in 'Best of Beauty' ceremonies by Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) and Glamour periodical issues. [85] (#cite_note-RussianAllure-85) [86] (#cite_note-RussianGlamour-86) Furthermore, the line's debut scent was ranked among the best celebrity women's perfumes of all time by Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) and Yahoo! (/wiki/Yahoo!) . [87] (#cite_note-87) [75] (#cite_note-YahooBeauty-75) In 2012, Stylist (/wiki/Stylist_(magazine)) magazine named Royal Desire as one of the eight credible celebrity fragrances. [88] (#cite_note-88) Complete list of awards and nominations received by Christina Aguilera Fragrances Year Ceremony Recipient Category Result Ref. 2013 Allure Best of Beauty Awards (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) Red Sin Best Celebrity Fragrance Won [85] (#cite_note-RussianAllure-85) 2014 Unforgettable Won [89] (#cite_note-89) 2008 Basenotes Fragrance Awards (/wiki/Basenotes#The_Basenotes_Fragrance_Awards) Christina Aguilera Best Celebrity Fragrance for Women Nominated [90] (#cite_note-90) 2011 CEW Beauty Awards Christina Aguilera Women's Scent Mass Won [91] (#cite_note-91) 2012 Royal Desire Won [92] (#cite_note-92) 2009 CEW UK Beauty Awards Inspire Women's Celebrity Fragrance Nominated [93] (#cite_note-93) 2009 Cosmopolitan Beauty Awards (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)#Awards_and_features) (Finland) Best Female Fragrance Won [94] (#cite_note-94) [95] (#cite_note-95) Cosmopolitan Beauty Awards (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)#Awards_and_features) (Sweden) Won [96] (#cite_note-96) Cosmopolitan Fragrance Awards (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)#Awards_and_features) Best Celebrity Fragrance for Women Won [97] (#cite_note-97) 2008 Duftstars Awards (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) [a] (#cite_note-100) Christina Aguilera Public's Choice: Lifestyle Fragrance – Women Won [100] (#cite_note-101) Lifestyle Fragrance – Women Won 2010 By Night Won [81] (#cite_note-Duftstars0818-81) 2011 Royal Desire Public's Choice: Lifestyle Fragrance – Women Won [101] (#cite_note-102) 2013 Red Sin Lifestyle Fragrance – Women Won [102] (#cite_note-103) Public's Choice: Lifestyle Fragrance – Women Won 2014 Unforgettable Won [103] (#cite_note-104) Lifestyle Fragrance – Women Won 2015 Woman Nominated [104] (#cite_note-105) 2016 Touch of Seduction Nominated [105] (#cite_note-106) 2017 Glam X Public's Choice: Lifestyle Fragrance – Women Nominated [106] (#cite_note-107) 2018 Definition Lifestyle Fragrance – Women Nominated [107] (#cite_note-108) 2020 Xperience Nominated [108] (#cite_note-109) 2021 Eau So Beautiful Nominated [50] (#cite_note-EauSoBeautiful-50) 2022 Moonlight Bloom Nominated [64] (#cite_note-Duftstars22-64) Public's Choice: Commercial Advertisement Nominated 2009 FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) (Russia) By Night Lifestyle Fragrance – Women Won [109] (#cite_note-110) 2013 Unforgettable Lifestyle Fragrance – Celebrity Won [110] (#cite_note-111) 2008 FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) (United Kingdom) Christina Aguilera Public's Choice: Favorite Celebrity Fragrance Won [111] (#cite_note-112) 2009 Inspire Favorite New Prestige Fragrance for Women Nominated [112] (#cite_note-113) 2011 FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) (United States) Christina Aguilera Women's Broad Appeal Fragrance Nominated [113] (#cite_note-114) By Night Nominated 2012 Royal Desire Nominated [114] (#cite_note-115) Packaging of the Year – Women's Broad Appeal Nominated [115] (#cite_note-116) 2013 Red Sin Fragrance of the Year – Women's Popular Nominated [116] (#cite_note-117) 2011 GLAMMY Beauty Awards (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) Royal Desire Basic Perfume Won [84] (#cite_note-Glammy-84) 2013 Glamour Best of Beauty Awards (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) Red Sin Celebrity Perfume Won [117] (#cite_note-118) 2014 Unforgettable Won [86] (#cite_note-RussianGlamour-86) 2013 Joy Trend Awards (/wiki/Joy_(magazine)) Red Sin Best Lifestyle Perfume Won [118] (#cite_note-119) 2014 Unforgettable Won [119] (#cite_note-120) 2012 PopCrush Awards (/wiki/PopCrush) Red Sin Best Perfume Nominated [120] (#cite_note-121) Commercial performance [ edit ] The brand is sold in North America, Latin America, Asia and Europe—market of which it is commonly referred to as the "number-one celebrity fragrance brand". [22] (#cite_note-Inspire-22) [121] (#cite_note-122) [122] (#cite_note-123) From the start of scent's line distribution, its products proved to be a commercial success. In its debut year at stores, Procter & Gamble (/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble) (P&G) executives estimated that the brand could do $ (/wiki/American_dollar) 50 million wholesale sales worldwide, with $20 million coming from the United States alone. [22] (#cite_note-Inspire-22) After its production and distribution rights been bought out by Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc.) , was reported that the fragrance line had $80 million in sales in January 2016 according to Stifel (/wiki/Stifel) analyst Mark Astrachan. [123] (#cite_note-124) In 2007, according to The Perfume Shop (/wiki/The_Perfume_Shop) managing director Jeremy Seigal, Aguilera's debut fragrance was among the top five best-selling scents in its stores in the United Kingdom and Ireland. [124] (#cite_note-125) In the same year, according to reports from Superdrug (/wiki/Superdrug) 's stores, it was the second and third celebrity fragrance most commercialized in the countries in 2007 and 2008, respectively. [125] (#cite_note-126) [126] (#cite_note-127) In general distributions, its perfumes were ranked among the United Kingdom best-sellers in 2007, 2009, and 2010. [127] (#cite_note-128) [128] (#cite_note-129) [129] (#cite_note-130) In 2008, Aguilera attended a promotional event for its scents line at the Macy's Herald Square (/wiki/Macy%27s_Herald_Square) , attracting over $50,000 in sales that weekend alone. [130] (#cite_note-131) The brand's parent company, Revlon (/wiki/Revlon) , filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy (/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code) in June 2022, and eventually emerged from it in early 2023. [131] (#cite_note-132) See also [ edit ] List of celebrity-branded perfumes (/wiki/List_of_celebrity-branded_perfumes) Truth or Dare by Madonna (/wiki/Truth_or_Dare_by_Madonna) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-100) Duftstars Awards are a German version of the FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) , both presented by The Fragrance Foundation (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) . [98] (#cite_note-98) [99] (#cite_note-99) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Meghan DeMaria (January 6, 2017). "15 Celebrities You Never Knew Were In Beauty Ads" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220909115346/https://sg.style.yahoo.com/15-celebrities-never-knew-were-194500348.html) . Yahoo! Style (/wiki/Yahoo!_Style) . Archived from the original (https://sg.style.yahoo.com/15-celebrities-never-knew-were-194500348.html) on September 9, 2022 . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Curtis Waller (July 14, 2000). "Christina Aguilera Shares Her Fetish" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220813092602/https://www.mtv.com/news/vsku9f/christina-aguilera-shares-her-fetish) . MTV News (/wiki/MTV_News) . Archived from the original (https://www.mtv.com/news/vsku9f/christina-aguilera-shares-her-fetish) on August 13, 2022 . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Laura Klepacki (June 30, 2000). "What Fetish Needs: Aguilera" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/article-1196369/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Laura Klepacki (January 11, 2002). "Aguilera, Fetish Call It Quits" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/aguilera-fetish-call-it-quits-1174367/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "New Dana Teams Up with Christina Aguilera" (https://www.thefreelibrary.com/New+Dana+teams+up+with+Christina+Aguilera-a076587005) . The Free Library (/wiki/The_Free_Library) . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDominguez2003152_6-0) Dominguez 2003 (#CITEREFDominguez2003) , p. 152. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Grant Osborne (January 12, 2007). "Christina Aguilera Signs New Fragrance Deal with Procter & Gamble" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081204234222/http://www.basenotes.net/industry_news/20070112aguilera.html) . Basenotes (/wiki/Basenotes) . Archived from the original (http://www.basenotes.net/industry_news/20070112aguilera.html) on December 4, 2008 . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorth201598_8-0) Worth 2015 (#CITEREFWorth2015) , p. 98. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Aguilera Poised to Launch New Perfume" (https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-30361457.html) . Irish Examiner (/wiki/Irish_Examiner) . May 10, 2008 . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Jennifer Weil (January 11, 2007). "Procter & Gamble to Team Up with Christina Aguilera in Fragrance Deal" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210125195428/https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/procter-gamble-to-team-up-with-christina-aguilera-in-fragrance-deal-1037814/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Archived from the original (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/procter-gamble-to-team-up-with-christina-aguilera-in-fragrance-deal-1037814/) on January 25, 2021 . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Jennifer Weil (January 12, 2007). "Aguilera and P&G Sign Fragrance Deal" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/aguilera-p-g-sign-fragrance-deal-510809/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Eau de Christina" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161206050310/https://www.popsugar.com/celebrity/Eau-de-Christina-104617) . PopCrush (/wiki/PopCrush) . Archived from the original (https://www.popsugar.com/celebrity/Eau-de-Christina-104617) on December 6, 2016 . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Grant Osborne (November 17, 2015). "Christina Aguilera Adds a Touch of Seduction to Her Fragrance Line" (https://basenotes.com/articles/christina-aguilera-adds-a-touch-of-seduction-to-her-fragrance-line.3221/) . Basenotes (/wiki/Basenotes) . Retrieved August 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Christina Aguilera Fragrances Products: Shop" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110107044416/http://www.sonymusicdigital.com/christina-aguilera/features/5492812) . Sony Music (/wiki/Sony_Music) . Archived from the original (http://www.sonymusicdigital.com/christina-aguilera/features/5492812) on January 7, 2011 . Retrieved August 17, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Kristy Kelly (December 22, 2010). "Aguilera's Mother 'Inspired' Perfume" (https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a294569/aguileras-mother-inspired-perfume/) . Digital Spy (/wiki/Digital_Spy) . Retrieved September 6, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Christina Aguilera: Royal Desire Fragrance" (https://www.nwitimes.com/lifestyles/image_f74bdef0-688e-5193-a7c1-ee3b48fa3482.html) . The Times of Northwest Indiana (/wiki/The_Times_of_Northwest_Indiana) . September 15, 2011 . Retrieved September 6, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Courtney Dunlop (October 8, 2010). "Christina Aguilera's Beauty Secrets" (https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a5498/christina-aguilera-beauty-secrets/) . Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . Retrieved September 6, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Maria Del Russo (May 11, 2015). "Christina Aguilera Fragrance Interview" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/christina-aguilera-fragrance-interview) . Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) . Retrieved July 1, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Ashley Terrill (December 20, 2012). "Christina Aguilera Talks Scents, Body Image, and the Holidays" (https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/news/a22546/christina-aguilera-interview/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Retrieved September 6, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Flare Staff (November 10, 2008). "Christina Aguilera: Pop Princess Talks About New Fragrance" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220909115358/https://www.flare.com/celebrity/christina-aguilera/) . Flare (/wiki/Flare_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://www.flare.com/celebrity/christina-aguilera/) on September 9, 2022 . Retrieved August 17, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Matthew Curlewis (March 1, 2019). "Christina Aguilera Fragrances, PUMA, Bruno Banani" (https://www.behance.net/gallery/76506223/Christina-Aguilera-PUMA-Bruno-Banani-3-Fragrances) . Behance (/wiki/Behance) . Retrieved August 17, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Stephanie Epiro (May 23, 2008). "P&G Hopes Aguilera Will 'Inspire' Its Fragrance Fortunes" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/p-g-hopes-aguilera-will-inspire-its-fragrance-fortunes-1556271/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . 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Bloomsbury Publishing (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-35-011735-8 . Saucet, Marcel (2015). Street Marketing: The Future of Guerrilla Marketing and Buzz . ABC-Clio (/wiki/ABC-Clio) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-44-083839-2 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://parfum.christinaaguilera.com) v t e Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) Discography (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera_discography) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Christina_Aguilera) Concerts (/wiki/List_of_Christina_Aguilera_concerts) Videography (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera_videography) Awards and nominations (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Christina_Aguilera) Studio albums Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera_(album)) Mi Reflejo (/wiki/Mi_Reflejo) My Kind of Christmas (/wiki/My_Kind_of_Christmas) Stripped (/wiki/Stripped_(Christina_Aguilera_album)) Back to Basics (/wiki/Back_to_Basics_(Christina_Aguilera_album)) Bionic (/wiki/Bionic_(Christina_Aguilera_album)) Lotus (/wiki/Lotus_(Christina_Aguilera_album)) Liberation (/wiki/Liberation_(Christina_Aguilera_album)) Aguilera (/wiki/Aguilera_(album)) Compilation albums Just Be Free (/wiki/Just_Be_Free) Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits (/wiki/Keeps_Gettin%27_Better:_A_Decade_of_Hits) Soundtrack albums Burlesque soundtrack (/wiki/Burlesque_(soundtrack)) Live and video albums Genie Gets Her Wish (/wiki/Genie_Gets_Her_Wish) My Reflection (/wiki/My_Reflection) Stripped Live in the U.K. (/wiki/Stripped_Live_in_the_U.K.) Back to Basics: Live and Down Under (/wiki/Back_to_Basics:_Live_and_Down_Under) EPs Justin & Christina (/wiki/Justin_%26_Christina) La Fuerza (/wiki/La_Fuerza) La Tormenta (/wiki/La_Tormenta_(EP)) Concerts tours Christina Aguilera in Concert (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera_in_Concert) The Justified & Stripped Tour (/wiki/The_Justified_%26_Stripped_Tour) The Stripped Tour (/wiki/The_Stripped_Tour) Back to Basics Tour (/wiki/Back_to_Basics_Tour) The Liberation Tour (/wiki/The_Liberation_Tour_(Christina_Aguilera_tour)) The X Tour (/wiki/The_X_Tour_(Christina_Aguilera)) Promotional tours EU / UK Summer Series (/wiki/EU_/_UK_Summer_Series) Concerts and residencies Christina Aguilera: The Xperience (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera:_The_Xperience) Christina Aguilera at Voltaire (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera_at_Voltaire) Companies and brands Christina Aguilera Fragrances Playground (/wiki/Playground_(company)) Related topics Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXIV_halftime_show) Category (/wiki/Category:Christina_Aguilera) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐74875659f5‐4cq2h Cached time: 20240717183044 Cache expiry: 1229360 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.269 seconds Real time usage: 3.411 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6971/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 260207/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4453/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 501420/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.587/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7282146/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 380 ms 24.1% ? 240 ms 15.2% <mw.lua:694> 180 ms 11.4% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 140 ms 8.9% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::find 80 ms 5.1% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode 60 ms 3.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 40 ms 2.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 40 ms 2.5% type 40 ms 2.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::match 40 ms 2.5% [others] 340 ms 21.5% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 3081.649 1 -total 52.53% 1618.902 2 Template:Reflist 46.58% 1435.527 125 Template:Cite_web 13.47% 415.173 1 Template:Short_description 12.06% 371.772 1 Template:Christina_Aguilera 11.96% 368.588 1 Template:Navbox_musical_artist 9.77% 301.139 2 Template:Pagetype 8.47% 261.103 1 Template:Infobox_brand 8.27% 254.991 1 Template:Infobox 7.95% 245.096 1 Template:Icon Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:71715282-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717183044 and revision id 1231725761. 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British footwear company Bionda Castana Industry Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Founded 2007 ; 17 years ago ( 2007 ) Founders Natalia Barbieri Jennifer Portman Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) , United Kingdom Products High-heels (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Website biondacastana (http://biondacastana.com) .com (http://biondacastana.com) Bionda Castana is a luxury women’s footwear brand founded in 2007 by London (/wiki/London) -based entrepreneurs Natalia Barbieri and Jennifer Portman. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The brand closed in late 2016 and relaunched in November 2018 with a sustainable (/wiki/Sustainable) , direct-to-consumer business strategy. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) History [ edit ] Bionda Castana was founded by Natalia Barbieri and Jennifer Portman. The friends met in London while studying economics at the University of Westminster (/wiki/University_of_Westminster) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 2007 they quit their corporate jobs and launched their company, naming it Bionda Castana, ‘blonde brunette’ in Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) . Their first stockist was London boutique Browns (/wiki/Browns_(fashion_boutique)) who began carrying the collection in 2009. [3] (#cite_note-3) The duo’s designs also caught the eye of Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) Editor-in-Chief Franca Sozzani (/wiki/Franca_Sozzani) , and in 2010 the company was honored with the publication’s ‘Who Is On Next?’ award. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Dubai’s Level Shoes became a stockist in 2012, and luxury British department store Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) followed in 2013. In 2015, Bionda Castana was named among Walpole’s Brands of Tomorrow, [4] (#cite_note-4) and secured London department stores Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges,_Oxford_Street) and Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) as wholesale stockists. In June of that year, the brand opened a boutique on London’s Elizabeth Street, offering a made-to-order service in addition to the main collection. [5] (#cite_note-5) In January 2016, the brand launched a collaboration with high street brand LK Bennett (/wiki/L.K.Bennett) , [6] (#cite_note-6) and by May 2016, the brand had already met its financial targets for the year and moved into a larger boutique on Elizabeth Street. [7] (#cite_note-7) Bionda Castana’s Spring/Summer 2016 collection launched with a campaign shot by photographer Dima Hohlev, featuring a ballet dancer as the model. The images saw Hohlov named Best Fashion Photographer in the LeBook Connections Awards 2016. [8] (#cite_note-8) The brand shuttered in late 2016 to allow the founders to separate from their investors. Barbieri later explained: "We weren’t aligned with our external investment team". [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) Relaunch [ edit ] In November 2018, Bionda Castana relaunched after a two-year hiatus with a direct-to-consumer, sustainable business model. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) The zero-waste (/wiki/Zero_waste) strategy sees just four archive styles available to buy for a limited period at the beginning of each month. The shoes are then made-to-order using surplus fabric from the brand’s old stock, and shipped direct from the factory to the buyer. [9] (#cite_note-:3-9) On the decision to relaunch, Barbieri said: "There was a process where you have to break up and then start back up again… Taking the break gave us the foresight to think about how would we be able to approach it in a smarter way and still be able to be creative and meet our customers’ demands." [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) When the surplus archive fabrics run out, the company plans to use surplus fabrics from other fashion houses in order to maintain its zero-waste policy. [9] (#cite_note-:3-9) Collaborations [ edit ] Bionda Castana has been collaborating with designer fashion (/wiki/Designer_clothing) brands on their London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) catwalk shows since 2012, including Osman, [10] (#cite_note-10) Matthew Williamson (/wiki/Matthew_Williamson) [11] (#cite_note-11) and Tala and Lina Samman. [12] (#cite_note-12) The Fall/Winter 2013 collection was launched with a short film directed by actor David Schwimmer (/wiki/David_Schwimmer) and starring model David Gandy (/wiki/David_Gandy) . [13] (#cite_note-13) In November 2015 the brand created a capsule collection to raise funds for HIV prevention and support charity Mothers2Mothers (/wiki/Mothers2mothers) [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Bionda Castana - Vogue.it" (https://www.vogue.it/talents/concorsi-e-altro/2010/06/bionda-castana) . www.vogue.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Theodosi, Natalie (7 November 2018). "Bionda Castana Returns With Renewed Vision" (https://wwd.com/accessories-news/footwear/bionda-castana-returns-renewed-vision-1202900789/) . WWD . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "In Conversation: Bionda Castana Founders Natalia Barbieri and Jennifer Portman ⋆ k a r b a t i n" (https://karbatin.com/bionda-castana-founders-natalia-barbieri-and-jennifer-portman/) . k a r b a t i n . 11 March 2019 . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) UK, Harper's BAZAAR (20 January 2015). "Discover The Brands of Tomorrow" (http://www.harpersbazaar.co.uk/fashion/fashion-news/the-brands-of-tomorrow) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bell, Jennie (4 June 2015). "Bionda Castana Debuts First Boutique in London" (https://footwearnews.com/2015/focus/retail/bionda-castana-london-boutique-opens-34035/) . Footwear News . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Milligan, Lauren. "FIRST LOOK: Bionda Castana For LK Bennett" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/bionda-castana-lk-bennett-collection-pictures-collaboration) . British Vogue . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Theodosi, Natalie (27 May 2016). "Bionda Castana Opens New Store in London's Belgravia" (https://footwearnews.com/2016/fashion/designers/bionda-castana-new-store-londons-belgravia-224664/) . Footwear News . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Dima HOHLOV | CONNECTIONS LONDON 2016" (https://www.connectionsbylebook.com/london2016/nominee/dima-hohlov) . www.connectionsbylebook.com . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Are direct-to-consumer brands the future for sustainable fashion?" (https://www.vogue.in/content/direct-consumer-brands-future-sustainable-fashion/) . VOGUE India . 11 March 2019 . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Milligan, Lauren. "Maximal Minimalist" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/osman-yousefzada-autumn-winter-2012-13-show) . British Vogue . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Milligan, Lauren. "The Catwalk's Favourite Shoe Stars" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/bionda-castana-for-matthew-williamson-show-shoes) . British Vogue . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Motherly Love | Lina And Tala Samaan On Their Collaboration With Bionda Castana" (https://emirateswoman.com/motherly-love-lina-and-tala-samaan-on-their-collaboration-with-bionda-castana/) . Emirates Woman . 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Bionda Castana (28 November 2018), // BIONDA CASTANA + DAVID GANDY, FALL WINTER 2013 COLLECTION FILM • , retrieved 26 April 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-14) Milligan, Lauren. "Bionda Castana's New Charitable Venture" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/bionda-castana-shoes-mothers2mothers-collection) . British Vogue . Retrieved 26 April 2019 . 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This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Skirt-bag&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Skirt-bag&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Skirt-bag) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Skirt-bag) for suggestions. ( May 2022 ) Skirt-bag by Ivana Barač from 2008, Dubrovnik, CROATIA Skirt-bag (Croatian: Suknja-torba) - a hybrid (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hybrid) fashion design item made by Ivana Barač (/w/index.php?title=Ivana_Bara%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1) presented in 2008 in Kino EUROPA, Zagreb (/wiki/Zagreb) , Croatia (/wiki/Croatia) . Design is not a common baggy skirt design, but a specific dual function item with exceptional construction. Ivana Barač is a Croatian fashion designer from Dubrovnik (/wiki/Dubrovnik) with a background in stone conservation. After studying at Istituto di Moda Burgo (/wiki/Istituto_di_Moda_Burgo) in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Barač focused on the design construction and started working with a collection of 14 variations of bags that were all dual-functional, [1] (#cite_note-1) including the Skirt-bag presented in Zagreb Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Zagreb_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) in 2008. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The use of zippers enable the item to be worn as a skirt and carried as a bag. [4] (#cite_note-4) Multifunctional design captured a lot of positive critical acclaim and attention of audience in the moment when recession was hitting Europe and Fashion hard. Grgo Zečić, now fashion director of Vmen (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) , said that one needed to be excellent constructor for the bag to convert to skirtand back, with very well composed geometry and avantguarde approach. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Ivana Barač blog diary" (https://www.ivanabarac.com/skirt-bag-diary.aspx) . Ivana Barač . Retrieved 2020-09-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Ivana Barač" (http://www.ivanabarac.com/) . Ivana Barač . Retrieved 2020-09-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Predstavljen modni koncept Ivane Barač" (https://www.cromoda.com/predstavljen-modni-koncept-ivane-barac) . CroModa . Retrieved 2021-04-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Jutarnji list - Torba=suknja=torba ili utjecaj recesija na modne koncepte" (https://www.jutarnji.hr/naslovnica/torbasuknjatorba-ili-utjecaj-recesija-na-modne-koncepte-3979356) . www.jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). 2008-11-14 . Retrieved 2020-09-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Kad torba postane suknja, a suknja torba" (https://www.tportal.hr/lifestyle/clanak/kad-torba-postane-suknja-a-suknja-torba-20081119) . tportal.hr . Retrieved 2021-04-12 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐78789c78f5‐jtjz4 Cached time: 20240701062752 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.179 seconds Real time usage: 0.335 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 346/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13258/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1116/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19805/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.110/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3671704/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 201.122 1 -total 56.68% 113.998 1 Template:Reflist 47.10% 94.733 5 Template:Cite_web 41.35% 83.165 1 Template:Orphan 32.27% 64.892 1 Template:Draft_other 30.99% 62.323 1 Template:Ambox 1.04% 2.101 1 Template:Main_other 0.89% 1.780 1 Template:Monthyear 0.87% 1.750 1 Template:Monthyear-1 0.65% 1.306 2 Template:PAGENAMEU Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:65426784-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701062752 and revision id 1085801607. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skirt-bag&oldid=1085801607 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skirt-bag&oldid=1085801607) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Design (/wiki/Category:Design) Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Croatian brands (/wiki/Category:Croatian_brands) Skirts (/wiki/Category:Skirts) Bags (fashion) (/wiki/Category:Bags_(fashion)) Hidden categories: CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Croatian-language_sources_(hr)) Orphaned articles from May 2022 (/wiki/Category:Orphaned_articles_from_May_2022) All orphaned articles (/wiki/Category:All_orphaned_articles) |
Line of shoes by Nike Nike Dunk Type Sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) Inventor Nike, Inc. (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Inception 1985 ; 39 years ago ( 1985 ) Manufacturer Nike Available Yes Website nike.com (https://www.nike.com/w/dunk-shoes-90aohzy7ok) Nike Dunk is a line of shoes released by Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) in 1985. Originally released as a basketball shoe, the popularity of the shoe among the skating community also led to the creation of a variant used for skateboarding. The shoe is offered in low-, mid- and high-top (/wiki/High-top) styles. Overview [ edit ] A pair of red and gray Nike Dunk shoes Originally called the College Color High , the shoe was designed by Peter Moore (/wiki/Peter_Moore_(shoe_designer)) and took elements from the Air Jordan 1 (/wiki/Air_Jordan_1) , Nike Terminator, and Air Force 1 (/wiki/Air_Force_(shoe)) shoes. [1] (#cite_note-1) The shoe was popular when it was first released due in part to the different color schemes that were released. These were created to represent the different colors of universities and their basketball teams. [2] (#cite_note-2) A green pair of Nike Dunk sneakers Models [ edit ] SB Dunk [ edit ] SB Dunk was used by Nike to enter the skateboarding market, launching a variant of the shoe made exclusively for skateboarding. [3] (#cite_note-3) In establishing itself, Nike signed famous skaters such as Reese Forbes, Richard Mulder, Gino Ianucci, and Danny Supa to the first Nike SB skate team. [4] (#cite_note-4) The shoe was successful among skateboarders and eventually achieved mainstream popularity and kept the line popular well into the 2000s. [5] (#cite_note-5) Air Dunk Jumbo [ edit ] A chunkier version, it features premium suede materials in the upper with a bigger tongue and the sole includes the company's air technology to make it more comfortable to wear. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Dunk History: A Nike sneaker that went from hoops to hype" (https://blog.finishline.com/2020/12/30/history-of-nike-dunk/) . Finish Line . 30 December 2020 . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "What Are Nike Dunk Shoes?: An Overview" (https://sneakernews.com/2021/05/01/what-are-nike-dunk-shoes/) . Sneaker News . 2021-05-01 . Retrieved 2023-10-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The History of the Nike Dunk and the Nike SB Dunk" (https://hypebeast.com/2021/6/nike-sb-dunk-history-sneakers-skateboarding-basketball) . Hypebeast . 2021-06-11 . Retrieved 2023-10-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Welty, Matt. "What You Didn't Know About the Nike SB Dunk" (https://www.complex.com/sneakers/a/matt-welty/nike-sb-dunk-history) . Complex . Retrieved 2024-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Halfhill, Matt (2019-09-10). "A Complete History of Nike SB Dunks" (https://www.nicekicks.com/nike-sb-dunk-history/) . Nice Kicks . Retrieved 2023-10-17 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.nike.com/w/dunk-shoes-90aohzy7ok) v t e Nike, Inc. (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) 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