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Woven fabric made originally from the wool of Cheviot sheep Cheviot , Wool Woolen fabric (/w/index.php?title=Wool_Woolen_fabric&action=edit&redlink=1) originally made from Cheviot sheep wool (/w/index.php?title=Cheviot_sheep_wool&action=edit&redlink=1) and now also made from other types of wool or from blends of wool and man-made fibres in plain or various twill weaves. Cheviot Sheep originate from the border of England and Scotland, and their name is derived from Cheviot Hills, a range of hills in north Northumberland and the Scottish Borders. Cheviot wool possesses good spinning qualities, since the fibre is fine, soft, and pliable. It has a crispness of texture similar to serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) but is slightly rougher and heavier. Cheviot fabric may be produced from either woollen or worsted yarns according to the character, texture, and feel desired in the finished fabric. Some qualities are produced from crossbred worsted yarns which are adapted for furnishing crispness. The wool is known for its resilience and durability, often used for socks, sweaters, blankets, and jackets. In addition, Cheviot cloth value ranges in GDP is £0.97, and the competitors' offer is £0.55. [1] (#cite_note-1) Cheviot suiting's for sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) are made from harder spun worsted yarns, and some are also made from botany worsted. Cheviot shirting is a stout, twilled, cotton fabric woven with small geometrical patterns or with warp stripes and bleached weft. [2] (#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Wool, British. "Producer Information and Wool Values" (https://www.britishwool.org.uk/ksupload/userfiles/Farmer/Information%20&%20wool%20values.pdf) (PDF) . ^ (#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2-0) "Cheviot" (http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/109873/cheviot) . External links [ edit ] Cheviot description on the Online Textile Dictionary (http://en.texsite.info/Cheviot_%28fabric%29) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170429191841/http://en.texsite.info/Cheviot_(fabric)) 2017-04-29 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) This article about textiles (/wiki/Textile) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheviot_(cloth)&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐dkgcg Cached time: 20240712182130 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.210 seconds Real time usage: 0.271 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 323/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6679/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 696/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11875/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.148/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3597291/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 254.647 1 -total 41.23% 104.997 1 Template:Reflist 34.73% 88.450 2 Template:Cite_web 27.51% 70.065 1 Template:Short_description 26.82% 68.297 1 Template:Textile-stub 26.08% 66.423 1 Template:Asbox 15.32% 39.013 2 Template:Pagetype 7.56% 19.244 3 Template:Main_other 6.75% 17.192 1 Template:SDcat 3.44% 8.759 1 Template:Webarchive Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36489829-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712182130 and revision id 1231980289. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheviot_(cloth)&oldid=1231980289 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheviot_(cloth)&oldid=1231980289) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Woven fabrics (/wiki/Category:Woven_fabrics) Waulked textiles (/wiki/Category:Waulked_textiles) Textile stubs (/wiki/Category:Textile_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Colorful displays of clothing in the Camp: Notes on Fashion exhibition Camp: Notes on Fashion was the 2019 high fashion (/wiki/High_fashion) art exhibition of the Anna Wintour Costume Center (/wiki/Anna_Wintour_Costume_Center) , a wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) in New York that houses the collection of the Costume Institute (/wiki/Costume_Institute) . The exhibition focused on the fashion style of camp (/wiki/Camp_(style)) , an aesthetic style and sensibility that regards something as appealing because of its bad taste and ironic value. The style of camp has been a part of fashion since around the 1960s. This creative style of camp has been used by people like Cher and Donatella Versace, and was worn at the 2019 met gala by celebrities like Harry Styles and Kim Kardashian. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) The visual style is closely associated with gay culture (/wiki/Gay_culture) . [3] (#cite_note-MallaMcGillis2005-3) It ran from May 8 through September 9, 2019, and was preceded by the annual Costume Institute Gala (/wiki/Costume_Institute_Gala) , [4] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-4) an annual fundraising gala benefiting the Costume Institute, and considered to be the fashion industry's biggest and most prestigious yearly event, on May 6. [5] (#cite_note-5) Each year's gala celebrates the theme of that year's exhibition, and the exhibition sets the tone for the formal dress (/wiki/Formal_dress) of the night. [6] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-6) Costume Institute's annual exhibitions [ edit ] The Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) inaugurates its annual exhibition with a formal benefit dinner at the Costume Institute Gala (/wiki/Costume_Institute_Gala) , also known as the Met Gala. The gala for the 2019 exhibition took place on May 6, 2019. [7] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-7) The co-chairs for the Gala were Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) , Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) , Serena Williams (/wiki/Serena_Williams) , and Anna Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) . [7] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-7) Co-chairs are chosen by the permanent Met Gala co-chair Anna Wintour, for each Met Gala. They are chosen greatly in part because of their contribution to and relation to the theme. Co-chairs are not always solely fashion-focused individuals. A diverse group, ranging from athletes, musicians, and actors within the entertainment industry are brought together in order to cultivate more dynamic ideas. Past galas have seen celebrities wear outlandish and controversial outfits. [6] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-6) Of the co-chairs, Lady Gaga is well known for embodying the camp (/wiki/Camp_(style)) style, including her wearing of a dress made of raw meat (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2010_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Background [ edit ] Rainbow cape by Christopher Bailey (/wiki/Christopher_Bailey_(fashion_designer)) for Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) In Anna Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) 's Go Ask Anna , her weekly video series answering questions from fashion fans, she explained that Andrew Bolton, chief curator of the Costume Institute, chooses the theme, sometimes up to five years in advance. [9] (#cite_note-autogenerated6-9) She also shared that her only advice was that the title of the show needed to be clear so "everybody understands it immediately". [9] (#cite_note-autogenerated6-9) The theme from the exhibit was announced as the Gala theme October 9, 2018. [4] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-4) Andrew Bolton (/wiki/Andrew_Bolton_(curator)) , the Wendy Yu Curator in Charge (/wiki/Wendy_Yu) of the Costume Institute, framed the exhibition around Susan Sontag (/wiki/Susan_Sontag) 's 1964 essay " Notes on 'Camp' ", [7] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-7) which considers meanings and connotations of the word " camp (/wiki/Camp_(style)) ". [10] (#cite_note-10) Her "influential" essay includes "58 points detailing the ways the concept of "camp" can be constructed." [4] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-4) It arguably brought camp into the mainstream, and made Sontag a literary celebrity. [11] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-11) Sontag wrote, "Indeed the essence of Camp is its love of the unnatural: of artifice and exaggeration." [4] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-4) Bolton found Sontag's observations of camp, the "love of the unnatural: of artifice and exaggeration ... style at the expense of content ... the triumph of the epicene style", "timely with what we are going through culturally and politically". [7] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-7) Bolton notes that 'camp' embraces elements including " irony (/wiki/Irony) , humor, parody (/wiki/Parody) , pastiche (/wiki/Pastiche) , artifice, theatricality, excess, extravagance, nostalgia (/wiki/Nostalgia) , and exaggeration". [7] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-7) He added that the theme is timely, and "very relevant to the cultural conversation to look at what is often dismissed as empty frivolity but can be actually a very sophisticated and powerful political tool, especially for marginalized cultures (/wiki/Marginalized) ." [11] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-11) Bolton noted camp never lost its subversive (/wiki/Subversion) element from the 1960s when the essay was written and used as a "private code primarily in the gay community (/wiki/Gay_community) ". [12] (#cite_note-autogenerated8-12) Bolton traced camp back to the French (/wiki/French_language) verb (/wiki/Verb) se camper , to strike an exaggerated pose, its origins in the flamboyant (/wiki/Flamboyancy) posturing of the French court (/wiki/French_court) under Louis XIV (/wiki/Style_Louis_XIV) . [7] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-7) Louis XIV himself consolidated power by compelling noblemen to spend their wealth at Versailles (/wiki/Versailles) on fashions and jewelry to adorn themselves while taking part in elaborate, mandatory social dances and faux battles. [7] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-7) His gay younger brother, Philippe I, duc d'Orléans (/wiki/Philippe_I,_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans) , was "in many ways the paradigm (/wiki/Paradigm) of camp", with his obsession with clothing and jewelry, and "besotted with his pretty male favorites". [7] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-7) " Camp became the "ultimate expression" of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, who "devoted his life to dancing and dressing up and although he was married twice he was flamboyantly gay."" [12] (#cite_note-autogenerated8-12) Author Andy Medhurst notes the definition has changed throughout history, "It was first a French verb ("to flaunt" or "posture"), then an adjective with a gay connotation in the 18th century, and most recently, a noun to describe exaggerated gestures and actions." [13] (#cite_note-13) Kareem Khubchandani (/wiki/Kareem_Khubchandani) , queer studies (/wiki/Queer_studies) and performance studies (/wiki/Performance_studies) professor at Tufts University (/wiki/Tufts_University) , has said "Camp makes profane the things that are sacred and is a queer way of knowing." [14] (#cite_note-14) The exhibition centered around camp. Camp has been defined in many different ways. Phillip Core, American artist, referred to camp by saying "The essence of dandyism consists of being obsessed with and knowledgeable about the limits of 'how far one can go too far.'" Kenneth Williams, English actor, said that "Camp is a great jewel, 22 carats." [15] (#cite_note-15) Exhibition design [ edit ] Left by Gucci/Dapper Dan, 2018. Right by Louis Vuitton/Kim Jones, autumn/winter 2018–19 The exhibition is presented in the Met Fifth Avenue's Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Exhibition Hall (/wiki/B._Gerald_Cantor) , and was underwritten (/wiki/Underwriting) by Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , [11] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-11) whose creative director Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) , said Sontag's essay "perfectly expresses what camp truly means to me: the unique ability of combining high art (/wiki/High_art) and pop culture (/wiki/Pop_culture) ". [7] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-7) The Metropolitan Museum's director, Max Hollein (/wiki/Max_Hollein) stated: "Camp's disruptive nature and subversion of modern aesthetic values has often been trivialized, but this exhibition will reveal its profound influence on both high art and popular culture." [16] (#cite_note-16) Sontag's essay is on display next to a photo of her and is part of the exhibition. [17] (#cite_note-17) The exhibit, designed by the scenographer (/wiki/Scenographer) Jan Versweyveld (/wiki/Jan_Versweyveld) , [11] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-11) has 175 pieces of fashion including menswear (/wiki/Menswear) , womenswear (/wiki/Womenswear) , and 75 sculptures, paintings and drawings relating to the theme. [6] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-6) [18] (#cite_note-18) The pieces date back as early as the 1600s. [19] (#cite_note-19) The show is presented in two parts, starting with the origins of camp as a concept, with Sontag as a ghost narrator, [12] (#cite_note-autogenerated8-12) Bolton finds camp in the Stonewall riots (/wiki/Stonewall_riots) , and used in LGBTQ communities (/wiki/LGBT_communities) . [6] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-6) The two sections are physically designed apart with the first section featuring "narrow corridors with low ceilings," projecting a "clandestine underground" mood with Sontag "narrating in whispers." [12] (#cite_note-autogenerated8-12) The exhibit then uses 100 examples from the 1960s onward to show how camp has become more mainstream by examples in the collections by Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) and Vetements (/wiki/Vetements) , as well as Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) . [6] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-6) Bolton aims to portray how ubiquitous the concept of camp is with this exhibit manifest. [6] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-6) The second half's structural design "is an open piazza (/wiki/Piazza) ," mirroring "mainstream acceptance". [12] (#cite_note-autogenerated8-12) In all, around 37 fashion designers are represented, [11] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-11) with 175 fashion pieces. [12] (#cite_note-autogenerated8-12) Also on display is a full-length portrait of Oscar Wilde (/wiki/Oscar_Wilde) , spokesman for aestheticism (/wiki/Aestheticism) and flamboyant fashion, in a frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) . [12] (#cite_note-autogenerated8-12) As a soundtrack for the show, the camp anthem Judy Garland (/wiki/Judy_Garland) 's " Over the Rainbow (/wiki/Over_the_Rainbow) ", her signature song from 1939's The Wizard of Oz , plays intermittently in both sections of the show. [20] (#cite_note-autogenerated9-20) The Wizard of Oz version in the first section, and a recording shortly before her death plays in the second section. [20] (#cite_note-autogenerated9-20) Garland is considered a gay icon (/wiki/Judy_Garland_as_gay_icon) , particularly because of this song. [21] (#cite_note-21) Critical Reception [ edit ] The exhibition received mixed critical reviews upon opening from publications including The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , The Face (/wiki/The_Face_(magazine)) , The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) , and Fashionista (/wiki/Fashionista_(website)) . The New York Times claimed the exhibition was "the most idea-driven, conceptual, intellectual exhibition theme the Costume Institute has ever used" but criticized the lack of designers of color included in the exhibition. [22] (#cite_note-22) Clémence Michallon of The Independent praised Bolton's work, stating the exhibit is "entertaining and educative, and the attentive visitor will relish in the many sensibilities of camp. It’s a needed celebration." [23] (#cite_note-23) Fashionista also labelled the show "delightful" and "a visual feast for the ultimate fashion fan." [24] (#cite_note-24) Catalog [ edit ] Left by Jeremy Scott, spring/summer 2011. Right by Christian Lacroix, late 1990s. The exhibition catalog (/wiki/Exhibition_catalogue) was published in two volumes and also adheres to the camp (/wiki/Camp_(style)) theme with its pale pink casing, and an engraved quote from Oscar Wilde (/wiki/Oscar_Wilde) , on the book's spine in gold: "One should either be a work of art or wear a work of art." [25] (#cite_note-autogenerated5-25) The co-writers are Andrew Bolton (/wiki/Andrew_Bolton_(curator)) , Karen Van Godtsenhoven, and Amanda Garfinkel. [26] (#cite_note-26) The catalog is in two chartreuse (/wiki/Chartreuse_(color)) volumes of the history and modern applications of camp, [25] (#cite_note-autogenerated5-25) including the full text of Susan Sontag (/wiki/Susan_Sontag) 's Notes on "Camp" (/wiki/Notes_on_%22Camp%22) . [27] (#cite_note-27) The first volume has scholar Fabio Cleto's comprehensive essay on camp followed by a visual history guide of camp sensibility. [25] (#cite_note-autogenerated5-25) The second volume has an essay by Andrew Bolton, the Wendy Yu curator in charge of the Costume Institute, outlying inspirations and interpretations of camp for the exhibition. [25] (#cite_note-autogenerated5-25) The second volume includes 160 images from photographer Johnny Dufort, each image is paired with a quote on camp. [25] (#cite_note-autogenerated5-25) Gallery [ edit ] See also [ edit ] Camp (1965 film) (/wiki/Camp_(1965_film)) Polari (/wiki/Polari) Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Wertheim, Bonnie (4 May 2019). "What is Camp? The Met Gala 2019 Theme, Explained" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/04/style/met-gala-what-is-camp.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Met Gala 2019: The Campiest Looks" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/photos/2019/05/met-gala-camp-on-theme) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . 6 May 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-MallaMcGillis2005_3-0) Kerry Malla (January 2005). Roderick McGillis (ed.). "Between a Frock and a Hard Place: Camp Aesthetics and Children's Culture" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27477842) . Canadian Review of American Studies (/wiki/Canadian_Review_of_American_Studies) . 35 (1): 1–3 . Retrieved 10 October 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Chochrek, Ella (2018-10-09). "Met Gala 2019 Theme Announced — and It Invites Wild Interpretations" (https://footwearnews.com/2018/fashion/news/met-gala-2019-theme-camp-style-1202693345/) . Footwear News . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) A. O. L. Staff. "The Met Gala theme for 2019 has just been announced – and it'll be unlike anything in gala history" (https://www.aol.com/article/lifestyle/2018/10/10/met-gala-2019-theme-announced-as-camp-notes-on-fashion/23556838/) . AOL (/wiki/AOL) . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The theme for next year's Met Gala has been revealed" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/met-gala-2019-theme-vogue-metropolitan-museum-of-art-camp-fashion-anna-wintour-a8577011.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . 2018-10-10 . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "The Metropolitan Museum of Art Costume Institute Presents "Camp: Notes on Fashion" for Its Spring 2019 Exhibition" (https://www.vogue.com/article/costume-institute-2019-exhibition-camp-notes-on-fashion) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . 9 October 2018 . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Exploring the Met Gala's 2019 theme: 'Camp: Notes on Fashion' (https://www.theplainsman.com/article/2018/11/met-galas-2019-theme) " (https://www.theplainsman.com/article/2018/11/met-galas-2019-theme) . The Auburn Plainsman (/wiki/The_Auburn_Plainsman) . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ Jump up to: a b "So, What Exactly Is 'Camp: Notes on Fashion?' 2019 Met Gala Theme, Explained!" (https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/2019-met-gala-theme-camp-notes-on-fashion-explained/) . Life & Style . 2019-05-03 . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Sontag, Susan. Notes on "Camp". Penguin Random House (2018). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0241339701 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241339701) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Friedman, Vanessa (2018-10-09). "Met Costume Institute Embraces 'Camp' for 2019 Blockbuster Show" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/09/arts/design/met-costume-institute-camp-2019-spring-show.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Zargani, Luisa (2019-02-22). " (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/camp-notes-on-fashion-exhibit-presented-in-milan-1203044563/) 'Camp: Notes on Fashion' Exhibit Presented in Milan" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/camp-notes-on-fashion-exhibit-presented-in-milan-1203044563/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) " (https://www.amny.com/things-to-do/camp-notes-on-fashion-1.30746123) 'Subversive' camp fashion style gets a Met spotlight" (https://www.amny.com/things-to-do/camp-notes-on-fashion-1.30746123) . AM New York Metro (/wiki/AM_New_York_Metro) . 7 May 2019 . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Prasad, Akshita (2019-05-12). "Camp: Notes On Fashion – The Queer, The Feminist, The Political" (https://feminisminindia.com/2019/05/13/camp-fashion-queer-political/) . Feminism In India . Retrieved 2019-06-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Quotes on Camp" (https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2019/camp-notes-on-fashion/quotes-on-camp) . Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . Retrieved 2022-04-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Relaxnews (2019-05-03). "The Met's Costume Institute Presents 'Camp: Notes on Fashion' This Spring" (https://ph.asiatatler.com/style/the-mets-costume-institute-presents-camp-notes-on-fashion-this-spring) . Philippine Tatler . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Camp: Notes on Fashion review – A much needed celebration of profoundly queer, profoundly political aesthetic" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/camp-notes-on-fashion-met-gala-review-theme-new-york-when-a8903641.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . 2019-05-08 . Retrieved 2019-06-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "LOOK: The Met's Costume Institute presents 'Camp: Notes on Fashion' (https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/333829/look-the-mets-costume-institute-presents-camp-notes-on-fashion/) " (https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/333829/look-the-mets-costume-institute-presents-camp-notes-on-fashion/) . Inquirer Lifestyle . 2019-05-02 . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Met Costume Institute Readies "Camp: Notes on Fashion" for 2019" (https://www.cityguideny.com/article/met-costume-institute-2019-camp-notes-on-fashion-exhibit-) . www.cityguideny.com . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Inside the Met's Latest Fashion Extravaganza, Camp: Notes On Fashion" (https://fashionweekdaily.com/camp-notes-on-fashion-exhibit/) . Daily Front Row (/wiki/Daily_Front_Row) . 2019-05-06 . Retrieved 2019-06-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Frisch, Walter (2017). "A Garland of Rainbows". Arlen and Harburg's Over the Rainbow . Oxford Keynotes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . pp. 69–91. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780190467333 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Friedman, Vanessa; Smith, Roberta (2019-05-08). " (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/08/arts/design/camp-review-met-museum.html) 'Camp' at the Met, as Rich as It Is Frustrating" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/08/arts/design/camp-review-met-museum.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2024-05-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Camp: Notes on Fashion review - A much needed celebration of profoundly queer, profoundly political aesthetic" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/camp-notes-on-fashion-met-gala-review-theme-new-york-when-a8903641.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . 2019-05-09 . Retrieved 2024-05-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Bobila, Maria (2019-05-06). "The Met's 'Camp: Notes on Fashion' Doesn't Define Camp — and That's the Point" (https://fashionista.com/2019/05/met-costume-institute-camp-notes-on-fashion-exhibit-review) . Fashionista . Retrieved 2024-05-12 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "An Exclusive First Look at the Met's "Camp: Notes on Fashion" Catalog" (https://www.vogue.com/article/the-metropolitan-museum-of-art-camp-notes-on-fashion-catalogue) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . 3 April 2019 . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Yesterday at the Met, Guests Queued Up for a Book Signing With Anna Wintour and Andrew Bolton" (https://www.vogue.com/article/anna-wintour-andrew-bolton-met-book-signing-camp-exhibition?verso=true) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "The Most Extravagant Works of Wearable Camp From the Met's 'Notes on Fashion' Show" (https://observer.com/2019/05/camp-notes-on-fashion-best-designs-met-costume-institute/) . The Observer (/wiki/Observer.com) . 2019-05-06 . Retrieved 2019-06-02 . Further reading [ edit ] Bolton, Andrew; Van Godtsenhoven, Karen; Garfinkel, Amanda (2019). Camp: Notes on Fashion . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . 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Style of sock The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slouch_sock&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Slouch_sock) , or create a new article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard) , as appropriate. ( February 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Slouch socks Slouch socks , slouchy socks, loose socks or fall down socks are a type of sock (/wiki/Sock) featuring a heavy non- elastic (/wiki/Elastic_(notion)) upper that may be pushed down into heavy folds around the ankles (/wiki/Ankle) or pulled up to the knee (/wiki/Knee) . In Japan, the loose sock style has been popular with high-school girls. In the US, slouch socks have trended in and out of fashion since the 1980s. Description [ edit ] Slouch socks are a type of sock (/wiki/Sock) featuring a heavy non- elastic (/wiki/Elastic_(notion)) upper that may be pushed down into heavy folds around the ankles (/wiki/Ankle) or pulled up to the knee (/wiki/Knee) . Slouch socks tend to have a foot that is made of very thin fabric to encourage the layering (/wiki/Layering_(clothing)) of the socks. [1] (#cite_note-1) Slouch socks come in two primary varieties. " Flat-knit (/wiki/Flat_knitting) " slouch socks have no elastic and have a "two-by-two" [ further explanation needed ] knitting pattern. The "flat-knit" term comes from the fact that the ribbing of the socks has a squared-off appearance. " Rib-knit (/wiki/Rib_knit) " slouch socks are so-named because of their rounded ribbing (/wiki/Ribbing_(knitting)) . History [ edit ] Japan [ edit ] Loose socks in Japan Loose socks ( ルーズソックス , rūzu sokkusu ) are a style of baggy sock (/wiki/Sock) worn by Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_people) high school girls, as part of kogal (/wiki/Kogal) culture. [2] (#cite_note-2) This style of socks has also become popular among American teens and college students who are fans of Japanese anime (/wiki/Anime) and manga (/wiki/Manga) . These socks come in a variety of styles, defined by the knitting pattern of the upper portion of the sock. The two most popular styles are the traditional 2×2 rib knit (pictured) and tube-style loose socks, which are thigh-high length tube socks worn pushed down around the ankles. A skin-safe body adhesive popularly known as "sock glue" can be used to affix the uppermost part of the sock to the calf so that the entire sock will not bunch downward and spoil the look. Loose socks were adopted as a fashion which flattered plump calves and also expressed rebellious deviation from Japan's strict dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) for school uniforms (/wiki/Japanese_school_uniform) . [3] (#cite_note-3) They have been used as an inspiration for photography by Akira Gomi (/wiki/Akira_Gomi) . They are also used in Japanese street fashions (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) like kogal and fairy kei . United States [ edit ] In the US, slouch socks have trended in and out of fashion since the 1980s. [4] (#cite_note-4) [ better source needed ] [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) From around 1984 to 1997, slouch socks were a popular fashion item for kids, youngsters and adults of all sexes. [7] (#cite_note-7) [ unreliable source? ] The two most popular brands were Wigwam (/wiki/Wigwam_Mills) and E.G. Smith. [ citation needed ] Many women and girls wore black, lime green, blue, or other colored leggings (/wiki/Leggings) with white slouch socks, athletic sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) and oversized T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) or sweatshirts (/wiki/Sweatshirt) as casual wear or exercise wear. Other colors like pastel yellow, blue or pink and black, red, purple and neon green were also seen. Many girls, teens, college girls, and women wore the slouch socks usually over leggings, cotton pants, or sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) , usually with Keds (/wiki/Keds) and oversized tee shirts, sweatshirts and sweaters sometimes with a turtleneck under the sweatshirt (popularly), or sweaters. Or they wore the slouch socks with babydoll (/w/index.php?title=Babydoll_dress&action=edit&redlink=1) or skater dresses (/wiki/Skater_dress) or dress shorts (/wiki/Dress_shorts) with white Wigwam slouch socks worn over black opaque tights (/wiki/Tights) with Keds. [8] (#cite_note-8) Also, the socks were worn with jeans or pants rolled or cuffed to show the socks or worn over skinny legged jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) . Boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoe) , ankle flat boots and cross training sport sneakers were also worn with slouch socks. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) [ non-primary source needed ] [ original research? ] Many women, college age, teens, and tweens wore slouch socks as part of aerobic exercise wear or over sports leggings in colder weather for running, cross country and other sports. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) [ non-primary source needed ] [ original research? ] Cheerleaders (/wiki/Cheerleader) wore slouch socks along with Keds as part of their uniform from the early to mid 1990s until the late '90s when slouch socks began to be replaced by crew (/wiki/Crew_sock) or ankle socks (/wiki/Ankle_sock) . [ citation needed ] Students who had a school uniform also wore the slouch socks with their skirts, shorts and pants and boat shoes or loafers. Usually in white or school color. Boys, teens, college age and men wore slouch socks with boat shoes, white Sperry (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Sider) canvas sneakers and cross training and other athletic sneakers with jeans or pants rolled or cuffed to show the socks and with casual or dress shorts, sweatpants or over sports leggings in colder weather for running, cross country, and other sports. [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) America, Good Morning. "Here's every sock you'll need this season" (https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/shop/story/sock-season-92893590) . Good Morning America . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221115035049/https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/shop/story/sock-season-92893590) from the original on 2022-11-15 . Retrieved 2022-11-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Wallace, Sam (24 October 1998). "Filling the gap" (https://archive.today/20120912172423/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/721378/Filling-the-gap.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . London. Archived from the original (https://telegraph.co.uk/travel/721378/Filling-the-gap.html) on 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 2022-12-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Dodd, Jan; Simon Richmond (1999). Japan: The Rough Guide (1st ed.). London: Rough Guides. p. 810. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85828-340-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 441275694 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/441275694) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Backed Hard: The Best Stuff Our Editors Bought in September" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkgqwm/september-2022-editors-picks) . www.vice.com . 30 September 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221115035048/https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkgqwm/september-2022-editors-picks) from the original on 2022-11-15 . Retrieved 2022-11-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Fashion Flashback: Remember Slouch Socks!?" (https://www.glamour.com/story/fashion-flashback-remember-scr) . Glamour . 2012-08-24. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110012427/https://www.glamour.com/story/fashion-flashback-remember-scr) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_6-0) Yarborough, Kaitlyn (8 January 2021). "1980s Slouch Socks Are Bringing Cozy Back in 2021—So Grab Your Old White Sneakers" (https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/1980s-slouch-socks-bringing-cozy-225124589.html) . Southern Living (/wiki/Southern_Living) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110012922/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/1980s-slouch-socks-bringing-cozy-225124589.html) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) All, Valerie, Mom Knows It (2013-03-19). "Remembering My Three Favorite Fashion Fads From The 80s" (https://www.fromvalskitchen.com/remembering-my-three-favorite-fashion-fads-from-the-80s/) . From Val's Kitchen . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110045131/https://www.fromvalskitchen.com/remembering-my-three-favorite-fashion-fads-from-the-80s/) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-8) Bolat, Alex. "winter socks" (https://www.nordicsocks.com/collections/winter-socks) . Retrieved 15 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "1987 Sears Spring Summer Catalog, Page 289 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1987-Sears-Spring-Summer-Catalog/0289) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042122/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1987-Sears-Spring-Summer-Catalog/0289) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "1987 Sears Spring Summer Catalog, Page 52 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1987-Sears-Spring-Summer-Catalog/0052) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042128/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1987-Sears-Spring-Summer-Catalog/0052) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "1987 Sears Fall Winter Catalog, Page 381 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1987-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0381) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042124/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1987-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0381) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "1988 Sears Fall Winter Catalog, Page 13 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1988-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0013) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042123/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1988-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0013) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "1988 Sears Fall Winter Catalog, Page 22 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1988-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0022) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230430053803/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1988-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0022) from the original on 2023-04-30 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "1988 Sears Fall Winter Catalog, Page 303 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1988-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0303) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042122/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1988-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0303) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "1988 Sears Fall Winter Catalog, Page 596 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1988-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0596) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042122/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1988-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0596) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "1990 JCPenney Fall Winter Catalog, Page 317 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1990-JCPenney-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0317) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042129/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1990-JCPenney-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0317) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "1990 JCPenney Fall Winter Catalog, Page 679 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1990-JCPenney-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0679) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042126/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1990-JCPenney-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0679) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "1990 JCPenney Fall Winter Catalog, Page 213 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1990-JCPenney-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0213) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042123/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1990-JCPenney-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0213) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "1991 Sears Fall Winter Catalog, Page 288 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1991-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0288) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042125/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1991-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0288) from the original on 2023-01-10 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "1991 Sears Fall Winter Catalog, Page 293 - Catalogs & Wishbooks" (https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1991-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0293) . christmas.musetechnical.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110042126/https://christmas.musetechnical.com/ShowCatalogPage/1991-Sears-Fall-Winter-Catalog/0293) from the original on 2023-01-10 . 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Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slouch_sock&oldid=1222752364 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slouch_sock&oldid=1222752364) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Socks (/wiki/Category:Socks) 1980s fashion (/wiki/Category:1980s_fashion) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_February_2023) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2023 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2023) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles lacking reliable references from January 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2023) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023) All pages needing factual verification (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification) Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2023 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_January_2023) All articles that may contain original research (/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research) Articles that may contain original research from January 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_January_2023) Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023)
Clothing brand Faherty Brand Industry Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Founder Alex & Mike Faherty Number of locations 47 (2022) Area served United States & Canada Website Official website (https://fahertybrand.com/) Faherty Brand is an American clothing company, founded by twin brothers Alex and Mike Faherty. [1] (#cite_note-MATT_SEBRA-1) Its aesthetic was described as "surf hippie" by The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . [2] (#cite_note-Jon_Caramanica-2) History [ edit ] Before founding Faherty, Mike Faherty was employed by Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) , while Alex Faherty worked in private equity (/wiki/Private_equity) at Cerberus (/wiki/Cerberus_Capital_Management) . [3] (#cite_note-Surfing-Obsessed-3) [1] (#cite_note-MATT_SEBRA-1) His tenure at Ralph Lauren from 2005 to 2012 was instrumental in his success, [4] (#cite_note-Surf-Brand-Born-4) providing him with extensive exposure to fabric mills, design processes, and pattern creation. They started the company to create a "perfect" board short (/wiki/Board_short) . [3] (#cite_note-Surfing-Obsessed-3) Swim trunks were the initial offering from Faherty Brand. [1] (#cite_note-MATT_SEBRA-1) Faherty Brand debuted its first full clothing line in the summer of 2013. [3] (#cite_note-Surfing-Obsessed-3) In the spring of 2020, Faherty Brand launched a full women's collection, [5] (#cite_note-5) with dresses being particularly popular, accounting for 40% of all women's sales. The brand's approach to sustainability has been described as focusing more on action rather than political pronouncements. [6] (#cite_note-Holding-Ourselves-Accountable-6) As part of this commitment, Kerry Docherty, co-founder and chief impact officer, has spearheaded efforts to improve sustainability. One of the communities that Faherty Brand has particularly invested in is the Native-American community. [6] (#cite_note-Holding-Ourselves-Accountable-6) The brand seeks to establish long-term relationships with Native designers and learn about Native culture and art, rather than simply appropriating Native designs. Faherty has set concrete goals to ensure responsible practices. It aims to have 85% of its fabrics be sustainable and 90% of its packaging to be plastic-free. [6] (#cite_note-Holding-Ourselves-Accountable-6) [ better source needed ] Docherty emphasizes the importance of brands feeling accountable for their impact on society and the environment, which aligns with the values of both current and upcoming generations. Faherty began exploring the sale of a minority stake in the business to an external investor in late 2023. [7] (#cite_note-7) Second Wave Resale Program [ edit ] In June 2023, Faherty Brand announced the launch of its resale initiative, named "Second Wave", in partnership with Archive. [8] (#cite_note-8) The program is designed to support the brand's commitment to sustainability and circular fashion, enabling customers to buy and sell pre-owned Faherty products. This initiative promotes greater circularity within the fashion industry and reflects Faherty's efforts to reduce waste and extend the lifecycle of its apparel. [9] (#cite_note-9) Stores [ edit ] Faherty Brand has a retail presence in cities including New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , Boston (/wiki/Boston) , and elsewhere, [2] (#cite_note-Jon_Caramanica-2) and a total of 60 directly operated stores as of November 2023. [10] (#cite_note-Faherty_to_Open_Madison_Avenue-10) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Faherty Brand's Endless Summer Style (https://www.gq.com/story/faherty-brand) MATT SEBRA, GQ (/wiki/GQ) , April 8, 2013 ^ Jump up to: a b Faherty Is Not for Men in Black (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/11/fashion/faherty-beach-wear-new-york-shopping.html) Jon Caramanica, The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , July 11, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b c These Surfing-Obsessed Twins Are Bringing Sustainable Clothing to the Beach (https://www.inc.com/graham-winfrey/these-surfpreneur-twins-are-bringing-sustainable-clothing-to-the-beach.html) Graham Winfrey, Inc (/wiki/Inc._(magazine)) 2014-12-29 ^ (#cite_ref-Surf-Brand-Born_4-0) A New England Surf Brand Born Out of Ralph Lauren (https://www.gearpatrol.com/style/a379285/faherty-interview/) John Zientek, Gear Patrol ^ (#cite_ref-5) Faherty Shines Spotlight on Growing Women’s Business (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/sportswear/faherty-shines-spotlight-on-growing-womens-business-1203691746/) Jean E. Palmieri Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) ^ Jump up to: a b c Faherty’s Kerry Docherty: Being a sustainable brand means ‘holding ourselves accountable’ (https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/fahertys-kerry-docherty-being-a-sustainable-brand/id1108992116?i=1000536945904) Jill Manoff The Glossy Fashion Podcast ^ (#cite_ref-7) Tan, Gillian; Tse, Gillian (30 November 2023). "Apparel Maker Faherty Explores Selling Minority Stake" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-30/apparel-maker-faherty-is-said-to-explore-selling-minority-stake?srnd=premium&sref=CIpmV6x8) . Bloomberg . Retrieved 30 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Greater circularity: Faherty partners with Archive to launch Second Wave resale programme" (https://retailtechinnovationhub.com/home/2023/6/21/greater-circularity-faherty-partners-with-archive-to-launch-second-wave-resale-programme) . 21 June 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Roshitsh, Kaley (21 June 2023). "Faherty Bets on Resale With 'Second Wave' (https://wwd.com/sustainability/business/faherty-resale-second-wave-pangaia-collab-robert-rabensteiner-climate-change-conference-1235697713/) " (https://wwd.com/sustainability/business/faherty-resale-second-wave-pangaia-collab-robert-rabensteiner-climate-change-conference-1235697713/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-Faherty_to_Open_Madison_Avenue_10-0) Faherty to Open Madison Avenue Flagship on New York’s Upper East Side (https://wwd.com/business-news/retail/faherty-to-unveil-flagship-on-madison-avenue-on-tuesday-1235450828/) Lisa Lockwood, WWD , 2022-12-19 External links [ edit ] Official website (http://fahertybrand.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐86c6d655dc‐l9tbf Cached time: 20240709030110 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.259 seconds Real time usage: 0.394 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1541/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13360/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1450/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18807/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.153/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4255119/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 376.748 1 -total 37.14% 139.943 1 Template:Infobox_company 30.51% 114.937 1 Template:Infobox 28.79% 108.469 1 Template:Reflist 24.51% 92.329 3 Template:Cite_news 19.19% 72.294 1 Template:Short_description 11.21% 42.225 2 Template:Pagetype 9.92% 37.356 1 Template:Better_source_needed 8.67% 32.676 7 Template:Main_other 8.52% 32.112 1 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55685896-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709030110 and revision id 1228888659. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faherty_Brand&oldid=1228888659 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faherty_Brand&oldid=1228888659) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_the_United_States) Swimwear brands (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_brands) Clothing companies established in 2013 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2013) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles lacking reliable references from November 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_November_2023) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
Algerian clothing Djebba fergani Type Algerian clothing Material Velvet (/wiki/Velvet) Place of origin Algeria (/wiki/Algeria) [1] (#cite_note-Algerian-1) A djebba fergani or gandoura is a traditional long velvet dress adorned with elaborate embroidery, originating in Constantine, Algeria. [1] (#cite_note-Algerian-1) [2] (#cite_note-Gary-2) It is made from black or burgundy velvet and features elaborate golden embroidery. [2] (#cite_note-Gary-2) It is also worn in Tizi Ouzou (/wiki/Tizi_Ouzou) , where it is typically made using cotton. [2] (#cite_note-Gary-2) The dress is frequently adorned with majboud (/w/index.php?title=Majboud&action=edit&redlink=1) , golden Algerian embroidery that has been named an Intangible Cultural Heritage (/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) by UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) , along with the Algerian kaftan (/wiki/Algerian_Kaftan) and the chedda of Tlemcen (/wiki/Chedda_of_Tlemcen) . [3] (#cite_note-3) See also [ edit ] Ghlila (/wiki/Ghlila) Karakou (/wiki/Karakou) Frimla (/wiki/Frimla) Bniqa (/wiki/Bniqa) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Algerian folk clothing from different regions of the country (http://nationalclothing.org/africa/48-algeria/566-algerian-folk-clothing-from-different-regions-of-the-country.html) ^ Jump up to: a b c The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Popular Culture, Volume 4 (https://books.google.com/books?id=StkiAQAAIAAJ&q=djeba+fergani) Gary Hoppenstand Greenwood Press, ^ (#cite_ref-3) "UNESCO - Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen" (https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rites-and-craftsmanship-associated-with-the-wedding-costume-tradition-of-tlemcen-00668) . ich.unesco.org . Retrieved 2023-05-09 . This Algeria (/wiki/Algeria) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djebba_fergani&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐xd2v6 Cached time: 20240712180520 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.224 seconds Real time usage: 0.479 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 455/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7630/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 450/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11796/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.155/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3561646/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 269.162 1 -total 34.97% 94.113 1 Template:Reflist 29.95% 80.603 1 Template:Cite_web 25.37% 68.282 1 Template:Short_description 23.61% 63.553 1 Template:Algeria-stub 22.98% 61.855 1 Template:Asbox 15.12% 40.685 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_type 14.39% 38.723 1 Template:Infobox 14.17% 38.151 2 Template:Pagetype 6.82% 18.358 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:68825081-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712180520 and revision id 1229412456. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djebba_fergani&oldid=1229412456 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djebba_fergani&oldid=1229412456) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Algeria stubs (/wiki/Category:Algeria_stubs) Algerian clothing (/wiki/Category:Algerian_clothing) Embroidery in Algeria (/wiki/Category:Embroidery_in_Algeria) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Andrew Kwon Korean American fashion designer Andrew Kwon Kwon at New York Fashion Week in 2022. Born Andrew Jun O Kwon 1995 (age 28) Colorado (/wiki/Colorado) Nationality Korean-American Alma mater Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) Occupation Fashion Designer (/wiki/Fashion_Designer) Known for Andrew Kwon Website http://www.andrewkwon.com (http://www.andrewkwon.com) Andrew Jun O Kwon (born 1995) is a Korean-American (/wiki/South_Korean_American) fashion designer based in New York, NY (/wiki/New_York_City) . [1] (#cite_note-1) He founded his label, ANDREW KWON, which focuses on demi-couture bridal and eveningwear. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-auto-4) Early life and education [ edit ] Born in 1995 in Denver, Colorado (/wiki/Denver) , Andrew Kwon spent his childhood in various parts of the United States (/wiki/United_States) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [4] (#cite_note-auto-4) [7] (#cite_note-7) Kwon attended Grandview High School in Colorado. [8] (#cite_note-8) Post- high school graduation he attended Parsons the New School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) and earned a Bachelor of Arts in fashion design in 2019. [9] (#cite_note-auto2-9) Kwon studied architecture and interior design at Parsons the New School for Design before switching his major to fashion design. During his studies, he participated in the Supima Design Competition, showcasing his collection at New York and Paris Fashion Weeks. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Career [ edit ] Kwon studied architecture at Parsons the New School for Design before switching his studies to fashion design. His career began with internships at Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) , Marchesa (/wiki/Marchesa_(brand)) , and Chloe. Post-graduation, he launched ANDREW KWON in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic with a bridal collection. His designs have been seen in publications including Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Brides (/wiki/Brides_(magazine)) , Women's Wear Daily (WWD) (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , and Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) His first eveningwear collection was showcased at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) in September 2022 at The Baccarat Hotel. [16] (#cite_note-16) His fourth collection was presented at Bridal Fashion Week in New York City. [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2023, he debuted his second eveningwear collection at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , his first runway show. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2023, Kwon was invited by the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) (CFDA) to become an Interim Member. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) During New York Bridal Fashion Week in April 2023, Kwon, in collaboration with Manolo Blahnik (/wiki/Manolo_Blahnik) , unveiled his sixth collection, "Collection 6 - epiphany," a bridal collection." [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) He also ventured into e-commerce through a partnership with Moda Operandi (/wiki/Moda_Operandi) , featuring selections from his collections. [25] (#cite_note-25) In September 2023, Kwon was selected as a finalist for the Inaugural CFDA (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) x Genesis (/wiki/Genesis_Motor) House AAPI Design and Innovation Grant Fund in partnership with Genesis (/wiki/Genesis_Motor) in 2023. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) Appearances [ edit ] At the 2023 Independent Spirit Awards (/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Awards) , Regina Hall (/wiki/Regina_Hall) wore a design by Kwon. [28] (#cite_note-28) At the premiere of " Shazam! Fury of the Gods (/wiki/Shazam!_Fury_of_the_Gods) ", Lucy Liu (/wiki/Lucy_Liu) wore a custom gown by Kwon. [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) In March 2023 at the Elton John Aids Foundation (/wiki/Elton_John_AIDS_Foundation) Oscars (/wiki/Academy_Awards) Viewing Party, Sophia Bush (/wiki/Sophia_Bush) wore Kwon's gown to the event. [31] (#cite_note-31) Ashley Park (/wiki/Ashley_Park_(actress)) wore a custom gown by Kwon to Vogue Singapore's (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) NEXT IN VOGUE Gala. [32] (#cite_note-32) Music, notably from Andrea Bocelli and his mother, has been cited by Kwon as a significant inspiration for his designs. [33] (#cite_note-auto5-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) Singer Loren Allred (/wiki/Loren_Allred) [9] (#cite_note-auto2-9) wore Kwon’s designs during the Andrea Bocelli (/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli) 2021Tour. Jessica Jung (/wiki/Jessica_Jung) wore Kwon's design in Manhattan, New York (/wiki/Manhattan) . [35] (#cite_note-35) Son Tae Young (/wiki/Son_Tae-young) wore Kwon's design attending his show in October 2023 documented on YouTube. [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) Lana Condor (/wiki/Lana_Condor) wore Kwon's design to the 2023 Unforgettable Gala held in Beverly Hills, California (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) . [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) Actress Constance Wu (/wiki/Constance_Wu) , notable for one of many box office hits including her role as Rachel Chu in Crazy Rich Asians (/wiki/Crazy_Rich_Asians_(film)) and as Destiny in Hustlers (/wiki/Hustlers_(film)) alongside co-star Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) wore Kwon's design for her honoring at Apex For Youth's 23rd Inspiration Awards Gala in April 2024, past honorees include Eileen Gu (/wiki/Eileen_Gu) , Connie Chung (/wiki/Connie_Chung) , Eva Chen (/wiki/Eva_Chen_(editor)) , Awkwafina (/wiki/Awkwafina) , and Gemma Chan (/wiki/Gemma_Chan) . [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) Killers of the Flower Moon (/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon_(film)) , Actress Lily Gladstone (/wiki/Lily_Gladstone) , wore a black velvet gown by Kwon to the Irish Film & Academy Awards with a hummingbird detail that Gladstone says was symbolic of her father's name in Blackfeet. [46] (#cite_note-46) Kwon made an appearance as himself on Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) in Super Rich In Korea as a friend of cast member Aren Yoo (Yoo Hee-ra). [47] (#cite_note-47) Personal life [ edit ] Kwon's full name is Andrew "Jun O" Kwon. As an Asian American, Kwon participates in dialogues concerning the Asian American and Pacific Islander (/wiki/Asian_Pacific_Americans) (AAPI) community. [9] (#cite_note-auto2-9) [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) See also [ edit ] Koreans in New York City (/wiki/Koreans_in_New_York_City) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Fashion Meets Foreign Exchange With Genesis House and the CFDA" (https://www.instyle.com/cfda-genesis-house-appi-design-innovation-grant-seoul-korea-immersion-trip-8387108) . InStyle . Retrieved November 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Lei, Angela. "Andrew Kwon Debuts The Best Collection Of Wedding Dresses For Pandemic Brides" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelalei/2021/02/19/andrew-kwon-debuts-the-best-collection-of-wedding-dresses-for-pandemic-brides/) . Forbes . Retrieved August 16, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Adrian-Diaz, Jenna (February 22, 2023). "Andrew Kwon Looks to the Northern Lights and Old Hollywood Glamour" (https://www.surfacemag.com/articles/runway-redux-andrew-kwon/) . SURFACE . Retrieved August 16, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b US, FashionNetwork com. "Genesis, CFDA name grant finalists" (https://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/Genesis-cfda-name-grant-finalists,1553617.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved September 26, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Andrew Kwon" (https://runway360.cfda.com/designers/andrew-kwon) . runway360.cfda.com . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "2023 K-New Leaders: Fashion Designer Andrew Kwon" (https://www.koreanculture.org/gallery-korea/2023/05/23/k-new-leaders-andrew-kwon) . Korean Cultural Center New York . May 23, 2023 . Retrieved August 16, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "2023 K-New Leaders: Fashion Designer Andrew Kwon" (https://www.koreanculture.org/gallery-korea/2023/05/23/k-new-leaders-andrew-kwon) . Korean Cultural Center New York . May 23, 2023 . Retrieved September 26, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Carreon, Blue. "Andrew Kwon: The Bridal Designer To Know" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/bluecarreon/2022/10/25/andrew-kwon-the-bridal-designer-you-need-to-know-now/) . Forbes . Retrieved December 6, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Pharms, Gabrielle (January 18, 2022). "Designer Andrew Kwon Unveils His Dreamy, Luxe France-Inspired Collection" (https://editionml.com/designer-andrew-kwon-trunk-show-debut) . Edition Modern Luxury . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Meyers, Tracey (July 22, 2019). "Supima Names Finalists for Annual Design Competition" (https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/supima-names-finalists-annual-design-competition-1203220738/) . Women's Wear Daily . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Davis, Mari (September 6, 2019). "Supima Design Competition 2019: Andrew Kwon, Parsons School of Design" (https://www.fashionwindows.net/2019/09/supima-design-competition-2019-andrew-kwon-parsons-school-of-design/) . Fashion Windows . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Hoo, Fawnia Sou (August 29, 2022). "This Emerging Designer Is About To Be All Over The Red Carpet" (https://www.thezoereport.com/fashion/designer-andrew-kwon-nyfw-spring-summer-2023) . The Zoe Report . Retrieved November 24, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Karimzadeh, Marc (April 6, 2021). "Andrew Kwon Collection 1" (https://cfda.com/news/andrew-kwon-collection-1) . CFDA.com . Retrieved June 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Lei, Angela (February 21, 2021). "Andrew Kwon Debuts The Best Collection Of Wedding Dresses For Pandemic Brides" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelalei/2021/02/19/andrew-kwon-debuts-the-best-collection-of-wedding-dresses-for-pandemic-brides/) . Forbes . Retrieved November 24, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Strauss, Alix (October 5, 2021). "Dressing Brides for 'Their Red-Carpet Moment' (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/05/style/andrew-kwon-weddings.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/05/style/andrew-kwon-weddings.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Andrew Kwon SS23 Collection NYFW" (https://fashionweekonline.com/andrew-kwon-ss23-collection-nyfw) . Fashion Week Online . September 13, 2022 . Retrieved June 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Zeufack, Maureen (September 14, 2022). "Andrew Kwon enters his evening wear era" (https://nyunews.com/culture/bstyle/2022/09/14/andrew-kwon-hollywood-glam-nyfw/) . Washington Square News . Retrieved June 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Carreon, Blue. "Glamorous Dressing From The Collections Of Dennis Basso And Andrew Kwon" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/bluecarreon/2023/02/15/glamorous-dressing-from-the-collections-of-dennis-basso-and-andrew-kwon/) . Forbes . Retrieved August 20, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Rodriguez, Teresa (March 10, 2023). "Andrew Kwon" (https://www.hautelivingsf.com/2023/03/10/andrew-kwon/) . Haute Living San Francisco . Retrieved June 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Adrian-Diaz, Jenna (February 22, 2023). "Andrew Kwon Looks to the Northern Lights and Old Hollywood Glamour" (https://www.surfacemag.com/articles/runway-redux-andrew-kwon/) . SURFACE . Retrieved June 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Campbell, Nicky (April 11, 2023). "The CFDA Welcomes 2023 Interim Members" (https://cfda.com/news/the-cfda-welcomes-2023-interim-members) . CFDA . Retrieved June 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Lockwood, Lisa (April 11, 2023). "CFDA Names 16 Interim Members" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/cfda-adds-16-interim-members-to-its-roster-1235607290/) . WWD . Retrieved August 20, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Marlo Laz, Andrew Kwon, and Over The Moon Celebrate All Things Bridal at Manolo Blahnik" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/over-the-moon-marlo-laz-andrew-kwon-2023) . Vogue . April 13, 2023 . Retrieved June 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Campbell, Nicky (April 13, 2023). "Andrew Kwon Celebrates NYFW Bridal With Manolo Blahnik" (https://cfda.com/news/andrew-kwon-celebrates-nyfw-bridal-with-manolo-blahnik) . CFDA . Retrieved June 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Lockwood, Lisa (May 11, 2023). "Andrew Kwon Expands Global Presence through Moda Operandi" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/andrew-kwon-begins-selling-on-moda-operandi-1235649206/) . WWD . Retrieved June 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "CFDA announces AAPI design and innovation grant winners" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/fashion/cfda-announces-aapi-design-and-innovation-grant-winners) . Vogue Business . September 1, 2023 . Retrieved September 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "CFDA" (https://cfda.com/news/genesis-cfda-celebrate-three-talents-of-first-design-innovation-grant) . cfda.com . Retrieved September 26, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Stern, Claire (March 5, 2023). "Regina Hall Supported an Emerging Designer with Her Independent Spirit Awards Look" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/celebrity-style/g43198190/regina-hall-andrew-kwon-independent-spirit-awards-2023-diary/) . ELLE . Retrieved June 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Kallon, Catherine (March 17, 2023). "Lucy Liu Wore Andrew Kwon To The 'Shazam! Fury Of The Gods' LA Premiere" (https://www.redcarpet-fashionawards.com/2023/03/17/lucy-liu-wore-andrew-kwon-to-the-shazam-fury-of-the-gods-la-premiere/) . Red Carpet Fashion Awards . Retrieved June 21, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Fraser, Kristopher (March 15, 2023). "Lucy Liu's 'Shazam! Fury of the Gods' Promo Tour Wardrobe Includes Carolina Herrera, Delcore and More" (https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/lucy-liu-shazam-fury-of-the-gods-looks-1235583877/) . WWD . Retrieved August 20, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Sophia Bush's Style Secrets: Her Height, Outfits, Feet, Legs and Net Worth" (https://www.yournextshoes.com/celebrities/sophia-bush/) . Retrieved August 20, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "CFDA" (https://cfda.com/news/ashley-park-wears-custom-andrew-kwon-for-next-in-vogue-gala) . cfda.com . Retrieved November 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-auto5_33-0) Pierre-Louis, Corinne (October 14, 2022). "New Andrew Kwon Wedding Dresses, Plus Past Collections" (https://www.brides.com/andrew-kwon-wedding-dresses-5186135) . Brides . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Gaskins, Ty (April 7, 2022). "Meet Designer Andrew Kwon, Who's Giving Brides Their Red Carpet Moment" (https://graziamagazine.com/us/articles/andrew-kwon-designer-interview-wedding) . Grazia . Retrieved June 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/p/CyIFYp2PYip/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==) . www.instagram.com . Retrieved December 6, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) 권상우가 홀딱 반해버린 웨딩드레스 입은 손태영의 충격적 자태 , retrieved November 30, 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-37) 조선비즈 (November 17, 2023). "손태영, ♥권상우 감탄할 허리 24인치 웨딩드레스 자태 "전문가 손길, 4년만!" ('Mrs.뉴저지 손태영')" (https://biz.chosun.com/entertainment/enter_general/2023/11/17/YA2AAK2GH2CZ3NDV3S2GBTMPVU/) . 조선비즈 (in Korean) . Retrieved November 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "손태영 24인치 개미허리 인증, ♥권상우 홀딱 반한 웨딩드레스 자태 (뉴저지) : 네이트 연예" (https://news.nate.com/view/20231122n22118) . 네이트 뉴스 (in Korean) . Retrieved November 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Newsis (November 22, 2023). "43세 손태영, 허리 24인치 웨딩드레스 자태…♥권상우 또 반할듯" (https://mobile.newsis.com/view.html?id=NISX20231122_0002530795) . mobile.newsis.com (in Korean) . Retrieved November 30, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) 입력: 2023.11.18 14:24 (November 18, 2023). "43세 손태영, ♥권상우 반한 24인치 허리" (https://sports.khan.co.kr/entertainment/sk_index.html?art_id=202311181424003&sec_id=540101) . sports.khan.co.kr (in Korean) . Retrieved November 30, 2023 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C1IR0dHSIBI/?igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==) . www.instagram.com . Retrieved January 2, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Royce, Aaron (December 17, 2023). "Lana Condor Shimmers in Hidden Heels at Unforgettable Gala Red Carpet" (https://footwearnews.com/fashion/celebrity-style/lana-condor-hidden-heels-unforgettable-gala-red-carpet-1203568994/) . Footwear News . Retrieved January 2, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Gelhoren, Giovana (December 18, 2023). "Greta Lee, Lana Condor & More Stars Who Rocked the Carpet at the 2023 Unforgettable Gala" (https://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/slideshow/2919496/unforgettable-gala-2023-red-carpet-photos/) . SheKnows . Retrieved January 2, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Constance Wu Was Honored at This Year's Apex for Youth Gala" (https://www.elle.com/elleextra/events/a60376968/apex-for-youth-gala-2024/) . ELLE . April 3, 2024 . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Inside Apex For Youth's Inspiration Awards Gala" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/parties/g60386775/apex-for-youth-gala-2024-constance-wu/) . Town & Country . April 3, 2024 . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "2024 IFTA Winners Announced" (https://ifta.ie/news/winners24.php) . ifta.ie . Retrieved April 30, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "Super Rich in Korea \| Netflix \| Episode 5 \| Andrew Kwon, fashion designer makes a cameo appearance" (https://www.netflix.com/watch/81721063?trackId=255824129&tctx=0%2C0%2C7c3d3309-0a23-448a-adf8-9e998079040b-115719824%2C7c3d3309-0a23-448a-adf8-9e998079040b-115719824%7C2%2Cunknown%2C%2C%2CtitlesResults%2C81720895%2CVideo%3A81721063%2CdetailsPageEpisodePlayButton) . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Ell, Kellie (May 28, 2021). "Designers Share the Realities of Fashion and the AAPI Experience" (https://wwd.com/sustainability/social-impact/wwd-facebook-aapi-live-event-1234831821/) . Women's Wear Daily . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Yoon, Bora (May 23, 2023). "2023 K-New Leaders: Fashion Designer Andrew Kwon" (https://www.koreanculture.org/exhibition-fashion/2023/05/23/k-new-leaders-andrew-kwon) . Korean Culture Center NY . Retrieved June 9, 2023 . 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This template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) : Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.canary‐7c64dd75df‐tdhsx Cached time: 20240715191810 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.005 seconds CPU time usage: 0.161 seconds Real time usage: 0.232 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 132/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8573/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7430/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.125/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1603221/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 183.297 1 Template:WikiProject_banner_shell 100.00% 183.297 1 -total 55.15% 101.082 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 1.83% 3.359 1 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73531842-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715191810 and revision id 1234711480. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Parfums_Yves_Saint_Laurent&oldid=1234711480 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Parfums_Yves_Saint_Laurent&oldid=1234711480) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Template-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:Template-Class_fashion_articles) NA-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles)
Style of trousers Galliffet or gallifet ( Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : галифе , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian) : galife ) were a style of trousers worn as part of the military uniform (/wiki/Military_uniform) of (for example) the Soviet Army (/wiki/Soviet_Army) . They were similar to riding breeches (/wiki/Riding_breeches) , but adapted to fit in jackboots (/wiki/Jackboots) . Russian dictionaries define "galife" as pants fitting the knees and below, to easily fit the sapogi (/wiki/Sapogi) ( сапоги , Russian jackboots (/wiki/Jackboot) ), and expanding from above the knees. [1] (#cite_note-1) They were named after French general Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet (/wiki/Gaston_Alexandre_Auguste,_Marquis_de_Galliffet) [2] (#cite_note-2) (1830-1909). High ranking NKVD officers, 1935, with Genrikh Yagoda (/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda) , center. Nikita Khrushchev (/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev) right behind him A depiction of Soviet uniforms from the German Army pocketbook General Gaston Galliffet, 1893 See also [ edit ] Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Галифе" (https://books.google.com/books?id=CavOAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289) , Большой универсальный словарь русского языка ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Из истории российского мундира" (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgIoAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B8&dq=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B8) ("From the History of Russian Uniforms") NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7999cd8dc7‐zg6qp Cached time: 20240711011415 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.141 seconds Real time usage: 0.197 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 265/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2100/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 373/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1986/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.088/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14954273/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 170.448 1 -total 52.24% 89.037 1 Template:Lang-ru 33.76% 57.545 1 Template:Short_description 19.29% 32.887 2 Template:Pagetype 10.72% 18.278 1 Template:Reflist 8.94% 15.244 3 Template:Main_other 7.86% 13.400 1 Template:SDcat 1.67% 2.848 1 Template:Lang 1.01% 1.729 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56796794-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711011415 and revision id 1232911249. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galliffet_trousers&oldid=1232911249 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galliffet_trousers&oldid=1232911249) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Soviet military uniforms (/wiki/Category:Soviet_military_uniforms) Trousers and shorts (/wiki/Category:Trousers_and_shorts) Eponyms (/wiki/Category:Eponyms) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description with empty Wikidata description (/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description) Articles containing Russian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text)
Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Notable clothing (/wiki/Clothing) companies (/wiki/Company) disestablished in 2019 (/wiki/Category:2019_disestablishments) . 2014 2015 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2015) 2016 2017 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2017) 2018 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2018) 2019 2020 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2020) 2021 2022 2023 2024 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f564bd77d‐4xgtx Cached time: 20240718162157 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.108 seconds Real time usage: 0.182 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 67/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3181/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 44/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 25/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.079/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1134464/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 167.963 1 -total 74.69% 125.458 1 Template:Navseasoncats 23.64% 39.711 1 Template:Portal 1.53% 2.578 1 Template:C Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:58537929-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718162157 and revision id 981758941. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies disestablished in 2019" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Charming Charlie (/wiki/Charming_Charlie) G Gymboree (/wiki/Gymboree) H Henri Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Bendel) P Poron Absorba (/wiki/Poron_Absorba) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2019&oldid=981758941 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2019&oldid=981758941) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Design companies disestablished in 2019 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_disestablished_in_2019) Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2019 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_disestablished_in_2019) Clothing companies by year of disestablishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_disestablishment) Clothing companies disestablished in the 21st century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_the_21st_century)
British retailer of women's activewear This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sweaty_Betty) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sweaty Betty" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sweaty+Betty%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sweaty+Betty%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sweaty+Betty%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sweaty+Betty%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sweaty+Betty%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sweaty+Betty%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Sweaty Betty Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1998 ( 1998 ) Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , England Key people Tamara Hill-Norton (founder) Simon Hill-Norton (founder) Julia Straus (CEO) Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Wolverine World Wide (/wiki/Wolverine_World_Wide) Website sweatybetty.com (http://www.sweatybetty.com/) Sweaty Betty is a British retailer specialising in women's activewear (/wiki/Activewear) , founded by Tamara and Simon Hill-Norton. [1] (#cite_note-1) It has over 50 boutiques in the United Kingdom, six boutiques in the United States and concessions in department stores (/wiki/Department_store) Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) and Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) . In August 2021, Sweaty Betty was bought by American apparel manufacturer Wolverine Worldwide (/wiki/Wolverine_World_Wide) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) History [ edit ] Sweaty Betty was founded in 1998 by Tamara and Simon Hill-Norton with one boutique in London's Notting Hill (/wiki/Notting_Hill) . By 2003, the company had expanded to five boutiques. In 2006, Sweaty Betty opened their first concession in Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges) and now feature in the in-store Body Studio – this was later followed by one in Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) . [3] (#cite_note-3) As of 2016 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweaty_Betty&action=edit) , there were over 40 Sweaty Betty boutiques around the UK, 6 in the US and 4 department store concessions as well as a British and American online store. [ citation needed ] In 2019, Sweaty Betty's website was targeted by cyber-criminals, who inserted malicious code into its eCommerce website to capture customer card details during the checkout process. [4] (#cite_note-4) In August 2021, Sweaty Betty was bought by publicly traded American apparel manufacturer Wolverine Worldwide for £300 million. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) As of May 2022 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweaty_Betty&action=edit) , there are 47 Sweaty Betty boutiques and 14 department store concessions in the UK. There are also 49 department store concessions in the U.S., and 17 boutiques and department store concessions in Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, and Singapore. There are also online stores for the British and American markets. [5] (#cite_note-5) Awards [ edit ] In 2001, Sweaty Betty was named Sports Industries Federation "sports retailer of the year". [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2015, Sweaty Betty won an award for "Healthiest Employees" as part of Vitality Health Insurances' Britain's Healthiest Workplace Awards. [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Sweaty Betty" (http://www.shopping-centre.co.uk/news/archivestory.php/aid/1106/Sweaty_Betty.html) . Shopping Centre. 11 May 2006. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131227112521/http://www.shopping-centre.co.uk/news/archivestory.php/aid/1106/Sweaty_Betty.html) from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "BBC News article on sale" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-58078160) . 3 August 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Little Black Book" (http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-286781853/little-black-book.html) . Europe Intelligence Wire . Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Baldwin, Caroline (4 December 2019). "Sweaty Betty admits eCommerce data breach" (https://www.essentialretail.com:443/news/sweaty-betty-admits-ecommerce-data/) . Essential Retail . Retrieved 15 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Sweaty Betty (https://www.sweatybetty.com) ^ (#cite_ref-6) CASE STUDY: Sweaty Betty locates success (http://www.retailtechnology.co.uk/news/case-study-sweaty-betty-locates-success) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120827003808/http://www.retailtechnology.co.uk/news/case-study-sweaty-betty-locates-success) 27 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Healthiest, Workplace (October 2016). "Healthiest Workplace" (https://www.healthiestworkplace.co.uk/2015-winners.html) . Healthiest Workplace . Vitality Health Insurance. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160824164747/https://www.healthiestworkplace.co.uk/2015-winners.html) from the original on 24 August 2016. External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.sweatybetty.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5d7979cbdd‐wrjpx Cached time: 20240715222336 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.305 seconds Real time usage: 0.432 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2217/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31543/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3266/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22954/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.185/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5318347/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 405.817 1 -total 29.94% 121.505 1 Template:Reflist 22.91% 92.959 1 Template:Infobox_company 22.68% 92.026 4 Template:Cite_web 20.55% 83.399 1 Template:Infobox 15.67% 63.603 1 Template:More_citations_needed 15.62% 63.382 1 Template:Short_description 14.51% 58.901 1 Template:Ambox 9.37% 38.045 2 Template:Pagetype 6.53% 26.504 4 Template:DMCA Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36195737-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715222336 and revision id 1234740963. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweaty_Betty&oldid=1234740963 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweaty_Betty&oldid=1234740963) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing retailers of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_the_United_Kingdom) Clothing companies established in 1998 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1998) Retail companies established in 1998 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1998) 2021 mergers and acquisitions (/wiki/Category:2021_mergers_and_acquisitions) Wolverine World Wide (/wiki/Category:Wolverine_World_Wide) British companies established in 1998 (/wiki/Category:British_companies_established_in_1998) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from August 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2020) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Use British English from June 2012 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2012) Use dmy dates from May 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020) Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2022)
American fashion and costume designer Peggy Hamilton Hamilton in 1931 Born Mae Bedloe Armstrong 1894 ( 1894 ) Colorado (/wiki/Colorado) , U.S. Died February 26, 1984 (1984-02-26) (aged 89–90) Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) , Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , U.S. Occupation(s) Fashion designer, costume designer, fashion editor, radio personality Spouse 6 or 7 Peggy Hamilton (born Mae Bedloe Armstrong ; 1894 – February 26, 1984) was an American fashion and costume designer who designed many dresses for Hollywood silent actresses in the 1920s and 1930s. She was also the editor of a fashion column in The Los Angeles Times (/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times) and a fashion commentator on the radio. She was "one of the first boosters of Los Angeles-made fashions." [1] (#cite_note-latimesobit-1) Life [ edit ] Hamilton was born Mae Bedlow Armstrong in 1894 in Colorado. [2] (#cite_note-oacbio-2) [3] (#cite_note-finamore141-3) She grew up as a member of high society (/wiki/High_society_(social_class)) in Los Angeles from the age of 10. [3] (#cite_note-finamore141-3) She studied fashion in New York and Buenos Aires. [3] (#cite_note-finamore141-3) Hamilton began her career as a designer in New York City in the 1910s, only to move to Los Angeles to work for the Triangle Film Corporation (/wiki/Triangle_Film_Corporation) shortly after. [3] (#cite_note-finamore141-3) She designed many dresses for Hollywood silent actresses in the 1920s and 1930s, [1] (#cite_note-latimesobit-1) including Gloria Swanson (/wiki/Gloria_Swanson) , Myrna Loy (/wiki/Myrna_Loy) , Norma Shearer (/wiki/Norma_Shearer) , Dolores del Río (/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo) , Joan Crawford (/wiki/Joan_Crawford) , Betty Davis (/wiki/Betty_Davis) , and Greta Garbo (/wiki/Greta_Garbo) . [2] (#cite_note-oacbio-2) She designed a dress whose pattern matched the ceiling of the ballroom inside the Biltmore Hotel (/wiki/Millennium_Biltmore_Hotel) painted by muralist John B. Smeraldi (/wiki/John_B._Smeraldi) for its dedication in 1923. [1] (#cite_note-latimesobit-1) [4] (#cite_note-latimesspecialdress-4) Hamilton was the editor of the fashion column in The Los Angeles Times (/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times) from 1921 to 1934. [5] (#cite_note-uclaadams-5) She was also a radio commentator on fashion from 1929 to 1933. [5] (#cite_note-uclaadams-5) She was the hostess of the 1932 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics) in Los Angeles, [6] (#cite_note-desertsunobit-6) and she became "one of the first boosters of Los Angeles-made fashions." [1] (#cite_note-latimesobit-1) Hamilton was married six or seven times, including John Quincy Adams IV, a descendant of President John Quincy Adams (/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams) . [3] (#cite_note-finamore141-3) She resided in Hollywood, where she died of cancer on February 26, 1984, at age 90. [1] (#cite_note-latimesobit-1) [6] (#cite_note-desertsunobit-6) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Igler, Marc (February 27, 1984). "Los Angeles Style-Setter Peggy Hamilton Dies at 90" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/126850214/) . Los Angeles Times . pp. 17, 18 (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/126850289/) . Retrieved July 14, 2023 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Peggy Hamilton Adams papers, 1911-1976" (https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/ft896nb2gt/) . Online Archive of California . Retrieved January 11, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tolini Finamore, Michelle (2013). "Peggy Hamilton: Queen of Filmland Fashion" (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230389496_6) . Hollywood Before Glamour: Fashion in American Silent Film . Houndmills: Palgrave. pp. 141–167. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1057/9780230389496_6 (https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230389496_6) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780230389489 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 982218155 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/982218155) . ^ (#cite_ref-latimesspecialdress_4-0) "Special Dress Made For Ball. Peggy Hamilton to Wear New Gown at Biltmore. Design Compliments Famed Hotel Ballroom. Ornamentation is Replica of Beautiful Ceiling" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-special-dress-made/128201251/) . Los Angeles Times . September 30, 1923. p. 17 . Retrieved July 14, 2023 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Adams (Peggy Hamilton) Papers" (https://dl.library.ucla.edu/islandora/object/adamspapers%3A1) . UCLA . Retrieved January 11, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Written at Los Angeles. "Dress designer Hamilton succumbs at age of 90" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-desert-sun-dress-designer-hamilton-s/128201072/) . The Desert Sun . Palm Springs, California. AP. February 27, 1984. p. 3 . Retrieved July 14, 2023 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000463533920) This article about an American person related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Indonesian model, actress, YouTuber and former beauty pageant titleholder Sabrina Chairunnisa Born Sabrina Chairunnisa ( 1992-11-19 ) 19 November 1992 (age 31) Medan (/wiki/Medan) , North Sumatra (/wiki/North_Sumatra) , Indonesia Alma mater Pelita Harapan University (/wiki/Pelita_Harapan_University) Trisakti University (/wiki/Trisakti_University) Occupations Actress (/wiki/Actress) presenter (/wiki/Television_presenter) model (/wiki/Model_(person)) YouTuber (/wiki/YouTuber) Years active 2008–sekarang Title 2011 Puteri Indonesia Sumatra Utara 3rd Runner-Up Puteri Indonesia 2011 Spouse Deddy Corbuzier (/wiki/Deddy_Corbuzier) ( m. 2022) [1] (#cite_note-profile-1-1) Parents Irwan Hasbullah (father) Aminah Nasution (mother) Sabrina Chairunnisa (born 19 November 1992) is an Indonesian model, actress, YouTuber, and former beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Puteri Indonesia North Sumatra 2011 (/w/index.php?title=Puteri_Indonesia_North_Sumatra_2011&action=edit&redlink=1) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Sumatra_Utara) ] . She represented North Sumatra in the Puteri Indonesia 2011 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2011) , where she was crowned 3rd Runner-Up. Currently, she is the wife of television presenter and former mentalist Deddy Corbuzier (/wiki/Deddy_Corbuzier) . [2] (#cite_note-profile-22-2) [3] (#cite_note-profile-32-3) Background and education [ edit ] Sabrina was born on 9 November 1992, in Medan (/wiki/Medan) , North Sumatra (/wiki/North_Sumatra) to a couple of Irwan Hasbullah-Aminah Nasution. She earned a bachelor's degree from Trisakti University (/wiki/Trisakti_University) . She then continued postgraduate study at Pelita Harapan University (/wiki/Pelita_Harapan_University) and graduated with a master's degree in communication. [2] (#cite_note-profile-22-2) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Personal life [ edit ] On 6 June 2022, Sabrina officially married and became the wife of actor and former magician Deddy Corbuzier (/wiki/Deddy_Corbuzier) after 9 years of dating. Their second marriage really surprised the public because neither Sabrina nor Deddy had ever mentioned previous wedding plans. [5] (#cite_note-profil-42-5) [6] (#cite_note-profil-52-6) Career [ edit ] Early career [ edit ] Sabrina started her career by becoming the winner of Idola Cilik Remaja Indonesia . Since then, she has become known to the public. In 2008, she began her acting career by playing as Brenda in the soap opera Kepompong (/w/index.php?title=Kepompong&action=edit&redlink=1) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepompong_(seri_televisi)) ] until 2009. [3] (#cite_note-profile-32-3) [5] (#cite_note-profil-42-5) [6] (#cite_note-profil-52-6) In 2011, after successfully holding the title of Puteri Indonesia North Sumatra 2011, Sabrina represented North Sumatra in the Puteri Indonesia 2011 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2011) , which was held at the Jakarta Convention Center (/wiki/Jakarta_Convention_Center) on 7 October 2011. At the end of the event, she was crowned 3rd Runner-Up, [2] (#cite_note-profile-22-2) [3] (#cite_note-profile-32-3) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) and the contest was won by a contestant from Central Java (/wiki/Central_Java) , Maria Selena (/wiki/Maria_Selena_Nurcahya) . [6] (#cite_note-profil-52-6) [7] (#cite_note-profil-62-7) Filmography [ edit ] Kepompong (/w/index.php?title=Kepompong&action=edit&redlink=1) [ id (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepompong_(seri_televisi)) ] (2008) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-profile-1_1-0) "Deddy Corbuzier Resmi Menikah dengan Sabrina Chairunnisa, AM Hendropriyono dan Jaksa Agung Jadi Saksinya" (https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/4980048/deddy-corbuzier-resmi-menikah-dengan-sabrina-chairunnisa-am-hendropriyono-dan-jaksa-agung-burhanuddin-jadi-saksinya) . Liputan 6 (/wiki/Liputan_6) . Retrieved 6 June 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Biodata dan Agama Sabrina Chairunnisa, Dikabarkan Segera Menikah dengan Deddy Corbuzier" (https://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2022/06/06/33/2606655/biodata-dan-agama-sabrina-chairunnisa-dikabarkan-segera-nikah-dengan-deddy-corbuzier) . celebrity.okezone.com . Retrieved 6 June 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Mardliyah (7 June 2022). "Profil dan Biodata Sabrina Chairunnisa, Model dan YouTuber yang Dinikahi Deddy Corbuzier: Agama, Karir, Umur" (https://www.hops.id/hot/pr-2943561914/profil-dan-biodata-sabrina-chairunnisa-model-dan-youtuber-yang-dinikahi-deddy-cobuzier-agama-karir-umur) . Hops.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 15 December 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Liputan6.com (2022-06-06). "Deddy Corbuzier Resmi Menikah dengan Sabrina Chairunnisa, A.M Hendropriyono dan Jaksa Agung Burhanuddin jadi Saksinya" (https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/4980048/deddy-corbuzier-resmi-menikah-dengan-sabrina-chairunnisa-am-hendropriyono-dan-jaksa-agung-burhanuddin-jadi-saksinya) . liputan6.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 2023-09-21 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Tionardus, Melvina (6 June 2022). "Deddy Corbuzier Menikah dengan Sabrina Chairunnisa" (https://www.kompas.com/hype/read/2022/06/06/221515666/deddy-corbuzier-menikah-dengan-sabrina-chairunnisa) . Kompas (/wiki/Kompas.com) (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Profil Sabrina Chairunnisa, Istri Deddy Corbuzier yang Multitalenta" (https://www.suara.com/entertainment/2022/06/07/130754/profil-sabrina-chairunnisa-istri-deddy-corbuzier-yang-mutitalenta) . suara.com . 7 June 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-profil-62_7-0) "Profil dan Agama Sabrina Chairunnisa, Calon Istri Deddy Corbuzier" (https://hits.zigi.id/profil-biodata-agama-sabrina-chairunnisa-calon-istri-deddy-corbuzier-4513) . hits.zigi.id . Retrieved 6 June 2022 . 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Submission declined on 3 July 2024 by SafariScribe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SafariScribe) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:SafariScribe) ). This submission does not appear to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . Entries should be written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) , and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Please rewrite your submission in a more encyclopedic format. Please make sure to avoid peacock terms (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Puffery) that promote the subject. If you would like to continue working on the submission, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you have not resolved the issues listed above, your draft will be declined again and potentially deleted. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22FirstVIEW%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22FirstVIEW%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22FirstVIEW%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22FirstVIEW%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22FirstVIEW%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22FirstVIEW%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22FirstVIEW%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22FirstVIEW%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:FirstVIEW) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) \| Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:FirstVIEW&defaults=y) Declined by SafariScribe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SafariScribe) 14 days ago. Last edited by SafariScribe (/wiki/User:SafariScribe) 14 days ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:AlessandroFioroni&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Fashion photography agency including website and archive providing photos and photo/video services firstVIEW is an international online fashion photo agency and fashion website. Based in New York, firstVIEW is the world’s largest fashion runway photo database and photo and video archive, specializing in runway photography and licensing of fashion show images. firstVIEW covers fashion shows and events from around the world; Auckland, New Zealand to Sao Paulo, Brazil to Milan, Italy, Paris, France and it’s home city of New York. ( https://firstview.com/ (https://firstview.com/) , look online article) firstVIEW.com contains extensive galleries of both mens and womenswear fashion-show photos in addition to backstage photojournalism, accessories and candid street style images. ( https://firstview.com/ (https://firstview.com/) ) HISTORY firstVIEW was founded in August 1995, when top runway fashion photographers ( http://my.telegraph.co.uk/insidethetents/insidethetents/4909811/Top_Runway_Photographers_2008/ (http://my.telegraph.co.uk/insidethetents/insidethetents/4909811/Top_Runway_Photographers_2008/) ), Don Ashby and Marcio Madeira joined forces with the goal of creating a comprehensive site specializing in the viewing and sale of fashion show photography. Madeira, who is based in France, had been shooting the collections since 1978; Ashby, who lives in New York, began in 1982. ( http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/09/08/AR2005090801889.html (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/09/08/AR2005090801889.html) ) firstVIEW was a pioneer in putting runway images online and making them available for mass consumption.( http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/09/08/AR2005090801889.html (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/09/08/AR2005090801889.html) ) It would act as the precursor on which Conde Nast would model it’s own Style.com, which launched in 2000, and later Vogue.com which firstVIEW provided all the fashion show photographs. In 2000 firstVIEW merged with MCV Photo, taking on a third partner Maria Valentino another well known runway photographer. firstVIEW made news when the pioneering site received the negative attention of France’s Chambre Syndicale de la Mode over photo rights. (Source- WWD) On March 13th, 2003 Don Ashby, Olivier Claisse and Marcio Maderia were arrested and jailed in France for copyright violation. Under French law of the time the designer, not photographers had ownership pictures of their collections. ( http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/09/08/AR2005090801889.html (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/09/08/AR2005090801889.html) ) On June 17th, 2005 after two year court battle firstVIEW photographers were found not guilty in Paris Criminal Court. The Court’s decision is important in that it gives photographers in Paris for the first time equal rights with designers over the use of photographs taken at the shows. (Source- look online). This decision was later overturned on appeal by the French courts and eventually also by the European Courts. In 2006 firstVIEW celebrated its 10th anniversary with an exhibit of about 60 images at the Staley-Wise Gallery in Soho New York. ( http://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/people-view-images-at-the-firstview-exhibit-opening-at-the-news-photo/55319587?Language=en-GB (http://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/people-view-images-at-the-firstview-exhibit-opening-at-the-news-photo/55319587?Language=en-GB) ) In 2009 firstVIEW launched a new branch firstVIEWTV.com ( https://firstview.com/ (https://firstview.com/) ), a website, video agency and production company focusing on the fashion show videos and related content. This was later merged with firstVIEW.com. In 2014 Don Ashby purchased Marcio Madeira’s shares in the company to become the majority shareholder in the parent company Viewfinder Inc. firstVIEW has licensed photos to many designers such as: Louis Vuitton, Prada, Miu Miu, Ralph Lauren and Tom Ford, and publications such as Style.com, Vogue.com, most of the International editions of Vogue, Elle and Harpers Bazaar, and The NY Times. Sources : http://www.lookonline.com/masters_firstview.html (http://www.lookonline.com/masters_firstview.html) ( Don Asby) http://my.telegraph.co.uk/insidethetents/insidethetents/4909811/Top_Runway_Photographers_2008/ (http://my.telegraph.co.uk/insidethetents/insidethetents/4909811/Top_Runway_Photographers_2008/) (Top runway photographer) http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/09/08/AR2005090801889.html (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/09/08/AR2005090801889.html) http://blogger.lookonline.com/2005_07_01_archive.html (http://blogger.lookonline.com/2005_07_01_archive.html) http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f71/firstview-found-not-guilty-30861.html (http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f71/firstview-found-not-guilty-30861.html) http://xerxes.library.wisconsin.edu/wisc/databases/database/UWI12323 (http://xerxes.library.wisconsin.edu/wisc/databases/database/UWI12323) http://www.popsugar.com/fashion/Fab-Site-firstVIEWcom-215276 (http://www.popsugar.com/fashion/Fab-Site-firstVIEWcom-215276) http://dascollection.com/blog/?tag=firstview-fashion (http://dascollection.com/blog/?tag=firstview-fashion) http://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/people-view-images-at-the-firstview-exhibit-opening-at-the-news-photo/55319587?Language=en-GB (http://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/people-view-images-at-the-firstview-exhibit-opening-at-the-news-photo/55319587?Language=en-GB) ( Gallery opening) https://books.google.ca/books?id=Zet72wOyPnIC&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243&dq=%22firstview%22+fashion&source=bl&ots=U4r7sPEssv&sig=vwBzvZcK1oWfekl1q2GWG30Uk3U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mgc4VYueBc6xsAT77YHACw&ved=0CCUQ6AEwATge#v=onepage&q=firstview&f=false (https://books.google.ca/books?id=Zet72wOyPnIC&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243&dq=%22firstview%22+fashion&source=bl&ots=U4r7sPEssv&sig=vwBzvZcK1oWfekl1q2GWG30Uk3U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mgc4VYueBc6xsAT77YHACw&ved=0CCUQ6AEwATge#v=onepage&q=firstview&f=false) http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/10/prweb294782.htm (http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/10/prweb294782.htm) [1] (#cite_note-1) FirstVIEW Founder(s) (/wiki/Organizational_founder) Don Ashby & Marcio Madeira URL https://www.firstview.com/ (https://www.firstview.com/) Launched 1995 ^ (#cite_ref-1) "firstVIEW" (https://www.firstview.com/) . www.firstview.com . Retrieved 2024-04-26 . 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Bales of used clothing being unloaded from a warehouse in Haiti The global trade of secondhand clothing is a long-standing industry, which has been facilitated by the abundance of donated clothing in wealthy countries. This trade accounts for approximately 0.5% of the total value of clothing traded worldwide, while by weight it accounts for 10%. However, in some countries, imported used clothing constitutes the majority of clothing purchased and used. Following the Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) in the 19th century, mass production (/wiki/Mass_production) of new clothing became widespread in some countries, particularly the United Kingdom. At the same time, population growth in other countries outpaced domestic manufacturing capacity, leading to an increase in demand for clothing. This led to a boom in the trade of secondhand clothing. Today, used clothing is mostly sourced from charity organizations (/wiki/Charitable_organization) , which use the proceeds to fund their main charity operations. European (/wiki/European_Union) and East Asian (/wiki/East_Asia) countries with substantial middle classes (/wiki/Middle_class) are the biggest exporters of used clothing, while the biggest importers are poorer countries, especially in South Asia (/wiki/South_Asia) , Southeast Asia (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) and Africa. In recent years, the industry has faced increased scrutiny over concerns about environmental sustainability and the ethical implications of clothing waste. It is also often accused of depressing the price of clothing in the destination countries, making it difficult for local producers to compete. Defenders of the industry argue that it nevertheless provides affordable clothing for consumers in these countries and creates jobs outside of textile production. Some countries have attempted to limit or prohibit used clothing imports to protect their domestic textile industry, but these measures have had mixed success. History [ edit ] Historically, used clothing was an important means of acquiring garments, which were often handed down many generations of families. The used clothing trade became a major industry in the early 1800s, when the Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) caused many countries' populations to grow too quickly for their domestic manufacturing to keep up with. The United Kingdom and France were among the world's most significant exporters of used clothing in this time, especially to North America and Russia. During this time, Houndsditch (/wiki/Houndsditch) in London (/wiki/London) was the site of a major market for used clothes, with a dedicated "Old Clothes Exchange." Private dealers went door-to-door in London soliciting used clothing, which they re-sold wholesale at the exchange. Overseas demand was so great that one major exporter needed around 5,000 suits per week in 1833. [1] (#cite_note-:5-1) At the same time, as British households grew wealthier, used clothes also began to be donated in large quantities to charity. Appeals for donations to alleviate poverty in Ireland resulted in large quantities being shipped to that country during the Irish famine (/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)) . Missionaries (/wiki/Missionary) also organized shipments of clothing donations to British colonies (/wiki/Crown_colony) , particularly in southern Africa (/wiki/Southern_Africa) . [1] (#cite_note-:5-1) Market overview [ edit ] Biggest importers of used clothing, 2015-19 Country Thousands of tonnes per year Pakistan 640 India 330 Malaysia 220 Angola 190 Canada 150 Tunisia 150 Netherlands 130 Kenya 130 Ghana 120 Dem. Rep. of the Congo 110 Ukraine 100 Chile 100 Tanzania 90 Cameroon 80 Hungary 80 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database [2] (#cite_note-Comtrade-2) Clothing shipped in bales, modeled by AIDS orphans in Zimbabwe The global trade in used clothing is primarily sourced from charitable organizations in wealthy countries, like Oxfam (/wiki/Oxfam) , the Salvation Army (/wiki/The_Salvation_Army) , and Goodwill (/wiki/Goodwill_Industries) . Although some donations are distributed directly to populations in crisis, most are sold, with the proceeds used to support other charitable operations. A small amount of clothing donations, usually no more than 10%, is sold domestically. [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) Clothing that remains unsold locally is often sold to textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) companies, which in turn export the materials to countries with established secondhand textile supply chains. Here, they are sorted, appraised, and either recycled, disposed of in landfills (/wiki/Landfill) , or resold. [4] (#cite_note-4) Trade in secondhand clothing represents around 0.5% the value of the trade in new clothes, and around 5% by weight. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Official figures suggest that the biggest importers of used clothing by weight in 2018 were Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Angola. [2] (#cite_note-Comtrade-2) However, incomplete data collection in many countries [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) and the reporting of imports by value rather than weight [2] (#cite_note-Comtrade-2) in others may distort the accuracy of these figures. Until 2017, China was also a major destination for used clothing sorting, recycling, or disposal. However, in that year, China banned the import of used clothes. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) As China has become wealthier, it has emerged as a significant source of clothing exports, contributing 6.4% of the world's total in 2015. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) In wealthier Western countries, used and pre-owned clothes are popular among a niche market (/wiki/Niche_market) of cost-conscious or environmentally conscious consumers. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) In contrast, second-hand clothing from wealthier countries is a staple source of clothing for many people in developing countries. As of 2019, the largest net exporters of used clothing are the United States, followed by Germany, the United Kingdom and China. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2006, around one-quarter of clothing donated to charity in the United States was sold to resellers abroad. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) Accusations of market distortion [ edit ] The export of secondhand clothes to developing countries (/wiki/Developing_country) is often controversial. Detractors argue that it drives down local prices to such an extent that domestic textile industries (/wiki/Textile_industry) in these countries become unable to compete. For example, many sub-Saharan African (/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) countries have seen their textile industries decline significantly since the 1990s. However, some economists contend that this would have occurred regardless of the secondhand market, since domestic production in these countries is often inefficient and free-trade agreements (/wiki/Free_trade_agreement) with many Asian countries have exposed them to competition with cheap new clothing. [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) The legacy of colonialism (/wiki/Colonialism) also adds a political dimension, with some countries resenting being seen as a "dumping ground" for discarded clothing by former colonial powers. [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) In an effort to protect their domestic textile industry, some developing nations have imposed high tariffs (/wiki/Tariff) or even outright bans on clothing imports. For instance, the member countries of the East African Community (/wiki/East_African_Community) have pledged to prohibit imports from outside the region, although only Rwanda has implemented this policy so far. [9] (#cite_note-9) Nigeria has also had various bans and tariffs in place over the past few decades. [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) Zimbabwe prohibited used clothing imports from 2015–2017, but later abandoned the ban when it became apparent that the domestic textile industry could not handle the demand. [11] (#cite_note-:4-11) Used clothing import bans have generally had mixed success. They are often widely circumvented, leading to the creation of large shadow economies (/wiki/Black_market) . [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) [11] (#cite_note-:4-11) In some cases, imports of cheap new clothing, particularly from China, have taken the place of secondhand clothes. [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) See also [ edit ] Circular economy (/wiki/Circular_economy) Mitumba (clothing) (/wiki/Mitumba_(clothing)) Salaula (/wiki/Salaula) industry, which means "to select from a pile in the manner of rummaging" in some African nations such as Zambia Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Lemire, Beverly (July 2012). "The Secondhand Clothing Trade in Europe and Beyond: Stages of Development and Enterprise in a Changing Material World, c . 1600–1850" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/175183512X13315695424392) . Textile . 10 (2): 144–163. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175183512X13315695424392 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175183512X13315695424392) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1475-9756 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-9756) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 167880409 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167880409) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "6309 - Textiles; worn clothing and other worn articles" (https://comtradeplus.un.org/TradeFlow?Frequency=A&Flows=X&CommodityCodes=6309&Partners=all&Reporters=all&period=2022&AggregateBy=none&BreakdownMode=plus) . United Nations Comtrade Database . 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Watson, David (2016). Exports of Nordic Used Textiles : Fate, benefits and impacts . David Palm, Louise Brix. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-92-893-4770-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 968727148 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/968727148) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Norris, Lucy (July 2012). "Trade and Transformations of Secondhand Clothing: Introduction" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/175183512X13315695424473) . Textile . 10 (2): 128–143. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175183512X13315695424473 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175183512X13315695424473) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1475-9756 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-9756) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110345339 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110345339) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Baden, Sally; Barber, Catherine (2005). The impact of the second-hand clothing trade on developing countries (PDF) . Oxfam (/wiki/Oxfam) . p. 23. ^ Jump up to: a b "How much clothing goes to waste each year in China?" (https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/article/3106066/when-people-see-second-hand-clothes-they-think-poverty) . South China Morning Post (/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) . 19 October 2020 . Retrieved 7 February 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Mike (21 December 2006). "The Truth About Where Your Donated Clothes End Up" (https://abcnews.go.com/WN/truth-donated-clothes-end/story?id=2743456) . ABC News . Retrieved 5 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "6309 - Textiles; worn clothing and other worn articles" (https://comtradeplus.un.org/TradeFlow?Frequency=A&Flows=X&CommodityCodes=6309&Partners=all&Reporters=all&period=2019&AggregateBy=none&BreakdownMode=plus) . United Nations Comtrade Database . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 17 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Anami, Luke (21 June 2022). "East Africa wrestles with proposals to ban imports of used clothes" (https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/region-wrestles-with-proposals-to-ban-imports-of-used-clothes-3854868) . The East African . Retrieved 21 February 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Clement, Philip Shimnom (14 April 2022). "Despite CBN ban, textile tops Nigeria's import commodities" (https://dailytrust.com/despite-cbn-ban-textile-tops-nigerias-import-commodities/) . Daily Trust . Retrieved 21 February 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Krauss, Susanne (26 February 2018). "East Africa pushes second-hand clothing ban" (https://www.dw.com/en/east-africa-pushes-second-hand-clothing-ban/a-42747222) . Deutsche Welle (/wiki/Deutsche_Welle) . Retrieved 21 February 2023 . Further reading [ edit ] Hansen, Karen Tranberg (2000). Salaula: The World of Secondhand Clothing and Zambia . University of Chicago Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0226315805 . Shell, Hanna Rose (2020). Shoddy : From Devil's Dust to the Renaissance of Rags . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9-780226-698-22-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780226-698-22-9) . External links [ edit ] Sally Baden and Catherine Barber, "The impact of second-hand clothing trade on developing countries" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100705110532/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/issues/trade/downloads/research_shc.pdf) , "Oxfam", September 2005 Hansen, Karen Tranberg (1999). "Second-Hand Clothing Encounters in Zambia: Global Discourses, Western Commodities, and Local Histories". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute (/wiki/Africa:_Journal_of_the_International_African_Institute) . 69 (3). Cambridge University Press: 343–365. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/1161212 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1161212) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1161212 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1161212) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 145796625 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145796625) . "Trade in Used Clothing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110527144625/http://www.itglwf.org/lang/en/trade-in-used-clothing.html) , International Textile, Garment & Leather Workers Federation (/wiki/International_Textile,_Garment_%26_Leather_Workers_Federation) , 6 April 2010 v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening 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(/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal 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(/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐gg8lv Cached time: 20240712173909 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.439 seconds Real time usage: 0.546 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3421/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 133423/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2217/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 71684/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.181/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4247120/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase 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Romai Sportswear Ltd Company type Private Limited (/wiki/Private_Limited) Industry Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) Founded July 18, 2012 ( 2012-07-18 ) in United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) Founder Khamis Al-Rumaithy [1] (#cite_note-palestine-team-1) Headquarters Abu Dhabi (/wiki/Abu_Dhabi) , United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) Website www (http://www.romaiworld.com/) .romaiworld (http://www.romaiworld.com/) .com (http://www.romaiworld.com/) Romai Sports is an Emirati design and manufacturing company of sportswear and accessories (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) that are worn by players from various football teams. The sports firm is the only establishment in the United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) which engages in such activities. [1] (#cite_note-palestine-team-1) [2] (#cite_note-maktoob-2) [3] (#cite_note-jamaicaobserver-3) [4] (#cite_note-jamaica-gleaner-4) [5] (#cite_note-elmofeed-5) [ excessive citations ] History [ edit ] Romai was founded by Khamis Al-Rumaithy on July 12, 2012, becoming the first company in the UAE to engage in the design and sales of sportswear for athletes. [1] (#cite_note-palestine-team-1) Sponsorships [ edit ] In the same year, Romai sponsored and designed sportswear for Al Wasl Sports Club (/wiki/Al_Wasl_SC) that spanned from 2012 to 2013, after which followed other teams: [6] (#cite_note-emaratalyoum-6) Football [ edit ] National teams [ edit ] Bahrain (/wiki/Bahrain_national_football_team) 2014–2019 [6] (#cite_note-emaratalyoum-6) [7] (#cite_note-akhbar-alkhaleej-7) Jamaica (/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team) 2015–2018 Palestine (/wiki/Palestine_national_football_team) 2018 Senegal (/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team) 2017-2018 Club teams [ edit ] Bahraini Premier League (/wiki/Bahraini_Premier_League) — All clubs 2017–2019 Al Wasl Sports Club (/wiki/Al_Wasl_SC) 2012–2013 Al Wahda Sports Club (/wiki/Al-Wahda_SC_Damascus) 2013–2015 Al Fateh (/wiki/Al_Fateh_(Sports_Club)) 2016–2018 Al Shabab (/wiki/Al_Shabab_FC_(Riyadh)) 2015–2018 Futsal [ edit ] National teams [ edit ] UAE (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_futsal_team) 2014–2016 Club teams [ edit ] Al-Dhafra (/w/index.php?title=Al-dhafra_S.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) Handball [ edit ] Club teams [ edit ] Emirates (/w/index.php?title=Emirates_S.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Mohamed Sayed Ahmed (8 December 2014). "Romai is sponsoring the UAE football team of Palestine" (http://www.alittihad.ae/details.php?id=109645&y=2014) . alittihad.ae . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-maktoob_2-0) Emarat Al Youm (26 December 2014). "UAE company produces T-shirt & defies Messi in Copa America" (https://maktoob.sports.yahoo.com/news/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC-%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7-020046445--sow.html) . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-jamaicaobserver_3-0) Ian Burnett (27 February 2015). "JFF set to reap cash from merchandising side of kit deal" (http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sport/JFF-cashes-in_18478574) . Jamaica Observer . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-jamaica-gleaner_4-0) Leighton Levy (25 February 2015). "Brand Jamaica A Perfect Fit For Romai Sportswear" (http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20150225/brand-jamaica-perfect-fit-romai-sportswear) . JamaicaGleaner . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-elmofeed_5-0) "يستعد لأول مشاركة في تاريخه بكأس أمم آسيا" (http://www.elmofeed.com/Id/167221231-%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%80%D9%80%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B1) . الإمارات اليوم. elmofeed.com. 4 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Khamis Al Rumaithi: No commercial objectives behind Romai's sponsorship of Palestine's national team" (https://www.emaratalyoum.com/sports/arab-and-international/2014-12-04-1.734153) . UAE Today. Emaratalyoum. 4 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-akhbar-alkhaleej_7-0) "The president of the football union hosts a press conference in the presence of several club managers" (http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/13540/article/18217.html) . Akhbar Alkhaleej. 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.romaiworld.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5f776947c‐2wjds Cached time: 20240709051845 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.320 seconds Real time usage: 0.447 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3118/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30415/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3885/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 29549/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.166/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4927861/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 407.850 1 -total 33.85% 138.060 1 Template:Infobox_company 31.94% 130.282 1 Template:Reflist 30.82% 125.680 1 Template:Infobox 27.64% 112.731 7 Template:Cite_news 14.16% 57.771 1 Template:Over-cite 11.02% 44.931 1 Template:Fix 10.12% 41.267 4 Template:Fb 6.87% 28.034 8 Template:Flagicon 6.75% 27.548 2 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5877808-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709051845 and revision id 1226335437. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romai_Sports&oldid=1226335437 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romai_Sports&oldid=1226335437) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) Manufacturing companies based in Abu Dhabi (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Abu_Dhabi) Emirati brands (/wiki/Category:Emirati_brands) Emirati companies established in 2012 (/wiki/Category:Emirati_companies_established_in_2012) Clothing companies established in 2012 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2012) Sporting goods manufacturers of the United Arab Emirates (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates) Hidden categories: Citation overkill (/wiki/Category:Citation_overkill) Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_tagged_with_the_inline_citation_overkill_template_from_November_2022)
Italian women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Italian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Italian_fashion_designers) . It includes Italian fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐2p8wb Cached time: 20240719201949 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.083 seconds Real time usage: 0.115 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3968/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 304/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.047/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 937595/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 99.891 1 -total 46.99% 46.943 1 Template:Portal 40.51% 40.469 1 Template:Non-diffusing 32.84% 32.807 1 Template:Cmbox 12.30% 12.291 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 9.69% 9.678 2 Template:Category_other 7.58% 7.574 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 3.72% 3.713 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.52% 1.523 1 Template:Template_other 1.39% 1.390 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72292340-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719201949 and revision id 1177798451. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Italian women fashion designers" The following 51 pages are in this category, out of 51 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Edina Altara (/wiki/Edina_Altara) Maria Antonelli (fashion designer) (/wiki/Maria_Antonelli_(fashion_designer)) B Sara Battaglia (/wiki/Sara_Battaglia) Laura Biagiotti (/wiki/Laura_Biagiotti) Elvira Leonardi Bouyeure (/wiki/Elvira_Leonardi_Bouyeure) Bianca Brandolini d'Adda (/wiki/Bianca_Brandolini_d%27Adda) Coco Brandolini d'Adda (/wiki/Coco_Brandolini_d%27Adda) C Giuliana Camerino (/wiki/Giuliana_Camerino) Consuelo Castiglioni (/wiki/Consuelo_Castiglioni) Nicoletta Costa (/wiki/Nicoletta_Costa) Lydia de Crescenzo (/wiki/Lydia_de_Crescenzo) D Orsola de Castro (/wiki/Orsola_de_Castro) F Alessandra Facchinetti (/wiki/Alessandra_Facchinetti) Anna Fendi (/wiki/Anna_Fendi) Wanda Ferragamo (/wiki/Wanda_Ferragamo) Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) Marta Ferri (/wiki/Marta_Ferri) Graziella Fontana (/wiki/Graziella_Fontana) G Irene Galitzine (/wiki/Irene_Galitzine) Maria Monaci Gallenga (/wiki/Maria_Monaci_Gallenga) Fernanda Gattinoni (/wiki/Fernanda_Gattinoni) Rosa Genoni (/wiki/Rosa_Genoni) Frida Giannini (/wiki/Frida_Giannini) Gisella Giovenco (/wiki/Gisella_Giovenco) Maria Grazia Chiuri (/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Chiuri) Olga di Grésy (/wiki/Olga_di_Gr%C3%A9sy) H Sophie Habsburg (/wiki/Sophie_Habsburg) Domitilla Harding (/wiki/Domitilla_Harding) J Rossella Jardini (/wiki/Rossella_Jardini) Stella Novarino (/wiki/Stella_Novarino) K Marzia Kjellberg (/wiki/Marzia_Kjellberg) M Fiorella Mancini (/wiki/Fiorella_Mancini) Mariuccia Mandelli (/wiki/Mariuccia_Mandelli) Germana Marucelli (/wiki/Germana_Marucelli) Angela Missoni (/wiki/Angela_Missoni) Margherita Missoni (/wiki/Margherita_Missoni) Bianca Mosca (/wiki/Bianca_Mosca) P Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) Sabrina Pretto (/wiki/Sabrina_Pretto) R Rose Repetto (/wiki/Rose_Repetto) S Ines Di Santo (/wiki/Ines_Di_Santo) Elsa Schiaparelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) Mila Schön (/wiki/Mila_Sch%C3%B6n) Nanni Strada (/wiki/Nanni_Strada) Fiona Swarovski (/wiki/Fiona_Swarovski) V Jole Veneziani (/wiki/Jole_Veneziani) Ilaria Venturini Fendi (/wiki/Ilaria_Venturini_Fendi) Allegra Versace (/wiki/Allegra_Versace) Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) Virginia von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Virginia_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) Z Carla Zampatti (/wiki/Carla_Zampatti) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Italian_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798451 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Italian_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798451) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Italian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Italian_fashion_designers) Italian women artists (/wiki/Category:Italian_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
Type of headwear Simple American bonnet or mobcap, in a portrait by Benjamin Greenleaf (/wiki/Benjamin_Greenleaf) , 1805 A mobcap (or mob cap or mob-cap ) is a round, gathered or pleated cloth (/wiki/Cloth) (usually linen (/wiki/Linen) ) bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) consisting of a caul (/wiki/Caul_(headgear)) to cover the hair, a frilled or ruffled brim, and (often) a ribbon (/wiki/Ribbon) band, worn by married women in the 18th and early 19th centuries, when it was called a "bonnet". These caps were always gathered to a flat, often curved, brim. The caul had a flat bottom and curved top. The bottom was typically gathered to fit the back neck with a drawstring, while the curved sides and top were tightly gathered and stitched to the brim, which typically had some curves, too. Originally an informal style, the bonnet became a high-fashion item as part of the adoption of simple "country" clothing in the later 18th century (/wiki/1750%E2%80%931795_in_fashion) . It was an indoor fashion, and was worn under a hat for outdoor wear. Etymology [ edit ] The origin of the term mobcap is a compound of mob "dishabille, casually dressed" + cap . It may be modeled on Dutch mop (muts) "woman's cap". [1] (#cite_note-1) From at least 1730 to at least 1750, a single mob cap could be referred to as "a suit of mobs" [2] (#cite_note-2) or 'a suit of mobbs', [3] (#cite_note-3) while the plural mob caps could be described as 'suits of mobs' [4] (#cite_note-4) or 'suits of mobbs'. [5] (#cite_note-:15-5) In 1820, an issue of The Ladies' Monthly Museum puts it thus: [A]s mobs do not become everybody [6] (#cite_note-6) Variations [ edit ] The one piece, ruffled, gathered circle mobcap often seen worn with historical costumes is a simplified, modern interpretation, rather than a copy of a period cap. By the Victorian (/wiki/Victorian_fashion) period, mobcaps lingered as the head covering of servants (/wiki/Servant) and nurses (/wiki/Nurse) , and small mobcaps, not covering the hair, remained part of these uniforms into the early 20th century. Modern versions of mobcaps are still worn in the pharmaceutical industry (/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry) , in clean-rooms, and in other sectors where the hair has to be contained. These mobcaps are usually a simple circle shape with an elastic (/wiki/Elastomer) band and may be made of disposable materials such as spun-bound polypropylene (/wiki/Polypropylene) so they are like a shower cap. They can also be made of nylon (/wiki/Nylon) netting. Gallery [ edit ] 1778 A portrait by English landscape and portrait painter, Joseph Wright of Derby (/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby) , of an unidentified woman sporting a large mobcap 1789 Marie Antoinette (/wiki/Marie_Antoinette) c. 1792 1793 James Jacques Joseph Tissot's Man, Woman, and Map , which features a mobcap A portrait of Mrs. Herman Henry Schroeder (the former Suzannah Schwartz) by Charles Peale Polk (/wiki/Charles_Peale_Polk) , which was completed in about 1794 1796 Mobcap with gold brocade, gold lace and sequins worn by wealthy ladies in Żywiec (/wiki/%C5%BBywiec) , Poland References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Merriam-Webster (/wiki/Merriam-Webster) , Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary , Merriam-Webster. ^ (#cite_ref-2) 'The Real Moll Flanders: 18th Century Criminal Trials and Punishment': Part 2, the case of Hester Norton . 10 May 1735. City of York – The Examination of Hester Norton, singlewoman taken the 10 th day of May 1735. Being charged with stealing a silver tumbler, four half crowns, a pair of silver studs, two pairs of little silver buttons, a suit of mobs, five pounds and half penny, two gold rings, a black silk hood. Confesseth she stole the said Tumbler and two rings from George Gray on Saturday night last but denys she stole any besides. ^ (#cite_ref-3) 'The Real Moll Flanders: 18th Century Criminal Trials and Punishment': Part 2, the case of Hester Norton . 10 May 1735. City of York - The information of George Gray of Stillingfleet in the County of York, yeoman, taken upon oath the 10 th day of May 1735. This informant saith and deposeth that on Saturday night last he was in his own right possessed of a silver tumbler, four half crowns which were in the cup, a pair of silver studs and two pair of little silver buttons, a suit of mobbs, five pounds and half penny, two gold rings, a black silk hood which have been since stolen by some person or persons unknown ^ (#cite_ref-4) Archdeacon Wills 1737/8 #74 Ballaugh, of Mrs Mary Corlett als Parr of Ballakeig, Ballaugh, wife of John Corlett . 8 February 1730. to my Aunt Mary Christian a prenella gown, four suits of mobs with muslin borders and a firlet of malt at Michaelmass. Item, to my sister in law Elizabeth Corlet als Parr my best suit of clothes, a prenella gown and a petticoat, and the rest of my headclothes [...] 8 th day of February 1730 ^ (#cite_ref-:15_5-0) Will of Elizabeth Rugge, Widow of Inner Temple, City of London – The National Archives . 3 November 1749. the third day of November in the year of our Lord Seventeen hundred and forty nine [...] eight strong good Shifts 6 good aprons as many Neckhandkerchiefs 6 good Suits of Mobbs and all my Common Wearing Linnen and all my Cloaths except my black Sack [also spelled sacque or saque – The sack dress or sack-back gown or Robe à la Française was a women's fashion of the 18th century] my light grey Lutestring [lutestring or lustring – fabric, a fine glossy silk] and my Stitched under Pettycoats ^ (#cite_ref-6) Fashionable Caps for 19th Century Matrons both Young and Old (published 30 August 2015). 1820. External links [ edit ] Media related to Mob caps (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mob_caps) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam (/wiki/Tam_cap) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Informal 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Priscilla Tsu-Jyen Shunmugam (born 17 July 1981) is a womenswear (/wiki/Womenswear) designer. She is the founder and designer of the womenswear label Ong Shunmugam (/wiki/Ong_Shunmugam) . Early life [ edit ] Shunmugam was born in Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , to a Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_people) mother and an Indian (/wiki/Indian_people) father. [1] (#cite_note-1) At age 20 she was accepted to read law at the National University of Singapore (/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Upon graduation in 2006, [3] (#cite_note-3) Shunmugam worked briefly as a lawyer before leaving the profession. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2008, she spent a year in England (/wiki/England) , where she studied dressmaking (/wiki/Dressmaking) and pattern cutting (/wiki/Pattern_cutting) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Career [ edit ] She returned to Singapore in 2009, and launched the debut Ong Shunmugam collection, Orientalism , in December 2010. Guardianship , a collection of modern cheongsams (/wiki/Cheongsam) , followed in September 2011. In May 2012, Shunmugam was invited by the National Museum of Singapore (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Singapore) to present a public lecture as part of its landmark In The Mood For Cheongsam exhibition. " Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) , Dim Sum (/wiki/Dim_Sum) or Me? " explored the cheongsam's (/wiki/Cheongsam) history through several identity changes in the context of Singapore's (/wiki/Singapore) past, present and future. [6] (#cite_note-6) Shunmugam and the Guardianship cheongsams (/wiki/Cheongsam) were also featured in the Museum-produced book of the same name. [7] (#cite_note-7) In August 2012, Shunmugam was the only woman in fashion to be featured in Style Magazine Singapore (/wiki/Style:_(magazine)) 's 10th Anniversary's list of The New Guard – a shortlist of “game-changers and taste-makers doing things their way”. [8] (#cite_note-8) In November 2012, she was voted Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) Designer of the Year at the 2012 Elle Awards in Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2015, she was named as Her World (/wiki/Her_World) magazine's Young Woman Achiever. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2020, she announced the launch of her first overseas boutique but it was shut due to COVID-19 even before it was officially opened to the public. [11] (#cite_note-11) Ong is said to be a "leading figure in the Asian design community", whose brand is inspired by the "cultural complexities of Malaysia and Singapore." [12] (#cite_note-12) Controversy [ edit ] In March 2022, Shunmugam had made racist remarks during an online panel discussion entitled "ACMTalks" organised by the Asian Civilisations Museum during 2021. She has since apologized for these comments, [13] (#cite_note-13) accepting that her comments were "clumsy, hurtful and insensitive". [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Tan, Julianne. "Dreams Woven From Lace & Batik" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120622224935/http://poskod.sg/Posts/2012/2/24/Dreams-Woven-from-Lace-and-Batik) . POSKOD.SG. Archived from the original (http://poskod.sg/Posts/2012/2/24/Dreams-Woven-from-Lace-and-Batik) on 2012-06-22. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Asril, Celine. "Priscilla Tsu-Jyen Shunmugam" (http://www.timeoutsingapore.com/shopping/feature/interview-with-ong-shunmugan-designer) . TimeOut Singapore. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Fall and Rise of Legal Education in Singapore" (https://simonchesterman.com/blog/2017/12/12/legal-ed/) . Simon Chesterman . 2017-12-12 . Retrieved 2022-05-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Zhang, Weifang. "5 questions with designer Priscilla Shunmugam" (http://www.todayonline.com/lifestyle/style/5-questions/5-questions-designer-priscilla-shunmugam) . TODAY Online. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Tan, Julianne. "Dreams Woven From Lace & Batik" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120622224935/http://poskod.sg/Posts/2012/2/24/Dreams-Woven-from-Lace-and-Batik) . POSKOD.SG. Archived from the original (http://poskod.sg/Posts/2012/2/24/Dreams-Woven-from-Lace-and-Batik) on 2012-06-22. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Tan, Manel. "In The Spotlight: In The Mood For Cheongsam" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131030100342/http://sg.lifestyleasia.com/features/Entertainment/in-the-spotlight-in-the-mood-for-cheongsam-modernity-and-singapore-women-11144/) . LifestyleAsia. Archived from the original (http://sg.lifestyleasia.com/features/Entertainment/in-the-spotlight-in-the-mood-for-cheongsam-modernity-and-singapore-women-11144) on 2013-10-30 . Retrieved 2013-01-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Lee, Chor Lin; Chung, May Khuen (2012). In The Mood For Cheongsam: A Social History . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9814260923 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Ho, Charmaine. "The New Guard" (https://archive.today/20130216114139/http://lifestyle.xin.msn.com/en/magazine/style-10th-anniversary/the-new-guard?page=5) . xinmsn. Archived from the original (https://lifestyle.xin.msn.com/en/magazine/style-10th-anniversary/the-new-guard?page=5) on 2013-02-16. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Salimat, Shah. "Celebrities and fashion mavens honoured at ELLE Awards 2012" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075956/http://lifestyle.xin.msn.com/en/magazine/elle/elle-awards-2012/celebrities-and-fashion-mavens-honoured-at-elle-awards-2012) . xinmsn. Archived from the original (https://lifestyle.xin.msn.com/en/magazine/elle/elle-awards-2012/celebrities-and-fashion-mavens-honoured-at-elle-awards-2012) on 2014-04-07 . Retrieved 2013-01-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Hermes (2017-10-15). "Lunch With Sumiko: Designer Priscilla Shunmugam is in the mood for fashion \| The Straits Times" (https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/lunch-with-sumiko-in-the-mood-for-fashion) . www.straitstimes.com . Retrieved 2022-05-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "How this Singapore designer turned her quarantine into a productive 'workcation' (https://cnaluxury.channelnewsasia.com/people/priscilla-shunmugam-singapore-designer-182716) " (https://cnaluxury.channelnewsasia.com/people/priscilla-shunmugam-singapore-designer-182716) . CNA Luxury . Retrieved 2022-05-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Lai, Rosana. "Destination by design: How Southeast Asia's culture and textiles shaped fashion brand Ong Shunmugam" (https://www.tatlerasia.com/style/fashion/destination-by-design-ong-shunmugam-southeast-asia) . Tatler Asia . Retrieved 2024-07-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Chai, Amanda. "Fashion designer Priscilla Shunmugam gets flak for 'insensitive' ethnic comments" (https://www.straitstimes.com/life/style/fashion-designer-priscilla-shunmugam-gets-flak-for-remarks-on-ethnic-dress) . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2022-03-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) " (https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/it-was-clumsy-hurtful-insensitive-ong-shunmugam-founder-sorry-saying-chinese-women) 'It was clumsy, hurtful, insensitive': Ong Shunmugam founder sorry for saying Chinese women 'progressed faster' than others" (https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/it-was-clumsy-hurtful-insensitive-ong-shunmugam-founder-sorry-saying-chinese-women) . AsiaOne . 2022-03-26 . Retrieved 2022-05-24 . External links [ edit ] Ong Shunmugam website (http://www.ongshunmugam.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐xvzf4 Cached time: 20240719071548 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.198 seconds Real time usage: 0.303 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 646/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23392/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 99/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 51768/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.132/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3862658/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 278.523 1 -total 61.51% 171.331 1 Template:Reflist 49.42% 137.645 13 Template:Cite_web 38.46% 107.114 1 Template:Authority_control 2.67% 7.425 1 Template:Cite_book 0.55% 1.544 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38326022-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719071548 and revision id 1235429758. 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Collective noun for various types of traditional Korean undergarments Sokgot Woman on a nolttwigi (/wiki/Nolttwigi) : under her chima (/wiki/Chima_(clothing)) , layers of sokgot can be seen Sokgot ( 속곳 ) is a collective noun for various types of traditional Korean (/wiki/Korean_culture) undergarments (/wiki/Underwear) . They were worn as part of a hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) before the import of Western-style underwear. Women usually wore several layers of undergarments, the more layers they had the richer they were. [1] (#cite_note-1) Undergarments were considered very important, thus it happened that the quality and material of the underwear was better than that of the visible outer layers. [2] (#cite_note-hanstyle-2) Types [ edit ] There were several types of sokgot : underskirts were generally named sokchima ( 속치마 ), while underpants were referred to as sokbaji ( 속바지 ). Under a jeogori (/wiki/Jeogori) , sokjeoksam ( 속적삼 ) and sokjeogori ( 속저고리 ) were worn. [2] (#cite_note-hanstyle-2) A clothing item similar in function to today's panties (/wiki/Panties) was called dari sokgot ( 다리속곳 ), which was a wide band of cloth pulled through in between the legs and tied with ribbons at the waist, forming a shape similar to the Japanese fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) . Above this came the lowest layer of underskirts, called soksokgot ( 속속곳 ). One of these layers was a mujigi chima ( 무지기치마 ), which itself was sewn of several layers at knee-length, its function was to give shape and volume to the chima (/wiki/Chima_(clothing)) , raising it. Above this a daesyum chima ( 대슘치마 ) was added. Noble women also wore a noreunbaji ( 너른바지 ), a kind of additional underpants. [3] (#cite_note-3) Male undergarments were significantly simpler, under the pants a pair of sokgoui ( 속고의 ), underpants [4] (#cite_note-4) were worn, while jeoksam ( 적삼 ) came under the jeogori in winter, and was worn on its own in summer. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Underwear Coming Out: No More a Taboo" (http://evoice.ewha.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=688) . Ehwa Voice. 2005-09-01 . Retrieved 2013-11-08 . ^ Jump up to: a b "About hanbok" (http://www.han-style.com/english/hanbok/basic.jsp) . han-style.com . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hong Na-young (2003). "Traditional Wedding Attire : Dressing Up for the Day of a Lifetime" (http://koreana.kf.or.kr/view.asp?article_id=1048) . Koreana . 17 (1). The Korea Foundation. ^ (#cite_ref-4) 속-고의 (in Korean). Naver Dictionary . Retrieved 2015-11-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) 적삼 (in Korean). Doopedia . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Men's clothing" (http://www.han-style.com:8001/english/hanbok/kind/normal.jsp) . han-style.com . Retrieved 2015-11-04 . External links [ edit ] Photo of a (http://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=shining_days&logNo=120111667041) sokjeoksam Photo of a (http://www.museum.seoul.kr/yuimage/10/seo476.jpg) soksokgot Photo of a (http://www.lifeinkorea.com/pictures/ctu2.jpg) mujigi chima Photo of a (http://blogfiles12.naver.net/data20/2007/1/7/299/img_sub04_02_05_02-csn6110.jpg) daesyum chima NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐6r77s Cached time: 20240712114243 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.300 seconds Real time usage: 0.384 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 612/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12849/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 764/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 21703/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.212/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15521350/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 348.441 1 -total 36.88% 128.504 1 Template:Korean 36.76% 128.101 12 Template:Lang 35.08% 122.227 1 Template:Reflist 28.01% 97.596 5 Template:Cite_web 14.55% 50.707 1 Template:Short_description 6.72% 23.429 2 Template:Pagetype 5.99% 20.867 1 Template:Italic_title 5.14% 17.916 1 Template:Category_handler 4.59% 15.976 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48458505-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712114243 and revision id 1234064340. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Priti+Baghel%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Priti+Baghel%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Priti+Baghel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Priti+Baghel%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Priti+Baghel%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Priti+Baghel%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Priti+Baghel%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Priti+Baghel%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Priti_Baghel) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) \| Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Priti_Baghel&defaults=y) Declined by Dan arndt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dan_arndt) 31 days ago. Last edited by Dan arndt (/wiki/User:Dan_arndt) 31 days ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Bhavya_262010&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Comment: Fails WP:ANYBIO (/wiki/Wikipedia:ANYBIO) - Instagram is not an acceptable source Dan arndt (/wiki/User:Dan_arndt) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Dan_arndt) ) 04:46, 18 June 2024 (UTC) Fashion Designer & Director of Krishna Institute Of fashion Designing, Seoni PRITI BAGHEL [ edit ] Designer Priti Baghel with the show stopper of her Fashion Show , Miss Sana Dua ~ Early Life and Education [ edit ] Priti Baghel is a renowned fashion designer and the director and founder of the Krishna Institute of Fashion Designing located in Seoni. She pursued her fashion designing education from the International Institute of Fashion Design (INIFD) in Indore, a prominent institution known for nurturing creative talents in the fashion industry. Her passion for fashion was further honed through her training under the guidance of the legendary Indian designer, Manish Malhotra. ~ Career [ edit ] With over 15 years of experience in the fashion industry, Priti Baghel has established herself as a notable figure in fashion designing. Her journey is marked by her dedication to creativity, innovation, and excellence. Throughout her career, she has worked on various projects that have showcased her unique design aesthetics and understanding of contemporary fashion trends. ~ Krishna Institute of Fashion Designing [ edit ] Priti Baghel founded the Krishna Institute of Fashion Designing in Seoni with a vision to provide quality education in fashion and design. As the director, she has been instrumental in shaping the curriculum to ensure it aligns with the latest industry standards. The institute offers comprehensive courses that cover various aspects of fashion designing, from conceptualization to execution. Under her leadership, the institute has produced several talented designers who have gone on to make significant contributions to the fashion industry. ~ Achievements [ edit ] - Teaching under Manish Malhotra : Priti Baghel's expertise was further enriched by her experience of learning directly from Manish Malhotra, one of India's most celebrated fashion designers. This opportunity provided her with invaluable insights into high fashion and couture. - Women's Parliament Award : Priti Baghel's contributions to the fashion industry and her role in empowering women through education have been recognized with the prestigious Women's Parliament Award, which she has won twice. This award celebrates her efforts in promoting women's rights and their involvement in various professional fields. ~ Personal Life [ edit ] Priti Baghel is known for her commitment to her work and her passion for mentoring aspiring fashion designers. Her dedication to fashion and education has made her a respected name in the industry. She continues to inspire many with her journey and achievements, setting a benchmark for excellence in fashion designing. ~ Legacy Through her work at the Krishna Institute of Fashion Designing, Priti Baghel is leaving a lasting impact on the fashion industry by nurturing the next generation of designers. Her emphasis on quality education and practical experience ensures that her students are well-prepared to meet the demands of the ever-evolving fashion world. [ edit ] Priti Baghel's story is one of passion, dedication, and excellence in fashion designing. Her contributions to the industry and her efforts in educating and empowering others continue to inspire many in the world of fashion. References [ edit ] [1] (#cite_note-1) ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/deisgner_priti_baghel/) . www.instagram.com . Retrieved 2024-06-18 . 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Footwear (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Footwear) . The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) . Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) — types and topics. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐9bz8l Cached time: 20240720224654 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.066 seconds Real time usage: 0.106 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 134/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2777/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 257/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.038/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1064980/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 95.321 1 -total 74.38% 70.902 1 Template:Commons_cat 70.52% 67.220 1 Template:Sister_project 68.68% 65.465 1 Template:Side_box 25.48% 24.291 1 Template:Cat_main 5.63% 5.367 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:711905-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720224654 and revision id 1093218880. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 16 subcategories, out of 16 total. Footwear by country (/wiki/Category:Footwear_by_country) ‎ (8 C, 1 P) A Footwear accessories (/wiki/Category:Footwear_accessories) ‎ (1 C, 29 P, 1 F) B Boots (/wiki/Category:Boots) ‎ (5 C, 76 P) C Clogs (shoes) (/wiki/Category:Clogs_(shoes)) ‎ (16 P) Footwear components (/wiki/Category:Footwear_components) ‎ (15 P) F Fictional footwear (/wiki/Category:Fictional_footwear) ‎ (9 P) Folk footwear (/wiki/Category:Folk_footwear) ‎ (1 C, 35 P) Footwear retailers (/wiki/Category:Footwear_retailers) ‎ (3 C, 24 P) H High-heeled footwear (/wiki/Category:High-heeled_footwear) ‎ (18 P) Historical footwear (/wiki/Category:Historical_footwear) ‎ (22 P) Hosiery (/wiki/Category:Hosiery) ‎ (2 C, 34 P) S Sandals (/wiki/Category:Sandals) ‎ (47 P) Shoes (/wiki/Category:Shoes) ‎ (11 C, 95 P) Slippers (/wiki/Category:Slippers) ‎ (13 P) Socks (/wiki/Category:Socks) ‎ (55 P) Sports footwear (/wiki/Category:Sports_footwear) ‎ (3 C, 37 P, 1 F) Pages in category "Footwear" The following 40 pages are in this category, out of 40 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) A Abandoned footwear (/wiki/Abandoned_footwear) Athletic shoe (/wiki/Athletic_shoe) Avon Protection (/wiki/Avon_Protection) B Bata Shoe Museum (/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum) Blackstock & Weber (/wiki/Blackstock_%26_Weber) Blake construction (/wiki/Blake_construction) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Bovver boot (/wiki/Bovver_boot) C Cantabrian albarcas (/wiki/Cantabrian_albarcas) Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Clog (/wiki/Clog) Turkish clogs (/wiki/Turkish_clogs) Coiled sewn sandals (/wiki/Coiled_sewn_sandals) D Drinking from shoes (/wiki/Drinking_from_shoes) F Fashion boot (/wiki/Fashion_boot) Fifth Avenue Shoe Repair (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Shoe_Repair) Flipsters (/wiki/Flipsters) Footwrap (/wiki/Footwrap) Forensic footwear evidence (/wiki/Forensic_footwear_evidence) G Golo Footwear (/wiki/Golo_Footwear) H Heel lift (/wiki/Heel_lift) Hwahyejang (/wiki/Hwahyejang) K Kirza (/wiki/Kirza) M Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) N Nike HyperAdapt 1.0 (/wiki/Nike_HyperAdapt_1.0) S Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Shoe heel (/wiki/Shoe_heel) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) Snowshoe (/wiki/Snowshoe) Steel-toe boot (/wiki/Steel-toe_boot) Stilts (/wiki/Stilts) Swiss Barefoot Company (/wiki/Swiss_Barefoot_Company) T Toe cleavage (/wiki/Toe_cleavage) Träskor (/wiki/Tr%C3%A4skor) X Xena Workwear (/wiki/Xena_Workwear) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Footwear&oldid=1093218880 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Footwear&oldid=1093218880) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by type (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_type) Foot (/wiki/Category:Foot) Walking (/wiki/Category:Walking) Consumer goods (/wiki/Category:Consumer_goods) Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Softlines (retail) (/wiki/Category:Softlines_(retail)) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
American fashion designer Matthew Christopher Matthew Christopher on left, 2016 Born ( 1976-03-16 ) March 16, 1976 (age 48) Packwood, Iowa (/wiki/Packwood,_Iowa) Education Art Institute of Chicago (/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago) Iowa State University (/wiki/Iowa_State_University) Occupation Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) Spouse David J. Marchi ( m. 2012; div. 2020) [ citation needed ] Matthew Christopher Sobaski (born March 16, 1976) is an American fashion designer mostly known for bridal wear. [1] (#cite_note-1) Personal life [ edit ] Christopher was born on March 16, 1976, in Packwood (/wiki/Packwood,_Iowa) , Iowa (/wiki/Iowa) , to Kenneth Sobaski, a hog farmer and Sandy Sobaski, a registered nurse. He attended the Art Institute of Chicago (/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago) for one year before completing his studies at Iowa State University (/wiki/Iowa_State_University) . [2] (#cite_note-iastate-2) He moved to New York City in 2000 to pursue a career in the field of couture designing, and started his fashion label in 2002. [3] (#cite_note-3) In popular culture [ edit ] Christopher's designs for gowns are featured in movies including The Wedding Ringer (/wiki/The_Wedding_Ringer) with Kaley Cuoco (/wiki/Kaley_Cuoco) . [4] (#cite_note-Kaley_Cuoco-4) Christopher's list of clientele includes Carli Lloyd (/wiki/Carli_Lloyd) , [5] (#cite_note-Carli_Lloyd-5) Julie Lake (/wiki/Julie_Lake) , [6] (#cite_note-Julie_Lake-6) Several of Christopher's couture gowns and wedding dresses were covered in the January 2016 edition of Vanity Fair in a featured article. He makes a cameo in the documentary He Lied About Everything as the custome designer of Benita Alexander (/w/index.php?title=Benita_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1) 's dress. [7] (#cite_note-Vanity_Fair-7) His gowns have also appeared in the Broadway adaptation of Honeymoon in Vegas (/wiki/Honeymoon_in_Vegas#Stage_version) [8] (#cite_note-Honeymoon_In_Vegas-8) and on the TV show Say Yes to the Dress (/wiki/Say_Yes_to_the_Dress) . [9] (#cite_note-Say_Yes_To_The_Dress-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Author Search Results" (https://ezborrow.reshare.indexdata.com/Author/Home?author=%22Christopher,+Matthew%22&type=Author&page=2) . ezborrow.reshare.indexdata.com . Retrieved 2024-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-iastate_2-0) "Matthew Christopher Inc" (http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2011/mar/MatthewChristopher) . Iowa State University (/wiki/Iowa_State_University) . 30 March 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Matthew Christopher Designer Wedding Gowns" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180225113728/http://www.lwdbridal.com/wedding-gown-designers/matthew-christopher) . Little White Dress Bridal Shop \| Denver, Colorado's Best Designer Wedding Dresses and Accessories . Archived from the original (https://www.lwdbridal.com/wedding-gown-designers/matthew-christopher) on 2018-02-25 . Retrieved 2020-08-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kaley_Cuoco_4-0) "Kaley Cuoco wore Matthew's designer gown on The Wedding Ringer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150912060925/http://www.brides.com/blogs/aisle-say/2015/01/the-wedding-ringer-wedding-dress-contest-kaley-cuoco-sweeting.html) . Brides (/wiki/Brides_(magazine)) . 15 January 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.brides.com/blogs/aisle-say/2015/01/the-wedding-ringer-wedding-dress-contest-kaley-cuoco-sweeting.html) on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Carli_Lloyd_5-0) "Matthew Christopher designs for Carli Lloyd's ESPY Dress" (https://www.theknot.com/content/carli-llyod-matthew-christopher-espy-awards) . theknot.com (/wiki/XO_Group) . 30 March 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Julie_Lake_6-0) "Matthew's work with 'Orange is the new Black' star, Julie Lake" (https://www.theknot.com/content/julie-lake-orange-is-the-new-black-wedding-plans) . theknot.com (/wiki/XO_Group) . 1 January 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_7-0) "Matthew Christopher's work appeared on Vanity Fair" (http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/01/celebrity-surgeon-nbc-news-producer-scam) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Honeymoon_In_Vegas_8-0) "BWW Exclusive: Designer Matthew Christopher Shows Off the Wedding Wardrobe of HONEYMOON IN VEGAS!" (http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/BWW-Exclusive-Designer-Matthew-Christopher-Shows-Off-the-Wedding-Wardrobe-of-HONEYMOON-IN-VEGAS-20150112) . Broadway World . January 12, 2015 . Retrieved February 1, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Say_Yes_To_The_Dress_9-0) "Matthew Christopher's work featured on Say Yes To Dress" (http://www.people.com/article/brittney-griner-glory-johnson-say-yes-to-the-dress) . people.com (/wiki/People.com) . 30 January 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.matthewchristopher.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐867dm Cached time: 20240719234132 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.312 seconds Real time usage: 0.695 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2475/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27103/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5272/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 35964/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.185/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7602283/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 422.681 1 -total 50.99% 215.535 1 Template:Infobox_person 27.21% 115.010 1 Template:Reflist 23.84% 100.754 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 18.00% 76.100 2 Template:Cite_web 15.21% 64.310 1 Template:Short_description 12.31% 52.032 1 Template:Marriage 11.02% 46.587 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.13% 38.610 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 8.51% 35.968 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:42457665-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719234132 and revision id 1232365747. 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After the 1979 Iranian Revolution (/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) , the Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) became the mandatory dress code for all Iranian women by the order of Ayatollah Khomeini (/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini) , the supreme leader of the new Islamic Republic (/wiki/Government_of_Iran) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Hijab was seen as a symbol of piety, dignity, and identity for Muslim women. [2] (#cite_note-2) The Safavid (/wiki/Safavid_Iran) dynasty centralized Iran and declared Shia Islam (/wiki/Shia_Islam) as the official religion, which led to the widespread adoption of hijab by women in the country. Shia Islam served as a tool for the Safavids to consolidate the diverse ethnic groups under their authority and to differentiate themselves from their Sunni Muslim (/wiki/Sunni_Islam) adversaries. [3] (#cite_note-3) Women continued to wear hijab as a prevalent fashion trend during the Qajar era (/wiki/Qajar_Iran) , with increased inspiration from European fashions and materials. The Pahlavi era (/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran) (1925-1979) was marked by significant changes in the hijab and women's dress in Iran, reflecting the influence of Westernization, modernization, and political movements. The first Pahlavi era, under Reza Shah (/wiki/Reza_Shah) (1925-1941), was characterized by the forced unveiling of women, known as Kashf-e hijab (/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab) , as part of the regime's attempt to secularize and modernize the country. Women who resisted the ban on hijab faced harassment, violence, and imprisonment. [4] (#cite_note-4) The second Pahlavi era, under Mohammad Reza Shah (/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) (1941-1979), was more tolerant of women’s choice of clothing, but also encouraged Western styles and fabrics, especially among the urban elite. Women wore a variety of dresses, skirts, pants, suits, and coats, often made of silk, velvet, or brocade. They also wore hijab in different forms, such as scarves, hats, or veils, depending on their personal, religious, or political preferences. [5] (#cite_note-5) Following the 1979 revolution, hijab became a compulsory dress code for women by the new regime. Iranian women have since been legally required to wear the hijab, with any infringements being punished by monetary fines and imprisonment. These restrictions have sparked several movements by activists and ordinary citizens who challenge the mandatory hijab, seeking more freedom and rights for women. In response, the government has often cracked down on protests with violence, notably during the Mahsa Amini protests (/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests) . History [ edit ] Muslims conquered Iran in the time of Umar (/wiki/Umar) (637 CE) and Iranians converted to Islam and adopted Muslim customs such as hijab. During the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) , Turkic nomadic tribes (/wiki/Turkic_peoples) from Central Asia arrived, whose women did not wear headscarves. [6] (#cite_note-Heath2-6) [7] (#cite_note-Keddie2-7) Safavid dynasty [ edit ] As part of Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam (/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam) (from 1501 to 1736) centralization in the 16th century, the headscarf became defined as the standard headdress for many religious women in urban areas all around the Iranian Empire (/wiki/Safavid_dynasty) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Exceptions to this were seen only in the villages and among nomadic tribes, [6] (#cite_note-Heath2-6) [7] (#cite_note-Keddie2-7) [9] (#cite_note-Floor-9) [10] (#cite_note-Chehabi2-10) [11] (#cite_note-Bullock-11) such as Qashqai (/wiki/Qashqai_people) . Covering the whole face was rare among the Iranians and was mostly restricted to local Arabs (/wiki/Iranian_Arabs) and local Afghans (/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran) . However, hijab was not uniform and monolithic in Safavid Iran. Women from different ethnic and religious groups wore different styles and colors of veils and headscarves, reflecting their regional and cultural identities. [12] (#cite_note-12) Some women also wore hats, turbans, and bonnets, influenced by European fashion. The Safavid court was also a place of diversity and splendor in terms of clothing. The royal women wore elaborate and luxurious garments, made of silk, velvet, brocade, and fur, embroidered with gold and silver, and adorned with jewels and pearls. They also wore different types of head coverings, such as mandils (turban material), qalānsūwas (conical caps), and tāj (crowns). [13] (#cite_note-Foundation-13) An example of hijab during the Qajar era, Taj ol-Molouk (/wiki/Taj_ol-Molouk) , a royal consort. Qajar dynasty [ edit ] During Qajar dynasty (/wiki/Qajar_dynasty) the hijab was a prevalent fashion choice for women in Iran, as it reflected the cultural, religious, and political identity of the Qajar empire. The hijab was enforced by the Islamic dress code for women, which was introduced by the Safavid dynasty and continued by the Qajars. [14] (#cite_note-14) The hijab was often made of colorful and patterned fabrics, and sometimes adorned with pearls, feathers, or flowers, however, In the later Qajar period, women’s clothing became more elaborate and diverse, reflecting the influence of European styles and fabrics. Women wore long dresses with tight waists and wide skirts, often made of silk, velvet, or brocade. They also wore jackets, vests, and shawls over their dresses, and decorated their outfits with embroidery, lace, ribbons, and jewels. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) The Qajar dynasty faced many internal and external challenges and pressures, such as the constitutional revolution (/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution) , the tobacco protest (/wiki/Tobacco_Protest) , and the Anglo-Russian agreement (/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention) . These events affected the lives and roles of women in Iran, who participated in various social and political movements, such as the women’s awakening, the women’s association, and the women’s parliament. Some women also advocated for women’s rights and education, such as Bibi Khanum Astarabadi (/wiki/Bibi_Khanum_Astarabadi) , Tuba Azmudeh (/wiki/Tuba_Azmudeh) , and Sediqeh Dowlatabadi (/wiki/Sediqeh_Dowlatabadi) . [13] (#cite_note-Foundation-13) during the economic crisis in the late 19th century under the Qajar dynasty (/wiki/Qajar_dynasty) , the poorest religious urban women [17] (#cite_note-auto1-17) could not afford headscarves, [9] (#cite_note-Floor-9) [18] (#cite_note-18) therefore Women were protected, secluded in the home or had to wear chador (/wiki/Chador) . [17] (#cite_note-auto1-17) Reza Shah's (/wiki/Reza_Shah) wife Tadj ol-Molouk (/wiki/Tadj_ol-Molouk) , and their daughters Shams (/wiki/Shams_Pahlavi) and Ashraf (/wiki/Ashraf_Pahlavi) , 8 January 1936 Pahlavi dynasty [ edit ] In the 1920s, a few individual Iranian women started to appear unveiled, despite the cultural pressure to veil. In 1924, the singer Qamar-ol-Moluk Vaziri (/wiki/Qamar-ol-Moluk_Vaziri) broke gender segregation and seclusion by performing unveiled in the gender-mixed company at the Grand Hotel in Tehran, and the Royal Palace Theater. [19] (#cite_note-19) Reza Shah, a military officer who supported "Westernized women active outside the home" and opposed the influence of religious clerics, came to power in December 1925. [20] (#cite_note-20) Iranian women's rights activists supported the unveiling, and the feminist Sediqeh Dowlatabadi (/wiki/Sediqeh_Dowlatabadi) is believed to have been the first woman in Iran to have appeared in public without the veil in 1928. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) To appear without a veil or even favor it in public debate was very controversial, and women's rights activists who spoke in favor of unveiling sometimes had to be protected by the police. [23] (#cite_note-23) In 1926, the Shah specifically provided police protection for individual women who appeared unveiled but with a scarf or a hat to cover the hair. [24] (#cite_note-24) In 1928, the Queen of Afghanistan, Soraya Tarzi (/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi) , appeared unveiled publicly with the Shah during her official visit to Iran. The clergy protested and asked the Shah to tell the foreign queen to cover up, but he refused. His refusal caused rumors that the Shah planned to abolish the veil in Iran. In 1928, Shah's wife, queen ( Tadj ol-Molouk (/wiki/Tadj_ol-Molouk) ) attended the Fatima Masumeh Shrine (/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine) during her pilgrimage in Qom wearing a veil that did not cover her completely, as well as showing her face, for which a cleric harshly criticized her. [25] (#cite_note-auto-25) As a response, Reza Shah publicly beat the cleric who had criticised the queen the next day. [25] (#cite_note-auto-25) As a method of the modernization of the country, and following the example of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk) in Turkey, the shah encouraged women's participation in society. [26] (#cite_note-books.google.se-26) The veiling of women which would have huge symbolic importance in towards this and women's emancipation in general, but the shah introduced the reform gradually so as not to cause unrest. [26] (#cite_note-books.google.se-26) Female teachers were encouraged to unveil in 1933, and schoolgirls and women students in 1935. [26] (#cite_note-books.google.se-26) The reform not only allowed female teachers and students not to veil, but allowed female students to study alongside men. All these reforms were opposed and criticized by the Shia clergy. [25] (#cite_note-auto-25) In 1935, the women's committee Kanun-e Banuvan (/wiki/Kanun-e_Banuvan) (Ladies Society) was formed with the support of the government. [27] (#cite_note-:8-27) The committee's women's rights activists campaigned for unveiling. [26] (#cite_note-books.google.se-26) Kashf-e hijab [ edit ] Military commanders of the Iranian armed forces, government officials, and their wives commemorating the abolition of the veil in 1936 Main article: Kashf-e hijab (/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab) On 8 January 1936, [28] (#cite_note-28) Reza Shah (/wiki/Reza_Shah) issued a decree banning all veils, known as Kashf-e hijab (/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab) ( Persian (/wiki/Persian_language) : کشف حجاب , lit. (/wiki/Literal_translation) 'Unveiling'). [29] (#cite_note-Milani2-29) The official declaration of unveiling was made on 8 January 1936, where the queen and her daughters were given an important role in this event. [26] (#cite_note-books.google.se-26) That day, Reza Shah attended the graduation ceremony of the Tehran Teacher's College with the queen and their two daughters unveiled and dressed in modern clothes. [26] (#cite_note-books.google.se-26) The queen handed out diplomas while the Shah spoke against the historic marginalization of Iranian women, telling the female graduates that the future was now in their hands. [26] (#cite_note-books.google.se-26) This was the first time an Iranian queen had shown herself in public. Afterwards, the Shah published pictures of his unveiled wife and daughters, and the unveiling was enforced throughout Iran. [26] (#cite_note-books.google.se-26) To enforce this decree, the police were ordered to physically remove the veil from any women who wore it publicly. [30] (#cite_note-Hoodfar-30) As a result, many pious traditionalist women chose not leave their houses to avoid confrontations, [31] (#cite_note-Katouzian6-31) [10] (#cite_note-Chehabi2-10) and a few conservative women even committed suicide to avoid removing their hijabs due to the decree. [31] (#cite_note-Katouzian6-31) The ban was enforced for five years, until Reza Shah was deposed in 1941. The Iranian women's movement had generally favored unveiling, [32] (#cite_note-32) and many of Iran's leading feminists (/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran) and women's rights activists organized in the Kanun-e Banuvan (/wiki/Kanoun-e-Banovan) to campaign in favor of the Kashf-e hijab, among them Hajar Tarbiat (/wiki/Hajar_Tarbiat) , Khadijeh Afzal Vaziri (/wiki/Khadijeh_Afzal_Vaziri) and Sediqeh Dowlatabadi (/wiki/Sediqeh_Dowlatabadi) , Farrokhroo Parsa (/wiki/Farrokhroo_Parsa) and Parvin E'tesami (/wiki/Parvin_E%27tesami) . [33] (#cite_note-auto12-33) Religious conservatives reacted with outrage to the reform. According to Iran's current Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei (/wiki/Ali_Khamenei) , the policy was aimed at "eradicating the tremendous power of faith" in Muslim societies that was enabled by what he termed the "decency of women", as hijab (in his view) protected Muslim women from the "malicious abuse" suffered by women in the West, and the people from preoccupation with sexual desire. [34] (#cite_note-34) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi [ edit ] Kashf-e hijab was relaxed in 1941 under Reza Shah's heir, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) ; the wearing of a headscarf or chador was no longer an offence and women were able to dress as they wished. [35] (#cite_note-Vakil_20112-35) However, hijab was still considered an indicator of backwardness or of membership of the lower class. Wearing of the chador became a significant hindrance to climbing the social ladder. [36] (#cite_note-El_Guindi2-36) Veiled women were assumed to be from conservative religious families with limited education, while unveiled women were assumed to be from the educated and professional upper or middle class. [35] (#cite_note-Vakil_20112-35) Professional middle-class women such as teachers and nurses appeared unveiled in their work place, but sometimes veiled when they returned home to their families. [26] (#cite_note-books.google.se-26) Women who wore the headscarf or chador were often discriminated against, with some public institutions discouraging their use, and some restaurants refusing to admit women who wore them. [30] (#cite_note-Hoodfar-30) [37] (#cite_note-Ramezani8-37) In the 1970s, the chador was usually a patterned or of a lighter color such as white or beige; black chadors were typically reserved for mourning and only became more acceptable everyday wear starting in the mid-1970s. However, in the period before the Iranian Revolution (/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) , the black chador's usage outside of the city of Qom (/wiki/Qom) was associated with allegiance to political Islam and was stigmatized by areas of Iranian society. During this era, traditionalists such as the Fada'iyan-e Islam (/wiki/Fada%27iyan-e_Islam) (Devotees of Islam) demanded mandatory veiling and a ban on unveiled women, but their efforts failed. [33] (#cite_note-auto12-33) Islamic Republic era [ edit ] Opposition to the Shah and Westernization [ edit ] Leading up to the Islamic Revolution of 1979 (/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) , the wearing of hijab by educated middle-class women began to become a political symbol—an indication of opposition to the Pahlavi modernization policy and thus of Pahlavi rule. [36] (#cite_note-El_Guindi2-36) Many middle-class working women started to use it as such. [36] (#cite_note-El_Guindi2-36) The hijab became popular among the middle class opposition, as a symbol of revolutionary advocacy for the poor, as protest of the treatment of women as sex objects, to show solidarity with the conservative women who always wore them, and as a nationalist rejection of foreign influence. Hijab was considered by conservative traditionalists as a sign of virtue, and unveiled women as the opposite. Rather than a sign of backwardness, unveiled women came to be seen as a symbol of Western cultural colonialism; " Westoxication (/wiki/Westoxication) " ( Gharbzadegi ) or infatuation with western culture, education, art, consumer products etc., "a super-consumer" of products of Imperialism, a propagator of "corrupt Western culture", undermining the traditionalist conception of "morals of society", and as overly dressed up "bourgeois dolls", who had lost their honor. [38] (#cite_note-foran_2003-38) In spite of hijab and gender segregation, thousands of veiled women participated in religious processions and anti-Shah demonstrations alongside men, which showed hijab protected women from sexual harassment (because conservative men regarded them as more respectable) and enabled access to public spheres. [39] (#cite_note-39) Islamic Republic [ edit ] Main article: Compulsory hijab in Iran (/wiki/Compulsory_hijab_in_Iran) 1979 Iranian Women Day's protests against mandatory veiling. Unveiled women protesting against the introduction of mandatory veiling. While many women had worn the veil during the revolution, they had not expected mandatory veiling and did not support it. After the Islamic Revolution (/wiki/Islamic_Revolution) and founding of the Islamic Republic (/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) in 1979, mandatory hijab was enshrined as law. [38] (#cite_note-foran_2003-38) [29] (#cite_note-Milani2-29) This was in spite of statements made during his exile in France, where he denied any intent to control women's dress code. Ayatollah Khomeini (/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini) announced that women should observe Islamic dress code. [40] (#cite_note-DW-2020-40) He was supported in his by the conservative/traditionalists fraction of the revolutionaries who were hostile to unveiled women, as expressed in two slogans used during this time: "Wear a veil, or we will punch your head" and "Death to the unveiled". [40] (#cite_note-DW-2020-40) Non-conservative/traditionalist women, who had worn the veil as a symbol of opposition during the revolution, had not expected veiling to become mandatory. Almost immediately after, starting from 8 March 1979 ( International Women's Day (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day) ), thousands of women began protesting against mandatory Hijab (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day_Protests_in_Tehran,_1979) . [38] (#cite_note-foran_2003-38) [35] (#cite_note-Vakil_20112-35) The protests lasted six days, until 14 March. The protests resulted in the (temporary) retraction of mandatory veiling, [38] (#cite_note-foran_2003-38) and government assurances that Khomeini's statement was only a recommendation. [29] (#cite_note-Milani2-29) [41] (#cite_note-Algar84-41) Khomeini, denied that any non-hijab wearing women were part of the revolution, telling Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci (/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci) in February 1979: "the women who contributed to the revolution were and are women who wear modest clothes. ... these coquettish women, who wear makeup and put their necks, hair and bodies on display in the streets, did not fight the Shah. They have done nothing righteous. They do not know how to be useful, neither to society, nor politically or vocationally. And the reason is because they distract and anger people by exposing themselves." [40] (#cite_note-DW-2020-40) As the consolidation of power by Khomeini and his core supporters continued, left and liberal organizations, parties, figures, were suppressed and eliminated, and mandatory veiling for all women returned. [38] (#cite_note-foran_2003-38) This began with the 'Islamification of offices' in July 1980, when unveiled women were refused entry to government offices and public buildings, and banned from appearing unveiled at their work places under the risk of being fired. [42] (#cite_note-42) On the streets, unveiled women were attacked by revolutionaries. [40] (#cite_note-DW-2020-40) Modern Law [ edit ] Enforcing the compulsion [ edit ] There are several parts of the government that have the responsibility and eligibility to make laws and enforce them to people regarding the matter of compulsory hijab. First of all, the morality police (/wiki/Morality_Police) or Gasht-e Ershad, which are units of the Iranian security forces that patrol the streets and public places to monitor the compliance of women with the hijab law. [43] (#cite_note-BBC_News-43) [44] (#cite_note-44) The judiciary (/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) , which is the branch of the government that prosecutes and punishes women who violate the hijab law, with penalties ranging from fines and lashes to imprisonment and Flagellation (/wiki/Flagellation) . [45] (#cite_note-iranwire.com-45) [43] (#cite_note-BBC_News-43) The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ( IRGC (/wiki/IRGC) ), which is a paramilitary force that cooperates with the judiciary and the morality police to suppress women who protest against the hijab law. [45] (#cite_note-iranwire.com-45) In 2023, the Minister of Islamic Culture and Guidance (/wiki/Ministry_of_Islamic_Culture_and_Guidance) announced they have a new The Bureau of Chastity Living, it is to parallel work to country's public culture council. [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) Law enforcement command [ edit ] Facial recognition cameras, a product of Bosch, were deployed for use. [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) In the 2023 law business places that are reported to not force women hijab receive fine up to %10 percent annual gross profit. [50] (#cite_note-50) A uniform was issued for waitresses in entire city of Mashhad. [51] (#cite_note-51) The fines are withdrawn from the person's bank account by the government. [52] (#cite_note-52) In a move interpreted as a declaration of war against the people the government made it so doctors can't visit unveiled females. [53] (#cite_note-53) Municipality (/w/index.php?title=Municipality_of_Tehran&action=edit&redlink=1) in Tehran city in August 2023 hired 400 hijab guards (hijabban) they report and then make arrest. [54] (#cite_note-54) In August 2023, law minor girls who don't wear hijab can't go to school, aren't allowed to be hired in the future, can't get a passport, can't have a mobile phone, can't have a bank account, or internet access. [55] (#cite_note-55) In August 2023, Iranian MPs have voted to review a controversial hijab law behind closed doors, potentially avoiding public debate. The proposed "Hijab and Chastity Bill" would impose stricter penalties on women not wearing headscarves, prompted by protests over the death of a woman in custody. The decision to use Article 85 of Iran's constitution allows for a three to five-year trial period, pending approval from the powerful Council of Guardians. [56] (#cite_note-56) Penalties [ edit ] [57] (#cite_note-57) Crime Highest Charge/Punishment Fine Foreigner without hijab Passport confiscated Denied residence Article 23 Islamic criminal code [58] (#cite_note-58) Not wearing hijab out on the street / Removing own hijab in public (kashf hijab) 1st time 6th degree maximum punishment, second time fifth degree misdemeanor First time 6-24 million toman (/wiki/Iranian_toman) 2nd time 24 to 50 million toman public nudity (not wearing full hijab) or semi nude (improper clothes) Arrest Five to ten-year prison, five year imprisonment(second offense) 3rd degree (first offense), 4th degree fine 36 - 55 million toman 50 to 100 million toman on repeated arrest Not wearing hijab in car and on motor bike 500 thousand toman traffic fine, 3 to 6 month car confiscation after second notice Up to twenty million toman Collaborating with enemy countries, media, foreign groups against hijab Fourth degree Five year to ten-year jail time 50 to 100 million toman Insulting hijab online or in real life and or advertising not wearing hijab Fourth degree (First degree on second time) Banned from exiting the country Banned from cyber/internet 6 month to 2 year Contents records deleted 1st time offender 50 to 100 million toman second time more than 280 million toman Working advertisings without/or against hijab wearing Third and or fourth degree Double the payments received 36 to 55 million toman Two time offenders 72 million to 110 million toman Anti hijab wearing advertising action by businesses, workplaces and or employee 2nd degree, fine of 2/4/ month of all of profits gained* Banned from leaving the country 6 months- to 2 years 36 to 55 million 55 to 100 million Celebrities without/ not wearing hijab 2nd degree or /%10 of net worth* 6 months barred from working (5 to 15 year on repeat) 6 months to 2 year banned from using the internet (repeat) every estate/properties confiscated 280 million plus toman Selling / imported forbidden dresses and clothes Third/and or Fourth degree or 2/4 fold value of product* 50 to 100 million toman Production / distribution of banned dresses / clothes Third/and or Fourth degree or 2/4 fold value of product* 50 to 100 million toman Designing of banned dresses / clothes Third/and or Fourth degree, three times income received from work* 6 months to 2 year banned from using the internet Online content wiped 50 to 100 million toman Deleting/ hiding CCTV footage tape from FARAJA Fourth degree Fired and barred for up to 6 month- 2 years from government services 50 to 100 million toman Government worker/employees not wearing properly hijab Fired and barred for up to 6 month- 2 years from government services Insulting / abusing hijabi wearing women 6 month 70 lashes Insulting Muslims who attempted guide person to hijab Sixth degree 6-24 million toman Extra insulting Muslims who attempted to guide person to hijab Fifth degree 24-50 million toman Movements [ edit ] Protest, White Wednesday [ edit ] In May 2017, My Stealthy Freedom (/wiki/My_Stealthy_Freedom) , an Iranian online movement advocating for women's freedom of choice, created the White Wednesday (/wiki/My_Stealthy_Freedom) movement, a campaign that invites men and women to wear white veils (/wiki/Veil) , scarves (/wiki/Scarf) , or bracelets (/wiki/Bracelet) to show their opposition to the mandatory forced veiling code. [59] (#cite_note-:0b-59) The campaign resulted in Iranian women posting pictures and videos of themselves wearing pieces of white clothing to social media. [59] (#cite_note-:0b-59) Masih Alinejad (/wiki/Masih_Alinejad) , the Iranian-born journalist and activist based in the UK and the US, who started the protest in 2017, [60] (#cite_note-:1-60) described it in Facebook, "This campaign is addressed to women who willingly wear the veil, but who remain opposed to the idea of imposing it on others. Many veiled women in Iran also find the compulsory imposition of the veil to be an insult. By taking videos of themselves wearing white, these women can also show their disagreement with compulsion." [60] (#cite_note-:1-60) [61] (#cite_note-61) Protest, Vida Movahed [ edit ] Main article: Iranian protests against compulsory hijab (/wiki/Iranian_protests_against_compulsory_hijab) On 27 December 2017, a White Wednesday protester, 31-year-old Vida Movahed (/wiki/Vida_Movahed) , also known as "The Girl of Enghelab Street (/wiki/Enghelab_Street) " was arrested. A video of her silently waving her white hijab headscarf on a stick while unveiled for one hour on Enqelab Street in Tehran [62] (#cite_note-62) [63] (#cite_note-:2-63) went viral on social media. [63] (#cite_note-:2-63) [64] (#cite_note-64) [65] (#cite_note-65) On social media, footage of her protest was shared along with the hashtag "#Where_Is_She?" On 28 January 2018, human rights lawyer Nasrin Sotoudeh (/wiki/Nasrin_Sotoudeh) announced Movahed had been released, [66] (#cite_note-66) [67] (#cite_note-67) In the following weeks, multiple people re-enacted Movahed's public display of removing their hijabs and waving them in the air. [63] (#cite_note-:2-63) On 1 February 2018, the Iranian police (/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Force_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) released a statement saying that they had arrested 29 people, mostly women, for removing their headscarves. [63] (#cite_note-:2-63) [68] (#cite_note-68) One woman, Shima Babaei, was arrested after removing her headdress in front of a court. On 23 February 2018, Iranian Police released an official statement saying that any women found protesting Iran's compulsory veiling code would be charged with "inciting corruption and prostitution," which carries a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison. [69] (#cite_note-:3-69) considerably harsher than regular sentences of two months imprisonment or up to 74 lashes; or a fine of five hundred to fifty thousand rials for being without hijab. [70] (#cite_note-:4-70) Following the announcement, multiple women reported being physically abused by police following their arrests, [69] (#cite_note-:3-69) some sentenced to multiple years in prison. [71] (#cite_note-71) In one video, an unveiled woman is tackled by a man in police uniform while standing atop a tall box, waving her white scarf at passers by. [72] (#cite_note-:6-72) On 8 March 2018, another video went viral, this one of three hijab-less Iranian women (/wiki/Women_in_Iran) singing a feminist (/wiki/Feminism) fight song in honor of International Women's Day (/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day) and feminist issues in Tehran's subway . [73] (#cite_note-:5-73) That same day, in response to the peaceful hijab protests, Supreme Leader (/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran) Ali Khamenei (/wiki/Ali_Khamenei) , posted a series of tweets (/wiki/Twitter) , [74] (#cite_note-74) defending the Islamic state's dress code, praising Islam for keeping women " modest (/wiki/Modesty) " and in their "defined roles" such as educators and mothers, and chastising Western immodesty. [75] (#cite_note-75) "The features of today's Iranian woman include modesty, chastity, eminence, protecting herself from abuse by men." [76] (#cite_note-76) Protest, Mahsa Amini [ edit ] In 2021 a hard-line " Principalist (/w/index.php?title=Principalist&action=edit&redlink=1) ", Ebrahim Raisi (/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi) , was elected President of Iran, and enforcement of hijab regulations intensified. [77] (#cite_note-77) September 2022, when new and more intense protests (/wiki/September_2022_Iranian_protests) followed the killing of Mahsa Amini (/wiki/Mahsa_Amini) 22, while in the custody of the morality police after being arrested for "improper hijab". [ citation needed ] As of April 2023, protests (/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests) have fizzled out due to a violent crackdown, in the form of mass arrests and several executions, but obedience to mandatory hijab by younger women has also dropped markedly, despite harsh penalties. In the capital city of Tehran, it can still be observed in the Bazaar (/wiki/Bazaar) (home of tradition), but not "in places popular with younger women"—parks, cafes, restaurants and malls. [78] (#cite_note-Fassihi-NYT-2023-78) Farnaz Fassihi of the New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) quotes a 23 year old a graduate student in Sanandaj (/wiki/Sanandaj) , in western Iran, "I have not worn a scarf for months ... Whether the government likes to admit it or not, the era of the forced hijab is over." [78] (#cite_note-Fassihi-NYT-2023-78) Even many religious women who wear a hijab by choice have joined the campaign to repeal the law. A petition with thousands of names and photographs of women is circulating on Instagram and Twitter with the message, “I wear the hijab, but I am against the compulsory hijab.” [78] (#cite_note-Fassihi-NYT-2023-78) However, as of 1 April 2023, there has been "unyielding rhetoric" from the Iranian Interior Ministry and head of the judiciary, promising "no retreat or tolerance" on enforcement of mandatory hijab. [79] (#cite_note-Usher-BBC-1-4-23-79) and two weeks prior Iranian authorities proposed new measures to enforce hijab, replacing Guidance Patrols with surveillance cameras. These will be used to monitor public spaces for women not wearing the hijab, and offenders will be punished subsequently with measures that include cutting off their mobile phone and Internet connections. Police and judicial authorities will be tasked with collecting evidence and identifying violators. [80] (#cite_note-80) See also [ edit ] Fashion in Iran (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Woman, Life, Freedom movement (/wiki/Woman,_Life,_Freedom_movement) Kashf-e hijab (/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab) Mahsa Amini (/wiki/Mahsa_Amini) Homa Darabi (/wiki/Homa_Darabi) Woman, Life, Freedom movement (/wiki/Woman,_Life,_Freedom_movement) Girls of Enghelab Street (/wiki/Girls_of_Enghelab_Street) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Explained: Why the hijab is crucial to Iran's Islamic rulers" (https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/07/18/explained-why-is-the-hijab-significant-in-iranian-society) . euronews . 2023-07-18 . Retrieved 2023-11-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Khan, Hajrah (2022-10-10). 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hijab_in_Iran&oldid=1234936451 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hijab_in_Iran&oldid=1234936451) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Hijab (/wiki/Category:Hijab) Sexism in Iran (/wiki/Category:Sexism_in_Iran) Clothing controversies (/wiki/Category:Clothing_controversies) Cultural history of Iran (/wiki/Category:Cultural_history_of_Iran) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Category:Iranian_fashion) Iranian clothing (/wiki/Category:Iranian_clothing) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) CS1 Persian-language sources (fa) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa)) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles containing Persian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023)
English fashion designer (born 1990) Grace Wales Bonner MBE (/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) Wales Bonner in 2015 Born Grace Wales 1990 (age 33–34) South London (/wiki/South_London) , England Alma mater Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) Occupation Fashion designer Employer University of Applied Arts, Vienna (/wiki/University_of_Applied_Arts,_Vienna) Awards L'Oréal Professionnel (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al_Professionnel) Talent award Website walesbonner (https://walesbonner.net/pages/about) .net (https://walesbonner.net/pages/about) /pages (https://walesbonner.net/pages/about) /about (https://walesbonner.net/pages/about) Grace Wales Bonner MBE (/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) (born 1990) is an English fashion designer, whose work "proposes a distinct notion of cultural luxury that infuses European heritage with an Afro Atlantic spirit". [1] (#cite_note-About_Wales_Bonner-1) Her designs are characterized by a blend of sportswear and tailoring, as well as her interest in infusing everyday wardrobe essentials with a refined elegance. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2014, she founded the London-based label Wales Bonner, originally specializing in menswear. [1] (#cite_note-About_Wales_Bonner-1) [3] (#cite_note-3) Since founding her eponymous brand, Wales Bonner has received numerous awards including Emerging Menswear Designer at the British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) (2015), the LVMH Young Designer Prize (2016), Winner of the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) / Vogue Designer Fashion Fund (2019) and CFDA (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) International Men's Designer of the Year (2021), and in June 2022 (/wiki/2022_Birthday_Honours) she was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) (MBE) for services to fashion. Wales Bonner currently serves as the Head of the Department of Fashion Design at the University of Applied Arts, Vienna (/wiki/University_of_Applied_Arts,_Vienna) . [1] (#cite_note-About_Wales_Bonner-1) Biography [ edit ] She was born in South London (/wiki/South_London) to a white English mother and Jamaican (/wiki/Jamaica) father, [4] (#cite_note-Rayner-4) and after her parents' separation was brought up between her mother's house in Dulwich (/wiki/Dulwich) and her father's in Stockwell (/wiki/Stockwell) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Wales Bonner studied at Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) art school, graduating in 2014, and winning the L'Oréal Professionnel (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al_Professionnel) Talent Award for her BA collection "Afrique". [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Subsequent awards she has received include "Emerging Talent – Menswear" at the 2015 British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) , the 2016 LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) Prize for Young Fashion Designers, the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) /Vogue Designer Fashion Fund (2019), the CFDA (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) International Men's Designer of the Year (2021), [1] (#cite_note-About_Wales_Bonner-1) [8] (#cite_note-8) and in 2023 the British Fashion Council/GQ Designer Fashion Fund. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2019, she curated her debut show, A Time For New Dreams , for the Serpentine Sackler Gallery (/wiki/Serpentine_Sackler_Gallery) , [10] (#cite_note-FashionUnited-10) which was an exploration of magical resonances within black cultural and aesthetic practices, and focused on the shrine "as a symbolic pathway for imagining different worlds and possibilities". [11] (#cite_note-11) The exhibition, which attracted 25,000 visitors, took its name from a collection of essays by Nigerian writer Ben Okri (/wiki/Ben_Okri) , and included work by several artists (including Chino Amobi (/wiki/Chino_Amobi) , the Black Audio Film Collective (/wiki/Black_Audio_Film_Collective) , David Hammons (/wiki/David_Hammons) , Rotimi Fani-Kayode (/wiki/Rotimi_Fani-Kayode) , Liz Johnson Artur (/wiki/Liz_Johnson_Artur) , Rashid Johnson (/wiki/Rashid_Johnson) , Kapwani Kiwanga (/wiki/Kapwani_Kiwanga) , Eric N. Mack (/wiki/Eric_N._Mack) and Paul Mpagi Sepuya (/wiki/Paul_Mpagi_Sepuya) ), [10] (#cite_note-FashionUnited-10) [12] (#cite_note-12) featuring Okri's words on the wall, as well as footage of African-American writer Ishmael Reed (/wiki/Ishmael_Reed) . [13] (#cite_note-Freeman-13) At the show's opening, Reed performed and Okri recited a poem written for the occasion. [14] (#cite_note-14) According to Hans-Ulrich Obrist (/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Obrist) , artistic director of the Serpentine Gallery: "Grace is a fashion designer, but she's also a thinker, a writer, and an editor. She makes connections between different fields, from music to art." [13] (#cite_note-Freeman-13) In that same year, Grace was invited by Maria Grazia Chiuri (/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Chiuri) to collaborate with Dior to re-interpret the house's New Look silhouette for its Resort 2020 collection. [1] (#cite_note-About_Wales_Bonner-1) The following year, in 2020, Wales Bonner was recognized as one of the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) 's most influential people of African or African Caribbean heritage by being included in the 2021 (/wiki/Powerlist_2021) edition of the annual Powerlist (/wiki/Powerlist) . [15] (#cite_note-15) Wales Bonner has collaborated with sportswear brand adidas (/wiki/Adidas_Originals) on a number of occasions, producing seasonal offerings that update and refine archival silhouettes. [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2022, she collaborated with renowned American artist Kerry James Marshall (/wiki/Kerry_James_Marshall) on a limited-edition T-shirt. [17] (#cite_note-17) Since 2020, Grace Wales Bonner and Adidas have collaborated on 25 sold-out sneakers. In 2024, the partnership introduced two new monochromatic leather colorways for Samba in a creamy white and black. Both colors are limited edition and were released on February 9, 2024. [18] (#cite_note-18) Wales Bonner was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) (MBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours (/wiki/2022_Birthday_Honours) for services to fashion. [19] (#cite_note-19) Awards [ edit ] 2015: Emerging Menswear Designer at the British Fashion Awards (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) 2016: LVMH Young Designer Prize 2019: Winner of the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) /Vogue Designer Fashion Fund 2021: CFDA (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) International Men's Designer of the Year 2022 (/wiki/2022_Birthday_Honours) : appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) (MBE) 2023: British Fashion Council/GQ Designer Fashion Fund Winner References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "About". (https://walesbonner.net/pages/about) , Wales Bonner website. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Tashjian, Rachel (28 September 2020). "For Grace Wales Bonner, the Tracksuit Is Sacred" (https://www.gq.com/story/grace-wales-bonner-spring-2021) . GQ . Retrieved 29 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Grace Wales Bonner" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/grace-wales-bonner) , BoF 500. ^ (#cite_ref-Rayner_4-0) Rayner, Alex (2 February 2019). "Interview: Grace Wales Bonner: 'I'm a fashion designer making art – it could be seen as silly' (https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/feb/02/grace-wales-bonner-im-a-fashion-designer-making-art-it-could-be-seen-as-silly) " (https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/feb/02/grace-wales-bonner-im-a-fashion-designer-making-art-it-could-be-seen-as-silly) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The Wardrobe with Grace Wales Bonner" (https://thegentlewoman.co.uk/library/grace-wales-bonner) , The Gentlewoman , no. 14, Autumn & Winter 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Grace Wales Bonner" (https://www.showstudio.com/contributors/grace_wales_bonner) at Show Studio. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Menswear Metaphysics: GRACE WALES BONNER’s Bejeweled Visions" (https://032c.com/editorial-grace-wales-bonners-bejeweled-visions-of-menswear) , 032c , 22 January 2019 (2014 interview republisheda). ^ (#cite_ref-8) Mower, Sarah (17 June 2016). "The Full Story on Grace Wales Bonner From a (https://www.vogue.com/article/grace-wales-bonner-sarah-mower) Vogue Editor Who's Been Following Her From the Beginning" (https://www.vogue.com/article/grace-wales-bonner-sarah-mower) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Mzizi, Yola (7 June 2023). "Grace Wales Bonner Wins BFC/GQ Designer Fashion Fund" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/media/grace-wales-bonner-wins-bfcgq-designer-fashion-fund/) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 10 June 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wightman-Stone, Danielle (24 January 2019). "Grace Wales Bonner stages first exhibition" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/culture/grace-wales-bonner-stages-first-exhibition/2019012441199) . FashionUnited . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Grace Wales Bonner: A Time for New Dreams" (https://www.serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-events/grace-wales-bonner-time-new-dreams) , Serpentine Gallery, 19 January 2019 to 17 March 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Mohammed, Hikmat (22 January 2019). "Grace Wales Bonner Brings Her Cultural References to the Serpentine" (https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/a25982853/grace-wales-bonner-serpentine/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . ^ Jump up to: a b Freeman, Liam (17 February 2019). "Grace Wales Bonner On The Inspiration Behind Her AW19 Collection" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/grace-wales-bonner-aw19-preview) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Schneier, Matthew (20 February 2019). "The Revelations of Grace Wales Bonner" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/20/fashion/grace-wales-bonner-london.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Lavender, Jane (17 November 2020). "Lewis Hamilton ends incredible year top of influential Black Powerlist 2021" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/black-power-list-2021-lewis-23017308) . Mirror . Retrieved 19 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Watamanuk, Tyler (3 June 2022). "Adidas and Wales Bonner Are Back With Another Hit Collab" (https://www.gq.com/story/adidas-wales-bonner-spring-22) . GQ . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Kerry James Marshall Collaborates with Wales Bonner on Collection" (https://www.davidzwirner.com/news/2022/kerry-james-marshall-collaborates-with-wales-bonner-on-collection) . David Zwirner. 2022 . Retrieved 21 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Adidas's Latest Wales Bonner Sambas Are Here—and They're Extremely Rare" (https://www.gq.com/story/wales-bonner-adidas-samba-studded-pack) . GQ . 7 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "No. 63714" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63714/supplement/B17) . The London Gazette (/wiki/The_London_Gazette) (Supplement). 1 June 2022. p. B17. External links [ edit ] Official website (https://walesbonner.net/pages/about) Samuel Hine, "Grace Wales Bonner’s vision of Black elegance is changing fashion" (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/fashion/article/grace-wales-bonner-interview-2023) , GQ , 11 April 2023. 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British fashion designer Katie Hillier Born Katie Jane Hillier [1] (#cite_note-birth-1) ( 1974-05-02 ) 2 May 1974 (age 50) [2] (#cite_note-howwemet-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Hammersmith, London, England Occupation Fashion designer Katie Jane Hillier (born 2 May 1974) is a British fashion designer, mostly of bags and accessories. Career [ edit ] Hillier has created bags, jewellery and other accessories for labels including Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Loewe (/wiki/LOEWE_(fashion_brand)) , Asprey (/wiki/Asprey) , and Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) . [2] (#cite_note-howwemet-2) In 2010, she launched her own jewellery label, Hillier. [2] (#cite_note-howwemet-2) In May 2013, she became creative director of Marc by Marc Jacobs, but the label closed in March 2015. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-vogue-5) In 2015, she launched Hillier Bartley (/w/index.php?title=Hillier_Bartley&action=edit&redlink=1) with fellow designer and friend Luella Bartley (/wiki/Luella_Bartley) . [5] (#cite_note-vogue-5) Both designers had been creative directors for Marc by Marc Jacobs [6] (#cite_note-6) before they launched their own line, which retails at Liberty, Matches, and Selfridges in the UK, among other locations in the United States, United Arab Emirates, and Japan. In 2019, Hillier was named creative director of J&M Davidson, and designed her first collection of ready-to-wear and accessories for the brand in autumn of that year. [7] (#cite_note-7) Personal life [ edit ] Hillier was in a relationship with fellow designer Patrick Grant (/wiki/Patrick_Grant_(designer)) from 2007 to 2015. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) She has been in a relationship with American artist Jeff West since 2016, and they held a commitment ceremony (/wiki/Commitment_ceremony) in Kenya on 20 April 2019. [10] (#cite_note-10) They live in Hudson, New York (/wiki/Hudson,_New_York) . [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-birth_1-0) England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1916–2007 ^ Jump up to: a b c "How We Met: Katie Hillier & Patrick Grant" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/how-we-met-katie-hillier-patrick-grant-8206106.html) . The Independent . 14 October 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2020 . Our birthdays are one day apart... ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Katie Jane HILLIER - Personal Appointments" (https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/Gf26IzPIyrmfQCMHL32dzVGad9c/appointments) . m Companies House . Retrieved 29 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The Gentlewoman – Katie Hillier" (http://thegentlewoman.co.uk/library/katie-hillier) . thegentlewoman.co.uk . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kilcooley-O'Halloran, Scarlett (31 March 2015). "Katie Hillier and Luella Bartley Launch Own Label" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/katie-hillier-luella-bartley-own-luxury-label-hillier-bartley) . vogue.co.uk . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Mower, Sarah. "View: Classic Quirk: Two for the show". Vogue . September 1, 2015: 610, 620. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Conti, Samantha. "Fashion: Katie Hillier Named Creative Director of J&M Davidson: Hillier's First Collection Will be a Full Product Range Including Ready-to-Wear and Accessories". WWD . January 16, 2019: 5. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Cartner-Morley, Jess (1 October 2016). "Luella Bartley and Katie Hillier: 'You can have swagger in jeans, an old T-shirt and heels' (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/oct/01/luella-bartley-katie-hillier-fashion-in-40s-interview-jess-cartner-morley) " (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/oct/01/luella-bartley-katie-hillier-fashion-in-40s-interview-jess-cartner-morley) . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Patrick Grant talks classic clothes, capitalism & Kickstarter campaigning" (https://www.standard.co.uk/fashion/partiesandpeople/patrick-grant-talks-classic-clothes-capitalism-and-kickstarter-campaigning-as-he-aims-to-revive-a3197521.html) . standard.co.uk . 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "A year ago we did this 4.20 at 4.20pm thank you" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/katiejanehillier/2291436341182774115) . Instagram. 20 April 2020. Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/B_M0TY1nrtj/) on 26 December 2021 . Retrieved 28 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Katie Hillier: the bag lady" (https://www.ft.com/content/715bcc60-97fb-11e9-9573-ee5cbb98ed36) . Financial Times . 27 June 2019 . Retrieved 28 July 2020 . This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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(Redirected from Fashion in the Philippines (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_the_Philippines&redirect=no) ) Fashion and folk costume of the Philippines This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Fashion and clothing in the Philippines" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2015 ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . 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Find sources: "Fashion and clothing in the Philippines" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fashion+and+clothing+in+the+Philippines%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A Philippine lady, 1897 1890s woman wearing the Maria Clara dress The clothing style and fashion sense of the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) in the modern-day era have been influenced by the indigenous peoples (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines) , Chinese waves of immigration, the Spaniards, and the Americans, as evidenced by the chronology of events that occurred in Philippine history (/wiki/Philippine_history) . At present, Filipinos conform their way of dressing based on classic fashion or prevailing fashion trends. Apart from Western influence, the Philippine style of clothing was dictated by its climate. With a tropical climate (dry and rainy seasons), indigenous groups wore and to this day still wear colorful woven clothes, often with intricate beadwork and other ornam a type of a collarless shirt – which later became adorned with laces, trimmings, buttons, and a collar – was where from the barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) evolved. On the other hand, the Bahag (/wiki/Bahag_(garment)) was a type of loincloth or G-string (/wiki/G-string) worn by certain indigenous groups. Some Filipinos wear T-shirts together with denim (/wiki/Denim) jeans (locally referred to as maong ) trousers for men and skirts for women. The "jeans and T-shirts" combination was introduced to the Filipinos by the Americans. [ according to whom? ] Some also wear Madras type of shorts called puruntongs (singular: puruntong , a type of pair of shorts or Capri pants) combined with sleeveless shirts or T-shirts. During the rainy season and cold evenings in December and January, some Filipinos wear hooded jackets. Evolution of Philippines fashion [ edit ] Pre-Spanish period [ edit ] An ancient form of Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) in Boxer Codex (/wiki/Boxer_Codex) (c. 1500s) During the period before the Spanish arrived to the islands, the different tribes and kingdoms wore their respective clothing. The Filipino style of clothing had been dictated by the tropical climate in the Philippines, with a dry and rainy season. Early Filipinos – as well as the still extant tribal groups in the Philippines – wore colorful woven clothes, often with "intricate beadwork" and other ornaments. The men wore pants or a loincloth, as while women wore a robe-like dress. The Boxer Codex (/wiki/Boxer_Codex) , showing the attire of a Classical period Filipino, made of silk (/wiki/Silk) and cotton (/wiki/Cotton) . Prior to the emergence of the Spanish Philippines (/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521-1898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization) , the Tagalogs (/wiki/Tagalog_people) of Luzon already wore a garment that was a forerunner of the barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) – the Baro . [1] (#cite_note-1) Earliest reference to the Baro was in the historical account describes that the Luzones (/wiki/Luzones) wore a sleeve-doublet of rough cotton cloth called kanga , reaching slightly below the waist. It was collarless and had an opening in front. The doublets indicated the social status and badge of courage of a man; red was for the Chiefs and the bravest, while black and white were for the ordinary citizens. Their loins were covered with colored Bahague between legs to mid-thigh. The early pre-Philippines (/wiki/Spanish_Philippines) clothing of the indigenous groups such as the Tagalogs (/wiki/Tagalog_people) and Visayans (/wiki/Visayan_people) included both the baro and saya made from silk in matching colours. This style was exclusively worn by the women from the upper caste, while those of lower castes wore baro made from pounded white bark fiber, and a floor-length wrap-around skirt. Women usually wore jewelry, such as gold necklaces and earrings, which symbolized wealth and beauty. In some tribes, women also wore tattoos signifying beauty, power and wealth. Attire of a young woman In contrast, the Visayans wore clothes similar to that of Indonesians and Malaysians. They wore a robe called Marlota or jacket called Baquero without a collar that reached the feet. The robes or jackets were brightly coloured. The Tagalogs and the Visayans bound their foreheads and temples with long, narrow strips of cloth called Putong . Necks were covered with gold necklaces, and wrists with golden armlets called Calombigas – these had intricate patterns. Others would wear precious stones. [2] (#cite_note-2) A fashion for a royal visayans The usual male headdress was the pudong , a turban; though in Panay (/wiki/Panay) , both men and women also wore a head cloth or bandana called saplung . Commoners wore pudong of rough abaca cloth wrapped around only a few turns so that it was more of a headband than a turban and was therefore called pudong-pudong – as the crowns (/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)) and diadems (/wiki/Diadem) on Christian images were later called. A red pudong was called magalong, and was the insignia of braves who had killed an enemy. When Humabon (/wiki/Rajah_Humabon) 's queen went to hear mass during Magellan's visit, she was preceded by three girls carrying one of her hats (/wiki/Hat) . A headdress (/wiki/Headdress) from Cebu with a deep crown, used by both sexes for travel on foot or by boat, was called sarok , which actually meant to go for water. [3] (#cite_note-PC-3) Left to right : [ 1 ] Silver‑inlaid Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) , San Pablo, Laguna (/wiki/San_Pablo,_Laguna) ; [ 2 ] Tortoise (/wiki/Tortoise) -shell and silver Salakot. The Islamic kingdoms in Mindanao (/wiki/Mindanao) especially the Maranao people (/wiki/Maranao_people) have a fashion article for the female called malong , which is a tubeskirt or a light blanket wrapped around the body. More prestigious clothes, lihin-lihin , were added for public appearances and especially on formal occasions – blouses (/wiki/Blouse) and tunics (/wiki/Tunics) , loose smocks with sleeves, capes, or ankle-length robes. [3] (#cite_note-PC-3) Spanish period [ edit ] When the Spaniards came and settled in the country, the fashion changed drastically as the Spanish culture influenced the succeeding centuries of Philippine history. The Spanish dissolved the kingdoms and united the country, resulting in a mixture of cultures from different ethnic groups and Spanish culture. Throughout the 16th century up to the 18th century, women wore a Hispanicized version of the Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) , composed of a bodice – called a camisa , often made in pineapple fiber or muslin – and a floor length skirt, while the men wore the barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) , a collared and buttoned lace shirt or a suit. Filipino women's fashion, 1700s – 1840s By the 19th century, due to the continuing influence of the Western culture, the rising economy, globalization, and exposure from the European fashion scene, the women's clothing began to have a change; by the 1850s, women's clothing was now full wide skirts that usually have long train rather than the simple floor length skirts, a bodice called camisa which means blouse in English and a panuelo , a big square cloth folded triangularly and worn in the Philippines like a great ruffle or collar. The attire is composed of four pieces, namely the camisa, the saya, the pañuelo (a scarf, also spelled panuelo) and the tapis. Aetas, Peninsulares, Criollo, and Indios doing cockfight all in their attires. detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734) The camisa is a collarless chemise whose hem is at the waist, and is made from flimsy, translucent fabrics such as pineapple fiber and jusi. The sleeves of the camisa are similar to the so-called "angel wings", or shaped like bells that have cuffs. The pañuelo is a stiff covering for the neck, which acts as an accent piece because of embellishments added to it. The purpose of the pañuelo is related to modesty, used to cover the low-necked camisa'. The saya is a skirt shaped like a bubble with a length that begins from the waist reaching the floor. These are usually comprised either of single or double sheets, called "panels" or dos panos (lit. "two panels/layers"); some examples are made out of seven gores or siete cuchillos (lit. "seven knives"). The tapis is a knee-length over-skirt that hugs the hips. Tapis designs may be plain, and is usually made of opaque fabrics such as muslin and the madras cloth, and also is used for the purposes of modesty as it keeps the lower torso from showing due to the thinness of the saya. Also, when going to the church or attending mass, the women usually wore a veil above their heads, similar to other Catholic countries at that time. Depiction of 19th Century family belonging in the Principalia Class wearing typical Maria Clara dress and barong tagalog The men also continued to wear but a more intricate version barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) , a collarless shirt originated from the ethnic cloth called canga . Throughout the centuries the barong tagalog has evolved. Buttons and collars were added, as well as intricate designs on its pina fabric and laces. Underneath the transparent barong tagalog is the Camisa de Chino a type of shirt, usually in white that said to have been originated from the Chinese. The women wore this kind of fashion even after the Spanish Government (/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies) has already relinquished control to the United States. Today, this type of clothing is now called as the " Maria Clara (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) " dress, named after the character of Maria Clara from Dr. Jose Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere (/wiki/Noli_me_tangere_(novel)) who became a symbol of the traditional Filipino woman, known as modest, elegant and conservative. American Era (1900s–1920s) [ edit ] Filipino women dressed for church in 1923 When the Americans came, the fashion remained the same for the first five years of the 20th century. But it has started to change and became more modern in contrast to the conservative style of the previous centuries as the Americans started to influence the modern Filipino culture. The women then wore the Traje de Mestiza , the more modern version of the Maria Clara (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) . It had bigger sleeves and a narrower floor length skirt with a long train called saya de cola and replaced the full wide skirt reflecting the Edwardian Fashion of the West. By the 1920s, the style of the skirt still remained, influenced by the flapper dress; however, the wide sleeves had been flattened to butterfly sleeves (popularized by local couturier Pacita Longos), and the big pañuelo reduced its size. Such trends had gained prominence especially during the annual Manila Carnivals of the 1920s and through the 1930s. Some Filipino women who had lived in United States and in Europe wore the western 1920s fashion with loose dresses and knee length skirt. The traje de mestiza ensemble rose in popularity during the 1900s. This example (formerly owned by Doña Mercedes Zialcita y Nakpil) is from the late 1920s to the early 1930s, its silhouette influenced by the flapper dress (/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion) Men wore the Americana , the suit and coat worn in the West, mostly Americans (hence the name), replacing the traditional barong tagalog. Commonwealth Era and Second World War (1930s–1940s) [ edit ] By the 1930s, young adult women and children finally abandoned the typical "Traje de Mestiza" as everyday wear and started to wear floral printed dresses with mid-calf length shirts. Though many women embraced the western ideals, the typical "Traje de Mestiza" was not fully gone. The elders and middle aged women still wore the traditional dress while the young adults considered it only as a formal dress for events such as carnivals, galas, etc. Traje de mestiza during the 1910's In the 1930s, the Philippines was famous for its beauty pageants and carnivals that drew tourists from around the world, and resulted in influencing the fashion and beauty standards of the Filipino women. The women wore more elaborate and intricate dresses. The "Traje de Mestiza" was still popular to the people through the 1930s. Men's fashion remained the same as they continued to wear the "Americana" suit. When 1940s came, the Philippines saw the breaking out of World War II resulting in the shortage of tailoring shops, clothing boutiques and dressmaking factories as the country was occupied by the Japanese Empire. The austerity era started when rations were implemented and the women wore simpler clothing. The terno gradually disappeared and stopped being manufactured. Only the older people wore their old terno dresses. Clothing boutiques only sold monochromatic dresses, mostly in dark tones. The shirtwaist dresses of the previous decade also became popular in the 1940s with a simpler look. The men's fashion still remained unchanged but became a more casual as started abandoning the coat as a casual wear, and wore it only for formal wear. During the mid-1940s, the clothing boutiques, tailoring shops, and dressmakers stopped operation as the final chapter of the World War II occurred in the Philippines. The capital city of Manila was bombed and was left 80% destroyed, and was considered being the second most devastated capital city in World War II, [4] (#cite_note-4) next only to Warsaw. After the war, most of the people either lost their clothes or could not find new clothes. In 1946, the country began its reparation and Manila's restoration. However, the lack of dressmakers made the fashion of the 1930s and early 1940s remain popular for the rest of the decade. 1950s [ edit ] The Filipiniana/Terno gown, the modernized Traje de Mestiza rose to popularity as a formal attire during latter half of the 20th Century. When the decade started, the country saw the rise of economy, once again giving opportunities for people to have more necessities and live in the normal life. Women remained wearing the 1940s fashion during the first five years of the decade. By the late 1950s, women started to wear dresses and with floral prints and fuller knee-length skirts. The style was inspired by Christian Dior's "New Look" collection, [5] (#cite_note-5) characterized by a below-mid-calf length, full-skirt, pointed bust, small waist, and rounded shoulder line. Summer and Day dresses became popular, as well as the pencil skirts and cardigans. Men's fashion changed slightly as the men started wearing youthful clothing such as sweaters, colorful printed polos, pants and flannels. "Chinos" became popular as well as white tee shirt, tartan plaids. The drape cut suits remained popular for formal wear. The barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) became popular once again to be worn as a formal wear, popularized by the then-President Ramon Magsaysay. The Terno was rarely worn by young women everyday; however, it was still worn at formal events such as galas, national events, government parties and film festivals. 1960s [ edit ] Women at the Rizal Monument (/wiki/Rizal_Monument) , Manila, circa 1964 When the 1960s entered, most of the styles from the late 1950s still remained; however, due to the rise of British pop culture that spread in United States and other parts of the world, fashion started to change. A new kind of dress invented by Mary Quant (/wiki/Mary_Quant) , called the miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) , mini dresses started to become popular and mod style fashions also emerged. Hair became very stylish as the hair were styled bigger and higher with the use of hairspray. By the mid-1960s, the hemlines rose and the clothes loosened, influenced by the mod culture. Men's fashion shifted towards a more youthful vibe, influenced by the rising Teenage culture seen in Hollywood and by various Teen-oriented Filipino films where they started wearing polos and pants, replacing the suit and coats. Suits and coats, as well as the barong tagalog, were now only worn during events and by the older men. 1970s [ edit ] With the popularity of the hippie culture in the late 1960s, many Filipinos embraced this culture which has continued until the early seventies. At the same time, the rise of Filipino Nationalism began and both movements influenced the way people lived and dressed. The early 1970s saw women start to abandon mini-dresses for a more modest clothing such as maxi skirts. Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) from the Victorian Era (/wiki/Victorian_Era) of the west also became popular as long sleeves, laces, and collars became popular in dresses. Bell bottom pants (/wiki/Bell_bottoms) started to become popular that would continue to the rest of the decade. Men also started to grow their hair long, the first time ever that such style became acceptable in post-colonial Filipino society. Men also wore Bell bottoms (/wiki/Bell_Bottoms) often in bright colors, similar to the women. The turtle neck (/wiki/Turtle_neck) became popular as well as sweater vests, colorful bright patterned polos and pants. By the mid-1970s, men started wearing t-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) , which replaced the formal look with a more laid-back look. Denim jeans (/wiki/Denim_jeans) also started to emerge, as well as sweatshirts (/wiki/Sweatshirt) . When the disco culture emerged, the bell bottoms became a staple. It came up with different bright colors, as well as the polos and scarfs. Women started wearing sequined dresses, mostly in miniskirts and bell bottom jeans. T-shirts also became popular for women and the footwear called bakya became popular. 1980s [ edit ] Following the 1986 EDSA Revolution (/wiki/People_Power_Revolution) , Corazon Aquino favored western style power dressing and the simpler and more modest kimono in place of the terno. Due to the power dressing movement, women, usually young adults, also started to wear clothes with shoulder pads while teenagers started wearing neon colored clothes. Miniskirts also came back in popularity. Hairstyles were also emphasized as most women had their hair curled. Men's fashion had a shift as they started to wear brightly colored t-shirts or polo shirts and denim jeans for a casual look, throwing away the more formal look. Teenage boys also wore pastel and neon colored jackets, polos, pants, short shorts and t-shirts. Converse All-Stars shoes were also popular among the teenagers. Colorful short shorts for both teen boys and girls were also one of the huge trends that defined the decade. Sportswear also became popular for everyday clothing. Leggings rose to popularity as well as jogging pants, headbands and legwarmers. By 1989, a drastic change in style emerged; a trend having oversized shirts and pants were in style, paving way to the 1990s loose fashion. 1990s [ edit ] Fashion in the 1990s was a laid back version of the 1980s fashion. This decade saw the beginning of the influence of rock music to mainstream fashion. Despite being impractical for tropical weather, but also taking advantage on the increase of affordable air conditioners, men started to wear dark, simple and mostly oversized clothes, moving away to the brightly colored clothes of the 1980s. Women also wore loose, simple and casual clothing such as oversized shirts, denim shorts, denim jeans, simple blouses and sneakers. Skirts weren't as popular as denim throughout the decade. Men's hairstyles also changed as they grew their hair longer for the first time since the decade of the 1970s. Also, a hairstyle called cachupoy was considered popular among teenage boys. It was a straight hairstyle that has a middle parting at the center, most teen celebrities sported this kind of hairstyle. It was also the decade when people from all social classes wore the same style of clothes, with people having a hard time distinguishing who was from the upper class or from the lower class as everyone opted for a simple, laid-back style of dressing. 2000s [ edit ] 1990s fashion remained popular during the early years of the first decade of the 21st century. 2000s fashion was considered a mash up of different styles. In the first part of the decade, the concept of innerwear as an outerwear was popularized resulting in the popularity of spaghetti strap clothes. Men still followed the 1990s fashion with hip-hop inspired of clothing, wearing cargo pants and oversized T-shirts. By the mid 2000s, colorful clothes began to rise again. Men started wearing flannel and checkered polos. At the end of the decade, people saw the mixture of clothing from uggboots worn with short shorts and t-shirts to dresses worn over with leggings. It was characterized by bright colors, textures, patterns and a bunch of accessories. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, Jejemon (/wiki/Jejemon) style clothing consisting of oversized shirts with large prints and high crown hats became popular with teenagers. 2010s [ edit ] Pia Alonzo Wurtzbach (/wiki/Pia_Wurtzbach) Due to the development of social media, many Filipino women and men were exposed to different styles. Also due to the rising economy of the country for the first time since the 1986 People Power Revolution, as well as the constant building of shopping malls and shopping centers, many Filipinos began buying more clothes. The early 2010s began with a continuation of some of the late-2000s fashion; however; in 2011, a change began as people started to move away from the rock influenced 2000s fashion and create a more distinctive 2010s fashion. With the rise of social media, most of the women began wearing inspired clothes. Also, women became interested in 1960s fashion and began replicating that style. Men also began wearing preppy clothes inspired by the British boy band One Direction (/wiki/One_Direction) who rose to fame in 2010. Skinny jeans and shorts proved to be popular among the men and these came up in different colors. In 2013, skater skirts became popular among teenage girls and they started wearing more feminine clothing. When the mid-2010s entered, women began wearing more modest clothing as the fashion brands started to market 1950s and 1960s inspired clothing. Denim pants was replaced by skirts and leggings. Men began to wear more formal clothes. Dresses replaced the casual t-shirts and jeans worn by the women while Chinos (/wiki/Chinos) replaced the denim pants worn by men. By the mid-2010s, many of the fashions from the mid-1960s and mid-1990s returned, clothing such as midi-skirts, denim jackets, knitted sweaters, boat shoes, etc. came back into fashion while fashion pieces like chokers gained prominence once again. Men's fashion also started to move away to the rock/hiphop-influenced styles of the past two decades and started to define a new style for men. 2010s hairstyles were often defined by; loose waves for women and slick-back hair for men. While beauty trends include having emphasis on the lips, and contoured cheeks, nude color palettes were also prominent for make-up. [6] (#cite_note-6) The late 2010s saw Mindanao-influenced designs, and a resurgence of interest for ternos and their redesigns for modern applications, with 2018 hosting the first TERNOCON. [7] (#cite_note-7) Traditional clothing by areas and regions [ edit ] Ethnic clothing was worn by the members of different ethnic tribes around the country before the Spanish colonized the islands. Today, they are still often worn during gatherings, festivals, and for cultural shows. Cordilleras [ edit ] The modern Ifugao youth in their traditional clothing. Igorot ethnic outfit [ edit ] The Igorots (/wiki/Igorot) are indigenous people from the Cordilleras. They are known for wearing a piece of clothing with intricate patterns woven by their own fellowmen. The men's clothing consists of red loincloth called wanes with tribal patterns, tattoos which is a symbol for bravery, and colorful bead necklaces. Women's clothing are usually similar to men's except that the women wear wrap-around skirt or called lufid and usually topless. In some parts of Cordilleras such as the Igorots in Benguet, women wrap their breasts with a very detailed wrap-around clothing. Baro't Saya [ edit ] The traditional Baro't Saya was worn by the lowland people in Filipinas. It includes the blouse called "baro" and a skirt called "saya". It is the Archetype of every Filipiniana dress that has evolved throughout the colonial era of the Philippines. Today, the dress represents the rural life in the Philippines. Urban areas [ edit ] Maria Clara Dress [ edit ] Main article: Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Being the capital which is also located in the lowland Urban area, Manila people often wore more elaborate version of Baro't Saya with wide full skirts rather than the simple skirt. Throughout the 17th–18th century, this clothing also became popular to the upper and middle class Filipinos from other parts of the country, mostly urban areas such as Cebu, Iloilo, Negros Occidental and many more. Today, it is now known as the Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) which represents the Spanish colonial history of the country as well as the aristocracy of the Filipino people. During the American period, the design drastically changed from a wide full skirt to a more modern look and then again changed into the current Filipiniana popularized by Imelda Marcos in the 1960s. Men wore barong tagalog but with also a more elaborate and intricate designs. Visayas [ edit ] Kimona and Patadyong [ edit ] In the islands of the Visayas regions, the Kimona represents Visayan clothing. Most Visayan lowland people wear the typical Kimona , a type of Baro't Saya blouse matching with a knee-length skirt. Kimona is typically a transparent piece of clothing made of pineapple fiber while the skirt is usually either floor-length or knee-length printed with the Patadyong pattern, hence getting the name Patadyong skirt. The dress is often accompanied with a handkerchief called tubao and is often placed above the right shoulder. Mindanao [ edit ] A men's clothing from Mindanao exhibiting at the Bunka Gakuen Costume Museum (/w/index.php?title=Bunka_Gakuen_Costume_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1) in Tokyo, Japan. In Mindanao, there is large minority of the people are practicing Islam, therefore following the Islamic culture. Women wear a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) , a long-sleeved top and a floor-length skirt, while men wear polos and pants together with a hat called taqiyah . Non Islamic people follow Visayan-like fashion. Women's clothing [ edit ] Baro't Saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_Saya) (literally "Shirt and Skirt") is the Filipino style of women's clothing. Traditionally, it is composed of a blouse and a long skirt with a "panuelo". It evolved many variants, some are regional. The upper-class women wore more elaborate baro't saya sewn with beads and colorful designs. The skirt is also wider than what lower classes wore. These types of clothing that are "simple yet functional" that have both indigenous Filipino qualities and Spanish influence started to become prominent during the 16th-century in the Philippines. Such clothing, through the innovation of modern-day Filipino fashion designers, can be worn in the Philippines for formal occasions and office uniforms. These "national clothes" can be made from materials such as piña , jusi , abaca (/wiki/Abaca) , and Mindanao silk. [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) Men's clothing [ edit ] barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) is a clothing worn by men. Having originated in Luzon, this clothing is may be made of pineapple fiber and is translucent, where an undershirt has to be worn together with dark pants. The "coat" or "suit", locally known as the " Amerikana (/wiki/Suit_(clothing)) " or Americana (literally "American") was another type of clothing introduced to the Philippines by the Americans. Worn with a tie, it is used for formal occasions. [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) Fashion designers [ edit ] Notable Filipino fashion designers include Pitoy Moreno (/wiki/Pitoy_Moreno) , Ito Curata (/wiki/Ito_Curata) , Inno Sotto (https://ph.asiatatler.com/people/inno-sotto) , Rajo Laurel, Kermit Tesoro (/wiki/Kermit_Tesoro) , Beatriz Tesoro, Christian Espiritu, Auggie Cordero, Monique Lhuillier (/wiki/Monique_Lhuillier) , Ezra Santos, Mich Dulce (/wiki/Mich_Dulce) , Francis Libiran, Oliver Tolentino, Josie Natori (/wiki/Josie_Natori) , and Michael Cinco (/wiki/Michael_Cinco) . Moreno was known to design and create dresses for Philippine First Ladies. A newly emerging Filipino designer is Wolfram Philippines who introduced iconic Filipino wardrobes through the pop group BGYO (/wiki/BGYO) . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) Popular brands [ edit ] Bench, a Filipino clothing brand Filipino brands [ edit ] Philippine brand clothing that are popular in and outside the Philippines include Crispa , Bench (/wiki/Bench_(Philippine_clothing_brand)) , Onesimus, Michel André, Penshoppe (/wiki/Penshoppe) , Loalde , Kamiseta (literally "T-shirt"), Maldita and Bayo . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) International brands [ edit ] Brands from abroad that are popular in the Philippines include Giordano (/wiki/Giordano_(clothing)) , Levi's (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) , Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , The Gap (/wiki/The_Gap,_Inc.) , Banana Republic (/wiki/Banana_Republic) and Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) First tier includes top designer's labels that are not common to average Filipinos, including Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) . Second tier showcases brands that are affordable to average Filipinos which include Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) , Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors_(brand)) , Nine West (/wiki/Nine_West) , Kate Spade (/wiki/Kate_Spade_New_York) , Longchamp (/wiki/Longchamp_(company)) and Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) . Third tier are the high street brands that are a bit expensive for average Filipinos, including Comme des Garcons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) , Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) , Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(company)) , Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) , Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)) , Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_Productions) . Fourth tier are affordable brands that are good quality, which includes, Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) , Mango (/wiki/Mango_(retailer)) , Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , and Aldo (/wiki/Aldo_(brand)) ". Fifth tier are brands that are very much affordable to an average Filipino and usually of a lower quality, Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , and Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) . [8] (#cite_note-FH-8) See also [ edit ] Philippine Fashion Week (/wiki/Philippine_Fashion_Week) Project Runway Philippines (/wiki/Project_Runway_Philippines) 2010s in Philippine Fashion (/wiki/2010s_in_Philippine_Fashion) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Rayadillo (/wiki/Rayadillo) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Barong Tagalog history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170710074926/http://www.barongsrus.com/barong/history-barong-tagalog-i-20.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.barongsrus.com/barong/history-barong-tagalog-i-20.html) on July 10, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) History of the Barong Tagalog by My Barong (http://mybarong2.com/history-barong-tagalog-art-99.html) ^ Jump up to: a b "Pre-Colonial Traditional Clothing" (https://pinoy-culture.tumblr.com/post/30479656512/pre-colonial-traditional-clothing-note-though) . Pinoy-Culture ~ A Filipino Cultural & History Blog . Retrieved January 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Manila was known as the 'Pearl of the Orient.' Then World War II happened" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/19/manila-was-known-as-the-pearl-of-the-orient-then-world-war-ii-happened/) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . Retrieved July 14, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The Story of Dior, The New Look Revolution" (https://www.dior.com/couture/en_gb/the-house-of-dior/the-story-of-dior/the-new-look-revolution/) . Retrieved July 14, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Yay or Nay: 50 Fashion and Beauty Trends We Spotted in Manila in 2016" (https://www.spot.ph/shopping/the-latest-shopping/68648/50-fashion-and-beauty-trends-2016-a00023-20161226-lfrm2) . SPOT.ph . December 26, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Philippines, Cultural Center of the. "TERNOCON: A Terno Making Convention and Contest for Regional Designers \| Cultural Center of the Philippines" (https://www.culturalcenter.gov.ph/programs/archives/ternocon-a-terno-making-convention-and-contest-for-regional-designers/details) . TERNOCON: A Terno Making Convention and Contest for Regional Designers . Retrieved July 30, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Filipino Clothing and Various Influences" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131214181220/http://www.filipino-heritage.com/filipino-clothing.html) . Filipino-Heritage.com. Archived from the original (http://www.filipino-heritage.com/filipino-clothing.html) on December 14, 2013 . Retrieved December 14, 2013 . External links [ edit ] Philippines' makes fashion history; breaks world record (https://web.archive.org/web/20131215025853/http://ava.ph/avazine/philippines-makes-fashion-history-breaks-world-record/) by Dinah Manzano v t e Fashion and clothing in the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) Periods Pre-Hispanic (/w/index.php?title=1400s-1500s_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1521-1899 (/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Era_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1900-1929 (/w/index.php?title=1900-1929_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1930–1945 (/w/index.php?title=1930%E2%80%931945_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1945–1959 (/w/index.php?title=1945%E2%80%931960_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1960s (/w/index.php?title=1960s_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1970s (/w/index.php?title=1970s_in_Philippine_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1980s (/wiki/1980s_in_Philippine_Fashion) 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_Philippine_Fashion) 2000s 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British socialite, gallery owner and model (1909–1998) Deirdre Hart-Davis Hart-Davis and Ronald Balfour in 1929 Born Deirdre Phyllis Ulrica Hart-Davis ( 1909-07-05 ) 5 July 1909 London (/wiki/London) , England Died 23 November 1998 (1998-11-23) (aged 89) Lewes (/wiki/Lewes) , East Sussex (/wiki/East_Sussex) , England Other names Deirdre Balfour Deirdre Wolfers Deirdre Bland Deirdre Inman Occupations Socialite gallery owner Spouses Ronald Balfour ( m. 1930; died 1941) David Wolfers ( m. 1945; div. 1949) Anthony Bland ( m. 1950; div. 1971) William Inman ( m. 1984; died 1994) Children 3 Relatives Rupert Hart-Davis (/wiki/Rupert_Hart-Davis) (brother) Alfred Cooper (/wiki/Alfred_Cooper) (grandfather) Lady Agnes Cecil Emmeline Duff (/wiki/Lady_Agnes_Cecil_Emmeline_Duff) (grandmother) Duff Hart-Davis (/wiki/Duff_Hart-Davis) (nephew) Adam Hart-Davis (/wiki/Adam_Hart-Davis) (nephew) Deirdre Phyllis Ulrica Hart-Davis (later Balfour , Wolfers , Bland , and Inman ; 5 July 1909 – 23 November 1998) was an English socialite, gallery owner and model, included in The Book of Beauty by Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) . [1] (#cite_note-Beaton-1) She became a famous beauty and a beacon of style. [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) Biography [ edit ] Deirdre Phyllis Ulrica Hart-Davis was born on 5 July 1909 the only daughter of Richard Vaughan Hart-Davis and Sybil Mary Cooper. She was the niece of Lady Diana Cooper (/wiki/Lady_Diana_Cooper) and Duff Cooper (/wiki/Duff_Cooper) . [3] (#cite_note-Tatler-3) She had one brother, Rupert Charles Hart-Davis (/wiki/Rupert_Hart-Davis) . [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) Hart-Davis was a great-great-great-granddaughter of William IV (/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom) . William had several illegitimate children with his mistress, Dorothea Jordan (/wiki/Dorothea_Jordan) . Their youngest daughter, Lady Elizabeth Fitzclarence, later Countess of Erroll, had daughters including Lady Agnes Hay. Lady Agnes married James Duff, 5th Earl Fife (/wiki/James_Duff,_5th_Earl_Fife) and among their children was Lady Agnes Duff, who married Sir Alfred Cooper (/wiki/Alfred_Cooper) . Their children included Sybil Cooper, mother of Deirdre Hart-Davis. [4] (#cite_note-4) As a child, Deirdre and Rupert Hart-Davis were drawn by Augustus John (/wiki/Augustus_John) and painted by William Nicholson (/wiki/William_Nicholson_(artist)) (1912). [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) [5] (#cite_note-5) Her coming-out dance in 1928 was held by her aunt, Lady Diana Cooper, at 34 Grosvenor Street, whose "café au lait ball-room made a very good setting for the many pretty girls who came". [6] (#cite_note-6) The Sketch (/wiki/The_Sketch) wrote: "Miss Deirdre Hart-Davis, is one of the loveliest debutantes of this year and is greatly admired in society [...] Our photographic study shows Miss Hart-Davis in the flame-coloured taffeta dress which she wore when she acted as the bridesmaid at the marriage of Miss Wanda Holden to the Hon. Charles Baillie-Hamilton. It is adorned with a black lace scarf, which looks most effective." [7] (#cite_note-7) On 24 April 1930 she married Ronald Egerton Balfour (/wiki/Ronald_Egerton_Balfour) , the only son of Brigadier-General Sir Alfred Granville Balfour and Lady Alfred Granville Balfour, the daughter of Sir Benjamin Simpson. [3] (#cite_note-Tatler-3) They had two daughters, Susan and Annabel. Ronald Balfour died during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) killed in a car accident. [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) , who included her in The Book of Beauty in 1933, used her as model as well. [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) [1] (#cite_note-Beaton-1) After she was a widow, she moved to New York City and worked for the British Information Services (/wiki/British_Information_Services) moving back to London at the end of the war. [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) She married a second time to David Wolfers (/w/index.php?title=David_Wolfers&action=edit&redlink=1) . [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) Her friends included Gerald Barry (/wiki/Gerald_Barry_(British_journalist)) , Hugh Casson (/wiki/Hugh_Casson) and Lawrence Gowing (/wiki/Lawrence_Gowing) . [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) She married a third time to Anthony John Bland (/w/index.php?title=Anthony_John_Bland&action=edit&redlink=1) , an academic lawyer. They had one daughter, Lucy. In the 1960s the family moved to Lewes, Sussex, to be near Sussex University (/wiki/Sussex_University) where Bland was Reader of Law. They separated when Bland moved to the University of West Indies. [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) From 1973 to 1987 she ran the Southover Gallery out of her own home in Lewes and she exhibited, among others, Duncan Grant (/wiki/Duncan_Grant) , Quentin Bell (/wiki/Quentin_Bell) , Julian Trevelyan (/wiki/Julian_Trevelyan) , Mary Fedden (/wiki/Mary_Fedden) , John Nash (/wiki/John_Nash_(artist)) and Eric Rolfe (/w/index.php?title=Eric_Rolfe&action=edit&redlink=1) . [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) She married a fourth and last time to Maurice William Inman (/w/index.php?title=Maurice_William_Inman&action=edit&redlink=1) . Inman took care of her when she developed Parkinson's disease from which she died on 23 November 1998. [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Beaton, Cecil (1933). The Book Of Beauty . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Obituary: Deirdre Bland" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-deirdre-bland-1189806.html) . The Independent . 1998 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b The Tatler, 1929 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Theroff, Paul: Theroff Files (j1d.txt), listing descendants of King James VI & I of England and Scotland. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Rupert and Deirdre Hart-Davis as Children (also known as Children of Mr. and Mrs. Hart-Davis)" (http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/detail.php?ID=239953) . The Athenaeum . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Gosling, Lucinda (2013). Debutantes and the London Season . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 55. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780747813392 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality, Volume 147" (https://books.google.com/books?id=X7MiAQAAMAAJ) . 147 . 1929: 413 . 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Jack Mitchell is an American businessperson, author, and motivational speaker (/wiki/Motivational_speaker) . [1] (#cite_note-1) He is the chairman of the Mitchells Family of Stores. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-Growing_on_Hugs-3) In 2005, he was included on Inc. (/wiki/Inc._(magazine)) magazine's list of 26 Most Fascinating Entrepreneurs. [4] (#cite_note-4) Early life and education [ edit ] Mitchell earned a Bachelor of Arts (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts) from Wesleyan University (/wiki/Wesleyan_University) in 1961, and later obtained a master of arts (/wiki/Master%27s_degree) in Chinese history from the University of California, Berkeley (/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley) , in 1963, [5] (#cite_note-5) planning to become a diplomat in China-United States relations (/wiki/China-United_States_relations) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Career [ edit ] The Mitchells Family of Stores was founded in 1958 as "Ed Mitchell's" by Mitchell's parents, Ed and Norma Mitchell. [7] (#cite_note-7) The original Westport, Connecticut (/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut) , shop had only 800 ft 2 of space and five men's suit (/wiki/Men%27s_suit) styles. [8] (#cite_note-about_us-8) Jack joined the company in 1969. [8] (#cite_note-about_us-8) The company acquired (/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions) Richards of Greenwich, Connecticut (/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut) in 1995, Marsh's of Long Island, New York (/wiki/Long_Island,_New_York) , [3] (#cite_note-Growing_on_Hugs-3) in 2005 (now called Mitchells), Wilkes Bashford (/wiki/Wilkes_Bashford) of San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) and Palo Alto (/wiki/Palo_Alto) in 2009, and Marios in Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) and Portland, Oregon (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) , in October 2015. Published works [ edit ] Hug Your Customers: The Proven Way to Personalize Sales and Achieve Astounding Results (2003) Hug Your People: The Proven Way to Hire, Inspire, and Recognize Your Employees and Achieve Remarkable Results (2008) Selling the 'Hug Your Customers Way': The Proven Process for Becoming a Passionate and Successful Salesperson for Life (2018) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Jack Mitchell (http://premierespeakers.com/jack_mitchell/bio) premierespeakers.com ^ (#cite_ref-2) Tammie Smith, 'Hug Your Customer' to keep them coming back (https://www.richmond.com/business/local/hug-your-customer-to-keep-them-coming-back/article_df98ba16-467d-528f-8a1a-d43a8f4db287.html) Richmond Times-Dispatch (/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch) , May 25, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b Robert Reiss, Mitchells ... Built and Growing on Hugs (https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertreiss/2011/01/03/mitchells-built-and-growing-on-hugs/) Forbes , January 3, 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "26 Most Fascinating Entrepreneurs: Jack Mitchell" (https://www.inc.com/internet/articles/200504/26-mitchell.html) . Inc.com . 2005 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Jack Mitchell (https://www.amazon.com/Jack-Mitchell/e/B001HQ4HQY) amazon.com ^ (#cite_ref-6) Hug Your Customers 2003 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Luxury clothier merges with bankrupt San Francisco retailer to boost profits (http://www.nj.com/business/index.ssf/2010/10/luxury_clothier_merges_with_ba.html) Bloomberg News (/wiki/Bloomberg_News) , October 8, 2010 ^ Jump up to: a b About Us (https://mitchells.mitchellstores.com/about-us) mitchellstores.com Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/000000003972674X) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/1658878) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjGqRgx7rGf9t4rTPG7TH3) National Norway (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90513364) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007378940605171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017034506) Japan (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00958336) Korea (https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202109458) Poland (https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810673724005606) This article about a United States businessperson is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Perfume by Olivier Cresp for Dolce & Gabbana A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Light_Blue_(fragrance)) . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Light Blue Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Released 2001 Label Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Light Blue Pour Homme Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Dolce & Gabbana Released 2007 Label Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue Dreaming in Portofino Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Dolce & Gabbana Released 2012 Label Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue Living Stromboli Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Dolce & Gabbana Released 2012 Label Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue Escape to Panarea Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Dolce & Gabbana Released 2014 Label Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue Discover Volcano Pour Homme Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Dolce & Gabbana Released 2014 Label Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue Sunset in Salina Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Dolce & Gabbana Released 2015 Label Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue Swimming in Lipari Pour Homme Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Dolce & Gabbana Released 2015 Label Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue is a fragrance (/wiki/Fragrance) line by Italian fashion designers Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) which was launched in 2001 and has won numerous fragrance-industry awards. The men's version (Light Blue Pour Homme) was released in 2007 and has also won awards, including the FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) in 2008. Starting in 2012, limited-edition versions for women and men have been released periodically. These fragrances have been launched with photoshoots rather than with traditional advertising campaigns and have featured the same male and female models as the original scents. Background [ edit ] The Italian design duo, Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , contracted with perfumer Olivier Cresp (/wiki/Olivier_Cresp) to develop a fragrance inspired by Sicily (/wiki/Sicily) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The process took over two years to perfect and the women's fragrance was released in 2001. [2] (#cite_note-2) Original range [ edit ] Light Blue [ edit ] For the original fragrance for women, Cresp married a tart Granny Smith apple (/wiki/Granny_Smith_apple) (synthetics cis-3 Hexenol, Liffarome and cis-3 hexenyl acetate) to Delta Muscenone (/wiki/Muscone) (the scent of human skin). [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The fragrance includes three synthetic woods (Z11, Ambrox and Norlimbanol) as well as natural cedars. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) It contains approximately 15 percent of natural Sicilian lemon-peel essence. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Top notes: Sicilian Cedar, apple, bluebell; middle notes: bamboo, jasmine, white rose; and base notes: Citron wood, amber and musk. [3] (#cite_note-3) Light Blue Pour Homme [ edit ] The men's fragrance was released in 2007 to immediate acclaim. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) It is characterized as a fresh classic balanced fragrance which is described as light-hearted, sparkling, and sophisticated. The fragrance is considered to be a woody spicy fragrance and consists of numerous notes including Sicilian Mandarin, frozen grape fruit peel, Russian pepper, rosemary, Sichuan pepper (/wiki/Sichuan_Pepper) , rosewood (/wiki/Rosewood) , American musk wood, incense, and oak moss. [4] (#cite_note-4) Limited editions [ edit ] Light Blue Dreaming in Portofino (/wiki/Portofino) [ edit ] A limited edition, released in 2012, this women's fragrance is named for the fishing village and resort of the rich and famous on the Italian Riviera (/wiki/Italian_Riviera) . The notes include Citrus Accord, pink pepper, Crisp Aquatic, geranium, amber and patchouli. [5] (#cite_note-5) Light Blue Living Stromboli (/wiki/Stromboli) [ edit ] Named for the volcanic island, the limited edition men's fragrance (released in 2012) has received generally positive reviews. [6] (#cite_note-6) It has been described as a woody, aquatic scent that begins with notes of citruses and red pepper. The mid-notes include marine accords and geranium, while the base is composed of mossy vetiver, earthy patchouli, and amber. [7] (#cite_note-7) Light Blue Escape To Panarea (/wiki/Panarea) [ edit ] Escape to Panarea is a 2014 limited edition women's fragrance inspired by the small island of Panarea that belongs to the Aeolian Islands (/wiki/Aeolian_Islands) . The island is a popular destination for international guests. The fragrance conveys the atmosphere and scents of the Aoles with accords pear and bergamot combined with night-blooming jasmine (/wiki/Cestrum_nocturnum) petals and a bouquet of orange blossom. Light Blue Discover Volcano [ edit ] Inspired by an exploding volcanic island, Discover Vulcano is a 2014 limited edition men's fragrance that belongs to the woody-chypre olfactive family. This fragrance opens with intense top notes of Italian lemon with ginger, followed by the grassy undertones of cypress and lavender. Haitian vetiver, cedar wood, and the musky-amber scent of ambrox blend to provide the base notes. [8] (#cite_note-8) Light Blue Sunset in Salina (/wiki/Salina,_Sicily) [ edit ] The 2015 limited edition floral fragrance was inspired by the Mediterranean summer and its clear blue waters. Sunset in Salina opens with fresh vines and bright violet leaves, followed by yellow freesia, orange flower and jasmine. The base combines amber, cedarwood and white musk. [9] (#cite_note-9) Light Blue Swimming in Lipari (/wiki/Lipari) [ edit ] For 2015, the limited edition for men was inspired by the Aeolian Islands (off the coast of Sicily) that feature a rugged volcanic archipelago (/wiki/Archipelago) surrounded by crystal waters. The fragrance opens with hints of sea salt enhanced by grapefruit while the heart combines mandarin and rosemary. Dry woods, ambergris and musky notes end the composition. [10] (#cite_note-10) Reception [ edit ] In The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) in 2007, Light Blue for women earned a 5 (out of 5) star rating. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 2008, Light Blue for Men won the best men's fragrance as well as best new fragrance commercial at the FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) As of 2012 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_Blue_(fragrance)&action=edit) , the Light Blue fragrances had received fourteen awards. [13] (#cite_note-13) Light Blue was one of twelve fragrances selected for an exhibition entitled "The Art of Scent 1889-2012" curated by Chandler Burr (/wiki/Chandler_Burr) , head of the Department of Olfactory Art of the Museum of Arts and Design (/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_and_Design) . [14] (#cite_note-14) The Fragrance Foundation (/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation) announced that both the male and female fragrances were in the top 7 selling fragrances for the first quarter of 2015. [15] (#cite_note-15) External images Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue (http://www.artpartner.com/artists/style/anastasia-barbieri/dolce-gabbana-fragrance-light-blue-fall-winter-2007/) 2007 Fragrance Campaign Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue (http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_jXWgNx2HcLw/TDpIEiu6F5I/AAAAAAAACno/h01W73HFGiU/s1600/Anna+Jagodzinska+%26+David+Gandy+for+Dolce+%26+Gabbana+Light+Blue+Campaign+01.jpg) 2010 Fragrance Campaign Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue (http://models.com/work/dolce--gabbana-dolce--gabanna-light-blue-fragrance-campaign-2013-ss-13) 2013 Fragrance Campaign Advertising [ edit ] The initial advert for the fragrance was filmed in 2007 in Capri (/wiki/Capri) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) with models David Gandy (/wiki/David_Gandy) and Marija Vujović (/wiki/Marija_Vujovic) wearing tiny white swimsuits and kissing on a raft. [16] (#cite_note-16) The voice is the one of the French voice over actor Pierre Maubouché (/wiki/Pierre_Maubouch%C3%A9) , who also voiced the subsequent TV commercials, also aired worldwide. According to British researchers, the advertisement is among the sexiest television adverts. [17] (#cite_note-17) In 2010, the adverts featured Gandy with model Anna Jagodzińska (/wiki/Anna_Jagodzinska) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Instead of the raft, the models are seen in tiny white suits before swimming to shore where they embrace. Both versions of the advertisements were shot by fashion photographer Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) in the waters off the island of Capri. In May 2013, Dolce & Gabbana released their third version of the “Light Blue” fragrance campaign. Testino again filmed the commercials and adverts on location in Capri but this time with Italian model Bianca Balti (/wiki/Bianca_Balti) in the female role opposite Gandy. [19] (#cite_note-19) In 2015, InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) magazine included Light Blue as one of 'The 10 Hottest Perfume Campaigns'. [20] (#cite_note-20) Balti and Gandy participated in a photoshoot in support of the 2015 limited versions with photographer Victor Demarchelier (/w/index.php?title=Victor_Demarchelier&action=edit&redlink=1) . [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Burr, Chandler (7 October 2007). "Fragrance Review - Light Blue Pour Homme" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/style/tmagazine/07scent.html) . NY Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100301172546/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/style/tmagazine/07scent.html) from the original on Mar 1, 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Dolce Gabbana Light Blue" (http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Dolce-Gabbana/D-G-Light-Blue-485.html) . Fragrantica . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Product Detail - Light Blue" (http://www.ulta.com/ulta/browse/productDetail.jsp?productId=VP11736#details) . Ulta Beauty. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121029072825/http://www.ulta.com/ulta/browse/productDetail.jsp?productId=VP11736) from the original on Oct 29, 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Wagner, Chant (April 13, 2007). "Light Blue Pour Homme by Dolce & Gabbana {New Perfume} {Scented Image}" (http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2007/04/light_blue_pour_homme_by_dolce.html) . MiMiFrouFrou. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120312134716/http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2007/04/light_blue_pour_homme_by_dolce.html) from the original on Mar 12, 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Light Blue Dreaming in Portofino" (http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Dolce-Gabbana/Light-Blue-Dreaming-in-Portofino-14799.html) . Fragrantica . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Light Blue Living Stromboli Reviews" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140621091011/http://www.sephora.com/light-blue-living-in-stromboli-P311114) . Sephora. Archived from the original (http://www.sephora.com/light-blue-living-in-stromboli-P311114) on Jun 21, 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Light Blue Living Stromboli - Overview" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121115144819/http://www.flaconi.de/parfum/dolce-gabbana/light-blue-pour-homme/dolce-gabbana-light-blue-pour-homme-living-stromboli-eau-de-toilette-12055.html) . Flaconi. Archived from the original (http://www.flaconi.de/parfum/dolce-gabbana/light-blue-pour-homme/dolce-gabbana-light-blue-pour-homme-living-stromboli-eau-de-toilette-12055.html) on 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Light Blue Discover Vulcano Pour Homme Dolce&Gabbana for men" (http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Dolce-Gabbana/Light-Blue-Discover-Vulcano-Pour-Homme-23619.html) . Fragrantica . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Sunset in Salina: Dolce&Gabbana's guide To the Aeolian Island" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150530203420/http://www.swide.com/food-travel/salina-an-aeolian-islands-travel-guide-by-dolce-and-gabbana/2015/05/28) . Swide. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.swide.com/food-travel/salina-an-aeolian-islands-travel-guide-by-dolce-and-gabbana/2015/05/28) on May 30, 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Swimming in Lipari: Dolce&Gabbana's guide To the Aeolian Island" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150611161040/http://www.swide.com/food-travel/lipari-an-aeolian-islands-travel-guide-by-dolce-and-gabbana/2015/06/06) . Swide. 6 June 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.swide.com/food-travel/lipari-an-aeolian-islands-travel-guide-by-dolce-and-gabbana/2015/06/06) on Jun 11, 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Barnett, Leisa (22 May 2008). "FiFi Me" (https://archive.today/20130505150832/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/080522-fifi-awards-2008.aspx) . Vogue (UK) . Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/080522-fifi-awards-2008.aspx) on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Coty and Estée Lauder fragrances take top honours at UK FiFis" (http://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Coty_and_Estee_Lauder_fragrances_take_top_honours_at_UK_FiFis/49183) . Cosmetics Business. Apr 24, 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140716234524/https://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Coty_and_Estee_Lauder_fragrances_take_top_honours_at_UK_FiFis/49183) from the original on 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Zannoni, Valentina (15 December 2012). "Significant fragrances on display at the MAD in New York" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121220050605/http://www.swide.com/beauty/dolce-and-gabbana-perfumes/dolce-and-gabbana-fragrance-light-blue-exhibited-at-the-mad-in-nyc-for-art-of-scent-exhibition/2012/12/15) . Swide . Archived from the original (http://www.swide.com/beauty/dolce-and-gabbana-perfumes/dolce-and-gabbana-fragrance-light-blue-exhibited-at-the-mad-in-nyc-for-art-of-scent-exhibition/2012/12/15) on Dec 20, 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Art of Scent - Press Release" (http://madmuseum.org/sites/default/files/programs/Art%20of%20Scent%20Press%20Release.pdf) (PDF) . Museum of Arts and Design . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Chanel's the One to Beat: 1Q Sales Results" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150721055212/http://fragrance.org/top-fragrances-1qsales/) . The Fragrance Foundation. Archived from the original (http://fragrance.org/top-fragrances-1qsales/) on Jul 21, 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) amandikaloka (Sep 29, 2007). Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue Fragrance TV Ad . Dolce & Gabbana. Archived from the original (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnBTLpf5UiU) on Dec 20, 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Dingwall, John (24 May 2008). "Revealed: the sexiest TV ads ever" (http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/2008/05/24/revealed-the-sexiest-tv-ads-ever-86908-20427652/) . Daily Record . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121010142907/https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/revealed-the-sexiest-tv-ads-ever-978236) from the original on Oct 10, 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) lascancionesdelatele (Jul 2, 2010). Anuncio Spot Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue 2010: David Gandy & Anna Jagodzinska . Dolce & Gabbana. Archived from the original (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qafeNFBtMu0) on Jul 20, 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Niven-Phillips, Lisa (1 May 2013). "Dolce & Gabbana's Light Blue Summer" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/beauty/2013/05/01/david-gandy-bianca-bali-dolce-and-gabbana-light-blue) . Vogue (UK) (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161218053041/https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/david-gandy-bianca-bali-dolce-and-gabbana-light-blue) from the original on Dec 18, 2016 . Retrieved 18 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Driver, George (5 June 2015). "Johnny Depp To David Gandy: The 10 Hottest Perfume Campaigns" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150722225032/http://www.instyle.co.uk/beauty/news/johnny-depp-to-david-gandy-the-10-hottest-perfume-campaigns) . InStyle (UK) . Archived from the original (http://www.instyle.co.uk/beauty/news/johnny-depp-to-david-gandy-the-10-hottest-perfume-campaigns) on Jul 22, 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Carvell, Nick (23 April 2015). "David Gandy's guide to smelling great" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150723040352/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2015-04/23/david-gandy-fragrance-dolce-gabbana-light-blue-swimming-in-lipari) . Gq (Uk) . Archived from the original (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2015-04/23/david-gandy-fragrance-dolce-gabbana-light-blue-swimming-in-lipari) on Jul 23, 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Cardellino, Carly (30 July 2015). "5 Seductive Makeup Looks That Are Dangerously Hot" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/beauty/how-to/g4922/seductive-summer-makeup/) . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . 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Type of cosmetic product that reflects light For the writing implement, see Highlighter (/wiki/Highlighter) . This person is wearing highlighter on their cheekbones and their outer browbone, beneath the eyebrow Highlighter is a type of cosmetic (/wiki/Cosmetics) product that reflects light. [1] (#cite_note-1) Often used for contouring (/wiki/Contouring) , [2] (#cite_note-2) it can be applied to the face or other parts of the body to brighten the skin on a given area, create the perception of depth and angles. [3] (#cite_note-3) The product can come in a variety of forms, including powder, liquid, cream, [4] (#cite_note-4) gloss, [5] (#cite_note-5) solid stick and jelly. [6] (#cite_note-6) Highlighters are different from illuminators. [7] (#cite_note-7) Highlighters became a significant tool among theater and film actors shooting or performing indoors, where natural light was not available to provide definition of facial features like cheekbones, nose, and jawline. [8] (#cite_note-McIntyre_2017-8) Highlighter also offers the possibility of heightening or diminishing a given feature to suit the character portrayed, as well as aesthetic trends. [8] (#cite_note-McIntyre_2017-8) Highlighters are usually in a white or champagne colour, but can be in many other colours as well including blue, pink, and rainbow, to suit certain makeup looks. MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) Strobing Cream is credited as the first highlighter product to be made available to commercial consumers. [8] (#cite_note-McIntyre_2017-8) A long-time tool among makeup artists, highlighter sales saw significant gains among consumers in 2016. [8] (#cite_note-McIntyre_2017-8) Some industry experts have attributed the growth in sales of highlighters and related products to the rise of social media (/wiki/Social_media) usage, given the popularity of YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) makeup tutorials and the proliferation of snapshot self-portraits (/wiki/Selfie) . [9] (#cite_note-9) See also [ edit ] Bronzer (/wiki/Bronzer) Rouge (cosmetics) (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Oliver, Dana (25 July 2014). "What The Heck Does Highlighter Do Anyway?" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/25/highlighter-face-makeup_n_5607037.html) . Huffington Post . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Fasanella, Kaleigh (September 20, 2017). "How To Contour: 5 Steps To Perfecting Contouring" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/how-to-contour-makeup) . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Schwedel, Heather (24 February 2017). "On the Oscars Red Carpet, Keep an Eye Out for Boob Contouring" (http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/02/24/boob_contouring_is_the_latest_red_carpet_makeup_trend.html) . Slate . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Martin, Crystal (28 March 2017). "How to Highlight, Now" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/28/fashion/skin-care-how-to-highlight.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Abelman, Devon (March 14, 2018). "Photographic Proof That Face Gloss Is Actually the Perfect Dewy Highlighter" (https://www.allure.com/story/how-to-use-face-gloss-highlighter) . Allure . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Sasso, Samantha (March 1, 2018). "Jelly Highlighters Is The Makeup Trend That's About To Go Viral" (https://www.refinery29.com/2018/03/192277/jelly-highlighter-makeup-trend) . Refinery29 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) MakeupOcean (2022-11-19). "Use of illuminator in Makeup - Guide from MakeupOcean" (https://makeupocean.com/use-of-illuminator-in-makeup/) . makeupocean.com . Retrieved 2023-07-13 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d McIntyre, Megan (January 27, 2017). "Why Are We So Obsessed With Highlighting All Of A Sudden?" (https://www.refinery29.com/history-of-highlighter-makeup) . Refinery29 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Chapman, Ben (2017-04-24). " (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/selfie-generation-cosmetic-sales-flawless-contours-instagram-facebook-social-media-snapchat-a7699901.html) 'Selfie generation' is fuelling a huge rise in cosmetics sales" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/selfie-generation-cosmetic-sales-flawless-contours-instagram-facebook-social-media-snapchat-a7699901.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 2018-03-26 . v t e Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Face Anti-aging cream (/wiki/Anti-aging_cream) BB cream (/wiki/BB_cream) Botulinum toxin (Botox) (/wiki/Botulinum_toxin) CC cream (/wiki/CC_cream) Concealer (/wiki/Concealer) Cotton pad (/wiki/Cotton_pad) Cleanser (/wiki/Cleanser) DD cream (/wiki/DD_cream) Facial (/wiki/Facial) Facial toning (/wiki/Facial_toning) Foundation (/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)) Highlighter Moist towelette (/wiki/Moist_towelette) Moisturizer (/wiki/Moisturizer) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Primer (/wiki/Primer_(cosmetics)) Powder (/wiki/Face_powder) Rouge (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) Toner (/wiki/Toner_(skin_care)) Venetian ceruse (/wiki/Venetian_ceruse) Lips Lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) Balm (/wiki/Lip_balm) Gloss (/wiki/Lip_gloss) Liner (/wiki/Lip_liner) Stain (/wiki/Lip_stain) Eyes Blepharoplasty (/wiki/Blepharoplasty) Circle contact lens (/wiki/Circle_contact_lens) Eyelash extensions (/wiki/Eyelash_extensions) Eyelid glue (/wiki/Eyelid_glue) Eye liner (/wiki/Eye_liner) Eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) Kohl (/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)) Mascara (/wiki/Mascara) Hair Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Hair coloring and bleaching (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) shaving (/wiki/Shaving) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Sindoor (/wiki/Sindoor) Styling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) pomade (/wiki/Pomade) spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Nails Artificial nails (/wiki/Artificial_nails) Buffing (/wiki/Nail_buffing) Manicure (/wiki/Manicure) Nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) Pedicure (/wiki/Pedicure) Body Cold cream (/wiki/Cold_cream) Lotion (/wiki/Lotion) Peeling (/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)) Plastic surgery (/wiki/Plastic_surgery) Skin whitening (/wiki/Skin_whitening) Sunless tanning (/wiki/Sunless_tanning) Related Cosmetic electrotherapy (/wiki/Electrotherapy_(cosmetic)) Cosmetic ingredients (/wiki/Ingredients_of_cosmetics) Cosmetics advertising (/wiki/Cosmetics_advertising) Cosmetic packaging (/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging) Cosmetology (/wiki/Cosmetology) History of cosmetics (/wiki/History_of_cosmetics) Cosmetic industry (/wiki/Cosmetic_industry) Male cosmetics (/wiki/Male_cosmetics) Major cosmetic brands Ahava (/wiki/Ahava) Almay (/wiki/Almay) Amorepacific (/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation) Anastasia Beverly Hills (/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills) Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) Aqua Net (/wiki/Aqua_Net) Artistry (/wiki/Artistry_(cosmetics)) Aveda (/wiki/Aveda) Avon (/wiki/Avon_Products) Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) Benefit (/wiki/Benefit_Cosmetics) Biotherm (/wiki/Biotherm) Bite Beauty (/wiki/BITE_Beauty) Bobbi Brown (/wiki/Bobbi_Brown) Bonne Bell (/wiki/Bonne_Bell) Bumble and bumble (/wiki/Bumble_and_bumble) Burt's Bees (/wiki/Burt%27s_Bees) Carol's Daughter (/wiki/Carol%27s_Daughter) Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) Clinique (/wiki/Clinique) Coty (/wiki/Coty) ColourPop Cosmetics (/wiki/ColourPop_Cosmetics) CoverGirl (/wiki/CoverGirl) Creme 21 (/wiki/Creme_21) Cutex (/wiki/Cutex) Daigaku Honyaku Center (/wiki/Daigaku_Honyaku_Center) Dermacol (/wiki/Dermacol) Douglas (/wiki/Douglas_(cosmetics)) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc.) Estée Lauder (/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) elf (/wiki/Elf_(cosmetics)) Etude House (/wiki/Etude_House) Fabergé (/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_(cosmetics)) Farmec (/wiki/Farmec) Fenty Beauty (/wiki/Fenty_Beauty) Fresh Garnier (/wiki/Garnier) Guerlain (/wiki/Guerlain) Hard Candy (/wiki/Hard_Candy_(cosmetics)) Helena Rubinstein (/wiki/Helena_Rubinstein) Jeffree Star Cosmetics (/wiki/Jeffree_Star_Cosmetics) Kao Corporation (/wiki/Kao_Corporation) Kevyn Aucoin (/wiki/Kevyn_Aucoin) Kiehl's (/wiki/Kiehl%27s) Kylie Cosmetics (/wiki/Kylie_Cosmetics) Lancôme (/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me) Laneige (/wiki/Laneige) Laura Mercier Cosmetics (/wiki/Laura_Mercier_Cosmetics) Lise Watier (/wiki/Lise_Watier) L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) L'Occitane (/wiki/L%27Occitane_en_Provence) Love Cosmetics (/wiki/Love_Cosmetics) Lush (/wiki/Lush_(company)) MAC Cosmetics (/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics) Make Up For Ever (/wiki/Make_Up_For_Ever) Mary Kay (/wiki/Mary_Kay) Max Factor (/wiki/Max_Factor) Maybelline (/wiki/Maybelline) Merle Norman (/wiki/Merle_Norman_Cosmetics) Missha (/wiki/Missha) Molton Brown (/wiki/Molton_Brown) Morphe Cosmetics (/wiki/Morphe_Cosmetics) NARS (/wiki/NARS_Cosmetics) Natura (/wiki/Natura) Natural Wonder (/wiki/Natural_Wonder_(Revlon_subsidiary_brand)) Nature Republic (/wiki/Nature_Republic) Neal's Yard Remedies (/wiki/Neal%27s_Yard_Remedies) Neutrogena (/wiki/Neutrogena) Nexxus (/wiki/Nexxus) Nivea (/wiki/Nivea) NYX Cosmetics (/wiki/NYX_Cosmetics) O Boticário (/wiki/O_Botic%C3%A1rio) OPI (/wiki/OPI_Products) Oriflame (/wiki/Oriflame) Origins (/wiki/Origins_(cosmetics)) Paula Begoun (/wiki/Paula_Begoun) Pond's (/wiki/Pond%27s) Red Earth (/wiki/Red_Earth_(company)) Revlon (/wiki/Revlon) Richard Hudnut (/wiki/Richard_Hudnut) Rimmel (/wiki/Rimmel) Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) Shiseido (/wiki/Shiseido) Shu Uemura (/wiki/Shu_Uemura) SimplySiti (/wiki/SimplySiti) Sinful Colors (/wiki/Sinful_Colors) SK-II (/wiki/SK-II) Skin Food (/wiki/Skin_Food) Stila (/wiki/Stila) Tarte Cosmetics (/wiki/Tarte_Cosmetics) The Body Shop (/wiki/The_Body_Shop) The Face Shop (/wiki/The_Face_Shop) Ulta Beauty (/wiki/Ulta_Beauty) Ultima II (/wiki/Ultima_II_(cosmetics_line)) Uoma Beauty (/wiki/Uoma_Beauty) Urban Decay (/wiki/Urban_Decay_(cosmetics)) Vaseline (/wiki/Vaseline) Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) Wella (/wiki/Wella) Younique (/wiki/Younique) Yves Rocher (/wiki/Yves_Rocher_(company)) Categories Companies (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_companies) People (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_people) History (/wiki/Category:History_of_cosmetics) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐sdkbw Cached time: 20240720111025 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.292 seconds Real time usage: 0.392 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 727/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 43298/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 594/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 42741/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.194/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5081145/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 322.963 1 -total 41.74% 134.817 1 Template:Reflist 34.83% 112.498 8 Template:Cite_news 29.52% 95.342 1 Template:Cosmetics 29.29% 94.612 2 Template:Navbox 20.30% 65.568 1 Template:Short_description 12.46% 40.236 2 Template:Pagetype 6.53% 21.094 1 Template:For 4.19% 13.540 3 Template:Main_other 3.58% 11.576 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56951215-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720111025 and revision id 1169243004. 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Ecuadorian Beauty Pageant titleholder Delary Stoffers Born Delary Georgette Stoffers Villón ( 2000-04-17 ) April 17, 2000 (age 24) Guayaquil (/wiki/Guayaquil) , Ecuador Height 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) [ citation needed ] Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Miss Ecuador 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Ecuador_2023) Major competition(s) Miss Ecuador 2023 (Winner) Miss Universe 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2023) (Unplaced) Delary Georgette Stoffers Villón (born April 17, 2000) is an Ecuadorian beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Ecuador 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Ecuador_2023) . she represented her country at the Miss Universe 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2023) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Biography [ edit ] Delary Stoffers, was born in Guayaquil, Guayas Province (/wiki/Guayas_Province) , Ecuador on April 18, 2000. She is the daughter of the Dutch father, who died when she was 6 years old and an Ecuadorian mother. She is a Business Administration student, who is also an animal rights activist. She has a sister. [2] (#cite_note-2) Pageantry [ edit ] Miss Guayas [ edit ] She participated in the Miss Guayas beauty pageant after having participated in the beauty pageant, Reina del Carnaval 2020, resulting in the winner of the provincial pageant. [3] (#cite_note-3) Concurso Nacional de la Belleza Ecuador [ edit ] In 2020 she represented the Guayas Province in the CNB Ecuador. Initially, 20 contestants were selected to compete for the title of Miss World Ecuador 2020. But, due to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , 10 contestants decided not to compete in this edition, postponing their participation until 2021, including Delary who withdrew from participating in the next edition. [ citation needed ] Miss Ecuador 2023 [ edit ] She participated in the beauty contest, Miss Ecuador, developed in the Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province (/wiki/Santo_Domingo_de_los_Ts%C3%A1chilas_Province) , resulting in the winner of the beauty event, for which she represented Ecuador in the Miss Universe 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2023) event, held in El Salvador. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "¿Quién es Delary Stoffers, la guayaquileña coronada como Miss Ecuador 2023?" (https://www.ecuavisa.com/entretenimiento/television/quien-es-delary-stoffers-la-guayaquilena-coronada-como-miss-ecuador-2023-XD5500077) (in Spanish). Ecuavisa. July 1, 2023 . Retrieved July 2, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Delary Stoffers de Guayaquil, es la nueva Miss Ecuador 2023" (https://www.msn.com/es-us/noticias/other/delary-stoffers-de-guayaquil-es-la-nueva-miss-ecuador-2023/ar-AA1djesa) (in Spanish). MSN.com. July 2, 2023 . Retrieved July 2, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Delary Stoffers de Guayaquil, es la nueva Miss Ecuador 2023" (https://www.metroecuador.com.ec/entretenimiento/2023/07/02/delary-stoffers-de-guayaquil-es-la-nueva-miss-ecuador-2023/) (in Spanish). Metro Ecuador. July 1, 2023 . Retrieved July 2, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "La guayaquileña Delary Stoffers Villón es Miss Ecuador 2023" (https://www.eluniverso.com/entretenimiento/gente/empieza-la-gala-final-de-miss-universo-2023-en-santo-domingo-de-los-colorados-nota/) (in Spanish). El Universo. July 1, 2023 . Retrieved July 2, 2023 . Awards and achievements Preceded by Nayelhi González Miss Ecuador (/wiki/Miss_Ecuador) 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Ecuador_2023) Succeeded by TBA Preceded by Nayelhi González Miss Universe Ecuador (/wiki/Miss_Ecuador) 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Ecuador_2023) Succeeded by Mara Topić (/wiki/Mara_Topi%C4%87) v t e Miss Universe 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2023) national titleholders ALB : Endi Demneri (/wiki/Endi_Demneri) AGO : Ana Coimbra (/wiki/Ana_Coimbra) ARG : Yamile Dajud (/wiki/Yamile_Dajud) AUS : Moraya Wilson (/wiki/Moraya_Wilson) BHS : Melissa Ingraham (/wiki/Melissa_Ingraham) BEL : Emilie Vansteenkiste (/wiki/Emilie_Vansteenkiste) BOL : Estefany Rivero (/wiki/Estefany_Rivero) BRA : Maria Brechane (/wiki/Maria_Brechane) KHM : Sotima John (/wiki/Sotima_John) CAN : Madison Kvaltin (/wiki/Madison_Kvaltin) CHL : Celeste Viel (/wiki/Celeste_Viel) COL : Camila Avella (/wiki/Camila_Avella) CRC : Lisbeth Valverde (/wiki/Lisbeth_Valverde) CZE : Vanesa Švédová (/wiki/Vanesa_%C5%A0v%C3%A9dov%C3%A1) DNK : Nikoline Hansen (/wiki/Nikoline_Hansen) ECU : Delary Stoffers EGY : Mohra Tantawy (/wiki/Mohra_Tantawy) SLV : Isabella García-Manzo (/wiki/Isabella_Garc%C3%ADa-Manzo) FIN : Paula Joukanen (/wiki/Paula_Joukanen) FRA : Diane Leyre (/wiki/Diane_Leyre) DEU : Helena Bleicher (/wiki/Helena_Bleicher) GBR : Jessica Page (/wiki/Jessica_Page) GRE : Marielia Zaloumi (/wiki/Marielia_Zaloumi) GTM : Michelle Cohn (/wiki/Michelle_Cohn) HND : Zuheilyn Clemente (/wiki/Zuheilyn_Clemente) ISL : Lilja Pétursdóttir (/wiki/Lilja_P%C3%A9tursd%C3%B3ttir) IND : Shweta Sharda (/wiki/Shweta_Sharda) IDN : Fabiënne Groeneveld (/wiki/Fabi%C3%ABnne_Groeneveld) IRL : Aishah Akorede (/wiki/Aishah_Akorede) ITA : Carmen Panepinto (/wiki/Carmen_Panepinto) JPN : Rio Miyazaki (/wiki/Rio_Miyazaki) LBN : Maya Aboul Hosn (/wiki/Maya_Aboul_Hosn) MEX : Melissa Flores (/wiki/Melissa_Flores) NPL : Jane Dipika Garrett (/wiki/Jane_Dipika_Garrett) NLD : Rikkie Kollé (/wiki/Rikkie_Koll%C3%A9) NIC : Sheynnis Palacios (/wiki/Sheynnis_Palacios) NOR : Julie Tollefsen (/wiki/Julie_Tollefsen) PAK : Erica Robin (/wiki/Erica_Robin) PAN : Natasha Vargas (/wiki/Natasha_Vargas) PAR : Elicena Andrada (/wiki/Elicena_Andrada) PER : Camila Escribens (/wiki/Camila_Escribens) PHL : Michelle Dee (/wiki/Michelle_Dee) POL : Angelika Jurkowianiec (/wiki/Angelika_Jurkowianiec) POR : Marina Machete (/wiki/Marina_Machete) PUR : Karla Guilfú (/wiki/Karla_Guilf%C3%BA) RUS : Margarita Golubeva (/wiki/Margarita_Golubeva) SGP : Priyanka Annuncia (/wiki/Priyanka_Annuncia) ZAF : Bryoni Govender (/wiki/Bryoni_Govender) ESP : Athenea Pérez (/wiki/Athenea_P%C3%A9rez) THA : Anntonia Porsild (/wiki/Anntonia_Porsild) TTO : Faith Gillezeau (/wiki/Faith_Gillezeau) UKR : Angelina Usanova (/wiki/Angelina_Usanova) USA : Noelia Voigt (/wiki/Noelia_Voigt) VEN : Diana Silva (/wiki/Diana_Silva_(model)) VNM : Bùi Quỳnh Hoa (/wiki/B%C3%B9i_Qu%E1%BB%B3nh_Hoa) ZWE : Brooke Bruk-Jackson (/wiki/Brooke_Bruk-Jackson) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐pdtpd Cached time: 20240713194937 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.566 seconds Real time usage: 0.988 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3577/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 38985/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5064/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27336/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.397/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8735830/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 949.088 1 -total 42.77% 405.940 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 20.96% 198.903 1 Template:Miss_Universe_2023_delegates 20.70% 196.485 1 Template:Navbox 13.25% 125.795 1 Template:Reflist 11.34% 107.658 1 Template:Count 11.25% 106.782 4 Template:Cite_web 9.36% 88.857 1 Template:Short_description 6.92% 65.685 26 Template:Main_other 6.59% 62.521 2 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74202118-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713194937 and revision id 1228807222. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeans (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jeans) . Main article: Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐j8c46 Cached time: 20240720184137 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.067 seconds Real time usage: 0.144 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 139/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2627/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 230/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.040/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1047051/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 132.854 1 -total 82.94% 110.192 1 Template:Commons_cat 80.53% 106.989 1 Template:Sister_project 79.36% 105.435 1 Template:Side_box 16.96% 22.527 1 Template:Main 4.00% 5.309 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:4473975-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720184137 and revision id 1083075602. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Jeans by brand (/wiki/Category:Jeans_by_brand) ‎ (60 P) Jeans by type (/wiki/Category:Jeans_by_type) ‎ (15 P) Pages in category "Jeans" The following 13 pages are in this category, out of 13 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) D Jacob W. Davis (/wiki/Jacob_W._Davis) Denim (/wiki/Denim) E Enzyme washing (/wiki/Enzyme_washing) David Reese Esrey (/wiki/David_Reese_Esrey) G Gay Blue Jeans Day (/wiki/Gay_Blue_Jeans_Day) J Salomon Juan Marcos Issa (/wiki/Salomon_Juan_Marcos_Issa) K Kapital (fashion brand) (/wiki/Kapital_(fashion_brand)) L Lee National Denim Day (/wiki/Lee_National_Denim_Day) R Rokotov–Faibishenko case (/wiki/Rokotov%E2%80%93Faibishenko_case) S Levi Strauss (/wiki/Levi_Strauss) V VB Rocks (/wiki/VB_Rocks) W William Rast (/wiki/William_Rast) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jeans&oldid=1083075602 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jeans&oldid=1083075602) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cotton (/wiki/Category:Cotton) Trousers and shorts (/wiki/Category:Trousers_and_shorts) Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Casual wear (/wiki/Category:Casual_wear) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
A view of souk Al Asr Souk Al Asr ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : سوق العصر ; English: Era market) is one of the souks (/wiki/Souks_of_Tunis) of Tunis (/wiki/Tunis) , specialized in selling antique products. The souk is mainly intended for the middle class and poor. Location [ edit ] It is located behind Bab Al Gorjani (/w/index.php?title=Bab_Al_Gorjani&action=edit&redlink=1) , one of the medina (/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis) 's doors and near three low-income neighbourhoods of Tunis, i.e. Mellassine, Saida Manoubia and Helal City. [1] (#cite_note-aa-1) History [ edit ] The souk didn't exist before the Husainid era (/wiki/Husainid_Dynasty) (1705-1957), while other souks emerged under the Hafsid dynasty (/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty) (1228-1537). [1] (#cite_note-aa-1) It was a tiny souk that stood between prayers of the afternoon and the sunset (third and fourth prayers of the day). [1] (#cite_note-aa-1) Products [ edit ] Souk Al Asr is totally the opposite of its own name as it sold only old products like household utensils, antique furniture and other rare items. This market is full of items that can be particularly useful and rare, that are not likely to be found elsewhere. [1] (#cite_note-aa-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Yousra Ouannes (21 February 2015). "Tunisie : " Souk al-Asr ", la brocante des pauvres" (http://aa.com.tr/fr/mode-de-vie/tunisie-souk-al-asr-la-brocante-des-pauvres/72945) . aa.com.tr (in French) . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Souk Al Asr (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Souk_Al_Asr) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Souks of Tunis (/wiki/Souks_of_Tunis) Souk Al Asr Souk de la Commission (/wiki/Souk_de_la_Commission) Souk Ech-Chaouachine (/wiki/Souk_Ech-Chaouachine) Souk Edabaghine (/wiki/Souk_Edabaghine) Souk El Attarine (/wiki/Souk_El_Attarine) Souk El Azzafine (/wiki/Souk_El_Azzafine) Souk El Bechmak (/wiki/Souk_El_Bechmak) Souk El Beransia (/wiki/Souk_El_Beransia) Souk El Berka (/wiki/Souk_El_Berka) Souk El Bey (/wiki/Souk_El_Bey) Souk El Blaghgia (/wiki/Souk_El_Blaghgia) Souk El Blat (/wiki/Souk_El_Blat) Souk El Dziria (/wiki/Souk_El_Dziria) Souk El Fekka (/wiki/Souk_El_Fekka) Souk El Ghrabliyya (/wiki/Souk_El_Ghrabliyya) Souk El Ghraiyer (/wiki/Souk_El_Ghraiyer) Souk El Grana (/wiki/Souk_El_Grana) Souk El Haddadine (/wiki/Souk_El_Haddadine) Souk El Jedid (/wiki/Souk_El_Jedid) Souk El Kachachine (/wiki/Souk_El_Kachachine) Souk El Kebabjia (/wiki/Souk_El_Kebabjia) Souk El Kmach (/wiki/Souk_El_Kmach) Souk El Kouafi (/wiki/Souk_El_Kouafi) Souk El Koutbiya (/wiki/Souk_El_Koutbiya) Souk El Leffa (/wiki/Souk_El_Leffa) Souk El Marr (/wiki/Souk_El_Marr) Souk El Nissa (/wiki/Souk_El_Nissa) Souk El Ouzar (/wiki/Souk_El_Ouzar) Souk El Sagha (/wiki/Souk_El_Sagha) Souk El Souf (/wiki/Souk_El_Souf) Souk El Trouk (/wiki/Souk_El_Trouk) Souk En Nhas (/wiki/Souk_En_Nhas) Souk Erbaa (/wiki/Souk_Erbaa_(Tunis)) Souk Es Sabbaghine (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sabbaghine) Souk Es Sabbaghine El Saghir (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sabbaghine_El_Saghir) Souk Es Sekajine (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sekajine) Souk Sidi Boumendil (/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Boumendil) Souk Sidi Mahrez (/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Mahrez) Souk Sidi Sridek (/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Sridek) Souk Es Sarragine (/wiki/Souk_Es_Sarragine) WikiProject Tunisia (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Tunisia) Africa portal (/wiki/Portal:Africa) This Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Eagle Creek Industry Retail Founded 1975 Headquarters Steamboat Springs, Colorado (/wiki/Steamboat_Springs,_Colorado) , United States Area served Worldwide Key people Travis Campbell (President) Products Luggage (/wiki/Luggage) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Website www (http://www.eaglecreek.com) .eaglecreek (http://www.eaglecreek.com) .com (http://www.eaglecreek.com) Eagle Creek is an American luggage (/wiki/Luggage) manufacturer headquartered in Steamboat Springs, Colorado (/wiki/Steamboat_Springs,_Colorado) . The company was founded in 1975 in the San Jacinto Mountains (/wiki/San_Jacinto_Mountains) of California, and in 2007 was acquired by VF Corporation (/wiki/VF_Corporation) . Originally supporting California (/wiki/California) , the company has evolved to be an international wholesaler with distribution to Canada, Europe (/wiki/Europe) , and other countries. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] Eagle Creek was founded in 1975 by Steve and Nona Barker in the San Jacinto Mountains (/wiki/San_Jacinto_Mountains) of California, where they ran a retail store called Mountain People selling custom mountain packs. Production began in a 1,500 square feet (140 m 2 ) manufacturing facility in Solana Beach, California (/wiki/Solana_Beach,_California) . [2] (#cite_note-2) After beginning negotiations in late 2006, [3] (#cite_note-3) Eagle Creek was acquired by VF Outdoor, Inc., a subsidiary of clothing company VF Corporation (/wiki/VF_Corporation) , in January 2007. [4] (#cite_note-4) On June 10, 2021, VF, the parent company of Eagle Creek, announced that it would retire the Eagle Creek brand by the end of 2021, citing strategic and financial difficulties. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) On September 8, 2021, it was announced that the former president of emerging brands of VF Corporation (/wiki/VF_Corporation) , Travis Campbell, would acquire the Eagle Creek brand. The sale includes all Eagle Creek assets and liabilities. [7] (#cite_note-7) See also [ edit ] Baggage#Types of luggage (/wiki/Baggage#Types_of_luggage) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Dealer Locator" (http://shop.eaglecreek.com/store/storelocator.aspx) . Eagle Creek . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "About Eagle Creek" (http://www.eaglecreek.com/about-eagle-creek) . Eagle Creek . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Eagle Creek to be acquired by VF Corp., joining outdoor group" (http://www.snewsnet.com/news/eagle-creek-to-be-acquired-by-vf-corp-joining-outdoor-group/) . SNEWS. 22 December 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "VF Outdoor Completes Acquisition of Eagle Creek, Inc" (http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070129005844/en/VF-Outdoor-Completes-Acquisition-Eagle-Creek#.U4f3gc8RDpQ) . BusinessWire. 29 January 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Eagle Creek is Shutting Down" (https://www.outsideonline.com/2424707/eagle-creek-shutting-down) . 11 June 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-6) " (https://www.outsidebusinessjournal.com/brands/camping-and-hiking/eagle-creek-should-not-die/) "Eagle Creek should not die," say founders Steve and Nona Barker" (https://www.outsidebusinessjournal.com/brands/camping-and-hiking/eagle-creek-should-not-die/) . 24 June 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Exclusive: Travis Campbell acquires Eagle Creek" (https://www.outsidebusinessjournal.com/brands/adventure-travel/travis-campbell-acquires-eagle-creek/) . outsidebusinessjournal.com . 2021-09-08 . Retrieved 2021-09-09 . 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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2010s portal (/wiki/Portal:2010s) This category is for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) in the year 2014 (/wiki/2014) . 2009 (/wiki/Category:2009_in_fashion) 2010 (/wiki/Category:2010_in_fashion) 2011 (/wiki/Category:2011_in_fashion) 2012 (/wiki/Category:2012_in_fashion) 2013 (/wiki/Category:2013_in_fashion) 2014 2015 (/wiki/Category:2015_in_fashion) 2016 (/wiki/Category:2016_in_fashion) 2017 (/wiki/Category:2017_in_fashion) 2018 (/wiki/Category:2018_in_fashion) 2019 (/wiki/Category:2019_in_fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐bbb5c5448‐frzd8 Cached time: 20240718101206 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.142 seconds Real time usage: 0.200 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 161/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4863/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 112/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.093/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1355864/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 182.959 1 Template:YYYY_in_fashion_category_header 100.00% 182.959 1 -total 53.17% 97.271 1 Template:Category_series_navigation 34.09% 62.377 1 Template:Portal 10.01% 18.308 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 7.03% 12.867 1 Template:Category_other 6.57% 12.027 1 Template:FindYDCportal 5.86% 10.722 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 3.26% 5.971 6 Template:Title_year 1.10% 2.019 1 Template:DECADE Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43930546-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718101206 and revision id 949562924. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. C Clothing companies established in 2014 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2014) ‎ (11 P) Pages in category "2014 in fashion" The following 9 pages are in this category, out of 9 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) C Costume Designers Guild Awards 2014 (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Awards_2014) M Mercedes-Benz Fashion Festival Sydney 2014 (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Sydney_2014) P Project Runway All Stars season 3 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_3) Project Runway All Stars season 4 (/wiki/Project_Runway_All_Stars_season_4) Project Runway Poland (/wiki/Project_Runway_Poland) Project Runway season 13 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_13) Project Runway: Threads (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Threads) V Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2014 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2014) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2014_in_fashion&oldid=949562924 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2014_in_fashion&oldid=949562924) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2014 (/wiki/Category:2014) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) Fashion by year (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_year) Hidden categories: Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
Online service that provides designer dress and accessory rentals Rent the Runway Type of business Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) Nasdaq (/wiki/Nasdaq) : RENT (https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/rent) Founded 2009 ; 15 years ago ( 2009 ) Headquarters New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. Founder(s) (/wiki/Organizational_founder) Jennifer Hyman (/wiki/Jennifer_Hyman) Jennifer Fleiss (/wiki/Jennifer_Fleiss) Key people Jennifer Hyman ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Industry E-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) Revenue (/wiki/Revenue) $100 Million (2017) [1] (#cite_note-1) Employees 1,800 (2019) [2] (#cite_note-2) URL renttherunway.com (https://www.renttherunway.com) Rent the Runway is an e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) platform that allows users to rent, subscribe, or buy designer apparel and accessories. It was founded by Jennifer Hyman (/wiki/Jennifer_Hyman) and Jennifer Fleiss (/wiki/Jennifer_Fleiss) , who launched the company in November 2009. History [ edit ] In 2007, Hyman and Fleiss met as sectionmates at Harvard Business School (/wiki/Harvard_Business_School) . [3] (#cite_note-newyorker-3) They regularly met up to discuss entrepreneurial ideas, one of which was Rent the Runway. [4] (#cite_note-Black-4) After seeing her sister overspend on an expensive new dress for a wedding, Hyman had the idea of offering dress rentals for women for special events. [3] (#cite_note-newyorker-3) Long term, her plan was to offer women unlimited access to a designer closet they could rent from on-demand. [5] (#cite_note-5) Early on, Hyman and Fleiss pitched the idea to designer Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) as a rental service for her brand's website. She was initially uninterested, and suggested that instead they create their own multi-brand retail site. Hyman and Fleiss took her advice, and Fürstenberg signed on as one of the company's first designer partners. [3] (#cite_note-newyorker-3) [6] (#cite_note-6) A November 2009 article in The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) helped bring publicity to the company shortly after its launch. [3] (#cite_note-newyorker-3) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2016, the company began offering everyday clothing through a subscription model. [8] (#cite_note-8) The company has received over $400 million in venture capital (/wiki/Venture_capital) from investors including Fidelity (/wiki/Fidelity_Investments) , Franklin Templeton (/wiki/Franklin_Templeton) , TCV (/wiki/TCV_(investment_firm)) , Bain Capital Ventures (/wiki/Bain_Capital_Ventures) , Highland Capital Partners (/wiki/Highland_Capital_Partners) , American Express (/wiki/American_Express) , and T. Rowe Capital. [9] (#cite_note-Rao-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2015, the company suffered negative press after the departure of several executives such as CTO Camille Fournier (/wiki/Camille_Fournier) and Linda Honan (now of BBDO (/wiki/BBDO) ). [12] (#cite_note-Roberts-12) [13] (#cite_note-Kosoff-13) However, it was reported to have a positive bounce back by the end of 2016 with a Series E venture investment from Fidelity Investments (/wiki/Fidelity_Investments) and the launch of new physical retail shops. [14] (#cite_note-O'Connor-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2017, Fleiss left the company to co-found Jetblack, a concierge shopping service. [16] (#cite_note-16) Fleiss remained on the board and Hyman remained as CEO. [17] (#cite_note-17) In March 2019, Rent the Runway received a new round of financing that increased its valuation to the unicorn (/wiki/Unicorn_(finance)) level of $1 billion. [18] (#cite_note-18) In September 2023, Rent The Runway began to decline, as sales were failing to meet soaring consumer demand after a disappointing quarter. [19] (#cite_note-19) In October 2023, CreditRiskMonitor reported that Rent the Runway was nearing a potential Chapter 11 bankruptcy (/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy) filing. [20] (#cite_note-20) Business model [ edit ] First Physical Location in NYC The company offers clothes from over 700 designers, in sizes ranging from 00 to 22. In addition to garments for events, the company also rents everyday clothing, children's clothing, ski apparel, home décor, and accessories, including jewelry and handbags. [21] (#cite_note-wall-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) The company offers several subscription plans at varying prices, that can be customized. According to the company, as of 2019 subscriptions account for 75% of its business. [24] (#cite_note-24) Customers can also rent clothes for a 4- or 8-day period without signing up for a subscription as part of the company's Reserve program. [25] (#cite_note-wsj2-25) Each rental includes a back-up size at no additional cost to ensure it fits. Customers can get a second style for an additional fee. Rental prices include the dry cleaning and care of the garments. In 2021, the company began allowing anyone to buy items secondhand from its site without a membership. [26] (#cite_note-26) Subscribers have had the option to buy items they rented since 2016. [25] (#cite_note-wsj2-25) Rent the Runway had physical locations in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) , Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) , and Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , [27] (#cite_note-27) where customers could work with a personal stylist, and either take items directly with them or book dresses and accessories for future events. In August 2020, the company announced it would be closing all five of its retail locations, in order to focus on digital subscriptions, and would be adding more drop box locations. [28] (#cite_note-28) According to the company, it has the biggest dry cleaning (/wiki/Dry_cleaning) operation in the United States and possibly the world, processing 2,000 items per hour (as of 2018). [3] (#cite_note-newyorker-3) [29] (#cite_note-29) The company has distribution warehouses in Secaucus, New Jersey (/wiki/Secaucus,_New_Jersey) , and Arlington, Texas (/wiki/Arlington,_Texas) . [30] (#cite_note-30) In September 2019, Rent the Runway experienced an 11-day operational glitch and temporarily stopped accepting new customers. [31] (#cite_note-31) The company resumed regular operations on October 15, 2019, after implementing system upgrades. [32] (#cite_note-32) Awards and honors [ edit ] Rent the Runway was named on CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) 's Disruptor 50 list in 2013, [33] (#cite_note-33) 2014, [34] (#cite_note-34) 2015, [35] (#cite_note-35) 2018 and 2019. [36] (#cite_note-36) The company was named one of Fast Company's Most Innovative Companies in 2011, 2015, 2018 and 2019. [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) In 2018, Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company_(magazine)) recognized RTR Unlimited as a World Changing Idea; in 2014 the New York State Society for Human Resource Management honored Rent the Runway as one of the best companies to work for in New York State; [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) and in 2010, Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) magazine named it one of the 50 best websites of the year. [42] (#cite_note-42) In 2019, Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) recognized Hyman as one of their 100 Most Influential People. [43] (#cite_note-43) The firm and Hyman were named one of the 12 Most Disruptive Names in Business in 2013 by Forbes, [44] (#cite_note-44) and Hyman was included on Fortune’s Trailblazers list of individuals changing the face of business in 2013. [45] (#cite_note-45) Both Hyman and co-founder Fleiss have been named to Inc. Magazine’s “30 Under 30,” Fortune’s “40 Under 40,” [46] (#cite_note-46) Fast Company’s “Most Influential Women in Technology,” [47] (#cite_note-47) Fashion Group International’s 14th annual Rising Stars in Retail, [48] (#cite_note-48) Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) ' "Women Entrepreneurs to Watch", [49] (#cite_note-49) and The Business Journal (/wiki/The_Business_Journal) 2016 Upstart 100 Class of Creatives. [50] (#cite_note-50) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Henry, Zoë (July 20, 2017). "Rent the Runway Had 6 Million Customers, $100 Million in Revenue. Then the Co-Founder Quit" (https://www.inc.com/magazine/201707/zoe-henry/jennifer-fleiss-rent-the-runway.html) . Inc.com . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Robert, Yola (25 March 2019). "Rent The Runway Joins The Unicorn Club At A $1 Billion Valuation" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/yolarobert1/2019/03/25/rent-the-runway-joins-the-unicorn-club-at-a-1-billion-valuation/?sh=1056ea185f0c) . Forbes . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Schwartz, Alexandra (22 October 2018). "Rent the Runway Wants to Lend You Your Look" (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/22/rent-the-runway-wants-to-lend-you-your-look) . The New Yorker . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Black_4-0) Black, Tiffany, “Jennifer Hyman and Jenny Fleiss, Founders of Rent the Runway” (http://www.inc.com/30under30/2010/profile-jennifer-hyman-jenny-fleiss-rent-the-runway.html) , Inc Magazine , July 19, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Marikar, Sheila (12 October 2018). "The Transformational Bliss of Borrowing Your Office Clothes" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/business/rent-the-runway-office-clothes.html) . New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Rent The Runway: Jenn Hyman" (https://www.npr.org/2017/09/21/541686055/rent-the-runway-jenn-hyman) . NPR. 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Wortham, Jenna (8 November 2009). "A Netflix Model for Haute Couture" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/technology/09runway.html) . New York Times . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Harris, Ainsley (23 March 2016). "Rent The Runway Launches Unlimited Service" (https://www.fastcompany.com/3057717/rent-the-runway-launches-unlimited-service) . Fast Company . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Rao_9-0) Rao, Lena, "AmEx Backs The Netflix For Designer Clothes, Rent The Runway" (https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/11/amex-conde-nast-back-the-netflix-for-designer-clothes-rent-the-runway/) , "TechCrunch", March 11, 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-10) Roof, Katie (27 December 2016). "Rent the Runway Raises $60 Million" (https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/27/rent-the-runway-raises-60-million/) . TechCrunch . Retrieved 17 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Segran, Elizabeth (21 March 2019). "Rent the Runway is now a unicorn" (https://www.fastcompany.com/90323340/rent-the-runway-becomes-a-unicorn-after-new-125m-investment?ref=producthunt) . Fast Company . Retrieved 17 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Roberts_12-0) Roberts, Daniel, "Exclusive: What’s behind the exodus from Rent the Runway?" (http://fortune.com/2015/11/17/rent-the-runway-exodus/) , "Fortune", Nov 17, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-Kosoff_13-0) Kosoff, Maya, "Why executives are fleeing $500 million startup Rent the Runway" (http://www.businessinsider.com/executive-flight-at-rent-the-runway-2015-11) , "Business Insider", November 17, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-O'Connor_14-0) O'Connor, Clare, "Rent The Runway Raises $60M In Funding As It Rolls Out Retail Stores" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2016/12/28/rent-the-runway-raises-60m-in-funding-as-it-rolls-out-retail-stores/#57f3ed68600a) "Forbes", December 28, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Rent the Runway pivots away from rough year \| PitchBook" (https://pitchbook.com/newsletter/rent-the-runway-pivots-away-from-rough-year) . pitchbook.com . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Belanger, Lydia (31 March 2018). "Why the Entrepreneur Behind Rent the Runway Decided to Launch Her New Company Through Walmart's Incubator" (https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/314307) . Entrepreneur . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) O'Connor, Clare (20 March 2017). "Rent The Runway Cofounder Fleiss Bows Out As Company Preps For IPO" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2017/03/20/rent-the-runway-cofounder-fleiss-bows-out-as-company-preps-for-ipo/?sh=5647912966c3) . Forbes . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Maheshwari, Sapna (2019-03-21). "Rent the Runway Now Valued at $1 Billion With New Funding" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/21/business/rent-the-runway-unicorn.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2019-09-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Rent the Runway Struggles to Meet Soaring Consumer Demand" (https://www.pymnts.com/news/retail/2023/rent-the-runway-struggles-with-meeting-soaring-consumer-demand/) . PYMNTS . September 11, 2023 . Retrieved October 3, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "11 retailers at risk of bankruptcy in 2023" (https://www.retaildive.com/news/retailers-at-risk-of-bankruptcy-2023/694548/) . Retail Dive . October 2, 2023 . Retrieved October 3, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-wall_21-0) Nassauer, Sarah (23 July 2019). "Rent the Runway Is Growing Fast, and Struggling to Keep Up" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/rent-the-runway-is-growing-fast-and-struggling-to-keep-up-11563890548?mod=article_inline) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Macon, Alexandra (8 April 2019). "Rent the Runway Launches Kids—and My Two Daughters Took It for a Test Drive" (https://www.vogue.com/article/rent-the-runway-launches-kids-test-drive) . Vogue . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Lockwood, Lisa (3 December 2019). "Rent the Runway Adds Ski Apparel, Ath-leisure" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/rent-the-runway-adds-ski-apparel-ath-leisure-1203382334/) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Leighton, Mara (3 March 2020). "Rent the Runway just launched a new subscription option that lets members rent 8 items per month for $135" (https://www.insider.com/rent-the-runway-2-swap-membership-review) . Insider . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Stoll, John (10 July 2020). "How Is Rent the Runway Still In Business? The CEO Moved Quickly, Cut Deep" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-is-rent-the-runway-still-in-business-founder-moved-quickly-cut-deep-11594393201) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Stoll, John (27 October 2020). "Coronavirus Prompts Rent the Runway to Think Beyond Rentals" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-prompts-rent-the-runway-to-think-beyond-rentals-11603815160) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Store Location Listing" (https://www.renttherunway.com/stories/stores) . Rent the Runway . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Thomas, Lauren (14 August 2020). "The clothing rental start-up Rent the Runway is closing all of its stores for good" (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/14/retail-start-up-rent-the-runway-is-closing-all-of-its-stores-for-good.html) . CNBC . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Rent the Runway is taking clothes-sharing mainstream" (https://www.economist.com/business/2018/06/07/rent-the-runway-is-taking-clothes-sharing-mainstream) . The Economist. 7 June 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-30) Jimenez, Carla (12 July 2019). "Rent the Runway's new Arlington fulfillment center is like a 300,000 square-foot closet" (https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/growth/article232567817.html) . Fort Worth Star-Telegram . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Rent the Runway back online after 11-day tech glitch" (https://nypost.com/2019/10/08/rent-the-runway-back-online-after-11-day-tech-glitch/) . October 8, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-32) Thomas, Lauren (8 October 2019). "Rent the Runway 'back to business as usual' after supply chain chaos" (https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/08/rent-the-runway-back-to-business-as-usual-after-temporary-chaos.html) . CNBC . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "2013 Disruptor 50 List" (https://www.cnbc.com/cnbc-list-of-disruptors/) . CNBC . Retrieved 24 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "2014 Disruptor 50 List" (https://www.cnbc.com/2014/06/17/cnbc-disruptor-50.html) . CNBC . Retrieved 24 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "2015 Disruptor 50 List" (https://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/12/rent-the-runway-disruptor-50.html) . CNBC . Retrieved 24 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) staff, CNBC com (2019-05-15). "Rent the Runway 2019 Disruptor 50" (https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/14/rent-the-runway-2019-disruptor-50.html) . www.cnbc.com . Retrieved 2019-09-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Most Innovative Companies: Rent the Runway" (https://www.fastcompany.com/company/rent-the-runway) . Fast Company . Retrieved 24 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "The World's Most Innovative Companies 2018: Retail Honorees" (https://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies/2018/sectors/retail) . Fast Company . Retrieved 2019-09-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "The World's Most Innovative Companies 2019: Social Good Honorees" (https://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies/2019/sectors/social-good) . Fast Company . Retrieved 2019-09-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Staff, Fast Company (2018-04-09). "The 2018 World Changing Ideas Awards Finalists" (https://www.fastcompany.com/40546728/the-2018-world-changing-ideas-awards-finalists) . Fast Company . Retrieved 2019-09-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Winners of 2014 Best Companies to Work for in New York State Announced" (http://bestcompaniesny.com/UserFiles/File/Press%20Release%20-%20Winners%20of%202014%20Best%20Companies%20to%20Work%20for%20in%20New%20York%20State%20Announced.pdf) , January 6, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-42) TIME Staff, "50 Best Websites 2010" (http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2012721_2012901_2012897,00.html) , "TIME", August 25, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Jennifer Hyman: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019" (https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567849/jennifer-hyman/) . TIME . Retrieved 2019-09-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Carlyle, Erin, "Disruptors" (https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2013/disruptors/jennifer-hyman_jennifer-fleiss.html) , "Forbes" ^ (#cite_ref-45) Fry, Erica, "Trailblazers: 11 People Changing Business" (https://money.cnn.com/gallery/news/companies/2013/02/07/trailblazers.fortune/5.html) , "Fortune", February 8, 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-46) Keating, Caitlin, "40 Under 40" (https://money.cnn.com/gallery/magazines/fortune/2012/10/11/40-under-40.fortune/29.html) , "Fortune", October 17, 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-47) Evans, Suzy "The Most Influential Women in Technology 2011 - Jennifer Hyman and Jennifer Fleiss" (http://www.fastcompany.com/3016964/women-in-tech-2011/the-most-influential-women-in-technology-2011-jennifer-hyman-and-jennifer) , "Fast Company", January 10, 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-48) "14th Annual Rising Star Awards" (http://www.fgi.org/pdfs/fgi_bulletin_20110509.pdf) , "FGI Bulletin", 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-49) Savchuk, Katia. "From Serena Williams to Katy Perry: Eight Women Entrepreneurs To Watch" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/katiasavchuk/2016/06/15/serena-williams-katy-perry-women-entrepreneurs-to-watch-self-made/#7502c8fb255d) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "The Creatives Upstart" (http://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/news/2016/08/18/the-creatives-upstart-100-celebrates-artful.html#g7) . bizjournals . August 18, 2018 . Retrieved 2020-12-03 . 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Gender-neutral fashion doll line by Mattel A Creatable World doll alongside a wig for different hair length Type Gender-neutral (/wiki/Gender_neutrality) dolls (/wiki/Doll) Company Mattel (/wiki/Mattel) Country United States (/wiki/United_States) Availability 2019–present Official website (https://corporate.mattel.com/brand-portfolio/creatable-world) Creatable World is the first line of gender-neutral (/wiki/Gender_neutrality) dolls (/wiki/Doll) produced by Mattel (/wiki/Mattel) . Creatable World dolls differ in design from other dolls produced by Mattel (/wiki/Mattel) . The design of the doll is unique and is noticeably different from both Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) and Ken (/wiki/Ken_(doll)) ; there are no curves or broad shoulders present on the dolls. [1] (#cite_note-1) The doll does not have breasts like Barbie does and has other features that do not display an obvious gender (/wiki/Gender) . The dolls are designed to be versatile: with wigs to change hairstyles and a variety of clothing options. [2] (#cite_note-Dockterman-2) Research and design for the doll line's development took 18 months. [3] (#cite_note-NYTimes-3) Mattel tested the product with focus groups (/wiki/Focus_group) that included children with a variety of gender identities. [4] (#cite_note-4) Overview [ edit ] The dolls are sold in kits, and 6 different kits are currently part of the doll line. The kits offer several customization options, including different hairstyles, clothes and accessories that are intended to offer a variety of both feminine (/wiki/Femininity) - and masculine (/wiki/Masculinity) -presenting play options. [5] (#cite_note-Asmelash-5) The dolls are designed to be versatile: with wigs to change hairstyles, and a variety of clothing options. [2] (#cite_note-Dockterman-2) The packaging obscures the dolls themselves and instead focuses on their possible variations. [6] (#cite_note-6) Reception [ edit ] A 2017 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center (/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) found that approximately 76% of Americans supported girls pursuing interests perceived as masculine and approximately 64% of Americans supported boys pursuing interests perceived as feminine. There were differences based in responses from different political affiliations: approximately 84% of Democrats supported girls pursuing masculine interests compared to approximately 66% of Republicans. Responses also varied by gender: approximately 58% of Republican women supported boys pursuing feminine interests, in contrast to approximately 38% of Republican men. [7] (#cite_note-7) A 2019 consumer survey of approximately 700 adult shoppers indicated that 25% expressed a positive view of gender-neutral toys and that 5% were interested in purchasing dolls from the Creatable World line as a holiday gift. [8] (#cite_note-8) Creatable World was praised by Jess Day, a campaigner for Let Toys Be Toys (/wiki/Let_Toys_Be_Toys) , who hoped that more toy manufacturers would follow suit in the future and avoid gender stereotypes. Day stated that "Toy companies have been quite slow to take on board that the world has changed. Most parents don't really want to see their children's interests limited." [9] (#cite_note-9) Madeline Schulz, writing for the Washington Examiner (/wiki/Washington_Examiner) , criticized the doll line. Schulz argued that the doll line went beyond Mattel "trying to break down stereotypes" and was " woke capitalism (/wiki/Woke_capitalism) ", since the dolls were "more than three times the price of the average Barbie doll." Schulz also argued that Mattel was alienating a substantial portion of their target customers. [10] (#cite_note-10) According to Eliana Dockerman, a staff writer for Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) , some marketing materials included an "overt nod to trans and nonbinary identities" by including a group of children who used various pronouns and the usage of the slogan "A doll line designed to keep labels out and invite everyone in". [2] (#cite_note-Dockterman-2) Alex Meyers, writing for Slate (/wiki/Slate_(magazine)) , criticized the doll line for this: On a basic level, the doll falls far short of actually embodying or even representing a nonbinary identity. “Gender-neutral,” the term Mattel uses in its marketing of the doll, is not, in fact, a term that many—any?—people use to describe themselves. They use “gender-fluid,” or genderqueer, or nonbinary, or nonconforming. These dolls reinforce the idea that gender is “playful” and easy to switch around, accusations often leveled at trans youths. [11] (#cite_note-11) Creatable World was recognized by the Project Management Institute (/wiki/Project_Management_Institute) in its list of the most influential projects of 2020. [12] (#cite_note-12) It was also a finalist for the Toy of the Year (/wiki/North_American_International_Toy_Fair) in the doll category. [13] (#cite_note-13) See also [ edit ] Everyone Is Awesome (/wiki/Everyone_Is_Awesome) Gender polarization (/wiki/Gender_polarization) Gender role (/wiki/Gender_role) Gender variance (/wiki/Gender_variance) Let Books Be Books (/wiki/Let_Books_Be_Books) List of toys (/wiki/List_of_toys) Pinkstinks (/wiki/Pinkstinks) Waldorf doll (/wiki/Waldorf_doll) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Rodriguez, Adrianna. "The company that created Barbie is introducing a line of gender-neutral dolls" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/parenting/2019/09/25/barbie-company-mattel-introduces-gender-neutral-creatable-world-doll/2437887001/) . USA Today . Retrieved 4 October 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Docktorman, Eliana; Bakalar, Spencer; Tsai, Diane. " (https://time.com/5684822/mattel-gender-neutral-doll/) 'A Doll For Everyone': Meet Mattel's Gender-Neutral Doll" (https://time.com/5684822/mattel-gender-neutral-doll/) . Time . Retrieved 4 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYTimes_3-0) Salam, Maya. "Mattel, Maker of Barbie, Debuts Gender-Neutral Dolls" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/25/arts/mattel-gender-neutral-dolls.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Schwartz, Matthew. "Beyond the Binary Mattel, P&G, and other major brands take a much more inclusive approach to gender" (https://www.ana.net/magazines/show/id/ana-2020-11-marketing-beyond-the-gender-binary) . Association of National Advertisers (/wiki/Association_of_National_Advertisers) . Retrieved 15 May 2022 . Mattel incubated the product line for 18 months before introducing the dolls in late 2019, and spent a good deal of that time conducting focus groups with more than 250 families, including cisgender kids, trans kids, and gender-fluid kids, according to Kim Culmone, SVP at Mattel Fashion Doll Design. ^ (#cite_ref-Asmelash_5-0) Asmelash, Leah. "Mattel just launched a gender-inclusive doll line" (https://www-m.cnn.com/2019/09/25/us/mattel-dolls-gender-nonbinary-inclusive-trnd/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved 4 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) St-Hilaire, Emile. "Opinion: Who's afraid of gender-fluid dolls?" (https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/opinion-whos-afraid-of-gender-fluid-dolls) . Montreal Gazette . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Horowitz, Juliana. "Most Americans see value in steering children toward toys, activities associated with opposite gender" (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/12/19/most-americans-see-value-in-steering-children-toward-toys-activities-associated-with-opposite-gender/) . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 16 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Picchi, Aimee. "Mattel's gender-neutral dolls are ready for the holidays, but shoppers may not be so sure" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/11/26/gender-neutral-dolls-adult-shoppers-skeptical/4250262002/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Elks, Sonia. "Barbie toymaker Mattel creates gender-neutral dolls" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-lgbt-toys-idUSKBN1WA200) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Retrieved 16 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Schulz, Madeline. "Why on earth is Mattel making gender-neutral dolls?" (https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/why-on-earth-is-mattel-making-gender-neutral-dolls) . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 13 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Meyers, Alex. "The Alarming Message of Mattel's "Gender-Neutral" Dolls" (https://slate.com/business/2019/11/mattel-gender-neutral-dolls-are-about-sales.html) . Slate . Retrieved 13 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Most Influential Projects 2020" (https://www.pmi.org/most-influential-projects-2020/50-most-influential-projects/creatable-world) . Project Management Institute . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "2020 US Toy of the Year (TOTY) Award finalists unveil" (https://toyworldmag.co.uk/2020-us-toy-of-the-year-toty-award-finalists-unveiled/) . ToyWorld . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . 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Mid-19th century drawing of rock reliefs at Taq-e Bostan (/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan) , showing Sasanian dress Sasanian dress ( Middle Persian (/wiki/Middle_Persian) : ǰāmag or paymōg ), represented by the Persians (/wiki/Persian_people) , was "broadly similar" to dresses worn by other Iranian peoples (/wiki/Iranian_peoples) . [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2018505-1) It was especially appropriate and applicable for horse riding. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2018505-1) Most extant primary sources for the study of Sasanian (/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) dress are forms of visual art, rock reliefs in particular. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2018505-1) In relation to the Sasanian dress, Matthew Canepa (2018) states: [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2018505-1) It consisted of loose-fitting trousers, boots, and a knee-length tunic that was bound with a belt ( kamar ). A heavy caftan, crossed at the chest, could be worn belted. In 3rd- and 4th-century representations, the tunic appears squared off at the bottom. From the late 4th century, the lower hem is rounded. Ornamental and figural textile motifs become prominent around the 6th and 7th centuries, as is apparent at Taq-e Bostan (/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan) . Early reliefs and seals portray members of the aristocracy wearing domed or pointed hats ( kulāf (/wiki/Kul%C4%81f) ) with their heraldic symbols ( nīšān ) on the side, often bound with diadems. Nobles were given the right to wear silk and jewellery. Women’s dress consisted of long, flowing, sleeved or sleeveless tunics. They were worn belted under the breasts with a long cloak worn over the left shoulder or used as a veil. Clothing was an important element in royal gift-giving. It also marked social rank, as did jewellery, and textiles and their motifs. The king bestowed clothing and jewellery as a mark of distinction on those he desired to honour and presented his own robes to especially favoured family and courtiers. According to Elsie H. Peck (1992), scholars have been hampered in their research on Sasanian female dress due to the scarcity of extant material (i.e. representations) compared to male Sasanian dress. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeck1992739–752-2) See also [ edit ] Korymbos (headgear) (/wiki/Korymbos_(headgear)) Persian clothing (/wiki/Persian_clothing) Parthian dress (/wiki/Parthian_dress) Tocharian clothing (/wiki/Tocharian_clothing) Byzantine dress (/wiki/Byzantine_dress) Tzangion (/wiki/Tzangion) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Canepa 2018 (#CITEREFCanepa2018) , p. 505. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeck1992739–752_2-0) Peck 1992 (#CITEREFPeck1992) , pp. 739–752. Sources [ edit ] Canepa, Matthew (/wiki/Matthew_Canepa) (2018). "dress, Persian" (http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-1579?rskey=n0swgt&result=9) . In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity (/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity) . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-866277-8 . Peck, Elsie H. (1992). "CLOTHING iv. In the Sasanian period" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-iv) . In Yarshater, Ehsan (/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater) (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume V/7: Class system V–Clothing X . London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 739–752. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-939214-75-4 . v t e Sasanian Empire (/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) List of monarchs (/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Sasanian_Empire) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Sasanian_Empire) Dynasty House of Sasan (/wiki/House_of_Sasan) Family tree (/wiki/Sasanian_family_tree) Seven Great Houses (/wiki/Seven_Great_Houses_of_Iran) Kayus (/wiki/House_of_Kayus) Culture Architecture (/wiki/Sasanian_architecture) Art (/wiki/Sasanian_art) Coinage (/wiki/Sasanian_coinage) Crowns (/wiki/Sasanian_crowns) Dressing Education (/wiki/Academy_of_Gondishapur) Glassware (/wiki/Sasanian_glass) Inscriptions (/wiki/List_of_Sasanian_inscriptions) Literature (/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature) Music (/wiki/Sasanian_music) Punishment (/wiki/Punishment_in_Sasanian_culture) Women (/wiki/Women_in_the_Sasanian_Empire) Military and wars Military of the Sasanian Empire (/wiki/Military_of_the_Sasanian_Empire) Navy (/wiki/Sasanian_navy) Defense lines (/wiki/Sasanian_defense_lines) Roman–Persian Wars (/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars) Arab tribes (/wiki/Shapur_II%27s_Arab_campaign) Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars (/wiki/Hephthalite%E2%80%93Sasanian_Wars) Göktürk–Persian wars (/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk%E2%80%93Persian_wars) Aksumite–Persian wars (/wiki/Aksumite%E2%80%93Persian_wars) Revolts and civil wars (/wiki/List_of_Sasanian_revolts_and_civil_wars) Muslim conquest of Persia (/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia) Descendants Dabuyids (/wiki/Dabuyid_dynasty) Bavands (/wiki/Bavand_dynasty) Baduspanids (/wiki/Baduspanids) Banu al-Munajjim (/wiki/Banu_al-Munajjim) Mikalids (/wiki/Mikalids) Qarinvand (/wiki/Qarinvand_dynasty) Related Roads (/wiki/Sasanian_roads) Economy (/wiki/Sasanian_economy) Roman–Iranian relations (/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations) Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom (/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom) ērān (/wiki/Iran_(word)) and anērān (/wiki/Aneran) Category (/wiki/Category:Sasanian_Empire) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐c795b44dd‐scr77 Cached time: 20240717173718 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.247 seconds Real time usage: 0.324 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 984/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23197/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2440/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15773/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.165/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3554983/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 284.256 1 -total 40.37% 114.768 1 Template:Sasanian_Empire 39.52% 112.348 1 Template:Navbox 31.15% 88.533 2 Template:Cite_encyclopedia 29.64% 84.240 1 Template:ODLA 17.85% 50.727 5 Template:Sfn 7.78% 22.116 1 Template:Flagicon 4.90% 13.916 1 Template:Encyclopaedia_Iranica 3.82% 10.852 1 Template:Reflist 3.29% 9.359 1 Template:Icon Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60322011-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717173718 and revision id 1160352461. 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Belt used to fulfill the Jewish commandment of separating the mind and heart This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Bendle&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Bendle&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Bendle) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Bendle) for suggestions. ( May 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bendle) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Bendle" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bendle%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bendle%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bendle%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bendle%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bendle%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bendle%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A Bendle serves the same purpose as a gartel does for Unmarried men in Hasidic Communities. The Bendle or Bendel (from German-dialect 'Bändel' = high-German 'Bändchen' = diminutive of 'Band' = ribbon) is a belt primarily used to fulfill the Jewish commandment of separating the mind and the heart. [1] (#cite_note-1) It is primarily used by unmarried Chabad Chasidim (/wiki/Chabad) during prayer. The Bendle is also worn shortly before prayer just as a gartel (/wiki/Gartel) is, the only exception is that the bendle is used by non-married Chabad Haredi Jews during prayer. [2] (#cite_note-2) It does fulfill all the requirements of its cousin "the gartel" but, unlike the gartel which is worn on the outside of the bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) or coat, the bendle is worn on the inside on top of the tallis kattan (/wiki/Tzitzit) on the waist such as Chabad-Lubavitch (/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch) . This is only for Chabad Hasidim and not all Chabadniks wear a bendle just preferring a standard belt. Most non-Chabad Hasidic (/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism) , non-Hasidic Haredi (/wiki/Haredi_Judaism) and Orthodox Jews don a Gartel (/wiki/Gartel) before prayer, whether married or unmarried. (depends on accepted custom of the group). References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Orthodox Union. Halacha concerning separation of body. https://www.ou.org/torah/halacha/hashoneh-halachos/fri_10_21_11/ (https://www.ou.org/torah/halacha/hashoneh-halachos/fri_10_21_11/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Adjustable Shabbos Belt Information. youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaGCDCDUK7k (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaGCDCDUK7k) . 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Razor with an electrically powered rotating or oscillating blade This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Electric_shaver) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Electric shaver" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electric+shaver%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electric+shaver%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electric+shaver%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electric+shaver%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electric+shaver%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electric+shaver%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Electric shaver Rotary-style electric shaver Foil-type electric razor Other names Dry razor, electric razor, shaver Classification Personal grooming (/wiki/Personal_grooming) device Types Rotary, foil, corded, battery-powered Related Electric hair clippers (/wiki/Hair_clipper#Electric_clippers) , safety razor (/wiki/Safety_razor) An electric shaver (also known as the dry razor , electric razor , or simply shaver ) is a razor (/wiki/Razor) with an electrically powered rotating or oscillating blade. The electric shaver usually does not require the use of shaving cream (/wiki/Shaving_cream) , soap, or water. The razor may be powered by a small DC motor (/wiki/Electric_motor) , which is either powered by batteries (/wiki/Battery_(electricity)) or mains electricity (/wiki/Mains_electricity) . Many modern ones are powered using rechargeable batteries (/wiki/Rechargeable_batteries) . Alternatively, an electro-mechanical oscillator (/wiki/Oscillator) driven by an AC-energized solenoid (/wiki/Solenoid) may be used. Some very early mechanical shavers had no electric motor and had to be powered by hand, for example by pulling a cord to drive a flywheel (/wiki/Flywheel) . Electric shavers fall into two main categories: foil or rotary-style. Users tend to prefer one or the other. Many modern shavers are cordless; they are charged up with a plug charger or they are placed within a cleaning and charging unit. History [ edit ] The first person to receive a patent for a razor powered by electricity was John Francis O'Rourke, a New York civil engineer, with his US patent 616554 filed in 1898. [1] (#cite_note-1) The first working electric razor was invented in 1915 by German engineer Johann Bruecker. [2] (#cite_note-2) Others followed suit, such as the American Col. Jacob Schick (/wiki/Jacob_Schick) , considered to be the father of the modern electric razor, who patented the first electric razor in 1930. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) The Remington Rand Corporation developed the electric razor further, first producing the electric razor [ citation needed ] in 1937. Another important inventor was Prof. Alexandre Horowitz (/wiki/Alexandre_Horowitz) , from Philips (/wiki/Philips) Laboratories in the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) , who designed one of the first rotary razors. It has a shaving head consisting of cutters that cut off the hair entering the head of the razor at skin level. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Roland Ullmann (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Ullmann) from Braun (/wiki/Braun_(company)) in Germany (/wiki/Germany) was another inventor who was decisive for development of the modern electric razor. [7] (#cite_note-7) He was the first to fuse rubber and metal elements on shavers [8] (#cite_note-8) and developed more than 100 electrical razors for Braun. [9] (#cite_note-9) In the course of his career Ullmann filed well over 100 patents for innovations in the context of dry shavers. [10] (#cite_note-10) The major manufacturers introduce new improvements to the hair-cutting mechanism of their products every few years. Each manufacturer sells several different generations of cutting mechanism at the same time, and for each generation, several models with different features and accessories to reach various price points. The improvements to the cutting mechanisms tend to 'trickle-down' to lower-priced models over time. The standard AA-size Ni-Cd battery (600 mAh) is soldered in place, deterring user replacement. Early versions of electric razors were meant to be used on dry skin only. Many recent electric razors have been designed to allow for wet/dry use, which also allows them to be cleaned using running water or an included cleaning machine, reducing cleaning effort. Some patience is necessary when starting to use a razor of this type, as the skin usually takes some time to adjust to the way that the electric razor lifts and cuts the hairs. Moisturizers designed specifically for electric shaving are available. Battery-powered electric razors [ edit ] In the late 1940s, the first electric razors that were battery-powered entered the market. In 1960, Remington (/wiki/Remington_(personal_care_brand)) introduced the first rechargeable battery-powered electric razor. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Battery-operated electric razors have been available using rechargeable batteries (/wiki/Rechargeable_batteries) sealed inside the razor's case, previously nickel cadmium (/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_batteries) or, more recently, nickel metal hydride (/wiki/Nickel_metal_hydride_batteries) . Some modern shavers use Lithium-ion batteries (/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries) (which do not suffer from memory effect (/wiki/Memory_effect) ). Sealed battery shavers either have built-in or external charging devices. Some shavers may be designed to plug directly into a wall outlet with a swing-out or pop-up plug, or have a detachable AC cord. Other shavers have recharging base units that plug into an AC outlet and provide DC power at the base contacts (eliminating the need for the AC-to-DC converter to be inside the razor, reducing the risk of electric shock (/wiki/Electric_shock) ). In order to prevent any risk of electric shock, shavers designed for wet use (/wiki/Wet_shaving) usually do not allow corded use and will not turn on until the charging adapter cord is disconnected or the shaver is removed from the charging base. Razor vs. trimmer [ edit ] Electric shaver (Russia) An electric razor and an electric trimmer are essentially the same devices by build, the major difference coming in terms of their usage and the blades that they come with. Electric razors are made specifically for providing a clean shave. It has lesser battery power but more aggression towards clipping hair. Electric Trimmers, on the other hand, are not meant for clean shaves. They come with special combs fixed onto them that aid in proper grooming and trimming of the beard stubs to desired shapes and sizes. General [ edit ] Some models, generally marketed as "travel razors" (or "travel shavers"), use removable rechargeable or disposable batteries, usually size AA (/wiki/AA_battery) or AAA (/wiki/AAA_battery) . This offers the option of purchasing batteries while traveling instead of carrying a charging device. Water-resistance and wet/dry electric shavers [ edit ] Many modern electric shavers are water-resistant (/wiki/Water-resistant) , allowing the user to clean the shaver in water. In order to ensure electrical safety (/wiki/Electrical_safety) , the charging/power cord for the shaver must be unplugged from it before the unit is cleaned using water. Some shavers are labeled as "Wet/Dry" which means the unit can be used in wet environments, for wet shaving (/wiki/Wet_shaving) . Such models are always battery-powered and usually the electronics will not allow turning the unit on while the charging adapter is plugged-in. This is necessary to ensure electrical safety, as it would be unsafe to use a plugged-in shaver in bathtub or shower. Lady shaver [ edit ] A lady shaver is a device designed to shave a woman's body hair. The design is usually similar to a man's foil shaver. Often a shaving attachment is a feature of an epilator (/wiki/Epilator) which is supplied as a separate head-attachment (different from the epilating one). Body hair shaver [ edit ] Traditional men's shavers are designed for shaving facial hair. However, other shaver products are made specifically to facilitate shaving of body hair (/wiki/Body_hair) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The Schick Dry Electric Razor" (http://www.patentlyinteresting.com/may-13.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) ABC der Deutschen Erfindungen. Reportage von Dorothee Ott und Kristine von Soden. Hessischer Rundfunk (/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk) , 23. December 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Jacob Schick Invents the Electric Razor" (https://connecticuthistory.org/jacob-schick-invents-the-electric-razor/) . Today in History. ConnecticutHistory.org . May 13, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-4) U.S. patent 1,757,978 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US1757978) ^ (#cite_ref-5) DE 694507 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=DE694507) "Haarschergeraet" ^ (#cite_ref-6) CA 401667 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=CA401667) "HAIR CUTTING DEVICE" ^ (#cite_ref-7) "A History of Braun Design, Part 1: Electric Shavers" (http://www.core77.com/posts/24437/a-history-of-braun-design-part-1-electric-shavers-24437) . Core77 . Retrieved 2017-10-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Terstiege, Gerrit, ed. (2009). The making of design: from the first model to the final product . Basel: Birkhäuser. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781299719897 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 852656502 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/852656502) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Braun-Ausstellung: Elektrisch und trocken gegen 15.000 Barthaare" (https://www.faz.net/1.1086648) . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . 2010-12-27 . Retrieved 2017-10-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Google Scholar" (https://scholar.google.ch/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&q=%22roland+ullmann%22+patent&btnG=) . scholar.google.ch . Retrieved 2017-10-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Electric Shaver Museum (http://pedewei.home.xs4all.nl/index.htm) . Pedewei.home.xs4all.nl. Retrieved on 2012-09-14. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "LIFE Magazine" (https://books.google.com/books?id=U1IEAAAAMBAJ) . Life . 1963-11-29. p. 9. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0024-3019 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Brett (2014-06-25). "Art of Manliness Sacrilege! My Year-Long Experiment With Using an Electric Razor" (https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/art-of-manliness-sacrilege-my-year-long-experiment-with-using-an-electric-razor/) . The Art of Manliness . Retrieved 2021-04-23 . External links [ edit ] Look up shaver (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shaver) or razor (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/razor) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Media related to Electric shavers (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electric_shavers) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Human hair (/wiki/Hair) Classification by type Lanugo (/wiki/Lanugo) Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Terminal (/wiki/Terminal_hair) Vellus (/wiki/Vellus_hair) by location Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Ear (/wiki/Ear_hair) Nose (/wiki/Nasal_hair) Eyebrow (/wiki/Eyebrow) unibrow (/wiki/Unibrow) Eyelash (/wiki/Eyelash) Underarm (/wiki/Underarm_hair) Chest (/wiki/Chest_hair) Abdominal (/wiki/Abdominal_hair) Pubic (/wiki/Pubic_hair) Leg (/wiki/Leg_hair) Head hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) ( list (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) ) Afro (/wiki/Afro) Afro puffs (/wiki/Afro_puffs) Asymmetric cut (/wiki/Asymmetric_cut) Bald (/wiki/Hair_loss) Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) Beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) Blowout (/wiki/Long_hair) Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) Bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) Bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) Brush, butch, burr cut 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South African footwear company Veldskoen Shoes is a South African shoe brand and company. It has its headquarters in Cape Town (/wiki/Cape_Town) , Western Cape (/wiki/Western_Cape) province of South Africa. History [ edit ] Veldskoen Shoes was founded in 2016 by friends Nick Dreyer and Ross Zondagh. After watching the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics (/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics) in Rio de Janeiro, [1] (#cite_note-1) Brazil, it is believed that the pair held the viewpoint that the South African athletes had an opportunity to express their national heritage more profoundly through their attire at the opening ceremony. The two started envisioning the kind of outfits that could have more aptly embodied the essence of South Africa. While discussing options, Ross Zondagh proposed the idea of incorporating a pair of leather Veldskoen, citing their iconic status as South African shoes. However, Dreyer expressed scepticism, noting that Veldskoen was no longer considered fashionable. Their conversation delved into strategies for enhancing the shoe's appeal, infusing it with a sense of fashion-forwardness, and fostering a sense of unity among South Africans. The end product was in the form of brightly coloured soles and laces representing South Africa's flag and rainbow nation; which is Veldskoen Shoes trademark look. [2] (#cite_note-2) The company chose the name 'Veldskoen' to honor a distinct style of shoe deeply rooted in South African tradition. In English, the name translates to 'field shoe,' reflecting its practical design and outdoor heritage. Their design is based on the traditional Khoisan (/wiki/Khoisan) footwear. Overseas markets [ edit ] Veldskoen Shoes exports products to 32 countries. This includes the US (/wiki/US) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) , New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) , Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) , China (/wiki/China) , the Nordic countries (/wiki/Nordic_countries) , Canada (/wiki/Canada) , the entire Europe, and parts of Africa. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-auto-4) All Veldskoen Shoes raw materials are sourced locally, from South African businesses. From the leather to the thread and the thermoplastic rubber (TPR) components. Indirectly Veldskoen Shoes supports close to 100 people across the different factories and tanneries in South Africa. In 2019 businessman Mark Cuban (/wiki/Mark_Cuban) [5] (#cite_note-5) and celebrity Ashton Kutcher (/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher) acquired a 50% ownership stake in Veldskoen Shoes US business. [6] (#cite_note-6) [4] (#cite_note-auto-4) In 2019 Veldskoen Shoes made waves in British media after Prince Harry (/wiki/Prince_Harry) , who was touring South Africa with his wife, Meghan Markle (/wiki/Meghan_Markle) , wore the brand. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2021 Veldskoen was named the official off-field shoe of South African athletes at the Olympic Games (/wiki/Olympic_Games) in Tokyo by the South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (/wiki/South_African_Sports_Confederation_and_Olympic_Committee) (SASCOC). [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2020 Veldskoen Shoes collaborated with DHL (/wiki/DHL) to launch a limited edition sneaker in London called "Dear Everyone". [10] (#cite_note-10) Minnie Dlamini (/wiki/Minnie_Dlamini) wore the sneaker at the Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) . [11] (#cite_note-11) In June 2023 Valor Hospitality Partners and Veldskoen Shoes launched a strategic initiative to provide vellies to their Hotel Staff across the United States. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2023 Veldskoen Shoes collaborated with Briana Evigan (/wiki/Briana_Evigan) , American (/wiki/Americans) actress and dancer best known for her appearance in the Step Up (franchise) (/wiki/Step_Up_(franchise)) , to create a Ranger "MoveMe" boot. [13] (#cite_note-13) Awards [ edit ] 2021 Veldskoen Shoes (Pty) Ltd was the winner in the small enterprises category at the South African AGOA Exporter of the Year Awards. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Rangongo, Timothy. "Making an iconic South African shoe globally recognisable" (https://www.news24.com/fin24/archive/finweek/making-an-iconic-south-african-shoe-globally-recognisable-20200820) . News24 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hogg, Alec (July 16, 2019). "Nick Dreyer: Making SA's iconic Veldskoen into a global champion" (https://www.biznews.com/good-hope-project/2019/07/16/nick-dreyer-veldskoen-global-champion) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Veldskoene are hitting the US as SA brands go global" (https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2019-04-04-veldskoene-are-hitting-the-us-as-sa-brands-go-global/) . TimesLIVE . ^ Jump up to: a b "Ashton Kutcher and Mark Cuban take veldskoen to US" (https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/companies/retail-and-consumer/2019-04-05-ashton-kutcher-and-mark-cuban-take-veldskoen-to-us/) . BusinessLIVE . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Shark Tank's Mark Cuban invests in South African shoe brand" (https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/462/188947.html) . Bizcommunity . Retrieved 2023-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Brown, Adrian (April 5, 2019). "Veldskoen goes international" (https://www.getaway.co.za/travel-news/veldskoen-goes-international/) . Getaway Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-7) https://www.businesslive.co.za/bt/business-and-economy/2019-09-29-harry-takes--giant-step-in-local--vellies/ (https://www.businesslive.co.za/bt/business-and-economy/2019-09-29-harry-takes--giant-step-in-local--vellies/) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Veldskoen Shoes Makes the Olympic Team in Amazing Full-Circle Story" (https://www.sapeople.com/fab-south-african-stuff/veldskoen-shoes-makes-the-olympic-team-in-amazing-full-circle-story/) . April 16, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Veldskoen come on board as Team SA sponsors for Tokyo" (https://www.teamsa.co.za/veldskoen-on-board-as-sponsors-for-tokyo-games/) . TeamSA . 2021-04-14 . Retrieved 2023-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "DHL Express X Veldskoen Is The Fashion Collaboration You Didn't Know You Needed" (https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/a39489092/dhl-express-partner-with-african-brand-veldskoen/) . ELLE . 2022-03-21 . Retrieved 2023-08-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Editor, Guest (2022-03-09). "DHL's Next Collab Spotted At Paris Fashion Week" (https://pausemag.co.uk/2022/03/dhls-next-collab-spotted-at-paris-fashion-week/) . PAUSE Online \| Men's Fashion, Street Style, Fashion News & Streetwear . Retrieved 2024-01-28 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : \|last= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Vellie revolution: Local manufacturer strikes it big with US partner deal" (https://www.702.co.za/articles/476985/vellie-revolution-local-manufacturer-strikes-it-big-with-us-partner-deal) . 702 . Retrieved 2023-08-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Lifestyle, Aspire (2023-02-09). "Hollywood's Briana Evigan, and local shoe company, Veldskoen join forces to create a social impact shoe" (https://aspirelifestyle.co.za/briana-evigan-veldskoen-ranger-boot/) . Aspire Lifestyle Magazine . Retrieved 2024-05-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "South African AGOA Exporter of the Year Award winners announced [incl. Video] – Agoa.info – African Growth and Opportunity Act" (https://agoa.info/news/article/15935-south-africa-agoa-exporter-of-the-year-award-winners-announced.html) . agoa.info . Retrieved 2023-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "U.S. Government partners with ITRISA to recognize outstanding exporters to the United States under AGOA" (https://www.globalafricanetwork.com/company-news/u-s-government-partners-with-itrisa-to-recognize-outstanding-exporters-to-the-united-states-under-agoa/) . Global Africa Network . 2021-11-24 . Retrieved 2023-08-22 . External links [ edit ] Veldskoen Shoes (https://www.veldskoen.com/) Vellie revolution: Local manufacturer strikes it big with US partner deal (https://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/476985/vellie-revolution-local-manufacturer-strikes-it-big-with-us-partner-deal) Vellie revolution: Local manufacturer strikes it big with US partner deal (https://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/476985/vellie-revolution-local-manufacturer-strikes-it-big-with-us-partner-deal) v t e Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Abandoned footwear (/wiki/Abandoned_footwear) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Blucher (/wiki/Blucher_shoe) Brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) Brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) Derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Monks (/wiki/Monk_shoe) Oxfords (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) (/wiki/Spectator_shoe) Winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepicker) Wholecuts (/wiki/Wholecut) Slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Court shoes 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Kolonya (from Turkish: cologne (/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne) ) is a type of perfume (/wiki/Perfume) . It is a famous product of Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , its country of origin. Kolonya is commonly used as a cologne, perfume, or hand sanitizer (/wiki/Hand_sanitizer) . It is sometimes used as surrogate alcohol (/wiki/Surrogate_alcohol) by poor alcoholics and teenagers, usually resulting in fatal poisonings (/wiki/Methanol_toxicity) or blindness. Since 2018 Kolonya contains a bitterant agent (/wiki/Denatonium_benzoate) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Cheap Kolonya or brands contain methyl alcohol which is absorbable by skin causing Methanol toxicity, safe Kolonya is denatured with isopropyl alcohol (/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol) instead of methanol. Description [ edit ] History [ edit ] Kolonya originated in Turkey – then part of the Ottoman Empire (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) – in the 19th century, when cologne (/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne) was first imported from Germany (/wiki/Germany) . The new perfume inspired new methods of scent-making, and supplanted rosewater as the primary fragrance in Turkey. Other scents were later added to the imported perfume, creating a uniquely Turkish product. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Make-up and usage [ edit ] Kolonya is composed of ethyl alcohol (/wiki/Ethanol) (between 60 and 80 percent), water, and fragrance. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In addition to being used as a cologne, it is commonly used as a disinfectant or hand sanitizer. Traditionally, the aroma derives from fig blossoms, jasmine, rose or citrus ingredients (usually contains limonene (/wiki/Limonene) and linalool (/wiki/Linalool) ). It has become increasingly popular in Turkey as a disinfectant following the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Turkish Food Safety Ministry plans to add denatonium benzoate to ethyl alcohol (in Turkish)" (https://t24.com.tr/haber/gida-bakanliginin-etil-alkole-katmayi-planladigi-denatonyum-benzoat-nedir,532176#:~:text=DENATONYUM%20benzoat%20etil%20alkol%20ve,i%C3%A7in%20cayd%C4%B1r%C4%B1c%C4%B1%20ajanlar%20olarak%20kullan%C4%B1l%C4%B1yor.) . ^ Jump up to: a b Yalav-Heckeroth, Feride (29 December 2016). "A Brief History Of Kolonya, Turkey's Fragrance" (https://theculturetrip.com/europe/turkey/articles/a-brief-history-of-kolonya-turkeys-fragrance/) . Culture Trip . Retrieved 2020-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Ergil, Leyla Yvonne (2020-03-13). "It's time to commend Turkey's cologne culture" (https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/expat-corner/its-time-to-commend-turkeys-cologne-culture) . Daily Sabah . Retrieved 2020-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Scatena, Jenna. "Turkey's unique hand-sanitising method" (https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200407-turkeys-unique-hand-sanitiser) . www.bbc.com . Retrieved 2020-04-08 . This Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolonya&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐dk8w7 Cached time: 20240712180412 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.178 seconds Real time usage: 0.212 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 291/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9876/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 71/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19837/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.125/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2969323/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 193.526 1 -total 63.56% 123.010 1 Template:Reflist 47.80% 92.510 2 Template:Cite_news 33.81% 65.435 1 Template:Turkey-stub 32.95% 63.758 1 Template:Asbox 5.45% 10.556 2 Template:Cite_web 1.53% 2.965 2 Template:Snd 0.80% 1.555 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63605764-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712180412 and revision id 1226055934. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolonya&oldid=1226055934 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolonya&oldid=1226055934) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Turkey stubs (/wiki/Category:Turkey_stubs) Perfumes (/wiki/Category:Perfumes) Goods manufactured in Turkey (/wiki/Category:Goods_manufactured_in_Turkey) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
American streetwear brand This article is about the U.S. clothing brand. For other uses, see Hundred (disambiguation) (/wiki/Hundred_(disambiguation)) and The 100 (disambiguation) (/wiki/The_100_(disambiguation)) . The Hundreds Industry Clothing manufacturing (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Genre Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Founded 2003 ; 21 years ago ( 2003 ) in Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Founders Bobby Kim Ben Shenassafar Headquarters Los Angeles, California , U.S. Number of locations 4 (2024) Area served Worldwide Products Clothing, footwear and eyewear, print magazine The Hundreds is a streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) brand founded in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) in 2003 by law school classmates Bobby Kim and Ben Shenassafar. [1] (#cite_note-1) The Hundreds also sells a print magazine, footwear and eyewear. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2011, Complex (/wiki/Complex_Magazine) magazine named The Hundreds as the fifth-greatest streetwear brand. [3] (#cite_note-Bobby_Hundreds-3) Stores [ edit ] In 2007, the brand expanded into retail, opening a store in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . [4] (#cite_note-4) This Los Angeles store is located at 7909 Rosewood Ave, as the address appears on multiple items of clothing from the "Rosewood" collection. The Hundreds followed in 2008 opening San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) and in 2010 New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [5] (#cite_note-5) On April 1, 2011, The Hundreds opened their fourth retail store, located in Santa Monica, California (/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Design [ edit ] The early creation of The Hundreds designs were inspired by graphic designers from San Diego, Hawaii, and Hong Kong. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) The Hundreds has partnered with numerous brands. [9] (#cite_note-:0-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "30 Under 30: America's Coolest Young Entrepreneurs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080924184013/https://www.inc.com/30under30/2008/profile/1314-kimshenassafar.html) . Inc.com. 2008. Archived from the original (https://www.inc.com/30under30/2008/profile/1314-kimshenassafar.html) on 24 September 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Olivarez-Giles, Nathan (26 May 2009). "Hip apparel brand wants to sell without selling out" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-may-26-fi-thehundreds26-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bobby_Hundreds_3-0) Hundreds, Bobby. "Bobby Hundreds' 50 Greatest Streetwear Brands of All Time" (https://www.complex.com/style/a/bobby-hundreds/the-greatest-streetwear-brands) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_Magazine) . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Ibok, Brian. "The Hundreds" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110128192555/https://www.complex.com/city-guide/2007/04/LA/the-hundreds) . Complex. Archived from the original (https://www.complex.com/city-guide/2007/04/LA/the-hundreds) on 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Caramanica, Jon (24 March 2011). "Two Riffs on Street Wear Gone Fusion" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/fashion/24CRITIC.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=%22the%20hundreds%22%20clothing&st=cse) . The New York Times . p. E4 . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "B D W Y :: THE HUNDREDS SANTA MONICA" (https://thehundreds.com/blogs/bobby-hundreds/b-d-w-y-the-hundreds-santa-monica) . The Hundreds . 18 April 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The Hundreds Santa Monica Opening Recap" (https://hypebeast.com/2011/4/the-hundreds-santa-monica-opening-recap) . Hypebeast . 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Wayback Week :: A Brief Tour of The Hundreds' History" (https://thehundreds.com/blogs/bobby-hundreds/wayback-week-2) . The Hundreds . Retrieved 2020-10-12 . ^ Jump up to: a b "About" (https://thehundreds.com/pages/about) . The Hundreds . Retrieved 2020-10-12 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.thehundreds.com/) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hundreds&action=edit) . v t e This California (/wiki/California) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Neo-Nazis who have embraced aspects of hipster culture A Nipster is a young neo-Nazi (/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Germany) who has embraced aspects of hipster culture (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) . Historically, German neo-Nazis promoted an ultra-masculine and extreme right-wing image, preferring short hair, violent imagery and combat gear—in keeping with the white power skinhead (/wiki/White_power_skinhead) or casual (/wiki/Casual_(subculture)) subcultures—while rejecting most modern pop culture. This has changed, with young "nipsters" embracing causes such as animal rights (/wiki/Animal_rights) and environmentalism (/wiki/Environmentalism) alongside historically far right (/wiki/Far-right_politics) positions, including anti-immigration (/wiki/Anti-immigration) views. Nipsters, rather than rejecting modern pop culture, seek instead to appropriate it to promote neo-Nazi ideals. [1] (#cite_note-rs-1) This has also been seen in the New Right (/wiki/New_Right) and National Anarchism (/wiki/National_Anarchism) movements. Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) magazine profiled Patrick Schroeder, one of the founders of the nipster movement, who said he desires to "give the German National Socialist (/wiki/Nazism) movement a friendlier, hipper face". Schroeder says that neo-Nazis who can "live within the mainstream", such as nipsters, are "the future of the movement". [1] (#cite_note-rs-1) Social networking websites like Tumblr (/wiki/Tumblr) frequently host nipster content. A video showing a young neo-Nazi dancing to the Harlem Shake (/wiki/Harlem_Shake_(song)) gained over 17,000 views on YouTube between 2013 and 2014. [1] (#cite_note-rs-1) There are also German neo-Nazi hip-hop and reggae bands. [ citation needed ] Usage of term outside Germany [ edit ] United Kingdom [ edit ] British (/wiki/United_Kingdom) neo-Nazi terrorist (/wiki/Terrorism) organisation National Action (/wiki/National_Action_(UK)) was said to have been a "mixture of hipsters and skinheads" prior to being proscribed (/wiki/Proscription) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The National (/wiki/The_National_(Scotland)) described the group as consisting of mostly middle-class (/wiki/Middle_class) , hipster fascists (/wiki/Neo-fascism) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Other uses of the term [ edit ] In 2011, three students founded the German online magazine Nipster , [4] (#cite_note-4) using the neologism to depict hipsters in the town of Nuremberg, not neo-Nazi hipsters. The online magazine has since folded. [5] (#cite_note-5) See also [ edit ] Alt-right (/wiki/Alt-right) Animal welfare in Nazi Germany (/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Nazi_Germany) Autonome Nationalisten (/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten) Culture jamming (/wiki/Culture_jamming) Ecofascism (/wiki/Ecofascism) Hipster racism (/wiki/Hipster_racism) Jihad Cool (/wiki/Jihad_Cool) Nazi punk (/wiki/Nazi_punk) Nazism (/wiki/Nazism) Neo-fascism (/wiki/Neo-fascism) Pegida (/wiki/Pegida) Thor Steinar (/wiki/Thor_Steinar) Brenton Tarrant (/wiki/Brenton_Tarrant) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Heil Hipster: The Young Neo-Nazis Trying to Put a Stylish Face on Hate" (https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/heil-hipster-the-young-neo-nazis-trying-to-put-a-stylish-face-on-hate-20140623#ixzz36cCTT9EI) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170919203238/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/heil-hipster-the-young-neo-nazis-trying-to-put-a-stylish-face-on-hate-20140623#ixzz36cCTT9EI) from the original on 2017-09-19 . Retrieved 2017-09-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Student Rights - National Action claim "reign of terror" planned for campuses" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180919132352/http://studentrights.org.uk/article/2197/national_action_claim_reign_of_terror_planned_for_campuses) . www.studentrights.org.uk . Archived from the original (http://www.studentrights.org.uk/article/2197/national_action_claim_reign_of_terror_planned_for_campuses) on 2018-09-19 . Retrieved 2018-01-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Disgust over neo-Nazis National Action's Aberdeen soup kitchen day trip" (http://www.thenational.scot/news/14896464.Disgust_over_neo_Nazis_National_Action_s_Aberdeen_soup_kitchen_day_trip/) . The National . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145612/http://www.thenational.scot/news/14896464.Disgust_over_neo_Nazis_National_Action_s_Aberdeen_soup_kitchen_day_trip/) from the original on 2018-01-30 . Retrieved 2018-01-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140722132102/http://www.nipster.net/#) . Archived from the original (http://www.nipster.net/#) on 2014-07-22 . Retrieved 2018-11-21 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Von wegen Phänomen: Was es mit dem angeblichen Nazi-Hipster "Nipster" auf sich hat" (http://www.musikexpress.de/style/article616517/von-wegen-phaenomen-was-es-mit-dem-angeblichen-nazi-hipster-nipster-auf-sich-hat.html) . 12 August 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205703/http://www.musikexpress.de/style/article616517/von-wegen-phaenomen-was-es-mit-dem-angeblichen-nazi-hipster-nipster-auf-sich-hat.html) from the original on 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . External links [ edit ] The hipster fascists trying to bring Mussolini back into the mainstream (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3x-ge4w46E) on YouTube The 'Nipsters': NPD and neo-Nazis change their style (http://www.dw.com/en/the-nipsters-npd-and-neo-nazis-change-their-style/a-18902369) v t e Neo-Nazism (/wiki/Neo-Nazism) Groups Extant Germany and Austria Autonome Nationalisten (/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten) Artgemeinschaft (/wiki/Artgemeinschaft) The III. 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nipster&oldid=1199348232 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nipster&oldid=1199348232) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Alt-right (/wiki/Category:Alt-right) Neo-Nazism in Germany (/wiki/Category:Neo-Nazism_in_Germany) Hipster (contemporary subculture) (/wiki/Category:Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021)
Dress worn by Queen Victoria at her wedding to Prince Albert in 1840 Wedding dress of Queen Victoria Queen Victoria and Prince Albert on their return from the marriage service at St James's Palace (/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace) , London, 10 February 1840. Engraved by S Reynolds after F Lock. Designer Mary Bettans (/wiki/Mary_Bettans) (dress) William Dyce (/wiki/William_Dyce) (lace) Year 1840 ( 1840 ) Material Satin (/wiki/Satin) , Honiton lace (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) married (/wiki/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert) Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha) on 10 February 1840. She chose to wear a white wedding dress made from heavy silk satin, making her one of the first women to wear white for their wedding. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-Khalje1997-2) The Honiton lace (/wiki/Honiton_lace) used for her wedding dress proved an important boost to Devon lace-making. [3] (#cite_note-staniland-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Queen Victoria has been credited with starting the tradition of white weddings (/wiki/White_wedding) [5] (#cite_note-5) and white bridal gowns, [6] (#cite_note-WP-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) although she was not the first royal to be married in white. [8] (#cite_note-8) Design [ edit ] The lace was designed by William Dyce (/wiki/William_Dyce) , head of the then Government School of Design (later known as the Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) ), and mounted on a white satin dress made by Mary Bettans (/wiki/Mary_Bettans) . [9] (#cite_note-wed-9) The plain, cream-colored satin gown was made from fabric woven in Spitalfields (/wiki/Spitalfields) , east London, and trimmed with a deep flounce and trimmings of lace hand-made in Honiton (/wiki/Honiton) and Beer (/wiki/Beer,_Devon) , in Devon (/wiki/Devon) . [9] (#cite_note-wed-9) This demonstrated support for English industry, particularly the cottage industry (/wiki/Cottage_industry) for lace. [2] (#cite_note-Khalje1997-2) [9] (#cite_note-wed-9) The handmade lace motifs were appliquéd (/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9) onto cotton machine-made net. [10] (#cite_note-Lace_crafts_quarterly-10) Orange blossoms, a symbol of fertility, also trimmed the dress and made up a wreath, which Victoria wore instead of a tiara over her veil. The veil, which matched the flounce of the dress, was four yards in length and 0.75 yards wide. Victoria's jewelry consisted of a necklace and earrings made of diamonds presented to her by the Sultan of Turkey, and a sapphire cluster brooch given to her by Albert a day earlier. The slippers she wore matched the white of the dress. The train of the dress, carried by her bridesmaids, measured 18 feet (5.5 m) in length. Queen Victoria described her choice of dress in her journal thus: "I wore a white satin dress, with a deep flounce of Honiton lace, an imitation of an old design. My jewels were my Turkish diamond necklace & earrings & dear Albert's beautiful sapphire brooch." After the wedding [ edit ] Portrait painted by Franz Xaver Winterhalter (/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter) , 1847, as an anniversary present for Prince Albert Victoria wearing her wedding veil and lace for her Diamond Jubilee Portrait, 1897 Reenactments [ edit ] While photography existed in 1840, the techniques were not yet fully developed. A series of photographs taken by Roger Fenton (/wiki/Roger_Fenton) on 11 May 1854 of Victoria and Albert are often described as wedding or reenactment photographs, with the dress identified as her wedding dress. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) The Royal Collection has refuted these interpretations, stating that the images are the first photographs to show Victoria as a queen, rather than as a wife or mother, and that she and Albert are wearing court dress (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) . [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) In 1847, Victoria commissioned Franz Xaver Winterhalter (/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter) to paint a portrait of her wearing her wedding clothes as an anniversary present for Prince Albert. [15] (#cite_note-haslem-15) The portrait was also copied as an enamel miniature by John Haslem (/wiki/John_Haslem_(artist)) . [15] (#cite_note-haslem-15) Queen Victoria's wedding lace [ edit ] Carbon print of the honiton lace veil and wreath decorated with orange blossoms worn by Queen Victoria on her wedding day c.1889-91 from Queen Victoria's Private Negatives, Vol. II c. 1850. Another carbon print of the veil showing more lace detail on one edge, along with a clear view of orange blossoms wreath. Victoria revisited the lace-makers to create the royal christening gown (/wiki/Royal_christening_gown) worn by her children, including Albert Edward (the future Edward VII (/wiki/Edward_VII) ). [16] (#cite_note-Heptinstall2008-16) This gown was worn for the christening of all subsequent royal babies until the baptism of James, Viscount Severn (/wiki/James,_Viscount_Severn) in 2008, when a replica was used for the first time. [17] (#cite_note-17) As a mark of support for the Honiton industry, in addition to often wearing their lace on her and her children's clothes, Victoria insisted her daughters also order Honiton lace for their wedding dresses. [3] (#cite_note-staniland-3) Victoria also wore her wedding lace mounted on the dresses she wore to the christenings of her nine children (except for Albert Edward's, for which she wore her Garter robes (/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter) ). [18] (#cite_note-poaq-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) She also wore it to the weddings of two of her children, her eldest daughter, Victoria (/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal) , in 1858, [18] (#cite_note-poaq-18) and her youngest son, Leopold (/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany) , in 1882. [20] (#cite_note-20) Her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) , was permitted to wear it as part of her wedding gown (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) in 1885. [21] (#cite_note-21) Victoria also wore the lace to the wedding of her grandson George (/wiki/George_V) (the future George V) to Mary of Teck (/wiki/Mary_of_Teck) in 1893, [22] (#cite_note-22) and for her Diamond Jubilee (/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria) official photograph in 1897. [23] (#cite_note-23) When Victoria died, she was buried with her wedding veil over her face. [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2012 it was reported that while the dress itself had been conserved and displayed at Kensington Palace (/wiki/Kensington_Palace) that year, the lace was now too fragile to move from storage. [9] (#cite_note-wed-9) Influence [ edit ] Wearing white was quickly adopted by wealthy, fashionable brides. Less than a decade later, Godey's Lady's Book (/wiki/Godey%27s_Lady%27s_Book) would incorrectly claim that white wedding gowns were an ancient custom reflecting a bride's virginity, writing "Custom has decided, from the earliest ages, that white is the most fitting hue, whatever may be the material. It is an emblem of the purity and innocence of girlhood, and the unsullied heart she now yields to the chosen one", even though white had been a distinctly uncommon choice for bridal gowns before Victoria's wedding and was not chosen by a majority of brides until decades later. [6] (#cite_note-WP-6) Following the 2011 wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) , comparisons were drawn between the bride's white wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Kate_Middleton) and Queen Victoria's. [6] (#cite_note-WP-6) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] Victorian era portal (/wiki/Portal:Victorian_era) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Otnes, Cele and Pleck, Elizabeth (2003). Cinderella Dreams: The Allure of the Lavish Wedding, p.31. University of California Press ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-24008-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24008-7) ^ Jump up to: a b Khalje, Susan (1 May 1997). Bridal couture: fine sewing techniques for wedding gowns and evening wear . Krause Publications Craft. p. 9 (https://archive.org/details/bridalcouturefin0000khal/page/9) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8019-8757-1 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Staniland, Kay (1997). In royal fashion : the clothes of Princess Charlotte of Wales & Queen Victoria, 1796-1901 (1. publ. in Great Britain ed.). London: Museum of London. p. 120. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0904818772 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Billing, Joanna (2003). The hidden places of Devon (6. ed.). Aldermaston, Berks.: Travel Publishing. p. 17. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781902007892 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Why Do Brides Wear White?" (https://www.britannica.com/story/why-do-brides-wear-white) . britannica.com . Retrieved 7 September 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Flock, Elizabeth (29 April 2011). "Queen Victoria was the first to get married in white" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/royal-wedding-watch/post/queen-victoria-was-the-first-to-get-married-in-white/2011/04/29/AFIYPmDF_blog.html) . Washington Post (/wiki/Washington_Post) . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Daniels, Maggie; Carrie Loveless (2012). Wedding Planning and Management . Routledge. pp. 88–89. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781136349140 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Panton, Kenneth J. (2011). Historical dictionary of the British monarchy . Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 371. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0810874978 . When the couple married at Lund, in Sweden, on 26 October 1406, Philippa (sometimes known as Philippa of England) became the first daughter of an English sovereign to wear a white outfit at her wedding. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Alexander, Hilary (22 April 2011). "How will The Dress measure up to history?" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8466914/How-will-The-Dress-measure-up-to-history.html) . London: telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lace_crafts_quarterly_10-0) Lace crafts quarterly . Eunice Sein. 1987 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Avenell, Matthew. "Representations of Queen Victoria in Official Painted & Photographic Portraits" (http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofEnglish/visual-culture/painting/Victoria-portraits.html) . Victorian Visual Culture . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Royal weddings in history" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/royalty/8137332/Royal-weddings-in-history.html) . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, Buckingham Palace" (http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/royalweddings/object.asp?exhibs=WedQVPA&item=22&object=2906513&row=21&detail=about) . The Royal Collection . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Jonathan Marsden, ed. (2010). Victoria & Albert: art & love . London: Royal Collection. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781905686216 . , cited on Roger Fenton (/wiki/Roger_Fenton) . "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Buckingham Palace 11 May 1854" (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2906513) . Royal Collection Trust (/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust) . Inventory no. 2906513. ^ Jump up to: a b "Queen Victoria in her wedding dress by John Haslem after Winterhalter, 1848" (http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/royalweddings/object.asp?exhibs=WedQVPA&item=21&object=421993&row=20&detail=about) . Royal Collections. ^ (#cite_ref-Heptinstall2008_16-0) Simon Heptinstall (15 June 2008). Devon . Crimson Publishing. pp. 98–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85458-426-7 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Queen sees grandson's christening" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7354474.stm) . 19 April 2008 . BBC News. 19 April 2008 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Munson, Richard Mullen & James (1987). Victoria : portrait of a queen (1. publ. ed.). London: British Broadcasting Corp. p. 75. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0563204567 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Ridley, Jane (2012). Bertie: A Life of Edward VII . Random House. p. 17. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781448161119 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Lane, John (2011). A Right Royal Feast : Menus from Royal Weddings and History's Greatest Banquets . Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 21. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1446301616 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-21) Reid, Michaela (/wiki/Michaela_Reid) (1990). Ask Sir James : Sir James Reid, personal physician to Queen Victoria and physician-in-ordinary to three monarchs . New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Penguin Books. p. 65. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0140130241 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Bolitho, Hector (1938). Victoria and Albert . Cobden-Sanderson. p. 337. ^ (#cite_ref-23) King, Greg (2007). Twilight of splendor : the court of Queen Victoria during her diamond jubilee year . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 15. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780470044391 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Hibbert, Christopher (2000). Queen Victoria, a personal history (1st DaCapo Press ed.). Cambridge, MA: Da Capo. p. 497. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780306810855 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wedding dress of Queen Victoria (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) . 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/BP_Studio) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:BP_Studio) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BP_Studio&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "BP Studio" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22BP+Studio%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22BP+Studio%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22BP+Studio%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22BP+Studio%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22BP+Studio%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22BP+Studio%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)) . 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Find sources: "BP Studio" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22BP+Studio%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22BP+Studio%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22BP+Studio%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22BP+Studio%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22BP+Studio%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22BP+Studio%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) BP Studio Compagnia della Lana e del Cotone S.P.A. Company type Private Industry Fashion Founded 1959 ( 1959 ) Founder Carla Bandocci Headquarters Florence, Italy Area served Worldwide Products Clothing Owner Barontini family (Francesco, Chiara, Benedetta) Number of employees 30 (2011) Website [1] (http://www.bpstudio.it) www.bpstudio.it BP Studio is a Florentine (/wiki/Florence) fashion house that produces women's knitwear. History [ edit ] BP Studio was founded in 1959 as Creazioni BP Maglificio SpA by Carla Bandocci and changed its name to BP Studio Compagnia della Lana e del Cotone S.P.A. under the direction of Fernando Barontini (Ms. Bandocci's husband) in 1988. The company began in central Florence as a small producer of private label knits for department stores in the US and Germany. They moved to the city's industrial periphery in the early 1980s to accommodate larger machinery and staff. At this time, they launched their own line of women's knitwear. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, BP Studio produced knits for Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Ferragamo (/wiki/Ferragamo) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) and The Row (couture label by Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen (/wiki/Mary-Kate_and_Ashley_Olsen) ). In 2007 the company chose to concentrate solely on its own label and scale back production to prototypes only. Production of BP Studio label clothing is carried out exclusively in Italy. The company closed their factory in Osmannoro in 2013. [1] (#cite_note-1) Stores [ edit ] Company headquarters and factory outlet are located in Sesto Fiorentino. A boutique open to the public is located in central Florence on via della Vigna Nuova. Showrooms (for buyers only) are located in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Rome (/wiki/Rome) , Torino, Treviso (/wiki/Treviso) , Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) , Brussels (/wiki/Brussels) , Barcelona and New York. BP Studio is carried by multi-label boutiques worldwide. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Romoli, Rebecca (19 September 2013). "Sesto, chiude la BP studio all'Osmannoro: a rischio 22 posti di lavoro" (https://www.firenzetoday.it/zone/sesto-fiorentino/crisi-chiude-bp-studio-osmannoro.html) . FirenzeToday (in Italian) . Retrieved 15 October 2022 . External links [ edit ] Official BP Studio website (http://www.bpstudio.it/) Interview with Benedetta Barontini, head of commercial office, published on company blog (https://web.archive.org/web/20120425091720/http://blog.bpstudio.it/2011/barontini-bp-studio-history/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59fc976584‐fk7k2 Cached time: 20240717101327 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.311 seconds Real time usage: 0.418 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1500/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 67281/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 15451/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13986/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.205/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3938361/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 381.512 1 -total 51.13% 195.079 4 Template:Ambox 36.35% 138.691 1 Template:Infobox_company 36.26% 138.348 1 Template:Multiple_issues 33.38% 127.342 1 Template:Infobox 26.62% 101.551 1 Template:Reflist 23.40% 89.267 1 Template:Cite_news 14.12% 53.857 1 Template:Original_research 5.40% 20.620 1 Template:Primary_sources 4.46% 17.000 2 Template:Find_sources_mainspace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32451340-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717101327 and revision id 1227191062. 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Australian fashion designer Bowie Wong Bowie Wong in January 2013 Born 1969 (age 54–55) Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) Nationality Australia, Hong Kong Occupation Fashion designer Years active 1990s-present Bowie Wong (born 1969) is a Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) -born Australian (/wiki/Australians) fashion and stage designer. [1] (#cite_note-1) Background [ edit ] Wong was born in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) . [2] (#cite_note-fvm-2) As the son of a Chinese opera singer (/wiki/Opera_singer) , Wong spent his childhood surrounded by stage costumes (/wiki/Stage_costume) , which started his interest in design and fashion at an early age. [ citation needed ] He studied Pure Design in Japan (/wiki/Japan) and Stage and Costume Design in Canada (/wiki/Canada) . [3] (#cite_note-mbfaw-3) While finishing his degree in Canada, Bowie was offered contracts on major theatre productions and international shows including The Paul McCartney World Tour (/wiki/The_Paul_McCartney_World_Tour) , Cats (/wiki/Cats_(musical)) and Les Misérables (/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)) . [3] (#cite_note-mbfaw-3) In 1997 he moved to Sydney, Australia where he spent three year. At this time, Wong decided to focus on his passion for fashion itself, as he explains, "[fashion] is a romantic roller-coaster ride and I wanted to be a part of that excitement – [but] on my own terms, so I would not have to compromise" [4] (#cite_note-4) Early career [ edit ] In 2000, Wong launched his first complete collection and began to establish himself as a local Australian brand. In 2011 and 2012, Wong produced a couture collection of unique custom-made dresses and bridal-inspired gowns which was shown at Australian Fashion Week. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) He has dressed celebrities such as Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) , [8] (#cite_note-8) Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) , [9] (#cite_note-9) George Michael (/wiki/George_Michael) , [10] (#cite_note-10) Beyonce (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) and Harry Potter (/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)) stars Evanna Lynch (/wiki/Evanna_Lynch) [11] (#cite_note-11) and Jade Gordon. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Wong has been named a Friend of Australia by Tourism Australia (/wiki/Tourism_Australia) in recognition of his contribution to the Australian fashion industry. [14] (#cite_note-14) Bowie Wong (brand) [ edit ] In January 2014, Bowie Wong debuted at Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , the first Australian-based fashion designer to do so, presenting his collection at the Australian Embassy in Paris. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Wong showed at Paris Fashion Week again in July 2014. [17] (#cite_note-17) Vogue's Suzy Menkes (/wiki/Suzy_Menkes) paid a visit to Wong. Coverage included Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , [18] (#cite_note-18) Agence France-Presse (/wiki/Agence_France-Presse) [19] (#cite_note-19) and Australian media. [20] (#cite_note-20) In Paris, press included Melty Fashion (/w/index.php?title=Melty_Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) , [21] (#cite_note-21) Paris Haute (/w/index.php?title=Paris_Haute&action=edit&redlink=1) [22] (#cite_note-22) and Flip-Zone (/w/index.php?title=Flip-Zone&action=edit&redlink=1) . [23] (#cite_note-23) FashionTV (/wiki/FashionTV) filmed backstage and show coverage. [24] (#cite_note-24) Wong was also invited by L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) Australia to become a couture contributor for the magazine. [25] (#cite_note-25) In January 2015, Wong once again presented a collection at Paris Haute Couture Week, as mentioned by The Huffington Post, [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) Gypset Magazine [29] (#cite_note-29) and FVM Global Magazine [2] (#cite_note-fvm-2) amongst others. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Designers ruffle each other's feathers" (http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sunday-telegraph/designers-ruffle-each-others-feathers/story-e6frewt9-1225861001727) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)) . 2 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Boutin, Faith; Rosen, Murray (August 2015). "Divine Haute Couture" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151006132932/http://fvmglobalmagazine.com/HauteCouture2015-text.html) . FVM Global . No. August 2015. Archived from the original (http://fvmglobalmagazine.com/HauteCouture2015-text.html) on 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "MBAFW Designer Profiles" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140117050325/http://australia.mbfashionweek.com/designers/bowie) . Archived from the original (http://australia.mbfashionweek.com/designers/bowie) on 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "About the Designer" (http://www.bowie.com.au) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "A model showcases designs by Bowie on the catwalk during Rosemount" (http://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/news-photo/model-showcases-designs-by-bowie-on-the-catwalk-during-news-photo/113802557) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Teh, Lisa (20 May 2012). "INTERVIEW: BOWIE WONG" (http://www.couturing.com/interview-bowie-wong/) . Couturing.com . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Designer Bowie Wong acknowledges the crowd after his catwalk show on" (http://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/news-photo/designer-bowie-wong-acknowledges-the-crowd-after-his-news-photo/143626073) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Kendall Jenner - Genlux Magazine Issue" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151005003143/http://www.thewallpapers.org/article/256/kendall-jenner) . Archived from the original (http://www.thewallpapers.org/article/256/kendall-jenner) on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "V Raw Livestyle Design Search" (http://www.femail.com.au/v-raw-livestyle-design-search.htm) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Mediasearch" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151007114152/http://www.mediasearch.com.au/fashion/wrap/vraw_livestyle2010) . Archived from the original (http://www.mediasearch.com.au/fashion/wrap/vraw_livestyle2010) on 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "From Luna Lovegood to Looking Lovely in BOWIE…" (https://bowienews.wordpress.com/2012/06/04/from-luna-lovegood-to-looking-lovely-in-bowie/) . 4 June 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Jade Gordon in Bowie" (http://www.stylebistro.com/Best+Dressed+at+'Harry+Potter+and+the+Deathly+Hallows+Part+2'/articles/dv2ph56Udn0/Jade+Gordon+in+Bowie) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Emma Watson: 'Harry Potter Deathly Hallows Part II' Premiere, London : Sassi Sam Girlie Gossip Files" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151006101417/http://www.sassisamblog.com/2011/07/08/emma-watson-harry-potter-deathly-hallows-part-premiere-london/) . Archived from the original (http://www.sassisamblog.com/2011/07/08/emma-watson-harry-potter-deathly-hallows-part-premiere-london/) on 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Friends of Australia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095314/http://www.tourism.australia.com/documents/FOA_list.pdf#) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.tourism.australia.com/documents/FOA_list.pdf#) (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Bowie Wong Immortality couture collection in Paris gets the WA treatment" (http://m.smh.com.au/photogallery/lifestyle/fashion/bowie-wong-immortality-couture-collection-in-paris-gets-the-wa-treatment-20140703-3bail.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Australian-Based Designer Bowie Wong Makes History As He Debuts His Haute Couture Collection In Paris" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141222171030/http://theinterluxe.com/australian-based-designer-bowie-wong-makes-history-as-he-debuts-his-haute-couture-collection-in-paris/) . The Interluxe . Archived from the original (http://theinterluxe.com/australian-based-designer-bowie-wong-makes-history-as-he-debuts-his-haute-couture-collection-in-paris/) on 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "The Aj Edit" (http://www.alisonjade.com.au/blogs/alisonjade/tagged/paris-fashion-week) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Bowie Wong to Show in Paris in July" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/bowie-wong-to-show-in-paris-in-july-7387462/) . 22 January 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Designer Bowie Wong Offers a Glimpse of His Collection \| NewsLook" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151007153520/http://www.newslook.com/videos/650790-designer-bowie-wong-offers-a-glimpse-of-his-collection) . Archived from the original (http://www.newslook.com/videos/650790-designer-bowie-wong-offers-a-glimpse-of-his-collection) on 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Bowie Wong Immortality couture collection in Paris gets the WA treatment" (http://www.smh.com.au/photogallery/lifestyle/fashion/bowie-wong-immortality-couture-collection-in-paris-gets-the-wa-treatment-20140703-3bail.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) PANDO, Julie (10 July 2014). "Bowie Wong Couture automne-hiver 2014/2015 à la Fashion Week de Paris" (http://www.meltyfashion.fr/bowie-wong-couture-automne-hiver-2014-2015-a-la-fashion-week-de-paris-a306287.html) . www.peaches.fr (in French). ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Bowie wong" (https://parishaute.wordpress.com/tag/bowie-wong/) . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Wong, Bowie Wong fashion designer Maison Bowie. "Bowie Wong Fall-winter 2014-2015 - Couture" (http://www.flip-zone.com/fashion/couture-1/independant-designers/bowie-wong-4839) . www.flip-zone.com . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Bowie Wong Backstage \| Paris Couture Fashion Week \| FashionTV" (https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ClLW06RV5jQ) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "l'Officiel Australia-Paris Haute Couture Shoot" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305160453/http://dressesvideo.com/video/6411858662/l-officiel-australia-paris-haute-couture-shoot/#) . Archived from the original (http://dressesvideo.com/video/6411858662/l-officiel-australia-paris-haute-couture-shoot/#) on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-26) Paris Haute Couture Week ^ (#cite_ref-27) "The Haute Couture Beauty Looks We'll be Wearing This Fall" (http://m.huffpost.com/ca/entry/7787882) . 13 July 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Lessons in Paris Haute Couture: How to Escape a 'Style Rut' (http://m.huffpost.com/uk/entry/7990554) " (http://m.huffpost.com/uk/entry/7990554) . 17 August 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "The Magic Veil the world of BOWIE Wong! - Gypset Magazine" (http://gypsetmagazine.com/bowiewong/#) . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bowie Wong (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bowie_Wong) . "Official BOWIE Website" (http://www.bowie.com.au) . "BOWIE Press Archive" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131114035824/http://bowiepressroom.com/) . Archived from the original (http://www.bowiepressroom.com) on 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2019 . "Stylehunter goes Backstage with Bowie!" (http://www.stylehunter.com/featured/stylehunter-goes-backstage-with-bowie/) . Stylehunter.com . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Bowie Wong (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/bowie-wong/) in the Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7z75z Cached time: 20240720185318 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.400 seconds Real time usage: 1.331 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3269/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 54406/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3223/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 109505/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.239/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7387469/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 476.702 1 -total 38.09% 181.573 1 Template:Reflist 24.16% 115.181 1 Template:Infobox_person 17.65% 84.123 29 Template:Cite_web 15.76% 75.138 2 Template:Cite_news 14.87% 70.885 1 Template:Short_description 7.73% 36.872 21 Template:Main_other 7.62% 36.319 2 Template:Pagetype 6.32% 30.115 2 Template:Fix 6.11% 29.130 1 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29960484-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720185318 and revision id 1177213314. 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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Leder_und_Schuh##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leder_und_Schuh&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Leder und Schuh" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Leder+und+Schuh%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Leder+und+Schuh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Leder+und+Schuh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Leder+und+Schuh%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Leder+und+Schuh%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Leder+und+Schuh%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( March 2018 ) Leder und Schuh AG Company type corporation (/wiki/Corporation) Industry Retail sale of footwear and leather goods in specialised stores consumer products distribution manufacture of footwear manufacture of leather and related products Founded 1872 Headquarters Graz (/wiki/Graz) , Austria (/wiki/Austria) Products Shoes, Apparel, Accessories Revenue 374 Mio. EUR (/wiki/Euro) Number of employees about 2,321 Website www.lsag.com (http://www.lsag.com) The Leder & Schuh Group , one of the largest shoe companies in Europe (/wiki/Europe) , employs over 2,321 people in about 206 locations and gains total revenue of 374 million Euros. (2017) The corporation (/wiki/Corporation) is not listed on the stock exchange (/wiki/Stock_exchange) . According to its account Leder & Schuh is the market leader in Austria (/wiki/Austria) and Slovenia (/wiki/Slovenia) and number two in Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) and Slovakia (/wiki/Slovakia) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The main business areas are Humanic (/wiki/Humanic) and Shoe 4 You. The Executive Board (/wiki/Executive_Board) consists of Mag. Werner Weber and Thomas Weber. (2016) History [ edit ] 1872 [ edit ] The history of Humanic begins with a shoe factory. In 1872 "D.H. Pollak & Co" settles in Graz (/wiki/Graz) and lays the foundation for today's holding company "Leder & Schuh International AG" with its headquarters still at the same premises. Soon "D.H. Pollak & Co" manages numerous factories and stores and produces 20,000 pairs per week, thus becoming the biggest producer of shoes in Central Europe. The company opens stores in Prague (/wiki/Prague) , Budapest (/wiki/Budapest) , Zagreb (/wiki/Zagreb) , Ljubljana (/wiki/Ljubljana) , Trieste (/wiki/Trieste) , Meran (/wiki/Meran) , and Timișoara (/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara) and even exports its shoes to Africa (/wiki/Africa) , America (/wiki/Americas) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) and India (/wiki/India) . “D.H. Pollak & Co” are global players, which also manifests itself in the new name: "Goodyear Welt-Schuhfabrik — D.H. Pollak & Co" (“Goodyear World Shoe Factory — D.H. Pollak & Co”). 1904 [ edit ] In 1904, shoe production and trade are further expanded, and stores are set up as far afield as Constantinople (/wiki/Constantinople) (Istanbul), Plovdiv (/wiki/Plovdiv) , Sofia (/wiki/Sofia) and Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) . Due to the take-over of the American company "Humanic", the company changes its name again: In 1907, the “American Shoe House Humanic" opens its first two stores in Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) , on Kärntnerring 6, opposite the famous Hotel Bristol, and in Mariahilferstraße 92, opposite Hotel Palace. 1914-1918 [ edit ] Due to World War I, the company loses almost its entire branch network, consisting of more than 100 branches. Despite the tense economic situation, several shoe factories are acquired, amongst others the "Allgemeine Österreichische Schuh-Aktien-Gesellschaft". 1920 [ edit ] Serious damages caused by World War I require a new start for the company. Meeting a similar fate as the Austro-Hungarian-Empire the organisation is broken up into several independent distribution and manufacturing companies. These companies, in turn, get lost in the economic and political post-war confusion. By founding the Austrian "Humanic Leder und Schuh AG, Vienna-Graz" a strong sign of life is sent out once again and all efforts are concentrated on a restart in a now "shrunk" Austria. The company takes off quickly and in 1930 the Humanic sales network already encompasses 60 branches again. 1938-1945 [ edit ] The consequences of the worldwide economic crisis and incorporation of Austria (/wiki/Austria) into Greater Germany imply dramatic difficulties and the end of expansion for the company. Finally World War II causes the total collapse. Due to its location near the central station of Graz, the factory is almost completely destroyed by 15th AF / 55th BW air strikes on 15 March 1945. 1950 [ edit ] The reconstruction after World War II is concentrated on the relatively small Austrian market and is finished by 1950. International cooperation with renowned companies like "Calzaturificio di Varese" or "Charles Jourdan" is launched accompanied by the reorganisation of Europe. This is when the foundation for the fashion leadership of Humanic is laid. 1960-1970 [ edit ] The foundation of the European Free Trade Association (/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association) EFTA is the starting point for more intensive trade connections with Scandinavia (/wiki/Scandinavia) and Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) ; exports to Germany (/wiki/Germany) , Norway (/wiki/Norway) , the Benelux countries, the Far East, and the USSR bring continuous growth. Thus, more than 3,000 shoe stores throughout Europe are supplied with goods from the company-owned production and wholesale business. At the same time, new production sites are opened in Austria (/wiki/Austria) (Deutschlandsberg, Radkersburg, Eibiswald, and Feldbach) and other European countries, such as Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) and Spain (/wiki/Spain) . 1977-1990 [ edit ] Up until 1977, all trading activities are exclusively carried out under the brand name Humanic . From then on, however, the company starts to diversify its trading activities. 1977 First Top Schuh stores are opened. In 1988 the first Dominici store opened (designer labels). In 1989 Jello Schuhpark is founded (price aggressive concept for retail parks). In 1990 Leder & Schuh AG—as we know it today— was founded. As a holding company, it takes over leadership and service functions as well as coordination of all activities at home and abroad. 1991-2000 [ edit ] By acquiring the majority interest of the Hungarian commercial company SZIVÁRVÁNY Rt. with its headquarters in Budapest (/wiki/Budapest) , Leder & Schuh AG continues the internationalisation that was started in 1904. Finally, Humanic and its shoe stores manage to take over market leadership in Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) . In 1992, Humanic enters the Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) with the opening of a store in Brno (/wiki/Brno) . 1994 marks the birth of Shoe 4 You . The first store is opened in Germany (/wiki/Germany) , it also marks our debut on this neighbouring market. In the same year, Leder & Schuh International AG withdraws from shoe production and wholesale activities, thus making an important decision regarding the reorientation of the company towards retail business. In 2000, the company moves on to Slovenia (/wiki/Slovenia) , where it opens Jello and Humanic stores. 2001-2007 [ edit ] Leder & Schuh International AG is able to strengthen its leading market position in Austria (/wiki/Austria) and increases its international expansion. In spring 2002, Humanic opens its first store in Regensburg (/wiki/Regensburg) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) , and, in the same year, the first two stores in Bratislava (/wiki/Bratislava) , Slovakia (/wiki/Slovakia) . In 2005 Humanic enters the Polish market. At the end of 2007 the strategic decision is taken to withdraw Top Schuh from the market. Now [ edit ] By opening the first stores in spring 2008, Humanic enters the market in Romania (/wiki/Romania) and Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) . In 2009 the first Humanic store launches in Croatia (/wiki/Croatia) . Literature [ edit ] Franz Mathis: Big Business in Österreich. Österreichische Großunternehmen in Kurzdarstellungen . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1987, S. 156 ff.; ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-486-53771-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-53771-0) . adnan radoncic External links [ edit ] Website of Leder & Schuh AG (http://www.lsag.com/) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Leder & Schuh Group Profile 2008 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5cb765775c‐n8jms Cached time: 20240704173648 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.203 seconds Real time usage: 0.334 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1260/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17324/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 794/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.123/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2657530/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 294.797 1 -total 57.54% 169.623 1 Template:Infobox_company 52.46% 154.657 1 Template:Infobox 26.39% 77.804 1 Template:One_source 21.70% 63.983 1 Template:Ambox 15.36% 45.276 1 Template:ISBN 12.93% 38.118 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 4.19% 12.361 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 2.80% 8.245 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 1.18% 3.472 3 Template:Yesno-no Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23251674-0!canonical and timestamp 20240704173648 and revision id 1232617033. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leder_und_Schuh&oldid=1232617033 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leder_und_Schuh&oldid=1232617033) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Graz (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Graz) Shoe brands (/wiki/Category:Shoe_brands) Shoe companies of Austria (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Austria) Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from March 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2018) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)
Thin, usually bias-cut dress with narrow shoulder straps, similar to a woman's slip Slip dress at Plaza theatre A slip dress is a woman's dress that closely resembles an underslip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) or petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) . [1] (#cite_note-erin-1) It is traditionally cut on the bias (/wiki/Bias_(textile)) , with spaghetti straps (/wiki/Spaghetti_strap) . [1] (#cite_note-erin-1) The slip dress looked like an undergarment, but was intended to be seen, and through the use of lace and sheer elements, offer glimpses of the body beneath. [2] (#cite_note-2) Designers associated with slip dresses include John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) , whose debut design for Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.) was a lace-trimmed slip dress worn by Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) in 1996; [3] (#cite_note-3) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) and Narciso Rodriguez (/wiki/Narciso_Rodriguez) . [1] (#cite_note-erin-1) [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] Slip dresses first became widely worn in the last decade of the 20th century (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) , as part of the underwear-as-outerwear (/wiki/Underwear-as-outerwear) trend, when they were made from layered chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) , polyester (/wiki/Polyester) satins (/wiki/Satin) and charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) , and often trimmed with lace. [5] (#cite_note-5) The dresses typified the sartorial minimalism of the 1990s. [6] (#cite_note-clueless-6) The slip dress became associated with the decade's supermodels (/wiki/Supermodel) , notably Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , who garnered attention with a sheer version in 1993. [7] (#cite_note-7) Courtney Love's (/wiki/Courtney_Love) fondness for the style granted slip dresses grunge (/wiki/Grunge) credibility. [8] (#cite_note-www-8) The style enjoyed renewed popularity starting in the late 2010s and continuing into the 2020s as part of a broader revival of 1990s fashion trends. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) The spring 2016 collections of both Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) and Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) featured the garment. [8] (#cite_note-www-8) Since then, slip dresses have been a red carpet staple. [11] (#cite_note-11) The Versace (/wiki/Versace) spring 2021 ready-to-wear collection included slip dresses with a beachy theme. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c McKean, Erin (2013). The Hundred Dresses: The Most Iconic Styles of Our Time . A. & C.Black. p. 82. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1472535856 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Martin, Richard; Harold Koda (1993). Infra-apparel . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 18. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780870996764 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Modlinger, Jackie (1998). Diana : woman of style . Godalming: Bramley. p. 126. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781858339658 . ...the first sighting of a dress made in the Dior couture workroom. It was the designer's controversial long lace-embellished slip-style evening dress ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Girls Dresses" (https://www.nushas.com/category/girls/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-he-he/) . Tuesday, 10 August 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Amy T. Peterson & Ann T. Kellogg, ed. (2008). The Greenwood encyclopedia of clothing through American history 1900 to the present . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 229. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313358555 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-clueless_6-0) Lerma, Martin. "How Calvin Klein's Slip Dresses Came to Define 90s Fashion" (https://www.heroine.com/the-editorial/history-of-calvin-klein-slip-dress) . Heroine . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Moss, Kate (April 2019). "Kate Moss: My Life in Slip Dresses" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/kate-moss-slip-dress-timeline) . Vogue . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bahn, Jenny (15 April 2016). "4 Times the '90s Slip Dress Made Fashion History" (https://www.whowhatwear.com/slip-dresses-fashion-history-courtney-love-kate-moss) . Who What Wear . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Kedar, Namrata. "We Are Throwing Back To The '90s With Slip Dresses" (https://www.luxeva.com/2019/04/we-are-throwing-back-to-the-90s-with-slip-dresses/) . Luxeva . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-10) Fox, Imogen (2016-03-07). "The big reveal: deconstructing the slip dress" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/mar/07/the-big-reveal-deconstructing-the-slip-dress) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2023-05-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Gonzalez, Tara. "Jennifer Aniston Has Been Wearing This One Sexy Wardrobe Staple to Award Shows for Years" (https://www.instyle.com/fashion/clothing/jennifer-aniston-black-slipdress-award-shows) . In Style . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Adducci, Shannon (25 September 2020). "Versace's Sporty-Sexy Platforms and Colorful Slip Dresses Just Gave Us Something to Look Forward To For Spring 2021" (https://footwearnews.com/2020/fashion/designers/versace-spring-2021-collection-milan-fashion-week-1203058452/) . Footwear News . 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Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slip_dress&action=edit) . v t e https://www.rivalgirl.com/blogs/rivalgirl-edit/sheer-dressing-lingerie-dress-slips (https://www.rivalgirl.com/blogs/rivalgirl-edit/sheer-dressing-lingerie-dress-slips) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200807064808/https://www.rivalgirl.com/blogs/rivalgirl-edit/sheer-dressing-lingerie-dress-slips) 2020-08-07 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐24k9q Cached time: 20240712171148 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.437 seconds Real time usage: 0.877 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1376/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 85431/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2989/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 59930/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.230/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5503947/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 459.473 1 -total 47.36% 217.621 1 Template:Reflist 25.76% 118.373 6 Template:Navbox 24.43% 112.246 1 Template:Clothing 21.83% 100.293 4 Template:Cite_book 20.96% 96.308 1 Template:Short_description 13.69% 62.901 2 Template:Pagetype 9.75% 44.813 2 Template:Dead_link 8.29% 38.108 2 Template:Fix 8.29% 38.095 7 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39996137-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712171148 and revision id 1231783518. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slip_dress&oldid=1231783518 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slip_dress&oldid=1231783518) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) Women's clothing (/wiki/Category:Women%27s_clothing) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from February 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2023) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from March 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2024) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)
This template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) : Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles This template was considered for deletion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) on 2018 June 12 . The result of the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2018_June_12#Template:Hats) was " do not merge ". __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Libby_norman-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Removing_Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)_from_this_template-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z","replies":["c-Libby_norman-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z-Removing_Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)_from_this_template"],"text":"Removing Deep Blue Sea (hat) from this template","linkableTitle":"Removing Deep Blue Sea (hat) from this template"} Removing Deep Blue Sea (hat) (/wiki/Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)) from this template [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Libby_norman-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Removing_Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)_from_this_template-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z","replies":["c-Libby_norman-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z-Removing_Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)_from_this_template"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Libby_norman-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z-Removing_Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)_from_this_template","timestamp":"2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Libby_norman-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Removing_Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)_from_this_template-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z","replies":["c-Libby_norman-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z-Removing_Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)_from_this_template"],"text":"Removing Deep Blue Sea (hat) from this template","linkableTitle":"Removing Deep Blue Sea (hat) from this template"} I've removed the Deep Blue Sea listing within the template. My understanding is that this template exists to identify generic styles (eg, Picture hat, Dolly Varden, Kepi, and so on) not one-off designs. If we allow one 'named' creation in we'll have to allow others in and that will make the template unmanageable. Libby norman (/wiki/User:Libby_norman) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Libby_norman) ) 10:28, 20 January 2015 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hats#c-Libby_norman-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z-Removing_Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)_from_this_template) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z","author":"Libby norman","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Libby_norman-2015-01-20T10:28:00.000Z-Removing_Deep_Blue_Sea_(hat)_from_this_template","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Mabalu-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Reorganisation-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z","replies":["c-Mabalu-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z-Reorganisation"],"text":"Reorganisation","linkableTitle":"Reorganisation"} Reorganisation [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Mabalu-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Reorganisation-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z","replies":["c-Mabalu-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z-Reorganisation"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Mabalu-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z-Reorganisation","timestamp":"2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Mabalu-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Reorganisation-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z","replies":["c-Mabalu-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z-Reorganisation"],"text":"Reorganisation","linkableTitle":"Reorganisation"} I suggest that this template needs reorganising as it is getting a little overwhelmingly list-y. There are also some strange entries, such as Haredi burqa sect (/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect) , which appear only tenuously related, and I'm not sure all the entries under Wrapped are technically wrapped - I would not consider a hood wrapped, for example. I'm thinking maybe something along these lines: Basic types (Boater, Bowler, Top Hat, Turban, Conical Asian hat, etc) Ethnographic headgear Religious headgear Historical headgear ( Poke bonnet (/wiki/Poke_bonnet) , Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) , etc.) Also, is there a reason we have a separate template for Headgear (/wiki/Template:Headgear) ? Should they be merged? Mabalu (/wiki/User:Mabalu) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Mabalu) ) 11:54, 30 July 2015 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hats#c-Mabalu-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z-Reorganisation) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z","author":"Mabalu","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Mabalu-2015-07-30T11:54:00.000Z-Reorganisation","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Eyreland-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Reorganization_(material)-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z","replies":["c-Eyreland-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z-Reorganization_(material)"],"text":"Reorganization (material)","linkableTitle":"Reorganization (material)"} Reorganization (material) [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Eyreland-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Reorganization_(material)-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z","replies":["c-Eyreland-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z-Reorganization_(material)"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Eyreland-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z-Reorganization_(material)","timestamp":"2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Eyreland-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Reorganization_(material)-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z","replies":["c-Eyreland-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z-Reorganization_(material)"],"text":"Reorganization (material)","linkableTitle":"Reorganization (material)"} Some of the hats need to be organized by material (fur, woven fabric, leather, metal, straw-like etc) and or the professions that use said hat type. Eyreland (/w/index.php?title=User:Eyreland&action=edit&redlink=1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Eyreland) ) 18:46, 18 August 2015 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hats#c-Eyreland-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z-Reorganization_(material)) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z","author":"Eyreland","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Eyreland-2015-08-18T18:46:00.000Z-Reorganization_(material)","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Homburg_(Anthony_Eden_hat)-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z","replies":["c-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z-Homburg_(Anthony_Eden_hat)"],"text":"Homburg (Anthony Eden hat)","linkableTitle":"Homburg (Anthony Eden hat)"} Homburg (Anthony Eden hat) [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Homburg_(Anthony_Eden_hat)-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z","replies":["c-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z-Homburg_(Anthony_Eden_hat)"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-PPEMES-2019-01-06T09:42:00.000Z-Mathglot-2019-01-06T04:09:00.000Z","timestamp":"2019-01-06T09:42:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__4__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__3__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Homburg_(Anthony_Eden_hat)-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z","replies":["c-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z-Homburg_(Anthony_Eden_hat)"],"text":"Homburg (Anthony Eden hat)","linkableTitle":"Homburg (Anthony Eden hat)"} This template was edited by PPEMES (/wiki/User:PPEMES) with the edit summary Hardly proportionate to include one individual's hat, style and biography in such a section in such a template - also misleading, since it can give the impression that it is something else than a homburg hat I've reverted this; not only is it pointy (/wiki/Wikipedia:POINT) , it misunderstands the purpose of having a navigation template. First, even if you (/wiki/User:PPEMES) still don't understand (despite being told by numerous people in your failed merge proposal (/wiki/Talk:Anthony_Eden_hat#Merge,_again) and your failed move request (/wiki/Talk:Anthony_Eden_hat#Requested_move_1_January_2019) ) that your premise is wrong, you should accept the consensus on the matter and drop the stick (/wiki/Wikipedia:DROPTHESTICK) . Second (just to be clear) the purpose of a template (/wiki/Wikipedia:NAV) is to gather up articles on a common subject, to make them easily available for the reader; so putting the Anthony Eden hat in parenthesis after Homburg (or Flat cap with Coppola cap, or Side cap with Titovka, or Baseball cap with Trucker cap, even though they are 'the same hat') is perfectly appropriate; in fact, using parentheses is precisely what we should do in such cases. So I suggest you let it go, or risk censure for disruptive editing (/wiki/Wikipedia:DISRUPT) . Swanny18 (/wiki/User:Swanny18) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Swanny18) ) 22:41, 5 January 2019 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hats#c-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z-Homburg_(Anthony_Eden_hat)) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z","author":"Swanny18","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z-Homburg_(Anthony_Eden_hat)","replies":["c-PPEMES-2019-01-06T02:24:00.000Z-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z"]}} Here's how the template looked before I tried to improve it to the best of my understanding: 1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hats&oldid=841527823) . Not all of the subsequent improvements are to my credit. Of those that are, I don't expect you to commend me about it. But before you go about miscrediting the user behind upon criticism of a detail of the final result, have you considered WP:AGF (/wiki/Wikipedia:AGF) ? As for the very hat, obviously I fail to understand your arguments that it regards a distinctively separate hat altogether - how does it differ from a black felt homburg hat (/wiki/Homburg_hat) ? - but that's alright. You have it your way, I don't mind. PPEMES (/wiki/User:PPEMES) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PPEMES) ) 02:24, 6 January 2019 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hats#c-PPEMES-2019-01-06T02:24:00.000Z-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2019-01-06T02:24:00.000Z","author":"PPEMES","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-PPEMES-2019-01-06T02:24:00.000Z-Swanny18-2019-01-05T22:41:00.000Z","replies":["c-Mathglot-2019-01-06T04:09:00.000Z-PPEMES-2019-01-06T02:24:00.000Z"]}} Already explained ad nauseam . See closed discussions at Talk:Anthony Eden hat#Merge, again (/wiki/Talk:Anthony_Eden_hat#Merge,_again) , Talk:Anthony Eden hat#Requested move 1 January 2019 (/wiki/Talk:Anthony_Eden_hat#Requested_move_1_January_2019) , and the current one at User talk:PPEMES#Hats and headgear (/wiki/User_talk:PPEMES#Hats_and_headgear) . No need to discuss this over again at every forum available (/wiki/Wikipedia:FORUMSHOP) . Mathglot (/wiki/User:Mathglot) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Mathglot) ) 04:09, 6 January 2019 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hats#c-Mathglot-2019-01-06T04:09:00.000Z-PPEMES-2019-01-06T02:24:00.000Z) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2019-01-06T04:09:00.000Z","author":"Mathglot","type":"comment","level":3,"id":"c-Mathglot-2019-01-06T04:09:00.000Z-PPEMES-2019-01-06T02:24:00.000Z","replies":["c-PPEMES-2019-01-06T09:42:00.000Z-Mathglot-2019-01-06T04:09:00.000Z"]}} While they all pertained to the hat, they were three different questions. You know what, how about you accuse other users of bad faith when that is clearly the case. Thanks! PPEMES (/wiki/User:PPEMES) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:PPEMES) ) 09:42, 6 January 2019 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hats#c-PPEMES-2019-01-06T09:42:00.000Z-Mathglot-2019-01-06T04:09:00.000Z) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2019-01-06T09:42:00.000Z","author":"PPEMES","type":"comment","level":4,"id":"c-PPEMES-2019-01-06T09:42:00.000Z-Mathglot-2019-01-06T04:09:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-BlackcurrantTea-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Link_to_deleted_portal_removed-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z","replies":["c-BlackcurrantTea-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z-Link_to_deleted_portal_removed"],"text":"Link to deleted portal removed","linkableTitle":"Link to deleted portal removed"} Link to deleted portal removed [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-BlackcurrantTea-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Link_to_deleted_portal_removed-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z","replies":["c-BlackcurrantTea-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z-Link_to_deleted_portal_removed"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-BlackcurrantTea-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z-Link_to_deleted_portal_removed","timestamp":"2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-BlackcurrantTea-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Link_to_deleted_portal_removed-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z","replies":["c-BlackcurrantTea-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z-Link_to_deleted_portal_removed"],"text":"Link to deleted portal removed","linkableTitle":"Link to deleted portal removed"} The Hats portal was recently deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Second_batch_of_mass-created_portals_based_on_a_single_navbox) . I've removed the red link from the template. BlackcurrantTea (/wiki/User:BlackcurrantTea) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:BlackcurrantTea) ) 10:14, 29 April 2019 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hats#c-BlackcurrantTea-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z-Link_to_deleted_portal_removed) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z","author":"BlackcurrantTea","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-BlackcurrantTea-2019-04-29T10:14:00.000Z-Link_to_deleted_portal_removed","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Bias-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z","replies":["c-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z-Bias"],"text":"Bias","linkableTitle":"Bias"} Bias [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Bias-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z","replies":["c-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z-Bias"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Hsplus-2020-11-28T06:51:00.000Z-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z","timestamp":"2020-11-28T06:51:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Bias-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z","replies":["c-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z-Bias"],"text":"Bias","linkableTitle":"Bias"} It seem the template is biased against non-Western hats while also promoting a particular view of what is west and what is folk. How are these two determined? Example: Are Mexican sobreros less Western and more folk than Jewish caps from Eastern Europe? Sietecolores (/wiki/User:Sietecolores) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Sietecolores) ) 08:02, 14 September 2020 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hats#c-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z-Bias) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z","author":"Sietecolores","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z-Bias","replies":["c-Hsplus-2020-11-28T06:51:00.000Z-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z"]}} Agreed. Categorization needs a complete overhaul; the Western/Folk distinction is nonsensical, and many of the categories within "Western" are applicable outside the West. Not sure exactly what the new categorization should look like, however. Hsplus (/wiki/User:Hsplus) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Hsplus) ) 06:51, 28 November 2020 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hats#c-Hsplus-2020-11-28T06:51:00.000Z-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2020-11-28T06:51:00.000Z","author":"Hsplus","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Hsplus-2020-11-28T06:51:00.000Z-Sietecolores-2020-09-14T08:02:00.000Z","replies":[]}} NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐p8lpc Cached time: 20240721080059 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.015 seconds CPU time usage: 0.177 seconds Real time usage: 0.241 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 361/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11899/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 229/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9062/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.109/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1585075/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 180.328 1 -total 87.82% 158.355 1 Template:WikiProject_banner_shell 46.61% 84.050 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 10.28% 18.536 1 Template:Oldtfdfull 6.63% 11.948 1 Template:Tmbox 2.26% 4.070 2 Template:Date 1.76% 3.182 1 Template:U 1.52% 2.740 1 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40132953-0!dateformat=default and timestamp 20240721080059 and revision id 1231586157. 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐b7d4d997‐ghpxz Cached time: 20240629011733 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63316880-0!canonical and timestamp 20240629011733 and revision id 1212619760. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Bolivian clothing" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Aguayo (cloth) (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) C Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) P Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bolivian_clothing&oldid=1212619760 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bolivian_clothing&oldid=1212619760) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Latin American clothing (/wiki/Category:Latin_American_clothing) Clothing by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_country) Culture of Bolivia (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Bolivia)
Boy's silk kimono, made in Japan, 1940, showing fighter planes and troops in formation Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) that carried designs depicting scenes from contemporary life became popular in the Empire of Japan (/wiki/Empire_of_Japan) between 1900 and 1945, during Japan's involvement (/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II) in WWII (/wiki/WWII) . Now referred to as omoshirogara (/w/index.php?title=Omoshirogara&action=edit&redlink=1) ( 面白柄 , lit. "interesting" or "novelty" designs) , [1] (#cite_note-Atkins,_TSA-Paper_77-1) the decoration of many kimono produced during this time often depicted the military and political actions of Japan during its involvement in the war on the side of the Axis powers (/wiki/Axis_powers) . In English, these kimono are commonly referred to as 'propaganda kimono'. [2] (#cite_note-Wakakuwa_wear_prop-2) [3] (#cite_note-Brittle_Decade-3) Traditional items of clothing that were not kimono, such as nagajuban (underkimono), haori (/wiki/Haori) (jackets worn over kimono) and haura (the decorative inner linings of men's haori ) also featured wartime omoshirogara , as did miyamari , the kimono worn by infants when taken to a Shinto shrine (/wiki/Shinto_shrine) to be blessed. Omoshirogara garments were typically worn inside the home or at private parties, during which the host would show them off to small groups of family or friends, [4] (#cite_note-wear_prop_Kashiwagi-4) and were worn by men, women and children. History [ edit ] Among the factors that led to the emergence of propaganda kimono, three stand out: the introduction of modern textile manufacturing and printing equipment into Japan in the late 19th century, [5] (#cite_note-Deacon_and_Calvin,_2014-5) the social and political impetus for Japan to modernize, [6] (#cite_note-6) and, following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria (/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria) in 1931, political desire to rally support for colonial expansion. [3] (#cite_note-Brittle_Decade-3) The introduction of Western textile manufacturing techniques and machinery allowed textile manufacturers to produce printed fabric at a quicker and cheaper rate than traditional dye techniques allowed, and later support from the Japanese population for colonialist expansion would lead into support in WWII against the Allied powers (/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II) . [3] (#cite_note-Brittle_Decade-3) Much of the imagery used on propaganda kimono was widely used on other media and consumer goods, such as popular magazines, toys, posters and dolls. [7] (#cite_note-Brittle_Decade-_Jacqueline_Akins_pp._91-143-7) [8] (#cite_note-Kaneko,_2016-Conflicts_of_Interest-8) Some typical omoshirogara designs from the early 1920s to the mid-1930s focused on the outward signs of modernity, depicting a sleek, Westernized, consumerist future – cityscapes with subways and skyscrapers, ocean liners, steaming locomotives, sleek cars and airplanes. Other designs showed images reflecting current events (e.g., the visit of the Graf Zeppelin in 1929) [9] (#cite_note-Airships-9) and social trends, such as depictions of the " modern girl (/wiki/Modern_girl) ", whose new pastimes were cocktails, nightclubs, and jazz music. [10] (#cite_note-Atkins_wear_prop_ch7-10) Regardless of the subject matter, wartime omoshirogara employed a bold colour palette, showing direct influences from Art Deco (/wiki/Art_Deco) , Dadaism (/wiki/Dadaism) and Cubism (/wiki/Cubism) , as well as social realism and other graphic media. [8] (#cite_note-Kaneko,_2016-Conflicts_of_Interest-8) [11] (#cite_note-ch13_wear_prop_Atkins-11) By the later 1920s, and particularly following the crash of 1929 (/wiki/Crash_of_1929) , with Japan's economically disastrous return to the gold standard (/wiki/Gold_standard) , conservative and ultra-nationalist forces in the military and government began to push back against the modernist trends in Japanese society, and sought to reassert more traditional values. [12] (#cite_note-Gordon,_2009_-Depression_and_Crisis-12) Military power, the will to use it, and the ability to manufacture its hardware became central to Japan's self-image. As a result, the propaganda kimono designs took on an increasing militaristic air. [7] (#cite_note-Brittle_Decade-_Jacqueline_Akins_pp._91-143-7) Wartime animated characters, such as Norakuro (/wiki/Norakuro) , were also frequently appeared in war propaganda kimono textiles. [13] (#cite_note-13) Only since the late 20th-century have scholars in Japan, Europe and the United States begun to seriously study Japanese propaganda kimono. [14] (#cite_note-intro_wear_prop-14) In 2005, The Bard Graduate Center mounted one of the first major exhibits [15] (#cite_note-bgc-15) of these kimono, curated by Jacqueline M. Atkins, an American textile historian and recognized scholar of Japanese 20th century textiles. The exhibition also was shown at the Allentown Art Museum (/wiki/Allentown_Art_Museum) and the Honolulu Academy of Art (/wiki/Honolulu_Academy_of_Art) (2006–2007). [15] (#cite_note-bgc-15) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, [16] (#cite_note-16) The Johann Jacobs Museum [17] (#cite_note-17) (Zurich), the Edward Thorp Gallery [18] (#cite_note-18) in New York City, and the Saint Louis Art Museum [19] (#cite_note-19) have mounted exhibits that have included propaganda kimono. The Boston Museum of Fine Arts (/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston) received a significant donation of wartime and other omoshirogara kimono from an American collector in 2010. [20] (#cite_note-Brosterman_Gift_in_MFA_collection-20) Gallery [ edit ] Propaganda kimono from the Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Man's under-kimono ( nagajuban ) with scene of the Russo-Japanese War (/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War) Man's under-kimono ( nagajuban ) with " Italy in Ethiopia (/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War) " symbols Woman's kimono with planes and hinomaru (/wiki/Hinomaru) flags Kimono celebrating the role of animals in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria (/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria) Boy's wool kimono, c. 1933 , showing Japanese military action in China. Norakuro, the faithful dog, was a traditional character. Boy's propaganda kimono c. 1940 , showing symbols of the Axis powers References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Atkins,_TSA-Paper_77_1-0) Atkins, Jacqueline M. (September 2008). "Omoshirogara Textile Design and Children's Clothing in Japan 1910-1930" (http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1077&context=tsaconf) . Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. Paper 77 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wakakuwa_wear_prop_2-0) Wakakuwa, Midori (2005). "War-Promoting Kimono (1931-45)". In Atkins, Jacqueline (ed.). Wearing propaganda: Textiles on the home front in Japan, Britain, and the United States, 1931-1945 . New Haven, USA: Yale University Press in association with the Bard Graduate Center for Studies in the Decorative Arts, Design, and Culture. pp. 183–204. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0300109252 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Dower, John W.; Morse, Anne Nishimura; Atkins, Jacqueline M.; Sharf, Frederic A. (2012). The brittle decade: Visualizing Japan in the 1930s (1st ed.). Boston: MFA Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0878467693 . ^ (#cite_ref-wear_prop_Kashiwagi_4-0) Kashiwagi, Hiroshi (2005). "Design and War: Kimono as 'Parlor-Performance' Propaganda". In Atkins, Jacqueline M. (ed.). Wearing Propaganda: Textiles on the Home Front in Japan, Britain, and the United States 1931–1945 . New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. pp. 171–182. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0300109252 . ^ (#cite_ref-Deacon_and_Calvin,_2014_5-0) Deacon, Deborah A.; Calvin, Paula E. (2014). War Imagery in Women's Textiles : A worldwide study of weaving, knitting, sewing, quilting, rug making and other fabric arts . Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 130. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0786474660 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Brown, Kendall H.; et al. (2002). "Flowers of Taisho Images of Women in Japanese Society and Art, 1915-1933". Taishō chic: Japanese modernity, nostalgia and deco : [exhibition, Honolulu academy of arts, January 31 to March 15, 2002] (2. print. ed.). Honolulu: Honolulu academy of arts. pp. 17–22. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-295-98244-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dower, John W.; Morse, Anne Nishimura; Atkins, Jacqueline M.; Sharf, Frederic A. (2012). "Wearing Novelty". The Brittle Decade : visualizing Japan in the 1930s . MFA Publications. pp. 91–143. ^ Jump up to: a b Kaneko, Maki (2016). "War Heroes of Modern Japan: Early 1930s War Fever and the Three Brave Bombers". In Hu, Philip K.; et al. (eds.). Conflicts of Interest: Art and War in Modern Japan (1st ed.). Saint Louis Art Museum. pp. 69–82. ^ (#cite_ref-Airships_9-0) Grossman, Dan (August 15, 2010). "Graf Zeppelin's Round-the-World flight: August, 1929" (http://www.airships.net/lz127-graf-zeppelin/history/#weltfahrt) . airships.net . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . The ship landed to a tumultuous welcome and massive press coverage in Japan ^ (#cite_ref-Atkins_wear_prop_ch7_10-0) Atkins, Jacqueline (2005). " 'Extravagance is the Enemy': Fashion and textiles in wartime Japan". In Atkins, Jacqueline (ed.). Wearing Propaganda: Textiles on the Home Front in Japan, Britain, and the United States 1931–1945 . New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. pp. 156–170. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0300109252 . ^ (#cite_ref-ch13_wear_prop_Atkins_11-0) Atkins, Jacqueline (2005). "An Arsenal of Design: Themes, Motifs and Metaphors in Propaganda Textiles". In Atkins, Jacqueline (ed.). Wearing Propaganda: Textiles on the Home Front in Japan, Britain, and the United States 1931–1945 (1st ed.). New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. pp. 258–365. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0300109252 . ^ (#cite_ref-Gordon,_2009_-Depression_and_Crisis_12-0) Gordon, Andrew (2009). "The Depression Crisis and Responses". A modern history of Japan: from Tokugawa times to the present (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 181–195. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-533922-2 . ...this move brought disaster. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Nakamura, Kimihiko (June 2024). "Norakuro: Imperial Japan's Unofficial Mascot for Children". Aziatische Kunst . 54 (2): 27–34. ^ (#cite_ref-intro_wear_prop_14-0) Atkins, Jacqueline (2005). "Introduction". In Atkins, Jacqueline (ed.). Wearing Propaganda: Textiles on the Home Front in Japan, Britain, and the United States 1931–1945 . New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. pp. 24–28. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0300109252 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Bard Graduate Center Gallery Exhibitions – November 18, 2005 – February 12, 2006, 'Wearing Propaganda: Textiles on the Home Front in Japan, Britain, and the United States 1931–1945' (https://web.archive.org/web/20160807143319/http://www.bgc.bard.edu/gallery/gallery-at-bgc/past-exhibitions/past-exhibitions-propaganda.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20160807143319/http://www.bgc.bard.edu/gallery/gallery-at-bgc/past-exhibitions/past-exhibitions-propaganda.html) . Bard Graduate Center . Archived from the original (https://www.bgc.bard.edu/exhibitions/exhibitions/37/wearing-propaganda) on 2016-08-07. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Kimono: A Modern History" (http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2014/kimono) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Omoshirogara" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180117225036/http://www.johannjacobs.com/en/event/66374-Omoshiro.html) . Johann Jacobs Museum . Archived from the original (http://www.johannjacobs.com/en/event/66374-Omoshiro.html) on 2018-01-17. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Japanese Propaganda Kimonos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170906231352/http://edwardthorpgallery.com/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/past-ex-2015/japanese-propaganda-kimono) . Edward Thorp Gallary . Archived from the original (http://edwardthorpgallery.com/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/past-ex-2015/japanese-propaganda-kimono) on 2017-09-06. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Conflicts of Interest: Art and War in Modern Japan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171016005839/http://www.slam.org/exhibitions/archive/conflicts.php) . Saint Louis Art Museum . Archived from the original (http://www.slam.org/exhibitions/archive/conflicts.php) on 2017-10-16. ^ (#cite_ref-Brosterman_Gift_in_MFA_collection_20-0) Museum of Fine Arts Boston, online Artwork archive. "Fourteen (14) Japanese propaganda-print garments and one obi" (http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/fourteen-14-japanese-propaganda-print-garments-and-one-obi-547882) . mfa.org . Museum of Fine Arts Boston . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Gift of Norman Brosterman, East Hampton, NY to the MFA. (Accession date: May 19, 2010) External links [ edit ] Metropolitan Museum of Art (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/646443) Museum of Fine Arts Boston (http://www.mfa.org/collections/search?search_api_views_fulltext=Brosterman) The Ruth Funk Center for Textile Arts (http://textiles.fit.edu/index.php#.WJ4w_LHMync) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐lh9ph Cached time: 20240710161538 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.407 seconds Real time usage: 0.478 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1243/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 40164/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 284/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 89261/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.286/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 24252391/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 440.621 1 -total 52.16% 229.846 1 Template:Reflist 34.00% 149.808 1 Template:Nihongo3 21.90% 96.516 2 Template:Cite_journal 13.76% 60.616 11 Template:Cite_book 9.94% 43.812 7 Template:Cite_web 2.87% 12.664 13 Template:Transliteration 2.26% 9.944 2 Template:Circa 1.15% 5.051 1 Template:Abbr 0.48% 2.115 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52973427-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710161538 and revision id 1230291871. 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British model and presenter This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Jade Parfitt" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jade+Parfitt%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jade+Parfitt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jade+Parfitt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jade+Parfitt%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jade+Parfitt%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jade+Parfitt%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Jade Parfitt Born ( 1978-06-01 ) 1 June 1978 (age 46) Hammersmith (/wiki/Hammersmith) , London (/wiki/London) , United Kingdom Occupation Model/ Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) presenter Modelling information Height 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Hair colour Blonde Eye colour Blue Agency Storm, London. Women Model Management, New York. Viva, Paris Jade Parfitt (born 1 June 1978) is a British model and presenter. [1] (#cite_note-1) She was born in Hammersmith (/wiki/Hammersmith) , London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) but she and her family moved to Devonshire (/wiki/Devon) , Southern England when she was 14. Career [ edit ] When she was 15, Jade's mother entered her into a modeling competition on the UK TV show 'This Morning', in which she won and was awarded with a contract with MODELS1. Jade's runway debut was for the Prada (/wiki/Prada) Spring 1995 show in Milan (/wiki/Milan) in October 1994. The show featured many of the industry's top models of the time including Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) , Nadja Auermann (/wiki/Nadja_Auermann) , Brandi Quinones and Kirsty Hume (/wiki/Kirsty_Hume) . She was also booked for shows in Paris (/wiki/Paris) including Ann Demeulemeester (/wiki/Ann_Demeulemeester) . Jade was among the crop of British models that stormed onto the scene at the tail-end of the Kate Moss/waif debacle in the mid-1990s, along with Carolyn Park, Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) , Jacquetta Wheeler (/wiki/Jacquetta_Wheeler) and Jodie Kidd (/wiki/Jodie_Kidd) , another 6-foot-plus Brit. Designers took advantage of her extremely tall, exaggerated frame and soon, she was walking the runways for the elite of designers and fashion houses, such as Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) , for both his line and later Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Jean-Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier) , John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) and also Galliano for Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , Thierry Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) and the late Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , for both McQueen's own line and when he was under the helm at Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) . Jade became a show staple for Galliano, McQueen, Chanel and Jean-Paul Gaultier, even later into her runway career in the 2000s. Jade starred in campaigns for Givenchy, Versace, Ferre, Moschino, Blumarine, and shot advertisements for Clinique and HSBC. Jade has interviewed countless fashion celebrities whilst presenting for Vogue. Jade has done a lot of charity work over the years, with model Jasmine Guinness she hosted ‘Clothesline’ charity fashion shows and exhibitions raising money for Aidlink, a charity that supports those affected by HIV/AIDS in sub Saharan Africa, in April 2022 alongside her colleague Alice Temperley she hosted and produced an event at Bath’s iconic museum The Holburne and raised thousands of pounds for refugees. Personal life [ edit ] Jade has three children, Jackson who was born in 2007, Tabitha who was born in 2015 and Silver who was born in 2017. Jade married Jack Dyson in 2018 and the family live between Devon and London. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Jade Parfitt - Fashion Model" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Jade_Parfitt/) . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . 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Clothing of the people in biblical times In a rare depiction of Hebrew clothing, King Jehu (/wiki/Jehu) , or possibly Jehu's ambassador, kneels at the feet of Shalmaneser III (/wiki/Shalmaneser_III) on the Black Obelisk (/wiki/Black_Obelisk) , circa 850 BC. The clothing of the people in biblical times was made from wool (/wiki/Wool) , linen (/wiki/Linen) , animal skins (/wiki/Leather) , and perhaps silk (/wiki/Silk) . Most events in the Hebrew Bible (/wiki/Hebrew_Bible) and New Testament (/wiki/New_Testament) take place in ancient Israel (/wiki/Ancient_Israel) , and thus most biblical clothing is ancient Hebrew clothing. They wore underwear and cloth skirts. Complete descriptions of the styles of dress among the people of the Bible is impossible because the material at hand is insufficient. [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) Assyrian and Egyptian artists portrayed what is believed to be the clothing of the time, but there are few depictions of Israelite garb. One of the few available sources on Israelite clothing is the Bible. [2] (#cite_note-EB-2) Israelite men [ edit ] The clothing of earliest of Hebrews may have been similar that of these near contemporaneous Western Asiatics, shown with an outer garment as a wrap that leaves one shoulder and both arms free. [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) It is an Egyptian depiction from the tomb of 12th dynasty official Khnumhotep II (/wiki/Khnumhotep_II) at Beni Hasan (/wiki/Beni_Hasan) , circa 1900 BC. Undergarments [ edit ] ' ezor , ḥagor The earliest and most basic garment was the ' ezor ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) eɪ ˈ z ɔːr / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ay- ZOR , all pronunciations are approximate) [4] (#cite_note-ezor-4) or ḥagor ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) x ə ˈ ɡ ɔːr / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) khə- GOR ), [5] (#cite_note-hagor-5) an apron around the hips or loins, [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) that in primitive times was made from the skins of animals. [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) It was a simple piece of cloth worn in various modifications, but always worn next to the skin. [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) Priests wore an 'ezor of linen known as a ' ephodh . [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) If worn for mourning, it was called a saḳ . [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) Semitic visitor to Egypt, described as a Hyksos (/wiki/Hyksos) leading a group of Aamu , in the painting of a group of foreigners (/wiki/File:Procession_of_the_Aamu,_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_(composite).jpg) in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II (/wiki/Khnumhotep_II) , c. 1900 BC. Howard Vos has suggested that the " coat of many colors (/wiki/Coat_of_many_colors) " said to have been worn by Joseph (/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)) could be similar to the colorful foreign garments seen in the painting. [6] (#cite_note-6) When garments were held together by a belt or girdle, the cloth was also called an ' ezor or ḥagor . [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) kethōneth The ' ezor later became displaced among the Hebrews by the kethōneth ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) k ɛ ˈ t ɔː n ɛ t / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ket- AW -net , [7] (#cite_note-kethoneth-7) translated into Greek as chitōn (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) [8] (#cite_note-ISBE-8) ) an under-tunic, [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) corresponding most nearly to our long shirt. [8] (#cite_note-ISBE-8) The kethōneth appears in Assyrian art as a tight-fitting undergarment, sometimes reaching only to the knee, sometimes to the ankle. [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) In its early form the kethōneth was without sleeves and even left the left shoulder uncovered. [9] (#cite_note-JE-Coat-9) In time men of leisure wore kethōneth with sleeves. [9] (#cite_note-JE-Coat-9) In later times, anyone dressed only in the kethōneth was described as naked [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) ( 1Samuel 19:24 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%2019:24) , Isaiah 20:2 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%2020:2) , 2Kings 6:30 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%206:30) , John 21:7 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2021:7) ); deprived of it he would be absolutely naked. sādhı̄n The well-off might also wear a ṣādhı̄n ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) s ɑː ˈ d iː n / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) sah- DEEN ) [10] (#cite_note-sadhin-10) under the kethōneth . This rather long under garment had sleeves [8] (#cite_note-ISBE-8) and was of fine linen. [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) Outer garments [ edit ] simlāh The simlāh ( שִׂמְלָה (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D6%B4%D7%82%D7%9E%D6%B0%D7%9C%D6%B8%D7%94) / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) s ɪ m ˈ l ɑː / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) sim- LAH ), [11] (#cite_note-simlah-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) was the heavy outer garment or shawl of various forms. [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) It consisted of a large rectangular piece of rough, heavy woolen material, crudely sewed together so that the front was unstitched and with two openings left for the arms. [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) Flax is another possible material. [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) It is translated into Koine Greek (/wiki/Koine_Greek) as "himation" ( ἱμάτιον (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD) , / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) h ɪ ˈ m æ t i . ɒ n / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) hi- MAT -ee-on ), [13] (#cite_note-himation-13) and the ISBE (/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia) concludes that it "closely resembled, if it was not identical with, the himation of the Greeks." [8] (#cite_note-ISBE-8) In the day it was protection from rain and cold, and at night when traveling Israelites could wrap themselves in this garment for warmth on their journey to Temple for the feast three times a year. They are required to gather from around the world to his holy land as scripture says in Deuteronomy 16:16. [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) (see Deuteronomy 24:13 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Deuteronomy%2024:13) ). The front of the simlāh also could be arranged in wide folds (see Exodus 4:6 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%204:6) ) and all kinds of products could be carried in it [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) (See 2Kings 4:39 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%204:39) , Exodus 12:34 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%2012:34) ). Every respectable man generally wore the simlāh over the kethōneth (See Isaiah 20:2–3 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%2020:2–3) ), but since the simlāh hindered work, it was either left home or removed when working. [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) (See Matthew 24:18 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2024:18) ). From this simple item of the common people developed the richly ornamented mantle of the well-off, which reached from the neck to the knees and had short sleeves. [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) The modern abaya (/wiki/Abaya) , similar to the biblical me'īl , worn with a keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) head dress. me'īl The me'īl ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) m ə ˈ iː l / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) mə- EEL , [14] (#cite_note-meil-14) translated into Greek as stolḗ [15] (#cite_note-15) [8] (#cite_note-ISBE-8) ) stands for a variety of garments worn over the undergarment like a cloak [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) ( 1Samuel 2:19 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%202:19) , 1Samuel 15:27 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%2015:27) ), but used only by men of rank or of the priestly order [8] (#cite_note-ISBE-8) ( Mark 12:38 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Mark%2012:38) , Luke 20:46 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2020:46) , Luke 15:22 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2015:22) ). The me'ı̄l was a costly wrap ( 1Samuel 2:19 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%202:19) , 1Samuel 18:4 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%2018:4) , 1Samuel 24:5 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%2024:5) , 1Samuel 24:11 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%2024:11) ) and the description of the priest's me'ı̄l was similar to the sleeveless abaya (/wiki/Abaya) [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) ( Exodus 28:31 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%2028:31) ; Antiquities (/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews) , III. vii. 4). This, like the me'ı̄l of the high priest, may have reached only to the knees, but it is commonly supposed to have been a long-sleeved garment made of a light fabric. [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) ' addereth , ma'aṭafah At a later period the nobles wore over the simlāh , or in place of it, a wide, many-folded mantle of state ( adderet , / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ə ˈ d ɛr ɛ t / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ə- DERR -et [16] (#cite_note-addereth-16) or ma'aṭafah ) made of rich material (See Isaiah 3:22 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%203:22) ), imported from Babylon ( Joshua 7:21 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Joshua%207:21) ). [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) The leather garment worn by the prophets was called by the same name because of its width. [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) Religious accessories [ edit ] ṣiṣit The Torah (/wiki/613_commandments) commanded that Israelites wear tassels or fringes (/wiki/Tzitzit) ( ṣiṣit , / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) t s iː ˈ t s iː t / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) tsee- TSEET [17] (#cite_note-tzitzit-17) ) attached to the corners of garments (see Deuteronomy 22:12 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Deuteronomy%2022:12) , Numbers 15:38–39 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Numbers%2015:38–39) ). [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) Numbers 15:39 records that the tassels were to serve as reminders to keep the Lord's commandments (/wiki/Mitzvah) . tefillin Phylacteries or tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) (Hebrew: תְּפִלִּין) are boxes containing biblical verses attached to the forehead and arm by leather straps, [18] (#cite_note-publishers-18) and were in use by New Testament times (see Matthew 23:5 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2023:5) ). Headwear [ edit ] Depictions show some Hebrews and Syrians bareheaded or wearing merely a band to hold the hair together. [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) Hebrew people undoubtedly also wore head coverings similar to the modern keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) , a large square piece of woolen cloth folded diagonally in half into a triangle. [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) The fold is worn across the forehead, with the keffiyeh loosely draped around the back and shoulders, often held in place by a cord circlet. Men and women of the upper classes wore a kind of turban (/wiki/Turban) , cloth wound about the head. The shape varied greatly. [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) The High Priest would've worn a particular kind of priestly turban (/wiki/Priestly_turban) . In the Second Temple period, many Jews would've worn a sudra (/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)) . Footwear [ edit ] na'alayim Sandals ( na'alayim ) of leather were worn to protect the feet from burning sand and dampness. [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) Sandals might also be of wood, with leather straps ( Genesis 14:23 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2014:23) , Isaiah 5:27 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%205:27) ). [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) Sandals were not worn in the house nor in the sanctuary [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) (see ( Exodus 3:5 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%203:5) ), Joshua 5:15 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Joshua%205:15) ). To walk about without sandals was otherwise a sign of great poverty ( Deuteronomy 25:9 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Deuteronomy%2025:9) ) or of mourning ( 2Samuel 15:30 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Samuel%2015:30) , Ezekiel 24:17,23 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezekiel%2024:17) ). [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) Israelite priests [ edit ] The high priest (/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel) of Israel (/wiki/Israelites) , and a Levite (/wiki/Levite) . The depictions of the menorah (/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)) , table of showbread (/wiki/Showbread) and trumpets are inspired by the Arch of Titus (/wiki/Arch_of_Titus) . Main article: Kohen § Vestments (/wiki/Kohen#Vestments) The Torah (/wiki/Torah) provides for specific vestments to be worn by the priests when they are ministering in the Tabernacle (/wiki/Tabernacle) . [19] (#cite_note-19) The high priest (/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel) wore eight holy garments ( bigdei kodesh ). Of these, four were of the same type worn by all priests and four were unique to the high priest. Those vestments which were common to all priests were the tunic (/wiki/Priestly_tunic) (Hebrew ketonet ), sash (/wiki/Priestly_sash) ( avnet ), turban (/wiki/Priestly_turban) (Hebrew mitznefet ), and undergarments (/wiki/Priestly_undergarments) ( michnasayim ). The vestments that were unique to the high priest were the robe (/wiki/Priestly_robe_(Judaism)) ( me'il ), ephod (/wiki/Ephod) (vest or apron), breastplate (/wiki/Priestly_breastplate) ( hoshen ), and headplate (/wiki/Priestly_golden_head_plate) (Hebrew tzitz ). In addition to the above "golden garments", the high priest also had a set of white "linen garments" ( bigdei ha-bad ) which he wore only on Yom Kippur (/wiki/Yom_Kippur) for the Yom Kippur Temple service (/wiki/Yom_Kippur_Temple_service) . [20] (#cite_note-20) Israelite women [ edit ] simlāh , kethōneth , sādhı̄n While a woman's garments mostly corresponded to those of men: they wore simlāh and kethōneth, they also evidently differed in some ways from those of men [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) (see Deuteronomy 22:5 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Deuteronomy%2022:5) ). Women's garments were probably longer (compare Nahum 3:5 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nahum%203:5) , Jeremiah 13:22 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2013:22) , Jeremiah 13:26 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2013:26) , Isaiah 47:2 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%2047:2) ), had sleeves ( 2Samuel 13:19 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Samuel%2013:19) ), presumably were brighter colors and more ornamented, and also may have been of finer material. [1] (#cite_note-JE-Costume-1) [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) Also worn by women was the sadin , the finer linen underdress (see Isaiah 3:23 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%203:23) , Proverbs 22:24 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Proverbs%2022:24) ). [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) mițpaḥath Furthermore, mention is made of the mițpaḥath ( tichel (/wiki/Tichel) ), a kind of veil or shawl ( Ruth 3:15 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ruth%203:15) ). This was ordinarily just a woman's neckcloth. Other than the use by a bride or bride to be ( Genesis 24:65 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2024:65) ), prostitutes ( Genesis 38:14 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2038:14) ) and possibly others ( Ruth 3:3 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ruth%203:3) ), a woman did not go veiled ( Genesis 12:14 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2012:14) , Genesis 24:15 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2024:15) ), except for modesty ( Genesis 24:65 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2024:65) ). The present custom in the Middle East to veil the face originates with Islam. According to ancient laws, it reached from the forehead, over the back of the head to the hips or lower, and was like the neckerchief of the Palestinian woman in Palestine and Israel today. [3] (#cite_note-Schaff–Herzog-3) Egyptian men and women [ edit ] The clothing of men and women of several social levels of ancient Egypt are depicted in this tomb mural from the fifteenth century BC. Main article: Clothing in ancient Egypt (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt) The Jews visited Egypt (/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) in the Bible from the earliest patriarchs (/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)) (beginning in Genesis 12:10–20 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2012:10–20) ), to the flight into Egypt (/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt) by Joseph, Mary, and the infant Jesus (/wiki/Holy_Family) (in Matthew 2:13–23 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%202:13–23) ). The most notable example is the long stay from Joseph's (son of Jacob) being sold into slavery (/wiki/Vayeshev) in Genesis 29 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2029) , to the Exodus from Egypt (/wiki/The_Exodus) in Exodus 14 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%2014) , during the Second Intermediate Period (/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt) and New Kingdom (/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt) . A large number of Jews (such as Jeremiah (/wiki/Jeremiah) ) also began permanent residence in Egypt upon the destruction of Jerusalem (/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)) in 587 BC, during the Third Intermediate Period (/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt) . In Egypt, flax (/wiki/Flax) ( linen (/wiki/Linen) ) was the textile (/wiki/Textile) in almost exclusive use. The wool (/wiki/Wool) worn by Israelites was known, but considered impure as animal fibres were considered taboo. Wool could only be used for coats (/wiki/Coat_(clothing)) (they were forbidden in temples and sanctuaries). Egyptian fashion was created to keep cool while in the hot desert. People of lower class wore only the loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) (or schenti ) that was common to all. Slaves often worked naked. Sandals (/wiki/Sandals) were braided with leather (/wiki/Leather) or, particularly for the bureaucratic and priestly classes, papyrus (/wiki/Papyrus) . Egyptians were usually barefoot. The most common headdress was the klafta or nemes (/wiki/Nemes) , a striped fabric square worn by men. Certain clothing was common to both genders, such as the tunic (/wiki/Tunic) and the robe (/wiki/Robe) . Around 1425 to 1405 BC, a light tunic or short-sleeved shirt was popular, as well as a pleated skirt. Women often wore simple sheath dresses, and female clothing remained unchanged over several millennia, save for small details. Draped clothes, with very large rolls, gave the impression of wearing several items. Clothing of the royal family, such as the crowns of the pharaohs, was well documented. The pardalide (made of a leopard (/wiki/Leopard) skin) was traditionally used as the clothing for priests (/wiki/Priest) . Wigs, common to both genders, were worn by wealthy people of society. Made from real human and horse hair, they had ornaments incorporated into them. [21] (#cite_note-21) Heads were shaved. Usually children were represented with one lock of hair remaining on the sides of their heads. Heavy and rather voluminous jewelry was very popular, regardless of social class. It was made from turquoise, metals like gold and silver, and small beads. Both men and women adorned themselves with earrings, bracelets, rings, necklaces and neck collars that were brightly colored. Greek men and women [ edit ] A caryatid from the Erechtheion wearing a chiton. Main article: Clothing in ancient Greece (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) Greeks and Greek culture enters the Israelite world beginning with First Maccabees (/wiki/1_Maccabees) . Likewise the narrative of the New Testament (which was written in Greek (/wiki/Koine_Greek) ) entered the Greek world (/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization) beginning about Acts 13 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2013) . Clothing in ancient Greece primarily consisted of the chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) , peplos (/wiki/Peplos) , himation (/wiki/Himation) , and chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) . Despite popular imagination and media depictions of all-white clothing, elaborate design and bright colors were favored. [22] (#cite_note-22) Greek clothing consisted of lengths of linen or wool fabric, which generally was rectangular. Clothes were secured with ornamental clasps or pins (/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)) and a belt, sash, or girdle (/wiki/Zone_(vestment)) might secure the waist. Peplos, Chitons The inner tunic was a peplos or chiton. The peplos (/wiki/Peplos) was worn by women. It was usually a heavier woollen garment, more distinctively Greek, with its shoulder clasps. The upper part of the peplos was folded down to the waist to form an apoptygma. The chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) was a simple tunic garment of lighter linen, worn by both genders and all ages. Men's chitons hung to the knees, whereas women's chitons fell to their ankles. Often the chiton is shown as pleated. Chlamys, Himation The chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) was made from a seamless rectangle of woolen (/wiki/Wool) material worn by men as a cloak. The basic outer garment during winter was the himation (/wiki/Himation) , a larger cloak worn over the peplos or chiton. The himation has been most influential perhaps on later fashion. Roman men and women [ edit ] The tunic was adapted into many styles and was the basic garment of men. Main article: Clothing in ancient Rome (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome) The Roman general Pompey (/wiki/Pompey) entered Jerusalem in 63 BC, ending Judean (/wiki/Ioudaios) national independence. During the New Testament narrative, Judea (/wiki/Judea) was ruled by either local client kings (/wiki/Client_state) to the Roman Empire (/wiki/Roman_Empire) or as a Roman province (/wiki/Roman_province) under Roman officials. Toga Probably the most significant item in the ancient Roman wardrobe was the toga (/wiki/Toga) , a one-piece woolen garment that draped loosely around the shoulders and down the body. Togas could be wrapped in different ways, and they became larger and more voluminous over the centuries. Some innovations were purely fashionable. Because it was not easy to wear a toga without tripping over it or trailing drapery, some variations in wrapping served a practical function. Other styles were required, for instance, for covering the head during ceremonies. Magistrates and high priests wore a special kind of toga with a reddish-purple band on the lower edge, called the toga praetexta as an indication of their status. The toga candida , an especially whitened toga, was worn by political candidates. Prostitutes wore the toga muliebris , rather than the tunics worn by most women. The toga pulla was dark-colored and worn for mourning, while the toga purpurea , of purple-dyed wool, was worn in times of triumph and by the Roman emperor. After the transition of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire (/wiki/Roman_Empire) in c. 44 BC, only men who were citizens of Rome wore the toga. Women, slaves, foreigners, and others who were not citizens of Rome wore tunics and were forbidden from wearing the toga. By the same token, Roman citizens were required to wear the toga when conducting official business. Over time, the toga evolved from a national to a ceremonial costume. Different types of togas indicated age, profession, and social rank. Tunic, etc. Originally the toga was worn by all Romans; free citizens were required to wear togas because only slaves and children wore tunics.By the 2nd century BC, however, it was worn over a tunic (/wiki/Tunic) , and the tunic became the basic item of dress. Women wore an outer garment known as a stola (/wiki/Stola) , which was a long pleated dress similar to the Greek chitons. Many other styles of clothing were worn and also are familiar in images seen in artwork from the period. Garments could be quite specialized, for instance, for warfare, specific occupations, or for sports. In ancient Rome women athletes wore leather briefs and brassiere for maximum coverage but the ability to compete. See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biblical costumes (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biblical_costumes) . Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Clothing in ancient Egypt (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt) Clothing in ancient Greece (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) Clothing in ancient Rome (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome) Clothing in the ancient world (/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world) Jewish religious clothing (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Costume: In Biblical Times" (https://archive.today/20130416054711/http://new.studylight.org/enc/tje/view.cgi?n=4698) . Jewish Encyclopedia (/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia) . Funk & Wagnalls (/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls) . 1901. Archived from the original (http://new.studylight.org/enc/tje/view.cgi?n=4698) on 2013-04-16. ^ (#cite_ref-EB_2-0) "Dress" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Doeg-Ecclesiastes#DRESS) . Encyclopaedia Biblica (/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica) . The Macmillan Company (/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers) . 1899. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Dress and Ornament, Hebrew" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141213193717/http://www.cblibrary.net/schaff_h/d/dress_ornament_hebrew.htm) . Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (/wiki/Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge) . Baker Book House (/wiki/Baker_Book_House) . 1907. Archived from the original (http://www.cblibrary.net/schaff_h/d/dress_ornament_hebrew.htm) on 2014-12-13 . Retrieved 2012-11-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-ezor_4-0) Biblestudytools.com Hebrew lexicon: (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/ezowr.html) 'ezor ; The Hebrew lexicon is Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/ezowr.html) ^ (#cite_ref-hagor_5-0) Biblestudytools.com Hebrew lexicon: (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/chagowr-2.html) chagowr ; The Hebrew lexicon is Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/chagowr-2.html) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Vos, Howard (1999). Nelson's New Illustrated Bible Manners and Customs: How the People of the Bible Really Lived . Thomas Nelson. p. 75. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4185-8569-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-kethoneth_7-0) Biblestudytools.com Hebrew lexicon: (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/kethoneth.html) kethōneth ; The Hebrew lexicon is Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/kethoneth.html) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Eager, George B. (1915). "Dress" (https://archive.today/20130415210725/http://new.studylight.org/enc/isb/view.cgi?w=dress) . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia) . Eerdmans Publishing Company (/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company) . Archived from the original (http://new.studylight.org/enc/isb/view.cgi?w=dress) on 2013-04-15. ^ Jump up to: a b "Coat" (https://archive.today/20130416003356/http://new.studylight.org/enc/tje/view.cgi?n=4426&search=coat%23coat#coat) . Jewish Encyclopedia (/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia) . Funk & Wagnalls (/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls) . 1901. Archived from the original (http://new.studylight.org/enc/tje/view.cgi?n=4426&search=coat#coat) on 16 April 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-sadhin_10-0) Biblestudytools.com Hebrew lexicon: (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/cadiyn.html) ṣādhı̄n ; The Hebrew lexicon is Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/cadiyn.html) ^ (#cite_ref-simlah_11-0) Biblestudytools.com Hebrew lexicon: (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/simlah.html) simlāh ; The Hebrew lexicon is Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/simlah.html) ^ (#cite_ref-12) See also (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/salmah.html) simlāh . (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/salmah.html) ^ (#cite_ref-himation_13-0) Biblestudytools.com Greek lexicon: (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/nas/himation.html) himation ; The Hebrew lexicon is Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/nas/himation.html) ^ (#cite_ref-meil_14-0) Biblestudytools.com Hebrew lexicon: (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/meiyl.html) me'īl ; The Hebrew lexicon is Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/meiyl.html) ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Stole - New Testament Greek Lexicon - New American Standard" (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/nas/stole.html) . Bible Study Tools . ^ (#cite_ref-addereth_16-0) Biblestudytools.com Hebrew lexicon: (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/addereth.html) addereth ; The Hebrew lexicon is Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/addereth.html) ^ (#cite_ref-tzitzit_17-0) Biblestudytools.com Hebrew lexicon: (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/tzitzit.html) ẓiẓit ; The Hebrew lexicon is Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon (http://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/tzitzit.html) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-publishers_18-0) Tefillin, "The Book of Jewish Knowledge", Nathan Ausubel, Crown Publishers, NY, 1964, p.458 ^ (#cite_ref-19) Exodus 28 (https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0228.htm#1) , Exodus 39 (https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0239.htm#1) and Leviticus 8 (https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0308.htm#1) ^ (#cite_ref-20) Leviticus 16:4 (https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0316.htm#4) ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Wigs facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Wigs" (http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Wigs.aspx#1) . www.encyclopedia.com . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Art, Author: Department of Greek and Roman. "Ancient Greek Dress - Essay - Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History - The Metropolitan Museum of Art" (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grdr/hd_grdr.htm) . The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : \|first= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) Sources [ edit ] This entry incorporates text from the public domain International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia) , originally published in 1915. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain (/wiki/Public_domain) : Singer, Isidore (/wiki/Isidore_Singer) ; et al., eds. (1901–1906). " Costume (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia/Costume) ". The Jewish Encyclopedia (/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia) . New York: Funk & Wagnalls. External links [ edit ] International Standard Bible Encyclopedia — Dress (https://archive.today/20130415210725/http://new.studylight.org/enc/isb/view.cgi?w=dress) Jewish Encyclopedia — Costume: In Biblical Times (https://archive.today/20130416054711/http://new.studylight.org/enc/tje/view.cgi?n=4698) Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge — Dress and Ornament, Hebrew (https://web.archive.org/web/20141213193717/http://www.cblibrary.net/schaff_h/d/dress_ornament_hebrew.htm) Encyclopaedia Biblica — Dress (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Doeg-Ecclesiastes#DRESS) ( Ephod (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Elymas-Esau#EPHOD) , Girdle (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Gideoni-Goshen#GIRDLE) , Mantle (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Manius-Mash#MANTLE) , Shoes (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Shishak-Silver#SHOES) , Tunic (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Tradition-Uri#TUNIC) , Turban (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Tradition-Uri#TURBAN) , Veil (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Uriah-Ward#VEIL_(VAIL)) ) v t e Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) of clothing and fashion History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Ancient (/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world) Prehistory of nakedness and clothing (/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing) China (/wiki/Popular_fashion_in_ancient_China) Han Chinese (/wiki/Hanfu) Shu (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Shu) Egyptian (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt) Inuit (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Biblical Greek (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) Roman (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome) Thracian (/wiki/Thracian_clothing) Middle Ages Anglo-Saxon (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_dress) Byzantine (/wiki/Byzantine_dress) Chinese Liao (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Liao_dynasty) Jurchen Jin (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Jurchen_Jin_dynasty) Yuan (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Yuan_dynasty) Western Xia (/wiki/Fashion_in_Western_Xia) English (/wiki/English_medieval_clothing) Europe 400s–1000s (/wiki/Early_medieval_European_dress) 1100s (/wiki/1100%E2%80%931200_in_European_fashion) 1200s (/wiki/1200%E2%80%931300_in_European_fashion) 1300s (/wiki/1300%E2%80%931400_in_European_fashion) 1400s (/wiki/1400%E2%80%931500_in_European_fashion) Korean (/wiki/Hanbok#History) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_clothing) Tocharian (/wiki/Tocharian_clothing) Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing#Lý_dynasty_to_Trần_dynasty_(1009–1400)) 1500s–1820s Western fashion 1500–1550 (/wiki/1500%E2%80%931550_in_European_fashion) 1550–1600 (/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_European_fashion) 1600–1650 (/wiki/1600%E2%80%931650_in_Western_fashion) 1650–1700 (/wiki/1650%E2%80%931700_in_Western_fashion) 1700–1750 (/wiki/1700%E2%80%931750_in_Western_fashion) 1750–1775 (/wiki/1750%E2%80%931775_in_Western_fashion) 1775–1795 (/wiki/1775%E2%80%931795_in_Western_fashion) 1795–1820 (/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion) Directoire style (/wiki/Directoire_style) 1820s (/wiki/1820s_in_Western_fashion) 1830s–1910s Western fashion Victorian (/wiki/Victorian_fashion) 1830s (/wiki/1830s_in_Western_fashion) 1840s (/wiki/1840s_in_Western_fashion) 1850s (/wiki/1850s_in_Western_fashion) 1860s (/wiki/1860s_in_Western_fashion) 1870s (/wiki/1870s_in_Western_fashion) 1880s (/wiki/1880s_in_Western_fashion) 1890s (/wiki/1890s_in_Western_fashion) Edwardian (/wiki/Edwardian_era#Fashion) 1900s (/wiki/1900s_in_Western_fashion) 1910s (/wiki/1910s_in_Western_fashion) 1920s–1950s Western fashion Suffrage Movement period (/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_and_Western_women%27s_fashion_through_the_early_20th_century) 1920s (/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion) 1930–1945 (/wiki/1930%E2%80%931945_in_Western_fashion) 1945–1960 (/wiki/1945%E2%80%931960_in_Western_fashion) 1960s-1990s fashion 1960s (/wiki/1960s_in_fashion) 1970s (/wiki/1970s_in_fashion) 1980s (/wiki/1980s_in_fashion) 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) 2000–present fashion 2000s (/wiki/2000s_in_fashion) 2010s (/wiki/2010s_in_fashion) 2020s (/wiki/2020s_in_fashion) impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry) By country and region Indian subcontinent (/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) Italy (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing#History) Meiji (/wiki/Japanese_clothing_during_the_Meiji_period) Thailand (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Western world (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) By clothing Bikini (/wiki/History_of_the_bikini) Corset (/wiki/History_of_corsets) Hide (/wiki/History_of_hide_materials) Swimwear (/wiki/History_of_swimwear) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐282ch Cached time: 20240720164421 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_clothing&oldid=1228517084 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_clothing&oldid=1228517084) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : History of clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) Middle Eastern clothing (/wiki/Category:Middle_Eastern_clothing) Hebrew Bible objects (/wiki/Category:Hebrew_Bible_objects) Jewish religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_clothing) History of Asian clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_Asian_clothing) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from July 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2017) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) CS1 errors: generic name (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles containing Hebrew-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia with a Wikisource reference (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia_with_a_Wikisource_reference) Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia)
Footwear consisting mainly of a sole and straps, with little or no upper covering for the foot. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sandals (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sandals) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐8wp6g Cached time: 20240721083308 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.042 seconds Real time usage: 0.063 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2393/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 248/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.024/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946104/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 57.650 1 Template:Commons_cat 100.00% 57.650 1 -total 94.91% 54.718 1 Template:Sister_project 92.26% 53.185 1 Template:Side_box 7.21% 4.156 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:9914133-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721083308 and revision id 725300043. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Sandals" The following 47 pages are in this category, out of 47 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) A Abarka (/wiki/Abarka) Avarca (/wiki/Avarca) B Bernardo Sandals (/wiki/Bernardo_Sandals) Biblical sandals (/wiki/Biblical_sandals) Birkenstock (/wiki/Birkenstock) C Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Cantabrian albarcas (/wiki/Cantabrian_albarcas) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Clog (/wiki/Clog) D Ho Chi Minh sandals (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_sandals) Discalced (/wiki/Discalced) E Espadrille (/wiki/Espadrille) F Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Flipsters (/wiki/Flipsters) Furlane (shoe) (/wiki/Furlane_(shoe)) G Geta (footwear) (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Grendene (/wiki/Grendene) H Hnyat-phanat (/wiki/Hnyat-phanat) Huarache (shoe) (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Huarache (running shoe) (/wiki/Huarache_(running_shoe)) J Jack Rogers (retailer) (/wiki/Jack_Rogers_(retailer)) Jelly shoes (/wiki/Jelly_shoes) Jipsin (/wiki/Jipsin) L Lêkê (/wiki/L%C3%AAk%C3%AA) M Mituri (/wiki/Mituri) N Naot (/wiki/Naot) O Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) P Platform shoe (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Pulhoer (/wiki/Pulhoer) R Rope-soled shoe (/wiki/Rope-soled_shoe) S Saltwater sandals (/wiki/Saltwater_sandals) Sandal-bearer (/wiki/Sandal-bearer) Sandals of Jesus Christ (/wiki/Sandals_of_Jesus_Christ) Slide (footwear) (/wiki/Slide_(footwear)) Slingback (/wiki/Slingback) Socks and sandals (/wiki/Socks_and_sandals) Source Sandals (/wiki/Source_Sandals) T T-bar sandal (/wiki/T-bar_sandal) Talaria (/wiki/Talaria) Träskor (/wiki/Tr%C3%A4skor) Trochadi (/wiki/Trochadi) U Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) W Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) Wörishofer (/wiki/W%C3%B6rishofer) Z Zori (/wiki/Zori) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Sandals&oldid=725300043 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Sandals&oldid=725300043) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Footwear (/wiki/Category:Footwear) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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Comment: Plenty of odd tone used- describing things as "amazing" for example GraziePrego (/wiki/User:GraziePrego) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:GraziePrego) ) 12:13, 28 January 2024 (UTC) Galit Levi Born ( 1971-12-26 ) December 26, 1971 (age 52) Tel Aviv, Israel Nationality Israeli Education Shenkar College of Engineering, Design and Art (/wiki/Shenkar_College_of_Engineering,_Design_and_Art) Degree in Fashion and Art Ono Academic College (/wiki/Ono_Academic_College) Degree in Law Occupation(s) Fashion Designer, Entrepreneur and Artist Years active 1994 - present Children 1 Website www.galit-levi.com Galit Levi (Hebrew: גלית לוי‎; born December 26, 1971) is an Israeli fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) noted for her work in evening, bridal, and haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) dresses. Her designs have been recognized in international competitions, receiving accolades for evening gown design in 1999 and 2019. Levi has also been the recipient of industry awards, including being named 'Designer of the Year' by Maariv (/wiki/Maariv_(newspaper)) in 1999 and receiving the 'Fashion Designer' recognition by Yedioth Ahronoth (/wiki/Yedioth_Ahronoth) annually from 2006 to 2009. Galit Levi is recognized for her contributions to haute couture evening and bridal fashion, noted for incorporating fashion motifs, sheer fabrics, and corsets into wedding dress designs. She has developed a corset (/wiki/Corset) aimed at body shaping and has pioneered a sewing technique that has been adopted in some wedding and evening dress designs. In 2008, Levi was named on Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) ' list of ' 40 under 40 (/wiki/40_Under_40) ,' where she was placed 27th and ranked 1st in the fashion category. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Levi launched her namesake "Galit Levi" brand in 1995, when she was 22 years old. She first gained notable exposure in 1998 when singer Dana International (/wiki/Dana_International) won first place in the Eurovision Song Contest (/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest) while wearing a dress designed by Levi, after she decided at the last minute not to wear the dress prepared for her by fashion designer Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) . Since the late 1990s, Levi's designs have been frequently featured as clothing for participants in television programs, beauty pageants, and various international competitions. [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life [ edit ] Galit Levi was born as Galit Greenstein, in Tel Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv) , Israel (/wiki/Israel) . Her grandmothers were both Holocaust survivors (/wiki/Holocaust_survivors) . Her great-grandmother, Masha Schuster, also a Holocaust survivor, owned a factory in Poland with her husband that produced uniforms during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . As a child, she grew up in the Tzahala (/wiki/Tzahala) neighborhood of north Tel Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv) . From the age of 7, she began sewing clothes for her Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) dolls from scraps of fabric she found at her parents' house and held fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) for her grandmother, Golda, during her weekly visits. At the age of nine, she started drawing "sketches" of clothes that she gave to clothing store owners because she did not like the selection offered there. Levi aspired to be a gymnast like Nadia Comăneci (/wiki/Nadia_Com%C4%83neci) in her childhood and engaged in gymnastics (/wiki/Gymnastics) . Her participation in the sport influenced her clothing needs, as she found it challenging to find attire that suited her frame and style preferences. At 14, she discovered a discarded sewing machine at her home and began creating her own garments without formal training. She crafted designs directly on fabric and constructed the pieces using both the sewing machine and hand stitching. Encouraged by her family’s positive feedback, she started sewing for family friends, receiving payment for her work. Levi was also interested in business from a young age. As child, she engaged in small business activities, such as selling lemonade and her paintings on the street, and organized her friends to assist her in these ventures. Despite the absence of direct influences from the fashion or sewing industries within her immediate family, she observed her grandmothers mending clothes by hand. Levi's parents, viewing fashion as a career without prospects, encouraged her to pursue a medical profession instead. Consequently, she focused on biology and science during her high school years in Tel Aviv. Despite this, Levi maintained her passion for fashion by sewing clothes for herself and her friends. At the age of 18, she joined the army and there decided that fashion was her future. After completing her military service in the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces) , Levi began studying fashion design at the Shenkar College of Engineering, Design and Art (/wiki/Shenkar_College_of_Engineering,_Design_and_Art) in Ramat Gan. During her studies, she participated in the Young Designer Competition (/w/index.php?title=Young_Designer_Competition&action=edit&redlink=1) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . Levi's participation in the competition marked a significant exposure to the global fashion and haute couture scene. Captivated by Paris, she chose to extend her stay, furthering her education through additional courses and internships focused on haute couture and advanced sewing techniques. Career [ edit ] Early career [ edit ] At 21, Levi returned to Israel from Paris and set up an informal studio on her parents' house's roof to design evening and bridal dresses. Unable to find a wedding dress aligning with her tastes, she crafted her own, incorporating classic lace, pink studs, and gold wire. The distinctiveness of her design attracted attention, leading to an increase in requests for custom-made dresses. Encouraged by this response, Levi opened her first official business at 22. [3] (#cite_note-3) The Galit Levi House of Design was founded in Tel Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv) in 1994 and initially focused on bespoke bridal gowns, but also created high-fashion evening wear and a range of fashion accessories. Throughout its operation, the studio has provided bridal gown designs for over 50,000 brides and their families. [ citation needed ] As demand for Levi's designs grew, she moved to a larger studio on Dizengoff Street (/wiki/Dizengoff_Street) in 1995, which continued to expand over the years. International breakthrough [ edit ] In March 1998, Galit Levi designed the outfits for Israel Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) , including a black net dress for Leading model Galit Guttmann (/wiki/Galit_Gutman) . [ citation needed ] In April 1998, Israel (/wiki/Israel) celebrated 50 years in a special fashion show, and Levi designed the outfits, including a dress made from 1000 crystals worn by local singer Michal Amdursky (/wiki/Michal_Amdursky) . Galit gained widespread recognition after designing the dress worn by Dana International (/wiki/Dana_International) , the Israeli representative at the Eurovision Song Contest (/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest) 1998, who won first place with the song "Diva". [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) The original dress, designed by Jean-Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , was replaced last-minute by Levi's creation due to concerns about its suitability for the performance. The press and media called Levi's dresses "The dresses that brought the luck". [ citation needed ] In the same year, Levi also designed attire for participants in the Miss World pageant (/wiki/Miss_World) [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) This included the gown for Linor Abargil (/wiki/Linor_Abargil) , who won the pageant. Dubbed 'The Peace Dress,' it displayed images of late Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin) , Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat (/wiki/Yasser_Arafat) , and former U.S. President Bill Clinton (/wiki/Bill_Clinton) . The dress attracted international media attention. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) In the same year, Levi created the evening gown for Miss Israel, Jenny Chervony, for the Miss World competition. Her design won first place in 'The Most Beautiful Evening Gown' category, marking the first occasion an Israeli designer achieved this distinction among entries from 100 countries. The hand-sewn gown featured special lace decorated with rose and leaf patterns, adorned with 45,000 small Swarovski diamonds, lending it a distinctive silver hue. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) In March 1999, Rana Raslan (/wiki/Rana_Raslan) , the first Arab-Israeli (/wiki/Arab-Israeli) winner of Miss Israel, represented Israel in Miss Universe 1999 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1999) , while wearing Levi's " Star of David (/wiki/Star_of_David) " dress designed by Levi. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) The dress received significant criticism in the Arab world (/wiki/Arab_world) . In 1999, Nofit Shevach, Israel's representative at the Miss International pageant in Japan, wore a dress by Galit Levi designed with an olive branch motif, symbolizing peace and the state of Israel. In the same year, to mark the transition into the new century, Levi created a 'Millennium Dress,' noted for its unique design. Additionally, she introduced the 'WWW Dress,' inspired by the burgeoning Internet age, which was worn by Dana International (/wiki/Dana_International) . [ citation needed ] In 2001, amid the Second Intifada, Galit Levi designed a dress for Ilanit Levy, Miss Israel, for her participation in the Miss Universe pageant in Puerto Rico. The design incorporated a bulletproof vest adorned with diamonds, aiming to make a statement on the ongoing conflict. This choice garnered significant media coverage, including by CNN, and contributed to Levi's international recognition. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2002, Levi designed a white dress carrying the map of Israel (/wiki/Israel) , encrusted with glittering stones. Israeli beauty queen Yamit Har Noy wore the dress for the Miss Universe Pageant. [8] (#cite_note-8) From 2002 onwards, Galit Levi's designs gained international exposure, being featured at prestigious events such as the Oscars (/wiki/Academy_Awards) , various beauty pageants, and the Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) . [ citation needed ] In 2004, the Galit Levi brand extended its reach internationally, showcasing in fashion shows beyond Israel. Levi's collections were introduced to boutiques and high-end department stores across Europe and North America, including Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) in the UK and Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) . Notably, Levi expanded her market to include boutiques in Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) , reportedly making her the only Israeli designer to export to Arab countries prior to the peace agreements of 2021. Additionally, she established a bridal showroom in New York and partnered locally to open a showroom for evening gowns in Los Angeles. [ citation needed ] In 2006, during the New York Bridal Fashion Week (NYBFW), Galit Levi presented a luxury fashion show at the Waldorf Astoria New York Hotel. The event was attended by numerous photographers, guests, and media representatives. Notably, actress and model Moran Atias featured prominently, both opening and closing the show. [ citation needed ] In 2008, Galit Levi participated in the Haute Couture Fashion Week in Rome, known as Alta Roma, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [9] (#cite_note-9) becoming the first Israeli designer to be featured in this prestigious event. Her presence placed her alongside internationally renowned designers and brands such as Valentino, Chanel, and Lacroix. Following her show, her designs were featured in 'Collezioni', a leading fashion publication, alongside major Haute Couture houses including Dior, Chanel, and Dolce & Gabbana, marking her as the first Israeli designer to achieve this distinction. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) After Rome (/wiki/Rome) 's success, Galit was invited to participate in many couture fashion shows in the world. The recognition at Rome's Haute Couture Fashion Week led to further invitations for Levi, including participation in the Tashkent Couture Fashion Week in 2009, an event organized by Gulnara Karimova. There, Levi was showcased among a select group of European designers, highlighting her international standing in the fashion industry. [ citation needed ] In 2009, for an exhibition commemorating the 100th anniversary of Tel Aviv, Galit Levi designed a dress that incorporated imagery of Tel Aviv Beach alongside scenes from the old town of Tel Aviv. 2010 - present [ edit ] In 2010, Galit Levi was selected to do a fashion show with Palestinian designer Jamal Taslaq (/wiki/Jamal_Taslaq) for "Fashion for Peace" in Sorrento (/wiki/Sorrento) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . The event received significant media coverage in Israel and across Europe. For this occasion, Levi created a dress that combined the flags of Israel and Palestine, dubbed 'The Two Flags Dress', symbolizing a message of unity and peace. [ citation needed ] In 2011, the Israeli Embassy (/wiki/Israeli_Embassy) in Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijan) invited Levi to the capital Baku (/wiki/Baku) for a special show. She presented 50 Haute Couture (/wiki/Haute_Couture) models at the fashion show. This event reportedly initiated discussions for establishing a sales channel with Caspian Sea region countries. [ citation needed ] In 2013, for a Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) photoshoot by Howard Schatz (/wiki/Howard_Schatz) , American actress Brooke Shields (/wiki/Brooke_Shields) was photographed wearing a dress designed by Galit Levi. [10] (#cite_note-10) For the 2013 season of 'Big Brother,' Galit Levi designed a 'spider dress' worn by top model Or Daniel during her entrance to the show. [ citation needed ] In 2014, Galit Levi created a bridal dress constructed entirely from recycled paper, which was showcased by model Yael Goldman at a paper fashion show. [ citation needed ] In 2014, to commemorate the 90th birthday of former Israeli President Shimon Peres (/wiki/Shimon_Peres) , Galit Levi designed a dress adorned with the faces of all Israeli presidents, positioning Peres at the center. Following Peres's death in September 2016, Levi donated the dress to The Peres Centre for Peace in his memory. [ citation needed ] In May 2019, Galit Levi was invited to showcase her designs at the Plaza Hotel (/wiki/Plaza_Hotel) in New York City for an event organized by Batsheva, a nonprofit organization focused on women's issues. [ citation needed ] In July 2019, Galit Levi was recognized at the Miss International Competition in the USA, where a dress she designed won the title 'The most beautiful dress in the world.' The white evening gown was created for Luisa Diaz, former Miss Puerto Rico and Miss New York, who represented the State of New York at the event. [ citation needed ] In September 2023, Galit Levi took part in New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) (NYFW), collaborating with Israeli artist Yigal Ozeri (/wiki/Yigal_Ozeri) to present a couture collection. This collection featured dresses made from fabrics printed with Ozeri's paintings. [ citation needed ] In March 2024, in the aftermath of the events of October 7 (/wiki/October_7_2023) th in Israel, Jewish influencer Lizzy Savetsky wore a Star of David corset designed by Galit Levi in 1999. This corset was notably first worn by Rana Raslan (/wiki/Rana_Raslan) , the first Arab-Israeli winner of Miss Israel. The act of re-wearing this garment was presented as a symbol of coexistence, aiming to convey a message of unity and peace, reflecting Israel's commitment to the inclusivity of all its citizens, regardless of their religious background. [11] (#cite_note-11) The corset [ edit ] In the 1990s, Levi introduced an approach to incorporate corset (/wiki/Corset) structures into the design of wedding and evening dresses, shifting their role from undergarments to integral design elements of formal attire. This innovation led to the adoption of corsetry in dressmaking beyond traditional uses. Her technique, notable for its distinctive construction, has been referenced and utilized by various fashion designers internationally. [ citation needed ] Levi's corset construction method combines various materials that are designed to shape and support the chest area. The stiff skeleton of the corset (/wiki/Corset) is applied with inflexible bones. [ citation needed ] Levi's dream dress designs are made freely on mannequins (/wiki/Mannequin) , combining hand-crafted weaving and threading of gems, pearls, beads, crystals, and other ornaments. [ citation needed ] Galit Levi Design [ edit ] Galit Levi Design offers a range of products across various apparel categories, including bridal wear, haute couture, ready-to-wear, lingerie and underwear, accessories, swimwear, home fashion, and casual/resort wear. The company operates under multiple brand names such as 'Galit Levi,' 'GL,' and 'Galit Levi Beach Couture.' These brands have a presence in the Israeli market and have been recognized internationally. [12] (#cite_note-12) The brand has and opened haute couture boutiques in New York, LA (/wiki/LA) , and London (/wiki/London) . [ citation needed ] In 2005, Levi initiated collaborations to create mass-market retail collections. A year later, in 2006, she designed a swimwear collection for a major company, branded as 'Galit Levi Beach Couture'. This collection is distributed through roughly 250 retail points of sale, both within Israel and internationally. [ citation needed ] In 2008, Levi entered into a partnership with H&O to retail a line of ready-to-wear apparel and handbags named 'Galit Levi for H&O.' The collection was released in the fall of 2009. [ citation needed ] In 2010, Galit Levi introduced a lingerie and sleepwear line, marketed as 'Galit Levi Underwear.' [13] (#cite_note-13) This collection, which included items specifically designed for wedding nights and honeymoons, was made available in numerous retail stores both in Israel and internationally. Additionally, a collection of shapewear was launched under the same brand. In 2012, the Galit Levi brand expanded to include a line of home design products named 'Galit Levi Home Fashion,' which featured bedsheets and towels. This initial collection was positioned in the high-end market segment and included products that bore Levi's signature. Retail stores carried this line. Subsequently, in 2014, a second line within the home design category was introduced, titled 'GL – Home Fashion. [ citation needed ] The collections designed by Galit Levi are available at various retail outlets and department stores both within Israel and internationally. Notable locations include Harvey Nichols and Harrods, as well as specialized bridal shops like Designer Loft Bridal, among others. [ citation needed ] Public image [ edit ] Galit Levi has transitioned from a design-focused role to a more public persona, engaging in various promotional efforts for fashion brands. She has been featured in numerous advertising campaigns. In 2008, Levi entered into an agreement with H&O to be featured in their fall advertising and to contribute to the design of the collection. The partnership drew public commentary regarding the alignment of Levi's image with the traditionally non-luxury positioning of H&O. Despite the differing perceptions, the campaigns were reportedly successful. [ citation needed ] Between 2010 and 2017, Levi was featured in promotional campaigns for several fashion and lifestyle brands in Israel. Her presence extended to television, where she made guest appearances in series, was cast as herself in certain shows and films, and took part in an Israeli reality show. Levi's expertise in fashion and lifestyle topics led to frequent invitations to appear on television programs as an interviewee, as well as to serve as a judge in various competitions and beauty pageants. She has been recognized in public opinion surveys, once ranking just behind Sarah Jessica Parker as a preferred shopping companion. Additionally, Levi was named among the '50 most beautiful women in Israel' on a compiled list. [ citation needed ] In the media [ edit ] Galit Levi's media presence dates back to the inception of her career in 1995. Initially, her visibility was concentrated on television appearances and in print media, prior to the prevalence of the Internet and social media. Levi's work, which included custom designs for prominent Israeli TV and talk shows, garnered media interest. While she began her career with a focus on design, her role eventually expanded to include public appearances as a judge in beauty pageants, as an interview subject on television programs and in magazines, and as a commentator on various topics. [ citation needed ] She made her first television appearance in 1995 during 'The Lucky Wheel Girl Selection Contest,' a competition where six contestants, not publicly identified, showcased colorful dresses designed by her. Two years later, in 1997, she was featured on 'Dan Shilon,' a leading and pioneering talk show in Israel, where she presented a fashion show and participated in an interview. [ citation needed ] From 1998 to 2002, Galit Levi became known for designing outfits for Israel's beauty pageants. She was responsible for creating numerous outfits for presenters, contestants, and performers involved in these events, typically starting the design process six months prior to each pageant. In addition to her role as a designer, Levi also served on the judging panel and occasionally had the privilege of crowning the winner. Furthermore, she designed dresses for the winners of the Israeli pageants to wear at the Miss World and Miss Universe competitions. In 2001-2002, Levi wrote a personal column for the fashion magazine "People". [ citation needed ] Television [ edit ] Since 1995, Galit Levi has garnered attention within pop culture, featuring prominently on various television shows and in media coverage. Her designs have been selected by a wide range of public figures, including beauty queens, actresses, singers, TV hosts, and professionals, signifying her reputation as a prominent designer in Israel. Levi's portfolio includes designing outfits and costumes for TV productions, ceremonies, red carpet events, competitions, major beauty pageants, theatrical plays, musicals, and films, both in Israel and internationally. In 2004, Levi was responsible for designing the attire for the finalists of the first season of ' The Apprentice (/wiki/The_Apprentice) ,' a reality show created by Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) . In an episode of the television series ' The Real Housewives of New Jersey (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_Jersey) ,' aired on Bravo TV (/wiki/Bravo_TV_(TV_series)) , two cast members wore bridal dresses designed by Galit Levi. Galit Levi has contributed to the fashion of television entertainment by designing unique dresses and costumes for several shows. In 2006 and 2007, she designed dresses for contestants on 'Born to Dance' and ' Dancing with the Stars (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars) .' Earlier, in 2005 and 2006, Levi created costumes for Moran Atias (/wiki/Moran_Atias) , Eden Harel (/wiki/Eden_Harel) , and Yael Bar Zohar (/wiki/Yael_Bar_Zohar) for their performances associated with the Eurovision Song Contest (/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest) , in addition to designing attire for seventy backup dancers. In 2012, Levi was responsible for costume design in the Israeli TV series ' Ha-borer (/wiki/Ha-Borer) ,' featuring Ania Bukstien (/wiki/Ania_Bukstein) and Neta Gerti (/wiki/Netta_Garti) , a series that was subsequently made available on Netflix. That same year, she also designed costumes for ' The Beauty and the Geek (/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Geek_(American_TV_series)) '. In 2018, a gown designed by Galit Levi was featured on the MTV (/wiki/MTV) show ' Wild 'N Out (/wiki/Wild_%27n_Out) ,' with host Nick Cannon (/wiki/Nick_Cannon) . Actress Erica Thom wore the gown during her appearance on the show. In 2019, a wedding dress designed by Galit Levi was showcased on the Showtime program ' Desus & Mero (/wiki/Desus_%26_Mero_(2019_TV_series)) ,' worn by actress and comedian Julia Young. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Theatre [ edit ] Designing costumes for musical shows ranks among Galit Levi's preferred projects. In 1998, she created 300 costumes for a musical that was performed in Germany as part of the celebrations for Israel's 50th anniversary, with its premiere in Munich. Later, in 2012, Levi designed dresses for performers in the 'Festival' musical. In 2013, Galit Levi designed around 100 costumes for the 'Tchaikovsky Show,' a musical featuring songs by Mirit Shem Or. The musical made its debut on Broadway (/wiki/Broadway_theatre) in New York in 2021 For Hanukkah in 2014, Galit Levi was responsible for designing costumes for the Israeli musical titled 'Fantasy'. [ citation needed ] Personal life [ edit ] Levi, who was previously married and is now divorced, has a daughter named Saar Lively, born in 1996. After her divorce, Levi chose to retain her last name, citing marketing reasons. In her personal time, she engages in yoga, painting, and is pursuing a law degree. Levi splits her time between Tel Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv) and New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [ citation needed ] Recognition [ edit ] Galit Levi has been recognized in Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) ' list of Young Promising Entrepreneurs and was also featured in the Forbes '40 under 40,' securing the 27th position overall and ranking 1st in the fashion sector. Levi has been awarded the Israeli Fashion Award five times and has received the title of 'Designer of the Year' on several occasions. Her distinctive designs have been featured in competitions globally, where they have garnered further accolades. [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "שגרירת האופנה - >" (https://globalfashionreport.com/%D7%A9%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94) . globalfashionreport.com (in Hebrew) . Retrieved 2024-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) MISS WORLD 1999 TOP 5 FINALISTS & CROWNING . Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.youtube.com. ^ (#cite_ref-3) TEN YEAR MOVIE ABOUT GALIT LEVI . Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.youtube.com. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Israeli Beauty Queen Will Be Dressed to the Mines" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-06-mn-59997-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . 2001-05-06 . Retrieved 2024-01-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Army chic for Israeli beauty queen" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1283832.stm) . 2001-04-18 . Retrieved 2024-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_6-0) "Miss Israel to Model Bulletproof Dress" (https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=81215&page=1) . ABC News . Retrieved 2024-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "It's fashionable -- and bulletproof!" (https://ew.com/article/2001/05/22/its-fashionable-and-bulletproof/) . EW.com . Retrieved 2024-04-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Viewer Takes Photograph Gown Designed By Editorial Stock Photo - Stock Image" (https://www.shutterstock.com/editorial/image-editorial/viewer-takes-photograph-gown-designed-by-galit-9466695i) . Shutterstock Editorial . Retrieved 2024-04-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Galit Levi Fotografías e imágenes de stock - Getty Images" (https://www.gettyimages.es/fotos/galit-levi) . www.gettyimages.es . Retrieved 2024-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Howard Schatz \| Pietà d'apres Michelangelo, Sebastien Marcovici and Brooke Shields, photographed in New York City, January 2011 (2011) \| Available for Sale \| Artsy" (https://www.artsy.net/artwork/howard-schatz-pieta-dapres-michelangelo-sebastien-marcovici-and-brooke-shields-photographed-in-new-york-city-january-2011) . www.artsy.net . Retrieved 2024-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Lobell, Kylie Ora (2024-03-19). "Jewish Influencer Lizzy Savetsky Wears Iconic Star of David Outfit" (https://jewishjournal.com/community/369444/jewish-influencer-lizzy-savetsky-wears-iconic-star-of-david-outfit/) . Jewish Journal . Retrieved 2024-04-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) חיות, אילנית (2007-12-05). "גלית לוי מתרחבת: נכנסת לאופנת הקזו'אל" (https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000282910) . Globes . Retrieved 2024-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "גו אנדר מתפשטים על גלית לוי" (http://xnet.ynet.co.il/fashion/articles/0,14539,L-3086251,00.html) . xnet (in Hebrew) . Retrieved 2024-01-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Julia Young wearing Galit Levi Wedding Dress in Show Time, Jesus&Mero" (https://x.com/SHODesusAndMero/status/1323691250315395072) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Previously on DESUS & MERO... \| SHOWTIME . Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.youtube.com. External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.galit-levi.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐96866fccf‐sq96x Cached time: 20240717171359 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, vary‐user, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.703 seconds Real time usage: 1.256 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9153/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 147754/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 22896/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 62054/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.394/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7237086/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1134.213 1 -total 26.20% 297.166 1 Template:Infobox_person 23.85% 270.532 1 Template:Reflist 23.47% 266.155 32 Template:Citation_needed 23.13% 262.315 1 Template:AFC_submission 21.90% 248.405 1 Template:AfC_submission/declined 21.44% 243.184 1 Template:Ombox 19.82% 224.798 10 Template:Cite_web 19.02% 215.698 32 Template:Fix 8.87% 100.612 1 Template:AfC_submission/helptools Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73432215-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717171359 and revision id 1233328769. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Galit_Levi&oldid=1233328769 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Galit_Levi&oldid=1233328769) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : AfC submissions by date/17 January 2024 (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_by_date/17_January_2024) Draft articles on women (/wiki/Category:Draft_articles_on_women) Draft articles on fashion (/wiki/Category:Draft_articles_on_fashion) Draft articles on Southern Europe (/wiki/Category:Draft_articles_on_Southern_Europe) AfC submissions on living persons (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_on_living_persons) Hidden categories: CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)) AfC submissions declined as not written in a neutral point of view (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_declined_as_not_written_in_a_neutral_point_of_view) Declined AfC submissions (/wiki/Category:Declined_AfC_submissions)
Dress worn by Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont at her wedding to Prince Leopold in 1882 Princess Helen on her wedding day The wedding dress of Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont (/wiki/Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) was worn by the bride at her wedding to Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany) , on 27 April 1882 in St. George's Chapel (/wiki/St._George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle) , Windsor Castle (/wiki/Windsor_Castle) . Prince Leopold was the youngest son of Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) and Prince Albert (/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort) . Princess Helen was the daughter of George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (/wiki/George_Victor,_Prince_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) and his wife Princess Helena of Nassau (/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_Nassau) . [1] (#cite_note-queen-1) The dress was made in Paris (/wiki/Paris) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-RoyalDress-3) and was presented by her sister, Queen consort Emma of the Netherlands (/wiki/Emma_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) . The gown was made of white satin (/wiki/Satin) , decorated with traditional orange blossom and myrtle and trimmed with fleur-de-lis (/wiki/Fleur-de-lis) , with the edge topped with point d'Alençon and white satin. [3] (#cite_note-RoyalDress-3) The long tulle veil was held in place by a diamond head dress and a wreath of orange blossoms and myrtle. [1] (#cite_note-queen-1) The shoulders were bare and the short drop sleeves adorned with the Royal Family Order (/wiki/Royal_Family_Order) of Victoria and Albert (/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Victoria_and_Albert) and the Companion of the Order of the Crown of India (/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_India) pinned to the left. The bosom was swathed in tulle and ruched laces with a small bouquet of flowers. The fashionably cut bodice ended in a sharp V–shape that accentuated the bride's tall and slender figure. [4] (#cite_note-4) Helen received large diamond sprays from the King (/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands) and Queen (/wiki/Emma_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) of the Netherlands, which she wore as a tiara and brooch (/wiki/Brooch) on her wedding day. From her parents, she received a diamond necklace and sun rays that she also wore as brooches. [5] (#cite_note-royal-5) Prince Leopold gave his bride a diamond necklace, a large diamond star, a ruby (/wiki/Ruby) bracelet, a ruby and diamond bracelet, sapphire (/wiki/Sapphire) and diamond earrings, Spanish lace, and a fan, which can also be seen in her wedding photos. [5] (#cite_note-royal-5) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Our Queen, the life and times of Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, empress of India . W. Scott, 1897. pg 321. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Aronson, Theo (1981). Prince Alice, Countess of Athlone . London: Cassell Publishers Ltd. pp. 19–20. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-304-31478-1 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Royal Wedding Dresses throughout history" (https://www.royal.uk/wedding-dresses) . The Royal Family. 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kristina Seleshanko. The Vintage Connection . And the Bride Wore ^ Jump up to: a b Royal Magazine Duchess of Albany's Wedding Gown v t e Wedding dresses (/wiki/Wedding_dress) worn at British (/wiki/British_royal_family) royal weddings (/wiki/List_of_royal_weddings) 19th century Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales) (1816) Queen Victoria (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) (1840) Victoria, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal) (1858) Princess Alice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1862) Princess Alexandra of Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Denmark) (1863) Princess Helena (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1866) Princess Louise (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1871) Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia) (1879) Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1882) Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1885) Princess Louise of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_Wales) (1889) Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Schleswig-Holstein) (1891) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Victoria_Mary_of_Teck) (1893) Princess Maud of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Maud_of_Wales) (1896) 20th century Princess Alice of Albany (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_Albany) (1904) Princess Margaret of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_Connaught) (1905) Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife#Marriage) (1913) Princess Patricia of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught) (1919) Princess Mary (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Mary_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1922) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon) (1923) Princess Maud (/wiki/Maud_Carnegie,_Countess_of_Southesk#Marriage) (1923) Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) (1934) Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Alice_Montagu_Douglas_Scott) (1935) Wallis Warfield (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Wallis_Warfield) (1937) Princess Elizabeth (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1947) Princess Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1960) Katharine Worsley (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Katharine_Worsley) (1961) Princess Alexandra of Kent (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Kent) (1963) Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Birgitte_van_Deurs_Henriksen) (1972) Princess Anne (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1973) Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Baroness_Marie_Christine_von_Reibnitz) (1978) Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) (1981) Sarah Ferguson (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sarah_Ferguson) (1986) Anne, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1992) Sophie Rhys-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sophie_Rhys-Jones) (1999) 21st century Camilla Parker Bowles (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Camilla_Parker_Bowles) (2005) Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) (2011) Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Meghan_Markle) (2018) Princess Eugenie of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Eugenie_of_York) (2018) Princess Beatrice of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_York) (2020) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐wp6tp Cached time: 20240712212127 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.201 seconds Real time usage: 0.271 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 517/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20782/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1277/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17889/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.133/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3669507/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 238.535 1 -total 37.78% 90.123 1 Template:Reflist 30.24% 72.124 1 Template:British_Royal_wedding_dresses 29.75% 70.962 1 Template:Cite_book 28.98% 69.136 1 Template:Navbox 25.09% 59.858 1 Template:Short_description 13.99% 33.363 2 Template:Pagetype 7.02% 16.746 4 Template:Main_other 6.05% 14.423 1 Template:SDcat 5.52% 13.160 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31719081-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712212127 and revision id 1200000178. 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Australian clothing brand and retailer Sportscraft Industry Retail Founded 1914 Founder Wolf Bardas Headquarters Alexandria, Sydney , Australia Number of locations 250 [1] (#cite_note-1) Area served Australia Products Apparel, footwear, accessories Owner John Marshall and Andrew Michael [2] (#cite_note-2) Number of employees 500+ [3] (#cite_note-3) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) APG & Co (/w/index.php?title=APG_%26_Co&action=edit&redlink=1) Website www (http://www.sportscraft.com.au) .sportscraft (http://www.sportscraft.com.au) .com (http://www.sportscraft.com.au) .au (http://www.sportscraft.com.au) Sportscraft is an Australian women's and men's clothing brand sold through department stores (/wiki/Department_store) and over 20 of its own branded outlets. It began with the 'Sportsleigh' manufacturing company, that grew from the tailoring business founded by Russian Jewish immigrant Wolf Bardas in Melbourne (/wiki/Melbourne) in 1914. In 1947 the business branched into retail with the first Sportsleigh stores opened in Collins Street (/wiki/Collins_Street,_Melbourne) and Toorak (/wiki/Toorak,_Victoria) Road, Melbourne. The name was changed to 'Sportscraft' in 1948. The name reflected a focus on tailored casual wear, predominantly jodhpurs, slacks, pleated skirts and shirts. Innovative marketing under the leadership of Morris Bardas resonated with women in post-war Australia and became a respected and iconic brand. After his death in 1959, his vision was continued by his son David Bardas who succeeded him at the head of the company. Over the following decades the business continued to flourish and grow, expanding into youth-oriented fashion in the 1960s and menswear in the 1970s. In late 1987, Sportscraft acquired the Extra Clothing chain from Just Jeans (/wiki/Just_Jeans) for an estimated $30 million. Just Jeans had purchased the business (then known as Cheap Jeans) from founder Roger Kimberley two years prior. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) By the 1990s the company had grown into a fashion empire that was producing a multimillion-dollar turnover from 200 stores and nineteen women and men's fashion labels. In 1994, David Bardas, lost control of the group when the banks moved to secure the assets that underpinned their outstanding loans. Prime among these was the expensive Sportsgirl Centre in Collins Street, which had put the group under intense financial strain. As a result, a South African company, Truworths (/wiki/Truworths) , was able to buy 90 per cent of the group. However, by 1999 declining sales and growing losses resulted in Truworths ceasing funding of the business. The company was put into voluntary administration in November that year. The core retail brands, Sportscraft, Sportsgirl and David Lawrence were sold individually in 2000 to respectively, Apparel Group, Sussan Corporation and Webster Holdings. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In July 2019, Sportscraft had been selected as the Official Uniform Supplier of the 2020 Australian Olympic Team. [9] (#cite_note-9) Designing both the Opening Ceremony and Formal Uniforms, this will be the eighth time Sportscraft has provided apparel for Australia's athletes. The main Sportscraft line targets women and men aged 25-plus, as well as an expanded kids and babies range launched in 2021. Sportscraft is one of Australia's most trusted fashion and lifestyle brands renowned for outstanding quality and consistent fit. See also [ edit ] SABA (clothing) (/wiki/SABA_(clothing)) JAG (clothing) (/wiki/JAG_(clothing)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Sportscraft Store Locator (https://www.sportscraft.com.au/stores) ^ (#cite_ref-2) APG & Co (https://www.apgandco.com) ^ (#cite_ref-3) LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com/company/apparel-group-pty-limited/) ^ (#cite_ref-:3_4-0) Shoebridge, Neil (11 January 1991). "Just Jeans Succeeds By Selling Denim and Dreams" (https://www.afr.com/companies/just-jeans-succeeds-by-selling-denim-and-dreams-19910111-k9wdc) . Australian Financial Review . Retrieved 6 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Marshall Investments The Australian, Friday, 2 December 2005, p.20 Fashion, 'Rebirth of an old favourite', Georgina Safe (http://www.marshall.com.au/files/upload/Rebirth%20of%20an%20old%20favourite%20The%20Australian%20021205.pdf) , accessed 17 December 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Fairfax Digital The Age Company Ltd The Age, 18 February 2007, Fashion, Behind the seams (http://www.theage.com.au/news/fashion/behind-the-seams/2007/02/15/1171405372511.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2) , accessed 17 December 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Frances Burke Textile Resource Centre, RMIT University, 2000, Updated 2 July 2004 CYBERfibres Online Register of Australian Fashion and Textile Design, Corporate Entry, Sportscraft Pty Ltd Case Study (1914 – ) (http://www.cyberfibres.rmit.edu.au/biogs/TRC0405b.htm) , accessed 17 December 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Webster Holdings Pty Ltd About DL (http://www.davidlawrence.com.au/about-us.html) , accessed 17 December 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Sportscraft is heading to Tokyo" (https://www.ragtrader.com.au/news/sportscraft-is-heading-to-tokyo) . ragtrader . 16 July 2019. External links [ edit ] Sportscraft (https://www.sportscraft.com.au/) APG & Co (https://www.apgandco.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐5pdgd Cached time: 20240715033053 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.223 seconds Real time usage: 0.315 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1541/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15713/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2160/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12559/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.129/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4170516/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 288.699 1 -total 33.71% 97.315 1 Template:Infobox_company 33.26% 96.026 1 Template:Reflist 30.24% 87.314 1 Template:Infobox 27.84% 80.386 2 Template:Cite_web 25.35% 73.196 1 Template:Short_description 16.18% 46.718 2 Template:Pagetype 5.50% 15.874 8 Template:Main_other 5.45% 15.721 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 4.47% 12.908 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34083862-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715033053 and revision id 1204094001. 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French journalist Hélène Gordon-Lazareff Born Hélène Gordon ( 1909-09-21 ) 21 September 1909 Rostov-on-Don (/wiki/Rostov-on-Don) , Russia Died 16 February 1988 (1988-02-16) (aged 78) Le Lavandou (/wiki/Le_Lavandou) , France Resting place Père Lachaise Cemetery (/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery) , Paris Alma mater Sorbonne (/wiki/University_of_Paris) , Paris Occupation(s) Fashion journalist; ethnologist (early) Known for Founder of Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) Notable work Editor at Paris-soir (/wiki/Paris-soir) , Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) Height 1.58 m (5 ft 2 in) [1] (#cite_note-Mallaval2005-1) Title Chief executive and editor-in-chief of Elle France (1945–1972) Spouses Jean-Paul Raudnitz ( m. 1928; div. 1931) Pierre Lazareff (/wiki/Pierre_Lazareff) ( m. 1939; died 1972) Children 1 Signature Hélène Gordon-Lazareff ( French: [elɛn (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) gɔʁdɔ̃ (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) lazaʁɛf] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ; born Hélène Gordon , [2] (#cite_note-Bloch-Lainé2023-2) 21 September 1909 – 16 February 1988) was a French journalist born in Russia to a wealthy Jewish family who founded Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) magazine in 1945. After working in ethnology (/wiki/Ethnology) , she became an editor at The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Subsequently, she formed an influential couple in Paris (/wiki/Paris) with her husband, Pierre Lazareff (/wiki/Pierre_Lazareff) , founder of France-Soir (/wiki/France-Soir) . Gordon-Lazareff is credited with discovering Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) . Early life [ edit ] Hélène Gordon-Lazareff was born into an upper-class Jewish family in Rostov-on-Don (/wiki/Rostov-on-Don) , Russia, on 21 September 1909. [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) [4] (#cite_note-LeMonde1988-4) Her father, Boris Gordon, born in Rostov-on-Don in 1881, married Élisabeth Skomarovski. [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) Boris was a tobacco industry magnate and owner of a paper factory, a printing house (/wiki/Printer_(publishing)) , and Préazosvki Kraï Novosti newspaper. [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) [4] (#cite_note-LeMonde1988-4) Press historian and biographer Claire Blandin said her father was "a wealthy and cultured businessman". [2] (#cite_note-Bloch-Lainé2023-2) Hélène had a sister, Émilie, who was born in 1903. [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) The family fled to France to escape the Bolshevik Revolution (/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution) . [4] (#cite_note-LeMonde1988-4) Her father had transferred the funds to France and abroad and was the first to escape to Italy, accompanied by his mistress (/wiki/Mistress_(lover)) . [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) Around the end of 1917, Hélène, Émilie, and their mother Élisabeth left Russia on a luxury train that took them towards the Black Sea (/wiki/Black_Sea) , [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) and then they reached Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) , Turkey. [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) [4] (#cite_note-LeMonde1988-4) During the travel, they cut Hélène's long hair to avoid attracting eye contact from the Bolsheviks (/wiki/Bolsheviks) . She would subsequently always wear short hair. [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) The three then found Boris in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) They settled in Paris in early 1920. [2] (#cite_note-Bloch-Lainé2023-2) [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) Her parents were separated at this point. [2] (#cite_note-Bloch-Lainé2023-2) She was closer to her father, an ambitious man, who had also organised their escape, even though he had found another woman. [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) Blandin said Gordon-Lazareff was a "Spoiled child traumatized by exile, fascinated by power." [2] (#cite_note-Bloch-Lainé2023-2) Gordon-Lazareff attended Victor-Duruy High School and College (/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_et_coll%C3%A8ge_Victor-Duruy) in Paris. [5] (#cite_note-Ory-Blanc2013-5) Blandin commented that she was a "great reader" and "an excellent student". [2] (#cite_note-Bloch-Lainé2023-2) Subsequently, she studied ethnology (/wiki/Ethnology) at the Sorbonne (/wiki/University_of_Paris) in Paris. [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) When she was a student of ethnology, Gordon-Lazareff spent time with surrealists (/wiki/Surrealism) such as Philippe Soupault (/wiki/Philippe_Soupault) , who dedicated a poem to her. [4] (#cite_note-LeMonde1988-4) In the early 1930s, Gordon-Lazareff, a young divorced mother, [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) graduated from the Institute of Ethnology. [6] (#cite_note-BnF-bio-6) Career [ edit ] Gordon-Lazareff began her career as an ethnologist. [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) [6] (#cite_note-BnF-bio-6) [7] (#cite_note-Time1945-7) She participated in the 1935 Sahara (/wiki/Sahara) - Sudan (/wiki/Sudan) ethnographic expedition, which Marcel Griaule (/wiki/Marcel_Griaule) led. She mainly investigated totemism (/wiki/Totem) and women in Dogon (/wiki/Dogon_people) country. [6] (#cite_note-BnF-bio-6) [8] (#cite_note-8) She lived for two months with an African tribe. [7] (#cite_note-Time1945-7) Upon her return, Gordon-Lazareff published her first travelogue in L'Intransigeant (/wiki/L%27Intransigeant) . [4] (#cite_note-LeMonde1988-4) It was during this period that she met Pierre Lazareff (/wiki/Pierre_Lazareff) at the home of the explorer Paul-Émile Victor (/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Victor) . [4] (#cite_note-LeMonde1988-4) Little interested in scientific journals, she turned to mainstream journalism in the 1930s, [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) [6] (#cite_note-BnF-bio-6) writing the children's page for Paris-soir (/wiki/Paris-soir) under the pseudonym of Tante Juliette (Aunt Juliette). [9] (#cite_note-Thérenty2019-9) [10] (#cite_note-auto-10) She was a journalist at Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . [7] (#cite_note-Time1945-7) [9] (#cite_note-Thérenty2019-9) [11] (#cite_note-Feyel2023-11) Facade of the building at No. 100 on the street Réaumur , Paris, pictured during the Occupation (/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II) in 1941 After the outbreak of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , she left Paris for New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) with her husband [Pierre] Lazareff, director of Paris-soir . [5] (#cite_note-Ory-Blanc2013-5) Gordon-Lazareff was easily integrated into journalist circles in New York because of her perfect English. [12] (#cite_note-Hedrich2016-12) [10] (#cite_note-auto-10) She became an editor of the women's page (/wiki/Women%27s_page) of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) after working for Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . [4] (#cite_note-LeMonde1988-4) [12] (#cite_note-Hedrich2016-12) [13] (#cite_note-Time1964-13) Her husband worked for Voice of America (/wiki/Voice_of_America) [5] (#cite_note-Ory-Blanc2013-5) and the French section of OWI (/wiki/United_States_Office_of_War_Information) . [7] (#cite_note-Time1945-7) She returned to Paris in 1944, a couple of weeks after the Liberation (/wiki/Liberation_of_France) . [5] (#cite_note-Ory-Blanc2013-5) She began her own fashion magazine and used her experience after working for American media. [13] (#cite_note-Time1964-13) A year later, the first issue of Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) magazine was published "on paper so coarse and yellow that it reminded her of French bread". [13] (#cite_note-Time1964-13) Gordon-Lazareff founded Elle in 1945 in Paris. [4] (#cite_note-LeMonde1988-4) [14] (#cite_note-14) She had set up the Elle offices two floors above those of France-Soir (/wiki/France-Soir) , at No. 100 of street (/w/index.php?title=Rue_R%C3%A9aumur&action=edit&redlink=1) Réaumur [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_R%C3%A9aumur) ] in Paris. [1] (#cite_note-Mallaval2005-1) Colour photography and flash (/wiki/Flash_(photography)) were not yet the norm in Post-War France, and the first covers of Elle were thus photographed in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) . She had borrowed French accessories, including 15 " chic " Lilly Daché (/wiki/Lilly_Dach%C3%A9) hats for these covers. [7] (#cite_note-Time1945-7) Between 1945 and 1965, she "spotted everything that sparkled". [12] (#cite_note-Hedrich2016-12) Editorial writer Michèle Fitoussi (/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Fitoussi) said she was "more of a journalist who had a lot of flair than a feminist". [1] (#cite_note-Mallaval2005-1) Elle 's motto (/wiki/Motto) was then: "seriousness in frivolity and irony in seriousness". [12] (#cite_note-Hedrich2016-12) In 1946, Gordon-Lazareff hired journalist Françoise Giroud (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Giroud) to be the managing editor of Elle , a position she held until 1953. [15] (#cite_note-15) In her book, Profession Journaliste , Giroud describes Gordon-Lazareff as "a brilliant, young woman". [16] (#cite_note-16) In 1949, [1] (#cite_note-Mallaval2005-1) she met a 15-year-old stranger named Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) on a station platform and simply told her, "Call me". Before her first film, Bardot became Elle 's main model who presented junior fashion. [12] (#cite_note-Hedrich2016-12) Elle launched Bardot's career. [17] (#cite_note-Garnier-Breton2014-17) In 1958, she collaborated with Galeries Lafayette (/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette) to create a clothing line under the Elle brand. [17] (#cite_note-Garnier-Breton2014-17) In 1966, the director of Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) stores presented Gordon-Lazareff with a Fashion Award and stated that she "is the person who has the most influence on what women wear in Europe and the United States". [12] (#cite_note-Hedrich2016-12) Pierre Hedrich of L'Obs (/wiki/L%27Obs) described Gordon-Lazareff as a "lively woman, always in a Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) skirt suit set, seductive and authoritative, who puts her feet on her desk and drinks tea all day long". [12] (#cite_note-Hedrich2016-12) Alix Girod de l'Ain , a former journalist for Elle , would later explain that "Hélène Lazareff is not a feminist. She can't stand women in pants. She won't understand May 68 (/wiki/May_68) ." [12] (#cite_note-Hedrich2016-12) The French social movements of May 1968 shook Gordon-Lazareff's authority within the editorial staff. [2] (#cite_note-Bloch-Lainé2023-2) Gordon-Lazareff was editor-in-chief of Elle until 1972. [9] (#cite_note-Thérenty2019-9) [18] (#cite_note-18) She left office in September 1972. [11] (#cite_note-Feyel2023-11) [19] (#cite_note-19) At Georges Pompidou (/wiki/Georges_Pompidou) 's request, the Hachette Group (/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)) paid Gordon-Lazareff her full salary as chief executive of Elle magazine until her death. [17] (#cite_note-Garnier-Breton2014-17) Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) wrote in 1988 that she was "one of the great figures of the French press after the Liberation". [4] (#cite_note-LeMonde1988-4) Sunday lunches in Louveciennes [ edit ] Commemorative plaque in Louveciennes. It indicates that the couple "animated this property la Grille Royale " from 1952 to 1972 Every Sunday at 1 p.m., Gordon-Lazareff and her husband, Pierre, hosted artists, actors, politicians and writers for lunch at their property, [12] (#cite_note-Hedrich2016-12) called la Grille Royale (the Royal Grid) in Louveciennes (/wiki/Louveciennes) , Yvelines (/wiki/Yvelines) . [17] (#cite_note-Garnier-Breton2014-17) The twenty seats at the table were considered "prized", and a list of high-profile personalities would come there by helicopter or sedan (/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)#Standard_styles) , including Harry Belafonte (/wiki/Harry_Belafonte) , Habib Bourguiba (/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba) , Marlon Brando (/wiki/Marlon_Brando) , Maria Callas (/wiki/Maria_Callas) , Marlene Dietrich (/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich) , Johnny Hallyday (/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday) , Henry Kissinger (/wiki/Henry_Kissinger) , Martin Luther King (/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.) , and Aristotle Onassis (/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis) . Juliette Gréco (/wiki/Juliette_Gr%C3%A9co) said, "It was very important to be invited to Louveciennes." [12] (#cite_note-Hedrich2016-12) Bardot, Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet (/wiki/Marcel_Bleustein-Blanchet) , Jacques Delors (/wiki/Jacques_Delors) and Romain Gary (/wiki/Romain_Gary) were regulars at Sunday lunches at the home of the "influential couple" and "unmissable tandem of All-Paris (/wiki/Tout-Paris) " that Gordon-Lazareff and her husband formed. [17] (#cite_note-Garnier-Breton2014-17) François Mitterrand (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand) , Jeanne Moreau (/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau) , Pompidou, Françoise Sagan (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Sagan) and Pierre Salinger (/wiki/Pierre_Salinger) were also regulars. [17] (#cite_note-Garnier-Breton2014-17) General de Gaulle (/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle) was never invited but insisted that the list of guests from the previous Sunday be communicated to him every Monday morning. [17] (#cite_note-Garnier-Breton2014-17) Sunday lunches at la Grille Royale were a crucial source of information and influence for Gordon-Lazareff and her husband. [17] (#cite_note-Garnier-Breton2014-17) Personal life [ edit ] She was nineteen when she married [17] (#cite_note-Garnier-Breton2014-17) Jean-Paul Raudnitz, a chemical engineer, in 1928. [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) The two did not get along, and Raudnitz could not cope financially with Hélène's lifestyle, and they divorced after three years. [3] (#cite_note-Blandin2023-3) She had a daughter, Michèle Rosier (/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Rosier) , from this first marriage. [20] (#cite_note-20) She married [Pierre] Lazareff, founder of France-Soir , in April 1939 in Paris. [5] (#cite_note-Ory-Blanc2013-5) When she lived in New York, she had numerous extramarital affairs, which only drove her husband to despair. [17] (#cite_note-Garnier-Breton2014-17) Nina Lazareff was Pierre's adopted daughter. [21] (#cite_note-21) Suffering from Alzheimer's disease (/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease) , Gordon-Lazareff experienced increasing difficulties after the death of her husband in 1972. [2] (#cite_note-Bloch-Lainé2023-2) Death [ edit ] On 16 February 1988, Gordon-Lazareff died at her property in Le Lavandou (/wiki/Le_Lavandou) and was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery (/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery) . [4] (#cite_note-LeMonde1988-4) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mallaval, Catherine (19 November 2005). " (https://www.liberation.fr/medias/2005/11/19/elle-etait-une-fois_539541/) 'Elle' était une fois" (https://www.liberation.fr/medias/2005/11/19/elle-etait-une-fois_539541/) ['Elle' once upon a time.]. Libération (/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration) (in French). Archived (https://archive.today/20240121200136/https://www.liberation.fr/medias/2005/11/19/elle-etait-une-fois_539541/) from the original on 21 January 2024 . Retrieved 9 March 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bloch-Lainé, Virginie (16 August 2023). "Une biographie d'Hélène Gordon-Lazareff: diva de la presse" (https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/une-biographie-dhelene-gordon-lazareff-diva-de-la-presse-20230816_6H2QFMJILJDUHOPA2P6QPXCJTY/) [A biography of Hélène Gordon-Lazareff: press diva]. Libération (/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration) (in French). Archived (https://archive.today/20231216222932/https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/une-biographie-dhelene-gordon-lazareff-diva-de-la-presse-20230816_6H2QFMJILJDUHOPA2P6QPXCJTY/) from the original on 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 28 January 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Blandin, Claire (2023). Hélène Gordon-Lazareff (in French). Paris: Fayard (/wiki/Fayard) . pp. 1918, 1920–1924, 1929–1931. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-2137-2328-0 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "La disparition d'Hélène Gordon-Lazareff La 'tsarine' de la presse féminine" (https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1988/02/18/la-disparition-d-helene-gordon-lazareff-la-tsarine-de-la-presse-feminine_4066822_1819218.html) [The disappearance of Hélène Gordon-Lazareff The 'tsarina' of the women's press]. Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) (in French). 18 February 1988. Archived (https://archive.today/20231216230519/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1988/02/18/la-disparition-d-helene-gordon-lazareff-la-tsarine-de-la-presse-feminine_4066822_1819218.html) from the original on 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 28 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ory, Pacal (/wiki/Pascal_Ory) ; Blanc-Chaléard, Marie-Claude (2013). Dictionnaire des étrangers qui ont fait la France [ Dictionary of foreigners who made France ] (in French). Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont (/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Robert_Laffont) . p. 614. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-2211-4016-1 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hélène Gordon" (https://gallica.bnf.fr/html/und/afrique/helene-gordon-lazareff) . National Library of France (/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France) (in French). n.d. Archived (https://archive.today/20231229182241/https://gallica.bnf.fr/html/und/afrique/helene-gordon-lazareff?mode=desktop) from the original on 29 December 2023 . Retrieved 29 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Press: Not So Chichi" (https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,852507,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . 3 December 1945. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240123180709/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,852507,00.html) from the original on 23 January 2024 . Retrieved 23 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Sahara-Soudan (1935)" (https://gallica.bnf.fr/html/und/afrique/sahara-soudan-1935) . National Library of France (/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France) (in French). n.d. Archived (https://archive.today/20231229182745/https://gallica.bnf.fr/html/und/afrique/sahara-soudan-1935?mode=desktop) from the original on 29 December 2023 . Retrieved 29 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Thérenty, Marie-Eve (2019). Femmes de presse, femmes de lettres − De Delphine de Girardin à Florence Aubenas [ Women of the press, women of letters − From Delphine de Girardin to Florence Aubenas ] (in French). Paris: CNRS editions (/wiki/CNRS_editions) . p. 264. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-2711-2913-0 . ^ Jump up to: a b Weiner, Susan (2001-05-09). Enfants Terribles: Youth and Femininity in the Mass Media in France, 1945-1968 . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780801865398 . ^ Jump up to: a b Feyel, Gilles (2023). La presse en France des origines à nos jours. Histoire politique et matérielle [ The press in France from its origins to the present day. Political and material history ] (in French) (3 ed.). Paris: Editions Ellipses (/wiki/Small_press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-3400-8290-8 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231230151531/https://books.google.com/books?id=_qbNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1971) from the original on 30 December 2023. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Hedrich, Pierre (12 July 2016). " (https://teleobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20160712.OBS4499/elle-et-helene-lazareff-inventa-le-mag-feminin-nouvelle-generation.html) 'Elle': Et Hélène Lazareff inventa le mag féminin nouvelle génération" (https://teleobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20160712.OBS4499/elle-et-helene-lazareff-inventa-le-mag-feminin-nouvelle-generation.html) ['Elle': And Hélène Lazareff invented the new generation women's magazine]. L'Obs (/wiki/L%27Obs) (in French). Archived (https://archive.today/20240113183854/https://teleobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20160712.OBS4499/elle-et-helene-lazareff-inventa-le-mag-feminin-nouvelle-generation.html) from the original on 13 January 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Magazines: Si Elle Lit Elle Lit Elle" (http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871121,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . 22 May 1964. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231216235734/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,871121-1,00.html) from the original on 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 28 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Defending Fashion" (https://www.forbes.com/2007/05/30/brady-media-fashion-oped-cx_jb_0531brady.html) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . 31 May 2007. Archived (https://archive.today/20231228231031/https://www.forbes.com/2007/05/30/brady-media-fashion-oped-cx_jb_0531brady.html?sh=4621e2b94e21) from the original on 28 December 2023 . Retrieved 28 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Ivry, Benjamin (/wiki/Benjamin_Ivry) (27 January 2003). "French journalist leaves her mark" (https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2003/01/27/french-journalist-leaves-her-mark/) . Tampa Bay Times (/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181906/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2003/01/27/french-journalist-leaves-her-mark/) from the original on 31 December 2023 . Retrieved 31 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Magazine history: And Lazareff created French Elle" (https://fashionabecedaire.tumblr.com/post/454033879/magazine-history-and-lazareff-created-french-elle) . It's OK for intellectual feminists to like fashion . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Gaston-Breton, Tristan; Garnier, Pascal (11 July 2014). "Hélène et Pierre Lazareff, un couple d'influence" (https://www.lesechos.fr/2014/07/helene-et-pierre-lazareff-un-couple-dinfluence-1102991) [Hélène and Pierre Lazareff, an influential couple]. Les Echos (/wiki/Les_Echos_(France)) (in French). Archived (https://archive.today/20240121134636/https://www.lesechos.fr/2014/07/helene-et-pierre-lazareff-un-couple-dinfluence-1102991) from the original on 21 January 2024 . Retrieved 21 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek" (https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFirstRecord?currentResultId=nid%3D1011277018%26any&currentPosition=0) [Catalog of the German National Library]. German National Library (/wiki/German_National_Library) (in German). n.d. Archived (https://archive.today/20231230165903/https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFirstRecord?currentResultId=nid%3D1011277018%26any&currentPosition=0) from the original on 30 December 2023 . Retrieved 30 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Hélène Gordon-Lazareff (1909-1988)" (https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12013350/helene_gordon-lazareff/) . National Library of France (/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France) (in French). n.d. Archived (https://archive.today/20240114132808/https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12013350/helene_gordon-lazareff/) from the original on 14 January 2024 . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Couston, Jérémie (4 May 2016). "Michèle Rosier, l'inconnue du cinéma français" (https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/michele-rosier-l-inconnue-du-cinema-francais,141940.php) [Michèle Rosier, the stranger of French cinema]. Télérama (/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9rama) (in French). French Cinematheque (/wiki/Cin%C3%A9math%C3%A8que_Fran%C3%A7aise) . Archived (https://archive.today/20240114133619/https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/michele-rosier-l-inconnue-du-cinema-francais,141940.php) from the original on 14 January 2024 . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . [Michèle was 9 years old when her mother, the journalist Hélène Gordon-Lazareff, recently divorced from the father of her child, remarried Pierre Lazareff.] ^ (#cite_ref-21) Williams, Yseult (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yseult_Williams) [in French] (2015). Impératrices de la mode [ Empresses of fashion ] (in French). Paris: La Martinière Groupe (/wiki/La_Martini%C3%A8re_Groupe) . p. 104. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-7324-7237-9 . Sources [ edit ] Hélène Gordon at (https://archive.org/details/enfantsterribles00wein/page/43) Enfant Terribles , Susan Weiner (https://archive.org/details/enfantsterribles00wein/page/43) , published in 2001 Elle's history (https://archive.today/20120710030332/http://fashion.elle.com/fashion/insider/2009/10/06/dont-know-much-about-elles-history/) at Elle Not So Chichi, (https://web.archive.org/web/20111221235423/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852507,00.html) Time Magazine U.S. Hélène Gordon (https://fashionabecedaire.tumblr.com/post/454033879/magazine-history-and-lazareff-created-french-elle) at Profession Journaliste , Françoise Giroud Hélène Gordon Lazareff: The Tsarina Who Was Elle , Véronique Vienne (http://www.readabstracts.com/Publishing-industry/Guy-Billouts-parallel-universe-Helene-Gordon-Lazareff-the-tsarina-who-was-ELLE.html) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/139755/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000119185410) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/36928517) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp4YxKkCjkCWFPjqHpyd) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12013350r) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12013350r) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1011277018) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84188847) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071552308) Portugal (http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1697808) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/028261283) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐ktz56 Cached time: 20240720012049 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.779 seconds Real time usage: 0.964 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4593/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 81353/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6493/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 16/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 103781/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.514/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17812061/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 880.974 1 -total 43.56% 383.732 1 Template:Infobox_person 24.68% 217.385 1 Template:Reflist 16.56% 145.890 40 Template:Lang 14.18% 124.953 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 12.29% 108.296 6 Template:Cite_news 10.90% 96.062 1 Template:Ubl 10.62% 93.560 1 Template:Authority_control 9.91% 87.262 2 Template:Marriage 8.05% 70.962 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35737017-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720012049 and revision id 1226782466. 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Zlatarna Celje Company type Public limited company (/wiki/Public_limited_company) Industry Goldsmith's trade Founded 1947 [1] (#cite_note-Fugger1995-1) Headquarters Celje (/wiki/Celje) , Slovenia (/wiki/Slovenia) Number of locations 100 stores Area served World Products Jewellery Revenue EU€ 51.444.534 (2011) [2] (#cite_note-Delo_zgodovina-2) [3] (#cite_note-Dnevnik-3) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) EU€ -1.624.704 (2011) [2] (#cite_note-Delo_zgodovina-2) Owner Albreht family Number of employees 251 Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Aurodent Website www.zlatarna-celje.com (http://www.zlatarna-celje.com/Index.asp?lang=en) Zlatarna Celje, PLC, is a Slovenian (/wiki/Slovenia) jeweler and goldsmith (/wiki/Goldsmith) located in Celje (/wiki/Celje) . About 70% of its business is from the sale of jewelry and gold bullion, and the company also manufactures dental alloys and industrial gold. Zlatarna Celje's retail stores are mainly located in Slovenia and the countries of the former Yugoslavia (/wiki/Yugoslavia) . [3] (#cite_note-Dnevnik-3) [4] (#cite_note-Delo_asortiman-4) Today, the company markets its products under the Zlatarna Celje and Lencia brand names (/wiki/Brand#Brand_name) , [3] (#cite_note-Dnevnik-3) [4] (#cite_note-Delo_asortiman-4) the latter of which has developed a collection line with Tina Maze (/wiki/Tina_Maze) , a Slovenian skier. It has also invested in the construction of the Plaza hotel BTC City (/wiki/BTC_City) (Ljubljana). History [ edit ] Giuseppe (Johanna) Pacchiaf, an Italian goldsmith, opened a 100-employee workshop in Gaberje, Celje in 1921 with two brothers, Alojz and Ivan Knez. Following the World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , the new government confiscated half the company's shares from the Pacchiaf's heir. Not long after, the government nationalized the shares of Ivan Knez as well. In 1963 the company was under the management of Municipal People Committee's (MLO) Celje and continued to operate as a craft enterprise, only to be transformed into the Zlatarna Celje industrial company. Over time the company became one of the most important companies in this sector and in this part of Europe (/wiki/Europe) ; exporting products to Europe (/wiki/Europe) , North America (/wiki/North_America) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) and Asia (/wiki/Asia) . In 1974 the company reached a million dollars (/wiki/Dollar) of annual exports. [1] (#cite_note-Fugger1995-1) [5] (#cite_note-5) After the independence of Slovenia (/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#The_DEMOS_government_(1990–1992):_Independence) , Zlatarna Celje was in financial distress, mostly due to the loss of Yugoslav markets, but also because of inefficiency and poor marketing. In 1997 the company was bankrupt (/wiki/Bankrupt) , but before it had to shut down the business, it was rescued by Aurodent, a subsidiary. In 1999, it was taken over by the Albreht family through the AL Company, which provided capital for the brand's successful relaunch. [2] (#cite_note-Delo_zgodovina-2) Bojan Albreht owns a 55% controlling interest in the corporation and is the chairman of the board. [3] (#cite_note-Dnevnik-3) Following the company's business review in 2011, the World Gold Council (/wiki/World_Gold_Council) association added Zlatarna Celje to its list of trustworthy gold traders. [6] (#cite_note-6) It has partnered with Tina Maze (/wiki/Tina_Maze) , a Slovenian skier, on the Lencia jewelry collection since about 2008 [4] (#cite_note-Delo_asortiman-4) [7] (#cite_note-7) and about 2012, Zlatarna Celje invested in the construction of the Plaza hotel BTC City (/wiki/BTC_City) (Ljubljana), which has been its biggest venture. [3] (#cite_note-Dnevnik-3) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Fugger, Rolanda (1995). "Od Celjske Zlatarne MLO Celje do mednarodnega podjetja Zlatarna Celje d.o.o. (1947–1992)" (http://www.sistory.si/publikacije/prenos/?urn=SISTORY:ID:8002) . Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje . 66 (2): 361–370. ^ Jump up to: a b c Bizovičar, Milka (12 August 2013). "V Zlatarni Celje krizo občutijo v zadnjih dveh mesecih" (http://www.delo.si/gospodarstvo/posel/v-zlatarni-celje-krizo-obcutijo-v-zadnjih-dveh-mesecih.html) . Delo (/wiki/Delo_(newspaper)) . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Morozov, Sebastjan (4 June 2012). "Rekorden dobiček Zlatarne Celje" (http://www.dnevnik.si/poslovni/novice/1042533743) . Dnevnik (/wiki/Dnevnik_(Slovenia)) . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Bizovičar, Milka (11 August 2013). "V Zlatarni Celje ne izdelujejo samo nakita" (http://www.delo.si/gospodarstvo/posel/v-zlatarni-celje-ne-izdelujejo-samo-nakita.html) . Delo (/wiki/Delo_(newspaper)) . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Simoniti, Marjetica (1995). "Celjsko zlatarstvo v luči zgodovine" (http://www.sistory.si/publikacije/prenos/?urn=SISTORY:ID:8002) . Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje . 66 (2): 346–360. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Zlatarna Celje kot zanesljivi trgovec z zlatom" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181015161156/http://www.revijakapital.com/kapital/novice.php?novica=14088) . Kapital . 15 November 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.revijakapital.com/kapital/novice.php?novica=14088) on 15 October 2018 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Foto: Tina Maze odvrgla kombinezon in oblekla le nakit" (http://www.rtvslo.si/zabava/moda/foto-tina-maze-odvrgla-kombinezon-in-oblekla-le-nakit/245376) . MMC RTV-SLO (/wiki/Radiotelevizija_Slovenija) . 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . External links [ edit ] Official site (http://www.zlatarna-celje.com/Index.asp?lang=en) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐c222f Cached time: 20240624131510 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.299 seconds Real time usage: 0.431 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1409/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23991/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1433/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30411/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.178/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5050699/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 388.181 1 -total 58.95% 228.835 1 Template:Infobox_company 48.97% 190.075 1 Template:Infobox 39.51% 153.361 1 Template:Reflist 26.54% 103.033 2 Template:Cite_journal 7.04% 27.314 5 Template:Cite_news 6.00% 23.292 4 Template:Main_other 4.83% 18.732 2 Template:Ublist 4.02% 15.606 2 Template:Wikidata 2.83% 10.985 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45552469-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624131510 and revision id 1094982298. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zlatarna_Celje&oldid=1094982298 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zlatarna_Celje&oldid=1094982298) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Celje (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Celje) 1947 establishments in Slovenia (/wiki/Category:1947_establishments_in_Slovenia) Design companies established in 1947 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1947) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Goldsmiths (/wiki/Category:Goldsmiths) Jewellery companies of Slovenia (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_companies_of_Slovenia) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Slovenian brands (/wiki/Category:Slovenian_brands)
French dandy (1951–1989) Jacques de Bascher Born Jacques de Bascher ( 1951-07-08 ) 8 July 1951 Saigon (/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City) , French Indochina (/wiki/French_Indochina) Died 3 September 1989 (1989-09-03) (aged 38) Garches (/wiki/Garches) , Hauts-de-Seine, France Nationality French Other names Jako Known for Socialite (/wiki/Socialite) Jacques de Bascher (8 July 1951 – 3 September 1989) was a French dandy (/wiki/Dandy) , member of the jet set (/wiki/Jet_set) , and Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) 's companion from 1971 until his death, as well as Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) 's lover in 1973. [1] (#cite_note-1) Biography [ edit ] Early years [ edit ] Jacques de Bascher was the son of Antony de Bascher (1909-1975), governor of the province of Cholon (/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A3_L%E1%BB%9Bn,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City) in Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) and an executive of Shell (/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell) 's insurance department on his return to France in 1955. [ citation needed ] Bascher's mother, Armelle Petit, is descended from a line of landowners in Limousin (/wiki/Limousin) . [ citation needed ] Jacques de Bascher had two brothers and two sisters. [ citation needed ] He spent his childhood in a bourgeois Catholic family, between an apartment in Neuilly-sur-Seine (/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine) on boulevard Commandant-Charcot, which overlooks the Bois de Boulogne (/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne) and the Chateau Berrière near Nantes (/wiki/Nantes) . [ citation needed ] He studied at the small high school Pasteur, then high school Janson de Sailly (/w/index.php?title=Janson_de_Sailly&action=edit&redlink=1) , and finally high school Charlemagne. He seduced one of his high school teachers, realizing his beauty and physical demeanor was a major asset. [2] (#cite_note-2) At the age of twenty, he spent his military service in the French Navy (/wiki/French_Navy) . He started his service on the ship Orage, which was sailing to Martinique (/wiki/Martinique) and Papeete (/wiki/Papeete) . He became some sort of reporter, writing a ship's newsletter and airing music and interviews on the ship's radio. He served a month's imprisonment at the Arue camp in Tahiti (/wiki/Tahiti) for provocative behavior and misbehaving with his mates. After just nine months in the navy, he was sent back to France. During this service, he befriended a lot of people, including Philippe Heurtault, who became his photographer in later years. [3] (#cite_note-parisdiarybylaure-3) When he returned to Paris, he attended the Panthéon-Assas University (/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University) for a few months and became a steward for Air France (/wiki/Air_France) in 1972, but it was high-society clubs that attracted him. According to Gilles Martin-Chauffier (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Martin-Chauffier) , for fifteen years, Jacques de Bascher "evolved like a snake in the grass" between the gardens of the Tuileries, the five-stars, the Parisian backrooms, the Palace, the rue Sainte-Anne, (Club Sept), the Blue Hand in Montreuil, the castle of his family and the big festivals of the fashion world. Life with Lagerfeld [ edit ] Jacques de Bascher first met Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) at the Nuage at the age of twenty-one. A few months later, after Jacques de Bascher resigned from Air France, he moved to a small studio that Lagerfeld paid for him on rue du Dragon, a few minutes from Lagerfeld's place; [4] (#cite_note-4) they never lived together but were in a relationship until the death of Bascher in 1989, from AIDS. Lagerfeld claimed their relationship was platonic (/wiki/Platonic_love) and non-physical. Lagerfeld told French journalist Marie Ottavi: [5] (#cite_note-5) I infinitely loved that boy but I had no physical contact with him...Of course, I was seduced by his physical charm... Karl Lagerfeld appreciated Bascher's vast literary culture, impertinence, aristocratic appearance, and his manner of dressing. Kenzo Takada (/wiki/Kenzo_Takada) hired Jacques' brother Xavier de Bascher to be his general manager. They usually spent their time in gay nightclubs, like "Le 7". [3] (#cite_note-parisdiarybylaure-3) In 1973, Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) , at the time still companion of Pierre Bergé (/wiki/Pierre_Berg%C3%A9) , fell in love with Jacques de Bascher. While Lagerfeld pretended he didn't notice, Yves Saint Laurent and Jacques de Bascher had an unbalanced and destructive relationship. Bergé threatened de Bascher, who put an end to this affair. During these years, Jacques de Bascher, who did not work and was supported by Lagerfeld, fell into risky sexual practices, and eventually drugs and alcohol put him into a paranoid state. Sex was a huge part of de Bascher's life. He had relationships with both men and women. He was known for organizing orgies and an infamous BDSM (/wiki/BDSM) party named "Black Moratorium", which was funded by Lagerfeld. [6] (#cite_note-6) Last years and death [ edit ] Jacques de Bascher discovered that he was HIV (/wiki/HIV) positive in 1984. At the end of his life, he cut himself off from everyone, unable to bear his physical decline. He died of AIDS (/wiki/AIDS) at Raymond Poincaré University Hospital (/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9_University_Hospital) in 1989, watched over by Karl Lagerfeld, who had an extra bed installed by his bedside. [7] (#cite_note-7) The following year, Lagerfeld bought a house in Hamburg-Blankenese (/wiki/Hamburg-Blankenese) , which he named Villa Jako in Jacques de Bascher's memory. In 1998, he launched a fragrance called Jako. An intimate, family-only funeral Mass took place in the chapel of the Père-Lachaise Cemetery (/wiki/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_cemetery) ; a second Mass was celebrated in the chapel of Le Mée-sur-Seine (/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9e-sur-Seine) , where Lagerfeld owned property, in the presence of de Bascher's mother and friends, including his close friend, Princess Diane de Beauvau-Craon. See also [ edit ] Dandyism within France (/wiki/Dandy#Dandyism_in_France) Portal (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : LGBT (/wiki/Portal:LGBT) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Butler, Tijen (19 February 2019). "Jacques de Bascher: Who was Karl Lagerfeld's former boyfriend and greatest love?" (https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/02/19/jacques-de-bascher-karl-lagerfelds-former-boyfriend/) . The Pink News . Retrieved 28 February 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Thévenin, Patrick (2 June 2017). "The scandalous story of Jacques de basher, Karl Lagerfeld's former boyfriend" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/gyqv99/the-scandalous-story-of-jacques-de-bascher-karl-lagerfelds-former-boyfriend) . i-D (/wiki/I-D) . Retrieved 3 March 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Jacques de Bascher, a truly naughty boy" (https://parisdiarybylaure.com/jacques-de-bascher-truly-naughty-boy/) . parisdiarybylaure.com . 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Ottavi, Marie (2017). Jacques de Bascher: Dandy de l'Ombre . Paris: Atlantica-Séguier (/wiki/Atlantica-S%C3%A9guier) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782840496472 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ottavi, Marie (2017). Jacques de Bascher: Dandy de l'Ombre . Paris: Atlantica-Séguier (/wiki/Atlantica-S%C3%A9guier) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782840496472 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Cusumano, Katherine (10 August 2017). "Karl Lagerfeld Opens Up About Former Boyfriend Jacques de Bascher" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/karl-lagerfeld-jacques-de-bascher-book) . W Magazine . Retrieved 3 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Colyar, Brock (20 February 2019). "The Man Who Was in an 18-Year Relationship With Karl Lagerfeld" (https://www.thecut.com/2019/02/who-was-jacques-de-bascher.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 3 March 2019 . External links [ edit ] Jacques de Bascher (http://www.philippeheurtault.fr/70's/Jacques%20de%20Bascher/index.html) by Philippe Heurtault. Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/7068151051877333530007) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1151836222) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/204793831) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f564bd77d‐mj7qx Cached time: 20240718163714 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.422 seconds Real time usage: 0.543 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2968/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31574/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3887/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 34640/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.285/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7138653/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 516.422 1 -total 27.02% 139.531 1 Template:Infobox_person 23.65% 122.141 1 Template:Reflist 18.96% 97.928 5 Template:Cite_web 15.53% 80.219 1 Template:Authority_control 11.78% 60.860 4 Template:Citation_needed 10.37% 53.571 4 Template:Fix 9.39% 48.471 1 Template:Short_description 7.97% 41.158 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 5.86% 30.248 22 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60076610-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718163714 and revision id 1235300969. 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English socialite Heather Firbank (27 August 1888 – 13 April 1954) was an English socialite, now known for her fine collection of clothes kept at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) (V&A), London. Early life [ edit ] Heather Firbank was born in England on 27 August 1888, at The Coopers, Chislehurst (/wiki/Chislehurst) , Kent (/wiki/Kent) , the youngest of the four children of Sir Thomas and Lady Firbank, who was formerly Harriet Jane Garrett. She had three elder brothers, Joseph Sydney (1884–1904), Arthur Annesley Ronald (1886–1926), the novelist, and Hubert Somerset (1887–1913). [1] (#cite_note-1) Her father Sir Joseph Thomas Firbank (/wiki/Joseph_Thomas_Firbank) (1850–1910) was a British Conservative politician, while her grandfather Joseph Firbank (/wiki/Joseph_Firbank) (1819–1886) built the family fortune as a railway contractor. Her older brother Ronald Firbank (/wiki/Ronald_Firbank) became famous after his death for his innovative novels. She was educated at home by a governess (/wiki/Governess) and was presented at Court on 15 May 1908. [2] (#cite_note-2) An evening dress worn by Heather Firbank in 1913, designed by Lucy Duff Gordon (/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon) Clothes collection [ edit ] Heather Firbank bought her clothes from highly regarded dressmakers and tailors in London, including Lucile (/wiki/Lucile_Ltd) , Mascotte, Redfern (/wiki/Redfern_(couture)) , Frederick Bosworth, Russell & Allen, Kate Reily (/wiki/Kate_Reily) , [3] (#cite_note-3) and the department store Woolland Brothers (/wiki/Woolland_Brothers) in Knightsbridge (/wiki/Knightsbridge) . The evening gown illustrated at right was designed by Lucile, one of the leading couturiers from the late 1890s to the early 1920s. The dress was named "El Dorado" and first appeared in Lucile's Spring 1913 collection. [4] (#cite_note-4) She often wore shades of heather and purple as a reflection of her name. [5] (#cite_note-5) Two of Firbank's brothers died in their twenties, her father in 1910, and her mother in 1924. When her brother Ronald, the last member of her immediate family, died in 1926, she put most of her clothes into storage. She never married, and after her death in 1954 her wardrobe was inherited by her nephew, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Firbank (/wiki/Thomas_Firbank) (1910–2000). [6] (#cite_note-6) Legacy [ edit ] The extensive collection then came to the attention of the Victoria and Albert Museum and was acquired in 1957, becoming the foundation for the museum's well-known collection of 20th century fashion. An exhibition of Firbank's clothes was held at the V&A in 1960 entitled A Lady of Fashion: Heather Firbank (1888-1954) and what she wore between 1908 and 1921 . Other items from Heather Firbank's extraordinary wardrobe survive in the Museum of London (/wiki/Museum_of_London) , the Gallery of Costume in Manchester, Nottingham Museum (/wiki/Newstead_Abbey) , Leicester Museum, and Northampton Museum (/wiki/Northampton_Museum) . [7] (#cite_note-7) The V&A's Firbank collection is the subject of its publication entitled London Society Fashion 1905-1925: The Wardrobe of Heather Firbank , by Cassie Davies-Strodder, Jenny Lister and Lou Taylor. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Firbanks's clothes in the V&A were inspirational to the costume designs for Downton Abbey (/wiki/Downton_Abbey) [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) and to Cecil Beaton's designs for the costumes My Fair Lady (/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)) (1964). [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Benkovitz, Miriam J, Ronald Firbank: A Biography , (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970) ^ (#cite_ref-2) The Onlooker ,London, 23 May 1908 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Dress c. 1909 (designed)" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O358765/dress-kate-reily/) . V&A Museum . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Bigham, Randy Bryan, Lucile - Her Life by Design (San Francisco: MavEvie Press, 2012), pp. 109-110, 286; New York Times , April 16, 1913; Harper's Bazaar , July 1913, p. 26. ^ (#cite_ref-5) V&A Museum, Dress 1909-1910 , retrieved 17 April 2024 ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The Tragic Life (and INCREDIBLE wardrobe) of Heather Firbank \| Fashion Conservatory" (https://research.fashionconservatory.com/blog/tragic-life-and-incredible-wardrobe-heather-firbank-2) . research.fashionconservatory.com . Retrieved 17 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Heather Firbank archive, Archive of Art and Design, Victoria and Albert, Museum, London ^ Jump up to: a b c "BEAUTIFUL & DAMNED \| lady.co.uk" (https://lady.co.uk/beautiful-damned) . lady.co.uk . Retrieved 17 April 2024 . Further reading [ edit ] Adburgham, Alison, Shops and Shopping 1800-1914 Where, and in what manner the well-dressed Englishwoman bought her Clothes (Barrie & Jenkins, London 1964) Benkovitz, Miriam, Ronald Firbank A Biography (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1969) Bigham, Randy Bryan, Lucile - Her Life by Design (MacEvie Press Group, San Francisco, 2012) Davies – Strodder, Cassie, Lister, Jenny and Taylor, Lou, London Society Fashion 1905-1925: The Wardrobe of Heather Firbank (V&A, London, 2015) de la Haye, Amy and D. Mendes, Valerie, Lucile Ltd. London, Paris, New York and Chicago 1890s – 1930s (V&A,London 2009) Hobson, Anthony, Ronald Firbank: Letters To His Mother 1920-1924 , (Verona, Verona, 2001) Archive material [ edit ] Firbank, Heather, Letters to Ronald Firbank, Ronald Firbank Collection of papers, 1896–1952, The Berg Collection, (MSS Firbank), The New York Public Library, New York Firbank, Ronald, Letters to Heather Firbank, Fales Manuscript Collection ca.1700-2000, (MSS001), Fales Library, NEW York University, New York Heather Firbank archive, Archive of Art and Design, Victoria and Albert, Museum, London Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000447987834) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/315590042) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbM9cm3Wc6XMPWGwVmPQq) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1070728454) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015072662) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/229309313) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐967764f4‐48vx2 Cached time: 20240628144128 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.337 seconds Real time usage: 0.515 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 566/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12006/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 550/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20787/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.237/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4183480/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 482.172 1 -total 35.62% 171.729 1 Template:Authority_control 27.68% 133.469 1 Template:Reflist 22.47% 108.333 1 Template:Short_description 21.80% 105.091 3 Template:Cite_web 12.71% 61.297 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 11.55% 55.701 2 Template:Pagetype 11.33% 54.627 1 Template:DMCA 10.66% 51.408 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 10.00% 48.220 1 Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45038022-0!canonical and timestamp 20240628144128 and revision id 1231482577. 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Bronze Age ritual hemispherical cap See also: Golden hat (/wiki/Golden_hat) and Atlantic Bronze Age (/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age) Casco de Leiro Material Gold (/wiki/Gold) Height 15 cm Width 19.5 cm Created c. 900 BC Discovered 7 April 1976 Leiro (/wiki/Leiro) , Galicia (/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) Discovered by Jose Somoza The gold Casco de Leiro (" Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) of Leiro") is a ritual hemispherical cap (/wiki/Cap) probably dating to the end of the Late Bronze Age (/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe) [1] (#cite_note-1) ( circa 1,000 to 800 BC) in the town of Leiro (/w/index.php?title=Leiro,_Rianxo&action=edit&redlink=1) (municipality of Rianxo (/wiki/Rianxo) , Galicia (/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) ). The circumstances of its discovery show that technically it constitutes part of a hoard (/wiki/Hoard) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The cap, hammered from a single casting of gold, [3] (#cite_note-3) is entirely covered with registers of repeated repoussé (/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9) decoration, hammered over bronze molds, of repeated bosses alternating with bands of repeated concentric circles. The central point is applied with a flat-sided point in the form of a truncated cone. Its maximum diameter is 19.5 cm with a height of 15 cm to the base of the point, it weighs 270 grams. [4] (#cite_note-4) Its registers of hammered decoration present parallels with the decors of late Bronze Age conical golden hats (/wiki/Golden_hats) of the Schifferstadt type (/wiki/Golden_Hat_of_Schifferstadt) , as well as the Comerford crown (/wiki/Comerford_Crown) (from Ireland) and the gold bowls found at Axtroki (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuencos_de_Axtroki) , Guipúzcoa, or the so-called Treasure of Villena (/wiki/Treasure_of_Villena) , Alicante. There is a possibility that its uses were twofold: as a ritual basin, though it is decoratively pierced with an awl (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/awl) , and inverted as an emblem of authority. The casque was a chance discovery made by a fisherman, José Vicente Somoza, on 7 April 1976 at a small rocky point called Curruncho dos Porcos (/w/index.php?title=Curruncho_dos_Porcos&action=edit&redlink=1) , by the beach at Leiro (/wiki/Leiro) (Rianxo) in Galicia, Spain (/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)) . The site, on the large estuary called the Ría de Arousa, is part of the estuary system of the Ulla (/wiki/Ulla_River) , which offers "optimum conditions for navigation" and has served since time immemorial as an easy passage into the heart of Galicia. [5] (#cite_note-5) Removing some earth to flatten a space for a shed in which to beach his boat, he struck a coarsely made [6] (#cite_note-6) earthenware crock that broke as he struck it. He immediately saw that it contained a gold object, and he reported the find to the Guardia Civil of Rianxo and the Department of Archaeology at the Instituto de Estudios Gallegos Padre Sarmiento (/w/index.php?title=Instituto_de_Estudios_Gallegos_Padre_Sarmiento&action=edit&redlink=1) [ Wikidata ] . The find was transferred to the Museo Arqueolóxico e Histórico of A Coruña (/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a) , where it is conserved. [7] (#cite_note-7) See also [ edit ] Atlantic Bronze Age (/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Museo Arqueolóxico e Histórico webpage (http://museos.xunta.gal/es/arqueoloxico-coruna) ; "We believe that the most coherent archaeological context for the dating of Leiro would correspond to the final centuries of the Late Bronze Age" ( Beatriz Comendador Rey, "The Leiro Hoard (Galicia, Spain): the lonely find?" (http://webs.uvigo.es/beacomendador/index_archivos/LEIRO.pdf) , Gold und kult der Bronzezeit , exhibition catalogue, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, 2003:176-188) ^ (#cite_ref-2) As remarked by Almeida et al. , "Galicia Different Place: da cronoloxía do ouro precastrexo e ouros tópicos", Historia Nova: Contribución dos Xoves Historiadores do Galicis 3 (1994:30f), noted by Comendador Rey 2003. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Armbruster 1999:243f ^ (#cite_ref-4) Gallego Wikipedia (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casco_de_Leiro) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Comendador Rey, 2003: ^ (#cite_ref-6) Comendador Rey 2003, judging from the few isolated sherds (/wiki/Sherd) suggests "a good-size hemispherical vessel with a coarse finish". ^ (#cite_ref-7) Museo Arqueolóxico e Histórico webpage (http://museos.xunta.gal/es/arqueoloxico-coruna) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐kfpw8 Cached time: 20240715080934 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.196 seconds Real time usage: 0.347 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 826/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6975/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1015/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5584/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.081/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1580619/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 225.165 1 -total 45.41% 102.253 1 Template:Short_description 29.00% 65.309 1 Template:Infobox_artefact 25.86% 58.220 1 Template:Infobox 23.63% 53.206 2 Template:Pagetype 15.51% 34.929 7 Template:Main_other 13.68% 30.792 1 Template:SDcat 11.71% 26.363 1 Template:See_also 8.26% 18.603 1 Template:Reflist 3.94% 8.873 1 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26821268-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715080934 and revision id 1192173737. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casco_de_Leiro&oldid=1192173737 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casco_de_Leiro&oldid=1192173737) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 11th-century BC works (/wiki/Category:11th-century_BC_works) 10th-century BC works (/wiki/Category:10th-century_BC_works) 9th-century BC works (/wiki/Category:9th-century_BC_works) 8th-century BC works (/wiki/Category:8th-century_BC_works) 1976 archaeological discoveries (/wiki/Category:1976_archaeological_discoveries) Bronze Age art (/wiki/Category:Bronze_Age_art) Bronze Age gold hats (/wiki/Category:Bronze_Age_gold_hats) Gold objects (/wiki/Category:Gold_objects) Spanish art (/wiki/Category:Spanish_art) Treasure troves in Spain (/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Spain) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
American fashion designer and television personality (born 1976) Dorit Kemsley Kemsley in 2016 Born Dorit Lemel ( 1976-07-14 ) July 14, 1976 (age 48) Woodbridge, Connecticut (/wiki/Woodbridge,_Connecticut) , U.S. Alma mater Quinnipiac University (/wiki/Quinnipiac_University) ( BA (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts) ) Occupation Fashion designer • television personality Years active 2012–present Known for The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Beverly_Hills) Spouse Paul Kemsley (/wiki/Paul_Kemsley) ( m. 2015; sep. 2024) Children 2 Dorit Kemsley (née Lemel ; born July 14, 1976) is an American fashion designer and television personality. She is best known as a main cast member on the reality TV show The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Beverly_Hills) , appearing in that capacity since the show's seventh season (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Beverly_Hills_(season_7)) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life and education [ edit ] She was born in Woodbridge, Connecticut to Jewish parents: her father Shalom Lemel is Israeli, and her mother Rachel (Benchetrit) Lemel was born in Morocco. [3] (#cite_note-Bustle-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) She attended Amity Regional High School (/wiki/Amity_Regional_High_School) in Woodbridge, Connecticut. After graduating from Quinnipiac University (/wiki/Quinnipiac_University) with a degree in marketing, design, and communication, she traveled in Europe. She settled in Italy for 10 years and worked for a global swimwear company. [5] (#cite_note-5) Career [ edit ] Kemsley developed the swimwear line Beverly Beach and bridal collection Nektaria. [6] (#cite_note-6) She is a current cast member of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Beverly_Hills) , joining in 2016, and has since starred in a main capacity for seven seasons. In 2017, she founded the swimwear brand, Beverly Beach by Dorit . Kemsley was sued by former Beverly Beach co-owner Ryan Horne in August 2018. Horne claimed Kemsley owed $205,000 he lent to her to start the brand. The parties eventually settled out of court in early 2020. [7] (#cite_note-7) Personal life [ edit ] She was married to Paul Kemsley (/wiki/Paul_Kemsley) , and they have two children. [3] (#cite_note-Bustle-3) The couple own a 9,000-square-foot (840 m 2 ) home in Encino, California, which was purchased for $6.47 million. [8] (#cite_note-Overhultz-8) In October 2021, Kemsley, alone with her children, was robbed at gunpoint by three male burglars. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) On May 9, 2024, it was announced that the couple had separated after 9 years of marriage. [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Who Is Dorit Kemsley? Everything You Need to Know About the New Beverly Hills Housewife" (https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/real-housewives-of-beverly-hills-who-is-dorit-kemsley) . Bravo . November 1, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161102165023/http://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/real-housewives-of-beverly-hills-who-is-dorit-kemsley) from the original on November 2, 2016 . Retrieved November 14, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "How Dorit Kemsley Became the Vintage Style Star of the Real Housewives" (https://www.vogue.com/article/dorit-kemsley-real-housewives-vintage-fashion-interview) . Vogue . June 9, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210610134139/https://www.vogue.com/article/dorit-kemsley-real-housewives-vintage-fashion-interview) from the original on June 10, 2021 . Retrieved August 29, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b " (https://www.bustle.com/p/rhobh-star-dorit-kemsley-explains-her-accent-casually-mentions-how-many-languages-she-speaks-video-36922) 'RHOBH' Star Dorit Kemsley Explains Her Accent... And Casually Mentions How Many Languages She Speaks — VIDEO" (https://www.bustle.com/p/rhobh-star-dorit-kemsley-explains-her-accent-casually-mentions-how-many-languages-she-speaks-video-36922) . Bustle . February 9, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210829144657/https://www.bustle.com/p/rhobh-star-dorit-kemsley-explains-her-accent-casually-mentions-how-many-languages-she-speaks-video-36922) from the original on August 29, 2021 . Retrieved August 29, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "New 'Real Housewife' is from Connecticut" (https://www.ctpost.com/entertainment/article/New-Real-Housewife-is-from-Connecticut-10590505.php) . November 3, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210928212017/https://www.ctpost.com/entertainment/article/New-Real-Housewife-is-from-Connecticut-10590505.php) from the original on September 28, 2021 . Retrieved September 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The Stylish Adventures of Dorit Kemsley – BELLA Magazine" (https://bellamag.co/stylish-adventures-dorit-kemsley/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210914115148/https://bellamag.co/stylish-adventures-dorit-kemsley/) from the original on September 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 14, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The 7 richest Real Housewives of Beverly Hills of all time" (https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3144822/7-richest-real-housewives-beverly-hills-all-time-ranked) . South China Morning Post . August 13, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210829144656/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3144822/7-richest-real-housewives-beverly-hills-all-time-ranked) from the original on August 29, 2021 . Retrieved August 29, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Hearon, Sarah (December 3, 2019). "Dorit and PK Kemsley's Legal Trouble: What We Know" (https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/pictures/dorit-and-pk-kemsleys-legal-trouble-what-we-know/) . Us Weekly . Retrieved December 22, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Overhultz_8-0) " (https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/real-housewives-dorit-kemsley-husband-update-home-invasion-robbery) 'Real Housewives' star Dorit Kemsley's husband gives update after home invasion, robbery" (https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/real-housewives-dorit-kemsley-husband-update-home-invasion-robbery) . FoxNews.com . October 27, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211029162424/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/real-housewives-dorit-kemsley-husband-update-home-invasion-robbery) from the original on October 29, 2021 . Retrieved October 29, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Dorit Kemsley Says Robbers Who Invaded Her Home Are Still at Large: 'I'll Get Through It' (https://people.com/tv/real-housewives-of-beverly-hills-dorit-kemsley-says-her-robbers-are-still-at-large/) " (https://people.com/tv/real-housewives-of-beverly-hills-dorit-kemsley-says-her-robbers-are-still-at-large/) . Peoplemag . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220815043610/https://people.com/tv/real-housewives-of-beverly-hills-dorit-kemsley-says-her-robbers-are-still-at-large/) from the original on August 15, 2022 . Retrieved August 15, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) " (https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-05-11/real-housewives-of-beverly-hills-dorit-kemsley-robbery-context) 'This is how I'm going to die': Dorit Kemsley sheds light on L.A. follow-home robberies" (https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-05-11/real-housewives-of-beverly-hills-dorit-kemsley-robbery-context) . Los Angeles Times . May 11, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220815043617/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-05-11/real-housewives-of-beverly-hills-dorit-kemsley-robbery-context) from the original on August 15, 2022 . Retrieved August 15, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Kang, Esther (May 9, 2024). "RHOBH's Dorit Kemsley and Husband Paul 'PK' Kemsley Announce Their Separation After 9 Years of Marriage" (https://people.com/rhobh-dorit-kemsley-paul-pk-kemsley-announce-separation-after-9-years-marriage-7502831/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved May 9, 2024 . External links [ edit ] Dorit Kemsley (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8647248/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐kgqd8 Cached time: 20240719204821 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.421 seconds Real time usage: 0.539 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2635/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 32927/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4126/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 45385/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.236/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9587368/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 511.991 1 -total 38.11% 195.134 1 Template:Infobox_person 30.00% 153.601 1 Template:Reflist 23.29% 119.225 10 Template:Cite_web 16.24% 83.173 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 12.66% 64.806 1 Template:Short_description 11.93% 61.079 1 Template:Marriage 7.66% 39.229 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.54% 38.614 2 Template:Pagetype 5.88% 30.106 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66533437-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719204821 and revision id 1233213605. 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This article is about the 20th-century shoemaker. For the 19th-century British clergyman, see Edward Raynes (/wiki/Edward_Raynes) . Shoe designer and businessman Sir Edward Rayne Edward Rayne in 1975. Born Edward Rayne ( 1922-08-19 ) 19 August 1922 [1] (#cite_note-Who's_Who_Rayne-1) US Died 7 February 1992 (1992-02-07) (aged 69) [1] (#cite_note-Who's_Who_Rayne-1) Bexhill-on-Sea (/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea) , East Sussex Other names Eddie Rayne ( bridge (/wiki/Contract_bridge) ) Occupation(s) chairman and managing director of H. & M. Rayne Ltd (1951–87); board of governors Genesco Inc., (167–73); director Debenhams Ltd (1975–1988); president Debenhams Inc., (1976–86); executive chairman Harvey Nichols (1978–88) [1] (#cite_note-Who's_Who_Rayne-1) Notable credit(s) FRSA (/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts) (1971), CVO (/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order) (1977); Chevalier l'Ordre Nationale du Mérité (/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(France)) (1984); knighthood (/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order) (1988) [1] (#cite_note-Who's_Who_Rayne-1) Sir Edward Rayne CVO (/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order) FRSA (/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Arts) (19 August 1922 – 7 February 1992) was head of H. & M. Rayne (/wiki/Rayne_(shoe_company)) (often simply known as Rayne), one of the foremost British manufacturers of high-end and couture shoes. With a Royal Warrant (/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)) to both the Queen (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) and Queen Mother (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) , Rayne shoes were worn by high society and film stars. [2] (#cite_note-FTM_Rayne-2) Under his stewardship H. & M. Rayne took a stake in Genesco (/wiki/Genesco) – then the largest shoe company in the world – secured licensing deals with Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) and Bonwit Teller (/wiki/Bonwit_Teller) and encouraged British designers to embark on franchising (/wiki/Franchising) . Having served a long apprenticeship in making shoes at the family firm, he was also a skilled designer – Jean Muir (/wiki/Jean_Muir) described him as the best British shoemaker of his age. [3] (#cite_note-SI_Rayne-3) Rayne served on the boards of Debenhams (/wiki/Debenhams) and Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) (director and chairman respectively) and was a high-profile ambassador for British fashion; he was chair of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (/wiki/Incorporated_Society_of_London_Fashion_Designers) (IncSoc) and its successor the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) (BFC), as well as working for numerous other trade and industry bodies. He did much to place London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) on the international map; his Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) obituary said: "If any single man persuaded American fashion buyers and correspondents to take London Fashion Week seriously, it was Rayne". [4] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_Driver-4) As Eddie Rayne, he was a talented bridge (/wiki/Contract_bridge) player, representing England at the age of 21 and becoming the European Bridge Champion at the age of 26. [5] (#cite_note-EBU-5) An interview shortly before he took up his role as chairman of the BFC also noted his facility with other card games: "He is the Sky Masterson of Mayfair. As a colleague said: 'Nobody beats Eddie at poker'." [6] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_McDowell_101085-6) Early life and career [ edit ] Edward Rayne was born in the United States – his mother Meta (née Reddish) came from New York State (/wiki/New_York_State) and met his British father Joseph Rayne in Italy, where she was training to be an opera singer. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) Joseph Rayne was heir to the shoe side of the family business, which was founded in 1889 as a theatrical costumier by Henry and Mary Rayne and located close to The Old Vic (/wiki/The_Old_Vic) . Opening a store in Bond Street (/wiki/Bond_Street) in 1920, Joseph cashed in on the trend for shoes as a fashion (rather than simply practical) item and by 1928 the company had become a PLC (/wiki/Public_Limited_Company) . [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) Edward Rayne was educated at Harrow School (/wiki/Harrow_School) but left at the age of 16 because his eyesight was threatened by cataracts (/wiki/Cataract) in both eyes. His sight was saved following surgery. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) The thick pebble glasses he needed for the rest of his life also became his trademark – an obituary writer compared him to Mr Magoo (/wiki/Mr_Magoo) , while Colin McDowell (/wiki/Colin_McDowell) described him as looking like a character from a Surtees (/wiki/Robert_Smith_Surtees) novel. Physical comparisons were also drawn with Sergeant Bilko (/wiki/Sergeant_Bilko) . [4] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_Driver-4) [8] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_McDowell-8) [9] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_JR-9) He was excused from active service in the war (/wiki/World_War_II) because of this, and began a long apprenticeship at H. & M. Rayne's factory in King's Cross (/wiki/Kings_Cross,_London) . His obituary in The Times (/wiki/The_Times) noted that he would arrive at 7.45 am every morning to learn the 200 steps required to make a pair of high-end shoes. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) While his apprenticeship was intense, Rayne found time to master the game of bridge; he was known as Eddie as a bridge player, represented his country at the age of 21 and was part of the winning team that won both the 1948 and 1949 European championships. [5] (#cite_note-EBU-5) [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) Promotion to chairman [ edit ] Joseph Rayne died in 1952 and, at the age of 29, Edward Rayne became chairman of the family firm. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) He had inherited a company that was very much part of the British society dress code. It had acquired the first of its Royal Warrants to Queen Mary (/wiki/Mary_of_Teck) and its early customers also included Lillie Langtry (/wiki/Lillie_Langtry) . A pair of flat pumps (/wiki/Ballet_shoes) with a bow originally designed for the actress Gertrude Lawrence (/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence) remained the company's best-selling line for 50 years, worn by society and theatricals alike. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) The company was active as an exporter – its shoes were sold to 12 countries – and had high-profile clients such as Vivien Leigh (/wiki/Vivien_Leigh) , Ava Gardner (/wiki/Ava_Gardner) and Rita Hayworth (/wiki/Rita_Hayworth) who were paying up to £40 for a pair of Rayne shoes. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) Edward Rayne was able to capitalise on that existing foothold – and his Stateside roots – and a decade after he took over the firm he established a joint venture with US shoe firm Delman (/wiki/Frost_Bros.) , giving Rayne a presence in New York's Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) . [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) The Rayne link with Delman went back to the 1930s; [10] (#cite_note-The_Times_47314-10) Rayne's 1954 review to shareholders noted that the company's three shops, Rayne and Delman in Bond Street and Rayne in Regent Street (/wiki/Regent_Street) had produced record profits. [11] (#cite_note-The_Times_52820-11) 1960s developments [ edit ] Edward Rayne expanded the Rayne business in the early 1960s, beginning an association with Genesco in the United States and also buying a 49 per cent stake in the British company of John Plant and its subsidiary Butlers. [12] (#cite_note-The_Times_55171-12) Rayne still designed shoes himself – his ebony brown patent leather design was mentioned in a Times report about the autumn fashion show of IncSoc members. Rayne was, by then both chair and associate member of the group of elite London couturiers. [13] (#cite_note-The_Times_54832-13) He was appointed a member of the Export Council for Europe (/w/index.php?title=Export_Council_for_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1961. [14] (#cite_note-The_Times_55506.-14) Rayne enlisted the help of leading stage designer Oliver Messel (/wiki/Oliver_Messel) for the new Delman shoe store that opened in Old Bond Street in 1960. This was a radical retailing concept for the time because, whereas upmarket shoe stores had been discreet enclaves dressed with curtains and pot plants, with shoes consigned to underground stores, this refit incorporated display stands and cases, some of them illuminated, to show off hundreds of pairs of shoes. An article by Alison Settle (/wiki/Alison_Settle) in The Observer (/wiki/The_Observer) noted that: "Mr Messel and Mr Rayne are at one in thinking that shoes to buy should be as easy to see and handle as books in a library". [15] (#cite_note-The_Observer_Settle-15) He continued the Rayne brand's reputation for luxury; Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon) 's white satin wedding shoes (along with the Queen and Queen Mother's shoes) were all Rayne models. [16] (#cite_note-The_Times_54765.-16) [17] (#cite_note-The_Times_54764-17) By 1960, the shoes designed by Roger Vivier (/wiki/Roger_Vivier) for Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.) were made at Rayne's UK factory and personally supervised by Edward Rayne. [15] (#cite_note-The_Observer_Settle-15) Four years later, Vivier began selling Rayne brand shoes in his Rue François store in Paris, and the straight set back heel Rayne had introduced a year earlier was, he told The Guardian , "fashion right" and included across the Rayne and Miss Rayne lines. [18] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_Tinling-18) While high-end and haute couture were part of the company's pedigree, Edward Rayne always had an eye on the more mainstream direction of fashion – he was the first to display Mary Quant (/wiki/Mary_Quant) shoes in his flagship store, placing them alongside those of Roger Vivier. He also gained a foothold in the mass market, ensuring the company had an interest in both H.E. Randall and Lotus chainstores. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) By 1966, he was managing what were known as 'Young Design quartet' – Jean Muir, Roger Nelson, Moya Bowler (/wiki/Moya_Bowler) and Gerald McCann (/wiki/Gerald_McCann_(fashion_designer)) – capitalising on London's thirst for younger designers by getting them to design fashionable shoes in a more affordable price bracket, with designs being sold in Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) and some high-street shoe shops. [19] (#cite_note-Guardian_McCarthy-19) 1970s and beyond [ edit ] Edward Rayne continued to work with haute couture brands in both the UK and overseas. By 1970, Rayne shoes were included in the Molyneux (/wiki/Edward_Molyneux) collection – with The Guardian reporting that it was thought to be the first time a French couture house had used branded British shoes. In autumn of that year, Rayne opened its own store in Paris – said to be the first shoemaker to do so since Lobb (/wiki/John_Lobb_Bootmaker) . [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) [20] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_210770-20) Rayne was also designing shoes for other French designers, including Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) and Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(company)) , while in the UK it had recruited designers such as Bill Gibb (/wiki/Bill_Gibb) . [2] (#cite_note-FTM_Rayne-2) In 1975, Rayne was sold to the department-store chain Debenhams, at which point Edward Rayne joined the boards of Debenhams and Harvey Nichols. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) Two years later, he was made a CVO (/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order) by the Queen. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) By 1980, Rayne shoes were exported to 16 countries and Edward Rayne was chair of the multiple fashion division of Debenhams, which included worldwide Rayne-Delman shoe shops. [21] (#cite_note-PBDN_Sobotka-21) Debenhams was sold to Burton Group (/wiki/Arcadia_Group) in 1985, and two years later Rayne was acquired by the businessman David Graham. Edward Rayne then resigned and focused on his other roles. He was recruited by Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) as a consultant for its growing shoe range. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) He also continued to act as a consultant to Harvey Nichols. [22] (#cite_note-The_Times_63107-22) He was knighted in 1988 for services to the fashion industry – France had awarded him its equivalent (a chevalier ) four years earlier. [1] (#cite_note-Who's_Who_Rayne-1) [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_64251-7) Other roles [ edit ] Rayne was active in various national industry bodies, notably serving on the Export Council of Europe between 1962 and 1971 and the Franco British Council between 1980 and 1988. [1] (#cite_note-Who's_Who_Rayne-1) He was active too within industry-specific bodies, serving as president of the British Footwear Manufacturers' Association and the British Boot and Shoe Institution. [1] (#cite_note-Who's_Who_Rayne-1) In addition to his national honours, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts) in 1971 and was made Master of the Worshipful Company of Pattern Makers in 1981, one of the livery companies (/wiki/Livery_company) of the City of London (/wiki/City_of_London) . [1] (#cite_note-Who's_Who_Rayne-1) [23] (#cite_note-WCPM-23) IncSoc and British Fashion Council [ edit ] In 1960, Rayne became chairman of IncSoc, the first chair not drawn from the world of couture garment design – significant since normally IncSoc was presided over by a fashion designer, not an accessories maker. [4] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_Driver-4) His businesslike approach was to serve the society well, as noted in a 1985 article: "Rayne's great success with the Incorporated Society was in raising money. Courtauld's [sic] were major patrons and donated £10,000 per year". Courtaulds (/wiki/Courtaulds) was a major boost – funding IncSoc for a decade – but Rayne also brought in the foreign orders, chartering a plane from Paris to capture the US buyers who had hitherto bypassed London. He would later say that British designers didn't capitalise on all the opportunities brought about by the Swinging London (/wiki/Swinging_London) publicity: "As a country, we blew the sixties, threw them away! The designers had the British disease, they couldn't understand the delicate balance between commerce and design". [6] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_McDowell_101085-6) After IncSoc petered out, Rayne formed part of the self-appointed collective – along with Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) editor Beatrix Miller (/wiki/Beatrix_Miller) , former war correspondent and diplomat's wife Lady Henderson (/wiki/Nicholas_Henderson) , Jean Muir and Terence Conran (/wiki/Terence_Conran) – who enlisted the support of the British government and high-profile figures for the promotion of British fashion; this included assistance from Princess Diana (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) , who became a high-profile clothes-horse for British designs, handed out awards and hosted a reception at Kensington Palace (/wiki/Kensington_Palace) to celebrate fashion's high flyers. Rayne was a natural fit for chair of the British Fashion Council. As The Times put it in 1988, he: "marshalled London's notoriously independent-minded designers into a united team, harnessed their creative energy to the financial support provided by the industry's largest clothing manufacturers and retail groups, and provided back up services to those designers who need them". [24] (#cite_note-The_Times_63207-24) Death and legacy [ edit ] Edward Rayne was killed in a fire at his home in Bexhill (/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea) , East Sussex on 7 February 1992. He was 69. His wife Phyllis was injured but survived. Both his sons continued the family association with shoemaking. [25] (#cite_note-The_Times_64250.-25) His obituaries not only singled out his business acumen but also his good humour. Colin McDowell said that almost uniquely for a personality in the centre of the fashion industry, no journalist ever had a bad word to say about him. [8] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_McDowell-8) He was also held in affection by the British couturiers he promoted. Norman Hartnell (/wiki/Norman_Hartnell) used to send Christmas cards bearing the inscription: 'to the cobbler from the Little Woman Round The Corner'. [4] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_Driver-4) The contribution of H. & M. Rayne – especially under Edward Rayne's leadership – was showcased in an exhibitions held at the Fashion and Textile Museum (/wiki/Fashion_and_Textile_Museum) in 2015. [26] (#cite_note-FTM_exhibition_note-26) Rayne shoes are held in several archives, including the Metropolitan Museum (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum) in New York and the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London. A portrait of Rayne by Howard Coster (/wiki/Howard_Coster) forms part of the National Portrait Gallery (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) archive. [27] (#cite_note-NPG_Rayne/Coster-27) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Rayne, Sir Edward". ukwhoswho.com. {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : Missing or empty \|url= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url) ) ^ Jump up to: a b "An Afternoon with Rayne Shoes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150612002849/http://ftmlondon.org/talk-event/an-afternoon-with-rayne-shoes/) . ftmlondon.org. Archived from the original (http://ftmlondon.org/talk-event/an-afternoon-with-rayne-shoes/) on 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-SI_Rayne_3-0) "Rayne, Edward" (http://eng.shoe-icons.com/museum/select_designer.htm?designer=107:) . eng.shoe-icons.com . Shoe Icons Publishing . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Driver, Christopher (8 February 1992). "Obituary: If the shoe fits, sell it". The Guardian . ^ Jump up to: a b "Sir Edward Rayne" (http://www.ebu.co.uk/biographies/sir-edward-rayne) . ebu.co.uk . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b McDowell, Colin (10 October 1985). "Nicely-Nicely Rambo: London Fashion Week Starts Today Amid Confusion". The Guardian . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Obituaries: Sir Edward Rayne". The Times . No. 64251. 10 February 1992. ^ Jump up to: a b McDowell, Colin (10 February 1992). "Appreciation: Edward Rayne – Shoes and Shine". The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Guardian_JR_9-0) R., J. (20 June 1988). "Rayne and Shine". The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_47314_10-0) "New Capital for Boot and Shoe Company". The Times . No. 47314. 4 March 1936. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_52820_11-0) "H. & M. Rayne: Mr Edward Rayne's Review". The Times . No. 52820. 4 January 1954. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_55171_12-0) "Company News". The Times . No. 55171. 28 August 1961. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_54832_13-0) "Autumn Designs for London Couturiers". The Times . No. 54832. 25 July 1960. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_55506._14-0) "Exports to Europe Increased". The Times . No. 55506. 26 September 1962. ^ Jump up to: a b Settle, Alison (1 May 1960). "Reading the Name in the Shoes". The Observer . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_54765._16-0) "Gossamer Silk in Wedding Dress". The Times . No. 54765. 7 May 1960. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_54764_17-0) "Dresses for the Abbey: Dignified Simplicity of the Queen's Dress". The Times . No. 54764. 6 May 1960. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Guardian_Tinling_18-0) Tinling, Teddy (21 February 1964). "View of Fashion". The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian_McCarthy_19-0) MacCarthy, Fiona (2 March 1966). "Shoe Group". The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Guardian_210770_20-0) Aldburgham, Alison (21 July 1970). "Story by Alison Adburgham drawings by May Routh". The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-PBDN_Sobotka_21-0) Sobotka, Jon (14 February 1980). "He's A Shoo-In for Cobbler of the Year" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1961&dat=19800214&id=ZoQhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jYwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=956,3425095&hl=en) . Palm Beach Daily News . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_63107_22-0) "Honours all round". The Times . No. 63107. 14 June 1988. ^ (#cite_ref-WCPM_23-0) "List of Masters" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065136/http://www.pattenmakers.co.uk/masters.asp) . patternmakers.co.uk. Archived from the original (http://www.pattenmakers.co.uk/masters.asp) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_63207_24-0) "London fashion: who does what". The Times . No. 63207. 8 October 1988. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_64250._25-0) "Ex-stores chief dies in fire". The Times . No. 64250. 8 February 1992. ^ (#cite_ref-FTM_exhibition_note_26-0) "RAYNE shoes for stars" (http://ftmlondon.org/ftm-exhibitions/rayne-shoes-for-stars/) . ftmlondon.org . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-NPG_Rayne/Coster_27-0) "Sir Edward Rayne (1922–1992), Footwear designer and manufacturer" (http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp129794/sir-edward-rayne?search=sas&sText=Edward+Rayne) . npg.org.uk . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . External links [ edit ] 1960s Rayne evening shoes in the V&A collection (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O84570/pair-of-evening-rayne/) 1970s Rayne sandals in the Metropolitan Museum of Art collection (http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/80879) Rayne homepage (http://www.rayneshoes.co.uk/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐c795b44dd‐hd2g8 Cached time: 20240717132156 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.475 seconds Real time usage: 0.669 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3511/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 38892/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3701/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 99408/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.278/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7796003/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 597.860 1 -total 35.63% 213.012 1 Template:Reflist 24.72% 147.817 1 Template:Infobox_person 17.58% 105.117 7 Template:Cite_web 15.35% 91.747 16 Template:Main_other 14.84% 88.704 1 Template:Short_description 13.40% 80.119 20 Template:Cite_news 12.63% 75.495 1 Template:SDcat 10.14% 60.638 1 Template:About 8.93% 53.392 4 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:46926151-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717132156 and revision id 1178992774. 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This category contains American films depicting scenes or plotlines involving cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) . Contents Top (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films) 0–9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=0) A (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=A) B (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=B) C (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=C) D (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=D) E (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=E) F (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=F) G (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=G) H (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=H) I (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=I) J (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=J) K (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=K) L (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=L) M (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=M) N (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=N) O (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=O) P (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=P) Q (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=Q) R (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=R) S (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=S) T (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=T) U (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=U) V (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=V) W (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=W) X (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=X) Y (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=Y) Z (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&from=Z) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.canary‐6b9cb895f7‐p8r5q Cached time: 20240719104319 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.097 seconds Real time usage: 0.162 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 309/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29340/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3324/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3099/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.003/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 556238/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 104.279 1 -total 100.00% 104.279 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 97.57% 101.744 2 Template:Category_other 92.83% 96.802 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 74.86% 78.065 1 Template:Category_TOC 63.93% 66.663 1 Template:TOC_top 48.56% 50.641 1 Template:Flatlist 3.42% 3.563 1 Template:TOC_bottom 2.26% 2.352 1 Template:Category_TOC/tracking 1.56% 1.628 1 MediaWiki:Toc Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54394594-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719104319 and revision id 1216583812. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. B Big Momma (/wiki/Category:Big_Momma) ‎ (4 P) Pages in category "Cross-dressing in American films" The following 174 pages are in this category, out of 174 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 31 (film) (/wiki/31_(film)) A Adam's Rib (/wiki/Adam%27s_Rib) Albert Nobbs (/wiki/Albert_Nobbs) Angel (1984 film) (/wiki/Angel_(1984_film)) Anything for Love (/wiki/Anything_for_Love) The Associate (1996 film) (/wiki/The_Associate_(1996_film)) B Babe: Pig in the City (/wiki/Babe:_Pig_in_the_City) The Ballad of Little Jo (/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Little_Jo) Battle of Pottsburg Bridge (/wiki/Battle_of_Pottsburg_Bridge) Beggars of Life (/wiki/Beggars_of_Life) The Big Bang (2011 film) (/wiki/The_Big_Bang_(2011_film)) Big Momma's House (/wiki/Big_Momma%27s_House) Big Momma's House 2 (/wiki/Big_Momma%27s_House_2) Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son (/wiki/Big_Mommas:_Like_Father,_Like_Son) The Big Snooze (/wiki/The_Big_Snooze) The Birdcage (/wiki/The_Birdcage) The Bitch Who Stole Christmas (/wiki/The_Bitch_Who_Stole_Christmas) Black Dynamite (/wiki/Black_Dynamite) Blonde Cobra (/wiki/Blonde_Cobra) Boarding School (2018 film) (/wiki/Boarding_School_(2018_film)) Bohemian Rhapsody (film) (/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody_(film)) The Boondock Saints (/wiki/The_Boondock_Saints) Bowery Bugs (/wiki/Bowery_Bugs) Breakfast of Champions (film) (/wiki/Breakfast_of_Champions_(film)) Buddy's Beer Garden (/wiki/Buddy%27s_Beer_Garden) Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips (/wiki/Bugs_Bunny_Nips_the_Nips) The Butcher Boy (1917 film) (/wiki/The_Butcher_Boy_(1917_film)) C Camp (2003 film) (/wiki/Camp_(2003_film)) A Change of Heart (film) (/wiki/A_Change_of_Heart_(film)) Charley's Aunt (1925 film) (/wiki/Charley%27s_Aunt_(1925_film)) Charley's Aunt (1930 film) (/wiki/Charley%27s_Aunt_(1930_film)) Charley's Aunt (1941 film) (/wiki/Charley%27s_Aunt_(1941_film)) Cheerful Givers (/wiki/Cheerful_Givers) Con Air (/wiki/Con_Air) Coney Island (1917 film) (/wiki/Coney_Island_(1917_film)) Connie and Carla (/wiki/Connie_and_Carla) Cruella (film) (/wiki/Cruella_(film)) The Curiosity of Chance (/wiki/The_Curiosity_of_Chance) Curse of the Queerwolf (/wiki/Curse_of_the_Queerwolf) D Dallas Buyers Club (/wiki/Dallas_Buyers_Club) Dance Macabre (film) (/wiki/Dance_Macabre_(film)) Deadly Blessing (/wiki/Deadly_Blessing) Decameron Nights (/wiki/Decameron_Nights) Deck the Halls (2006 film) (/wiki/Deck_the_Halls_(2006_film)) Den Brother (/wiki/Den_Brother) Deranged (1974 film) (/wiki/Deranged_(1974_film)) The Devil-Doll (/wiki/The_Devil-Doll) Die, Mommie, Die! (/wiki/Die,_Mommie,_Die!) Dr. Caligari (film) (/wiki/Dr._Caligari_(film)) Don't Open the Door! (/wiki/Don%27t_Open_the_Door!) Down to the Sea in Ships (1922 film) (/wiki/Down_to_the_Sea_in_Ships_(1922_film)) The Drummer Girl of Vicksburg (/wiki/The_Drummer_Girl_of_Vicksburg) E Ed Wood (film) (/wiki/Ed_Wood_(film)) Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (But Were Afraid to Ask) (film) (/wiki/Everything_You_Always_Wanted_to_Know_About_Sex_(*But_Were_Afraid_to_Ask)_(film)) The Extra Man (film) (/wiki/The_Extra_Man_(film)) F The Female Highwayman (1906 film) (/wiki/The_Female_Highwayman_(1906_film)) A Florida Enchantment (/wiki/A_Florida_Enchantment) Freak Show (film) (/wiki/Freak_Show_(film)) Frigid Hare (/wiki/Frigid_Hare) G Glen or Glenda (/wiki/Glen_or_Glenda) Go for Broke (2002 film) (/wiki/Go_for_Broke_(2002_film)) Good Night, Nurse! (/wiki/Good_Night,_Nurse!) H Hansel and Gretel (1983 TV special) (/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel_(1983_TV_special)) Hare Splitter (/wiki/Hare_Splitter) Hare Trimmed (/wiki/Hare_Trimmed) He's My Girl (/wiki/He%27s_My_Girl) Hemet, or the Landlady Don't Drink Tea (/wiki/Hemet,_or_the_Landlady_Don%27t_Drink_Tea) Here Come the Co-Eds (/wiki/Here_Come_the_Co-Eds) Herr Meets Hare (/wiki/Herr_Meets_Hare) Hide and Go Shriek (/wiki/Hide_and_Go_Shriek) Hillbilly Hare (/wiki/Hillbilly_Hare) His Wedding Night (/wiki/His_Wedding_Night) Holiday Heart (/wiki/Holiday_Heart) Homicidal (/wiki/Homicidal) House at the End of the Street (/wiki/House_at_the_End_of_the_Street) How to Be Very, Very Popular (/wiki/How_to_Be_Very,_Very_Popular) Hurricane Bianca (/wiki/Hurricane_Bianca) Hurricane Bianca: From Russia with Hate (/wiki/Hurricane_Bianca:_From_Russia_with_Hate) I I Was a Male War Bride (/wiki/I_Was_a_Male_War_Bride) The Isle of Love (/wiki/The_Isle_of_Love) J Jack and Jill (2011 film) (/wiki/Jack_and_Jill_(2011_film)) Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa (/wiki/Jackass_Presents:_Bad_Grandpa) Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (/wiki/Jumanji:_Welcome_to_the_Jungle) Just One of the Guys (/wiki/Just_One_of_the_Guys) Juwanna Mann (/wiki/Juwanna_Mann) K Killer Pad (/wiki/Killer_Pad) L Lady Ballers (/wiki/Lady_Ballers) Ladybugs (film) (/wiki/Ladybugs_(film)) The Last of the Blonde Bombshells (/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Blonde_Bombshells) Little Old New York (1923 film) (/wiki/Little_Old_New_York_(1923_film)) Little Sister (1992 film) (/wiki/Little_Sister_(1992_film)) Love Crazy (1941 film) (/wiki/Love_Crazy_(1941_film)) M M. Butterfly (film) (/wiki/M._Butterfly_(film)) Mabel's Blunder (/wiki/Mabel%27s_Blunder) Marwencol (film) (/wiki/Marwencol_(film)) The Masquerader (1914 film) (/wiki/The_Masquerader_(1914_film)) The Matchmaker (1958 film) (/wiki/The_Matchmaker_(1958_film)) Mickey's Mellerdrammer (/wiki/Mickey%27s_Mellerdrammer) Miss Leslie's Dolls (/wiki/Miss_Leslie%27s_Dolls) Miss Nobody (1926 film) (/wiki/Miss_Nobody_(1926_film)) Motocrossed (/wiki/Motocrossed) Mrs. Doubtfire (/wiki/Mrs._Doubtfire) Mulan (1998 film) (/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)) Mulan (2020 film) (/wiki/Mulan_(2020_film)) Murder by Death (/wiki/Murder_by_Death) N Napoleon Bunny-Part (/wiki/Napoleon_Bunny-Part) Nighthawks (1981 film) (/wiki/Nighthawks_(1981_film)) No Questions Asked (film) (/wiki/No_Questions_Asked_(film)) No Way to Treat a Lady (film) (/wiki/No_Way_to_Treat_a_Lady_(film)) Nobody's Perfect (1990 film) (/wiki/Nobody%27s_Perfect_(1990_film)) Norbit (/wiki/Norbit) O Our Hospitality (/wiki/Our_Hospitality) P Peacock (2010 film) (/wiki/Peacock_(2010_film)) Ponjola (/wiki/Ponjola) Pope Joan (1972 film) (/wiki/Pope_Joan_(1972_film)) Prêt-à-Porter (film) (/wiki/Pr%C3%AAt-%C3%A0-Porter_(film)) Private Parts (1972 film) (/wiki/Private_Parts_(1972_film)) Private School (film) (/wiki/Private_School_(film)) The Producers (1967 film) (/wiki/The_Producers_(1967_film)) Psycho (1960 film) (/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)) Psycho (1998 film) (/wiki/Psycho_(1998_film)) Q Quills (film) (/wiki/Quills_(film)) R Rabbit Fire (/wiki/Rabbit_Fire) Rabbit of Seville (/wiki/Rabbit_of_Seville) Rabbit Seasoning (/wiki/Rabbit_Seasoning) Relentless 3 (/wiki/Relentless_3) Rent (film) (/wiki/Rent_(film)) The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre (/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Texas_Chainsaw_Massacre) Robin Hood (1973 film) (/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1973_film)) The Rocky Horror Picture Show (/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show) The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again (/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show:_Let%27s_Do_the_Time_Warp_Again) S Schizophreniac: The Whore Mangler (/wiki/Schizophreniac:_The_Whore_Mangler) Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (/wiki/Scooby-Doo_2:_Monsters_Unleashed) Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights (/wiki/Scooby-Doo!_in_Arabian_Nights) Scream, Pretty Peggy (/wiki/Scream,_Pretty_Peggy) Sex with a Stranger (/wiki/Sex_with_a_Stranger) Shakespeare in Love (/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Love) She Loves Me Not (1934 film) (/wiki/She_Loves_Me_Not_(1934_film)) She's the Man (/wiki/She%27s_the_Man) Sleeping with the Enemy (/wiki/Sleeping_with_the_Enemy) Some Like It Hot (/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot) Sometimes Aunt Martha Does Dreadful Things (/wiki/Sometimes_Aunt_Martha_Does_Dreadful_Things) Sorority Boys (/wiki/Sorority_Boys) A Star Is Born (2018 film) (/wiki/A_Star_Is_Born_(2018_film)) Stripped to Kill (/wiki/Stripped_to_Kill) Surrounded (2023 film) (/wiki/Surrounded_(2023_film)) Suspiria (2018 film) (/wiki/Suspiria_(2018_film)) Sylvia Scarlett (/wiki/Sylvia_Scarlett) T Teaserama (/wiki/Teaserama) Terror Train (/wiki/Terror_Train) The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (/wiki/The_Texas_Chain_Saw_Massacre) That's My Wife (1929 film) (/wiki/That%27s_My_Wife_(1929_film)) Three on a Meathook (/wiki/Three_on_a_Meathook) Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (/wiki/Thunderbolt_and_Lightfoot) To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar (/wiki/To_Wong_Foo,_Thanks_for_Everything!_Julie_Newmar) Tootsie (/wiki/Tootsie) Torch Song Trilogy (film) (/wiki/Torch_Song_Trilogy_(film)) The Toxic Avenger (1984 film) (/wiki/The_Toxic_Avenger_(1984_film)) U Unhinged (1982 film) (/wiki/Unhinged_(1982_film)) The Unholy Three (1930 film) (/wiki/The_Unholy_Three_(1930_film)) The Unholy Three (1925 film) (/wiki/The_Unholy_Three_(1925_film)) Up Jumped the Devil (/wiki/Up_Jumped_the_Devil) V Varietease (/wiki/Varietease) Victor/Victoria (/wiki/Victor/Victoria) W Welcome to Marwen (/wiki/Welcome_to_Marwen) What Happened to Jones (1926 film) (/wiki/What_Happened_to_Jones_(1926_film)) What's Opera, Doc? (/wiki/What%27s_Opera,_Doc%3F) White Chicks (/wiki/White_Chicks) Wild Wild West (/wiki/Wild_Wild_West) A Woman (1915 film) (/wiki/A_Woman_(1915_film)) Y Yankee Doodle in Berlin (/wiki/Yankee_Doodle_in_Berlin) Yanky Clippers (/wiki/Yanky_Clippers) Yentl (film) (/wiki/Yentl_(film)) Z Zipperface (/wiki/Zipperface) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&oldid=1216583812 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cross-dressing_in_American_films&oldid=1216583812) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : American LGBT-related films (/wiki/Category:American_LGBT-related_films) American films by topic (/wiki/Category:American_films_by_topic) Cross-dressing in film (/wiki/Category:Cross-dressing_in_film) Hidden categories: Template Category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 101–200 pages (/wiki/Category:Template_Category_TOC_via_Automatic_category_TOC_on_category_with_101%E2%80%93200_pages) Automatic category TOC generates standard Category TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_standard_Category_TOC)
Fred Cole Fred Cole, photographed by Yousuf Karsh (/wiki/Yousuf_Karsh) in 1952 for a Lord Calvert whiskey advertisement Born Frederick Cohn ( 1901-05-21 ) May 21, 1901 Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , U.S. Died September 19, 1964 (1964-09-19) (aged 63) Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , U.S. Other names Frederick Cole Alma mater University of California, Berkeley (/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley) Occupation(s) Businessman, actor Fred Cole (May 21, 1901 – September 19, 1964), born Frederick Cohn, was an American leader in women's swimwear fashions in the 20th century. As Frederick Cole he had a brief career as an actor in silent films before joining the family business, which he eventually transformed into the Cole of California (/wiki/Cole_of_California) brand. Early life and acting career [ edit ] Frederick Cohn was born May 21, 1901, in Los Angeles to Morris Cohn and Edith Armer Cohn. Morris Cohn had established Morris Cohn & Company in Los Angeles by 1890, making men's work clothes. [1] (#cite_note-laacohn-1) Cohn graduated from the University of California, Berkeley (/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley) in 1923, but did not immediately join the family business, starting a brief career as an actor in silent movies (/wiki/Silent_movies) in 1924 and 1925. As Frederick Cole, he appeared in Secrets of the Night (/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Night) (1924), The Dangerous Blonde (/wiki/The_Dangerous_Blonde) (1924), Two-Fisted Jones (/wiki/Two-Fisted_Jones) (1925) and Daring Days (1925). His family disapproved of this career choice, and persuaded him to return to the family businesses. [2] (#cite_note-laacole-2) Swimwear [ edit ] Continuing to use the name Cole, Fred Cole joined the family's West Coast Knitting Mills company, which made socks and men's undergarments. Cole was uninterested in these products, and used his Hollywood experience and time on the Berkeley swimming team to venture into women's swimwear. Cole's 1925 "Hollywood Swimsuit" featured unheard-of skin exposure in a sleeveless suit with a short skirt, and what was for the time a low neckline. The suit incorporated elastic to hug body contours, and was an immediate success. [3] (#cite_note-nytcoleobit-3) In 1936 Cole hired Margit Felligi (/wiki/Margit_Felligi) , a Hollywood costume designer, as head of design. The same year, Cole began using cotton as the primary suit material in lieu of the traditional wool, along with colorful materials. Cole also popularized white suits, considered daring because they were thought to be potentially transparent. Designer Felligi introduced new designs, such as the "Swoon Suit," which brought additional popularity. Morris Cohn died in 1941, and Cole, inheriting control of the firm, changed the name of the firm to Cole of California (/wiki/Cole_of_California) . During World War II the company made parachutes, resuming full swimwear production after the end of the war. Cole's daughter Anne Cole (/wiki/Anne_Cole) joined the firm in the 1950s and introduced her own lines, eventually spinning off her own company, [2] (#cite_note-laacole-2) which developed the tankini (/wiki/Tankini) in the 1990s. [4] (#cite_note-4) Later life [ edit ] In 1957 Cole commissioned Los Angeles architect Harry Gesner (/wiki/Harry_Gesner) to design a house (/wiki/Cole_House_(Los_Angeles)) on a hilltop site above Los Angeles that could serve as a background for model shoots featuring Cole of California swimwear, bringing publicity to the house, Gesner and Cole's swimwear line. [5] (#cite_note-Germany23-5) Cole also had a house in Tahiti, spending six months of the year there. [3] (#cite_note-nytcoleobit-3) Fred Cole sold the firm in 1960 to the Kayser-Roth corporation. [3] (#cite_note-nytcoleobit-3) The Cole of California name survived several corporate acquisitions and is a continuing brand for the Mocean Group. [6] (#cite_note-inmocean-6) Cole was married twice, and had four children with his first wife, including swimsuit designer Anne Cole, and Major General Thomas Cole. He died on September 19, 1964, in Los Angeles. [3] (#cite_note-nytcoleobit-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-laacohn_1-0) "The Beginning of L.A.'s Fashion Industry" (https://www.laalmanac.com/economy/ec703.php) . Los Angeles Almanac . Retrieved 6 August 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Cole of California - Swimwear Pioneer" (https://www.laalmanac.com/economy/ec704.php) . Los Angeles Almanac . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Fred Cole Dead" (https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/21/fred-cole-dead.html) . New York Times. September 21, 1964 . Retrieved 6 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Singer, Melissa (2017-01-12). "An ode to Anne Cole, inventor of the tankini, the friendliest swimsuit to women" (https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/an-ode-to-anne-cole-inventor-of-the-tankini-the-friendliest-swimsuit-to-women-20170112-gtq3md.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2022-04-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-Germany23_5-0) Germany, Lisa (2012). Houses of the Sundown Sea . Abrams. p. 23. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781419700491 . ^ (#cite_ref-inmocean_6-0) "Cole of California" (https://www.inmocean.com/brands/cole-of-california/) . Inmocean . Retrieved 6 August 2022 . 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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2009 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2009) 2010 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2010) 2011 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2011) 2012 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2012) 2013 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2013) 2014 2015 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2015) 2016 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2016) 2017 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2017) 2018 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2018) 2019 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7cd59cdcfb‐jzsf8 Cached time: 20240717232134 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.118 seconds Real time usage: 0.203 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 51/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2608/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.091/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 957730/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 193.560 1 -total 76.25% 147.586 1 Template:Navseasoncats 23.62% 45.720 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54213783-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717232134 and revision id 914610220. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 2014" The following 11 pages are in this category, out of 11 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A AREA (fashion label) (/wiki/AREA_(fashion_label)) Asbury Park FC (/wiki/Asbury_Park_FC) B Blanc & Eclare (/wiki/Blanc_%26_Eclare) Brujas (skate crew) (/wiki/Brujas_(skate_crew)) D DSTLD (/wiki/DSTLD) F Finery (company) (/wiki/Finery_(company)) G Georgine (brand) (/wiki/Georgine_(brand)) I Inch2 (/wiki/Inch2) M MISBHV (/wiki/MISBHV) N Norwegian Wool (/wiki/Norwegian_Wool) O OddBalls (/wiki/OddBalls) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2014&oldid=914610220 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2014&oldid=914610220) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2014 in fashion (/wiki/Category:2014_in_fashion) Clothing companies established in the 21st century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_21st_century) Design companies established in 2014 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_2014) Manufacturing companies established in 2014 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_2014) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment)
Branding studio in New York City This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Partners_%26_Spade) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Partners_%26_Spade) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is in list (/wiki/MOS:LIST) format but may read better as prose (/wiki/MOS:PROSE) . You can help by converting this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partners_%26_Spade&action=edit) , if appropriate. Editing help (/wiki/Help:Editing) is available. ( January 2018 ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Partners_%26_Spade) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 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( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Partners & Spade Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) Founded 2008 Founder Andy Spade (/wiki/Andy_Spade) Anthony Sperduti (/wiki/Anthony_Sperduti) Headquarters New York, New York (/wiki/New_York,_New_York) , US Website partnersandspade (http://partnersandspade.com) .com (http://partnersandspade.com) Partners & Spade , established in 2008 by Andy Spade (/wiki/Andy_Spade) and Anthony Sperduti (/wiki/Anthony_Sperduti) , is a branding studio in New York City, US. [1] (#cite_note-1) Partners & Spade works across a range of disciplines including advertising, retail concepts, branding, experiential marketing and design. [2] (#cite_note-2) Notable work [ edit ] Brand development [ edit ] In 2013, launched Sleepy Jones (/wiki/Sleepy_Jones) , a line of loungewear inspired by the lifestyles of artists like David Hockney (/wiki/David_Hockney) , Pablo Picasso (/wiki/Pablo_Picasso) , and Jean Seberg (/wiki/Jean_Seberg) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Helped launch Harry's (/wiki/Harry%27s) , an online-only line of men's grooming products. [4] (#cite_note-4) Marketing [ edit ] Conceptualized and designed J.Crew (/wiki/J.Crew) 's first menswear shop, known as the Liquor Store, at West Broadway and White Street in Tribeca. [5] (#cite_note-5) Developed and produced Whole Foods (/wiki/Whole_Foods) ' first national advertising campaign. [6] (#cite_note-6) Store design [ edit ] Warby Parker (/wiki/Warby_Parker) Class Trip traveling school bus. [7] (#cite_note-7) Warby Parker's first flagship store, located in SoHo. [8] (#cite_note-8) Warby Parker retail stores in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Miami, Nashville, San Francisco, Seattle and Washington DC [9] (#cite_note-9) Sonos (/wiki/Sonos) 's first flagship store, located in SoHo. [10] (#cite_note-10) Boerum House & Home store, located in Brooklyn. [11] (#cite_note-11) Films [ edit ] Produced The Black Balloon (/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Balloon_(short_film)&action=edit&redlink=1) , which won the U.S. Short Fiction prize at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival (/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Conceived the story for The Pleasure of Being Robbed (/wiki/The_Pleasure_of_Being_Robbed) with Red Bucket Films, which was chosen for the Director's Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) in 2008 and purchased by IFC Films (/wiki/IFC_Films) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Paperboys (/wiki/Paperboys_(film)) , a documentary by Mike Mills (/wiki/Mike_Mills) . [14] (#cite_note-14) Dimmer , a documentary by Talmage Cooley (/wiki/Talmage_Cooley) that was short-listed for the Academy Awards (/wiki/Academy_Awards) and included in the Museum of Modern Art's Sundance film collection. [15] (#cite_note-15) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Partners & Spade" (http://partnersandspade.com/) . Retrieved July 5, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Foster, Tom (April 2014). "How to Create a Cool Brand" (http://www.inc.com/magazine/20104/tom-foster/kate-spade-partners-and-spade-brand-creativity.html) . Inc . Retrieved July 12, 2021 . - O'Brien, Glenn (April 27, 2009). "Partners & Spade" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/partners-spade/#_) . Interview . Retrieved July 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Beddie, Alainna Lexie (April 18, 2013). "Sleepy Jones" (http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/sleepy-jones-ready-for-copy/) . T . Retrieved July 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Tschorn, Adam (March 22, 2013). "Meet Harry's, a new online-only go-to for guys' grooming gear" (http://articles.latimes.com/2013/mar/22/news/la-ar-meet-harrys-the-newest-online-outpost-for-guys-grooming-gear-20130322) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 22, 2013 . - Tschorn, Adam (March 23, 2013). "Andy Spade is old-school cool" (http://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ig-0324-andy-spade-20130323-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Albo, Mike (September 18, 2008). "A Package Store for Preppies" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/18/fashion/18CRITIC.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) MacVey, Matt (November 18, 2014). "Whole Foods Rolls Out First National Advertising Campaign" (http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/foods-rolls-national-advertising-campaign/295901/) . Advertising Age . Retrieved July 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Kraemer, Zachary. "Warby Parker Converts An Old School Bus Into A Traveling Pop Up Shop" (http://www.psfk.com/2012/11/warby-parker-school-bus-pop-up.html) . PSFK . Retrieved November 29, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Miranda, Eugenia (April 11, 2012). "Glasses Menagerie: Warby Parker Celebrates Its First Flagship Store" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130501142307/http://www.vogue.com/parties/warby-parker-celebrates-its-first-flagship-store/) . Vogue . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/parties/warby-parker-celebrates-its-first-flagship-store/) on May 1, 2013 . Retrieved April 22, 2013 . - Schneier, Matthew (April 11, 2012). "Warby Parker: To See And Be Seen In Soho" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130414165643/http://www.style.com/stylefile/2013/04/warby-parker-to-see-and-be-seen-in-soho/) . Style . Archived from the original (http://www.style.com/stylefile/2013/04/warby-parker-to-see-and-be-seen-in-soho/) on April 14, 2013 . Retrieved April 22, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Cunningham, Caroline (October 30, 2015). "Warby Parker at The Shay Offers Eye Exams and a Photo Booth" (https://www.washingtonian.com/2015/10/30/warby-parker-at-the-shay-offers-eye-exams-and-a-photo-booth/) . Washingtonian . Retrieved July 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Sawers, Paul (July 12, 2016). "Sonos gives a glimpse into its new flagship NYC retail store, featuring 7 custom-built listening rooms" (https://venturebeat.com/2016/07/12/sonos-gives-a-glimpse-into-its-new-flagship-nyc-retail-store-featuring-7-custom-built-listening-rooms/) . VentureBeat . Retrieved July 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Shin, Nara (July 30, 2014). "Five Favorites From Boerum House & Home" (http://www.coolhunting.com/design/boerum-house-home) . Cool Hunting . Retrieved July 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Red Bucket Films' Josh and Benny Safdie Premiere The Black Balloon Tomorrow at BAM Cinemafest" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013935/http://www.papermag.com/red-bucket-films-josh-and-benny-safdie-premiere-the-black-balloon-tomo-1426136486.html) . Paper . June 22, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.papermag.com/red-bucket-films-josh-and-benny-safdie-premiere-the-black-balloon-tomo-1426136486.html) on January 4, 2018 . Retrieved January 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Kohn, Eric (October 2, 2008). "iW PROFILE - "The Pleasure of Being Robbed" Director Josh Safdie" (http://www.indiewire.com/2008/10/iw-profile-the-pleasure-of-being-robbed-director-josh-safdie-71649/) . Retrieved January 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Paperboys" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0372459/) . IMDb . December 1, 2001 . Retrieved July 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Dimmer" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0437968/) . IMDb . January 25, 2005 . Retrieved July 12, 2021 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://partnersandspade.com/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/131764926) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010052139) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐57bf8779db‐vkfr2 Cached time: 20240717195004 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.459 seconds Real time usage: 0.626 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2297/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 82446/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 12237/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 79173/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.314/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7364821/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 584.211 1 -total 29.56% 172.721 1 Template:Reflist 25.13% 146.802 4 Template:Ambox 21.01% 122.744 12 Template:Cite_web 18.36% 107.278 1 Template:Infobox_company 16.60% 96.993 1 Template:Infobox 16.45% 96.109 1 Template:Short_description 15.45% 90.245 1 Template:Multiple_issues 13.69% 79.985 1 Template:Authority_control 8.25% 48.205 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27979865-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717195004 and revision id 1229615204. 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Bangladeshi women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Bangladesh portal (/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Bangladeshi fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Bangladeshi_fashion_designers) . It includes Bangladeshi fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐cmmpw Cached time: 20240722161910 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.061 seconds Real time usage: 0.088 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4037/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 309/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.034/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 932833/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 74.870 1 -total 42.95% 32.154 1 Template:Non-diffusing 42.26% 31.640 1 Template:Portal 34.85% 26.093 1 Template:Cmbox 14.63% 10.952 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 11.39% 8.529 2 Template:Category_other 8.87% 6.644 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 4.90% 3.668 1 Template:Single_namespace 2.05% 1.535 1 Template:Clear 1.68% 1.259 1 Template:Template_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72303471-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722161910 and revision id 1177797082. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Bangladeshi women fashion designers" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . K Maheen Khan (Bangladesh) (/wiki/Maheen_Khan_(Bangladesh)) M Aydha Mehnaz (/wiki/Aydha_Mehnaz) R Bibi Russell (/wiki/Bibi_Russell) S Asma Sultana (/wiki/Asma_Sultana) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bangladeshi_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177797082 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bangladeshi_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177797082) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bangladeshi fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Bangladeshi_fashion_designers) Bangladeshi women artists (/wiki/Category:Bangladeshi_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
Mercedes-Benz Fashion Festival Brisbane is an annual fashion (/wiki/Fashion) industry event held in Brisbane (/wiki/Brisbane) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) . The Mercedes-Benz Fashion Festival Brisbane began in 2006 and is held over six days in late August of each year. It features the latest spring-summer season collections available in stores. It is one of the most important fashion week events in Australia (/wiki/Australia) [1] (#cite_note-cosmoworlds-1) and the Queensland (/wiki/Queensland) 's premier fashion event. [2] (#cite_note-Vogue-2) The event is recognized as the showcase for emerging Queensland (/wiki/Queensland) fashion designers. It also features some of Australian top designers and their labels and international designers. Lindsay Bennett is festival director and founder and Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) is the main sponsor. [1] (#cite_note-cosmoworlds-1) In 2009, the festival featured 40 designers in 10 Group Shows, opening and closing events, a fashion forum, exhibitions and fashion workshops. [2] (#cite_note-Vogue-2) There were national designers such as Alex Perry (/wiki/Alex_Perry) , Leona Edmiston (/wiki/Leona_Edmiston) and Lisa Ho (/wiki/Lisa_Ho) and local designers such as Easton Pearson, Paul Hunt, Juli Grbac (/wiki/Juli_Grbac) , Pia du Pradal, Urbbana [3] (#cite_note-3) Bora and Sacha Drake. [4] (#cite_note-MBFF2008-4) Other Queensland designers featured in the past included Pistols at Dawn, Chelsea de Luca [2] (#cite_note-Vogue-2) and George Wu. [4] (#cite_note-MBFF2008-4) The 2020 event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia) . References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Mercedes-Benz global fashion activities" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091126000830/http://www.cosmoworlds.com/fashion_features/mercedes-benz-08202009.htm) . cosmoworlds. Archived from the original (http://www.cosmoworlds.com/fashion_features/mercedes-benz-08202009.htm) on 26 November 2009 . Retrieved 23 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "brisbane on the move" (http://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/brisbane+on+the+move,1611) . Damien Woolnough . Vogue Australia. 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Murray, Georgie (4 June 2019). "MBFF Brisbane Exclusive: The Who, What, When, Where And How" (https://stylemagazines.com.au/fashion/mbff-designers2/) . stylemagazines.com.au . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dardanis, Amanda (16 August 2008). "Lindsay Bennett, man behind Mercedes-Benz Fashion Festival" (https://archive.today/20121230173142/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,20797,24191416-3102,00.html?from=public_rss) . The Courier-Mail . Archived from the original (http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,20797,24191416-3102,00.html?from=public_rss) on 30 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2009 . External links [ edit ] Official webpage of Mercedes-Benz Fashion Festival Brisbane (http://www.mbff.com.au/index.php?id=23) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐hg6nt Cached time: 20240624011144 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.151 seconds Real time usage: 0.231 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 522/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10158/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1070/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16493/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.084/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3388507/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 220.455 1 -total 51.37% 113.244 1 Template:Reflist 40.89% 90.144 3 Template:Cite_news 29.65% 65.361 3 Template:Main_other 29.62% 65.309 1 Template:Coord_missing 23.42% 51.634 1 Template:If 22.45% 49.485 2 Template:P2 21.74% 47.924 1 Template:Wikidata 15.26% 33.636 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 7.60% 16.753 2 Template:DMCA Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25173673-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624011144 and revision id 1195820124. 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Hamish Kippen Born 17 May 1987 Belfast (/wiki/Belfast) , Northern Ireland (/wiki/Northern_Ireland) Died 21 October 2008 (2008-10-21) (aged 21) Toronto, Ontario (/wiki/Toronto) , Canada Occupation Photographer (/wiki/Photographer) Parent(s) James Kippen and Annette Sanger Hamish Kippen (17 May 1987 – 21 October 2008) was a Canadian fashion photographer and former national and international junior athlete. Born in Belfast (/wiki/Belfast) , he emigrated with his parents and sisters Alice and Mairi to Toronto, Ontario (/wiki/Toronto) , Canada, on 19 December 1989. Educated at Jackman Junior Public School, Duke of Connaught Middle School, Danforth Collegiate and Technical Institute (/wiki/Danforth_Collegiate_and_Technical_Institute) , and finally the Image Arts program at Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University) (/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University) between 2005 and 2007. Following gymnastics training as a young child, Hamish turned to platform and springboard diving in his teenage years, first becoming Ontario provincial champion and then Canadian national champion. He represented Canada in many competitions, including the Junior Pan American Games (/wiki/Pan_American_Games) in Mexico City (/wiki/Mexico_City) in 2001 and two FINA (/wiki/FINA) Junior World Championships (2002 in Aachen (/wiki/Aachen) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) ; 2004 in Belém (/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m) , Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) ). He retired from competitive diving in 2005. Kippen left Ryerson to pursue a career as a freelance fashion photographer after he won Flare (/wiki/Flare_(magazine)) magazine's Communications Award in 2007. He became a regular contributor to Flare, and shot for many other fashion magazines including Clin d'Oeil (/w/index.php?title=Clin_d%27Oeil&action=edit&redlink=1) , Noi.se magazine (/w/index.php?title=Noi.se_magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) , Wedding Bells (/w/index.php?title=Wedding_Bells_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1) , Zink (/w/index.php?title=Zink_magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) , and the online magazine Cheek (/wiki/Cheek) . He was in great demand for his work with new models, and he was widely recognized to be one of the most promising photographers of his generation. Kippen unfortunately was suffering from depression (/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder) . He killed himself during the night of October 20–21, 2008. A book featuring his photography was published in 2009, and the first exhibition of his work appeared in Toronto throughout October 2009. External links [ edit ] Hamish Kippen's website (http://www.hamishkippen.com/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/386766) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6fcf4fdbb9‐8ssrx Cached time: 20240716024400 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.197 seconds Real time usage: 0.291 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1295/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5523/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 799/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6127/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.132/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2426202/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 233.637 1 -total 60.41% 141.132 1 Template:Infobox_person 39.53% 92.358 1 Template:Authority_control 11.87% 27.727 21 Template:Pluralize_from_text 9.54% 22.285 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.95% 18.578 13 Template:Main_other 7.78% 18.186 1 Template:Wikidata_image 4.56% 10.654 1 Template:Death_date_and_age 2.54% 5.933 2 Template:If_empty Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22112049-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716024400 and revision id 1183832604. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamish_Kippen&oldid=1183832604 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamish_Kippen&oldid=1183832604) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Canadian photographers (/wiki/Category:Canadian_photographers) 1987 births (/wiki/Category:1987_births) 2008 deaths (/wiki/Category:2008_deaths) Suicides in Ontario (/wiki/Category:Suicides_in_Ontario) Hidden categories: Pages using infobox person with multiple parents (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_person_with_multiple_parents) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with PIC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PIC_identifiers)
Fashion media brand Modelinia.com Type of business private Type of site News (/wiki/News) , Blog (/wiki/Blog) , Database (/wiki/Database) Founded February, 2009 Headquarters New York City, New York, USA Area served Worldwide Founder(s) (/wiki/Organizational_founder) Desiree Gruber Liane Mullin Key people Desiree Gruber (CEO) Liane Mullin (Chief Strategy Officer) Andrew Ockner (CFO) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , Beauty (/wiki/Cosmetics) , Lifestyle (/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)) , Health, Travel (/wiki/Travel) , Society (/wiki/Celebrities) URL www.modelinia.com Current status Active Modelinia is a cross-platform media brand founded by Desiree Gruber and Liane Mullin in 2009 to provide an access point for in-depth coverage of the life and work of the contemporary Supermodel (/wiki/Supermodel) . Content [ edit ] Modelinia features breaking news stories, interviews with top models and promising up-and-comers and coverage of fashion shows like the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) and the international Fashion Weeks (/wiki/Fashion_Week) taking place in New York City, London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) and Paris. The site was one of the first to report which models were walking in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show in 2009. Modelinia has also secured exclusive access to fashion's top models, as guest writers for the blog have included supermodel Paulina Porizkova (/wiki/Paulina_Porizkova) and Jessica Perez. Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) and since 2013 Lou Elaine Heather and Lena Gercke also famous German models also gave an exclusive quote to the site when she announced her departure from Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) . Fashion Week Coverage [ edit ] New York City [ edit ] With an extensive network of fashion industry contacts, Modelinia's coverage of the 6 New York Fashion Weeks that have occurred since the site's inception in 2009 has provided visitors with exclusive print and video content as well as interviews and blog coverage of the semi-annual U.S. fashion summit. To coincide with the site's official launch during February Fashion Week 2009, Modelinia published a limited edition MODELINIA Magazine [1] (#cite_note-1) to build brand visibility. Social Media Platforms [ edit ] During September Fashion Week 2010, Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) partnered with Modelinia to provide coverage on the social media company's official hub page. [2] (#cite_note-2) That same year, Modelinia also broadcast a 30-minute TV show on New York's Public-access television (/wiki/Public-access_television) cable TV (/wiki/Cable_TV) , NYCTV 25 (/wiki/WNYE-TV) called "MODELINIA Fashion Week TV." The show was also made available to viewers on online video service Hulu (/wiki/Hulu) . New Media Integration [ edit ] Modelinia timed the release of their iPhone app (https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/modelinia.com/id461584473?mt=8) to coincide with New York Fashion Week in September, 2011. The app provides a mobile interface for website content, as well as providing a portal for the hosting of live events, contests and giveaways, as well as a fan wall for the discussion of individual models. Press [ edit ] Modelinia's coverage has been received in press by outlets including New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_Magazine) , [3] (#cite_note-3) Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) , [4] (#cite_note-4) Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) .com, [5] (#cite_note-5) and InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) .com. [6] (#cite_note-6) During September Fashion Week 2011, Modelinia was featured on the Today Show (/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)) on NBC (/wiki/NBC) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) http://www.bradenton.com/2010/09/15/2579276/modelinia-offers-inside-access.html (http://www.bradenton.com/2010/09/15/2579276/modelinia-offers-inside-access.html) [ permanent dead link ] MODELINIA Offers Inside Access to Fashion Week ^ (#cite_ref-2) [1] (https://web.archive.org/web/20111006032224/http://bx.businessweek.com/fashion-industry/view?url=http:%2F%2Fwww.ramanmedianetwork.com%2Fmodelinia-gets-mod-to-tweet-fashion-on-twitter%2F) Modelinia Gets Mod to Tweet Fashion on Twitter ^ (#cite_ref-3) https://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/67012/ (https://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/67012/) Paulina Porizkova, Supermodel Turned Blogger, Doesn’t Want You to Judge Her ^ (#cite_ref-4) http://www.style.com/stylefile/2010/07/the-models-hit-the-hamptons-victoria-beckham-takes-the-wheel-and-more/ (http://www.style.com/stylefile/2010/07/the-models-hit-the-hamptons-victoria-beckham-takes-the-wheel-and-more/) The Models Hit The Hamptons, Victoria Beckham Takes The Wheel, And More… ^ (#cite_ref-5) http://www.teenvogue.com/style/blogs/fashion/2010/03/karlie-and-jlos-fashion-faceoff-pariss-next-top-designer-and-lcd-on-ysls-soundsystem.html (http://www.teenvogue.com/style/blogs/fashion/2010/03/karlie-and-jlos-fashion-faceoff-pariss-next-top-designer-and-lcd-on-ysls-soundsystem.html) karlie and jlo's fashion faceoff, paris's next top designer, and lcd on ysl's soundsystem ^ (#cite_ref-6) http://news.instyle.com/2010/06/15/see-coco-rochas-zac-posen-wedding-gown/ (http://news.instyle.com/2010/06/15/see-coco-rochas-zac-posen-wedding-gown/) See Coco Rocha’s Zac Posen Wedding Gown NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐c4df98467‐4h58p Cached time: 20240711131939 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.151 seconds Real time usage: 0.226 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1240/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9546/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1833/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5814/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.071/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2388650/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 203.052 1 -total 39.46% 80.134 1 Template:Infobox_website 36.97% 75.071 1 Template:Short_description 33.90% 68.826 1 Template:Infobox 22.86% 46.427 2 Template:Pagetype 21.78% 44.227 1 Template:Reflist 15.11% 30.681 1 Template:Dead_link 12.85% 26.098 1 Template:Fix 11.44% 23.229 2 Template:Category_handler 8.15% 16.557 7 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29106198-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711131939 and revision id 1147949903. 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(Redirected from Early Germanic hairstyle (/w/index.php?title=Early_Germanic_hairstyle&redirect=no) ) Early culture of the Germanic peoples This article is about the early culture of Germanic peoples (/wiki/Germanic_peoples) . For related subjects, see Germanic culture (/wiki/Germanic_culture) . Royal mounds (/wiki/Mound) at Gamla Uppsala (/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala) in Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) , an important centre of early Germanic culture Area of the Nordic Bronze Age (/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age) culture, ca 1200 BC Early Germanic culture was the culture of the early Germanic peoples (/wiki/Germanic_peoples) . Largely derived from a synthesis of Proto-Indo-European (/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society) and indigenous Northern European elements, the Germanic culture started to exist in the Jastorf culture (/wiki/Jastorf_culture) that developed out of the Nordic Bronze Age (/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age) . It came under significant external influence during the Migration Period (/wiki/Migration_Period) , particularly from ancient Rome (/wiki/Ancient_Rome) . The Germanic peoples eventually overwhelmed the Western Roman Empire (/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire) , which by the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) facilitated their conversion (/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples) from paganism (/wiki/Germanic_paganism) to Christianity (/wiki/Christianity) and the abandonment of their tribal way of life. Certain traces of early Germanic culture have survived among the Germanic peoples up to the present day. Languages [ edit ] Main article: Germanic languages (/wiki/Germanic_languages) Further information: Germanic substrate hypothesis (/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis) , Pre-Germanic (/wiki/Pre-Germanic_(disambiguation)) , and Proto-Germanic (/wiki/Proto-Germanic) Expansion of the early Germanic tribes into Central Europe (/wiki/Central_Europe) : [1] (#cite_note-1) Settlements before 750 BC New settlements by 500 BC New settlements by 250 BC New settlements by AD 1 One proposed theory for Germanic (/wiki/Germanic_languages) dialect groups and their approximate distribution in northern Europe around 1 CE: North Germanic (/wiki/North_Germanic_languages) North Sea Germanic (/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic) (Ingvaeonic) Weser–Rhine Germanic (/wiki/Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic) , (Istvaeonic) Elbe Germanic (/wiki/Elbe_Germanic) (Irminonic) East Germanic (/wiki/East_Germanic_languages) The approximate extent of Germanic languages in northern Europe in the early 10th century: Old West Norse (/wiki/Old_West_Norse) Old East Norse (/wiki/Old_East_Norse) Old Gutnish (/wiki/Old_Gutnish) Old English (/wiki/Old_English) Continental West Germanic (/wiki/West_Germanic_languages) ( Old Frisian (/wiki/Old_Frisian) , Old Saxon (/wiki/Old_Saxon) , Old Dutch (/wiki/Old_Dutch) , Old High German (/wiki/Old_High_German) ). Crimean Gothic (/wiki/Crimean_Gothic) ( East Germanic (/wiki/East_Germanic) ) Linguists postulate that an early Proto-Germanic (/wiki/Proto-Germanic) language existed and was distinguishable from the other Indo-European languages (/wiki/Indo-European_languages) as far back as 500 BCE. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006300-2) From what is known, the early Germanic tribes may have spoken mutually intelligible (/wiki/Mutually_intelligible) dialects derived from a common parent language but there are no written records to verify this fact. The Germanic tribes moved and interacted over the next centuries, and separate dialects among Germanic languages (/wiki/Germanic_languages) developed down to the present day. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1999224–225-3) Some groups, such as the Suebi (/wiki/Suebi) , have a continuous recorded existence, and so there is a reasonable confidence that their modern dialects can be traced back to those in classical times. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1992194–195-4) By extension, but sometimes controversially, the names of the sons of Mannus (/wiki/Mannus) , Istvaeones (/wiki/Istvaeones) , Irminones (/wiki/Irminones) , and Ingvaeones (/wiki/Ingvaeones) , are sometimes used to divide up the medieval and modern West Germanic languages (/wiki/West_Germanic_languages) . [ citation needed ] The more easterly groups such as the Vandals (/wiki/Vandals) are thought to have been united in the use of East Germanic languages (/wiki/East_Germanic_languages) , the most famous of which is Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_language) . The dialect of the Germanic people who remained in Scandinavia (/wiki/Scandinavia) is not generally called Ingvaeonic (/wiki/Ingvaeonic) , but is classified as North Germanic (/wiki/North_Germanic_languages) , which developed into Old Norse (/wiki/Old_Norse) . Within the West Germanic group, linguists associate the Suebian or Hermionic group with an " Elbe Germanic (/wiki/Elbe_Germanic) " which developed into Upper German (/wiki/Upper_German) , including modern German. [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstler2006304–314-5) More speculatively, given the lack of any such clear explanation in any classical source, modern linguists sometimes designate the Frankish language (/wiki/Frankish_language) (and its descendant Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_language) ) as Istvaeonic (/wiki/Istvaeonic) , although the geographical term " Weser–Rhine Germanic (/wiki/Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic) " is often preferred. However, the classical " Germani " near the Rhine, to whom the term was originally applied by Caesar, may not have even spoken Germanic languages, let alone a language recognizably ancestral to modern Dutch. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWightman198512–14-6) The close relatives of Dutch, Low German (/wiki/Low_German) , English and Frisian (/wiki/Frisian_languages) , are sometimes designated as Ingvaeonic, or alternatively, " North Sea Germanic (/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic) ". Frankish, (and later Dutch, Luxembourgish (/wiki/Luxembourgish) and the Frankish dialects of German in Germany) has continuously been intelligible to some extent with both "Ingvaeonic" Low German, and some "Suebian" High German dialects, with which they form a spectrum of continental dialects. All these dialects or languages appear to have formed by the mixing of migrating peoples after the time of Julius Caesar (/wiki/Julius_Caesar) . So it is not clear if these medieval dialect divisions correspond to any mentioned by Tacitus (/wiki/Tacitus) and Pliny (/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder) . Indeed, in Tacitus (Tac. Ger. 40) [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus200958_[Ch._40]-7) and in Claudius Ptolemy (/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy) 's Geography (/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)) , the Anglii (/wiki/Anglii) , ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons (/wiki/Anglo-Saxons) , are designated as being a Suebic tribe. [ citation needed ] Despite their common linguistic framework, by the 5th century CE, the Germanic peoples were linguistically differentiated and could no longer easily comprehend one another. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusset199312–13-8) Nonetheless, the line between Germanic and Romance peoples (/wiki/Romance_peoples) in central Europe remained at the western mouth of the Rhine (/wiki/Rhine) river and while Gaul (/wiki/Gaul) fell under Germanic domination and was firmly settled by the Franks (/wiki/Franks) , the linguistic patterns did not move much. Further west and south in Europe-proper, the linguistic presence of the Germanic languages is almost negligible. Despite the fact that the Visigoths (/wiki/Visigoths) ruled a kingdom (/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom) in what is now Spain and Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) for upwards of 250 years, there are almost no recognizable Gothic words borrowed into Spanish or Portuguese (/wiki/Portuguese_language) . [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstler2006307-9) Conversely, many common given names in the Iberian peninsula, and the surnames derived from them, are of Germanic origin (Álvaro – Álvarez; Fernando – Fernández/Hernández; Gonzalo – González; Rodrigo – Rodríguez, etc.). [10] (#cite_note-10) By 500 CE, the West Germanic speakers had apparently developed a distinct language continuum with extensive loaning from Latin (/wiki/Latin) (due to their ongoing contact with the Romans), whereas the East Germanic languages were dying out. [b] (#cite_note-12) [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006300-2) [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1999225-13) [c] (#cite_note-14) Literature [ edit ] Further information: Saga (/wiki/Saga) , Old Norse poetry (/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry) , Edda (/wiki/Edda) , Skald (/wiki/Skald) , Old English literature (/wiki/Old_English_literature) , Scop (/wiki/Scop) , Beowulf (/wiki/Beowulf) , and Nibelungenlied (/wiki/Nibelungenlied) Excerpt from Njáls saga (/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ls_saga) in the Möðruvallabók (/wiki/M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k) (AM 132 folio 13r) c. 1350 Germanic literature includes all the oral and written literature which was common to the early Germanic peoples, in respect to form and nature of content. It was generally intended to honor the gods or to praise tribal ancestors. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) The general public plays an insignificant role in Germanic literature, which revolves almost exclusively around chieftains, warriors and their associates. Wives and other female relatives of such leaders and warriors figure prominently in many pieces of Germanic literature. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) Germanic literature is divided into literature transferred orally from generation to generation and literature written down at a later date. Some of this literature, such as the Grottasöngr (/wiki/Grottas%C3%B6ngr) , appears to have been passed down from a very early time. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) Much of what is known about Germanic literature was passed down by skalds (/wiki/Skald) and scops (/wiki/Scop) , who were poets employed by a chieftain to memorize his deeds and those of his ancestors. Priscus (/wiki/Priscus) notes that such skalds were also prominent at the court of Attila (/wiki/Attila) . [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) The structure of the verse and the rime system shows that Germanic poetry followed a distinct poetic form. A significant characteristic is the alliterative verse (/wiki/Alliterative_verse) . [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) Riddles figure prominently in both Anglo-Saxon (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_riddles) and early Scandianvian (/wiki/Riddles_(Scandinavian)) literature. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) Important works are Germanic literature are Beowulf (/wiki/Beowulf) , the Nibelungenlied (/wiki/Nibelungenlied) , and the Icelandic Eddas (/wiki/Eddas) and sagas (/wiki/Saga) . [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) Powerful individuals of the distant past figure prominently in Germanic literature. Such individuals include Julius Caesar, Attila, Ermanaric (/wiki/Ermanaric) , Theodoric the Great (/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great) and Charlemagne (/wiki/Charlemagne) . Accounts of the history of the Goths play and important role in Germanic literature, and although the Goths themselves disappeared, their deeds were remembered for centuries afterwards among Germanic peoples living as far as Iceland (/wiki/Iceland) . [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) The works of Jordanes (/wiki/Jordanes) , Gregory of Tours (/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours) , Paul the Deacon (/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon) , Priscus and Saxo Grammaticus (/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus) were written in Latin and Greek (/wiki/Greek_language) , but since their authors were of Germanic origin and because their works show traces of Germanic heritage, philologist Francis Owen (/wiki/Francis_Owen_(philologist)) considers these works part of Germanic literature as well. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) A large amount of Germanic epic literature must have been produced during the violent years of the Migration Period (/wiki/Migration_Period) , but few of these accounts appear to have been preserved. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) During his reign, Charlemagne ordered a collection of the old heroic songs to be made, but this collection was later destroyed by order of Louis the Pious (/wiki/Louis_the_Pious) . [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) A common theme in Germanic literature is the consequences of failing to live up to one's moral principles, and the moral dilemma faced by an individual struggling to maintain his loyalty under difficult conditions. A key theme is the attempt of the individual to overcome his fate, referred to as wyrd (/wiki/Wyrd) by the Anglo-Saxons. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960225–262-15) In Germanic literature, dark humor (/wiki/Dark_humor) figures prominently. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960153–166-16) Scripts [ edit ] Further information: Runes (/wiki/Runes) and Gothic alphabet (/wiki/Gothic_alphabet) An inscription using cipher runes (/wiki/Cipher_runes) , the Elder Futhark (/wiki/Elder_Futhark) , and the Younger Futhark (/wiki/Younger_Futhark) , on the 9th-century Rök runestone (/wiki/R%C3%B6k_runestone) in Sweden The earliest known Germanic inscription was found at Negau (/wiki/Negau_helmet) (in what is now southern Austria (/wiki/Austria) ) on a bronze helmet (/wiki/Negau_helmet) dating back to the first century BCE. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200412–13-17) Some of the other earliest known physical records of the Germanic language appear on stone and wood carvings in Runic (/wiki/Runic) script from around 200 CE. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1999224-18) Runes had a special significance in early Germanic culture, and each runic letter had a distinct name associated with a particular subject. The origins of runes has been a source of controversy. [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960209–225-19) Runic writing likely disappeared due to the concerted opposition of the Christian Church (/wiki/Christian_Church) , which regarded runic text as heathen symbols which supposedly contained inherent magical properties that they associated with the Germanic peoples' pagan past. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall198115-20) Unfortunately, this primitive view ignores the abundance of "pious runic writing found on church-related objects" (ranging from inscriptions in the doorways of churches, on church bells and even those found on baptismal fonts) when Christianity was introduced (/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples) into the Germanic North. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonsen200237-21) [d] (#cite_note-22) An important linguistic step was made by the Christian convert Ulfilas (/wiki/Ulfilas) , who became a bishop to the Thervingi (/wiki/Thervingi) Goths in CE 341; he subsequently invented a Gothic alphabet (/wiki/Gothic_alphabet) and translated the scriptures from Greek into Gothic, creating a Gothic Bible (/wiki/Gothic_Bible) , which is the earliest known translation of the Bible into a Germanic language. [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer201044-23) Religion [ edit ] Main article: Germanic paganism (/wiki/Germanic_paganism) Further information: Old Norse Religion (/wiki/Old_Norse_Religion) , Gothic paganism (/wiki/Gothic_paganism) , and Anglo-Saxon paganism (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism) Prior to the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) , Germanic peoples followed what is now referred to as Germanic paganism (/wiki/Germanic_paganism) : "a system of interlocking and closely interrelated religious worldviews and practices rather than as one indivisible religion" and as such consisted of "individual worshippers, family traditions and regional cults within a broadly consistent framework". [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwing20089-24) The gilded side of the Trundholm Sun Chariot (/wiki/Trundholm_Sun_Chariot) , Nordic Bronze Age (/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age) Germanic religion was polytheistic (/wiki/Polytheism) in nature, with some underlying similarities to other European and Indo-European religions (/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion) . Despite the unique practices of some tribes, there was a degree of cultural uniformity among the Germanic peoples concerning religion. [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade1984154-25) [e] (#cite_note-28) From its earliest descriptions by Roman authors in antiquity to the Icelandic accounts written in the Middle Ages, Germanic religion appears to have changed considerably. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Origins [ edit ] Germanic religion appears to have emerged as a synthesis of the religion of the Indo-European speakers who arrived with the Corded Ware culture (/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture) and the indigenous populations among whom they settled. It is often suggested that the conflict (/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War) between the Æsir (/wiki/%C3%86sir) and Vanir (/wiki/Vanir) , the two groups in the Norse (/wiki/Norse_mythology) branch of the Germanic pantheon, represents a remembrance of this synthesis. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Deities [ edit ] Main articles: List of Germanic deities (/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities) and Common Germanic deities (/wiki/Common_Germanic_deities) Many of the deities found in Germanic paganism (/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities) appeared under similar names across the Germanic peoples, most notably the god known to the Germans as Wodan or Wōden, to the Anglo-Saxons as Woden, and to the Norse as Óðinn (/wiki/Odin) , as well as the god Thor (/wiki/Thor) – known to the Germans as Donar, to the Anglo-Saxons as Þunor and to the Norse as Þórr. [ citation needed ] Tacitus writes that the Germanic peoples primarily worshipped " Mercury (/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)) ", but also " Hercules (/wiki/Hercules) " and " Mars (/wiki/Mars_(mythology)) ". These have generally been identified with Odin, Thor and Týr (/wiki/T%C3%BDr) , the gods of wisdom, thunder and war respectively. Týr appears to at one point have been the chief deity in the Germanic pantheon, but he was eventually displaced by Odin. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Rituals [ edit ] Further information: Temple at Uppsala (/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala) , Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology (/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology) , Heathen hof (/wiki/Heathen_hof) , Blót (/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t) , Galdr (/wiki/Galdr) , Hallow (/wiki/Hallow) , Seiðr (/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r) , Symbel (/wiki/Symbel) , Hörgr (/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr) , Trollkyrka (/wiki/Trollkyrka) , Uppåkra temple (/wiki/Upp%C3%A5kra_temple) , and Vé (shrine) (/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)) Stone slab from The King's Grave (/wiki/The_King%27s_Grave) in southern Sweden, Nordic Bronze Age (/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age) , 1400 BC Archaeological findings suggest that the early Germanic peoples practiced some of the same 'spiritual' rituals as the Celts (/wiki/Celts) , including human sacrifice (/wiki/Human_sacrifice) , divination, and the belief in spiritual connection with the natural environment around them. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003367-30) In Germanic religion, one distinguishes between household worship and community worship. This was similar to religious worship in Roman religion (/wiki/Roman_religion) . In household worship the male head of the household would act as the "priest". [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Spiritual rituals frequently occurred in consecrated groves or upon islands on lakes where perpetual fires burned. [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199882-31) The Germanic peoples did not construct temples to carry out their religious rites. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Priests [ edit ] Further information: Gothi (/wiki/Gothi) and Veleda (/wiki/Veleda) Unlike the Celts, who had their druids (/wiki/Druid) , there does not appear to have been a priestly caste among the Germanic peoples. There were however individuals who performed certain religious duties. This included carrying out sacrifices and punishing those found guilty of crimes against the tribe. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Germanic priestesses were feared by the Romans, as these tall women with glaring eyes, wearing flowing white gowns often wielded a knife for sacrificial offerings. Captives might have their throats cut and be bled into giant cauldrons or have their intestines opened up and the entrails thrown to the ground for prophetic readings. [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199881–82-32) [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Afterlife [ edit ] Main articles: Valhalla (/wiki/Valhalla) , Fólkvangr (/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr) , and Einherjar (/wiki/Einherjar) Germanic ideology and religious practices were pervaded and colored to a large degree by war, particularly the notion of a heroic death on the battlefield, as this brought the god(s) a "blood sacrifice." [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade1984161-33) [f] (#cite_note-34) Conversion to Christianity [ edit ] Main article: Christianisation of the Germanic peoples (/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples) Further information: Gothic Christianity (/wiki/Gothic_Christianity) , Gothic Bible (/wiki/Gothic_Bible) , Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England (/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England) , and Christianization of Scandinavia (/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia) Christianity had no relevance for the pagan barbarians until their contact and integration with Rome. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003368-35) Pagan beliefs amid the Germanic tribes were reported by some of the earlier Roman historians and in the 6th century CE another instance of this appears when the Byzantine historian and poet, Agathias (/wiki/Agathias) , remarked that the Alemannic (/wiki/Alemanni) religion was "solidly and unsophisticatedly pagan." [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater2007117-36) The Ostrogoths (/wiki/Ostrogoths) , Visigoths, and Vandals were Christianized while they were still outside the bounds of the Empire; however, they converted to Arianism (/wiki/Arianism) rather than Roman Catholicism (/wiki/Roman_Catholicism) , and were soon regarded as heretics (/wiki/Christian_heresy) by Catholics. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantosuo200414–16-37) The one great written remnant of the Gothic language is the Gothic Bible made by Wulfila, the Arian missionary (/wiki/Missionary) who converted them. [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006327-38) Goths, Vandals, and other Germanic peoples often offered political resistance prior to their conversion to Christianity. [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron199797-39) The Lombards (/wiki/Lombards) were not converted until after their entrance into the Empire, but received Christianity from Arian Germanic tribes sometime during the 5th century. [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006497-40) The Franks were converted directly from paganism to Catholicism under the leadership of Clovis I (/wiki/Clovis_I) in about CE 496 without an intervening time as Arians. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermanic_peoples,_''Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online''-41) The Visigoths converted to Roman Catholicism in 589 AD. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199737-42) Several centuries later, Anglo-Saxon and Frankish missionaries and warriors undertook the conversion of their Saxon (/wiki/Saxons) neighbors. A key event was the felling of Thor's Oak (/wiki/Thor%27s_Oak) near Fritzlar (/wiki/Fritzlar) by Boniface (/wiki/Boniface) , apostle of the Germans (/wiki/Germans) , in CE 723. When Thor failed to strike Boniface dead after the oak hit the ground, the Franks were amazed and began their conversion to the Christian faith. [g] (#cite_note-43) Eventually for many Germanic tribes, the conversion to Christianity was achieved by armed force, successfully completed by Charlemagne, in a series of campaigns (the Saxon Wars (/wiki/Saxon_Wars) ), that also brought Saxon lands into the Frankish empire (/wiki/Frankish_empire) . [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick2008103–106-44) Massacres, such as at Verden (/wiki/Massacre_of_Verden) , where as many as 4,500 people were beheaded according to one of Charlemagne's chroniclers, were a direct result of this policy. [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200547-45) In Scandinavia, Germanic paganism continued to dominate until the 11th century in the form of Old Norse religion (/wiki/Old_Norse_religion) , when it was gradually replaced by Christianity. [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendrick2013118–123-46) While the Germanic peoples were slowly converted to Christianity by varying means, many elements of the pre-Christian culture and indigenous beliefs remained firmly in place after the conversion process, particularly in the more rural and distant regions. Of particular note is the survival of the pagan fascination with the forest in the retention of Christmas tree (/wiki/Christmas_tree) even today. Many of the Germanic tribes actually revered forests as sacred places and left them unmolested. Conversion to Christianity broke this pagan obsession with protecting the forest in some locations and allowed once migrant tribes to settle in places where they previously refused to cultivate the soil or chop down trees based on religious belief. To that end, the Christianisation of Germanic peoples facilitated the clearing of forests and therewith provided "a broad and stable basis for the medieval economy of Central Europe" by leveraging the vast forest resources available to them. [40] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1965368–378-47) Heathenism [ edit ] Main article: Germanic paganism (/wiki/Germanic_paganism) Elements of Germanic paganism survived into post-Christianization folklore (/wiki/Folklore) , and today new religious movements (/wiki/New_religious_movement) exist which see themselves as modern revivals of Germanic Heathenry (/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)) . Folklore [ edit ] Main article: Germanic folklore (/wiki/Germanic_folklore) The folklore (/wiki/Germanic_folklore) of early Germanic peoples was intimately intertwined with their natural surroundings. Legendary creatures of Germanic folklore include elves (/wiki/Elves) , who inhabited the woods, foundations and streams; dwarves (/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)) , who inhabited the caves of the earth; serpents (/wiki/Sea_serpent) , who inhabited the sea; and the neck (/wiki/Neck_(water_spirit)) , who inhabited the marshes. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Remnants of early Germanic folklore has survived unto the present day. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Festivals [ edit ] Festivals in early Germanic culture included the autumn festival ( Winter Nights (/wiki/Winter_Nights) ), the New Year festival ( Yule (/wiki/Yule) ), the spring festival ( Easter (/wiki/%C4%92ostre) ), and Midsummer's Day (/wiki/Midsummer) . [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Yule was intended to induce the sun (/wiki/Sun) to regain its former strength. Easter celebrated the renewal of nature. The Midsummer's Day was the greatest festival of all, in which it was celebrated that the sun had regained its full power. On this occasion numerous tribes would come together to celebrate and a general peace would sometimes be declared. Meanwhile, the autumn festival was a period of mourning. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Calendar [ edit ] Main article: Early Germanic calendar (/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendar) The early Germanic calendars were the regional calendars (/wiki/Calendar) used among the early Germanic peoples (/wiki/Germanic_peoples) before they adopted the Julian calendar (/wiki/Julian_calendar) in the Early Middle Ages (/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages) . The calendars were an element of early Germanic culture. The Germanic peoples had names for the months that varied by region and dialect, but they were later replaced with local adaptations of the Julian (/wiki/Julian_calendar) month names. Records of Old English (/wiki/Old_English) and Old High German (/wiki/Old_High_German) month names date to the 8th and 9th centuries, respectively. Old Norse (/wiki/Old_Norse) month names are attested from the 13th century. As with most pre-modern calendars, the reckoning used in early Germanic culture (/wiki/Germanic_peoples) was likely lunisolar (/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar) . As an example, the Runic calendar (/wiki/Runic_calendar) developed in medieval Sweden (/wiki/Medieval_Sweden) was lunisolar, fixing the beginning of the year at the first full moon (/wiki/Full_moon) after winter solstice (/wiki/Winter_solstice) . Funerary practices [ edit ] Further information: Norse funeral (/wiki/Norse_funeral) and Sutton Hoo (/wiki/Sutton_Hoo) See also: Ship burial (/wiki/Ship_burial) and Horse burial (/wiki/Horse_burial) The Håga mound (/wiki/H%C3%A5ga_mound) at Uppsala (/wiki/Uppsala) , Sweden is from the Nordic Bronze Age (/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age) . In Neolithic Northern Europe, the deceased were generally buried by inhumation. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960178–179-48) By the early Bronze Age, cremation became more frequent, and eventually universal. The deceased was generally burnt at a funeral pyre (/wiki/Pyre) , while his weapons and other possessions were placed in an urn for burial. Leading members of the community were sometimes buried in burial mounds (/wiki/Burial_mound) . During the Pre-Roman Iron Age (/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age) , the possessions of the deceased was sometimes placed in a hollowed-out grave without an urn. During the Roman period, urns were typically placed in flat graves. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960178–179-48) The deceased was buried along with his possessions so that he could bring them to the afterlife. Such possessions included weapons, personal adornments and other belongings, sometimes including the owner's horse (/wiki/Horse_burial) and even his boat (/wiki/Ship_burial) . In certain rare cases the deceased was even buried along with several of his servants, who would be slain for the purpose. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960178–179-48) Tacitus reports that certain Germanic individuals were inhumated in mound graves. Archaeological evidence does not suggest that this was a common practice. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960178–179-48) Cremation appears to have been much more common and long lasting in Scandinavia than in other Germanic territories. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960178–179-48) Among the coastal and island peoples of the north, the deceased was often placed with all his possessions in his boat, and then set on fire. Boat burials remained common in later times, even when inhumation was reintroduced. In such burials, the body was often placed in a boat over which a burial mound was erected. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960178–179-48) Inhumation became common again during the Migration period. Since such graves were often arranged in long rows, they have been called row-graves. They are not distinguished by mounds. Often they were arranged on either side of a high-way. This was a practice that had survived from Neolithic times. [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960178–179-48) Symbols [ edit ] This Thor (/wiki/Thor) 's hammer in silver with filigree ornamentation was found in Scania (/wiki/Scania) . It was donated to the Swedish History Museum (/wiki/Swedish_History_Museum) in 1895. See also: Sun cross (/wiki/Sun_cross) , Swastika (Germanic Iron Age) (/wiki/Swastika_(Germanic_Iron_Age)) , Valknut (/wiki/Valknut) , Raven banner (/wiki/Raven_banner) , Mjölnir (/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir) , Dragon's Eye (symbol) (/wiki/Dragon%27s_Eye_(symbol)) , Triquetra (/wiki/Triquetra) , and Triskelion (/wiki/Triskelion) There were many symbols of importance in early Germanic culture, including the sun cross (/wiki/Sun_cross) and the swastika (/wiki/Swastika_(Germanic_Iron_Age)) . Such symbols are attested from the Nordic Bronze Age (/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age) up to the Viking Age (/wiki/Viking_Age) . [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960183–209-29) Patterns of thought [ edit ] Further information: Old Norse philosophy (/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy) See also: Nine Noble Virtues (/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues) and Prussian virtues (/wiki/Prussian_virtues) Early Germanic society was characterized by a rigorous code of ethics (/wiki/Code_of_ethics) , which above all valued trust, loyalty and courage. [h] (#cite_note-50) The attainment of honor, fame and recognition was a primary ambition. Independence and individuality was highly emphasized. This emphasis largely prevented the emergence of a unified Germanic state. The environment in which the Germanic peoples emerged, notably their attachment to the forest and the sea, played a major role in shaping such values. Germanic literature is filled with scorn for characters who failed to live the Germanic ideals. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960153–166-16) Although Germanic society was highly stratified between leaders, freemen and slaves, their culture still emphasized equality. On occasion, the freemen of the tribe would overrule the decisions of their own leaders. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960153–166-16) Law [ edit ] Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker (/wiki/%C3%9Eorgn%C3%BDr_the_Lawspeaker) showing the power of his office to the King of Sweden at Gamla Uppsala (/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala) , 1018. The lawspeaker forced King Olof Skötkonung (/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung) not only to accept peace with his enemy, King Olaf the Stout (/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway) of Norway, but also to give his daughter to him in marriage. Illustration by C. Krogh. Main article: Germanic law (/wiki/Germanic_law) See also: Mund (law) (/wiki/Mund_(law)) Common elements of Germanic society can be deduced both from Roman historiography (/wiki/Roman_historiography) and comparative evidence from the Early Medieval (/wiki/Early_Medieval) period. [43] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermanic_law,_''Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online''-51) Kingship [ edit ] Main article: Germanic king (/wiki/Germanic_king) Further information: Reiks (/wiki/Reiks) and Kindins (/wiki/Kindins) A main element uniting Germanic societies was kingship (/wiki/Germanic_king) , in origin a sacral institution (/wiki/Sacral_king) combining the functions of military leader, high priest, lawmaker and judge. Germanic monarchy was elective (/wiki/Elective_monarchy) ; the king was elected by the free men from among eligible candidates of a family ( OE (/wiki/Old_English) cynn ) tracing their ancestry to the tribe's divine or semi-divine founder. Under the influence of the Roman Empire (/wiki/Roman_Empire) , the power of Germanic kings over their own people increased throughout the centuries, partially because mass-migrations of the time required more stern leadership. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960153–166-16) Caesar notes that in wartime, Germanic tribes would select a "magistrate" with supreme authority to wage war. Those who refused to follow him were considered traitors, and were subjected to social isolation: When a nation either defends itself in war or wages it, magistrates are selected to be in charge of the war with power of life and death... Those unwilling to follow are thought as deserters and traitors and are no longer trusted in anything. [i] (#cite_note-53) Assemblies [ edit ] Germanic thing (/wiki/Thing_(assembly)) , drawn after the depiction in a relief of the Column of Marcus Aurelius (/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius) (193 CE (/wiki/Common_Era) ) Main article: Thing (assembly) (/wiki/Thing_(assembly)) All freemen had the right to participate in general assemblies or things (/wiki/Thing_(assembly)) , where disputes between freemen were addressed according to customary law. [ citation needed ] In the federalist (/wiki/Federalism) organization of Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) , where cantonal (/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland) structures remained comparatively local, the Germanic thing survived into the 21st century in the form of the Landsgemeinde (/wiki/Landsgemeinde) , albeit subject to federal law. [ citation needed ] Legal codes [ edit ] The king was bound to uphold ancestral law, but was at the same time the source for new laws for cases not addressed in previous tradition. This aspect was the reason for the creation of the various Germanic law codes by the kings following their conversion to Christianity (/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Germanic_peoples) : besides recording inherited tribal law, these codes have the purpose of settling the position of the church and Christian clergy within society, usually setting the weregilds (/wiki/Weregild) of the members of the clerical hierarchy parallel to that of the existing hierarchy of nobility, with the position of an archbishop (/wiki/Archbishop) mirroring that of the king. [ citation needed ] Generally speaking, Roman legal codes eventually provided the model for many Germanic laws and they were fixed in writing along with Germanic legal customs. [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997310-54) Traditional Germanic society was gradually replaced by the system of estates (/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm) and feudalism (/wiki/Feudalism) characteristic of the High Middle Ages (/wiki/High_Middle_Ages) in both the Holy Roman Empire (/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire) and Anglo-Norman (/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England) England in the 11th to 12th centuries, to some extent under the influence of Roman law (/wiki/Roman_law) as an indirect result of Christianisation, but also because political structures had grown too large for the flat hierarchy of a tribal society (/wiki/Tribal_society) . [ citation needed ] The same effect of political centralization took hold in Scandinavia slightly later, in the 12th to 13th century ( Age of the Sturlungs (/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs) , Consolidation of Sweden (/wiki/Consolidation_of_Sweden) , Civil war era in Norway (/wiki/Civil_war_era_in_Norway) ), by the end of the 14th century culminating in the giant Kalmar Union (/wiki/Kalmar_Union) . [ citation needed ] Egill Skallagrímsson (/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson) engaging in holmgang (/wiki/Holmgang) with Berg-Önundr, painting by Johannes Flintoe (/wiki/Johannes_Flintoe) Elements of tribal law, notably the wager of battle (/wiki/Trial_by_combat) , remained in effect throughout the Middle Ages, in the case of the Holy Roman Empire until the establishment of the Imperial Chamber Court (/wiki/Imperial_Chamber_Court) in the early German Renaissance (/wiki/German_Renaissance) . Determining guilt [ edit ] Further information: Holmgang (/wiki/Holmgang) In the case of a suspected crime, the accused could avoid punishment by presenting a fixed number of free men (their number depending on the severity of the crime) prepared to swear an oath (/wiki/Oath) on his innocence. Failing in having witness testify in his favor, an accused man could prove his innocence in a trial. Such trials often the outcome when numerous individuals would swear oaths both in support and opposition of the defendant. Trials were typically either a trial by ordeal (/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal) or a trial by combat (/wiki/Trial_by_combat) . Common ordeals include trial by water (/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal) and trial by fire (/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal) . [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960147–150-55) If someone was accused of crimes against the community itself, the determining of guilt or innocence was generally left to the priests. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960147–150-55) Punishment [ edit ] Further information: Bog body (/wiki/Bog_body) The Tollund Man (/wiki/Tollund_Man) of the 4th century BCE is one of the best studied examples of a bog body (/wiki/Bog_body) . Such bodies are often the remains of Germanic individuals subjected to capital punishment. Capital crimes in early Germanic culture included treason, cowardice in battle, desertion, assassination, degenerate magical practices and robbery. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960147–150-55) Tacitus notes that traitors were on occasion hanged in trees, while cowards were disposed of by drowning them in swamps: "Traitors and deserters are hanged on trees. Cowards, those who will not fight, and those who have defiled their bodies, are plunged into a boggy mire, with a wicker hurdle pressed on top of them." [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus200943_[Ch._12]-56) Hanging was considered an offering to the gods, while the drowning in swamps was more of a symbolic act, intended to completely remove the criminal from contact with the living. Some bog bodies (/wiki/Bog_body) appear to have been bound, and it is possible that they were buried alive. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960147–150-55) Corporal or capital punishment for free men does not figure prominently in the Germanic law codes, and banishment (/wiki/Banishment) appears generally to be the most severe penalty issued officially. This reflects that Germanic tribal law did not have the scope of exacting revenge (/wiki/Blood_feud) , which was left to the judgement of the family of the victim, but to settle damages as fairly as possible once an involved party decided to bring a dispute before the assembly. [ citation needed ] Weregild [ edit ] Main article: Weregild (/wiki/Weregild) Early Germanic law reflects a hierarchy of worth within the society of free men, reflected in the differences in weregild (/wiki/Weregild) . The weregild was instituted as a way to prevent the blood feuds (/wiki/Blood_feud) . It was a sum of money which was to be paid to the injured party as compensation for damage to person or property. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960147–150-55) The amount of weregild to be paid depended upon the damage done and the position of the persons involved. It was generally regulated by the tribal assembly. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960147–150-55) A fascinating component of early Germanic laws were the varying distinctions concerning the physical body, as each body part had a personal injury value and corresponding legal claims for personal injury viewed matters like gender, rank and status as a secondary interest when deliberating cases. [48] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver2011203–226-57) Among the Anglo-Saxons, a regular free man (a ceorl (/wiki/Churl) ) had a weregild of 200 shillings (/wiki/Shilling) (i.e. solidi (/wiki/Solidus_(coin)) or gold pieces), classified as a twyhyndeman "200-man" for this reason, while a nobleman commanded a fee of six times that amount ( twelfhyndeman "1200-man"). [ citation needed ] Among the Alemanni the basic weregild for a free man was 200 shillings, and the amount could be doubled or tripled according to the man's rank. Unfree serfs (/wiki/Serf) did not command a weregild, and the recompense paid in the event of their death was merely for material damage, 15 shillings in the case of the Alamanni, increased to 40 or 50 if the victim had been a skilled artisan. [ citation needed ] The social hierarchy is not only reflected in the weregild due in the case of the violent or accidental death of a man, but also in differences in fines for lesser crimes. Thus the fines for insults, injury, burglary or damage to property differ depending on the rank of the injured party. [ citation needed ] [j] (#cite_note-58) They do not usually depend on the rank of the guilty party, although there are some exceptions associated with royal privilege. [k] (#cite_note-59) Free women did not have a political station of their own but inherited the rank of their father if unmarried, or their husband if married. [ citation needed ] The weregild or recompense due for the killing or injuring of a woman is notably set at twice that of a man of the same rank in Alemannic law (/wiki/Lex_Alamannorum) . [ citation needed ] Property [ edit ] Caesar writes that Germanic peoples did not own private property, but that land was the property of the entire tribe, and was distributed by the tribal leaders to be occupied for a specified amount of time. Such measures were intended to prevent members of the tribe from becoming settled agriculturalists, and to prevent wealth concentration, which could become a source of instability. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) To a large degree, many of the extant legal records from the Germanic tribes seem to revolve around property transactions. [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver201127-61) In early Germanic society, the free men of property each ruled their own estate (/wiki/Estate_(house)) and were subject to the king directly, without any intermediate hierarchy as in later feudalism (/wiki/Feudalism) . Free men without landed property could swear fealty (/wiki/Oath) to a man of property who as their lord would then be responsible for their upkeep, including generous feasts (/wiki/Symbel) and gifts. This system of sworn retainers was central to early Germanic society, and the loyalty of the retainer to his lord generally replaced his family ties. [ citation needed ] Warfare [ edit ] The 3rd-century Great Ludovisi sarcophagus (/wiki/Great_Ludovisi_sarcophagus) depicts a battle between Goths (/wiki/Goths) and Romans (/wiki/Roman_army) . Main article: Early Germanic warfare (/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare) Although the arrival of the Corded Ware culture in Northern Europe in the 3rd millennium BC must have been accompanied by widespread conflict, Germanic society during the Nordic Bronze Age of the 2nd millennium BC appears to have been largely peaceful. With the introduction of iron to Northern Europe however, Germanic society became heavily characterized by war. [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960119–133-62) Germanic weapons were usually spears, javelins, shields and sometimes broad slashing swords, known as Spathae to the Romans. Shields were round, oval or hexagonal, often painted with tribal or clan symbols. Body armour and helmets were rare, being reserved for chiefs and their inner circle of warriors, many Germanic warriors often fought naked. [52] (#cite_note-63) "Even iron is not plentiful with them, as we infer from the character of their weapons. But few use swords or long lances. They carry a spear [hasta] (framea is their name for it), with a narrow and short head, but so sharp and easy to wield that the same weapon serves, according to circumstances, for close or distant conflict. As for the horse-soldier, he is satisfied with a shield and spear; the foot-soldiers also scatter showers of javelins each man having several and hurling them to an immense distance, and being naked or lightly clad with a little cloak." -Tacitus, Germania Germanic warfare largely emphasized offensive infantry warfare. Armies would typically attack in a wedge formation, with chieftains leading from the front fighting side by side with their immediate family members. Germanic warriors would eventually also excel at horse-powered warfare and naval warfare. Fortifications were rarely used, and as a result, there was little use for siege equipment. [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960119–133-62) Raids by small war bands led by a charismatic leader, a so-called comitatus (/wiki/Comitatus) , was a common occurrence. Military training was started from an early age. During the time of the Roman Empire (/wiki/Roman_Empire) , large number of Germanic mercenaries served in the Roman army (/wiki/Roman_army) , some even gaining prominent positions. Early Germanic peoples believed that heroic death in battle would enable a warrior admittance to Valhalla, a majestic hall presided over by Odin, chief of the Germanic pantheon. [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960119–133-62) In times of distress, a Germanic tribe would on occasion embark on a wholesale mass-migration, in which the entire able-bodied population became engaged in war. In a series of Germanic Wars (/wiki/Germanic_Wars) , invading Germanic peoples overwhelmed the Western Roman Empire (/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire) and established themselves as the foremost military powers of Western Europe in its place. [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960119–133-62) Economy [ edit ] Further information: Félag (/wiki/F%C3%A9lag) Agriculture [ edit ] Germanic agriculture emphasized cereal production and animal husbandry (/wiki/Animal_husbandry) . This depended on the nature of the area. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Cereals produced by Germanic agriculturalists was normally used for home consumption, rather than being sold or exported. Cattle hides was however an important export for Germanic merchants. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) History [ edit ] Traces of the earliest pastoralism of the Germanic peoples appear in central Europe in the form of elaborate cattle burials along the Elbe and Vistula Rivers from around 4000–3000 BCE. [53] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006312-64) These archaeological remnants were left by the Globular Amphora culture (/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture) who cleared forests for herding cattle and sometime after 3000 BCE began using wheeled carts and plows to cultivate their lands. Central to survival for their assistance in tilling the soil and supplying food, cattle became an economic resource to these early people. [54] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006313-65) The Funnelbeaker culture (/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture) and Corded Ware culture and (circa. 2900–2300 BCE) coincide one another and provide evidence of how the ancestors of the Germanic peoples lived. [55] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006313–314-66) Roman descriptions [ edit ] Caesar writes that the Germanic tribes were not agricultural people, and that tribal leaders instituted active measures to prevent members of the tribe from becoming settled agriculturalists. Archaeological research has however discovered that this observation by Caesar is not entirely correct. Agriculture was and had been for a long time a key component in Germanic life. Caesar's observations were made from warlike tribes on the move near the Roman borders, and are thus not representative of all the Germanic peoples. That agriculture was an important part of Germanic life is attested by Caesar, when he writes that the Usipetes (/wiki/Usipetes) and Tencteri (/wiki/Tencteri) had been forced to migrate from their lands after the Suebi had sabotaged their crops. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Tacitus writes that the Germanic peoples were more of a pastoral people than an agricultural people. Wealth was in a large part measured by the amount of cattle owned. He noted that Germanic cattle was of smaller size than Roman cattle. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Crop raising [ edit ] The chief cereal grains produced were wheat and barley (/wiki/Barley) . In later times oats (/wiki/Oat) and rye (/wiki/Rye) were also cultivated. Garden products such as beans (/wiki/Beans) , beets (/wiki/Beets) , peas (/wiki/Peas) and turnips (/wiki/Turnips) were well known. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Evidence from a Saxon village known as Feddersen Wierde (/wiki/Feddersen_Wierde) near Cuxhaven (/wiki/Cuxhaven) , Germany (which existed between BCE 50 to CE 450) shows that the Germanic peoples cultivated oats (/wiki/Oat) and rye, used manure (/wiki/Manure) as fertilizer, and that they practiced crop rotation (/wiki/Crop_rotation) . [56] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne200839-67) Husbandry [ edit ] Germanic agriculturalists primarily emphasized the raising of cattle, but goats, pigs (/wiki/Domestic_pigs) , horses and sheep also played an important role. This had been the case since at least the early Bronze Age. There were plenty of chickens, ducks and geese (/wiki/Geese) in Germanic farmyards. A Germanic farm was typically inhabited by a large number of dogs. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Germanic farmers harvested wool (/wiki/Wool) from their sheep, and used it for clothing. Oxen (/wiki/Oxen) were used to plow the fields and for drawing wagons. This was the main means of transport. Horses were used for riding, ans also later as a draft animal. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) In areas along the North Sea (/wiki/North_Sea) coast, cattle raising appears to have been prevalent. This was because the high probability of flooding made agriculture risky. Similarly, in mountainous areas with good pasture but poor soil, husbandry was prevalent. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Agricultural settlements [ edit ] Archaeological research has uncovered two forms of Germanic agricultural settlements. There were the farm village and the individual farm. The prevalence of either of these forms of settlements depended upon the nature of the land. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) The prevalence of the individual farm among Germanic peoples has sometimes been ascribed to their love of independence. Such individual farms depended upon a plentiful supply of water. Areas with poor soil or where the area was broken up by hills also encouraged the prevalence of individual farms. In the Icelandic sagas only individual farms are mentioned, and this also appears to have been the case in Norway, from where most of the Icelanders (/wiki/Icelanders) came. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) The establishment of agricultural villages was more common in areas with rich soil or a poor water supply. Such settlements were typically grouped around a common water supply. Such settlements required a more sophisticated form or communal organization. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Equipment [ edit ] The plough (/wiki/Plough) was the most important form of agricultural equipment for the early Germanic peoples, who had abandoned the hoe (/wiki/Hoe_(tool)) in Neolithic times. The Germanic words for plough are of distinct Indo-European origin. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) The plough was typically drawn by oxen, as shown in Bronze Age rock carvings. The wheel plough was eventually introduced to them from the south. It significantly improved the efficiency of Germanic agriculture. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) The Germanic tribes appear to have been the first peoples to use the heavy plough (/wiki/Heavy_plough) , which enabled them to farm the rough forested lowlands of Northern Europe. In this respect their technology was superior to that of the Romans. [l] (#cite_note-69) The Germanic word for harrow (/wiki/Harrow_(tool)) is of Indo-European origin, indicating that this tool was introduced at an early time. The sickle (/wiki/Sickle) was used for the reaping of grain, while the ancient practice of beating out grain with sticks or tramping it out remained prevalent for a long time. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Iron Age oak boat discovered at Nydam Mose (/wiki/Nydam_Mose) in Sønderborg (/wiki/S%C3%B8nderborg) , Denmark. The fields were tilled with a light-weight wooden ard (/wiki/Ard_(plough)) , although heavier models also existed in some areas. [ citation needed ] Fishing [ edit ] Among Germanic peoples living along the coasts, fishing was an important business. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Hunting [ edit ] This section is empty. You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Germanic_culture&action=edit&section=) . ( December 2019 ) Trade [ edit ] The Amber Road (/wiki/Amber_Road) from the Baltic Sea (/wiki/Baltic_Sea) to Rome (/wiki/Rome) Further information: Amber Road (/wiki/Amber_Road) , Trade during the Viking Age (/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age) , Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks) , and Volga trade route (/wiki/Volga_trade_route) The presence of amber in Mycenaean (/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece) graves, and the presence of Italian bronze daggers in Northern European graves, attest to trade relations between early Bronze Age Germanic peoples and the Mediterranean Sea (/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) . Such trade further increased in volume through the Iron Age (/wiki/Iron_Age) . [58] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960174–178-70) The early Germanic peoples imported a large amount of gold from Ireland and ornaments from cultures along the Danube (/wiki/Danube) . Large amounts of amber (/wiki/Amber) has been discovered at sites of the Hallstatt culture (/wiki/Hallstatt_culture) , testifying to a massive export of this commodity by the Germanic peoples to their Celtic southern neighbors. From the Hallstatt culture, this amber found its way to the Villanovan culture (/wiki/Villanovan_culture) . In return, the Germanic peoples imported salt from the Hallstatt culture. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) The arrival of iron from the south into Germanic territories led to a partial collapse of the Nordic Bronze Age. By this time the amber trade had declined. [58] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960174–178-70) Map showing the major Varangian (/wiki/Varangians) trade routes: the Volga trade route (/wiki/Volga_trade_route) (in red) and the Dnieper and Dniester routes (/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks) (in purple). Other trade routes of the 8th–11th centuries shown in orange. Roman goods exported by the Romans to Germanic territories include beads (/wiki/Bead) , coins, glassware, silverware and weapons. In turn the Romans received amber, cattle, fur and slaves. By the 4th century, wine became a very important Roman export to the Germanic world. It became a luxury product widely consumed by Germanic leaders. [58] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960174–178-70) The two most important trade routes between Rome and the Germanic world went either along the North Sea coast or along the Vistula (/wiki/Vistula) towards the Adriatic (/wiki/Adriatic_Sea) . Significant trade routes were also located along the Oder (/wiki/Oder) and Elbe (/wiki/Elbe) rivers. [58] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960174–178-70) Trade relations between Rome and the Germanic peoples increased throughout the history of the Roman Empire. This trade also facilitated increased cultural contacts. As the Germanic peoples became more and more acquainted with Roman industrial products, their appreciation of Roman coinage (/wiki/Roman_currency) increased. The importation of Roman coins into Germanic territories reduced the importance of amber in Germanic society. Large collections of Roman coinage have been found deep into Germanic territories, even in Scandinavia. [58] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960174–178-70) Returning Germanic mercenaries in the Roman army (/wiki/Roman_army) brought back many Roman products to their communities. [58] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960174–178-70) One of the reasons the Romans may have drawn borders along the Rhine, besides the sizable population of Germanic warriors on one side of it, was that the Germanic economy was not robust enough for them to extract much booty nor were they convinced they could acquire sufficient tax revenue from any additional efforts of conquest. Drawing a distinctive line between themselves and Germanic people also incentivized alliances and trade as the Germanic people sought a share of the imperial wealth. [59] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManco2013202-71) Finance [ edit ] In early Germanic society, amber was an important medium of exchange. [58] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960174–178-70) Early Germanic peoples are recorded as being intensely opposed to taxation. For this reason, it is noted by Salvian (/wiki/Salvian) , native Romans in many cases preferred "barbarian" rule over Roman rule. [60] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2010172-72) "For in the Gothic country the barbarians are so far from tolerating this sort of oppression that not even Romans who live among them have to bear it. Hence all the Romans in that region have but one desire, that they may never have to return to the Roman jurisdiction. It is the unanimous prayer of the Roman people in that district that they may be permitted to continue to lead their present life among the barbarians." [60] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2010172-72) Roman coinage was coveted by the Germanic people who preferred silver to gold coins, mostly likely indications that a market economy was developing. Tacitus does mention the presence of a bartering system being observable among the Germanic people, but this was not exclusive, as he also writes of their use of "gold and silver for the purpose of commerce", adding rather sardonically in his text, that they preferred silver for buying cheap everyday goods. [61] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus200940_[Ch._5]-73) Such observations from Tacitus aside, fine metalwork, iron and glassware was soon being traded by the Germanic peoples along the coast of the North Sea of Denmark and the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) . [62] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006315–316-74) Slavery [ edit ] Main article: Thrall (/wiki/Thrall) Slavery was common among the early Germanic peoples. Slaves were both captured during war and purchased. Certain slaves had on the contrary lost their freedom through gambling. Such individuals were however generally expelled from the community. As the Germanic peoples were frequently engaged in war, there was a constant supply of cheap slaves, although slavery was never as important an institution as it became in ancient Rome. [63] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960150–153-75) In the Germanic economy, slaves performed both domestic work and farm labor. Attractive female slaves would often end up as concubines (/wiki/Concubine) for leaders and wealthy landowners. Gladiator (/wiki/Gladiator) games between slaves, such as those carried out in ancient Rome, is not mentioned as having been common among Germanic peoples, although it is possible that such games were arranged among the Germanic peoples living on the Roman border. [63] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960150–153-75) According to Tacitus, Germanic peoples treated slaves more mildly than contemporary peoples. Although the master had complete power of life and death over his slave, mistreatment of slaves is not recorded in early Germanic literature. In the Icelandic sagas, the children of slaves and masters are often mentioned as playing with each other. The manumission (/wiki/Manumission) of slaves among Germanic peoples was common, just as it was among the Romans. Owen notes that the life of a Germanic slave was "infinitely better than on the industrialized farms of Italy.". [63] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960150–153-75) Craftsmanship [ edit ] [W]ith their great ferocity [Germans] combine great craft, to an extent scarcely credible to one who has had no experience with them, and are a race to lying born... [64] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2016303-76) – Marcus Velleius Paterculus (/wiki/Marcus_Velleius_Paterculus) After 1300 BCE the societies of Jutland (/wiki/Jutland) and Northern Germany (/wiki/Northern_Germany) along with the Celtic people experienced a major revolution in technology during the Late Bronze Age, shaping tools, containers and weapons through the improved techniques of working bronze. [ citation needed ] Both the sword and the bow and arrow as well as other weaponry proliferate and an arms race of sorts between the tribes ensued as they tried to outpace one another. Trade was taking place to a greater degree and simple gems and amber from the Mediterranean indicate that long-distance exchange of goods was occurring. [65] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006314–315-77) Important small-scale industries in Germanic society were weaving (/wiki/Weaving) , the manual production of basic pottery (/wiki/Pottery) and, more rarely, the fabrication of iron tools, especially weapons. [ citation needed ] When the Iron Age arrived, the Germanic people showed greater mastery of ironworks than their Celtic contemporaries but they did not have the extensive trade networks during this period that their southern neighbors enjoyed with the Greco-Roman world. [66] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006315-78) [m] (#cite_note-80) In many cases in fact, ancient Germanic smiths and other craftsmen produced products of higher quality than the Romans. [n] (#cite_note-82) [o] (#cite_note-84) Germanic metalworkers must have held very important positions in their societies. This is attested by the respect accorded to master craftsmen in Germanic literature, such as Wayland the Smith (/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith) . [58] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960174–178-70) Architecture [ edit ] Mead hall [ edit ] Main article: Mead hall (/wiki/Mead_hall) A reconstructed Viking Age mead hall (/wiki/Mead_hall) (28.5 metres long). A significant structure in Germanic architecture was the mead hall (/wiki/Mead_hall) . It was designed for the purpose of serving as a dining-hall, sleeping-room and assembly for the chieftain and his followers. Such hall are vividly described in the Germanic epics. In Beowulf (/wiki/Beowulf) , which takes place in 6th century Scandinavia, the mead hall is described as a quadrilateral structure of wood with a raised platform on either side within. In the center on one side of the mead-hall, there was a high-seat and a secondary high-seat, which were reserved for the chieftain and his guest of honor respectively. In front of the high-seats were long tables upon which heavy planks were raised. The chief's followers would sleep in the hall at raised platforms during the night, with their equipment hanging above on the wall ready for use. The king would normally sleep in a separate structure. A blazing hearth (/wiki/Hearth) was placed in the center of the hall. Infrastructure [ edit ] Archaeologists have discovered a number of well-constructed roads across moors in Germanic territories. Although the Germanic peoples were not road-builders, paths and wagon tracks were created. They later learned the art of road-building from Roman engineers (/wiki/Roman_engineering) . [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Germanic peoples did not build bridges. Rivers were instead crossed at fords or by boats. This is vividly described in the Nibelungenlied. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Dwellings [ edit ] The dwelling houses of the Germanic tribes varied by locality and time period. Typically, they were of timber and constructed rectangularly with walls of upright posts. Intervening spaces were filled with interwoven twigs (/wiki/Twig) and branches (/wiki/Branch) , and then smeared with clay (/wiki/Clay) . When dry this had the same effect as modern stucco (/wiki/Stucco) . Roofs were thatched with grass or straw. [70] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960139–143-85) Early Germanic houses were typically unitary, housing both humans and animals. Buildings often had upright logs or posts as walls, long crossed rafters (/wiki/Rafter) at the top and thatched (/wiki/Thatching) saddle roofs (/wiki/Saddle_roof) , with the interior of the house being divided into three parts by two rows of posts. The entrance was typically on the side and there was an exit in the roof for the smoke from the hearth. The living quarters were generally in one part of the building, while the stalls for cattle were in the side areas. [70] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960139–143-85) Round houses were not uncommon in Germanic architecture, but was more frequent among the Celts. This form of architecture appears to have been borrowed by Germanic peoples encroaching upon Celtic territory, such as the Marcomanni (/wiki/Marcomanni) . On the Column of Marcus Aurelius (/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius) , Roman soldiers are depicted setting fire to such round houses belonging to the Marcomanni. [70] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960139–143-85) A more simple Germanic construction were log huts with thatched roofs at an angle of ca. 45 degrees. Such structures are described by Strabo (/wiki/Strabo) and Pliny, who claim that those could be loaded on wagons and established at a new place. These constructions were probably utilized during times of war or migration. [70] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960139–143-85) Germanic houses were frequently constructed on artificial mounds as a measure against flooding. This form of construction was particularly common along the North Sea coast, where floods were frequent. [70] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960139–143-85) Houses belonging to powerful members of the community were normally quite spacious. [70] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960139–143-85) Settlements [ edit ] Further information: Árheimar (/wiki/%C3%81rheimar) and Birka (/wiki/Birka) Germanic settlements were typically small, rarely containing much more than ten households, often less, and were usually located by clearings in the woods. [p] (#cite_note-86) Settlements remained of a fairly constant size throughout the period. [ citation needed ] Germanic settlements were typically along the coasts and rivers. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Other buildings [ edit ] The more simple structures in Germanic villages were often dug-out shelters with dung (/wiki/Cow_dung) -covered roofs. These were generally used as supply-rooms, work-rooms or dwelling places for the poor. [70] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960139–143-85) Feddersen Wierde [ edit ] A reconstructed house from Feddersen Wierde in the Hannover Museum The best known settlements are the wurts, or warfts in North Germany. The classic site is Feddersen Wierde (/wiki/Feddersen_Wierde) , near Cuxhaven at the mouth of the River Weser. This was inhabited from the first century BC until the fifth century AD, when due to the rising sea level, they probably emigrated to England. A comprehensive archaeological excavation between 1954 and 1963 yielded valuable knowledge about prehistoric settlements in the North Germany Music [ edit ] This section is empty. You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Germanic_culture&action=edit&section=) . ( December 2019 ) Cuisine [ edit ] Diet [ edit ] Although the Germanic tribes practiced both agriculture and husbandry, the latter was extremely important both as a source of dairy products and as a basis for wealth and social status, which was measured by the size of an individual's herd. [71] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishlanskyGearyO'Brien2008164-87) Caesar writes that the Germanic peoples mainly consumed milk, cheese and meat. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) The diet consisted mainly of the products of farming and husbandry and was supplied by hunting to a very modest extent. Barley and wheat were the most common agricultural products and were used for baking a certain flat type of bread as well as brewing beer. [56] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne200839-67) Beowulf and the Icelandic sagas describe a society with a plentiful supply of food. [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Many of the famous Germanic mass-migrations carried out appear to have been motivated by famine (/wiki/Famine) , often induced by crop failures (/wiki/Crop_failure) . [49] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960166–174-60) Drinks [ edit ] Vendel Period (/wiki/Vendel_Period) bronze horn fittings and 3rd century glass drinking horn on display at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities (/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities) . Further information: Mead (/wiki/Mead) and Symbel (/wiki/Symbel) Early Germanic peoples prepared both ale (/wiki/Ale) , mead (/wiki/Mead) , beer and wine. The importance of drinking at social functions is vividly described in pieces of Germanic literature such as Beowulf, the Nibelungenlied and the Poetic Edda (/wiki/Poetic_Edda) . [72] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960133–139-88) Both the words beer and ale (/wiki/Ale) are of distinct Germanic origin, having no cognates (/wiki/Cognate) in other Indo-European languages (/wiki/Indo-European_languages) . In early Germanic culture, beer had been sweetened by honey (/wiki/Honey) , while ale was made from grain alone. Since the honey had to be imported from the south, it is probable that ale was being drunk among the Germanic tribes earlier than beer. [72] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960133–139-88) Tacitus notes that the Germanic drink was "a liquid made from barley or wheat fermented into a faint resemblance of whine." [72] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960133–139-88) Evidence from Germanic literature and the Germanic vocabulary show that mead played a particularly important role in early Germanic culture. The oldest mentioning of mead (/wiki/Mead) being drunk by the Germanic tribes is from the 5th century writer Priscus (/wiki/Priscus) , who writes that mead was being consumed at the court of Attila. Mead was prepared through boiling a mixture of water and honey and leaving it to ferment (/wiki/Ferment) . In later times wine was added to the mead. [72] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960133–139-88) Wine seems to have been introduced to the Germanic tribes at a late date, as this drink could not be produced in Northern Europe, and had to be imported. [72] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960133–139-88) Contrary to Caesar, Tacitus writes that several Germanic tribes were known to drink excessively. Germanic drinking bouts were often accompanied with violence. Tacitus adds in this connection that the Germanic peoples were more easily defeated through exploiting their vices than by attacking them militarily. [72] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960133–139-88) Caesar notes that certain warlike and powerful Germanic tribes, such as the Nervii (/wiki/Nervii) and Suebi, practiced teetotalism (/wiki/Teetotalism) , banning the import of alcoholic beverages to their territories in order to combat degeneracy. [q] (#cite_note-90) [r] (#cite_note-92) Family life [ edit ] "The Women of the Teutons (/wiki/Teutons) Defend the Wagon Fort (/wiki/Laager) " (1882) by Heinrich Leutemann (/wiki/Heinrich_Leutemann) The most important family relationships among the early Germanic peoples were within the individual household, a fact based on the archaeological evidence from their settlements where the long-houses appeared to be central in their existence. Within the household unit, an individual was equally bound to both the mother and the father's side of the family. [75] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200432-93) Fathers were the main figures of authority, [76] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006317-94) but wives also played an important and respected role. Children were valued, and according to Tacitus, limiting or destroying one's offspring was considered shameful. Mothers apparently breast-fed their own children rather than using nurses. [ citation needed ] Besides parents and children, a household might include slaves, but slavery was uncommon, and according to Tacitus, slaves normally had households of their own. Their slaves (usually prisoners of war) were most often employed as domestic servants. [76] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006317-94) Extended family [ edit ] Further information: Sippe (/wiki/Sippe) and Norse clans (/wiki/Norse_clans) A drinking scene on an image stone (/wiki/Image_stone) from Gotland (/wiki/Gotland) , in the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities (/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities) in Stockholm. A Germanic family was part of an extended family known as the sippe (/wiki/Sippe) , which was the basis for the organization of Germanic society. The sippe provided the basis for the organization of the "hundreds" in times of war, and determined the amount of weregild to be paid in disputes. A family was the core of the household, which also included slaves and others who worked on the estate. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960153–166-16) The writings of Tacitus allude to the Germanic peoples being aware of a shared ethnicity (/wiki/Ethnicity) , in that, they either knew or believed that they shared a common biological ancestor with one another. [ citation needed ] Just how pervasive this awareness may have been is certainly debatable, but other factors like language, clothing, ornamentation, hair styles, weapon types, religious practices and shared oral history were likely just as significant in tribal identity for the Germanic peoples. [77] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006318-95) Members of a Germanic tribe told tales about the exploits of heroic founding figures who were more or less mythologized. Village life consisted of free men assembled under a chieftain, all of whom shared common cultural and political traditions. Status among the early Germanic tribes was often gauged by the size of a man's cattle herd or by one's military prowess. [78] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeary1999111-96) Before their conversion to Christianity, the Germanic peoples of Europe were made up of several tribes (/wiki/Tribe) , each functioning as an economic and military unit and sometimes united by a common religious cult. Outsiders could be adopted into a new tribe. Kinship (/wiki/Kinship) , especially close kinship, was very important to life within a tribe but generally was not the source of a tribe's identity. In fact, several elements of ancient Germanic life tended to weaken the role of kinship: the importance of the retinues (/wiki/Retinue) surrounding military chieftains (/wiki/Chieftain) , the ability of strong leaders to unite people who were not closely related, and feuds (/wiki/Feud) and other conflicts within a tribe that might lead to permanent divisions. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960153–166-16) A code of ethics in battle prevailed among the Germanic kin. According to Tacitus, the greatest disgrace that can befall a warrior of a clan among the Germanic tribes was the abandonment of their shield during combat, as this almost certainly resulted in social isolation. [79] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus200940_[Ch._6]-97) Within tribal Germanic society, their social hierarchy was linked intrinsically to war and this warrior code maintained the fidelity between chiefs and their young warriors. [80] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2003324-98) Feuds were the standard means for resolving conflicts and regulating behavior. Peace within the tribe was about controlling violence with codes identifying exactly how certain types of feuds were to be settled. [77] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006318-95) Those closely related to a person who had been injured or killed were supposed to exact revenge on or monetary payment from the offender. This duty helped reaffirm the bonds between extended family members. Yet such feuds weakened the tribe as a whole, sometimes leading to the creation of a new tribe as one group separated from the rest. Clans of Germanic people consisted of groupings of about 50 households in total with societal rules for each specific clan. [76] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006317-94) Recent scholarship suggests that, despite the obligation to take part in feuds and other customs involving kinship ties, extended families (/wiki/Extended_families) did not form independent units among the early Germanic peoples. [ citation needed ] Though most members of a tribe would have been more or less distantly related, common descent was not the main source of a tribe's identity, and extended families were not the main social units within a tribe. Traditional theories have emphasized the supposedly central role in Germanic culture of clans or large groups with common ancestry. But there is little evidence that such clans existed, and they were certainly not an important element of social organization. As historian Alexander C. Murray concludes, "kinship was a crucial factor in all aspects of barbarian activity, but its uses and groupings were fluid, and probably on the whole not long lasting." [81] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray198364-99) Internal competition within the factions of a tribe occasionally resulted in internecine warfare which weakened and sometime destroyed a group, as appears to have been the case for the Cherusci tribe during Rome's earlier period. [82] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd200430-100) When a certain number of families resided on the same territory, this constituted a village ( Dorf in German). The overall territory occupied by people from the same tribe was designated in the writings of Tacitus as a civitas , with each of the individual civitas divided into pagi (or cantons), which were made up of several vici . [ citation needed ] In cases where the tribes were grouped into larger confederations or a group of kingdoms, the term pagus (/wiki/Pagus) was applied ( Gau in German). [83] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBémontMonod2012410–415-101) Extensive contact with Rome altered the egalitarian structure of tribal Germanic society. As individuals rose to prominence, a distinction between commoner and nobility developed and with it the previous constructs of folkright shared equally across the tribe was replaced in some cases by privilege. [84] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006321-102) As a result, Germanic society became more stratified (/wiki/Social_stratification) . Elites within the Germanic tribes who learned the Roman system and emulated the way they established dominion were able to gain advantages and exploit them accordingly. [85] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199734-103) Important changes began taking place by the 4th century CE as Germanic peoples, while still cognizant of their unique clan identities, started forming larger confederations of a similar culture. Gathering around the dominant tribes among them and hearkening to the most charismatic leaders brought the various barbarians tribes closer together. On the surface this change appeared to the Romans as welcome since they preferred to deal with a few strong chiefs to control the populations that they feared across the Rhine and Danube, but it eventually made these Germanic rulers of confederated peoples more and more powerful. [86] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantosuo20049-104) While strong, they were still not federated to one another since they possessed no sense of "pan-Germanic solidarity", but this started to change noticeably by the 5th century CE at Rome's expense. [87] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins200550–51-105) Role of women [ edit ] Hervor (/wiki/Hervor) dying after the Battle of the Goths and Huns (/wiki/Hl%C3%B6%C3%B0skvi%C3%B0a) , by Peter Nicolai Arbo (/wiki/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo) See also: Shieldmaiden (/wiki/Shieldmaiden) In early Germanic society, a woman had no formal political rights, meaning that she was not permitted to participate in popular or tribal assemblies. She could be represented through her male relatives, and thus only exert influence from behind the scenes. [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) Despite their lack of direct political influence, Roman writers note that Germanic women had much influence in their society. [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) Some tribes believed that women possessed magical powers and were feared accordingly. [89] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199879-107) Female priestesses had a major influence on decisions made by Cimbri (/wiki/Cimbri) and Teutones (/wiki/Teutones) during the Cimbrian War (/wiki/Cimbrian_War) , and Ariovistus (/wiki/Ariovistus) during his war with Caesar. [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) Germanic epics, such as the Nibelungenlied and Beowulf, describe the strong influence which royal women exerted in their society. [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) Goddesses revered among the Germanic tribes include Nerthus (/wiki/Nerthus) of the Ingvaeones and Freya (/wiki/Freya) . [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) Tacitus describes how, during battles, Germanic warriors were encouraged and cared for by their wives and mothers. Germanic literature contains many references to mischief caused by women. Women playing a prominent role in Germanic literature include Gudrun (/wiki/Gudrun) , Brunhild (/wiki/Brunhild) and the wives of Gunther (/wiki/Gunther) and Njáll Þorgeirsson (/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ll_%C3%9Eorgeirsson) . [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) Sexuality [ edit ] Julius Caesar (/wiki/Julius_Caesar) notes that early Germanic peoples believed sexual abstinence (/wiki/Sexual_abstinence) until adulthood increased physical growth and manliness. [90] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960152–153-108) For a young Germanic man, having had sexual relations with a woman before the age of twenty was considered a disgrace: "Life is all in hunting and military exercise. From childhood they train for labor and hardship. They have great praise among them for those who remain longest without sexual experience. Some think this makes for height, muscle, and strength. Indeed to have had knowledge of a woman before age twenty they think very shameful, and there is no hiding it..." [91] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaesar2019154,_6.21-109) Caesar further noted, to his amazement, that men and women would frequently bath naked together in lakes and rivers. [90] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960152–153-108) Marital relations [ edit ] Process of marriage [ edit ] The Ring of Pietroassa (/wiki/Ring_of_Pietroassa) (drawing by Henri Trenk (/wiki/Henri_Trenk) , 1875). Generally, there were two forms of marriage among the Germanic peoples, one involving the participation of the parents and the other, those that did not. Known as Friedelehe , the latter form consisted of marriage between a free man and a free woman, since marriage between free persons and slaves was forbidden by law. [92] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003262-110) Of note, Tacitus observed that "The dowry (/wiki/Dowry) is not brought by the wife to the husband but by the husband to the wife" and wedding gifts related to a marriage consisted of things like oxen, saddles and various armaments. The marriage of a daughter was typically arranged by her parents, although the wishes of the daughter was generally taken into considerations. Sometimes girls would be given away for marriage as a way to preserve the peace. [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) Marriageable age [ edit ] The age at first marriage (/wiki/Marriageable_age) among ancient Germanic tribes, according to Tacitus, was late for women compared to Roman women: "The young men are slow to mate, and reach manhood with unimpaired vigour. Nor are the virgins hurried into marriage. Being as old and as tall as the men, they are equal to their mates in age and strength, and the children inherit the robustness of their parents." [93] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus200948_[Ch._20]-111) Where Aristotle (/wiki/Aristotle) had set the prime of life at 37 years for men and 18 for women, the Visigothic Code (/wiki/Visigothic_Code) of law in the 7th century placed the prime of life at twenty years for both men and women, after which both presumably married. Thus it can be presumed that ancient Germanic brides were on average about twenty and were roughly the same age as their husbands. [94] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerlihy198573–75-112) Anglo-Saxon women, like those of other Germanic tribes, are marked as women from the age of twelve onward, based on archaeological finds, implying that the age of marriage coincided with puberty (/wiki/Puberty) . [95] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenSiegmund2003107-113) Monogamy vs. polygamy [ edit ] Based on the writings of Tacitus, most of the Germanic men were content with one wife, which indicates a general trend towards monogamy (/wiki/Monogamy) . Tacitus notes that the Germanic tribes were strictly monogamous, and that adultery was severely punished: Considering the great size of the population, adultery is very rare. The penalty for it is instant and left to the husband. He cuts off her hair, strips her naked in the presence of kinsmen, and flogs her all through the village. They have no mercy on a woman who prostitutes her chastity. Neither beauty, nor youth, nor wealth can find her another husband. In fact, no one there laughs about vice, nor is seducing and being seduced called "modern"... To limit the number of their children or to kill one of the later-born is regarded as a crime. [96] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus200947-48_[Ch._19]-114) For those higher within their social hierarchy however, polygamy (/wiki/Polygamy) was sometimes solicited on account of their rank. [97] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus200947_[Ch._18]-115) [s] (#cite_note-116) Intermarriage [ edit ] Statue of Thusnelda (/wiki/Thusnelda) , wife of Arminius (/wiki/Arminius) , at Loggia dei Lanzi (/wiki/Loggia_dei_Lanzi) , Florence. For Germanic kings, warrior chieftains, senators and Roman nobility (/wiki/Roman_nobility) , a certain degree of intermarriage was undertaken to strengthen their ties to one another and to the Empire, making marriage or connubium as the Romans connoted the bond, an instrument of politics. [98] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997105-117) Earlier treaty terms in the late 4th century CE had forbidden "foreign" Goths to intermarry with Romans. [99] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram199788-118) Some of the marriage attempts of the 6th century CE were deliberately planned for the sake of royal succession. Imperial policy had to be carefully charted between the Roman-Germanic claimants to kingship and the maintenance of Roman imperial administration, as the federated Germanic kings attempted to put their stamp on Roman rule and replace Roman armies with their own warriors. Roman leaders were not oblivious to the clever tactics (intermarriage and offspring) employed by Germanic chieftains and adopted creative treaties to either appease them or temper their ambitions. [100] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997106–107-119) Marriage roles [ edit ] Upon being married, a Germanic woman fell under the guardianship of her husband. She became his property. If a man was proven guilty of being violent towards his wife, her family would in some cases begin feud against her husband. Such feuds are described vividly in the Icelandic sagas. [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) Revealing the warlike nature of their society, Tacitus reported that wives came to their husbands as a partner in toils and dangers; to suffer and to dare equally with him, in peace and in war. [97] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus200947_[Ch._18]-115) Upon the death of their husbands and other male relatives on the battlefield and the defeat of their tribe, Germanic women are recorded by Roman historians as having killed their children (/wiki/Infanticide) and committed suicide. Such was the fate of the women of the Cimbri and Teutons after their defeat in the Cimbrian War. [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) For Germanic women of later antiquity, marriage obviously had its appeal since it offered greater security and better placement in their social hierarchy. [101] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003261-120) Evidence of Germanic patriarchy (/wiki/Patriarchy) is evident later in the 7th century CE Edict of Rothari (/wiki/Edict_of_Rothari) of the Lombards, which stated that women were not allowed to live of their own freewill and that they had to be subject to a man and if no one else, they were to be "under the power of the king". [102] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1928281-121) From the Icelandic sagas, it becomes evident that married women had almost complete control of household management. [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) In the case of renowned leaders, their wives were sometimes burned alive with their dead husbands. This tradition is vividly described in the Germanic epics, and the wives who subjected themselves to immolation are praised for their loyalty to their husbands. [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) Divorce [ edit ] In cases of divorce described in the Icelandic sagas, the purchase price for the woman had to be paid back to her parents, and she was permitted to retain property legally owned by her. [88] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960143–147-106) Archaeology [ edit ] Further information: Corded Ware culture (/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture) , Nordic Bronze Age (/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age) , Pre-Roman Iron Age (/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age) , Roman Iron Age (/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age) , Germanic Iron Age (/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age) , Vendel Period (/wiki/Vendel_Period) , and Viking Age (/wiki/Viking_Age) This section is empty. You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Germanic_culture&action=edit&section=) . ( December 2019 ) See the Jastorf culture (/wiki/Jastorf_culture) for a discussion of Germanic archaeology. Art [ edit ] Further information: Migration Period art (/wiki/Migration_Period_art) , Anglo-Saxon art (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art) , and Viking art (/wiki/Viking_art) This section is empty. You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Germanic_culture&action=edit&section=) . ( December 2019 ) Appearances [ edit ] Attempt to reconstruct Bastarnae (/wiki/Bastarnae) costumes at the Archaeological Museum of Kraków (/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Krak%C3%B3w) . Such clothing and weapons were commonplace among peoples on the Roman Empire's borders. Sources [ edit ] The practice of cremation by Germanic tribes of the Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age has made it difficult to ascertain the clothing of Germanic peoples during the initial years of the Iron Age. By the beginning of the Roman Iron Age (/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age) however, burial practices were again changing, although little clothing is generally preserved in burials. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) The clothing of Germanic criminals buried in the moors (/wiki/Moorland) has however been well preserved due to the physical conditions. The descriptions by Roman writers, and particularly the depictions of Germanic warriors on Roman columns, provide valuable evidence of the clothing used by the early Germanic peoples. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) Clothing [ edit ] Further information: Anglo-Saxon dress (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_dress) Male clothing [ edit ] By the Roman Iron Age, as in the Bronze Age, Germanic peoples were wearing long-sleeved jackets reaching down the knees, and a skin or woolen mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) held at the neck with a brooch or safety pin. Contrary to the Bronze Age however, trousers were now being used. This custom had been adopted from the Celts, who in turn had adopted this custom from nomads (/wiki/Eurasian_nomads) of the steppes (/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe) . The adoption of this custom has been ascribed to climatic changes and the increased role of horsemanship in Germanic culture at the time. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) Caesar notes that the Suebi wore only skins, but Tacitus does not agree with this in his observations a hundred years later. While customs might have changed during this time, it is probable that Caesar based his observations strictly from warriors. Evidence from Roman columns and moor bodies substantiate Tacitus. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) Roman monuments typically depicts Germanic warriors as being naked from the waist up, except from a mantle worn over the shoulders. This was probably to achieve increased mobility. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) From about the 3rd century AD, linen (/wiki/Linen) clothing appears more frequently, which is a sign of increasing wealth. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) Reconstruction of the garments of the Vandalic (/wiki/Vandals) couple, with the male having his hair in a " Suebian knot (/wiki/Suebian_knot) " (160 AD), Archaeological Museum of Kraków (/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Krak%C3%B3w) , Poland. Jackets from the 3rd century AD were typically worn over a linen garment. Short knee trousers were also worn. This is shown from moor burials, and from the fact that such trousers began to be used by Roman soldiers at the time, probably as an imitation of Germanic warriors. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) Female clothing [ edit ] Further information: Hangaroc (/wiki/Hangaroc) and Hangerok (/wiki/Hangerok) The dress of Germanic women changed considerably from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. In particular, skirts were more ample and free-flowing. The girle-ornament of the Bronze Age was no longer worn. Tacitus writes that Germanic women more frequently wore linen garments than men. They wore long dresses that were generally dyed in red or other colors. This dress had a high waist and was generally sleeveless. The dress of Germanic women indicate a high degree of practical knowledge of the use of materials. Women must have had a knowledge of dying, and colors were certainly derived from plants. Germanic women are notably depicted in one Roman illustration with trousers and the upper part of the breast partly exposed. This is however not the case from moor burials and other illustrations. It is possible that this illustration was of a female figure symbolizing Germania rather than a typical Germanic woman. Headgear [ edit ] While Germanic males of the Bronze Age generally wore a helm-like cap, the Iron Age was characterized by leaving heads uncovered, whereas the head decorations of Germanic women varied considerably with the times. [104] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–118-123) Women typically wore various kinds of "combs, hairpins and head decoration" as well as ornaments around the forehead; it was also customary for women to wear their hair long and short hair was considered "a mark of disgrace." [105] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960118-124) Shoes [ edit ] Early Germanic peoples typically wore shoes of the sandal (/wiki/Sandal) type. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) Hairstyles [ edit ] The Osterby Head (/wiki/Osterby_Man#Osterby_Head) with Suebian knot (/wiki/Suebian_knot) Further information: Suebian knot (/wiki/Suebian_knot) By the Iron Age, Germanic warriors, particularly those of the Suebi, are known for wearing their hair in a so-called Suebian knot (/wiki/Suebian_knot) . [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) By the 3rd century AD, significant changes had occurred with regards to the Germanic hairstyle. The custom of wearing the hair long had become prominent among such peoples as the Franks, among whom it became a sign of noble birth and eligibility for kingship. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) Germanic warriors are often depicted in Roman columns with full beards (/wiki/Beard) , but this practice probably varied from tribe to tribe and period to period. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) Germanic women typically wore their hair long or plaited. Germanic women wore various types of hairpins and combs. It was considered disgraceful to wear the hair short. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) Ornaments [ edit ] The Germanic peoples of the Bronze Age are well known for their ornaments (/wiki/Ornament_(art)) . The same techniques were handed down to the craftsmen of the Iron Age. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) The display of ornaments played an important part in early Germanic culture. Products were made of both bronze (/wiki/Bronze) , gold and silver. Early Germanic literature reserves a prominent place for ornaments such as the Brísingamen (/wiki/Br%C3%ADsingamen) of the goddess Freya, the Nibelung (/wiki/Nibelung) hoard and the heirlooms of Beowulf. [103] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960115–119-122) Recreational activities [ edit ] Gambling [ edit ] Roman writers note that Germanic peoples were extremely fond of gambling. Francis Owen note that these Roman observations were made from Germanic warriors, who were not necessarily representative of their communities as a whole. [106] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen1960151-125) Germanic studies [ edit ] Further information: Viking revival (/wiki/Viking_revival) , Gothicism (/wiki/Gothicism) , Scandinavism (/wiki/Scandinavism) , and Pan-Germanism (/wiki/Pan-Germanism) Thor's Fight with the Giants (/wiki/Thor%27s_Fight_with_the_Giants) (1872) by Mårten Eskil Winge (/wiki/M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge) was made during the Viking revival (/wiki/Viking_revival) . The Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance) revived interest in pre-Christian Classical Antiquity (/wiki/Classical_Antiquity) and only in a second phase in pre-Christian Northern Europe. [107] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2015146–151-126) The Germanic peoples of the Roman era were often lumped with the other agents of the " barbarian (/wiki/Barbarian) " invasions, the Alans (/wiki/Alans) and the Huns (/wiki/Huns) , as opposed to the civilized Roman identity of the Holy Roman Empire (/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire) . [108] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns20033–9,_14–23,_331-127) Early modern publications dealing with Old Norse (/wiki/Old_Norse) culture appeared in the 16th century, e.g. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus ( Olaus Magnus (/wiki/Olaus_Magnus) , 1555) and the first edition of the 13th century Gesta Danorum (/wiki/Gesta_Danorum) (Saxo Grammaticus), in 1514. [109] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolther19083-128) Authors of the German Renaissance (/wiki/German_Renaissance) such as Johannes Aventinus (/wiki/Johannes_Aventinus) discovered the Germani of Tacitus as the "Old Germans", whose virtue and unspoiled manhood, as it appears in the Roman accounts of noble savagery (/wiki/Noble_savage) , they contrast with the decadence of their own day. [110] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss1963229–230-129) The pace of publication increased during the 17th century with Latin translations of the Edda (notably Peder Resen's Edda Islandorum of 1665). The Viking revival (/wiki/Viking_revival) of 18th century Romanticism (/wiki/Romanticism) created a fascination with anything "Nordic" in disposition. [111] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMjöberg1980207–238-130) The beginning of Germanic philology (/wiki/Germanic_philology) proper begins in the early 19th century, with Rasmus Rask (/wiki/Rasmus_Rask) 's Icelandic Lexicon of 1814, and was in full bloom by the 1830s, with Jacob Grimm (/wiki/Jacob_Grimm) 's Deutsche Mythologie (/wiki/Deutsche_Mythologie) giving an extensive account of reconstructed Germanic mythology (/wiki/Germanic_mythology) and composing a German dictionary ( Deutsches Wörterbuch (/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch) ) of Germanic etymology (/wiki/Common_Germanic) . [112] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911414-131) Jacob Grimm also coauthored with his brother Wilhelm (/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm) , the famous Grimm's Fairy Tales (/wiki/Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales) . Apart from linguistic studies, the subject of what became of the Roman era Germanic tribes, and how they influenced the Middle Ages (/wiki/Middle_Ages) and the development of modern Western culture (/wiki/Western_culture) was a subject discussed during the Enlightenment (/wiki/The_Enlightenment) by such as writers as Montesquieu (/wiki/Montesquieu) and Giambattista Vico (/wiki/Giambattista_Vico) . [113] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramerMaza2002124–138-132) The development of Germanic studies as an academic discipline in the 19th century ran parallel to the rise of nationalism (/wiki/Nationalism) in Europe and the search for national histories (/wiki/Nationalism_and_historiography) for the nascent nation states (/wiki/Nation_state) developing after the end (/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna) of the Napoleonic Wars (/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars) . [114] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2011242–243-133) A Germanic national ethnicity offered itself for the unification of Germany (/wiki/Unification_of_Germany) , contrasting the emerging German Empire (/wiki/German_Empire) with its neighboring rivals of differing ancestry. [115] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2011242–249-134) The emergence of a German ethnic identity was subsequently founded upon national myths (/wiki/National_myth) of Germanic antiquity. [116] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosse196467–87-135) These tendencies culminated in a later Pan-Germanism (/wiki/Pan-Germanism) , Alldeutsche Bewegung which had as its aim, the political unity of all of German-speaking Europe (/wiki/German-speaking_Europe) (all Volksdeutsche (/wiki/Volksdeutsche) ) into a Germanic nation state. [117] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosse1964218–225-136) [118] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198997–111-137) Contemporary Romantic nationalism (/wiki/Romantic_nationalism) in Scandinavia placed more weight on the Viking Age (/wiki/Viking_Age) , resulting in the movement known as Scandinavism (/wiki/Scandinavism) . [119] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry201227,_220,_238–248-138) Following World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) there was a backlash against nationalism, and as a response, government support for the study of ancient Germanic history and culture was significantly reduced both in Germany and Scandinavia. [t] (#cite_note-140) In these years, what remained of Germanic studies was characterized by a reaction against nationalism. Archaeological attempts to assign an identity to early Germanic peoples was deliberately avoided. [u] (#cite_note-142) The uniqueness, common northern origins and antiquity of the early Germanic peoples were called into question. [v] (#cite_note-Todd_9-143) The movement gained particular momentum during the 1960s. It has been strongly associated with the so-called Vienna School , which is associated with the European Science Foundation (/wiki/European_Science_Foundation) and includes prominent members such as Reinhard Wenskus (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Wenskus) , Walter Pohl (/wiki/Walter_Pohl) , Herwig Wolfram (/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram) . [122] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz2015314-144) These scholars employed sociological (/wiki/Sociology) theories to reject the concept of ethnicity (/wiki/Ethnicity) entirely. While Wenskus earlier maintained that the early Germanic peoples held a certain core-tradition ( Traditionskern ), Pohl has later maintained that early Germanic peoples had no institutions or values of their own, and made no contribution to medieval Europe whatsoever. [w] (#cite_note-Liebeschuetz_xxi-145) These views are seconded by Wolfram, who states that Germans (/wiki/Germans) and Scandinavians (/wiki/Scandinavians) "have as much a Germanic history" as " Slavic nations (/wiki/Slavs) , Greeks (/wiki/Greeks) , Turks (/wiki/Turkish_people) and even the Tunisians (/wiki/Tunisians) and Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_people) ." [123] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram199712-146) Wolf Liebeschuetz (/wiki/Wolf_Liebeschuetz) has characterized the theories of the Vienna School as "extraordinarily one-sided" and "dogmatism", and its proponents as having "a closed mind". [w] (#cite_note-Liebeschuetz_xxi-145) More recently, an even more radical group has emerged, which also employs sociological theories to deconstruct (/wiki/Deconstruction) Germanic peoples, while accusing the Vienna School of being " crypto (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crypto) - nationalists (/wiki/Nationalists) ". Andrew Gillett (/wiki/Andrew_Gillett) has emerged as a leading figure among these scholars. According to them, linguistic evidence and Roman and early Germanic literature is unreliable, while archaeology "cannot be used to distinguish between peoples, and should not be used to trace migration". They state that Germanic culture was entirely derived from the Romans, and that there was therefore "no Germanic contribution to medieval Europe." [x] (#cite_note-149) Gillett's theories have been dismissed by Liebeschuetz [y] (#cite_note-Liebeschuetz_xxv-151) as "flawed because they depend on a dogmatic and selective use of the evidence" and "very strongly ideological". [z] (#cite_note-153) In modern times, Malcolm Todd (/wiki/Malcolm_Todd) writes, the ideologically motivated theories of the post-war era have lost currency. The origins of the Germanic peoples are again traced to the first millennium BC, or even the Late Neolithic (/wiki/Late_Neolithic) , in Northern Europe. [v] (#cite_note-Todd_9-143) See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Germanic history and culture (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Germanic_history_and_culture) . Early Slavs (/wiki/Early_Slavs) Ancient Greece (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) Ancient Rome (/wiki/Ancient_Rome) Scythians (/wiki/Scythians) Sarmatians (/wiki/Sarmatians) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-11) See: Don Ringe, A Linguistic History of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 213. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Of the Germanic languages, the only well-attested East Germanic language is Gothic. [a] (#cite_note-11) ^ (#cite_ref-14) For more on this, see: Kurt Braunmüller, "Was ist Germanisch heute?" Sprachwissenschaft 25 (2000): 271–295. ^ (#cite_ref-22) As late as the 10th century there is evidence of runic writing on a stone monument erected by the first Christian king of Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) , Harald Bluetooth (/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth) . In the text, Harald honors his parents using runic script and on the other side of the stone is a depiction of 'Christ in His Glory', incorporating a runic inscription which extolls Harald for acquiring Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) and Norway (/wiki/Norway) and for converting the Danes (/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)) into Christians. See: Moltke (1985). Runes and Their Origin: Denmark and Elsewhere , pp. 207–220. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Many groups of Germanic peoples shared one form or another of a creation story where a divine being emerges from nothingness only to be sacrificed and torn to pieces; the bones of this divine creature (named Ymir) produced the rocks, his flesh became the earth, his blood formed the seas, the clouds emerged from his hair, and his skull made up the sky. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade1984155–156-26) In this creation story, a mighty tree called Yggdrasill (/wiki/Yggdrasill) is situated at the center of the earth, its top touching the sky, its branches covering the earth, and the great tree's roots plunging into hell. Connecting the three planes of "Heaven, Earth, and Hades", this "Universal Tree" symbolized the universe itself. [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade1984157-27) ^ (#cite_ref-34) The principle shared deity among the Germanic tribes, Odin-Wodan, (in varying name forms) was not only the god of war, but of the dead as well. Odin protected great heroes in combat but often killed his "protégés", who were led to him by the Valkyries (/wiki/Valkyrie) and gathered together at Valhalla (/wiki/Valhalla) to practice fighting in preparation for the final eschatological battle of the Ragnarök (/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k) . [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade1984161-33) ^ (#cite_ref-43) See: Levison (1905). Vitae Sancti Bonifatii archiepiscopi moguntini , pp. 31–32. ^ (#cite_ref-50) "The rigorous ethics of early Germanic society, based on trust, loyalty, and courage, and the perhaps somewhat idealized picture of the moral code given by Tacitus, had a divine sanction..." [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermanic_religion_and_mythology,_''Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online''-49) ^ (#cite_ref-53) "When a nation either defends itself in war or wages it, magistrates are selected to be in charge of the war with power of life and death... Those unwilling to follow are thought as deserters and traitors and are no longer trusted in anything." [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaesar2019155,_6.23-52) ^ (#cite_ref-58) E.g. "If a freeman steal from the king, let him pay ninefold", in the Law of Æthelberht (/wiki/Law_of_%C3%86thelberht) , paragraph 4. ^ (#cite_ref-59) E.g. reduction of the weregild to half the regular amount if the man responsible for the killing is employed by the king in the laws of Æthelberht of Kent, paragraph 7. ^ (#cite_ref-69) "Teutonic tribes who moved into a large part of western Europe did not come empty-handed, and in some respects their technology was superior to that of the Romans. It has already been observed that they were people of the Iron Age, and although much about the origins of the heavy plow remains obscure these tribes appear to have been the first people with sufficiently strong iron plowshares to undertake the systematic settlement of the forested lowlands of northern and western Europe, the heavy soils of which had frustrated the agricultural techniques of their predecessors. The invaders came thus as colonizers. They may have been regarded as "barbarians" by the Romanized inhabitants of western Europe who naturally resented their intrusion, and the effect of their invasion was certainly to disrupt trade, industry, and town life. But the newcomers also provided an element of innovation and vitality." [57] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Technology:_Medieval_advance_(500–1500_ce),_''Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online''-68) ^ (#cite_ref-80) "The Teutonic tribes who conquered and divided the Roman Empire were little versed in the monumental arts and unskilled in figure representation; but in metalworking, in the making of weapons and other utilitarian objects, and in the delicate ornament of the goldsmith's art they excelled.." [67] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetalwork:_Teutonic_Tribes,_''Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online''-79) ^ (#cite_ref-82) "Some smiths were able to rework iron into high-quality steel and make sword blades with a core of softer steel for flexibility and harder steel on the exterior to keep a sharp edge, far finer weapons than those used in the Roman army at the time." [68] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006324-81) ^ (#cite_ref-84) "Furthermore, the skills of Germanic smiths and other craftsmen were as good as, or better than those found inside the Roman empire." [69] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDowall200016-83) ^ (#cite_ref-86) This and the following information is based on P.J. Geary, Before France and Germany. The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 44 ff. and M. Innes, Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300–900 (Abingdon 2007), 71–72. ^ (#cite_ref-90) "[T]hey allowed import of no wine or other luxury goods, because they thought these things weakned spirits and diminshed courage..." [73] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaesar201951,_2.15-89) ^ (#cite_ref-92) "They do not let wine be imported to them, for they think it softens men for hard work and makes them womanly." [74] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaesar201951,_4.2-91) ^ (#cite_ref-116) See: Young, Bruce W. (2008). Family Life in the Age of Shakespeare . Greenwood Press, pp. 16–17. ^ (#cite_ref-140) "In Germany...the first need was to detach prehistoric studies from the political influences of the pre-war period. German archaeologists, like their Scandinavian colleagues though sometimes for different reasons, have had to make do with very slender financial resources." [120] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxenstierna19673-139) ^ (#cite_ref-142) "Archaeological attempts to assign an identity to the Germani have been consciously avoided since the end of the Second World War." [121] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay2008146-141) ^ Jump up to: a b "Modern approaches to the problem of German origins have to a large extent been governed by shifts in political feeling... In the early 1960s, Germanic origins came under intense examination from linguists as well as archaeologists. Long-held notions about the separateness of the Germans were seriously challenged. The spread of Germanic peoples from a northern heart-land was brought into question and the creation of a Germanic identity was linked with the advance of Roman power to the Rhine and Danube. The reaction against extreme nationalism had gone too far. In the 1980s the pendulum began a backward swing. Once again, arguments which trace the origin of the Germanic peoples to a remote period of European prehistory, to the later Neolithic, are heard... It is possible to accept that the ancestors of the Germans known to our earliest surviving historical accounts can be traced back to the mid-first millennium bc..." [128] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd20049–11-154) ^ Jump up to: a b "Walter Pohl, had a completely closed mind to any view that admitted that these northern gentes had genuine histories and traditions of their own. Not content to demolish the view that these tribes were essentially racial organizations, they relied on sociological theory that ethnicity is nothing more than a negotiated system of social classification, and that ethnic differences are "situational," to deny these peoples any institutions and values of their own, and so to reduce their contribution to medieval Europe to nothing at all. Such dogmatism is easily explained as a reaction to Nazi racism but it is nevertheless extraordinarily one-sided." [124] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz2015xxi-147) ^ (#cite_ref-149) "After the 1939–45 war, it was obvious to nearly every one that racialism was not only immoral but also based on pseudo-science. There was a reaction, which resulted among other things in a revision of views about the early Germans... [R]evisionism continues. A younger generation has now appeared, and taken the argument further... They use a sociological model which implies that social groups are infinitely flexible, and can be transformed more or less at will... This view is represented in a series of papers edited by Andrew Gillett and published in 2002. The collection presents a highly intelligent systematic deconstruction of the picture constructed by scholarship since the early 19th century, i.e., criticising even Wenskus and his school as crypto-nationalists. The argument of these, on the whole younger, scholars is that there was no coreculture— either of the Germani as a whole, or even of the separate Germanic tribes. They assert that if we know practically nothing about any of these peoples before they entered the Roman empire, that is because they did not know anything themselves... Those 'Germanic' customs which we know the Germans acquired in the empire, and from the Romans. We cannot therefore identify any specifically Germanic contribution to the post-Roman world." [125] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz201587-90-148) ^ (#cite_ref-Liebeschuetz_xxv_151-0) "Chapter 6 reviews the debate on the nature of the Germanic tribes that established kingdoms in the provinces of the Empire. It argues that these people did indeed possess both core traditions and a sense of shared identity, and that these had evolved well before their entry into the Roman world." [126] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz2015xxv-150) ^ (#cite_ref-153) ""[C]ontinuous transformation is not incompatible with the possession of core-traditions. The various Germanic tribes possessed such traditions, and these tradition made it possible for these groups to function as effective units, and to survive from generation to generation. Some traditions, especially language, all the tribes had in common... In my opinion the arguments of opponents of the Traditionskern theory are flawed because they depend on a dogmatic and selective use of the evidence... To demolish the view that the Dark Age tribes had an identity based on ethnic core-traditions, the authors of the Gillett volume devote a great deal of energy to disqualifying the scholarship of earlier generations as distorted by mainly nationalist ideology. Yet they show no awareness that their own positions are very strongly ideological, deriving from the rejection of nationalism and the acceptance of multiculturalism, that are conspicuous features of current western values, and which find practical expression, among other things, in the downgrading of national patriotism in the interest of the European ideal." [127] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebeschuetz201599-100-152) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kinder, Hermann (1988), Penguin Atlas of World History , vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108 . ^ Jump up to: a b Waldman & Mason 2006 (#CITEREFWaldmanMason2006) , p. 300. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1999224–225_3-0) Dalby 1999 (#CITEREFDalby1999) , p. 224–225. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1992194–195_4-0) Robinson 1992 (#CITEREFRobinson1992) , pp. 194–195. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstler2006304–314_5-0) Ostler 2006 (#CITEREFOstler2006) , pp. 304–314. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWightman198512–14_6-0) Wightman 1985 (#CITEREFWightman1985) , pp. 12–14. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus200958_[Ch._40]_7-0) Tacitus 2009 (#CITEREFTacitus2009) , p. 58 [Ch. 40]. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusset199312–13_8-0) Musset 1993 (#CITEREFMusset1993) , pp. 12–13. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstler2006307_9-0) Ostler 2006 (#CITEREFOstler2006) , p. 307. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "¿Qué legaron los visigodos?" (https://www.libertaddigital.com/opinion/fin-de-semana/que-legaron-los-visigodos-1276236665.html) . LibertadDigital . 5 June 2009 . 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Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.—A.D. 400 . Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8018-7306-5 . Bury, J. B. (1928). The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians . New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-393-00388-8 . Caesar, Julius (2019). The War for Gaul: A New Translation . Translated by James O'Donnell. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-69117-492-1 . Cameron, Averil (1997). "Cult and Worship in East and West". In Leslie Webster (/wiki/Leslie_Webster_(art_historian)) ; Michelle Brown (/wiki/Michelle_P._Brown) (eds.). The Transformation of the Roman World, AD 400–900 . London: British Museum Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7141-0585-7 . Chisholm, Hugh (/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm) , ed. (1911). "Philology" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Philology) . Encyclopædia Britannica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition) . Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 414–438. Classification....1. Indo-European (Indo-Germanic) Family. Clay, Cheryl Louise (2008). "Developing the 'Germani' in Roman Studies" (https://doi.org/10.16995%2FTRAC2007_131_150) . Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal (/wiki/Theoretical_Roman_Archaeology_Journal) . 1 (2007). Open Library of Humanities (/wiki/Open_Library_of_Humanities) : 131–150. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.16995/TRAC2007_131_150 (https://doi.org/10.16995%2FTRAC2007_131_150) . Dalby, Andrew (1999). Dictionary of Languages . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-231-11568-1 . Derry, T.K. (2012). A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland . Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8166-3799-7 . Drinkwater, John F. (2007). Alamanni and Rome 213–496: Caracalla to Clovis . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-929568-5 . Eliade, Mircea (1984). A History of Religious Ideas (vol. II): From Gautama Buddha to the Triumph of Christianity . Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-226-20403-0 . Ewing, Thor (2008). Gods and Worshippers in the Viking and Germanic World . Stroud, UK: The History Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7524-3590-9 . Frassetto, Michael (2003). Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-57607-263-9 . Geary, Patrick J. (1988). Before France and Germany: The Creation & Transformation of the Merovingian World . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19504-458-4 . Geary, Patrick J. (1999). "Barbarians and Ethnicity" (https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe) . In G.W. Bowersock; Peter Brown; Oleg Grabar (eds.). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-674-51173-6 . "Germanic peoples" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Germanic-peoples) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Golther, Wolfgang (1908). Handbuch der Germanischen Mythologie (in German). Stuttgart: Magnus-Verlag. Grancsay, Stephen Vincent. "Metalwork: Teutonic Tribes" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/metalwork/Middle-Ages-Byzantine-Empire) . Encyclopædia Britannica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica) . Retrieved 8 September 2019 . Green, Dennis Howard; Siegmund, Frank (2003). The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective . Boydell Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84383-026-9 . Hachmann, Rolf; Kossack, Georg; Kuhn, Hans (1962). Völker zwischen Germanen und Kelten (in German). Neumünster: K. Wachholtz. Halsall, Maureen (1981). The Old English Rune Poem: A Critical Edition . Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8020-5477-7 . Heather, Peter John (/wiki/Peter_Heather) . "Germany: Ancient History" (https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History) . Encyclopædia Britannica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Heather, Peter (2003). The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective . Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84383-033-7 . Herlihy, David (1985). Medieval Households . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-674-56376-6 . Jansen, Christian (2011). "The Formation of German Nationalism, 1740–1850". In Helmut Walser Smith (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-923739-5 . Josephus, Titus Flavius (/wiki/Josephus) (1833). Early Germans . Kimber & Sharpless. Kendrick, T.D. (2013) [1930]. A History of the Vikings . New York: Fall River Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-43514-641-9 . Kishlansky, Mark; Geary, Patrick; O'Brien, Patricia (2008). Civilization in the West . New York: Pearson Longman. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-205-55684-7 . Kramer, Lloyd; Maza, Sarah (2002). A Companion to Western Historical Thought . Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-631-21714-5 . Kristinsson, Axel (2010). Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age . ReykjavíkurAkademían. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9979992219 . Levison, Wilhelm. Vitae Sancti Bonifatii archiepiscopi moguntini . Hannover: Hahn Verlag, 1905. Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.F. (/wiki/Wolf_Liebeschuetz) (2015). East and West in Late Antiquity: Invasion, Settlement, Ethnogenesis and Conflicts of Religion . BRILL (/wiki/Brill_Publishers) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789004289529 . MacDowall, Simon (2000). Germanic Warrior 236-568 AD . Bloomsbury USA (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1841761524 . Manco, Jean (2013). Ancestral Journeys: The Peopling of Europe from the First Venturers to the Vikings . New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-500-05178-8 . McDonald, J.D. (2005). "Y Haplogroups of the World (PDF map)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131211101657/http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf) (PDF) . University of Illinois . Archived from the original (http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf) (PDF) on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . McGrath, Alister (2015). Christianity: An Introduction . Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-118-46565-3 . McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity . New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-521-71645-1 . Mjöberg, Johan (1980). "Romanticism and Revival". In David Wilson (ed.). The Northern World . London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-500-28430-8 . Moltke, Erik. Runes and Their Origin: Denmark and Elsewhere . Copenhagen: Nationalmuseets Forlag, 1985. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 87-480-0578-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-480-0578-9) Morgan, Kenneth (2001). The Oxford History of Britain . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-280135-7 . Mosse, George (1964). The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich . New York: Grosset & Dunlap. ASIN (/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)) B000W259Y8 (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000W259Y8) . Murray, Alexander C. (1983). Germanic Kinship Structure: Studies in Law and Societies in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages . Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-88844-065-5 . Musset, Lucien (1993). The Germanic Invasions, the Making of Europe 400–600 AD . New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-56619-326-5 . Oliver, Lisi (2011). The Body Legal in Barbarian Law . Toronto: University of Toronto. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8020-9706-4 . Osborne, Roger (2008). Civilization: A New History of the Western World . New York: Pegasus Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-933648-76-7 . Owen, Francis (/wiki/Francis_Owen_(philologist)) (1960). The Germanic People . New York: Bookman Associates. Oxenstierna, Eric (/wiki/Eric_Oxenstierna) (1967). The World of the Norsemen . Nordgermanen.English. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson (/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson) . Ostler, Nicholas (2006). Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World . New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-093572-6 . Pasley, Malcolm (/wiki/Malcolm_Pasley) ; Bithell, Jethro (/wiki/Jethro_Bithell) (1972). Germany: a companion to German studies . Methuen (/wiki/Methuen_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1438129181 . Petit, Paul (/wiki/Paul_Petit_(historian)) ; MacMullen, Ramsay (/wiki/Ramsay_MacMullen) . "Ancient Rome: The Barbarian Invasions" (https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/The-Later-Roman-Empire#ref26693) . Encyclopædia Britannica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Pohl, Walter (1997). "The Barbarian Successor States". In Leslie Webster (/wiki/Leslie_Webster_(art_historian)) ; Michelle Brown (/wiki/Michelle_P._Brown) (eds.). The Transformation of the Roman World, AD 400–900 . London: British Museum Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7141-0585-7 . Price, Arnold H. (1965). "The Germanic Forest Taboo and Economic Growth". Vierteljahrshefte für Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte . 52 (3): 368–378. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 20729190 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20729190) . Ringe, Don. A Linguistic History of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic . New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-955229-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955229-0) Robinson, Orrin (1992). Old English and its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages . London: Routledge. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8047-1454-9 . Santosuo, Antonio (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare . New York: MJF Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56731-891-3 . Smith, Woodruff D. (1989). The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-504741-7 . Stein, Peter G. (/wiki/Peter_Stein_(legal_scholar)) ; Glendon, Mary Ann (/wiki/Mary_Ann_Glendon) . "Germanic law" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Germanic-law) . Encyclopædia Britannica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica) . Retrieved 8 September 2019 . Strauss, Gerald (1963). Historian in an Age of Crisis. The Life and Work of Johannes Aventinus, 1477–1534 . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ASIN (/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)) B0000CLVQC (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CLVQC) . Tacitus, Cornelius (2009). Agricola and Germany . Translated by Anthony R. Birley. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19953-926-0 . Todd, Malcolm (/wiki/Malcolm_Todd) (2004). The Early Germans . Blackwell Publishing (/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-4051-1714-1 . Turville-Petre, E.O.G (/wiki/Gabriel_Turville-Petre) ; Polomé, Edgar Charles (/wiki/Edgar_Charles_Polom%C3%A9) . "Germanic religion and mythology" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Germanic-religion-and-mythology) . Encyclopædia Britannica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples . New York: Facts on File. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8160-4964-6 . Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2005). The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-280728-1 . Wightman, Edith Mary (1985). Gallia Belgica . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-05297-0 . Williams, Derek (1998). Romans and Barbarians . New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-312-19958-9 . Wilson, Derek (2005). Charlemagne: A Biography . New York: Vintage Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-307-27480-9 . Winkler, Martin M. (2016). Arminius the Liberator: Myth and Ideology . Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0190252915 . Wolfram, Herwig (1997). The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-520-08511-6 . Further reading [ edit ] Fleming von Sweringen, Grace (October 1909). "Women in the Germanic Hero-Sagas". Journal of English and Germanic Philology (/wiki/Journal_of_English_and_Germanic_Philology) . 8 (4). University of Illinois Press (/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press) : 501–512. JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 27699995 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27699995) . Green, D. H. (/wiki/Dennis_Howard_Green) (2004). Language and History in the Early Germanic World . Cambridge University Press (/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0521794234 . Gummere, Francis Barton (/wiki/Francis_Barton_Gummere) (1892). Germanic Origins: A Study in Primitive Culture . D. Nutt (/wiki/David_Nutt_(publisher)) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521794237 . Hachmann, Rolf (/wiki/Rolf_Hachmann) (1971). The Germanic peoples . Barrie and Jenkins (/wiki/Barrie_%26_Jenkins) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780214652189 . Hinds, Kathryn (2010). Early Germans . Marshall Cavendish (/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0761445159 . Krüger, Bruno (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Kr%C3%BCger) [in German] . Die Germanen [ The Germanic Peoples ] (in German). Vol. 1. Akad.-Verlag (/wiki/Akademie_Verlag) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0761445159 . Murdoch, Brian (/wiki/Brian_O._Murdoch) (1996). The Germanic Hero: Politics and Pragmatism in Early Medieval Poetry . A & C Black (/wiki/A_%26_C_Black) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1441174656 . Thompson, E. A. (/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Thompson) (1965). The Early Germans . Clarendon Press (/wiki/Clarendon_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780198142522 . Todd, Malcolm (/wiki/Malcolm_Todd) (1975). The Northern Barbarians, 100 B.C.-A.D. 300 . Hutchinson (/wiki/Hutchinson_(publisher)) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0091222206 . Wobrey, William; Murdoch, Brian (/wiki/Brian_O._Murdoch) ; Hardin, James N.; Read, Malcolm Kevin (2004). Early Germanic Literature and Culture . Boydell & Brewer (/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 157113199X . "A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages" (https://archive.org/details/a-comparitive-grammar-of-early-germanic-languages) . Nelson Goering . 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Norwegian graphic designer and fashion designer Solveig Hisdal (born 4 October 1946) is a Norwegian (/wiki/Norway) graphic designer and fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) . She is best known for her knitwear designs for Oleana (/wiki/Oleana_(clothing)) where she has been the designer since the company was established in 1992. [1] (#cite_note-Xenakis2001-1) Hisdal is a graduate of the Bergen National Academy of the Arts (/wiki/Bergen_National_Academy_of_the_Arts) (KHiB). She was hired by Oleana in 1992 after the founders of the company saw her exhibit in Oslo (/wiki/Oslo) , "Wedding Jackets from a Town Girl", inspired by Norwegian folk costumes. [1] (#cite_note-Xenakis2001-1) She has been their only designer ever since. She is also the photographer for Oleana and also does catalog layout. [2] (#cite_note-OleanaHisdal-2) She also did all the photography and layout for her book Poetry in Stitches, Clothes You Can Knit . [1] (#cite_note-Xenakis2001-1) In 1993 Oleana was awarded the Norwegian Design Council (/wiki/Norwegian_Design_Council) 's "Award for Design Excellence" in textile and clothing design. The company received the award again in 1997, 1999, 2001 (twice) and 2002. [3] (#cite_note-OleanaAwards-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2000 Hisdal was awarded the Jacob Prize by Norsk Form, the Foundation for Design and Architecture in Norway, for her work in clothing design. [3] (#cite_note-OleanaAwards-3) [5] (#cite_note-5) In the fall of 2001 the Nordic Heritage Museum in Seattle, Washington (/wiki/Seattle,_Washington) presented an exhibit on the work of Solveig Hisdal and Oleana. [1] (#cite_note-Xenakis2001-1) The Goldstein Museum of Design in St. Paul, Minnesota (/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota) exhibited Hisdal's work in the winter of 2004 in an exhibit titled Art and Artifact: Sweaters by Solveig Hisdal . [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Xenakis, Alexis (Fall 2001). "Living the Dream: the Oleana story". Knitter's Magazine . 18 (3): 22–28. ^ (#cite_ref-OleanaHisdal_2-0) "Oleana - Solveig Hisdal" (http://www.oleana.no/Content.aspx?cc=27&lang=2) . Oleana . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Oleana - About Us - Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140416175929/http://www.oleana.no/Content.aspx?cc=30&lang=2) . Oleana. Archived from the original (http://www.oleana.no/Content.aspx?cc=30&lang=2) on 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Recipients - Textile and clothing design" (http://www.norskdesign.no/textile-and-clothing-design/category407.html) . Norwegian Design Council . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Jacob-prisen 1957 - 2006" (http://www.norskform.no/Temaer/Norsk-Forms-priser/Jacob-prisen/Jacob-prisen-fra-1957-til-1999--/) (in Norwegian). Norsk Form . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Exhibitions from 2004" (http://goldstein.design.umn.edu/exhibitions/previous/2004exhibitions.html) . Goldstein Museum of Design . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . 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(Redirected from Christian Lacroix dress of Helen Mirren (/w/index.php?title=Christian_Lacroix_dress_of_Helen_Mirren&redirect=no) ) Overview of the events of 2007 in red carpet fashion List of years in red carpet fashion … (/wiki/Category:Years_in_red_carpet_fashion) 1997 (/w/index.php?title=1997_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1998 (/w/index.php?title=1998_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 1999 (/w/index.php?title=1999_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2000 (/wiki/2000_in_red_carpet_fashion) 2001 (/wiki/2001_in_red_carpet_fashion) 2002 (/wiki/2002_in_red_carpet_fashion) 2003 (/w/index.php?title=2003_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2004 (/w/index.php?title=2004_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2005 (/w/index.php?title=2005_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2006 (/w/index.php?title=2006_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2007 2008 (/wiki/2008_in_red_carpet_fashion) 2009 (/wiki/2009_in_red_carpet_fashion) 2010 (/w/index.php?title=2010_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2011 (/w/index.php?title=2011_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2012 (/w/index.php?title=2012_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2013 (/w/index.php?title=2013_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2014 (/w/index.php?title=2014_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2015 (/w/index.php?title=2015_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2016 (/w/index.php?title=2016_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) 2017 (/w/index.php?title=2017_in_red_carpet_fashion&action=edit&redlink=1) … (/wiki/Category:Years_in_red_carpet_fashion) Art (/wiki/2007_in_art) Archaeology (/wiki/2007_in_archaeology) Architecture (/wiki/2007_in_architecture) Literature (/wiki/2007_in_literature) Music (/wiki/2007_in_music) Philosophy (/wiki/2007_in_philosophy) Science (/wiki/2007_in_science) +... (/wiki/Category:2007) Red carpet fashion in 2007 featured beading and metallic themes at the Golden Globe Awards (/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award) , dresses with a single shoulder strap (/wiki/Shoulder_strap) at the Oscars (/wiki/Academy_Award) , and strong colours or black-and-white at the Emmy Awards (/wiki/Emmy_Award) . Golden Globe Awards (January 15) [ edit ] Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) and Evangeline Lilly (/wiki/Evangeline_Lilly) at the 64th Golden Globe Awards (/wiki/64th_Golden_Globe_Awards) on January 15, 2007 Many of the female attendees at the 64th Golden Globe Awards (/wiki/64th_Golden_Globe_Awards) chose beaded or metallic dresses, such as Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) 's solidly sequinned (/wiki/Sequin) gold Elie Saab (/wiki/Elie_Saab) gown, with jewellery used sparingly, such as a single large diamond ring or a pair of hoop earrings. [1] (#cite_note-1) White gowns were another trend of the night. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-Rodgers-3) The New York Times noted that many stars had chosen big hairstyles, but praised those who wore their hair down. [4] (#cite_note-4) One of the most-publicised dresses was Reese Witherspoon (/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon) 's atypical (for her) short dress by Olivier Theyskens (/wiki/Olivier_Theyskens) for Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) for her first public appearance after her divorce from Ryan Phillippe (/wiki/Ryan_Phillippe) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-InStyle-6) The tight, strapless lemon-yellow dress was named 12th best dress of the decade by InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) and polled 11th in a 2008 Debenhams (/wiki/Debenhams) poll naming the top 20 red carpet dresses up to that year. [6] (#cite_note-InStyle-6) [7] (#cite_note-Telegraph08-7) The dress was remembered years later as a "bold and empowering choice" that gave the newly single Witherspoon "oomph" and made her seem "sexier than ever". [6] (#cite_note-InStyle-6) [8] (#cite_note-perla-8) InStyle fashion director Hal Rubenstein, who called the dress "a brilliant strategy" for the event, [6] (#cite_note-InStyle-6) christened it the "Ryan Who?" dress in his 2012 book 100 Unforgettable Dresses . [9] (#cite_note-9) Academy Awards (February 25) [ edit ] Oscar fashion at the 2007 ceremony (/wiki/79th_Academy_Awards) was generally described as tasteful albeit unadventurous, [10] (#cite_note-pugh-10) [11] (#cite_note-whitney-11) and dominated by "mint green, chic neutrals and shades of blue". [12] (#cite_note-DN-12) Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) 's rose-beige strapless Versace (/wiki/Versace) dress with its voluminously feathered skirt was a highlight, [10] (#cite_note-pugh-10) with one reporter proclaiming it "the definition of an Oscar dress: gorgeous color, perfect fit, epic style". [11] (#cite_note-whitney-11) It continued to be remembered well after the event, with the fashion journalist, magazine editor and stylist Alexandra Fullerton calling it a "seminal moment in Oscar style" to the BBC. [13] (#cite_note-13) In addition to this, Cruz's dress was rated 15th in the Debenhams poll, named 5th best dress of the decade by InStyle , and Cosmopolitan praised it in their list of best Oscar Dresses as a bold choice that fitted Cruz perfectly. [7] (#cite_note-Telegraph08-7) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-cosmo-15) Cosmopolitan also admired Helen Mirren (/wiki/Helen_Mirren) 's nude-coloured beaded and lace Christian Lacroix (/wiki/Christian_Lacroix) dress, calling it "freaking foxy", and Cate Blanchett's one-shouldered silver and Swarovski crystal mesh dress by Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) . [15] (#cite_note-cosmo-15) [16] (#cite_note-HollywoodReporter2007-16) Maggie Gyllenhaal (/wiki/Maggie_Gyllenhaal) , Beyoncé and Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) also wore one-shouldered dresses. [10] (#cite_note-pugh-10) Against the other dresses' neutral and subtle colours, Blanchett's choice of sparkling silver was particularly outstanding, [12] (#cite_note-DN-12) with Cosmopolitan saying, "Cate makes the list (of Best Oscar Dresses) twice because of her consistently impeccable style. This one-shouldered gunmetal gown clings to her fabulous body like it was painted on, and the delicate and elegant hair and makeup complete the look without distracting us from the dress." [15] (#cite_note-cosmo-15) Alternative looks worn by the men included a brown tuxedo for Djimon Hounsou (/wiki/Djimon_Hounsou) and outsize lapels for Clive Owen (/wiki/Clive_Owen) , whilst Peter O'Toole (/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole) wore purple brocade (/wiki/Brocade) and Spike Lee (/wiki/Spike_Lee) chose white, with a spotted ascot tie (/wiki/Ascot_tie) and blue beret (/wiki/Beret) . [10] (#cite_note-pugh-10) Emmys (September 16) [ edit ] Gowns worn to the 2007 Emmys (/wiki/59th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards) followed the contemporary trend for bright colours, mainly in satin (/wiki/Satin) , with black-and-white as an alternative. [17] (#cite_note-cynem-17) [18] (#cite_note-sage-18) Many guests wore strapless dresses, and trends for upswept hairstyles, bold lipstick, dangling earrings, and large rings were also noted. [17] (#cite_note-cynem-17) [18] (#cite_note-sage-18) Although attendees received the customary fashion coverage, very few were singled out for extensive commentary on their wardrobe choices, [19] (#cite_note-bedhair-19) [20] (#cite_note-smart-20) and InStyle did not choose any dresses from this event for their Top 100 dresses of the decade. [21] (#cite_note-21) Other events [ edit ] For the Golden Age of Couture VIP gala at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) , Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) wore a vintage 1930s wedding dress in gold satin that was rated 10th in the Debenhams poll. [7] (#cite_note-Telegraph08-7) [22] (#cite_note-mander-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) The fabric of the dress was very fragile, and it is largely remembered for tearing apart through the course of the evening, exposing Moss's body beneath and leaving her in rags by the time she left for the after-party. [24] (#cite_note-metrokate-24) Although the dress was often attributed at the time to Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , [7] (#cite_note-Telegraph08-7) [24] (#cite_note-metrokate-24) subsequent reports do not link Dior to the dress which, in its destroyed state, was later donated to a fundraiser in aid of Cancer Research UK (/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK) . [22] (#cite_note-mander-22) [25] (#cite_note-25) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Nellis, Cynthia. "Golden Globes Fashion 2007" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120526005155/http://fashion.about.com/od/celebawardsshows/ss/goldenglobes07.htm) . About.com. Archived from the original (http://fashion.about.com/od/celebawardsshows/ss/goldenglobes07.htm) on 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Nellis, Cynthia. "Golden Globes Fashion 2007: Right in White -- Sienna Miller, Kate Winslet" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121118230343/http://fashion.about.com/od/celebawardsshows/ss/goldenglobes07_2.htm) . About.com. Archived from the original (http://fashion.about.com/od/celebawardsshows/ss/goldenglobes07_2.htm) on 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Rodgers_3-0) Rodgers, J (16 January 2007). "64th Golden Globes Fashion Awards" (http://www.canmag.com/nw/6426-golden-globe-fashion) . CanMag . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Horyn, Cathy (16 January 2007). "And for the Best on the Red Carpet" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/16/arts/16fash.html?_r=1) . New York Times . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Nellis, Cynthia. "Golden Globes Fashion 2007: Newly Single Makeovers -- Reese Witherspoon, Cameron Diaz" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120205171512/http://fashion.about.com/od/celebawardsshows/ss/goldenglobes07_6.htm) . About.com. Archived from the original (http://fashion.about.com/od/celebawardsshows/ss/goldenglobes07_6.htm) on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "InStyle's 100 best dresses of the decade" (http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/12/28/best.dresses.of.decade/) . InStyle (via CNN.com) . December 29, 2009 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Urmee Khan (9 October 2008). "Liz Hurley 'safety pin' dress voted the greatest dress" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3167702/Liz-Hurley-safety-pin-dress-voted-the-greatest-dress.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-perla_8-0) La Ferla, Ruth (January 20, 2012). "The Power Stylists of Hollywood" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/fashion/hollywoods-power-stylists.html?_r=1) . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Rubenstein, Hal (6 March 2012). "The "Ryan Who?" Dress" (https://books.google.com/books?id=KvzSrWl5QP0C&q=%22Reese+Witherspoon%22+Theyskens&pg=PT243) . 100 Unforgettable Dresses . New York: Harper Design. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-219888-4 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Pugh, Clifford (26 February 2007). "Oscar night brings out glamorous fashions" (http://www.chron.com/life/article/Oscar-night-brings-out-glamorous-fashions-1796015.php) . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Pastorek, Whitney (2 March 2007). "The Fashions: Oscar 2007's best and worst dressed -- We rate the fashions of Penelope Cruz, Jennifer Lopez, and Reese Witherspoon" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070325104714/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20013833,00.html) . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original (http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20013833,00.html) on March 25, 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b "IN LIVING COLOR PASTELS, JEWEL TONES BRING LIGHT, (NEW) LIFE TO OSCAR NIGHT" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160409070708/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159975204.html) . Daily News, Los Angeles. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159975204.html) on 9 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Briggs, Caroline (13 February 2008). "Findingdai the perfect Oscar frock" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7240657.stm) . BBC News . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "100 Best Dresses of the Decade #5 Penelope Cruz in Atelier Versace, 2007" (http://www.instyle.com/instyle/package/general/photos/0,,20396039_20327331_20705076,00.html) . InStyle . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Oscars Best and Worst Dressed" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/best-and-worst-oscar-style) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-HollywoodReporter2007_16-0) The Hollywood Reporter . Hollywood Reporter Incorporated. 2007. p. 280 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Nellis, Cynthia. "Emmy Fashion '07: Brights, White and Earrings" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130412233743/http://fashion.about.com/od/celebritystyle/a/emmyfashion07.htm) . About.com. Archived from the original (http://fashion.about.com/od/celebritystyle/a/emmyfashion07.htm) on 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sage, Alexandrina (17 September 2007). "Black and white fashions dominate Emmy red carpet" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emmys-fashion-idUSN1521098920070917) . Reuters . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-bedhair_19-0) Waldholz, Chantal (16 September 2007). "Emmy 2007 Red Carpet Fashions: Bed-Head Hair & Sparkles" (https://archive.today/20130703055654/http://www.hollywoodtoday.net/2007/09/16/emmy-2007-red-carpet-fashions-bed-head-hair-sparkles/) . Hollywood Today . Archived from the original (http://www.hollywoodtoday.net/2007/09/16/emmy-2007-red-carpet-fashions-bed-head-hair-sparkles/) on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-smart_20-0) Waldholz, Chantal (16 September 2007). "Emmy 2007 Fashion and Remarks: Smart Women, Smartly Dressed" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100616082419/http://www.hollywoodtoday.net/2007/09/16/emmy-2007-fashion-and-remarks-smart-women-smartly-dressed/) . Hollywood Today . Archived from the original (http://www.hollywoodtoday.net/2007/09/16/emmy-2007-fashion-and-remarks-smart-women-smartly-dressed/) on 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Rubenstein, Hal. "100 Best Dresses of the Decade" (http://www.instyle.com/instyle/package/general/photos/0,,20396039_20327331_20710969,00.html#20708574) . InStyle . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mander, Harjeet. "Kate Moss Auctions Her 'Iconic' Ripped Vintage Gown" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080228061633/http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/40714/kate-moss-auctions-her-iconic) . EntertainmentWise. Archived from the original (http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/40714/kate-moss-auctions-her-iconic) on 28 February 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Clarke, Victoria Mary (23 September 2007). "How this Cinderella met Prince at the ball" (http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/independent-woman/fashion/how-this-cinderella-met-prince-at-the-ball-1085843.html) . Independent Woman . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Harmsworth, Andrei (October 2007). "Kate Moss has a ripper of a night" (http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/66708-kate-moss-has-a-ripper-of-a-night) . Metro . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Buy Kate Moss's Dress!" (http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/fashion/184396/buy-kate-moss-s-dress.html) . Marie Claire . 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . 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British fashion designer Maureen Baker Born Evelyn Maureen Porter 26 May 1920 London, England Died 5 December 2017 (aged 97) Dorking (/wiki/Dorking) , Surrey, England Occupation Fashion designer Known for Designer of the first wedding dress of Princess Anne (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne) Title Chief designer for Susan Small (/wiki/Susan_Small_(fashion)) Spouse Roy Baker Children Jon Baker (/wiki/Jon_Baker_(producer)) Evelyn Maureen Baker (born Porter ; 26 May 1920 – 5 December 2017) [1] (#cite_note-jo-1) was a British fashion designer. She was the chief designer for the Susan Small (/wiki/Susan_Small_(fashion)) label for many years, before working for her own label. She is perhaps best known as the designer of the first wedding dress of Princess Anne (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne) . Early life [ edit ] She was born Evelyn Maureen Porter on 26 May 1920, one of six children of Stephen Porter, a bookmaker, and his wife, Ethel, grew up in Hammersmith (/wiki/Hammersmith) , London, and was educated at a convent school. [2] (#cite_note-Guardian-2) Career [ edit ] Baker rose to prominence when she was appointed in 1943 as head designer at Susan Small (/wiki/Susan_Small_(fashion)) , the British ready-to-wear label. [3] (#cite_note-V&A-3) Baker, then the chief designer for the ready-to-wear label Susan Small, created the wedding dress worn by Princess Anne (/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal) for her marriage to Mark Phillips (/wiki/Mark_Phillips) on 14 November 1973, at Westminster Abbey (/wiki/Westminster_Abbey) . Baker had previously designed costumes for Anne. The dress was an embroidered " Tudor-style (/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_fashion) " wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress) with a high collar and "mediaeval sleeves". [4] (#cite_note-4) The train was embroidered by Lock's Embroiderers (/wiki/Hand_%26_Lock) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Anne was said to have designed many aspects of the dress herself. [6] (#cite_note-6) Compared to previous royal wedding dresses, it was described as "simplistic" and was noted as being close to contemporary 1970s wedding fashions. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In 1978, Baker started her own company, Maureen Baker Designs, following the closure of Susan Small (/wiki/Susan_Small_(fashion)) . [3] (#cite_note-V&A-3) In 1981, David (/wiki/David_Emanuel_(fashion_designer)) and Elizabeth Emanuel (/wiki/Elizabeth_Emanuel) consulted Baker when designing the wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) . Baker created about 250 outfits for Princess Anne before she retired in the 1990s. [ citation needed ] Baker's work is in the collection of the V&A. [3] (#cite_note-V&A-3) Personal life [ edit ] She was married to Roy, who pre-deceased her. [9] (#cite_note-Telegraph-9) Her son Jon Baker (/wiki/Jon_Baker_(producer)) (b. 1960) is a music industry executive, and a fashion designer and promoter. He is the co-owner of Geejam (/w/index.php?title=Geejam&action=edit&redlink=1) , a luxury resort and recording studio located in San San, near Port Antonio, Jamaica. [1] (#cite_note-jo-1) Later life [ edit ] In 2011, 90-year-old Baker was living with her son Jon in Port Antonio (/wiki/Port_Antonio) , Jamaica. [1] (#cite_note-jo-1) She died at her home in Dorking (/wiki/Dorking) , Surrey on 5 December 2017 at the age of 97. [9] (#cite_note-Telegraph-9) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c McDonald-Whyte, Novia (26 April 2011). "Ja's connection to a Royal wedding" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085437/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/Ja-s-connection-to-a-Royal-wedding_8708932) . Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original (http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/Ja-s-connection-to-a-Royal-wedding_8708932) on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian_2-0) Horwell, Veronica (27 December 2017). "Maureen Baker obituary" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/dec/27/maureen-baker-obituary) . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c V&A Search the Collections: Ensemble \| Baker, Maureen \| V&A Search the Collections (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O133364/ensemble-baker-maureen/) , accessdate: 17/08/2014 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "On this day...1973: Crowds cheer marriage of Princess Anne" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/14/newsid_2519000/2519003.stm) . bbc.co.uk. 14 November 1973 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Nina Grunfeld, The Royal Shopping Guide (W. Morrow, 1984) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Anne Matheson, Princess Anne: a royal girl of our time (Crown Publishers, 1973) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Alfred J. López, Postcolonial whiteness: a critical reader on race and empire (SUNY Press, 2005) 49 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Catherine Woram, Wedding dress style: the indispensable style-file for brides-to-be (Apple, 1993), 46 ^ Jump up to: a b "Death announcements: Baker" (http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/219827/baker) . Daily Telegraph . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . 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The swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) designed by Marjan Pejoski (/wiki/Marjan_Pejoski) and worn by Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) at the Academy Awards ceremony (/wiki/73rd_Academy_Awards) in 2001 This is a list of individual dresses (/wiki/Dress) that are famous or otherwise notable. Dresses worn by celebrities [ edit ] In film, television, and performance [ edit ] Black dress of Rita Hayworth (/wiki/Black_dress_of_Rita_Hayworth) , worn in the 1946 film Gilda (/wiki/Gilda) Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Black_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) , worn in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)) Gingham dress of Judy Garland (/wiki/Gingham_dress_of_Judy_Garland) , worn in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz (/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)) Green dress of Keira Knightley (/wiki/Green_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) , worn in the 2007 film Atonement (/wiki/Atonement_(2007_film)) Happy Birthday, Mr. President dress (/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President#Dress) , worn by Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) at a gala celebrating President John F. Kennedy (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy) 's 45th birthday Mayon gown (/wiki/Mayon_gown) , worn by Catriona Gray (/wiki/Catriona_Gray) during the evening gown competition in Miss Universe 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2018) Meat dress of Lady Gaga (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) , worn at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2010_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) Pink dress of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Pink_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) , worn in the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (/wiki/Gentlemen_Prefer_Blondes_(1953_film)) Red dress of Julia Roberts (/wiki/Red_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) , worn in the 1990 film Pretty Woman (/wiki/Pretty_Woman) Union Jack dress (/wiki/Union_Jack_dress) , worn by Geri Halliwell (/wiki/Geri_Halliwell) at the Brit Awards 1997 (/wiki/Brit_Awards_1997) White dress of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/White_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) , worn in the 1955 film The Seven Year Itch (/wiki/The_Seven_Year_Itch) [1] (#cite_note-50D-1) Red carpet and other public appearances [ edit ] American Express Gold card dress of Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) Black Christian Siriano gown of Billy Porter (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) Black Versace dress of Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) Black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) Black and white Valentino dress of Julia Roberts (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) Blue Gucci dress of Harry Styles (/wiki/Blue_Gucci_dress_of_Harry_Styles) Blue Prada dress of Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) Chartreuse Dior dress of Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress of Uma Thurman (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) Elie Saab net dress of Halle Berry (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) Green Versace dress of Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress of Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) Lavender Prada dress of Uma Thurman (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) Navy blue Guy Laroche dress of Hilary Swank (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) Pink feathered Versace dress of Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) Pink Ralph Lauren dress of Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) Plum Vera Wang dress of Keira Knightley (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) Red Ben de Lisi dress of Kate Winslet (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) Red Tarvydas dress of Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) Red Versace dress of Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) Saffron Vera Wang dress of Michelle Williams (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) Silver Julien Macdonald dress of Paris Hilton (/wiki/Silver_Julien_Macdonald_dress_of_Paris_Hilton) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) , worn by Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani Privé gown (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) White floral Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) White Marc Bouwer dress of Angelina Jolie (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) White shift dress of Jean Shrimpton (/wiki/White_shift_dress_of_Jean_Shrimpton) Yellow Valentino dress of Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) Coronation, wedding, and engagement dresses [ edit ] Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) 's wedding dress Coronation gown of Elizabeth II (/wiki/Coronation_gown_of_Elizabeth_II) [1] (#cite_note-50D-1) Engagement dress of Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Engagement_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) Wedding dress of Princess Alexandra of Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Denmark) Wedding dress of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom) Wedding dresses of Princess Anne of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) Wedding dress of Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) Wedding dress of Princess Beatrice of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_York) Wedding dress of Carolyn Bessette (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Carolyn_Bessette) Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier) Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom) Wedding dress of Princess Eugenie of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Eugenie_of_York) Wedding dress of Sarah Ferguson (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sarah_Ferguson) Wedding dress of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom) Wedding dress of Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) Wedding dress of Grace Kelly (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Grace_Kelly) Wedding dress of Princess Louise of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_the_United_Kingdom) Wedding dress of Princess Louise of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_Wales) Wedding dress of Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia) Wedding dress of Princess Margaret of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_the_United_Kingdom) Wedding dress of Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Meghan_Markle) Wedding dress of Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Victoria_Mary_of_Teck) Wedding dress of Princess Maud of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Maud_of_Wales) Wedding dress of Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) Wedding dress of Camilla Parker Bowles (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Camilla_Parker_Bowles) Wedding dress of Sophie Rhys-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sophie_Rhys-Jones) Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) [1] (#cite_note-50D-1) Wedding dress of Queen Victoria (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) Wedding dress of Victoria, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal) Wedding dress of Wallis Warfield (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Wallis_Warfield) Wedding dress of Katharine Worsley (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Katharine_Worsley) Historical dresses [ edit ] Bacton Altar Cloth (/wiki/Bacton_Altar_Cloth) , the only surviving dress of Queen Elizabeth I (/wiki/Elizabeth_I) ; so-named because it had been used as an altar cloth for centuries Cyclone (/wiki/Cyclone_(Jeanne_Lanvin)) , a 1939 evening dress (/wiki/Evening_gown) by grand couturier (/wiki/List_of_grand_couturiers) Jeanne Lanvin (/wiki/Jeanne_Lanvin) Electric Light dress (/wiki/Electric_Light_dress) , a masquerade gown designed for Alice Vanderbilt (/wiki/Alice_Vanderbilt) in 1883 featuring a battery-powered electric bulb Kimberley Hall Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(Kimberley_Hall)) , the earliest complete European women's costume at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) Lady Curzon's peacock dress (/wiki/Lady_Curzon%27s_peacock_dress) , worn by Baroness Mary Curzon (/wiki/Mary_Curzon,_Baroness_Curzon_of_Kedleston) to celebrate the 1902 Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra (/wiki/Coronation_of_King_Edward_VII_and_Queen_Alexandra) Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy (/wiki/Pink_Chanel_suit_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier_Kennedy) , worn during the 1963 assassination of her husband Tarkhan dress (/wiki/Tarkhan_dress) , a 5000-year old linen dress considered the known oldest woven garment Other notable dresses [ edit ] Alice in Wonderland dress (/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_dress) , as illustrated by John Tenniel (/wiki/John_Tenniel) in Lewis Carroll (/wiki/Lewis_Carroll) 's 1865 novel Amsterdam Rainbow Dress (/wiki/Amsterdam_Rainbow_Dress) , dress made of more than 70 flags of nations where homosexuality (/wiki/Homosexuality) is illegal (/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory) Belle's ball gown (/wiki/Belle%27s_ball_gown) , golden dress originally worn by the heroine of Disney's animated film Beauty and the Beast (/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)) (1991) Berry Dress (/wiki/Berry_Dress) , a 1994 mixed-media sculpture (/wiki/Mixed_media) by Alice Maher (/wiki/Alice_Maher) Climate Dress (/wiki/Climate_Dress) , embedded with LEDs (/wiki/Light-emitting_diode) that change color in reaction to carbon dioxide (/wiki/Carbon_dioxide) in the air Clinton-Lewinsky scandal (/wiki/Clinton-Lewinsky_scandal) Blue Dress, was a key piece of evidence during the investigation and impeachment Cream Dior dress of Princess Margaret (/wiki/Cream_Dior_dress_of_Princess_Margaret) The dress (/wiki/The_dress) , a photograph of a dress that became a viral phenomenon (/wiki/Internet_meme) due to dispute over the color of the garment Lobster dress (/wiki/Lobster_dress) , a dress designed by Elsa Schiaparelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) and Salvador Dalí (/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD) featuring a lobster (/wiki/Lobster) Oyster dress (/wiki/Oyster_dress) , designed by Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) Red Dress (/wiki/Red_Dress_(embroidery_project)) , an international 2009-2022 collaborative embroidery project coordinated by Kirstie Macleod Revenge dress (/wiki/Revenge_dress) , a black dress worn by Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) following the revelation that her husband had been unfaithful Travolta dress (/wiki/Travolta_dress) , a midnight blue gown worn by Diana and named for John Travolta, with whom she danced while wearing it TechHaus Volantis (/wiki/TechHaus_Volantis) , American electric-powered hover vehicle (/wiki/Electric_aircraft) promoted by Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) as a "flying dress" Vanitas: Flesh Dress for an Albino Anorectic (/wiki/Vanitas:_Flesh_Dress_for_an_Albino_Anorectic) , created in 1987 by Jana Sterbak (/wiki/Jana_Sterbak) from 50 pounds of flank steak (/wiki/Flank_steak) sewn together See also [ edit ] List of hats (/wiki/List_of_hats) Alice blue (/wiki/Alice_blue) , a color name that originally referred to a dress worn by Alice Roosevelt Longworth (/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth) , daughter of US President Theodore Roosevelt (/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt) " Alice Blue Gown (/wiki/Alice_Blue_Gown) ", 1919 song about the dress References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Michael Czerwinski (2009). Fifty Dresses That Changed the World . Design Museum (/wiki/Design_Museum) and Conran Octopus Ltd. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781840915877 . Further reading [ edit ] "100 Most Iconic Red Carpet Dresses of All Time" (http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/celebrity/pictures/8205/100/most-iconic-red-carpet-dresses-of-all-time.html) , Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , 6 January 2019 Sarah Karmali (23 October 2012), "Most Iconic Dresses" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121203195354/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/favourites-of-vogue/2012/10/iconic-dresses---worlds-most-famous-dresses---best-dresses-in-history) , Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/favourites-of-vogue/2012/10/iconic-dresses---worlds-most-famous-dresses---best-dresses-in-history) on 3 December 2012 , retrieved 3 March 2013 v t e Notable red carpet outfits (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) v t e Wedding dresses (/wiki/Wedding_dress) worn at British (/wiki/British_royal_family) royal weddings (/wiki/List_of_royal_weddings) 19th century Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales) (1816) Queen Victoria (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) (1840) Victoria, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal) (1858) Princess Alice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1862) Princess Alexandra of Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Denmark) (1863) Princess Helena (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1866) Princess Louise (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1871) Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia) (1879) Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) (1882) Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1885) Princess Louise of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_Wales) (1889) Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Schleswig-Holstein) (1891) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Victoria_Mary_of_Teck) (1893) Princess Maud of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Maud_of_Wales) (1896) 20th century Princess Alice of Albany (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_Albany) (1904) Princess Margaret of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_Connaught) (1905) Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife#Marriage) (1913) Princess Patricia of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught) (1919) Princess Mary (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Mary_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1922) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon) (1923) Princess Maud (/wiki/Maud_Carnegie,_Countess_of_Southesk#Marriage) (1923) Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) (1934) Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Alice_Montagu_Douglas_Scott) (1935) Wallis Warfield (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Wallis_Warfield) (1937) Princess Elizabeth (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1947) Princess Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1960) Katharine Worsley (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Katharine_Worsley) (1961) Princess Alexandra of Kent (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Kent) (1963) Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Birgitte_van_Deurs_Henriksen) (1972) Princess Anne (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1973) Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Baroness_Marie_Christine_von_Reibnitz) (1978) Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) (1981) Sarah Ferguson (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sarah_Ferguson) (1986) Anne, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1992) Sophie Rhys-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sophie_Rhys-Jones) (1999) 21st century Camilla Parker Bowles (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Camilla_Parker_Bowles) (2005) Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) (2011) Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Meghan_Markle) (2018) Princess Eugenie of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Eugenie_of_York) (2018) Princess Beatrice of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_York) (2020) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) 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This file does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) : Magazines (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines) This file is within the scope of WikiProject Magazines (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of magazines (/wiki/Magazine) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Magazines) and see a list of open tasks. Magazines Wikipedia:WikiProject Magazines Template:WikiProject Magazines magazine articles See WikiProject Magazines' writing guide (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines/Writing_guide) for tips on how to improve this article. Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This file is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles India (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_India) India portal (/wiki/Portal:India) This file is within the scope of WikiProject India (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_India) , which aims to improve Wikipedia's coverage of India (/wiki/India) -related topics. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_India) . India Wikipedia:WikiProject India Template:WikiProject India India articles NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐55cdc77579‐2rqdt Cached time: 20240722015743 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.008 seconds CPU time usage: 0.176 seconds Real time usage: 0.434 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2209/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22145/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 19/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 16/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16123/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.125/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2350339/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 397.377 1 -total 100.00% 397.377 1 Template:WikiProject_banner_shell 37.38% 148.530 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 29.26% 116.280 1 Template:WikiProject_Magazines 11.16% 44.359 1 Template:WikiProject_India 1.32% 5.256 3 Template:Pagetype 0.37% 1.451 1 Template:Yesno Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38980191-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722015743 and revision id 1227807987. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_talk:Anushka_Sharma_Elle_India_March_2013.jpg&oldid=1227807987 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_talk:Anushka_Sharma_Elle_India_March_2013.jpg&oldid=1227807987) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : File-Class magazine articles (/wiki/Category:File-Class_magazine_articles) NA-importance magazine articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_magazine_articles) WikiProject Magazines articles (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_Magazines_articles) File-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:File-Class_fashion_articles) NA-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles) File-Class India articles (/wiki/Category:File-Class_India_articles) NA-importance India articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_India_articles) File-Class India articles of NA-importance (/wiki/Category:File-Class_India_articles_of_NA-importance) WikiProject India articles (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_India_articles)
American fashion designer Tracy Reese Born ( 1964-02-12 ) February 12, 1964 (age 60) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit) , Michigan (/wiki/Michigan) Nationality American Education Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) Labels Tracy Reese Plenty Frock! Tracy Reese Black Label Tracy Reese designs, 2008. Regina King (/wiki/Regina_King) in Tracy Reese (2010) Tracy Reese (born February 12, 1964) is an American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) who specializes in women's ready-to-wear clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessories) , and home fashions such as linens. She is a board member of the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) , having been inducted in 2007. [1] (#cite_note-1) Early life [ edit ] Reese is originally from Detroit (/wiki/Detroit) , Michigan (/wiki/Michigan) , and graduated from Cass Technical High School (/wiki/Cass_Technical_High_School) . She recalls making clothing from scratch while growing up, alongside her mother, while they worked sitting side by side at their own sewing machines. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 1982, she moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) to pursue her education at Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) . After graduating with an accelerated degree in 1984, Reese worked under Martine Sitbon (/wiki/Martine_Sitbon) at the firm Arlequin. She worked at several top fashion design houses, and eventually became head of the Women's Portfolio for Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) [3] (#cite_note-3) before launching her own label. Tracy Reese label [ edit ] The Tracy Reese fashion label was launched in New York City in 1998. The Tracy Reese label produces both ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) and resort wear. Plenty (2000) and Frock! (2006) were launched as mass market lines at a more affordable price range. Plenty has a focus on home fashions. Tracy Reese Black Label launched in 2009. [4] (#cite_note-4) Tracy Reese designs are noted for their femininity and retro-influenced style; the textiles themselves make use of bright colors, elaborate graphic patterns, and a playful use of bohemian touches. [5] (#cite_note-5) Clothing and home fashions by Tracy Reese's design lines are carried by retailers such as Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) , Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) , Anthropologie (/wiki/Anthropologie) , Modcloth (/wiki/Modcloth) , and Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) . The Tracy Reese flagship store in New York City opened in 2006. In a New York Times interview on the occasion of the store's five-year anniversary, Reese expressed optimism about current trends continuing to support her design vision: We love pretty, we like beautiful, flattering, color! That’s what people come here for. There was a moment when big stores weren’t into that but our customer always was, and she was coming here". [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2011, a second exclusive Tracy Reese store opened, this one in Tokyo. [7] (#cite_note-7) Reese has a number of celebrity clients, including First Lady Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) , who wore Tracy Reese dresses during a First Family (/wiki/First_Family) visit to Hawaii in 2011/2012, [8] (#cite_note-8) at a ceremony in 2013 commemorating the 50th anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech, [9] (#cite_note-9) and on other occasions. The First Lady also wore a custom-made Tracy Reese dress for her 2012 DNC Convention speech. [10] (#cite_note-10) Collaborations [ edit ] Reese has several collaborations underway as of 2011, which include: [11] (#cite_note-11) Tracy Reese for HUE hosiery (Fall 2007 to Present); Tracy Reese for Sally Hansen (Fall 2007 to Present); Plenty by Tracy Reese for Keds (Spring 2009 to Present). Tracy Reese by Jamberry (February 2016 through August 2016) United Airlines worldwide uniform renewal program (2018–Present; deferred in 2020) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Bing, Bonnie (November 14, 2011). "Designer stays true to her distinctive look" (http://www.kansas.com/2011/11/14/2102562/designer-stays-true-to-her-distinctive.html) . Wichita Eagle . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Johnson, Eunice W. (February 2006). "Behind the Seams". Ebony . Vol. 61, no. 4. p. 89. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0012-9011 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Tracy Reese" (http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/tracy_reese) . Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Tracy Reese -- Designer Fashion Label" (http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/tracyreese/) . New York Magazine, New York Media LLC . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bing, Bonnie (November 14, 2011). "Designer stays true to her distinctive look" (http://www.kansas.com/2011/11/14/2102562/designer-stays-true-to-her-distinctive.html) . Wichita Eagle . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Oliver, Simone S. (June 9, 2011). "Tracy Reese Celebrates Five Years in the Meatpacking District" (http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/09/tracy-reese-celebrates-five-years-in-the-flatiron-district/) . New York Times . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Edelson, Sharon (February 14, 2011). "Tracy Reese Opens in Tokyo" (http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/designer-luxury/tracy-reese-opens-in-tokyo-3484996) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Scenes from Hawaii, Part II - Home - MRS.O - Follow the Fashion and Style of First Lady Michelle Obama" (http://mrs-o.com/newdata/2012/1/3/scenes-from-hawaii-part-ii.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Mitzeliotis, Katrina (2013-08-28). "Michelle Obama Stuns For The March On Washington Anniversary" (https://hollywoodlife.com/2013/08/28/michelle-obama-march-on-washington-dress-pics-tracy-reese/) . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 2020-02-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "2012 Democratic Convention: Michelle Obama's Tracy Reese Dress Steals Spotlight" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2012-democratic-convention-michelle-obamas-tracy-reese-dress-steals-spotlight-368069) . The Hollywood Reporter . 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 2020-02-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Tracy Reese -- Designer Fashion Label" (http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/tracyreese/) . New York Magazine, New York Media LLC . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tracy Reese (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tracy_Reese) . 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Hippie films is a subgenre of films with hippie (/wiki/Hippie) characters, films which portray the hippie subculture, and films which promote the non-materialistic hippie counterculture values of peace, love, natural living, communal lifestyles, freedom, spiritual exploration, creativity, travel and pilgrimage, the quest for truth, changing the world for the better, consciousness, and a meaningful life. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐66589bcb49‐pfhff Cached time: 20240703155511 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.014 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26197460-0!canonical and timestamp 20240703155511 and revision id 849266644. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Hippie films" The following 94 pages are in this category, out of 94 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Hippie exploitation films (/wiki/Hippie_exploitation_films) * List of films related to the hippie subculture (/wiki/List_of_films_related_to_the_hippie_subculture) 0–9 555 (1988 film) (/wiki/555_(1988_film)) A Across the Universe (film) (/wiki/Across_the_Universe_(film)) Alice's Restaurant (film) (/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant_(film)) An American Hippie in Israel (/wiki/An_American_Hippie_in_Israel) The Apple (1980 film) (/wiki/The_Apple_(1980_film)) B Berkeley in the Sixties (/wiki/Berkeley_in_the_Sixties) Billy Jack (/wiki/Billy_Jack) Brink of Disaster! (/wiki/Brink_of_Disaster!) C Chastity (1969 film) (/wiki/Chastity_(1969_film)) Christopher's Movie Matinée (/wiki/Christopher%27s_Movie_Matin%C3%A9e) Commune (film) (/wiki/Commune_(film)) D The Distant Drummer (/wiki/The_Distant_Drummer) Don't Just Lie There, Say Something! (/wiki/Don%27t_Just_Lie_There,_Say_Something!) Dracula A.D. 1972 (/wiki/Dracula_A.D._1972) E Easy Rider (/wiki/Easy_Rider) Eggshells (film) (/wiki/Eggshells_(film)) Eight Miles High (film) (/wiki/Eight_Miles_High_(film)) F Festival Express (/wiki/Festival_Express) The First Turn-On! (/wiki/The_First_Turn-On!) Flashback (1990 film) (/wiki/Flashback_(1990_film)) Forrest Gump (/wiki/Forrest_Gump) Freaky Deaky (film) (/wiki/Freaky_Deaky_(film)) Frisbee: The Life and Death of a Hippie Preacher (/wiki/Frisbee:_The_Life_and_Death_of_a_Hippie_Preacher) Fritz the Cat (film) (/wiki/Fritz_the_Cat_(film)) G The Geek (/wiki/The_Geek) H Hair (film) (/wiki/Hair_(film)) The Happening (1967 film) (/wiki/The_Happening_(1967_film)) Haré Rama Haré Krishna (/wiki/Har%C3%A9_Rama_Har%C3%A9_Krishna) Head (film) (/wiki/Head_(film)) Hippie Hippie Shake (/wiki/Hippie_Hippie_Shake) Hippie Masala (/wiki/Hippie_Masala) Hippy Gourmet (/wiki/Hippy_Gourmet) Horror Hospital (/wiki/Horror_Hospital) The House of the Sun (film) (/wiki/The_House_of_the_Sun_(film)) How to Commit Marriage (/wiki/How_to_Commit_Marriage) Humboldt County (film) (/wiki/Humboldt_County_(film)) I I Drink Your Blood (/wiki/I_Drink_Your_Blood) I Love You, Alice B. Toklas (/wiki/I_Love_You,_Alice_B._Toklas) Inherent Vice (film) (/wiki/Inherent_Vice_(film)) The Invisible Circus (film) (/wiki/The_Invisible_Circus_(film)) J Jennifer on My Mind (/wiki/Jennifer_on_My_Mind) Jesus Christ Superstar (film) (/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar_(film)) Jesus Revolution (/wiki/Jesus_Revolution) Joe (1970 film) (/wiki/Joe_(1970_film)) K Karl Hess: Toward Liberty (/wiki/Karl_Hess:_Toward_Liberty) Klunkerz: A Film About Mountain Bikes (/wiki/Klunkerz:_A_Film_About_Mountain_Bikes) L Last Hippie Standing (/wiki/Last_Hippie_Standing) Let's Scare Jessica to Death (/wiki/Let%27s_Scare_Jessica_to_Death) The Love-Ins (/wiki/The_Love-Ins) M The Magic Garden of Stanley Sweetheart (/wiki/The_Magic_Garden_of_Stanley_Sweetheart) Magic Trip (/wiki/Magic_Trip) Magical Mystery Tour (film) (/wiki/Magical_Mystery_Tour_(film)) Maybe I'll Come Home in the Spring (/wiki/Maybe_I%27ll_Come_Home_in_the_Spring) Mondo Hollywood (/wiki/Mondo_Hollywood) Mondo Trasho (/wiki/Mondo_Trasho) Monterey Pop (/wiki/Monterey_Pop) O Off Sides (Pigs vs. Freaks) (/wiki/Off_Sides_(Pigs_vs._Freaks)) P Peace, Love & Misunderstanding (/wiki/Peace,_Love_%26_Misunderstanding) Il prato macchiato di rosso (/wiki/Il_prato_macchiato_di_rosso) The Proud Rider (/wiki/The_Proud_Rider) Psych-Out (/wiki/Psych-Out) The Psychedelic Priest (/wiki/The_Psychedelic_Priest) R The Rage in Placid Lake (/wiki/The_Rage_in_Placid_Lake) Rainbow Bridge (film) (/wiki/Rainbow_Bridge_(film)) Revolution (1968 film) (/wiki/Revolution_(1968_film)) Rude Awakening (film) (/wiki/Rude_Awakening_(film)) S Saint Misbehavin': The Wavy Gravy Movie (/wiki/Saint_Misbehavin%27:_The_Wavy_Gravy_Movie) Shalom (film) (/wiki/Shalom_(film)) Skidoo (film) (/wiki/Skidoo_(film)) The Social Seminar (/wiki/The_Social_Seminar) The Strawberry Statement (film) (/wiki/The_Strawberry_Statement_(film)) T Taking Woodstock (/wiki/Taking_Woodstock) The Tale of the Dog (/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Dog) Things Are Tough All Over (/wiki/Things_Are_Tough_All_Over) To Kill a Clown (/wiki/To_Kill_a_Clown) The Trial of Billy Jack (/wiki/The_Trial_of_Billy_Jack) The Trip (1967 film) (/wiki/The_Trip_(1967_film)) The Tripper (/wiki/The_Tripper) Turn On to Love (/wiki/Turn_On_to_Love) V Voulez-vous coucher avec God? (/wiki/Voulez-vous_coucher_avec_God%3F) W Wanderlust (2012 film) (/wiki/Wanderlust_(2012_film)) Weekend (1967 film) (/wiki/Weekend_(1967_film)) Wet Wilderness (/wiki/Wet_Wilderness) Where Have All the Flowers Gone? (film) (/wiki/Where_Have_All_the_Flowers_Gone%3F_(film)) Wild in the Streets (/wiki/Wild_in_the_Streets) A Woman's Case (/wiki/A_Woman%27s_Case) Wood & Stock: Sexo, Orégano e Rock'n'Roll (/wiki/Wood_%26_Stock:_Sexo,_Or%C3%A9gano_e_Rock%27n%27Roll) Woodstock (film) (/wiki/Woodstock_(film)) Y You Are What You Eat (film) (/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat_(film)) Z Zabriskie Point (film) (/wiki/Zabriskie_Point_(film)) Zombieland: Double Tap (/wiki/Zombieland:_Double_Tap) Züri brännt (film) (/wiki/Z%C3%BCri_br%C3%A4nnt_(film)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hippie_films&oldid=849266644 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hippie_films&oldid=849266644) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Films by genre (/wiki/Category:Films_by_genre) Films by culture (/wiki/Category:Films_by_culture) Hippie movement (/wiki/Category:Hippie_movement)
American fashion designer Fira Benenson 1941 Born ( 1898-04-14 ) 14 April 1898 Baku (/wiki/Baku) , Russian Empire (/wiki/Russian_Empire) Died 23 October 1977 (1977-10-23) (aged 79) New York City, New York Nationality Russian American Other names Fira Ilinska Occupation(s) fashion designer, dressmaker Years active 1930–1969 Fira Benenson (14 April 1898 – 23 October 1977) was a Russian-born American fashion designer and dressmaker. After growing up in Baku (/wiki/Baku) and Saint Petersburg (/wiki/Saint_Petersburg) , her family left Russia at the end of World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) and relocated in London (/wiki/London) . Benenson grew up between London, Paris and New York City, immigrating to Manhattan in the late 1920s. Opening a dress shop, she gained a reputation as a designer and was hired by Bonwit Teller (/wiki/Bonwit_Teller) in 1934. When World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) prohibited participation in the Paris fashion industry, she and other American designers began creating their own fashion lines. Leaving Bonwit's in 1948, she operated her own company, designing into 1969 and inspiring a new generation of American designers. Early life [ edit ] Fira Benenson was born on 14 April 1898 [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocial_Security_Death_Index1977-1) in Baku (/wiki/Baku) , which at the time was located in the Russian Empire (/wiki/Russian_Empire) , as the middle daughter of Sophia Borisovna (née Goldberg, Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : София Борисовна Голдберг , 1862–1926) and Grigori Benenson (/wiki/Grigori_Benenson) (1860–1939) ( Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : Григорий Иосифович Бененсон ), a Jewish financier and oil magnate. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowle1977-2) [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolo2004-3) [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''19391-4) Her mother was born in Pinsk (/wiki/Pinsk) [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Passenger_Lists192182-5) and her father was born in Minsk (/wiki/Minsk) to a wealthy timber merchant and had begun his career managing his father's estates. In 1889, he moved with his wife and young son, Jacob (1885–?) to Baku, opening a rice processing plant, which was the first in the area and began exporting rice in the domestic market. Within a decade, he bought a kerosene plant and expanded his business interests into oil production. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Our_Baku2011-6) Grigory was one of the pioneer oil prospectors of the Baku fields (/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan) and a chief stockholder in the Lena Gold Mining Partnership (/wiki/Lena_Gold_Mining_Partnership) , [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''198410-7) as well as a director of the Russian and English Bank Limited of Saint Petersburg. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''191125-8) Berenson was raised with her older sister Flora (/wiki/Flora_Solomon) (1895–1984) [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''198410-7) and younger sister Manya (/wiki/Manya_Harari) on the top floor of the home built by Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky (/wiki/Pyotr_Mikhailovich_Volkonsky) in Saint Petersburg (/wiki/Saint_Petersburg) and spent time on a country estate known as Redkino. [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolo2004-3) Her father then bought a home on Nevsky Prospect (/wiki/Nevsky_Prospect) , from which he operated his businesses as well and eventually installed a cinema in 1912. The following year, the business was moved to Sadovaya Street (/wiki/Sadovaya_Street) , to the building which now houses the St. Petersburg currency exchange. [6] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Our_Baku2011-6) In 1914, while visiting in Germany, the family decided to relocate to London [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolo2004-3) and moved there permanently in 1915. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''198410-7) Grigory began investing in New York City in 1919, buying the City Investing Building (/wiki/City_Investing_Building) . [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Tribune''19191-9) Berenson lived in Paris with her mother in the 1920s, but traveled often to New York. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuggenheim198725-10) [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Passenger_Lists192182-5) After her mother's death on 27 April 1926, in Nice, [11] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''19261-11) Benenson moved permanently to Manhattan, [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Democrat_and_Chronicle''195774-12) [Notes 1] (#cite_note-15) where on 19 March 1931, she married Janusz Ilinski, a Polish nobleman and soldier. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Democrat_and_Chronicle''195774-12) [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Marriage_Records1931-16) Career [ edit ] His father's investments in real estate in New York allowed Fira to open, with her partner Vera Heller, Verben, an exclusive dress shop between 5th and 6th Avenues on 57th Street. In the mid-1920s, the women's boutique focused on classic but cutting-edge fashion for wealthy women of New York. Fira worked as a buyer and relationship builder with couture houses almost exclusively in Paris. [16] (#cite_note-17) When the family fortune took a downturn due to the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) and the aftermath of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 (/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929) , Benenson opened a dress shop in New York City, gaining a reputation in the fashion industry. [7] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''198410-7) [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Democrat_and_Chronicle''195774-12) In 1934, she was hired by Bonwit Teller (/wiki/Bonwit_Teller) to manage their Couture Salon, traveling four times a year to the fashion markets (/wiki/Fashion_show) in Paris. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Democrat_and_Chronicle''195774-12) In 1940, with travel restrictions due to the war (/wiki/World_War_II) and the German invasion of France (/wiki/Battle_of_France) , Paris was closed off to the industry. [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvagh1988126-18) American designers began to create their own designs, and Benenson launched Fira Benenson Inc. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Democrat_and_Chronicle''195774-12) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan196021-19) Her plan was not to create haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) fashion, but rather simple, but elegant clothing in which women could walk and sit, while wearing throughout their normal daily routines. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowle1977-2) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan196021-19) While other designers utilized padded shoulders (/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(fashion)) , Benenson preferred natural lines and silhouettes that balanced a woman's figure. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan196021-19) [19] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung194118-20) In 1946, the Hoving Corporation (/wiki/Hoving_Corporation) made a bid to purchase Bonwit's, [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuce194894-21) which resulted in Benenson's resignation by 1948 to open her own shop. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowle1977-2) [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuce1948182-22) She had become one of the top fashion designers in the United States by 1950, [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvagh1988183-23) and counted among her clients, Princess Grace of Monaco (/wiki/Princess_Grace_of_Monaco) [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglund1984153-24) and Pat Nixon (/wiki/Pat_Nixon) . [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Kansas_City_Times''19591-25) Increasingly she designed clothes for women over forty, putting out two collections each year for the ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) market, [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowle1977-2) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan196021-19) while still keeping her styles though available in a range of sizes, with the feel of made to order (/wiki/Made_to_order) garments. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Democrat_and_Chronicle''195774-12) She continued designing through the end of the 1960s. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Morning_Call''196990-26) Death and legacy [ edit ] Benenson died at her home at 333 East 57th Street (/wiki/East_57th_Street) in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) on 23 October 1977. [2] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowle1977-2) She was influential in giving a start to many young designers during her career, including George Halley (/wiki/George_Halley_(couturier)) [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauley196713-27) and Monte Streitfield (/w/index.php?title=Monte_Streitfield&action=edit&redlink=1) . [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraghty1963182-28) Her sister Flora was the mother of Peter Solomon Benenson (/wiki/Peter_Benenson) , founder of Amnesty International (/wiki/Amnesty_International) [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Shaughnessy2005-29) and her sister Manya was the noted translator of Doctor Zhivago (/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(novel)) . [3] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolo2004-3) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-15) The Democrat and Chronicle states Benenson moved to the United States in 1921, but this seems unlikely. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Democrat_and_Chronicle''195774-12) Per the Ellis Island Foundation, she made 14 trips between 1921 and 1931 from France to New York, [5] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Passenger_Lists192182-5) and then did not travel again until 1936, as Fira Ilinska, which probably indicates she actually moved to New York in 1931. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Passenger_Lists1936-13) This is supported by Peggy Guggenheim (/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim) 's account of their friendship. When Guggenheim arrived in Paris (1920) she lived at the Hôtel de Crillon (/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Crillon) , where Benenson was also living. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuggenheim198725-10) Guggenheim also states that it was Benenson who helped her find a place to rent for the summer in London, when her first child was born (1923). [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuggenheim198738–39-14) References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocial_Security_Death_Index1977_1-0) Social Security Death Index 1977 (#CITEREFSocial_Security_Death_Index1977) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fowle 1977 (#CITEREFFowle1977) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Rolo 2004 (#CITEREFRolo2004) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''19391_4-0) The Times 1939 (#CITEREFThe_Times1939) , p. 1. ^ Jump up to: a b c New York Passenger Lists 1921 (#CITEREFNew_York_Passenger_Lists1921) , p. 82. ^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopedia Our Baku 2011 (#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Our_Baku2011) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d The Times 1984 (#CITEREFThe_Times1984) , p. 10. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''191125_8-0) The Times 1911 (#CITEREFThe_Times1911) , p. 25. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Tribune''19191_9-0) The New York Tribune 1919 (#CITEREFThe_New_York_Tribune1919) , p. 1. ^ Jump up to: a b Guggenheim 1987 (#CITEREFGuggenheim1987) , p. 25. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''19261_11-0) The Times 1926 (#CITEREFThe_Times1926) , p. 1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g The Democrat and Chronicle 1957 (#CITEREFThe_Democrat_and_Chronicle1957) , p. 74. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Passenger_Lists1936_13-0) New York Passenger Lists 1936 (#CITEREFNew_York_Passenger_Lists1936) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuggenheim198738–39_14-0) Guggenheim 1987 (#CITEREFGuggenheim1987) , pp. 38–39. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Marriage_Records1931_16-0) New York Marriage Records 1931 (#CITEREFNew_York_Marriage_Records1931) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Deihl, Nancy (2018). The hidden history of American fashion : rediscovering twentieth-century women designers . London: Bloomsbury (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-3500-0047-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 970386965 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/970386965) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulvagh1988126_18-0) Mulvagh 1988 (#CITEREFMulvagh1988) , p. 126. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Donovan 1960 (#CITEREFDonovan1960) , p. 21. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung194118_20-0) Young 1941 (#CITEREFYoung1941) , p. 18. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuce194894_21-0) Luce 1948 (#CITEREFLuce1948) , p. 94. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuce1948182_22-0) Luce 1948 (#CITEREFLuce1948) , p. 182. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulvagh1988183_23-0) Mulvagh 1988 (#CITEREFMulvagh1988) , p. 183. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglund1984153_24-0) Englund 1984 (#CITEREFEnglund1984) , p. 153. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Kansas_City_Times''19591_25-0) The Kansas City Times 1959 (#CITEREFThe_Kansas_City_Times1959) , p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Morning_Call''196990_26-0) The Morning Call 1969 (#CITEREFThe_Morning_Call1969) , p. 90. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauley196713_27-0) Pauley 1967 (#CITEREFPauley1967) , p. 13. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraghty1963182_28-0) Geraghty 1963 (#CITEREFGeraghty1963) , p. 182. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Shaughnessy2005_29-0) O'Shaughnessy 2005 (#CITEREFO'Shaughnessy2005) . Bibliography [ edit ] Donovan, Carrie (11 October 1960). "Fira Benenson Designs for Women over Forty" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16123559/arizona_daily_star/) . The Arizona Daily Star (/wiki/The_Arizona_Daily_Star) . Tucson, Arizona. New York Times News Service (/wiki/New_York_Times_News_Service) . p. 21 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . Englund, Steven (1984). Grace of Monaco: An interpretive biography (1st ed.). Garden City, New York: Doubleday. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-385-18812-9 . Fowle, Farnsworth (24 October 1977). "Fira Benenson, Fashion Designer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171230210814/http://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/24/archives/fira-benenson-fashion-designer.html?_r=0&mtrref=web.archive.org) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . New York City, New York. Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/24/archives/fira-benenson-fashion-designer.html?_r=0&mtrref=web.archive.org) on 30 December 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Geraghty, Kathryn (21 April 1963). "Baltimore Designer in New York" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16152483/the_baltimore_sun/) . The Baltimore Sun (/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun) . Baltimore, Maryland. p. 182 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . Guggenheim, Peggy (1987). Out of this century: confessions of an art addict (Paperback ed.). New York, New York: Universe Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-87663-511-7 . Luce, Henry R., ed. (September 1948). "Mr. Hoving of Fifth Avenue: The Ambitious Boss of Hoving Corp. Makes a Bid for Merchandising Empire" (https://archive.org/stream/fortune38julluce#page/94/mode/1up) . Fortune (/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)) . Vol. XXXVIII, no. 3. Jersey City, New Jersey. pp. 94–95, 170–182. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0015-8259 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-8259) . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Mulvagh, Jane (1988). Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion (1st ed.). London, England: Viking. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-670-80172-0 . O'Shaughnessy, Hugh (28 February 2005). "Peter Benenson, Founder of Amnesty International" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170625185532/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-benenson-13233.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . London, England. Archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-benenson-13233.html) on 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Pauley, Gay (8 August 1967). "Husband-Wife Team Scores in Fashion: She, a Model, is Sounding Board; He Designs" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16152441/courierpost/) . The Courier-Post (/wiki/The_Courier-Post) . Camden, New Jersey. p. 13 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . Rolo, P. J. V. (23 September 2004). "Harari [née Benenson], Manya" (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33688) . In Loughlin-Chow, M. Clare (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography) (online ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/ref:odnb/33688 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33688) . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . (Subscription or UK public library membership (https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public) required.) Young, Marian (16 March 1941). "Battle Rages at Openings of Designers" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16123668/the_missoulian/) . The Missoulian (/wiki/The_Missoulian) . Missoula, Montana. Newspaper Enterprise Association Service (/wiki/Newspaper_Enterprise_Association) . p. 18 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . "Benenson" (http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=wes_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS17242781&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . No. 44258. London, England. 29 April 1926. p. 1. Gale Document Number: CS17242781 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 – via Gale Group (/wiki/Gale_Group) . "Benenson" (http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=wes_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=CS17249414&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . No. 48273. London, England. 6 April 1939. p. 1. Gale Document Number: CS17249414 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 – via Gale Group (/wiki/Gale_Group) . "Бененсон Григорий Иосифович – предприниматель, купец 1-ой гильдии" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171231173257/https://www.ourbaku.com/index.php/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86_1-%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8) [Benenson, Grigory Iosifovich—businessman, 1st guild merchant]. Наш Баку (in Russian). Baku, Azerbaijan: Энциклопедию Баку и бакинцев (The Encyclopedia of Baku and People of Baku). 3 April 2011. Archived from the original (https://www.ourbaku.com/index.php/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86_1-%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8) on 31 December 2017 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Appears to be a self-published site, but with references cited to source materials. {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: postscript ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript) ) "City Investing Building Sold to Englishman" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16121343/democrat_and_chronicle/) . New York, New York: The New York Tribune (/wiki/The_New_York_Tribune) . 19 December 1919. p. 1 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . "Mrs Flora Solomon" (http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=wes_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS170102553&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . No. 61919. London, England. 25 August 1984. p. 10. Gale Document Number: CS170102553 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 – via Gale Group (/wiki/Gale_Group) . "New York City Marriage Records" (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:24D3-ML5) . FamilySearch . New York, New York: New York City Municipal Archives. 19 March 1931. FHL microfilm 1684177 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . "New York Passenger Arrival Lists" (https://www.libertyellisfoundation.org/passenger-details/czoxMjoiMTA1MjY0MDQwMTUyIjs=/czo4OiJtYW5pZmVzdCI7) . Liberty-Ellis . New York, New York: Ellis Island Foundation, Inc. 2 February 1921. images 897–898 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . "New York Passenger Arrival Lists" (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-95F2-SF9?i=46&cc=1923888) . FamilySearch . Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. 19 May 1936. NARA Series T715, Roll 5804 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . "Pat Nixon All Ready for Trip" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16123968/pat_nixon_all_ready_for_trip_ap_the/) . Kansas City, Missouri: The Kansas City Times (/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Times) . Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . 6 July 1959. p. 1 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . "Spadea Designer Pattern" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16152274/spadea_designer_pattern_the_morning/) . The Morning Call (/wiki/The_Morning_Call) . Allentown, Pennsylvania. Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . 30 March 1969. p. 90 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . "The Russian And English Bank" (http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=wes_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS419888509&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . No. 39755. London, England. 29 November 1911. p. 25. Gale Document Number: CS419888509 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 – via Gale Group (/wiki/Gale_Group) . "U. S. Social Security Death Index: Fira Ilinska" (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JPWM-4MV) . FamilySearch . Washington, D. C.: Social Security Administration. October 1977 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . "Who's Who in Fashion: Miss B's Ready-Mades Have Great Lady Look" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16121343/democrat_and_chronicle/) . The Democrat and Chronicle (/wiki/The_Democrat_and_Chronicle) . Rochester, New York. 10 March 1957. p. 74 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . 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American fashion designer Luis Estévez Estévez in 1975 Born Luis Estévez de Gálvez c. 1930 ( 1930 ) Havana (/wiki/Havana) , Cuba Died November 28, 2014 (2014-11-28) (aged 83–84) Miami (/wiki/Miami) , Florida, U.S. Other names Luis Estevez Alma mater University of Havana (/wiki/University_of_Havana) , Traphagen School of Fashion (/wiki/Traphagen_School_of_Fashion) Years active 1951–1997 Known for Grenelle-Estévez, Estévez Spouse(s) Betty Dew (1953–1984, div.) Blanche "Skip" Gonzales Hathaway Luis Estévez (c. 1930 – November 28, 2014) was a Cuban-born American fashion designer and costume designer, active between 1951 until 1997. According to the New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , "Luis Estevez always did make a lady look like a vamp", known for his high slits, slinky dresses and dramatic necklines. [1] (#cite_note-1) Estévez was a founding member of Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) (CFDA). [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Early life and education [ edit ] First Lady Betty Ford (/wiki/Betty_Ford) meeting Luis Estévez in 1975 in the west sitting hall of the White House. Luis Estévez de Gálvez was born in c.1930 in Havana (/wiki/Havana) , Cuba (/wiki/Cuba) to a wealthy Spanish-Cuban (/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba) family. [4] (#cite_note-4) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) His father, Luis “Buffalo” Estévez, was an engineer, his mother, Gloria Cortínas Benítez de Gálvez, was a socialite (/wiki/Socialite) , and his grandfather was a Cuban sugar magnate. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) His family had many generations of distinguished relatives and were descend from the De Gálvez family, whom the city of Galveston (/wiki/Galveston,_Texas) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) was named and from a founder of the city of St. Augustine (/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida) . [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) His mother frequently had American magazines and adored French haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) ; she encouraged and influenced his love of fashion and drawing. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) At age 10, Estévez was sent to Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pennsylvania) to live with his aunt and her family because multiple kidnapping attempts were made on him in Cuba. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) He attended college-preparatory school in Delaware (/wiki/Delaware) at Sanford School (/wiki/Sanford_School) , graduating in 1947. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) He went on to study architecture at the University of Havana (/wiki/University_of_Havana) , and upon leaving college, moved to New York City. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) He never graduated from the University of Havana. [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) In New York City Estévez started to focus on fashion and he attended the Traphagen School of Fashion (/wiki/Traphagen_School_of_Fashion) , graduating in 1951 in costume design. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) While in school he got a job in window display at the Lord & Taylor (/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor) department store; the job did not pay much but it gave him experience. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) His mother, who divorced his father, financially supported Estévez, which allowed him to enjoy New York nightlife and meet New York society, including at the nightclub El Morocco (/wiki/El_Morocco) . [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) He started dating Bahamian-American (/wiki/Bahamian_Americans) model Betty Dew at this time; she was a regular guest at the El Morocco nightclub. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Lilly Daché (/wiki/Lilly_Dach%C3%A9) , milliner (/wiki/Hatmaking) and fashion designer, hired Estévez to create a few designs while he was in school but he realized he was not yet experienced enough in his career and quit that job. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Career [ edit ] A formal gown with a cape designed by Luis Estévez in 1975, for First Lady Betty Ford (/wiki/Betty_Ford) . Estévez and his girlfriend Dew took a 1951 boat trip to France together, where he befriended more established designers including Hubert de Givenchy (/wiki/Hubert_de_Givenchy) , Jacques Fath (/wiki/Jacques_Fath) , and French Vogue editor Françoise de Langlade (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Langlade) . [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) He got an internship at the house of Jean Patou (/wiki/Jean_Patou) and the couple stayed in France for one year. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) In 1952, Estévez returned to New York City and joined Pat Hartley, a ready-to-wear fashion company. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) By 1955, Estévez launched his own label Grenelle-Estévez and a ready-to-wear collection with Fred Greenberg, Robert Greenberg and Ben Papell. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) His signature-style clothing was form-fitting cocktail and evening dresses designed with figure flattering shape, unusual angles, and noticeable necklines. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) His ready-to-wear clothing was moderately priced when compared to haute couture clothing, making it easy to sell in stores. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) One year later in 1956, at age 26, he became the youngest designer to win the Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Estévez was very popular, and often had celebrities in his social circles. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) He and Dew built a hillside home in Acapulco (/wiki/Acapulco) , Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) in 1957, named Le Cumbre. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) The Acapulco home was a popular party choice in the 1960s for celebrities, politicians, and socialites. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) In 1960, Estévez created a black dress based on the John Singer Sargent (/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent) painting Portrait of Madame X (/wiki/Portrait_of_Madame_X) (1884). [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) Dina Merrill (/wiki/Dina_Merrill) modeled the Estévez dress for photographer Milton H. Greene (/wiki/Milton_H._Greene) published in Life magazine (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) on 11 January 1960. [9] (#cite_note-:5-9) In the 1960s and 1970s Estévez designed swimwear for Sea Darlings of California, a Los Angeles-based company. [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) In 1965, he moved to the Hollywood Hills (/wiki/Hollywood_Hills) in California, and began working more closely with Hollywood actors and actresses. By 1972, he was designing under a private label with actress Eva Gabor (/wiki/Eva_Gabor) and for Universal Studios (/wiki/Universal_Pictures) designing costumes for film and television. [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) He dressed many important people in his career including Betty Ford (/wiki/Betty_Ford) , [11] (#cite_note-:6-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Lynda Bird Johnson (/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson_Robb) , [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Nancy Reagan (/wiki/Nancy_Reagan) , [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Eva Gabor, Marlene Dietrich (/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich) , [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) , [13] (#cite_note-:7-13) Zsa Zsa Gabor (/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor) , [13] (#cite_note-:7-13) Natalie Wood (/wiki/Natalie_Wood) , [13] (#cite_note-:7-13) Carol Channing (/wiki/Carol_Channing) , [14] (#cite_note-14) among others. His label Estévez closed in 1968, and he went into working freelance. [15] (#cite_note-15) In the 1970s Estévez also designed men's clothing for Jaymar. [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) In 1975, Estévez met with Betty Ford in Palm Springs (/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California) , while she was serving as the First Lady of the United States. [16] (#cite_note-:8-16) Ford and Estévez discussed the creation of a line of clothing for Ford that could later be released as part of his own label, after she wore it. [16] (#cite_note-:8-16) He created many original pieces for Ford, which were publicly worn at many formal events. [16] (#cite_note-:8-16) He primarily worked with private clients starting in 1977. [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) In the 1980s he opened the Estévez boutique on Melrose Place (/wiki/Melrose_Avenue) in Los Angeles, partnering with Allan Carr (/wiki/Allan_Carr) . The boutique remained open until 1992. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) After the closure of the boutique he moved to Miami, Florida. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) In 1996, Estévez returned to California in Montecito (/wiki/Montecito,_California) in Santa Barbara County (/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California) . With a new set of investors, he opened a new boutique which closed within one year due to a legal dispute with the investors. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) That same year in 1997, he retired from fashion design. [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) Death and legacy [ edit ] Estévez died 28 November 2014 in Miami (/wiki/Miami) , Florida. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Estévez's work is featured in various public museum collections including the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , [17] (#cite_note-17) Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum (/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Museum) , [11] (#cite_note-:6-11) Rhode Island School of Design Museum (/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum) , [18] (#cite_note-18) Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) , [19] (#cite_note-19) among others. Estévez's work is said to have influenced designers Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) and Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) In 2019, Estévez's work was featured in a group exhibition The Traphagen School: Fostering American Fashion at the Museum at FIT (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) in New York City. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) [20] (#cite_note-20) Personal life [ edit ] In 1953, Estévez married Bahamian-American (/wiki/Bahamian_Americans) model Betty Dew. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) [21] (#cite_note-21) Additionally, he had many affairs with both men and women despite being married to Dew, and was known to have had affairs with fashion designer Halston (/wiki/Halston) and actress Ethel Merman (/wiki/Ethel_Merman) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) He was open about being bisexual (/wiki/Bisexuality) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Estévez and Dew divorced in 1984, [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) after several years of living apart many months out of the year. For two years in the 1980s, he was married to Blanche “Skip” Gonzales Hathaway. She was the widow of film director Henry Hathaway (/wiki/Henry_Hathaway) . [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Awards [ edit ] 1956 – Winnies, Coty Award [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) 1990 – Hispanic Designers’, Lifetime Achievement Award, Hispanic Designers Gala. [22] (#cite_note-22) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Morris, Bernadine (1974-05-08). "Fashion Talk" (https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/08/archives/for-the-designers-a-time-of-recovery-and-fun-fashion-talk.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "CFDA is finally warming up to L.A. designers" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-may-14-et-fashnotes14-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . 2005-05-14 . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jacobs, Alexandra (2015-05-27). "Luis Estévez, a CFDA Loss" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/28/fashion/luis-estevez-a-cfda-loss.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2019-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Lambert, Eleanor (1976). World of Fashion: People, Places, Resources . R. R. Bowker Company. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780835206273 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Kern, Dale (August 2008). "In Memoriam: Luis Estevez" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190424220440/http://sbmag.com/2014/12/in-memoriam-luis-estevez/) . Santa Barbara Magazine . Archived from the original (http://sbmag.com/2014/12/in-memoriam-luis-estevez/) on 2019-04-24 . Retrieved 2019-12-01 . ^ a b c Crawford, Hildy (12 November 1959). "Estevez Still Out Front" (https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DS19591112.2.71&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1) . California Digital Newspaper Collection . Desert Sun . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Luis Estévez: Designer to Celebrities" (https://blog.rexfabrics.com/luis-estevez-designer-to-celebrities/) . Rex Fabrics . 12 August 2013. Born in Havana in 1928 into a wealthy family, he grew up in a classy and refined ambiance. Son of Luis "Buffalo" Estévez and Gloria Cortiñas Benítez de Gálvez, Luis also descends from the Spanish family De Gálvez after whom the city of Galveston, Texas was named. ^ a b "Traphagen Alumni, The Traphagen School: Fostering American Fashion" (https://exhibitions.fitnyc.edu/traphagen-school/traphagen-alumni/) . Museum at FIT . Retrieved 2019-12-01 . ^ a b Hoepf, Tom (2012-05-29). " (https://www.liveauctioneers.com/news/auctions/upcoming-auctions/madame-x-gown-to-grace-runway-at-kaminski-sale-june-7/) 'Madame X' gown to grace runway at Kaminski sale June 7" (https://www.liveauctioneers.com/news/auctions/upcoming-auctions/madame-x-gown-to-grace-runway-at-kaminski-sale-june-7/) . LiveAuctioneers \| Auction Central News . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ a b c d e Bramlett, Lizzie. "Label Resource : Estevez" (https://vintagefashionguild.org/label-resource/estevez/) . Vintage Fashion Guild . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ a b "Inside Betty's Closet" (https://fordlibrarymuseum.tumblr.com/post/118282239210/inside-bettys-closet-learn-more-about-betty) . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum . 2015 . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Chrisman-Campbell, Kimberly (2019-08-28). "Isabel Toledo: Beyond the Michelle Obama Dress" (https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/isabel-toledo-beyond-michelle-obama-dress/596950/) . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . Luis Estevez studied architecture in Havana before working as a fashion designer in New York and Los Angeles, where he dressed Hollywood actresses; he went on to create the lime-green chiffon gown Betty Ford wore to dance with Prince Philip at a 1976 state dinner. ^ a b c Koski, Lorna (2014-12-02). "Designer Luis Estevez Dies at Age 85" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/luis-estevez-dies-at-age-85-8053374/) . WWD . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Photos: Remembering Carol Channing, 1921-2019" (https://magicvalley.com/entertainment/photos-remembering-carol-channing/collection_c87ece5c-ff09-5cf2-a557-85be87871c73.html) . Twin Falls Times-News . 15 January 2019 . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Walford, Jonathan (2012). 1950s American Fashion . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780747812760 . ^ a b c Luis Estevez . White House History Quarterly. 2019. p. 72. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Search Collection: Mr. Luis Estévez" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search#!/search?artist=Est%C3%A9vez%20Luis%20Mr.$Mr.%20Luis%20Est%C3%A9vez) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Met) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Collection, Luis Estévez" (https://risdmuseum.org/art-design/collection?search_api_fulltext=Luis%20Est%C3%A9vez) . RISD Museum . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "From the Fall and Winter Grenelle-Estevez Collection designed by Luis Estevez..." (https://www.loc.gov/item/2003663511/) Library of Congress . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "The Traphagen School: Fostering American Fashion, New York, March 2019" (https://www.chicmi.com/event/the-traphagen-school-fostering-american-fashion-new-york-march-2019/) . Chicmi . Retrieved 2019-12-03 . Highlights include ensembles by Geoffrey Beene and Anne Klein, evening wear by Luis Estevez and James Galanos, and illustrations by Antonio Lopez. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "1953 Press Photo Wedding of Luis Estevez and model Betty Dew" (https://outlet.historicimages.com/products/rsk22425) . Historic Images . Retrieved 2019-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Happy Birthday to Luis Estevez de Galvez, Fashion Designer" (https://thehispanicalmanac.com/happy-birthday-to-luis-estevez-de-galvez/) . The Latinx Almanac . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . External links [ edit ] Luis Estevez at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Luis Estevez profile (https://americanhistory.si.edu/hispanicdesigners/estevez/section.htm) online at the National Museum of American History (/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History) , Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐895674c4f‐jvr8w Cached time: 20240717054901 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.408 seconds Real time usage: 0.533 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3085/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 43289/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1839/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 89383/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.231/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7093117/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 2/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 479.087 1 -total 37.05% 177.498 1 Template:Reflist 31.13% 149.124 1 Template:Infobox_person 17.08% 81.830 2 Template:Cite_news 16.87% 80.816 1 Template:Short_description 11.53% 55.262 17 Template:Cite_web 9.99% 47.858 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.85% 47.193 17 Template:Main_other 7.80% 37.353 2 Template:Pagetype 7.32% 35.073 1 Template:IMDb_title Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62478724-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717054901 and revision id 1225186267. 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Hungarian-born Croatian fashion stylist, designer and writer Žuži Jelinek Jelinek (centre) posing with her models in Zagreb, June 1960. Born Suzana Ferber ( 1920-07-17 ) 17 July 1920 Budapest (/wiki/Budapest) , Kingdom of Hungary (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)) Died 23 January 2016 (2016-01-23) (aged 95) Zagreb (/wiki/Zagreb) , Croatia (/wiki/Croatia) Nationality Croatian Occupation(s) Fashion stylist (/wiki/Wardrobe_stylist) , designer, writer Žuži Jelinek (born Suzana Ferber ; [1] (#cite_note-1) 17 July 1920 – 23 January 2016) was a Hungarian-born Croatian (/wiki/Croatia) fashion stylist, designer and writer. Early life [ edit ] Jelinek was born in 1920 in Budapest (/wiki/Budapest) [2] (#cite_note-jl1-2) [3] (#cite_note-hrt-3) to poor Jewish (/wiki/Jew) parents, Izidor and Ruža Ferber, as the youngest of three children. Her father changed his surname from Farber to Ferber. Jelinek's paternal grandfather was Moritz Farber, a textile merchant from Ludbreg (/wiki/Ludbreg) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Her parents were both deaf, her father was from Ludbreg and her mother was from Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) . They met in Budapest, where they were sent by their families to the only specialized school for deaf people in the area. [6] (#cite_note-vl-6) Jelinek also had two brothers. After Jelinek's birth, her family moved to Zagreb (/wiki/Zagreb) . They lived in a poor part of town. Although Jelinek's aunt, her father's sister, was married to a wealthy Zagreb Jew, Jelinek said that her family didn't benefit from it. Jelinek's aunt was ashamed of her poor deaf brother, so when Jelinek's family visited, she would receive them in the kitchen because, according to Jelinek, they were not good enough for the salons in the house. At that time, Jelinek swore that she would have a successful life. The humiliation experienced in childhood poverty (/wiki/Childhood_poverty) were incentives for her to attain a decent life. She graduated from the Zagreb School of Tailors. [3] (#cite_note-hrt-3) [6] (#cite_note-vl-6) [7] (#cite_note-jl2-7) [8] (#cite_note-sd-8) Career and later life [ edit ] Jelinek was only 17 years of age when she began to work in Paris (/wiki/Paris) as a seamstress in a factory of Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(designer)) . While in Paris, Jelinek met Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) , for whom she briefly worked. Because of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , Jelinek returned to Zagreb in 1939. In Zagreb, she opened a tailor shop, where she sewed for wealthy Jewish families. Jelinek was also active in language learning. In 1941, she met and married her first husband, Zagreb dentist Dr. Erich Jelinek. From that marriage, Jelinek has two children, son Ivica and daughter Dijana. [6] (#cite_note-vl-6) [7] (#cite_note-jl2-7) With the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia) in 1941, the infamous Ustaše (/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e) policy soon led her brothers to the camps where they were both killed, one in a Kerestinec (/wiki/Kerestinec) concentration camp and other one in the Jadovno concentration camp (/wiki/Jadovno_concentration_camp) . [6] (#cite_note-vl-6) While in Sušak (/wiki/Su%C5%A1ak,_Rijeka) , where she moved to escape the Ustaša and Nazi (/wiki/Nazi) persecution, Jelinek learned that her parents were about to be transported to Jasenovac concentration camp (/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp) . She went to an Italian officer, whom she seduced, and thus saved her parents from deportation. During the war, Jelinek joined the Partisans (/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans) . After the war she began to sew again, and at 40 she moved to the United States (/wiki/United_States) . [7] (#cite_note-jl2-7) In the United States, she sewed and was very successful at it. When she returned to Zagreb, Jelinek found out that her husband had left her for a servant-girl. She continued to work hard and traveled the world. That however bothered Josip Broz Tito (/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito) . Tito called her and said that she could not continue to travel and promote her models as Žuži Jelinek, because he considered it not to be beneficial for the Yugoslavia (/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia) workers' self-management (/wiki/Workers%27_self-management) . He offered to make her the director of the Macedonian fashion company Teteks. Jelinek refused this offer and in 1962, during a speech, Tito named her a negative element in Yugoslavia. She was told to leave. She then moved with her children and parents to Geneva (/wiki/Geneva) . Upon her arrival, Jelinek traveled to a street and asked for the cheapest apartment for her family. At the time of her death on that very same street, she was the owner of four houses. She returned to Zagreb in 1964, when Tito invited her to come home. After her arrival, she sewed fashion creations for Tito's wife, Jovanka Broz (/wiki/Jovanka_Broz) . During her career, Jelinek sold fashion creations in the United States, Japan and all of Europe. [7] (#cite_note-jl2-7) [9] (#cite_note-jl4-9) Jelinek authored eight books and was from 1994 as a regular columnist to the Croatian women's magazine Gloria (/wiki/Gloria_(magazine)) . [8] (#cite_note-sd-8) [10] (#cite_note-jl3-10) Croatian Radiotelevision (/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision) produced a documentary which recounts Jelinek's life during her early years of poverty and then her later success. [9] (#cite_note-jl4-9) A few years before her death Jelinek received an offer from Steven Spielberg (/wiki/Steven_Spielberg) , who wanted to make a film about her life. It has been said that because he heard her story, that of a single Jewish woman during the Holocaust (/wiki/The_Holocaust) who risked her life to save those of her parents. Therein, Spielberg invited Jelinek to be the chief adviser for the film. In the end, although she was very flattered by the offer, Jelinek declined, concluding that due to constraints on her time, she couldn't afford to spend two years in the United States. [9] (#cite_note-jl4-9) Jelinek resided in Zagreb, Geneva and Opatija (/wiki/Opatija) . Jelinek had three marriages after her first. [11] (#cite_note-11) Her last husband was Milorad Ronkulin. Jelinek was a longtime council member of the Jewish community in Zagreb. [12] (#cite_note-jl5-12) Jelinek died on January 23, 2016, at the age of 95. [13] (#cite_note-13) Published works [ edit ] Seks liječi sve , Profil, 2004 Žene, osvajajte... , Znanje, 2010 Mijenjaju li se muškarci , Znanje, 2011 References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Prgomet, Ivana (June 20, 2008). "Jovanka Broz: Drugarice Jelinek, volim vaše cipele" (http://www.24sata.hr/show/jovanka-broz-drugarice-jelinek-volim-vase-cipele-67898) (in Croatian). 24sata (/wiki/24sata_(Croatia)) . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-jl1_2-0) "Nakon Zagreba Žuži Jelinek slavila u Rijeci" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140101103729/http://www.jutarnji.hr/nakon-zagreba-zuzi-jelinek-slavila-u-rijeci/189509/) (in Croatian). Jutarnji list (/wiki/Jutarnji_list) . July 26, 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.jutarnji.hr/nakon-zagreba-zuzi-jelinek-slavila-u-rijeci/189509/) on January 1, 2014 . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Portreti – Žuži Jelinek" (http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=471&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=152007&cHash=8d5ea64e1d) (in Croatian). Croatian Radiotelevision (/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision) . February 2, 2012 . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) (in Croatian) Ha-Kol, glasilo Židovske zajednice u Hrvatskoj; broj 102; 2007 Zagreb; stranica 34. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database: Zuzi Jelinek" (http://resources.ushmm.org/hsv/person_view.php?PersonId=4969898) . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum) . Retrieved February 8, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Božić, Tanja (April 15, 2012). "Žuži Jelinek: U 92. pišem knjigu "Živjeli muškarci" (http://www.vecernji.hr/scena/zuzi-jelinek-u-92-pisem-knjigu-zivjeli-muskarci-clanak-398266) " (http://www.vecernji.hr/scena/zuzi-jelinek-u-92-pisem-knjigu-zivjeli-muskarci-clanak-398266) (in Croatian). Večernji list (/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernji_list) . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Bolanča, Sandra (August 11, 2011). "Moj savjet svim ženama: Svakoga si jutra recite da ste mlade, lijepe i sretne" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131219014822/http://www.jutarnji.hr/template/article/article-print.jsp?id=965157) (in Croatian). Jutarnji list (/wiki/Jutarnji_list) . Archived from the original (http://www.jutarnji.hr/template/article/article-print.jsp?id=965157) on December 19, 2013 . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Celevska, Ivančica (August 7, 2011). "Žuži Jelinek: Nemoralne ponude prihvatite s 50 godina" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102645/http://www.slobodnadalmacija.com/Linija-X/tabid/243/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/145399/Default.aspx) (in Croatian). Slobodna Dalmacija (/wiki/Slobodna_Dalmacija) . Archived from the original (http://www.slobodnadalmacija.com/Linija-X/tabid/243/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/145399/Default.aspx) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Žužina životna priča stiže na male ekrane" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140101103214/http://www.jutarnji.hr/zuzina-zivotna-prica-stize-na-male-ekrane/178478/) (in Croatian). Jutarnji list (/wiki/Jutarnji_list) . June 14, 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.jutarnji.hr/zuzina-zivotna-prica-stize-na-male-ekrane/178478/) on January 1, 2014 . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-jl3_10-0) Mirković, Nada (May 16, 2010). "Žuži Jelinek: 'Muškarci su zbog feminizma postali oholi: čekaju da žene njih osvoje' (https://web.archive.org/web/20150807013456/http://www.jutarnji.hr/zuzi-jelinek---muskarci-su-zbog-feminizma-postali-oholi--cekaju-da-zene-njih-osvoje-/774065) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20150807013456/http://www.jutarnji.hr/zuzi-jelinek---muskarci-su-zbog-feminizma-postali-oholi--cekaju-da-zene-njih-osvoje-/774065) (in Croatian). Jutarnji list (/wiki/Jutarnji_list) . Archived from the original (http://www.jutarnji.hr/zuzi-jelinek---muskarci-su-zbog-feminizma-postali-oholi--cekaju-da-zene-njih-osvoje-/774065/) on August 7, 2015 . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Jelinek, Žuži. "Ljubav kao kamen smutnje" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090328115241/http://gloria.com.hr/kolumne/zuzi.php?id=82) (in Croatian). Gloria (/wiki/Gloria_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://gloria.com.hr/kolumne/zuzi.php?id=82) on March 28, 2009 . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-jl5_12-0) Pavičić, Darko (November 6, 2006). "Dr. Kraus: Sinagogu ćemo graditi sami!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140101104248/http://www.jutarnji.hr/template/article/article-print.jsp?id=161191) (in Croatian). Jutarnji list (/wiki/Jutarnji_list) . Archived from the original (http://www.jutarnji.hr/template/article/article-print.jsp?id=161191) on January 1, 2014 . Retrieved June 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Preminula legendarna Žuži Jelinek" (http://www.telegram.hr/zivot/preminula-legendarna-zuzi-jelinek/) . Telegram.hr . 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Italian fashion photographer Gian Paolo Barbieri (or Giampaolo Barbieri ) (born 1938) is an Italian fashion photographer (/wiki/Fashion_photography) . [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Biography [ edit ] Born on the Via Mazzini in Milan, Barbieri's family were fabric wholesalers, and his father owned a department store. [3] (#cite_note-GPB-3) He performed in amateur dramatics in the mid-1950s, forming "The Trio", a performance troupe with his friends. Barbieri also had a non-speaking role in Luchino Visconti (/wiki/Luchino_Visconti) 's film Medea . [3] (#cite_note-GPB-3) He was influenced by cinema at an early age and photographed models in 1960s Rome, part of the social scene that was portrayed in Federico Fellini (/wiki/Federico_Fellini) 's 1960 film La Dolce Vita (/wiki/La_Dolce_Vita) . [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) A self-taught photographer, his first professional work was an apprenticeship to the Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) photographer Tom Kublin, who died twenty days later. [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) In 1963 Barbieri had some images published in the Italian fashion magazine Novità , which became Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) in 1965. [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) Barbieri also shot for the American and French editions of Vogue . [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) The role of fashion editor had not been fully created in the 1960s, and Barbieri had to find the best setting for his photographs and create the hairstyles, makeup, and jewellery. This could lead to the use of unusual materials, a notable example being earrings made with table tennis balls painted in a mother-of-pearl (/wiki/Nacre) colour. [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) Barbieri opened his own studio in Milan in 1964, and began to work closely with ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) fashion designers a few years later. [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) His creative relationship with Walter Albini (/wiki/Walter_Albini) led to an appreciation of the role of the stylist, and Barbieri and the fashion designer Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_designer)) were responsible for innovations in modern fashion advertising campaigns. [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) Notable models that Barbieri has photographed include Mirella Petteni, Jerry Hall (/wiki/Jerry_Hall) , Veruschka (/wiki/Veruschka_von_Lehndorff) , Monica Bellucci (/wiki/Monica_Bellucci) and Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) . [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) Barbieri has worked for fashion designers Armani (/wiki/Armani) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) and Ferré (/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9) , and Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Pomellato (/wiki/Pomellato) , and Giuseppe Zanotti (/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanotti) . [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) In the 1990s Barbieri became a travel photographer. An exhibition of Barbieri's work was curated by the English fashion photographer David Bailey (/wiki/David_Bailey) , shown at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London and the Kunstforum in Vienna. [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) Barbieri photographs in analog and does not retouch his pictures. One of his early cameras was a Reflex Voigtländer 35mm. [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) In 1968 he was awarded the Biancamano Prize as Best Italian Photographer and was named one of the 14 best international fashion photographers by the German magazine Stern (/wiki/Stern_(magazine)) in 1978. [1] (#cite_note-Vog-1) Books [ edit ] Fiori della mia vita , Silvana (2016) Flowers , Silvana (2016) Skin , Silvana (2015) Dark Memories , Skira (2013) Gian Paolo Barbieri , Federico Motta (2007) Catalogo Mostra Palazzo Reale (2007) Body Haiku , Dolci Japan gallery (2007) Sud , Pomellato (2006) Exotic Nudes , Taschen (2003) Innatural , Contrasto (2001) A History of Fashion , Photology (2001) Equator , Taschen (1999) Tahiti Tattoos No. 2 , Taschen (1998) Madagascar , Taschen (1997) Pappa e Ciccia , Pappa & Ciccia Editori (1991) The maps of desire , Pomellato (1989) Tahiti Tattoos No. 1 , Fabbri (1989) Barbieri , Fabbri (1988) Venti Anni di Vogue Italia 1964–1984 , Edizioni Condé Nast (1984) Silent Portraits , Massimo Baldini (1984) I grandi fotografi , gruppo editoriale Fabbri (1982) Artificial , FotoSelex (1982) Publications [ edit ] Novità (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) 1963: July, November 1964: February, July, September, October, November 1965: September Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) 1965: November ( Isa Stoppi (/w/index.php?title=Isa_Stoppi&action=edit&redlink=1) ), December (Mirella Petteni) 1966: January, February, November, December 1967: November, December 1968: January, February, April, May, June, September, October 1969: January, February, March, July 1971: April 1972: May, October, December 1973: June, September, October, December 1974: March, June, September, November 1975: March, April, June, September, October, November, December 1976: September, October, December 1977: March, April, May, November, December 1978: April, May, June, November, December 1979: January, March, July, December 1980: February, March, May, June, October, December 1981: February, May, September, October, December 1982: June, September 1983: January 1985: March 2013: March Linea Italiana 1966: Spring-Summer 1967: Autumn-Winter 1968: Spring-Summer Vogue Paris 1974 m: June Vogue Giappone 2017: January Progresso Fotografico (/w/index.php?title=Progresso_Fotografico&action=edit&redlink=1) 1981: January Photo Italia (/w/index.php?title=Photo_Italia&action=edit&redlink=1) 1989: number 165 1990: number 180 2001: number 11 IO Donna (/wiki/IO_Donna) 1997: March, April, July 1998: July, November 1999: December GQ (/w/index.php?title=GQ_(periodico)&action=edit&redlink=1) 2000: July, September, October, November 2001: February, March, August, September, October, November 2002: June, July 2003: January, March, May, November 2004: February, June 2005: April, May, August, November 2006: February, May 2014: July GQ Russia 2011: March Vanity Fair (/w/index.php?title=Vanity_Fair_(rivista_italiana)&action=edit&redlink=1) 2004: March, May 2005: May, October 2006: July, November 2008: August, September 2009: July Glamour (/w/index.php?title=Glamour_Italia&action=edit&redlink=1) 2015: October References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Anita Pezzotta. "Giampaolo Barbieri - VogueEncyclo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130318190130/http://www.vogue.it/en/encyclo/photography/bandana/giampaolo-barbieri) . Italian Vogue. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.it/en/encyclo/photography/bandana/giampaolo-barbieri) on 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Gian Paolo Barbieri to Unveil 'Flowers of My Life' Book" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/gian-paolo-barbieri-to-unveil-new-book-10369591/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . February 25, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b "Giampaolo Barbieri Biography" (http://www.gianpaolobarbieri.com/category/bio/) . Gian Paolo Barbieri . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.gianpaolobarbieri.com/) London: ‘Follow your own style’ (http://www.bjp-online.com/2018/05/photo-london-follow-your-own-style/Photo) on British Journal of Photography (/wiki/British_Journal_of_Photography) Biography of Gian Paolo Barbieri (https://www.fondazionegianpaolobarbieri.it/en/gian-paolo-barbieri/biography/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/370469/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000084155050) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/119530491) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmp8xCyBD9fCr4kH4fTHC) National Norway (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99020086) France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12546869r) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12546869r) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/119462192) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007456000405171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96011856) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p168720361) Artists Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/320378) People Trove (https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1487898) Other SNAC (https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c53tcz) IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/034746943) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐45qqg Cached time: 20240714100424 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.266 seconds Real time usage: 0.354 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 541/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14117/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 541/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 16/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18577/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.178/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4066131/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 320.359 1 -total 36.23% 116.082 1 Template:Authority_control 35.83% 114.798 1 Template:Reflist 30.26% 96.942 2 Template:Cite_web 22.03% 70.570 1 Template:Short_description 11.29% 36.165 2 Template:Pagetype 7.36% 23.582 4 Template:Main_other 6.69% 21.445 1 Template:SDcat 3.28% 10.511 1 Template:Div_col 1.30% 4.168 1 Template:Cite_news Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39859049-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714100424 and revision id 1217704853. 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Chinese fashion designer In this Chinese name (/wiki/Chinese_name) , the family name (/wiki/Chinese_surname) is Lan (/wiki/Lan_(surname_%E5%85%B0)) . Lan Yu Born Lan Yu Nationality Chinese Occupations dressmaker (/wiki/Dressmaker) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) Known for Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) Evening Gown (worn by Miss China) Su Xiu ( Suzhou embroidery (/wiki/Suzhou_embroidery) ) Bridal design Label LAN-YU (/w/index.php?title=LAN-YU&action=edit&redlink=1) Lan Yu ( Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 兰玉 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Lán Yù , born January 21, 1986) is a Chinese fashion designer based in Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) , China (/wiki/China) . Lan Yu is one of China's new generation of designers and is regarded as one of Asia's most influential designers. Her design aspect is combining traditional Chinese Suzhou embroidery with haute couture. She uses her designs as tools to introduce oriental culture to the world. She is also the first Chinese designer that was invited to Paris Haute Couture Fashion Week in 2014. In 2016, she was invited to New York Fashion Week to launch her first ready-to-wear collection. She launches 2 haute couture collections and 2 ready-to-wear collections each year. Lan Yu is named “The Chinese Queen of Couture Wedding Dresses” by Chinese media. [1] (#cite_note-haibao-1) [2] (#cite_note-sina-2) Early life [ edit ] Lan Yu was born in a hundred-year Suzhou embroidery family. She is the fifth generation descendant of her family. Her mother taught her embroidery skills in her young age. She is also talented on learning making couture dresses. Lan Yu is good at integrating Chinese traditional embroidery with western advanced materials in her designs. Her collections represent the elegant oriental beauty with modern western design perspectives. [3] (#cite_note-chinafashion-3) Education [ edit ] She entered The Beijing Institute of Clothing Technology (/wiki/Beijing_Institute_of_Clothing_Technology) in 2004, and graduated in 2008. That same year she entered New York (/wiki/New_York_City) ’s Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) . In 2012 she was awarded an Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA) degree by the China Europe International Business School (/wiki/China_Europe_International_Business_School) (CEIBS). Style [ edit ] Lan Yu’s approach on details creates a unique balanced relationship between spiritual and visual narrative. Lan Yu supports the idea that “every modern woman should be independent with sweet-natured attitude”. This idea deeply planted in Lan Yu's design to create a unique romantic and fantasy dreams for women. The slogan of LANYU "Just for love, just for you" made Lan Yu become the dreammaker of millions of women. Career [ edit ] In 2005, she founded LANYU Studio in Beijing. In 2008, Lan Yu Studios was acquired by Chinatex Corporation with Lan remaining as Creative Director while studying in New York. Lan returned to China in 2009 and in September of that year retook control and ownership of Lan Yu Studios. Lan's designs balance Chinese embroidery techniques with Western structural designs. [3] (#cite_note-chinafashion-3) Her designs exhibit a knowledge of Su Xiu , a form of traditional Chinese embroidery handed down through three generations of her family, as well as formal studies in Western couture design to produce a style that integrates elements from both cultures. [4] (#cite_note-4) Her pieces are regularly featured on celebrity clients at Cannes (/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) , Venice (/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo_Film_Festival) and Berlin Film Festival (/wiki/Berlin_Film_Festival) , as well as China's film festivals and other red carpet events. [5] (#cite_note-5) Awards and nominations [ edit ] 2006, 'Best Minority Style Evening Wear'. [6] (#cite_note-6) 2009, voted as one of 'China's Top 10 Designers' by the China Designers Association (/w/index.php?title=China_Designers_Association&action=edit&redlink=1) as well as the 'Designer with the Highest Media Attention'. 2012, voted as the 'Designer with the Highest Media Attention' and 'Asia's Most Influential Designer 2013, MSN (/wiki/MSN) awarded Lan Yu with 'China's Most Influential Designer'. [7] (#cite_note-msn-7) In the same year she was also awarded 'The Star's Favourite Designer' by COSMOBride China (/w/index.php?title=COSMOBride_China&action=edit&redlink=1) . 2014, Lan Yu was listed in Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) China's list of "2014 Forbes China 30 Under 30: Rising Stars Of Entrepreneurism In China" [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-haibao_1-0) "中国创造时尚颁奖盛典在北京举办，设计师兰玉荣膺最具影响力设计师奖" (http://www.haibao.com/article/196782.htm) [Lan Yu wins award for most influential designers at China fashion awards ceremony in Beijing]. Haibao.com. March 27, 2012 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-sina_2-0) "亞洲最具影響力服裝設計師候選人蘭玉" (http://news.sina.com.tw/article/20121127/8408712.html) [Asia's most influential fashion design candidate: Lan Yu]. Sina News. November 27, 2012 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "兰玉：中国婚纱高级定制师风采" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140327235522/http://www.chinafashion.cn/newsview-11594-2.html) [Lanyu: Haute couture in wedding dresses, Chinese style]. China Fashion Brand Research Centre. September 26, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.chinafashion.cn/newsview-11594-2.html) on March 27, 2014 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "兰玉：追寻美丽开启高级定制之门" (http://luxury.msn.com.cn/famous/20120925/69021_2.shtml) [Lan Yu: Seeking a beauty to open the door to haute couture]. MSN Luxury. September 25, 2012 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "A famous fashion designer from China to the discovery of Tahiti and her islands !" (http://tahitinews.co/english/a-famous-fashion-designer-from-china-to-the-discovery-of-tahiti-and-her-islands/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091937/http://tahitinews.co/english/a-famous-fashion-designer-from-china-to-the-discovery-of-tahiti-and-her-islands/) 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . 13 March 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-6) "LANYU Designer Lan Yu on Femininity and the Future of Fashion" (http://outletmag.co/lanyu-designer-lan-yu-femininity-future-fashion/) . outlet \| darn good music stuff . 2017-03-24 . Retrieved 2018-10-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-msn_7-0) "兰玉获MSN"年度最佳设计师" 简约知性" (http://fashion.163.com/13/0531/14/907888J600264MCJ.html#from=keyscan) [Lan Yu wins MSN "Designer of the year" award]. Wangyi.com. May 31, 2013 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) " (https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2014/03/17/2014-forbes-china-30-under-30-rising-stars-of-entrepreneurism-in-china/) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.lanyu.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐lxvc8 Cached time: 20240715054510 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.585 seconds Real time usage: 0.834 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1932/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17880/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1362/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28944/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.395/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5817647/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 806.407 1 -total 39.01% 314.575 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 29.65% 239.070 1 Template:Reflist 22.75% 183.444 5 Template:Cite_web 18.57% 149.737 1 Template:Short_description 13.78% 111.135 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 10.91% 87.942 17 Template:Main_other 9.24% 74.489 1 Template:Hlist 8.31% 67.020 2 Template:Pagetype 7.72% 62.225 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40072844-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715054510 and revision id 1159367465. 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7974fdbb48‐rkjtz Cached time: 20240718092048 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.020 seconds Real time usage: 0.027 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 63/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 606/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 96/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.002/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 556208/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 24.583 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 100.00% 24.583 1 -total 80.19% 19.713 1 Template:Category_other 72.88% 17.917 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 7.14% 1.756 1 Template:Clear 6.22% 1.528 1 Template:Template_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:39845918-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718092048 and revision id 953296432. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing-related lists" The following 29 pages are in this category, out of 29 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A List of Alexander McQueen collections (/wiki/List_of_Alexander_McQueen_collections) B List of basketball shoe brands (/wiki/List_of_basketball_shoe_brands) List of boots (/wiki/List_of_boots) List of bra designs (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) C Chinese patchwork (/wiki/Chinese_patchwork) List of clothing companies in Portland, Oregon (/wiki/List_of_clothing_companies_in_Portland,_Oregon) List of clothing-free events (/wiki/List_of_clothing-free_events) List of clothing and footwear shops in the United Kingdom (/wiki/List_of_clothing_and_footwear_shops_in_the_United_Kingdom) D List of dancewear (/wiki/List_of_dancewear) List of denim jeans brands (/wiki/List_of_denim_jeans_brands) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) F List of fabrics (/wiki/List_of_fabrics) List of fitness wear brands (/wiki/List_of_fitness_wear_brands) G List of garments having different names in American and British English (/wiki/List_of_garments_having_different_names_in_American_and_British_English) H List of hanfu (/wiki/List_of_hanfu) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) List of headgear (/wiki/List_of_headgear) J List of items traditionally worn in Japan (/wiki/List_of_items_traditionally_worn_in_Japan) K List of Korean clothing (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) L List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) M List of military clothing camouflage patterns (/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns) O List of outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) S List of shoe styles (/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles) List of sock manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sock_manufacturers) List of swimwear brands (/wiki/List_of_swimwear_brands) T List of tartans (/wiki/List_of_tartans) List of textile and clothing trade unions (/wiki/List_of_textile_and_clothing_trade_unions) Types of hijab (/wiki/Types_of_hijab) W List of World War II uniforms and clothing (/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_uniforms_and_clothing) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing-related_lists&oldid=953296432 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing-related_lists&oldid=953296432) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cultural lists (/wiki/Category:Cultural_lists) Clothing (/wiki/Category:Clothing) Fashion-related lists (/wiki/Category:Fashion-related_lists) Hidden category: Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
British fashion label Meadham Kirchhoff Product type Clothing Country England Introduced 2006 ( 2006 ) Discontinued 2015 ( 2015 ) Previous owners Edward Meadham Benjamin Kirchhoff Meadham Kirchhoff was a British fashion label founded in 2006 by Edward Meadham (born in Somerset) and Benjamin Kirchhoff (born in Chad), [1] (#cite_note-1) who met when studying for bachelor's degrees at Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) in London. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-fashionunited-3) History [ edit ] Upon graduation in 2002, Meadham and Kirchhoff joined forces to start a menswear label Benjamin Kirchhoff, which was selected for the first Fashion East (/wiki/Fashion_East) MAN show in 2005. A year later, they relaunched to include womenswear under the label Meadham Kirchhoff. [4] (#cite_note-4) In February 2006 they were awarded NEWGEN sponsorship from the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) [5] (#cite_note-5) and showed at London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) as part of Fashion East (/wiki/Fashion_East) . [ citation needed ] In 2010 they were the recipients of the 'Emerging Talent Ready-to-Wear' award at the British Fashion Awards (/wiki/The_Fashion_Awards) . They were also nominated for the British Fashion Award's inaugural 'New Establishment' award in 2012. [ citation needed ] Meadham Kirchhoff staged their first menswear show in June 2012 as part of the Spring/Summer 2013 shows at London Collections:Men. [ citation needed ] In 2011 they were chosen by the British Fashion Council to be one of three recipients of Fashion Forward sponsorship for their London Fashion Week shows in February and September 2011. [6] (#cite_note-6) Meadham Kirchhoff collaborated with Topshop on a number of capsules collections Their A/W2013 range for Topshop consisted of 89 pieces and was at the time the largest collaborative collection that topshop had produced. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In December 2013, they showed as part of the V&A museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) 's Fashion in Motion series. [9] (#cite_note-9) in 2014 they were shortlisted as semifinalists in the LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) Prize. [10] (#cite_note-10) Their final collection was Spring/Summer 2015, shown during London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) in September 2014. [3] (#cite_note-fashionunited-3) The brand closed in September 2015 in a "quagmire of debt". [3] (#cite_note-fashionunited-3) [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "A riot of colour: Meet the duo behind London's coolest label, Meadham Kirchhoff" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/a-riot-of-colour-meet-the-duo-behind-london-s-coolest-label-meadham-kirchhoff-7820911.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/a-riot-of-colour-meet-the-duo-behind-london-s-coolest-label-meadham-kirchhoff-7820911.html) from the original on 12 May 2022 . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Edward Meadham & Benjamin Kirchhoff Are Among the 500 People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry in 2013" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/edward-meadham-benjamin-kirchhoff) . The Business of Fashion (/wiki/The_Business_of_Fashion) . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hendriksz, Vivian (14 September 2015). " (https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/meadham-kirchhoff-is-dead-a/2015091417658) "Meadham Kirchhoff is dead" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/meadham-kirchhoff-is-dead-a/2015091417658) " (https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/meadham-kirchhoff-is-dead-a/2015091417658) . FashionUnited (/wiki/FashionUnited) . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Meadham Kirchhoff" (http://showstudio.com/contributor/meadham_kirchhoff) . SHOWstudio (/wiki/SHOWstudio) . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Dazed (23 October 2015). "This shoot captures Meadham Kirchhoff's lost archive" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/27107/1/an-ode-to-meadham-kirchhoff) . Dazed (/wiki/Dazed) . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Alexander, Ella. "Lucky Three" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/fashion-forward-winners-announced) . British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Cochrane, Lauren (19 November 2013). "Meadham Kirchhoff collection for Topshop – in pictures" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2013/nov/19/meadham-kirchhoff-collection-topshop-in-pictures) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Meadham Kirchhoff unveil 89-piece Topshop collaboration" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10459708/Meadham-Kirchhoff-unveil-89-piece-Topshop-collaboration.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Fashion in Motion: Meadham Kirchhoff" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/f/fashion-in-motion-meadham-kirchhoff/) . Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "LVMH Releases the Shortlist of Semifinalists for Its First Young Designer Prize" (https://fashionista.com/2014/02/lvmh-releases-the-shortlist-of-finalists-for-its-first-young-designer-prize) . Fashionista (/wiki/Fashionista_(website)) . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Conlon, Scarlett (11 September 2015). "Meadham Confirms Closure" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/meadham-kirchhoff-closure-edward-meadham-interview) . British Vogue . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meadham_Kirchhoff&oldid=1233460605 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meadham_Kirchhoff&oldid=1233460605) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies disestablished in 2015 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2015) Clothing companies established in 2006 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2006) Clothing companies of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use British English from October 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_October_2020) Use dmy dates from October 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024)
English socialite Baba Beaton George Spencer Watson (1869–1934) - Portrait of Miss Beaton Born Barbara Jessica Hardy Beaton ( 1912-01-21 ) 21 January 1912 London (/wiki/London) , England Died 18 March 1973 (1973-03-18) (aged 61) Hawarden, Flintshire (/wiki/Flintshire) , Wales Occupation Socialite Spouse Alec Hambro ( m. 1934 ; died 1943 ) Parent(s) Ernest Walter Hardy Beaton Esther "Etty" Sisson Relatives Nancy Beaton (/wiki/Nancy_Beaton) (sister) Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) (brother) Barbara Jessica Hardy Beaton (21 January 1912 – 18 March 1973), known as Baba Beaton , was an English socialite who, together with her sister, Nancy (/wiki/Nancy_Beaton) , was known as one of the Beaton Sisters , and was included in The Book of Beauty by their brother, Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) . [1] (#cite_note-Beaton-1) Biography [ edit ] Barbara Jessica Hardy Beaton, nicknamed "Baba", was born on 21 January 1912, in London, the daughter of Ernest Walter Hardy Beaton (1867–1936), a timber merchant from Hampstead, [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) and Esther "Etty" Sisson (1872–1962). Her paternal grandfather was Walter Hardy Beaton (1841–1904), founder of the family business "Beaton Brothers Timber Merchants and Agents". [3] (#cite_note-3) Cecil Beaton, and his sisters, Nancy and Barbara Baba was one of the first models of her brother Cecil. [4] (#cite_note-4) [2] (#cite_note-The_Independent-2) A famous 1920 photo by Cecil Beaton depicts Baba Beaton, Wanda Baillie-Hamilton (/wiki/Wanda_Baillie-Hamilton) and Lady Bridget Poulett (/wiki/Lady_Bridget_Poulett) . [5] (#cite_note-5) According to her brother, Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) , in The Book of Beauty (1930): "Baba is too wise to be young, and has the repose of archaic sculpture. She is like a Giotto painting with her classical features and limp spun hair like a mediaeval page’s, and though she is diminutively proportioned, with small pointed breasts, her little figure is so elongated that, on her, materials fall in vertical folds like the flutings on a Grecian column (/wiki/Greek_column) . I did not know that anyone could look so liltingly lyrical in a bathing costume as she. I stare a lot, watching the varying lights of day and night upon them. I see new unsuspected qualities in Baba as she sits against the lamp or by the light of the fire." [1] (#cite_note-Beaton-1) In May 1930, Baba Beaton was presented at court (/wiki/Queen_Charlotte%27s_Ball) as a debutante (/wiki/Debutante) , dressed in an Empire cut mousseline de soie (/wiki/Mousseline_de_soie) gown adorned with bands of opalescent (/wiki/Opalescent) paillettes (/wiki/Paillette) . The other debutantes with her were: Eunice Bennett, Elizabeth Brinton Kent, and Frances Stotesbury Hutchinson. [6] (#cite_note-6) Always in May, she was at the famous Mozart Party held by David Tennant and his wife (/wiki/David_Tennant_(aristocrat)) . Other guest included Lya de Putti (/wiki/Lya_de_Putti) , Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies (/wiki/Gwen_Ffrangcon-Davies) , Olivia Wyndham (/wiki/Olivia_Wyndham) , and Harry Melville (/wiki/Harry_Melville_(chemist)) . [7] (#cite_note-7) In June 1932, Baba Beaton, together with Lady Bridget Poulett (/wiki/Lady_Bridget_Poulett) , Lady Patricia Moore, Jeanne Stourton, Molly Vaughan, Katherine Horlick, Margaret Livingstone-Learmonth, and Priscilla Weigall, considered among the most beautiful debutantes of 1932, were supposed to be the bridesmaids to the wedding of Miss Margaret Whigham (/wiki/Margaret_Whigham) to Charles Greville, 7th Earl of Warwick (/wiki/Charles_Greville,_7th_Earl_of_Warwick) , but the engagement was broken in April. [8] (#cite_note-8) In the end, she was a bridesmaid when Whigham married Charles Francis Sweeny (/wiki/Charles_Francis_Sweeny) , an American golfer. [9] (#cite_note-9) On 20 March 1933, she was a model for the 24th Birthday Celebrations and opening of the new building of Selfridge's (/wiki/Selfridge%27s) ; it was advertized as a Fashion Premiere presented by Society Beauties. [10] (#cite_note-10) Wedding dress with orange-blossom choker, 1934, for Baba Beaton. V&A Museum On 6 November 1934, she married Major Alec Hambro (7 July 1910 - 8 August 1943), the son of Angus Valdimar Hambro (/wiki/Angus_Hambro) , M.P. for North Dorset Divn., and Rosamund Maud Kearsley, of Blandford, Dorsetshire. Baba Beaton's wedding dress was designed by Charles James (/wiki/Charles_James_(designer)) , a very modern interpretation of the white wedding dress, with a raised neckline and divided train. [11] (#cite_note-11) Baba and Alec had two daughters, Alexandra, born 5 August 1935 (now Mrs Michael Lamb), and Rosamund, born 27 September 1939 (now Lady Gladstone), married Sir William Gladstone, 7th Baronet (/wiki/Sir_William_Gladstone,_7th_Baronet) . In 1934, George Spencer Watson (/wiki/George_Spencer_Watson) painted her portrait, titled: "Baba" Beaton, Mrs. Alec Hambro . [ citation needed ] Alec Hambro was killed in action during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , while serving with the Reconnaissance Corps (/wiki/Reconnaissance_Corps) . He is buried in Tripoli War Cemetery and a memorial is at Milton Abbey (/wiki/Milton_Abbey) in Dorset. Baba Beaton died on 18 March 1973 in Hawarden, Flintshire (/wiki/Flintshire) , Wales (/wiki/Wales) . References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Beaton, Cecil (1933). The Book Of Beauty . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Vickers, Hugo (1999). "Obituary: Nancy, Lady Smiley" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-nancy-lady-smiley-1099015.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Vickers, Hugo (1985), Cecil Beaton: The Authorised Biography , Phoenix Press ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Cecil Beaton" (https://www.theguardian.com/arts/pictures/image/0,8543,-10304850025,00.html) . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Photo exhibit leads to touching romantic journey" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16802025/pittsburgh_postgazette/) . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette : 19. 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "All dressed up to meet the King and Queen - 23 May 1930, Fri • Page 5" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16801292/miami_daily_newsrecord/) . Miami Daily News-Record : 5. 1930 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Mozart Fancy Dress Concert is Picturesque - 31 May 1930, Sat • Page 52" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16802072/the_winnipeg_tribune/) . The Winnipeg Tribune : 52. 1930 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Engagement of Debutante to Earl is Broken" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16800924/the_winnipeg_tribune/) . The Winnipeg Tribune : 38. 23 April 1932 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Whigham-Sweeney wedding" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16801572/hartford_courant/) . Hartford Courant : 21. 26 March 1933 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Selfridge's 24th Birthday Celebrations" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16801753/the_observer/) . The Observer : 22. 19 March 1933 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "An English Beauty to Wed" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16800803/chicago_tribune/) . Chicago Tribune : 93. 14 October 1934 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . 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Washable, absorbent undergarments for managing urinary incontinence Incontinence underwear is a type of reusable undergarment designed to absorb urine. It provides an alternative to traditional disposable incontinence products, which are often bulky and plastic-based. Due to concerns about the environmental impact of disposable products (/wiki/Disposable_product) , incontinence underwear is becoming an alternative to pads. [1] (#cite_note-1) Only recently has the textile technology existed to enable the design and manufacture of reusable products with comparable functionality to a disposable pad or diaper. Incontinence [ edit ] It is estimated that 1 in 4 women over the age of 35 experience some level of urinary incontinence (/wiki/Urinary_incontinence) , often following childbirth (/wiki/Childbirth) or during menopause (/wiki/Menopause) . Incontinence is also experienced by approximately 1 in 10 men, commonly related to prostate issues. Incontinence is more prevalent with age, and is commonly experienced by those 65 and over. [2] (#cite_note-2) Due to increased life expectancy and decreased fertility rates, the world population is experiencing a "global greying", which has contributed to an increase in the global market for incontinence products as there is an increasing proportion of people aged over 65. [3] (#cite_note-3) Fabric incontinence underwear [ edit ] Fashionable reusable underwear alternatives to pads and diapers have emerged. Some of these new washable products still feature built-in absorbent pads or insertable disposable pads, but some of the players in the market offer consumers options which are increasingly like normal underwear. These companies have developed highly absorbent fabrics that combine several moisture-trapping fabric layers to achieve a similar absorbent result to traditional pads. This new-style incontinence underwear looks and feels like normal underwear so it can be washed and reused, whilst being discreet. This offers the user economic and environmental savings. The use of fabric textiles in these new incontinence products also means that it is now possible to make fashionable incontinence underwear. [4] (#cite_note-4) Incontinence underwear products are generally designed to cater for light bladder leakage (/wiki/Light_bladder_leakage) (LBL), and as such have lower absorbency capabilities than high absorbency pads and diapers. Some manufacturers of disposable products are responding to the changing market dynamics by introducing disposable incontinence underwear that gives the appearance of normal fabric underwear. These manufacturers aim to imitate how normal underwear sits on the body, to make the underwear more discreet and comfortable. Examples of this include underwear sold by TENA (/wiki/TENA) and Depend (undergarment) (/wiki/Depend_(undergarment)) . These efforts to normalize incontinence products, and provide consumers with more options, shows the industry recognition of the need to reduce the stigma around urinary incontinence, and offer wearers product choices that are more comfortable and less bulky. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Products available for those with severe urinary incontinence are still predominantly single use disposable pads. Related types of incontinence products include absorbent pads for chairs or beds, and underwear for children who experience nocturnal enuresis (/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis) . Market growth [ edit ] The US incontinence market is forecast to reach a value of US$1.6 billion by 2017, driven by an aging population (/wiki/Aging_population) and a gradual breakdown of the taboo surrounding incontinence. These factors will contribute to increased numbers of people needing incontinence products which allow them to continue living their lives whilst experiencing the condition. [7] (#cite_note-7) Globally the market is set to grow by between 4 and 7% per annum. [8] (#cite_note-8) Incontinence underwear manufacturers include Australian-based Night N Day Comfort, Canadian-based Caretex, the UK's Capatex Care (which make the ‘Kylie’ range), and the US-based Wearever. Companies that make incontinence pads include Kimberly-Clark (/wiki/Kimberly-Clark) ( Depend (https://www.depend.com/en-ca/) and Poise (https://www.poise.com/en-ca/) brands), Sweden's SCA (TENA brand) and Domtar (/wiki/Domtar) (Attends brand). A new category of fashionable incontinence underwear has also recently emerged. Among these companies are Night N Day Comfort (who modify Australian underwear brand BONDS underwear by sewing-in their incontinence pad), Icon Underwear and Confitex, [9] (#cite_note-9) who in 2015 showed a collection of high-end, pad-free incontinence lingerie on the runway at New Zealand Fashion Week (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) . [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) See also [ edit ] Adult diaper (/wiki/Adult_diaper) Incontinence pad (/wiki/Incontinence_pad) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Clarke-O’Neill, S., Pettersson, L. Fader, M. (2003) Washable products for women. Nursing Times , 99:(1), pp.57–58. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Facts and statistics for bladder problems" (http://www.bladder-control.co.uk/definition/facts-statistics/index.htm) . www.bladder-control.co.uk . Retrieved 2016-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) United Nations. (2013). World Population Ageing 2013. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf (http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Yes, Incontinence Underwear Can Be Stylish!" (https://www.nationalincontinence.com/blog/yes-incontinence-underwear-can-be-stylish/) . Incontinence Blog - NationalIncontinence.com . Retrieved 2016-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Depend wants you to" (http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news/depend-wants-you-to-drop-your-pants-to-reduce-the-stigma-of-incontinence-072914.html) . ConsumerAffairs . Retrieved 2016-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "AMV BBDO Tackles Incontinence for TENA Men" (http://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/amv-bbdo-tackles-incontinence-for-tena-men/82282) . www.adweek.com . Retrieved 2016-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "US incontinence market to reach a value of $1.6 billion in 2017" (https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/us-incontinence-market-reach-value-000000843.html) . Yahoo Finance UK . Retrieved 2016-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Johnsen, M. (December 15, 2014). Boomers, caregivers aid steady growth. Drug store news . pp. 62 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "New Zealand Startup Invents World's First 'Sexy' Incontinence Underwear" (http://www.ibtimes.com.au/new-zealand-startup-invents-worlds-first-sexy-incontinence-underwear-1444820) . International Business Times AU . Retrieved 2016-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Incontinence lingerie on NZ catwalk as part of fashion week - BBC News" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34104229) . BBC News . Retrieved 2016-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Incontinence Lingerie Hits The Runway: A Brief Synopsis" (http://inventorspot.com/articles/incontinence-lingerie-hits-runway-brief-synopsis) . InventorSpot.com . Retrieved 2016-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Urinary Incontinence Lingerie Collection Hits Runway" (http://www.psfk.com/2015/09/incontinence-lingerie-absorbent-underwear-confitex.html#.VeyrUDu6ePM.facebook) . PSFK . 2015-09-04 . Retrieved 2016-01-14 . External links [ edit ] Independent continence product advisor (https://www.continenceproductadvisor.org/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐7w2ml Cached time: 20240623152757 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.146 seconds Real time usage: 0.186 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 568/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14596/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 776/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33877/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.092/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4172217/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 171.654 1 -total 66.05% 113.379 1 Template:Reflist 56.21% 96.485 9 Template:Cite_web 31.25% 53.643 1 Template:Short_description 18.81% 32.289 2 Template:Pagetype 7.08% 12.146 3 Template:Main_other 5.99% 10.279 1 Template:SDcat 1.01% 1.736 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:49094945-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623152757 and revision id 1178734023. 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Cosmetic For other uses, see Primer (/wiki/Primer_(disambiguation)) . A cosmetic primer is a cream applied before another cosmetic to improve coverage and lengthen the amount of time the cosmetic lasts on the face. Variations [ edit ] There are different kinds of cosmetic primers such as foundation primer, eyelid primer, under-eye primer, lip primer, mascara primer, and mattifying primers. A foundation primer may work like a moisturizer (/wiki/Moisturizer) , or it may absorb oil with salicylic acid (/wiki/Salicylic_acid) to aid in creating a less oily, more matte appearance. [1] (#cite_note-1) Some contain antioxidants such as A (/wiki/Vitamin_A) , C (/wiki/Vitamin_C) , and E (/wiki/Vitamin_E) , or other ingredients such as grape seed extract (/wiki/Grape_seed_extract) and green tea extract (/wiki/Green_tea_extract) . There are water-based and silicon-based foundation primers. Ingredients may include cyclomethicone (/wiki/Cyclomethicone) and dimethicone (/wiki/Dimethicone) . Some primers do not contain preservative, oil or fragrance. Some may also have sun protection factor (/wiki/Sun_protection_factor) (SPF). Some foundation primers are tinted to even out or improve skin tone or color. Others give a pearlized finish to make the complexion more light reflective. There are also foundation primers which are mineral-based primers, which contain mica (/wiki/Mica) and silica (/wiki/Silica) . Eyelid (/wiki/Eyelid) or eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) primers are similar, but made specifically for use near the eyes. An eyelid primer may help even the color of the lid and upper eye area, may reduce oiliness, may add shimmer, or inversely may mattify. Eye primers aid in the smooth application of eye shadow, prevent it from accumulating in eyelid creases, and improve its longevity. Eye shadow primers are applied to the eyelid and lower eye area prior to the application of eye shadow. They even out the skin tone of the eyelids hide eyelid veins, and smooth out the skin of the eyelids. Eye shadow primers help with the application of eye shadows. They intensify the color of the eye shadows and keep them from smearing or creasing by reducing the oiliness of the lids. Some eye shadows even state in the instruction sheet, that they are recommended for usage over the eye shadow primer. There is a real difference in the eye shadow color and time of wear when it is used over the primer on bare skin. [2] (#cite_note-2) The effect of eye shadow primers is not limited to eye shadows. They also work for eye liners and eye shadow bases. Under-eye primer is designed to be applied before concealer to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It creates a smooth canvas for the concealer, which helps it last longer and prevents creasing. Under-eye primers [3] (#cite_note-3) are specifically formulated to be gentle on delicate skin, often containing moisturizing or blurring ingredients. Mascara (/wiki/Mascara) primer is sometimes colorless. It usually thickens and/or lengthens the lashes before the application of mascara for a fuller finished look. It may also help keep mascara from smudging or flaking, and some claim to improve the health of the lashes. Lip (/wiki/Lip) primers are intended to smooth the lips and help improve the application of lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) or lip gloss (/wiki/Lip_gloss) , although exfoliating (/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)) the lips is often recommended before applying. They also are intended to increase the longevity of lip color, and to prevent lipstick from "feathering", that is, smearing past the lip vermilion (/wiki/Vermilion_border) , and especially from migrating into any fine lines around the lips. Mattifying primers [4] (#cite_note-4) are a type of cosmetic primer used to create a smooth and even base for makeup application, with the added benefit of controlling oil and shine on the skin. Unlike regular makeup primers, the main purpose of a mattifying primer is to provide a matte finish that can last for hours, making it particularly useful for people with oily or combination skin. Excess oil on the skin can cause makeup to slide off or break down throughout the day, but by creating a matte base, mattifying primer helps to keep makeup in place and reduces the need for touch-ups. In addition, some mattifying primers contain ingredients that can help to blur the appearance of pores, fine lines, and other imperfections, creating a smoother-looking complexion.Overall, the use of mattifying primers has become increasingly popular in recent years due to their ability to address the common issue of oily skin, making them a valuable addition to many people's makeup routines. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) What is a Foundation Primer? And Do I Need it? (http://beauty.about.com/od/foundationsconcealers/f/primer.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Eye Shadow Primer: Things to Know" (https://glamlipstick.com/eye-shadow-primer-things-to-know.html) . GlamLipstick.com. April 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Under Eye Primer - ULTA Beauty Collection \| Ulta Beauty" (https://www.ulta.com/p/under-eye-primer-pimprod2026434) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Mattifying Primer: Everything You Need To Know - hollywood mirrors" (https://www.hollywoodmirrors.co.uk/blogs/news/mattifying-primer-guide) . www.hollywoodmirrors.co.uk . Retrieved 2023-04-16 . External links [ edit ] What is a Foundation Primer? And Do I Need it? (http://beauty.about.com/od/foundationsconcealers/f/primer.htm) How To Apply Foundation Primer (https://web.archive.org/web/20100127063235/http://www.videojug.com/film/how-to-apply-foundation-primer) (video) v t e Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Face Anti-aging cream (/wiki/Anti-aging_cream) BB cream (/wiki/BB_cream) Botulinum toxin (Botox) (/wiki/Botulinum_toxin) CC cream (/wiki/CC_cream) Concealer (/wiki/Concealer) Cotton pad (/wiki/Cotton_pad) Cleanser (/wiki/Cleanser) DD cream (/wiki/DD_cream) Facial (/wiki/Facial) Facial toning (/wiki/Facial_toning) Foundation (/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)) Highlighter (/wiki/Highlighter_(cosmetics)) Moist towelette (/wiki/Moist_towelette) Moisturizer (/wiki/Moisturizer) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Primer Powder (/wiki/Face_powder) Rouge (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) Toner (/wiki/Toner_(skin_care)) Venetian ceruse (/wiki/Venetian_ceruse) Lips Lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) Balm (/wiki/Lip_balm) Gloss (/wiki/Lip_gloss) Liner (/wiki/Lip_liner) Stain (/wiki/Lip_stain) Eyes Blepharoplasty (/wiki/Blepharoplasty) Circle contact lens (/wiki/Circle_contact_lens) Eyelash extensions (/wiki/Eyelash_extensions) Eyelid glue (/wiki/Eyelid_glue) Eye liner (/wiki/Eye_liner) Eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) Kohl (/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)) Mascara (/wiki/Mascara) Hair Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Hair coloring and bleaching (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) shaving (/wiki/Shaving) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Sindoor (/wiki/Sindoor) Styling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) pomade (/wiki/Pomade) spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Nails Artificial nails (/wiki/Artificial_nails) Buffing (/wiki/Nail_buffing) Manicure (/wiki/Manicure) Nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) Pedicure (/wiki/Pedicure) Body Cold cream (/wiki/Cold_cream) Lotion (/wiki/Lotion) Peeling (/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)) Plastic surgery (/wiki/Plastic_surgery) Skin whitening (/wiki/Skin_whitening) Sunless tanning (/wiki/Sunless_tanning) Related Cosmetic electrotherapy (/wiki/Electrotherapy_(cosmetic)) Cosmetic ingredients (/wiki/Ingredients_of_cosmetics) Cosmetics advertising (/wiki/Cosmetics_advertising) Cosmetic packaging (/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging) Cosmetology (/wiki/Cosmetology) History of cosmetics (/wiki/History_of_cosmetics) Cosmetic industry (/wiki/Cosmetic_industry) Male cosmetics (/wiki/Male_cosmetics) Major cosmetic brands Ahava (/wiki/Ahava) Almay (/wiki/Almay) Amorepacific (/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation) Anastasia Beverly Hills (/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills) Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) Aqua Net (/wiki/Aqua_Net) Artistry (/wiki/Artistry_(cosmetics)) Aveda (/wiki/Aveda) Avon (/wiki/Avon_Products) Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) Benefit (/wiki/Benefit_Cosmetics) Biotherm (/wiki/Biotherm) Bite Beauty (/wiki/BITE_Beauty) Bobbi Brown (/wiki/Bobbi_Brown) Bonne Bell (/wiki/Bonne_Bell) Bumble and bumble (/wiki/Bumble_and_bumble) Burt's Bees (/wiki/Burt%27s_Bees) Carol's Daughter (/wiki/Carol%27s_Daughter) Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) Clinique (/wiki/Clinique) Coty (/wiki/Coty) ColourPop Cosmetics (/wiki/ColourPop_Cosmetics) CoverGirl (/wiki/CoverGirl) Creme 21 (/wiki/Creme_21) Cutex (/wiki/Cutex) Daigaku Honyaku Center (/wiki/Daigaku_Honyaku_Center) Dermacol (/wiki/Dermacol) Douglas (/wiki/Douglas_(cosmetics)) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. 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American fashion company This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Harveys_SeatbeltBags) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Harveys SeatbeltBags" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Harveys+SeatbeltBags%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Harveys+SeatbeltBags%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Harveys+SeatbeltBags%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Harveys+SeatbeltBags%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Harveys+SeatbeltBags%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Harveys+SeatbeltBags%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Harveys Original SeatbeltBag Founded 1997 Headquarters Santa Ana, California Products Handbags, wallets, accessories, men's wallets, laptop bags, diaper bags, luggage Website shopharveys (http://shopharveys.com) .com (http://shopharveys.com) Harveys is a handbag design and manufacturing company in Santa Ana, California (/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California) , United States. The handbags use a woven design with seatbelts as the medium. All of their bags are handcrafted in the United States. History [ edit ] Founded in 1997, Harveys was created while Dana and Melanie Harvey were restoring a 1950 Buick. While installing seatbelts into the car, he decided to make a matching handbag for her. [1] (#cite_note-1) After this, they started making more for friends and family; with demand rising, they turned their garage into their first production site. The Buick was sold and used as capital to fund the growing business, which by 2004 had $3.1 million in revenue and had relocated to a 12,000 square feet (1,100 m 2 ) facility in Santa Ana. [2] (#cite_note-trendzilla-2) Orders for bags have been placed by Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) and Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) , among other retailers. [3] (#cite_note-usat-3) [2] (#cite_note-trendzilla-2) The first retail store on Main Street in Santa Ana opened in 2007. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Iconic handbag goes international" (https://books.google.com/books?id=-2FPAAAAIBAJ&dq=Harveys+Seatbelt+Bags&pg=PA9&article_id=3655,2126529) . Toledo Blade. Orange County Register. August 22, 2005 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chang, Vickie. "Harveys Takes Its Bags in a More Sophisticated Direction" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121001062404/http://www.ocweekly.com/2008-09-04/culture/trendzilla/?section=Home&limit=4) . OC Weekly . Archived from the original (http://www.ocweekly.com/2008-09-04/culture/trendzilla/?section=Home&limit=4) on October 1, 2012 . Retrieved December 16, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-usat_3-0) O'Donnell, Jayne (December 12, 2004). "Designers buckle up whole line of seat belt fashions, furniture" (https://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2004-12-02-seatbelt-bags_x.htm) . USA Today . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Lori Basheda (September 12, 2007). "Seat belt fashionista opens first store, in Santa Ana" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110723012425/http://articles.ocregister.com/2007-09-12/life/24710595_1_seat-belt-sewing-machine-floral-park) . Archived from the original (https://www.ocregister.com/2007/09/12/seat-belt-fashionista-opens-first-store-in-santa-ana/) on July 23, 2011 . Retrieved February 11, 2011 . External links [ edit ] www.seatbeltbags.com (http://www.seatbeltbags.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐648b78d466‐g4sht Cached time: 20240624210913 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.270 seconds Real time usage: 0.366 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1559/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21603/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1040/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19225/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.174/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6268784/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 349.969 1 -total 30.14% 105.481 1 Template:Reflist 25.19% 88.173 3 Template:Cite_news 24.41% 85.440 1 Template:Infobox_company 19.19% 67.159 1 Template:Infobox 16.85% 58.975 1 Template:Refimprove 16.23% 56.812 1 Template:Short_description 15.37% 53.774 1 Template:Ambox 10.05% 35.178 2 Template:Pagetype 6.41% 22.438 1 Template:Convert Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30869183-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624210913 and revision id 1062977833. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harveys_SeatbeltBags&oldid=1062977833 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harveys_SeatbeltBags&oldid=1062977833) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from August 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2021) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)

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