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Chinese clothing company Shandong Ruyi Technology Group Co., Ltd Trade name (/wiki/Trade_name) Shandong Ruyi Woolen Garment Group Co., Ltd. Native name 山东如意科技集团 Formerly Shandong Jining Woolen Mill Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) SZSE (/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange) : 002193 (http://www.szse.cn/English/siteMarketData/siteMarketDatas/lookup/index.html?code=002193) Industry Textiles and clothing Founded 1972 in China Headquarters Jining (/wiki/Jining) , China Key people Yafu Qiu (chair) Brands Aquascutum (/wiki/Aquascutum) , Renown Inc. (/wiki/Renown_(company)) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Jining Ruyi Investment Co., Ltd. Website chinaruyi.com (http://www.chinaruyi.com/home/en) Shandong Ruyi Technology Group Co., Ltd is a Chinese textiles and clothing company. Founded in 1972 in Jining (/wiki/Jining) , China, it is a subsidiary of Jining Ruyi Investment Co., Ltd. [1] (#cite_note-Bloomberg_profile-1) As of 2017, Ruyi Group was the largest textile manufacturer in China. [2] (#cite_note-AMERICA-2) It owns or part-owns brands including Aquascutum (/wiki/Aquascutum) , and Renown Inc. (/wiki/Renown_(company)) and has expressed ambitions to become the Chinese equivalent of LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) . [3] (#cite_note-3) History [ edit ] 1972–2000 [ edit ] The company was founded in 1972, and was formerly known as Shandong Jining Woolen Mill, and is based in Jining, China. It is a subsidiary of Jining Ruyi Investment Co., Ltd. [1] (#cite_note-Bloomberg_profile-1) Future chair Qiu Yafu became vice president in late 1992 of Shandong Ruyi Woolen Textiles Group Co Ltd, and president in late 1996. In late 1997 he then became chairman and president, roles he held until 2002. [4] (#cite_note-CHAIR-4) 2001–2016 [ edit ] Shandong Ruyi was founded as is in 2001. [5] (#cite_note-CHINADAILY-5) Qiu Yafu was chairman and president of Shandong Ruyi Science & Technology Group from August 2002 until August 2008, when he became only chairman. [4] (#cite_note-CHAIR-4) He is also currently president of Shandong Ruyi Woolen Textiles Group Co Ltd. [4] (#cite_note-CHAIR-4) In 2010, it purchased a 41 percent stake in Renown Inc. (/wiki/Renown_(company)) , a Japanese apparel maker, for $36.8 million, becoming its largest stakeholder. [5] (#cite_note-CHINADAILY-5) As of 2016, it also owned Hong Kong-based menswear group Trinity. Trinity Ltd was purchased for $283.88 million. [6] (#cite_note-reuters.com-6) In December 2016, Aquascutum (/wiki/Aquascutum) , a British luxury clothing manufacturer, was due to be sold for $120m (£97m) to two buyers, one of which was Shandong Ruyi. [7] (#cite_note-BBCaqua-7) It was sold to Shandong Ruyi for $117 million. [6] (#cite_note-reuters.com-6) As of 2016, Shandong Ruyi owned the French company SMCP (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_SMCP) , owner of fashion brands Sandro (/wiki/Sandro) , Maje (/w/index.php?title=Maje_(brand)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maje) ] and Claudie Pierlot. [6] (#cite_note-reuters.com-6) [8] (#cite_note-drapersonline.com-8) It purchased the majority stake in SMCP in 2016 for £1.15 billion [9] (#cite_note-GUARDIANgian-9) after six months of negotiations. [10] (#cite_note-REUTERSnegotations-10) SMCP CEO Daniel Lalonde (/wiki/Daniel_Lalonde) said that the investment would fund SMCP's growth overseas, particularly in Asia. [11] (#cite_note-KKRSCMP-11) SMCP was then taken public in 2017, [6] (#cite_note-reuters.com-6) with Shandong Ruyi maintaining its stake. [12] (#cite_note-12) 2017–2020 [ edit ] In November 2017, the company offered to buy a 54% controlling stake of menswear supplier Bagir for $16.5 million, due to complete on 31 August 2018. [8] (#cite_note-drapersonline.com-8) In February 2018, Shandong Ruyi acquired a majority stake in the Swiss luxury fashion brand Bally (/wiki/Bally_Shoe) from its parent company JAB Holding Company (/wiki/JAB_Holding_Company) for an undisclosed sum. The closing of the operation is still suspended, however, since more than one year. [6] (#cite_note-reuters.com-6) [8] (#cite_note-drapersonline.com-8) At the time, Yafu Qiu was chairman of Shandong Ruyi Group. [6] (#cite_note-reuters.com-6) As of February 2018, British billionaire Sir Philip Green (/wiki/Philip_Green) was considering selling his Arcadia (/wiki/Arcadia_Group) company to Shandong Ruyi. [9] (#cite_note-GUARDIANgian-9) As of 2017, Ruyi Group was the largest textile manufacturer in China. [2] (#cite_note-AMERICA-2) As of 2018, it was also in the top 20 in terms of revenues for luxury fashion groups. [5] (#cite_note-CHINADAILY-5) In 2019, it acquired Invista (/wiki/Invista) 's Apparels & Advanced Textiles business for an undisclosed amount said to exceed $2 billion, [13] (#cite_note-13) adding products such as Lycra (/wiki/Lycra) and Coolmax (/wiki/Coolmax) to its portfolio. The acquired business operates under the name of The Lycra Company. [14] (#cite_note-14) However, in 2022 ownership of The Lycra Company was transferred to an equity group that provided funds for its acquisition, after Shandong Ruyi defaulted on loan repayment terms. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2020 Ruyi struggled because of debt and the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Operations [ edit ] As of 2018, most of its business was concentrated in the clothing industrial chain, including supplying yarn, fabric, raw materials, dying, weaving, sewing and production. [5] (#cite_note-CHINADAILY-5) The company has operations in China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy. [1] (#cite_note-Bloomberg_profile-1) In 2017, Shandong Ruyi Technology Group said it would renovate a former television factory in Arkansas (/wiki/Arkansas) into its first facility in North America, in a $410 million project. [18] (#cite_note-FOXap-18) It was expected that Ruyi would absorb "almost all the cotton produced by Arkansas annually." [2] (#cite_note-AMERICA-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Company Overview of Shandong Ruyi Technology Group Co., Ltd" (https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=116449432) . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Cotton woos Chinese textile giant to Arkansas" (https://share.america.gov/cotton-woos-chinese-textile-plant-arkansas/) , America.gov ^ (#cite_ref-3) Ang, Katerina (2019-03-19). "The race is on to be the first Chinese fashion giant" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/luxury-goods-conglomerate-china-lvmh) . Vogue Business . Retrieved 2020-08-01 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Yafu Qiu" (https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/people/16162491-yafu-qiu) , Bloomberg ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Shandong Ruyi furthers global dreams with Bally buy" (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/14/WS5a839992a3106e7dcc13cb26.html) , Zhu Wenqian in Beijing and Ju Chuanjiang, China Daily (/wiki/China_Daily) , February 14, 2018 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "China's Shandong Ruyi expands fashion empire with Bally" (https://www.reuters.com/article/bally-ma-shandongruyi/chinas-shandong-ruyi-expands-fashion-empire-with-bally-idUSL8N1PZ61T) . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 – via Reuters. ^ (#cite_ref-BBCaqua_7-0) "Raincoat maker Aquascutum sold for £97m" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38404407) . 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 – via www.bbc.com. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Shandong Ruyi snaps up Bally" (https://www.drapersonline.com/news/shandong-ruyi-snaps-up-bally/7029005.article) . Drapersonline (/wiki/Drapers_(magazine)) .com . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Butler, Sarah (18 February 2018). "Philip Green considers selling Arcadia to Chinese textiles giant" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/feb/18/philip-green-considers-selling-arcadia-to-chinese-textiles-giant) . the Guardian . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-REUTERSnegotations_10-0) "China's Shandong Ruyi says it will take over French fashion firm SMCP" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-scmp-m-a-china/chinas-shandong-ruyi-says-it-will-take-over-french-fashion-firm-smcp-idUSKCN0WY36W) , Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) , March 31, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-KKRSCMP_11-0) "K.K.R. Selling Stake in the Fashion Group SMCP to Shandong Ruyi of China" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/business/dealbook/kkr-smcp-shandong-ruyi-china.html) , Elizabeth Paton, The New York Times , April 1, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-12) "French fashion group SMCP envisaging IPO by end-2017" (https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/002193.SZ/key-developments/article/3673659) , Reuters, September 18, 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Chinese Luxury Firm Closes Long-Delayed $2 Billion Lycra Deal" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-01/chinese-luxury-firm-closes-long-delayed-2-billion-lycra-deal) . Bloomberg.com . 2019-02-01 . Retrieved 2020-11-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Shandong Ruyi Investment Holding Purchases INVISTA's Apparel & Advanced Textiles Unit" (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190131005573/en/Shandong-Ruyi-Investment-Holding-Purchases-INVISTA%E2%80%99s-Apparel-Advanced-Textiles-Unit) . www.businesswire.com . 2019-01-31 . Retrieved 2020-11-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Fashion group Shandong Ruyi's creditors take full control of Lycra" (https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/fashion-group-shandong-ruyis-creditors-take-full-control-lycra-2022-06-29/) . Reuters . 2022-06-29 . Retrieved 2022-06-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "SMCP shareholders vote for board reshuffle following ownership change" (https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/smcp-shareholders-vote-board-reshuffle-2022-01-14/) . Reuters . 2022-01-14 . Retrieved 2023-10-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Russell, Michelle (2020-06-25). "Ruyi Group sees investment as key to future-proofing business" (https://www.just-style.com/interviews/ruyi-group-sees-investment-as-key-to-future-proofing-business-2/) . Just Style . Retrieved 2023-10-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOXap_18-0) "Chinese textile firm hiring up to 800 in east Arkansas" (http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/05/10/chinese-textile-firm-hiring-up-to-800-in-east-arkansas.html) , Fox News, Associated Press, May 10, 2017 External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.chinaruyi.com/home/en/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐frcdc Cached time: 20240710163833 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.378 seconds Real time usage: 0.484 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2015/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30755/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1806/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 48960/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.260/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13420910/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 456.128 1 -total 46.91% 213.988 1 Template:Infobox_company 44.48% 202.869 1 Template:Infobox 30.75% 140.242 1 Template:Reflist 23.99% 109.445 1 Template:Lang 23.88% 108.904 8 Template:Cite_web 17.05% 77.780 1 Template:Short_description 11.47% 52.311 2 Template:Pagetype 3.31% 15.107 8 Template:Main_other 2.56% 11.668 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56629181-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710163833 and revision id 1218322626. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shandong_Ruyi&oldid=1218322626 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shandong_Ruyi&oldid=1218322626) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Chinese fashion (/wiki/Category:Chinese_fashion) Chinese companies established in 1972 (/wiki/Category:Chinese_companies_established_in_1972) Companies based in Jining (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Jining) Companies listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (/wiki/Category:Companies_listed_on_the_Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles containing Chinese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text) Pages using infobox company using trading name (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_company_using_trading_name)
Giuseppe Garibaldi (/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi) (center), the Italian patriot and his wife, Anita (right), wore red, Garibaldi shirts, a type of military blouse, which transitioned, into early 1860s, unisex, civilian fashion, in Europe (/wiki/Europe) and the United States (/wiki/United_States) . Giuseppe Garibaldi (/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi) 's soldiers, wearing the distinctive, red, uniform, Garibaldi shirt, during the 1860 " Expedition of the Thousand (/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand) ", in Sicily (/wiki/Sicily) Living historians portraying the Garibaldi Guard (/wiki/39th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment) In 1860, the Empress Eugénie de Montijo (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo) , of France (/wiki/France) , introduced the Garibaldi blouse (/wiki/Blouse) , as popular women's fashion. Woman in white, Garibaldi blouse, photograph, circa 1860-1865. Garibaldi shirt and cap exhibited in the Siena (/wiki/Siena) town hall A Garibaldi shirt (also called "Garibaldi jacket" or "Camicia rossa") was a woman's fashion, a red wool shirt named after the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi (/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi) first popularized in 1860. It was the direct ancestor of the modern women's blouse (/wiki/Blouse) . [notes 1] (#cite_note-1) [1] (#cite_note-2) [2] (#cite_note-3) [3] (#cite_note-4) Garibaldi's Redshirts [ edit ] Giuseppe Garibaldi (/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi) (1807 - 1882) was an Italian folk hero, a nationalist in favor of Italian independence from Austrian domination. Garibaldi's "total sincerity and honesty, and exceptional physical courage gave him the kind of personal magnetism which made women of all classes love him, and men of all classes follow him in circumstances of acute danger." [notes 2] (#cite_note-5) During the Expedition of the Thousand (/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand) campaign in 1860, his volunteer followers were known as "Redshirts" (/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)) ( Camicie Rosse in Italian) for their uniforms (or rather shirts, as they could not afford full uniforms), and it is these who inspired the fashion. The Garibaldi shirt [ edit ] According to a brief history of the shirt waist (/wiki/Waist_(clothing)) written in 1902, the fashion for the Garibaldi shirt was initiated by Empress Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo) of France. [notes 3] (#cite_note-6) Its first mention is in 1860, and clothing historian says of it: "The Garibaldi jacket, of scarlet cashmere with military trimmings of gold braid, was hailed as 'the gem of the season'." [notes 4] (#cite_note-7) It was extremely popular during the first half of the 1860s. Versions in white and lighter fabrics also appeared, [notes 5] (#cite_note-8) and children frequently wore it. [notes 6] (#cite_note-9) Camicia rossa [ edit ] "Camicia rossa" or red shirt is a type of clothing. The century illustrated monthly magazine, Volume 74 explains that "One...relic is none other than a veritable camicia rossa, or red shirt, worn by Garibaldi at [a] siege". [4] (#cite_note-10) A Cultural History of the Modern Age: The Crisis of the European Soul says that "For a considerable time Garibaldi (/wiki/Garibaldi) was the most famous man in Europe, and the red shirt, la camicia rossa, became the fashion for ladies, even outside Italy" [5] (#cite_note-11) Italians during the American Civil War [ edit ] During the American Civil War (/wiki/American_Civil_War) , the Garibaldi Guard (/wiki/39th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment) , composed of European (/wiki/Europe) immigrants, from New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , served in the Union Army (/wiki/Union_Army) , wearing the red, Garibaldi shirts, as a part of their battle dress uniforms. Their Confederate (/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America) counterpart, the mainly Italian (/wiki/Italians) Garibaldi Legion (/wiki/6th_Regiment,_European_Brigade) , were also known for wearing red Garibaldi shirts and cocked hats with plumes in the Italian national colors as a part of their uniforms. Late and post-Victorian women's fashion [ edit ] The Garibaldi shirt was popularized in 1860 and the baggy, bloused style was worn exclusively by women and remained popular for some years, eventually turning into the Victorian (/wiki/Victorian_fashion) shirt waist (/wiki/Waist_(clothing)) modern woman's blouse. [6] (#cite_note-12) (/wiki/File:Shirtwaist_designs_1906.jpg) The baggy, bloused style, of the Garibaldi shirt, heavily influenced the Late and post-Victorian fashions (/wiki/Victorian_fashion) , as seen in a 1906 advertisement, in The Modern Priscilla , a needlework magazine, showing 16 different designs for shirtwaists (/wiki/Waist_(clothing)) , with details, about patterns and materials. Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Young, p. 355 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hearder, p. 188 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Young, p. 357 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Cunnington, p. 208 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Buck, p. 32 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Buck, p. 213 See also [ edit ] Zouave jacket (/wiki/Zouave_jacket) , another military-inspired fashion of the same era v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress 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clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-2) Buck, Anne, Victorian Costume and Costume Accessories , revised second edition, Ruth Bean Publishers, Carlton, Bedford UK 1984 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-903585-17-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903585-17-0) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Cunnington, C. Willett, English Women's Clothing in the Nineteenth Century , Dover Publications, Inc. New York 1990 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-26323-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-26323-1) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Young, Julia Ditto, "The Rise of the Shirt Waist", Good Housekeeping (/wiki/Good_Housekeeping) , May 1902, pp. 354-357 ^ (#cite_ref-10) Holland, Josiah Gilbert; Gilder, Richard Watson (1907). The century illustrated monthly magazine , Volume 74 . Retrieved December 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Egon Friedell & Allan Janik (2010). A Cultural History of the Modern Age: The Crisis of the European Soul . Transaction Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781412843799 . Retrieved December 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Young, Julia Ditto, "The Rise of the Shirt Waist", Good Housekeeping (/wiki/Good_Housekeeping) , May 1902, pp. 354-357 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐7xctt Cached time: 20240712165829 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.469 seconds Real time usage: 0.612 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1287/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 67301/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3148/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 29255/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.190/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3630162/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 440.510 1 -total 45.49% 200.407 6 Template:Navbox 42.80% 188.520 1 Template:Clothing 42.23% 186.043 2 Template:Reflist 18.78% 82.722 2 Template:Cite_book 15.95% 70.244 2 Template:ISBN 13.79% 60.738 1 Template:Flatlist 12.86% 56.669 2 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 7.77% 34.226 1 Template:Stack_begin 6.32% 27.854 1 Template:Scalable_image Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17625608-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712165829 and revision id 1156438417. 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American fashion designer Werner Scharff Born July 7, 1916 Landau (/wiki/Landau) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) Died August 17, 2006 (aged 90) Santa Monica, California (/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California) , U.S. Werner G. Scharff (July 7, 1916 – August 17, 2006) was a German-American arts patron (/wiki/Arts_patron) , fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) , [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) and land developer. He was co-founder and chairman of Lanz Incorporated, a designer and manufacturer of dresses and nightgowns. [3] (#cite_note-3) The Lanz flannel granny nightgown became a staple of women's nightwear in the late-1950s. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) As a large landowner, Scharff has been called a pioneer of Venice Beach (/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles) in Los Angeles for contributing to the development and expansion of the city. [5] (#cite_note-5) His investments include the Cadillac Hotel (/wiki/Westin_Book_Cadillac_Hotel) , Beach House on Ocean Front Walk, L.A. Louver (/wiki/L.A._Louver) , and James Beach Cafe. [6] (#cite_note-6) Early life [ edit ] Scharff was born in Landau (/wiki/Landau) , Germany, the youngest of three brothers. His father, a grocer, died when Scharff was 10, forcing him to leave school and join the family's grocery business. By age 20, Scharff, with the family business failing, used his savings to move with his brother Kurt to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) in 1937, [7] (#cite_note-The_Argonaut_News-7) arriving as political refugees (/wiki/Right_of_asylum) . Career [ edit ] Once in New York, Scharff and his brother partnered with Austrian retailer Sepp Lanz, an émigré, in his Austrian-style clothes and sleepwear retail store. Scharff soon discovered there was a demand for the clothing line in California. [8] (#cite_note-Fashion_Guild-8) In 1938, the Scharffs and Lanz relocated to Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) to open a store location on Wilshire Boulevard (/wiki/Wilshire_Boulevard) , specializing in Austrian-inspired ski clothing and sleepwear. When American film actress Hedy Lamarr (/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr) wore their clothes in the film Ziegfeld Girl (/wiki/Ziegfeld_Girl_(film)) , the company received film credits, which gave the Lanz line national attention. In 1946, the Scharff brothers bought the business from Lanz and focused on manufacturing. The same year, Scharff encouraged nearby clothing retailers to sell the line in their stores. At the same time, the company established a wholesale business with department stores worldwide. [9] (#cite_note-9) Lanz flannel granny nightgown [ edit ] In 1953, Scharff designed and unveiled a nightgown line, "the granny gown," which was made of inexpensive cotton flannel and became Lanz Inc.’s signature product. It was based on a dress that Scharff's landlady had worn. By the late 1950s, the gown was a popular cover-up for women. [10] (#cite_note-10) As a result, the company expanded to 30 retail stores and established a manufacturing division. Playwright Wendy Wasserstein was known to have worn a Lanz nightgown while writing. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Venice Beach [ edit ] In the 1950s, Scharff began buying and refurbishing properties in Venice, Los Angeles (/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles) . During a lengthy downturn with businesses on the oceanfront, he helped design a master plan for the community that included storefronts. He became one of the largest property owners in Venice. [13] (#cite_note-Beachheads-13) Scharff commissioned artwork and murals in Venice Beach as well, many by artist Rip Cronk, who credits his career to Scharff. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Cronk's murals commissioned by Scharff include a self portrait, depicting the artist as a superhero; [14] (#cite_note-14) a tribute to van Gogh (/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh) 's "Starry Night" at Wave Crest and Ocean Front Walk; and a portrait of Venice founder Abbot Kinney (/wiki/Abbot_Kinney) that highlights a five-story brick apartment building Scharff once owned on Venice Boulevard (/wiki/Venice_Boulevard) . [7] (#cite_note-The_Argonaut_News-7) In 2006, Scharff was awarded The Spirit of Venice Award by the Los Angeles City Council (https://ens.lacity.org/clk/oldactions/clkcouncilactions242108_09192006.pdf) . In 2017, muralist Jonas Never depicted Scharff driving through Venice in his convertible, in a mural across from James Beach. [15] (#cite_note-15) Personal life [ edit ] Scharff was married three times and divorced twice. He had five children. His third wife, Simone Hormel Scharff, had children from her previous marriage, including musician Smokey Hormel (/wiki/Smokey_Hormel) . [16] (#cite_note-16) In the early-2000s, Scharff was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. He died at his Santa Monica, California (/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California) home on August 17, 2006. [13] (#cite_note-Beachheads-13) He is survived by his wife, Simone; his sons, Christopher and Peter; his daughter, Alexis; two stepsons, Christopher and Gregory Hormel; a stepdaughter, Angela Hormel; and six grandchildren. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Hevesi, Dennis (2006-08-31). "Werner Scharff, 90, Designer of a Classic Warm Nightgown, Dies" (https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/31/business/31scharff.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Stephen Markel: The Enigmatic Image: Curious Subjects in Indian Art" (http://www.asianart.com/articles/enigmatic/38.html) . www.asianart.com . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Wilson, A. (2014-11-14). Major Companies of the USA 1988/89 . Springer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789400912977 . ^ Jump up to: a b Nelson, Valerie J. (2006-08-27). "Werner Scharff, 90; Arts Patron, Clothier Helped Dress Up Venice" (http://articles.latimes.com/2006/aug/27/local/me-scharff27) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0458-3035 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035) . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Lanz Sleepwear Founder Dies at 90" (https://www.apparelnews.net/news/2006/sep/01/lanz-sleepwear-founder-dies-at-90/) . www.apparelnews.net . September 1, 2006 . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Werner Scharff; clothing designer and Venice Beach patron; 90 | The San Diego Union-Tribune" (http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20060831/news_1m31scharff.html) . The San Diego Union-Tribune (/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune) . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Werner G. Scharff dies at age 90" (http://argonautnews.com/werner-g-scharff-dies-at-age-90/) . The Argonaut Newspaper (/wiki/The_Argonaut) . August 31, 2006 . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fashion_Guild_8-0) Bramlett, Lizzie. "Vintage Fashion Guild : Label Resource : Lanz" (http://vintagefashionguild.org/label-resource/lanz/) . vintagefashionguild.org . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) LaMagna, Dal (2010-10-18). Raising Eyebrows: A Failed Entrepreneur Finally Gets it Right . John Wiley & Sons. p. 160 (https://archive.org/details/raisingeyebrowsf0000lama/page/160) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780470874370 . Werner Scharff nightgown. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Yearly, Patrick (2017-01-15). They Were Giants 2007 . iUniverse. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780595428137 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Werner Scharff, 90 - (https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/192836089/) Los Angeles Times " (https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/192836089/) . August 27, 2006 . Retrieved 2017-01-15 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Pedersen Budge, Rose Mary (1988-12-23). "PRACTICAL, PRETTY LANZ CELEBRATING 50 YEARS" (http://www.deseretnews.com/article/28001/PRACTICAL-PRETTY-LANZ-CELEBRATING-50-YEARS.amp) . Deseret News . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Venice developer's lease Terminated: Evicted by even Bigger DEVELOPER - Werner Scharff 1916–2006" (http://www.freevenice.org/Sites/iblog/B1692947617/C1062345294/E20060904202046/index.html) . Freevenice.org . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Venice Beach | Mural Conservancy of Los Angeles" (https://www.themcla.org/murals/venice-beach) . www.themcla.org . Retrieved 2023-04-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Gronner, C. J. "A Werner Scharff Tribute Mural By Jonas Never" (http://www.blogtownbycjgronner.com/2017/08/a-werner-scharff-tribute-mural-by-jonas.html) . Retrieved 2023-10-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Beachhead People Archives" (http://www.virtualvenice.info/print/bhpeople.htm) . www.virtualvenice.info . Retrieved 2017-01-15 . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/36882503) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2006025298) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7b54979676‐ccg2m Cached time: 20240716120726 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.460 seconds Real time usage: 0.563 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2139/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31902/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 796/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 65366/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.307/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6226053/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 532.692 1 -total 34.78% 185.254 1 Template:Reflist 27.69% 147.490 1 Template:Infobox_person 19.91% 106.037 5 Template:Cite_news 19.67% 104.771 1 Template:Authority_control 15.52% 82.676 1 Template:Short_description 8.37% 44.563 2 Template:Pagetype 8.16% 43.453 16 Template:Main_other 6.18% 32.898 8 Template:Cite_web 5.83% 31.056 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52882769-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716120726 and revision id 1181894139. 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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This category is for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) in the year 2022 (/wiki/2022) . 2017 (/wiki/Category:2017_in_fashion) 2018 (/wiki/Category:2018_in_fashion) 2019 (/wiki/Category:2019_in_fashion) 2020 (/wiki/Category:2020_in_fashion) 2021 (/wiki/Category:2021_in_fashion) 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7cd59cdcfb‐qn5wq Cached time: 20240718002831 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.174 seconds Real time usage: 0.269 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 163/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4738/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 109/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 73/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.128/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1514294/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 255.195 1 Template:YYYY_in_fashion_category_header 100.00% 255.195 1 -total 69.14% 176.445 1 Template:Category_series_navigation 18.38% 46.904 1 Template:Portal 10.48% 26.750 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 8.47% 21.607 1 Template:Category_other 7.75% 19.765 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 3.67% 9.359 1 Template:FindYDCportal 2.01% 5.132 6 Template:Title_year 0.82% 2.100 1 Template:DECADE Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73313172-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718002831 and revision id 1145177507. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "2022 in fashion" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) C Costume Designers Guild Awards 2022 (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Awards_2022) I In America: An Anthology of Fashion (/wiki/In_America:_An_Anthology_of_Fashion) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2022_in_fashion&oldid=1145177507 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2022_in_fashion&oldid=1145177507) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2022 (/wiki/Category:2022) 2020s fashion (/wiki/Category:2020s_fashion) Fashion by year (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_year) Hidden categories: Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
(Redirected from Draft:He Cong (/w/index.php?title=Draft:He_Cong&redirect=no) ) Chinese model In this Chinese name (/wiki/Chinese_name) , the family name (/wiki/Chinese_surname) is He (/wiki/H%C3%A8_(surname)) (贺) . He Cong Born ( 1995-11-05 ) 5 November 1995 (age 28) [3] (#cite_note-3) Changsha (/wiki/Changsha) , Hunan (/wiki/Hunan) , China [4] (#cite_note-Vogue-Singapore-4) Modeling information Height 5 ft 10.5 in (179 cm) [1] (#cite_note-1) Hair color Black Eye color Brown Agency IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) (worldwide) [2] (#cite_note-2) He Cong ( simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 贺聪 ; traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 賀聰 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Hè Cōng ; born November 5, 1995) is a Chinese fashion model. Her clients include: Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) , and Versace (/wiki/Versace) . She has also featured in the Chinese version of Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , the Chinese and Italian versions of Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , and various international versions of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Models.com has listed He on their Money and Industry Icons lists. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) The Singaporean version of Vogue has described He as "tall, leggy, with delicate features and cheekbones to die for, [she] was—and still is—the quintessential fresh-faced ingénue (/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue) ." [4] (#cite_note-Vogue-Singapore-4) Additionally, V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) has described He as a "trailblazing supermodel." [8] (#cite_note-V139-8) Early life [ edit ] He was born in Changsha (/wiki/Changsha) in the province of Hunan (/wiki/Hunan) . She describes Changsha as "a big city with lots of history." [9] (#cite_note-V125-9) Career [ edit ] In 2013, He moved to Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) to study fashion and design. While at university, Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) staged a special fashion show, He was asked by a friend if she would be interested in attending—not only did He attend, but she also got to open and close the show. He described the experience as "a dream." [4] (#cite_note-Vogue-Singapore-4) [8] (#cite_note-V139-8) He featured in an editorial for the May 2020 issue of the Chinese version of Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) . [10] (#cite_note-10) He has also featured in V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) at least three times, these include the January 2020, May 2020, and November 2022 editions. Furthermore, she appeared in the Chinese version of the magazine for the April 2023 issue. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) He has made at least two appearances in W Magazine (/wiki/W_(magazine)) editorials—for their May 2017 and September 2022 editions and at least three further appearances for their Chinese version—for their December 2023, January 2024, and June 2024 releases. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Other editorial features include Pop Magazine (/wiki/Pop_(fashion_magazine)) for their Spring/Summer 2018 release and i-D Magazine (/wiki/I-D) in February 2023. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) The part of modelling that He loves the most is "bringing a designer’s vision to life," saying that she finds it exciting to see sketches come to life on the runway. [8] (#cite_note-V139-8) He describes herself as "really comfortable" in front of the camera and enjoys seeing herself "portraying different characters." [9] (#cite_note-V125-9) Agency representation [ edit ] He is represented by IMG Models, they also represent Paloma Elsesser (/wiki/Paloma_Elsesser) , Maty Fall Diba (/wiki/Maty_Fall_Diba) , Ashley Graham (/wiki/Ashley_Graham) , and Gemma Ward (/wiki/Gemma_Ward) . [17] (#cite_note-17) Personality [ edit ] Her ultimate summer song is Dreams (/wiki/Dreams_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)) by Fleetwood Mac (/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac) . [9] (#cite_note-V125-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "He Cong" (https://www.imgmodels.com/london/women/684-he-cong) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "He Cong" (https://models.com/models/He-Cong) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "My heart is full 💜 Thank you all for all the kindest messages🥰" (https://www.instagram.com/p/CV5djwcMin-) . ^ Jump up to: a b c " (https://vogue.sg/he-cong-chinese-model-interview) "Being a model demands a lot of hard work, self-motivation and persistence": Chinese model He Cong reflects on her journey as a model so far" (https://vogue.sg/he-cong-chinese-model-interview) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "He Cong" (https://models.com/models/He-Cong/client/all) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "THE MONEY LIST" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/MoneyGirls) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "INDUSTRY ICONS" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/IndustryIcons) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "V139: SUPERMODEL, SUPERHERO HE CONG" (https://vmagazine.com/article/supermodel-superhero-he-cong) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "V125 NEXT GEN: HE CONG" (https://vmagazine.com/article/v125-next-gen-he-cong) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Numéro China" (https://models.com/models/He-Cong/client/all/numero-china) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "V Magazine" (https://models.com/models/He-Cong/client/all/v-magazine) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "V Magazine China" (https://models.com/models/He-Cong/client/all/v-magazine-china) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "W Magazine" (https://models.com/models/He-Cong/client/all/w-magazine) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "W Magazine China" (https://models.com/models/He-Cong/client/all/w-magazine-china) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Pop Magazine" (https://models.com/models/He-Cong/client/all/pop-magazine) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "i-D Magazine" (https://models.com/models/He-Cong/client/all/i-d-magazine) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "IMG London" (https://models.com/agency/IMG-London/ranked) . 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Shrimps Company type Private Company (/wiki/Private_Company) Industry Fashion Founded 2013 Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , UK (/wiki/UK) Key people Hannah Weiland (/wiki/Hannah_Weiland) (Founder & Creative Director) Products Clothes, shoes, accessories Shrimps is a fashion label founded by London-based designer, Hannah Weiland (/wiki/Hannah_Weiland) , launched in 2013. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Originally launched with one faux fur coat and then centred around faux fur outerwear and accessories, Shrimps is now a full RTW (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) label offering a variety of pieces as well as the faux fur (/wiki/Fake_fur) outerwear that made its name. Shrimps became famous for its signature faux fur (/wiki/Fake_fur) coats, [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) garnering support from animal rights activists such as PETA (/wiki/PETA) , [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) and drawing new attention to faux fur as a fabric in fashion. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Early supporters of the brand include Laura Bailey (/wiki/Laura_Bailey_(model)) , Natalie Massenet (/wiki/Natalie_Massenet) , Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) , Alexa Chung (/wiki/Alexa_Chung) , amongst others. Shrimps presents new collections seasonally on schedule at London Fashion Week. [8] (#cite_note-8) Stockists for the brand include: Dover Street Market (/wiki/Dover_Street_Market) , Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges) , Matchesfashion.com (/wiki/Matches_Fashion) , Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) , Bon Marché (/wiki/Le_Bon_March%C3%A9) , BOONTHESHOP and MyTheresa. Aesthetic and inspiration [ edit ] With a background in History of Art and a diploma in Surface Textile Design from the London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) , Weiland takes her inspiration from the witticisms of modern art and a playful engagement with pattern and texture. [9] (#cite_note-9) Using carefully sourced fabrics that emphasise colour and texture, Weiland creates unique, beautifully crafted pieces. At the heart of the brand is faux fur and outerwear, [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) however the collections are now full RTW collections including accessories [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Cartner-Morley, Jess (2014-03-06). "Shrimps faux fur: the coats to be seen in" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/mar/06/shrimps-faux-fur-coats-fashion) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2017-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) writer, Rachael Dove, Fashion. "Furs from the bright spark of fashion" (http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/furs-from-the-bright-spark-of-fashion-l37zzchjf) . Retrieved 2017-07-24 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b "Hannah Weiland on her decision not to use real fur i-D" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_gb/article/shrimps-hannah-weiland-on-her-decision-not-to-use-real-fur) . i-D . Retrieved 2017-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Why Everyone (Including PETA) Is Obsessed With Shrimps' Faux Fur" (https://observer.com/2016/11/why-everyone-including-peta-is-obsessed-with-shrimps-faux-fur/) . Observer . 2016-11-02 . Retrieved 2017-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "These 8 Up-and-Coming Designers Want the Future of Fashion to Be Fur-Free | PETA UK" (http://www.peta.org.uk/blog/8-coming-designers-want-future-fashion-fur-free/) . PETA UK . 2016-10-25 . Retrieved 2017-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Op-Ed | Faux Fur, More Than a Fashion Trend" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/voices/discussions/does-fur-have-a-place-in-fashion/op-ed-faux-fur-more-than-a-fashion-trend) . The Business of Fashion . Retrieved 2017-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Ormerod, Katherine. "Shrimps and the coat that launched 1,000 copies" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/shrimps-interview-with-hannah-weiland-at-london-fashion-week-autumnwinter-2015) . Glamour UK . Retrieved 2017-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Friend of faux: why Shrimps designer Hannah Weiland is the talk of" (https://www.standard.co.uk/fashion/trends/friend-of-faux-why-shrimps-designer-hannah-weiland-is-the-talk-of-london-fashion-week-9721313.html) . Evening Standard . 2014-09-09 . Retrieved 2017-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Grosso, Caroline. "Meet the Quirky British Fashion Designer Who Is Uniquely Responsible for the Faux Fur Trend" (http://www.wmagazine.com/story/shrimps-faux-fur-designer-hannah-weiland) . W Magazine . Retrieved 2017-07-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_10-0) "Shrimps London Spring/Summer 2017 Ready-To-Wear" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/spring-summer-2017-ready-to-wear/shrimps-pre/collection) . Retrieved 2017-07-24 . 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American Latina entrepreneur Carolyn Aronson Born ( 1966-12-22 ) 22 December 1966 (age 57) Nationality American (/wiki/Americans) Occupation Entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneurship) Carolyn Aronson (née Plummer) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) (born December 22, 1966 [2] (#cite_note-2) ) is an American Latina entrepreneur who created the styling brand It's a 10 Haircare. [3] (#cite_note-3) Early life [ edit ] Some sources report that Aronson was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey (/wiki/Perth_Amboy,_New_Jersey) [4] (#cite_note-4) while others state she was born Iris Ernesta Reyes in Puerto Rico. [5] (#cite_note-5) She is of Puerto Rican descent and was adopted by a family in Michigan (/wiki/Michigan) as a child, along with one biological brother. [6] (#cite_note-6) Career [ edit ] Aronson became a hairdresser when she was 18. [7] (#cite_note-7) She founded the salon Allianza in Southfield, Michigan (/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan) in 1998. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) Early entrepreneurial failure [ edit ] Aronson, along with Scott Scharg founded the styling product range LINQ in 2002. The company used multiple vendors for its product line and had significant quality control issues. [9] (#cite_note-dahlberg-9) It closed in 2005. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) It's a 10 [ edit ] In 2005, Aronson founded It's a 10 with Scharg in Detroit, Michigan (/wiki/Detroit) , [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) each of whom invested $40,000 in the business. They launched their first product, Miracle Leave-In, in 2006. [9] (#cite_note-dahlberg-9) The product was designed to solve multiple haircare issues for many types of hair. At the time, the product was positioned as a salon-only product, which hairdressers could both use and sell to their customers. They took what was at the time an unusual approach to publicizing their product, giving away samples to hairdressers and consumers in order to generate interest in the product. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) As of 2020, the company sells over 14 million units of Miracle Leave-In Spray per year. [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) Aronson bought out Scharg in 2017 and is now the sole owner of the business. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) It's a 10 ran an advertisement during the 2017 Super Bowl (/wiki/2017_Super_Bowl) , becoming the first independently owned haircare product brand to do so. [11] (#cite_note-11) In November 2020, Aronson launched the cosmetics brand Be a 10. [12] (#cite_note-12) The stated goal of the brand is to simplify and streamline cosmetics for women. [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) Dun and Bradstreet reports It's a 10's annual revenue as being $36.72 million.; [13] (#cite_note-13) however, elsewhere it has variously been reported as having annual revenue of over $400 million [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) and half a billion dollars. [9] (#cite_note-dahlberg-9) Personal life [ edit ] Aronson married Scott Scharg in 2000. They divorced in 2004. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) She later married Jeff Aronson, CEO of Titan FC (/wiki/Titan_Fighting_Championships) , with whom she bought a mansion in December 2019. [14] (#cite_note-:2-14) In October 2020 Aronson announced that she was 20 weeks pregnant at the age of 53. [15] (#cite_note-15) She gave birth to her daughter, Aliya Dream, on February 12, 2021, and currently has a blended family of three daughters and two sons with her husband. [16] (#cite_note-16) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Tobias, Mary (2 June 2010). "Salon Success: A Metro Detroit Company Goes Global" (https://www.dbusiness.com/people/salon-success-a-metro-detroit-company-goes-global/) . DBusiness . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Our Founder" (https://itsa10haircare.com/pages/our-founder) . It's a 10 . Retrieved 19 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) McGrath, Maggie. "The One Who Changed Everything For It's A 10 Haircare Founder Carolyn Aronson" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2021/04/05/the-one-who-changed-everything-for-its-a-10-haircare-founder-carolyn-aronson/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2021-10-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Reiser, Emon. "Executive Profile: It's a 10 Haircare CEO Carolyn Aronson on betting on yourself" (https://www.bizjournals.com/southflorida/news/2019/12/31/executive-profile-carolyn-aronson.html) . BizJournals . South Florida Business Journal . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Koenig, Kevin (5 December 2017). "Inside Mega-yacht She's a 10" (https://www.yachtingmagazine.com/inside-mega-yacht-shes-10/) . Yachting Magazine . Retrieved 12 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Sopeséns, Pilar. "Esta experimentada emprendedora latina quiere hacerte brillar con su nueva línea de maquillaje" (https://peopleenespanol.com/ponte-bella/carolyn-aronson-emprendedora-puertorriquena-belleza-maquillaje/) . People en Español . Retrieved 29 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Calkins, Isabel (14 August 2017). "How She Got There: Carolyn Aronson, Founder, CEO and Owner of It's A 10 Haircare" (https://www.hercampus.com/money-career/how-she-got-there/how-she-got-there-carolyn-aronson-founder-ceo-and-owner-it-s-10) . HerCampus . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Klimley, April W. (September 2017). "Tressed to Impress" (https://issuu.com/bocaratonobserver/docs/boca_raton_observer_sept2017) . The Boca Raton Observer . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Dahlberg, Nancy. "These Miami-based fashion and beauty brands are growing - despite the pandemic" (https://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/article247505360.html) . The Miami Herald . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Christensen, Meghan. "Diversifying The Empire: Why Cult-Favorite ItsA10 Haircare Brand Is Expanding To Beauty" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/megchristensen/2020/11/09/diversifying-the-empire-why-cult-favorite-itsa10-haircare-brand-is-expanding-to-beauty/?sh=5a3dd77d4534) . Forbes . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Wylie, Melissa. "Why she took a chance on a Super Bowl ad" (https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/profiles-strategies/2017/02/why-her-haircare-brand-is-making-its-super-bowl-ad.html) . Bizwomen . The Business Journals . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Utroske, Deanna (9 November 2020). "Carolyn Aronson launches Be A 10 color cosmetics brand" (https://www.cosmeticsdesign.com/Article/2020/11/09/Carolyn-Aronson-launches-Be-A-10-color-cosmetics-brand) . Cosmetics Design . Retrieved 27 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "It's a 10, Inc" (https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.its_a_10_inc.91ed41ed102c9ee2ace11b6c6de18bfb.html#:~:text=It's%20A%2010%2C%20Inc.%20has,million%20in%20sales%20(USD).) . Dun & Bradstreet . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_14-0) Bandell, Brian. "CEOs pay $20M for Miami Beach mansion" (https://www.bizjournals.com/southflorida/news/2019/12/04/aronsons-buy-miami-beach-mansion.html) . BizJournals . South Florida Business Journal . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Pasquini, Maria. "Carolyn Aronson, It's a 10 Haircare CEO, Is Pregnant at 53: 'Can't Wait to Meet My Little Girl' (https://people.com/parents/carolyn-aronson-pregnant-expecting-baby-daughter-at-53/) " (https://people.com/parents/carolyn-aronson-pregnant-expecting-baby-daughter-at-53/) . People . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Newcomb, Alyssa (3 March 2021). "CEO mom shares what it's like to give birth at age 54" (https://www.today.com/parents/carolyn-aronson-ceo-it-s-10-haircare-has-baby-age-t210617) . Today . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . External links [ edit ] Carolyn Aronson (https://www.Linkedin.com/in/https://www.linkedin.com/in/carolynaronson) on LinkedIn (/wiki/LinkedIn) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐l2ktd Cached time: 20240713034707 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.343 seconds Real time usage: 0.503 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2251/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31742/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1442/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 62414/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.217/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7110999/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 483.922 1 -total 47.13% 228.090 1 Template:Infobox_person 34.02% 164.629 1 Template:Reflist 27.93% 135.173 15 Template:Cite_web 14.67% 70.972 1 Template:Short_description 13.30% 64.384 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 11.06% 53.516 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 8.21% 39.749 2 Template:Pagetype 7.37% 35.656 17 Template:Main_other 5.29% 25.607 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67399912-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713034707 and revision id 1234204937. 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Nigerian beauty entrepreneur and lawyer This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tara_Fela-Durotoye) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Tara Fela-Durotoye" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tara+Fela-Durotoye%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tara+Fela-Durotoye%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tara+Fela-Durotoye%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tara+Fela-Durotoye%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tara+Fela-Durotoye%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tara+Fela-Durotoye%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Tara Fela-Durotoye Born ( 1977-03-06 ) 6 March 1977 (age 47) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos) , Lagos State (/wiki/Lagos_State) , Nigeria Occupations Beauty Entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneur) * Lawyer (/wiki/Lawyer) Spouse Fela Durotoye (/wiki/Fela_Durotoye) Tara Fela-Durotoye (born 6 March 1977) [1] (#cite_note-1) is a Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian) beauty entrepreneur and lawyer. A pioneer in the bridal makeup profession in Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) , she launched the first bridal directory in 1999, set up international standard makeup studios and established the first makeup school in Nigeria. [2] (#cite_note-2) She is the founder and CEO of House of Tara International [3] (#cite_note-3) and creator of the Tara Orekelewa Beauty range, Inspired Perfume and the H.I.P Beauty range. As at 2019, her brand House of Tara, had 270 products, 23 stores, 14 beauty schools and 10,000 representatives all around Africa (/wiki/Africa) . [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2007, Tara Fela-Durotoye was awarded the Africa SMME Award and the Entrepreneur award in South Africa [5] (#cite_note-5) and in 2013, Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) listed her as one 20 Young Power Women In Africa. [6] (#cite_note-forbes1-6) In 2020, the magazine Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) listed her among "Africa's 50 Most Powerful Women". [7] (#cite_note-7) She is an alumnus of the Lagos Business School Chief Executive Programme, INSEAD Abu Dhabi, Yale University, The Stanford SEED Transformation Programme, and the Harvard Kennedy School having completed the Global Leadership and Public Policy in the 21st century, She is a member of the France/Nigeria Investment club which was incorporated in 2018 by the French President Emmanuel Macron (/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Early life [ edit ] Tara Fela-Durotoye was born at St. Nicholas Hospital (/wiki/St._Nicholas_Hospital,_Lagos) , Lagos to John Ejegi Sagay, a commissioner at the Federal Civil Service (/wiki/Civil_Service_F.C.) , Nigeria and Felicia Omaghomi. The couple separated when she was eight months old; and being a polygamous (/wiki/Polygamous) home, she was brought up by her stepmother (/wiki/Stepmother) , Modupe Agnes Sagay. She started her education at Command Children School, Victoria Island (/wiki/Victoria_Island_(Nigeria)) and proceeded to Nigeria Navy Secondary School, Ojo, where she was a boarder. In form 5, she was made the Sanitary and Welfare Prefect. She graduated from the Lagos State University (/wiki/Lagos_State_University) , with a degree in Law (/wiki/Law) and proceeded to establish the House of Tara International. [9] (#cite_note-9) Personal life [ edit ] Tara is married to Fela Durotoye (/wiki/Fela_Durotoye) , [10] (#cite_note-10) a business strategist and corporate activator, chief executive officer of [11] (#cite_note-11) Visible Impact. He made his intention to run for presidency on February 22, 2018, under the political party Alliance for new Nigeria. [12] (#cite_note-12) They have three sons, Mobolurin, Demilade & Morolaoluwa. [13] (#cite_note-13) See also [ edit ] Chinelo Anohu-Amazu (/wiki/Chinelo_Anohu-Amazu) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ibukun Awosika (/wiki/Ibukun_Awosika) , The Girl Entrepreneur ^ (#cite_ref-2) RefinedNG (24 June 2020). "Tara Fela-Durotoye" (https://refinedng.com/tara-fela-durotoye/) . RefinedNG . Retrieved 7 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) ":: House of Tara | About Tara ::" (http://houseoftara.com/tara.php) . houseoftara.com . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Creating makeup just for African women" (https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-50039378) . BBC News . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Africagrowth Institute - It is our business to help your business" (http://www.africagrowth.com) . www.africagrowth.com . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-forbes1_6-0) "The 20 Young Power Women In Africa 2013" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2013/12/04/the-20-young-power-women-in-africa-2013/) . Forbes . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Africa, Forbes (6 March 2020). "Africa's 50 Most Powerful Women" (https://www.forbesafrica.com/cover-story/2020/03/06/africas-50-most-powerful-women/) . Forbes Africa . Retrieved 30 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "House of Tara - Corporate Website" (https://houseoftara.com/team/mrs-tara-fela-durotoye/) . House of Tara - Corporate Website . Retrieved 24 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Tara Fela-Durotoye" (https://dawncommission.org/tara-fela-durotoye/) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Fela Durotoye (http://www.feladurotoye.org/content/view/14/84/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100514122344/http://www.feladurotoye.org/content/view/14/84/) 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Official Website of Visible Impact (http://www.visibleimpact.com.ng/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100502050853/http://www.visibleimpact.com.ng/) 2 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-12) " (https://www.thecable.ng/will-run-president-2019-says-fela-durotoye-joins-alliance-new-nigeria) 'I will run for president in 2019' -- Fela Durotoye joins Alliance for New Nigeria" (https://www.thecable.ng/will-run-president-2019-says-fela-durotoye-joins-alliance-new-nigeria) . 22 February 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Balogun, Lekan (30 September 2022). "Tara Fela Durotoye: How she started her Business with N15,000" (https://newswirengr.com/2022/09/30/tara-fela-durotoye-the-nigeria-top-beauty-entrepreneur-who-started-her-business-with-just-n15000/) . NewsWireNGR . Retrieved 7 November 2022 . External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to Tara Fela-Durotoye (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tara_Fela-Durotoye) . 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Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Japan portal (/wiki/Portal:Japan) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7c7cc8cf49‐8slcf Cached time: 20240716185123 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.033 seconds Real time usage: 0.047 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 21/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1490/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.018/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 715052/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 37.251 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 37.251 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69618438-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716185123 and revision id 1062455164. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Models from Tokyo Metropolis" The following 58 pages are in this category, out of 58 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Yuko Araki (/wiki/Yuko_Araki) Reina Asami (/wiki/Reina_Asami) B Nozomi Bando (/wiki/Nozomi_Bando) D Natsuki Deguchi (/wiki/Natsuki_Deguchi) E Elli Rose (/wiki/Elli_Rose) Yasuko Endō (/wiki/Yasuko_End%C5%8D) F Lena Fujii (/wiki/Lena_Fujii) Rila Fukushima (/wiki/Rila_Fukushima) Seika Furuhata (/wiki/Seika_Furuhata) G Leilani Gaja (/wiki/Leilani_Gaja) H Yuria Haga (/wiki/Yuria_Haga) Luna Haruna (/wiki/Luna_Haruna) Reika Hashimoto (/wiki/Reika_Hashimoto) Risa Hirako (/wiki/Risa_Hirako) Ikumi Hisamatsu (/wiki/Ikumi_Hisamatsu) Tsubasa Honda (/wiki/Tsubasa_Honda) Hiromi Hosoi (/wiki/Hiromi_Hosoi) Akane Hotta (/wiki/Akane_Hotta) I Arata Iura (/wiki/Arata_Iura) K Miwako Kakei (/wiki/Miwako_Kakei) Maria Kamiyama (/wiki/Maria_Kamiyama) Nana Katase (/wiki/Nana_Katase) Moemi Katayama (/wiki/Moemi_Katayama) Yumi Kobayashi (/wiki/Yumi_Kobayashi) Yuka Koide (/wiki/Yuka_Koide) Fujiko Kojima (/wiki/Fujiko_Kojima) Nana Komatsu (/wiki/Nana_Komatsu) Mio Kudo (/wiki/Mio_Kudo) Louis Kurihara (/wiki/Louis_Kurihara) M Manami Marutaka (/wiki/Manami_Marutaka) Sumire Matsubara (/wiki/Sumire_Matsubara) Shohei Miura (/wiki/Shohei_Miura) Kanon Miyahara (/wiki/Kanon_Miyahara) Emiri Miyasaka (/wiki/Emiri_Miyasaka) Amisa Miyazaki (/wiki/Amisa_Miyazaki) Izumi Mori (/wiki/Izumi_Mori) Serena Motola (/wiki/Serena_Motola) N Naaboudoufu@nana (/wiki/Naaboudoufu@nana) Anna Nagata (/wiki/Anna_Nagata) Noémie Nakai (/wiki/No%C3%A9mie_Nakai) Anne Nakamura (/wiki/Anne_Nakamura) Runa Natsui (/wiki/Runa_Natsui) O Anri Okamoto (/wiki/Anri_Okamoto) P Kyary Pamyu Pamyu (/wiki/Kyary_Pamyu_Pamyu) R Rie (model) (/wiki/Rie_(model)) Rinka (model) (/wiki/Rinka_(model)) Rola (model) (/wiki/Rola_(model)) S Mayumi Sada (/wiki/Mayumi_Sada) Kentaro Sakaguchi (/wiki/Kentaro_Sakaguchi) Hinako Sano (/wiki/Hinako_Sano) Yuuna Suzuki (/wiki/Yuuna_Suzuki) T Reiko Takagaki (/wiki/Reiko_Takagaki) Tomomi Takano (/wiki/Tomomi_Takano) Karen Takizawa (/wiki/Karen_Takizawa) Miho Tanaka (model) (/wiki/Miho_Tanaka_(model)) Anna Tsuchiya (/wiki/Anna_Tsuchiya) Tao Tsuchiya (/wiki/Tao_Tsuchiya) Y Hinano Yoshikawa (/wiki/Hinano_Yoshikawa) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_Tokyo_Metropolis&oldid=1062455164 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_Tokyo_Metropolis&oldid=1062455164) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Japanese models by prefecture (/wiki/Category:Japanese_models_by_prefecture) People from Tokyo Metropolis (/wiki/Category:People_from_Tokyo_Metropolis)
Traditional Italian footwear Man wearing ciocie A pair of ciocie Ciocia ( pl. (/wiki/Plural_(grammar)) ciocie ) is a kind of Italian footwear, now typically associated with the rural population of mountainous areas of Italy and the western Balkans (/wiki/Western_Balkans) . The traditional form of ciocie are made with large leather soles, tied to the leg by straps ( strenghe or curiole ) bound between the ankle and the knee. Rather than socks, a large piece of loose cloth ( pezza , pl. pezze ) was placed around the feet, ankles, and calves under the ciocie. Names [ edit ] Ciocia is the name for the footwear used in Rome (/wiki/Rome) and northern Lazio (/wiki/Lazio) , where it is pronounced [ˈtʃɔːʃa] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) . In Marche (/wiki/Marche) and Abruzzo (/wiki/Abruzzo) , the same footwear is called chioca , pronounced [ˈkjɔːka] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ; in Abruzzo, it is also known as chiochiera ( [ˈkjɔːkjərə] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ); around Minturno (/wiki/Minturno) , ciòcero ( [ˈtʃɔːʃərə] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ); in Campania (/wiki/Campania) , sciòscio ( [ˈʃɔʃʃə] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ); and in southern Lazio, Colli Albani (/wiki/Colli_Albani) , and the Mezzogiorno (/wiki/Mezzogiorno) generally, zampitto ( [dzamˈpittə] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ). Most of these names probably derive from the Latin (/wiki/Latin_language) soccus (/wiki/Soccus) , [ citation needed ] a kind of ancient Anatolian (/wiki/Classical_Anatolia) slipper (/wiki/Slipper) popularized as part of the typical costume in Ancient Greek comedy (/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy) . The form worn in the western Balkans is known as opanci (/wiki/Opanci) . History [ edit ] Under the early Roman Empire (/wiki/Roman_Empire) , socci (/wiki/Socci) were considered effeminate but their use became widespread before the reign of Diocletian (/wiki/Diocletian) . The long pointed toe may represent the legacy of the Etruscan (/wiki/Etruscan_culture) calceus repandus (/wiki/Calceus_repandus) [1] (#cite_note-lc-1) or a continuation of the medieval pigache (/wiki/Pigache) or poulaine (/wiki/Poulaine) trends. Combined with long straps binding the shoe to the leg, the ciocia became so common among poor peasants and shepherds in central and southern Italy that it gave rise to the term ciociari ("ciocia-wearers"), used in Central Italian dialects to mean poor country folk or bumpkins. [2] (#cite_note-2) [1] (#cite_note-lc-1) Although this is now a pejorative term, 19th-century Romantic (/wiki/Romantic_era) painters and poets celebrated the ciocie and the peasants' typically colorful cloths. Similar footwear is common in the countryside of Kosovo (/wiki/Kosovo) and Northern Macedonia (/wiki/Northern_Macedonia) . [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Ciociaria (/wiki/Ciociaria) Central (/wiki/Central_Italian) and Southern Italian (/wiki/Neapolitan_language) Other pointed shoes (/wiki/Pointed_shoe_(disambiguation)) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Hystory of Ciociaria" (https://livingciociaria.it/about-the-ciociaria/hystory/?lang=en) , Official site (https://livingciociaria.it) , Atina (/wiki/Atina,_Lazio) : Living Ciociaria, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Dubarry A., Le brigandage en Italie depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours , Plon & Cie, Paris 1875, pp. 269-286. (in French) External links [ edit ] (in Italian) La ciocia.it (http://www.laciocia.it/) (in Italian) La terra delle ciocie (https://web.archive.org/web/20071030003148/http://www.menteantica.it/amredazione/pg006.html) v t e Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Abandoned footwear (/wiki/Abandoned_footwear) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Blucher (/wiki/Blucher_shoe) Brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) Brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) Derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Monks (/wiki/Monk_shoe) Oxfords (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) (/wiki/Spectator_shoe) Winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepicker) Wholecuts (/wiki/Wholecut) Slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoe) Prince Albert slippers (/wiki/Slipper#Types) Loafers (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe#Types_of_loafer) Venetian-style shoes (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) Women's Ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) High-heeled footwear (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) Mojari (/wiki/Mojari) Mules (/wiki/Mule_(shoe)) Peep-toe shoes (/wiki/Peep-toe_shoe) Saddle shoes (/wiki/Saddle_shoe) Slingbacks (/wiki/Slingback) Other shoes Driving moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin#Driving_moccasins) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Galoshes (/wiki/Galoshes) Platform shoes (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Sandals (/wiki/Sandal) Self-tying shoes (/wiki/Self-tying_shoes) Slides (/wiki/Slide_(footwear)) Slippers (/wiki/Slipper) ( Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) ) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Veldskoens (/wiki/Veldskoen) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) Wooden footwear (/wiki/Clog) Bakya (/wiki/Bakya) British clogs (/wiki/Clog_(British)) Cantabrian albarcas (/wiki/Cantabrian_albarcas) Clogs (/wiki/Clog) Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Klompen (/wiki/Klomp) Namaksin (/wiki/Namaksin) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Padukas (/wiki/Paduka) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Sabot (/wiki/Sabot_(shoe)) Träskor (/wiki/Tr%C3%A4skor) Boots Military Ammunition boots (/wiki/Ammunition_boot) Bunny boots (/wiki/Bunny_boots) Combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) Jackboots (/wiki/Jackboot) Jump boots (/wiki/Jump_boot) Jungle boots (/wiki/Jungle_boot) Tanker boots (/wiki/Tanker_boot) Trench boots (/wiki/Trench_boot) Munson Last (/wiki/Edward_Lyman_Munson#Munson_last) Work Australian work boots (/wiki/Australian_work_boot) Cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) Engineer boots (/wiki/Engineer_boot) Hip boots (/wiki/Hip_boot) Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) Rigger boots (/wiki/Rigger_boot) Steel-toe boots (/wiki/Steel-toe_boot) Waders (/wiki/Waders_(footwear)) Fashion boots (/wiki/Fashion_boot) Chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) ( Beatle boots (/wiki/Beatle_boot) ) Chukka boots (/wiki/Chukka_boot) Go-go boots (/wiki/Go-go_boot) Knee-high boots (/wiki/Knee-high_boot) Over-the-knee boots (/wiki/Over-the-knee_boot) Platform boots (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Thigh-high boots (/wiki/Thigh-high_boots) Ugg boots (/wiki/Ugg_boots) Other Jodhpur boots (/wiki/Jodhpur_boot) Wellington boots (/wiki/Wellington_boot) Ballet boots (/wiki/Ballet_boot) Sport-related footwear Athletic shoes (/wiki/Sneaker) Ballet shoes (/wiki/Ballet_shoe) Boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoe) Climbing shoes (/wiki/Climbing_shoe) Cross country running shoes (/wiki/Cross_country_running_shoe) Cycling shoes (/wiki/Cycling_shoe) Football boots (/wiki/Football_boot) Ghillies (/wiki/Ghillies_(dance)) Hiking boots (/wiki/Hiking_boot) Ice skates (/wiki/Ice_skate) Inline skates (/wiki/Inline_skates) Kung fu shoes (/wiki/Kung_fu_shoe) Minimalist shoes (/wiki/Minimalist_shoe) Motorcycle boots (/wiki/Motorcycle_boot) Mountaineering boots (/wiki/Mountaineering_boot) Plimsolls (/wiki/Plimsoll_(shoe)) Racing flats (/wiki/Racing_flat) Racing shoes (/wiki/Racing_shoes) Riding boots (/wiki/Riding_boot) Roller shoes (/wiki/Roller_shoe) Roller skates (/wiki/Roller_skates) Sabatons (/wiki/Sabaton) Safari boots (/wiki/Safari_boot) Skate shoes (/wiki/Skate_shoe) Ski boots (/wiki/Ski_boot) Sneakers (/wiki/Sneaker) Swimfins (/wiki/Swimfin) Water shoes (/wiki/Water_shoe) Wrestling shoes (/wiki/Wrestling_shoe) Folk footwear (/wiki/Folk_costume) Abacas (/wiki/Abaca_slippers) Abarkas (/wiki/Abarka) Alpargatas (/wiki/Espadrille) Avarcas (/wiki/Avarca) Balghas (/wiki/Balgha) Bast shoes (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Ciocie (/wiki/Ciocie) Clogs (/wiki/Clog) Espadrilles (/wiki/Espadrille) Furlane (/wiki/Furlane_(shoe)) Galesh (/wiki/Galesh) Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Giveh (/wiki/Giveh) Haferlschuh (/wiki/Haferlschuh) Hnyat-phanats (/wiki/Hnyat-phanat) Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Hwa (/wiki/Hwa) Jipsin (/wiki/Jipsin) Jorabs (/wiki/Jorabs) Kamiks (/wiki/Kamik) Kolhapuri chappals (/wiki/Kolhapuri_chappal) Moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin) Mojaris (/wiki/Mojari) Mukluks (/wiki/Mukluk) Nalins (/wiki/Turkish_clogs) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Opanci (/wiki/Opanak) Peshawari chappals (/wiki/Peshawari_chappal) Snowshoes (/wiki/Snowshoe) Tsarouchi (/wiki/Tsarouchi) Takunya (/wiki/Turkish_clogs) Upanah (/wiki/Upanah) Valenkis (/wiki/Valenki) Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) Historical footwear Areni-1 shoes (/wiki/Areni-1_shoe) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Cavalier boots (/wiki/Cavalier_boot) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbill shoes (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Flowerpot shoes (/wiki/Flowerpot_shoe) Hessians (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoe) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Shoe construction Bespoke shoes (/wiki/Bespoke_shoes) Blake construction (/wiki/Blake_construction) Goodyear welt (/wiki/Goodyear_welt) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Shoelaces (/wiki/Shoelaces) Toe box (/wiki/Toe_box) High heels (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Clear heels (/wiki/Clear_heels) Kitten heels (/wiki/Kitten_heel) Spool heels (/wiki/Spool_heel) Stiletto heels (/wiki/Stiletto_heel) Wedges (/wiki/Wedge_(footwear)) Hosiery Anklets (/wiki/Anklet_(sock)) Bobby socks (/wiki/Bobby_sock) Dress socks (/wiki/Dress_sock) Footwraps (/wiki/Footwrap) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Toe socks (/wiki/Toe_sock) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) List of shoe styles (/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐vvtd8 Cached time: 20240716042736 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.468 seconds Real time usage: 0.592 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1223/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47392/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1825/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16666/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.292/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14996513/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report 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Swedish fashion magazine You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_des_Modes) in Swedish . (August 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View (https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCabinet_des_Modes&sl=sv&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en) a machine-translated version of the Swedish article. Machine translation, like DeepL (https://deepl.com) or Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/) , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic (/wiki/Template:Expand_Swedish#Topics_and_categorization) to this template: there are already 216 articles in the main category (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Swedish_Wikipedia) , and specifying |topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution (/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia) in the edit summary (/wiki/Help:Edit_summary) accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link (/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links) to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Swedish Wikipedia article at [[:sv:Cabinet des Modes]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|sv|Cabinet des Modes}} to the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Magasin_f%C3%B6r_konst,_nyheter_och_moder) . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) . Magasin för konst, nyheter och moder 1832, illustration nr 32 Magasin för konst, nyheter och moder (meaning Magazine for Art, News and Fashion in English (/wiki/English_(language)) ) was an illustrated Swedish fashion magazine (/wiki/Fashion_magazine) , published between 1823 and 1844 by Fredrik Boije (/wiki/Fredrik_Boije) . [1] (#cite_note-1) It is recognized to be the first true fashion magazine in Sweden. [2] (#cite_note-2) It was also among the first fashion magazines outside France (/wiki/France) . The magazine was published monthly. [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Fredrik C Boye, urn:sbl:18026 (urn:sbl:18026) , Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av G. Wengström.), hämtad 2020-06-12. ^ (#cite_ref-2) ”Magasin för konst, nyheter och moder - Uppslagsverk - NE.se”. www.ne.se. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Magasin för konst, nyheter och moder: En månadsskrift. Första årgången" (https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/post/7477) . Stockholmskällan (in Swedish) . Retrieved 28 March 2020 . This fashion magazine or journal-related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magasin_f%C3%B6r_konst,_nyheter_och_moder&action=edit) . See tips for writing articles about magazines (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines/Writing_guide) . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page (/wiki/Talk:Magasin_f%C3%B6r_konst,_nyheter_och_moder) . v t e This Swedish magazine or academic journal–related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magasin_f%C3%B6r_konst,_nyheter_och_moder&action=edit) . See tips for writing articles about magazines (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines/Writing_guide) . 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Shoe style A black blucher shoe Open lacing with vamp in one piece – the hallmark of a blucher shoe A blucher ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ b l uː tʃ ər / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) or / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ b l uː k ər / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) , German pronunciation: [ˈblʏçɐ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German) , Blücher ) is a style of shoe (/wiki/Shoe) with open lacing (/wiki/Open_lacing) , its vamp (/wiki/Vamp_(shoe)) made of a single piece of leather ("one cut"), with shoelace (/wiki/Shoelace) eyelets tabs sewn on top. [1] (#cite_note-sternke-2006-1) The blucher is similar to a derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) since both feature open lacing, in contrast to the Oxford shoe (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) , which uses closed lacing (/wiki/Closed_lacing) . However, in the derby, the upper has large quarters (/wiki/Shoe#Construction) with eyelets sewn on top, and in the blucher, the upper is made of one cut, with only the small eyelet tabs sewn on top. In American English (/wiki/American_English) , the terms are sometimes confused, with "blucher" also being used to refer to derby shoes and "Oxford" also being used to refer to bluchers. The blucher is named after the 18th-century Prussian (/wiki/Prussia) Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher) , who commissioned a boot with side pieces lapped over the front in an effort to provide his troops with improved footwear. The design was adopted by armies across Europe (/wiki/Europe) . [1] (#cite_note-sternke-2006-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Sternke, Helge (2006). Alles über Herrenschuhe . Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) : Nicolai Verlag. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783894792527 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . hide v t e Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Abandoned footwear (/wiki/Abandoned_footwear) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Shoemaking (/wiki/Shoemaking) Shoe size (/wiki/Shoe_size) Dress shoes (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Blucher Brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) Brothel creepers (/wiki/Brothel_creeper) Derby (/wiki/Derby_shoe) Monks (/wiki/Monk_shoe) Oxfords (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) (/wiki/Spectator_shoe) Winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepicker) Wholecuts (/wiki/Wholecut) Slip-on shoes (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) Court shoes (/wiki/Court_shoe) Prince Albert slippers (/wiki/Slipper#Types) Loafers (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe#Types_of_loafer) Venetian-style shoes (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) Women's Ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) High-heeled footwear (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Mary Janes (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) Mojari (/wiki/Mojari) Mules (/wiki/Mule_(shoe)) Peep-toe shoes (/wiki/Peep-toe_shoe) Saddle shoes (/wiki/Saddle_shoe) Slingbacks (/wiki/Slingback) Other shoes Driving moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin#Driving_moccasins) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Galoshes (/wiki/Galoshes) Platform shoes (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Sandals (/wiki/Sandal) Self-tying shoes (/wiki/Self-tying_shoes) Slides (/wiki/Slide_(footwear)) Slippers (/wiki/Slipper) ( Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) ) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Veldskoens (/wiki/Veldskoen) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) Wooden footwear (/wiki/Clog) Bakya (/wiki/Bakya) British clogs (/wiki/Clog_(British)) Cantabrian albarcas (/wiki/Cantabrian_albarcas) Clogs (/wiki/Clog) Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Klompen (/wiki/Klomp) Namaksin (/wiki/Namaksin) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Padukas (/wiki/Paduka) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Sabot (/wiki/Sabot_(shoe)) Träskor (/wiki/Tr%C3%A4skor) Boots Military Ammunition boots (/wiki/Ammunition_boot) Bunny boots (/wiki/Bunny_boots) Combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) Jackboots (/wiki/Jackboot) Jump boots (/wiki/Jump_boot) Jungle boots (/wiki/Jungle_boot) Tanker boots (/wiki/Tanker_boot) Trench boots (/wiki/Trench_boot) Munson Last (/wiki/Edward_Lyman_Munson#Munson_last) Work Australian work boots (/wiki/Australian_work_boot) Cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) Engineer boots (/wiki/Engineer_boot) Hip boots (/wiki/Hip_boot) Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) Rigger boots (/wiki/Rigger_boot) Steel-toe boots (/wiki/Steel-toe_boot) Waders (/wiki/Waders_(footwear)) Fashion boots (/wiki/Fashion_boot) Chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) ( Beatle boots (/wiki/Beatle_boot) ) Chukka boots (/wiki/Chukka_boot) Go-go boots (/wiki/Go-go_boot) Knee-high boots (/wiki/Knee-high_boot) Over-the-knee boots (/wiki/Over-the-knee_boot) Platform boots (/wiki/Platform_shoe) Thigh-high boots (/wiki/Thigh-high_boots) Ugg boots (/wiki/Ugg_boots) Other Jodhpur boots (/wiki/Jodhpur_boot) Wellington boots (/wiki/Wellington_boot) Ballet boots (/wiki/Ballet_boot) Sport-related footwear Athletic shoes (/wiki/Sneaker) Ballet shoes (/wiki/Ballet_shoe) Boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoe) Climbing shoes (/wiki/Climbing_shoe) Cross country running shoes (/wiki/Cross_country_running_shoe) Cycling shoes (/wiki/Cycling_shoe) Football boots (/wiki/Football_boot) Ghillies (/wiki/Ghillies_(dance)) Hiking boots (/wiki/Hiking_boot) Ice skates (/wiki/Ice_skate) Inline skates (/wiki/Inline_skates) Kung fu shoes (/wiki/Kung_fu_shoe) Minimalist shoes (/wiki/Minimalist_shoe) Motorcycle boots (/wiki/Motorcycle_boot) Mountaineering boots (/wiki/Mountaineering_boot) Plimsolls (/wiki/Plimsoll_(shoe)) Racing flats (/wiki/Racing_flat) Racing shoes (/wiki/Racing_shoes) Riding boots (/wiki/Riding_boot) Roller shoes (/wiki/Roller_shoe) Roller skates (/wiki/Roller_skates) Sabatons (/wiki/Sabaton) Safari boots (/wiki/Safari_boot) Skate shoes (/wiki/Skate_shoe) Ski boots (/wiki/Ski_boot) Sneakers (/wiki/Sneaker) Swimfins (/wiki/Swimfin) Water shoes (/wiki/Water_shoe) Wrestling shoes (/wiki/Wrestling_shoe) Folk footwear (/wiki/Folk_costume) Abacas (/wiki/Abaca_slippers) Abarkas (/wiki/Abarka) Alpargatas (/wiki/Espadrille) Avarcas (/wiki/Avarca) Balghas (/wiki/Balgha) Bast shoes (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Ciocie (/wiki/Ciocie) Clogs (/wiki/Clog) Espadrilles (/wiki/Espadrille) Furlane (/wiki/Furlane_(shoe)) Galesh (/wiki/Galesh) Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Giveh (/wiki/Giveh) Haferlschuh (/wiki/Haferlschuh) Hnyat-phanats (/wiki/Hnyat-phanat) Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Hwa (/wiki/Hwa) Jipsin (/wiki/Jipsin) Jorabs (/wiki/Jorabs) Kamiks (/wiki/Kamik) Kolhapuri chappals (/wiki/Kolhapuri_chappal) Moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin) Mojaris (/wiki/Mojari) Mukluks (/wiki/Mukluk) Nalins (/wiki/Turkish_clogs) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Opanci (/wiki/Opanak) Peshawari chappals (/wiki/Peshawari_chappal) Snowshoes (/wiki/Snowshoe) Tsarouchi (/wiki/Tsarouchi) Takunya (/wiki/Turkish_clogs) Upanah (/wiki/Upanah) Valenkis (/wiki/Valenki) Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) Historical footwear Areni-1 shoes (/wiki/Areni-1_shoe) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Cavalier boots (/wiki/Cavalier_boot) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbill shoes (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Flowerpot shoes (/wiki/Flowerpot_shoe) Hessians (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoe) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Shoe construction Bespoke shoes (/wiki/Bespoke_shoes) Blake construction (/wiki/Blake_construction) Goodyear welt (/wiki/Goodyear_welt) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Shoelaces (/wiki/Shoelaces) Toe box (/wiki/Toe_box) High heels (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) Clear heels (/wiki/Clear_heels) Kitten heels (/wiki/Kitten_heel) Spool heels (/wiki/Spool_heel) Stiletto heels (/wiki/Stiletto_heel) Wedges (/wiki/Wedge_(footwear)) Hosiery Anklets (/wiki/Anklet_(sock)) Bobby socks (/wiki/Bobby_sock) Dress socks (/wiki/Dress_sock) Footwraps (/wiki/Footwrap) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Toe socks (/wiki/Toe_sock) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) List of shoe styles (/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles) This shoe (/wiki/Shoe) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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A lace wig or a lace front wig is a special type of hairpiece (/wiki/Hairpiece) or wig (/wiki/Wig) in which human hair (/wiki/Human_hair) or synthetic hair is tied by hand to a sheer lace (/wiki/Lace) base which goes over the scalp. History [ edit ] Wigs have been used since antiquity as hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyles) and costumes (/wiki/Costumes) ; ancient Egyptians (/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) wore wigs to shield their shaved heads from the sun. Wigs were kept in place by using beeswax (/wiki/Beeswax) and resin. Wigs were once made from horsehair, wool, buffalo hair or even feathers. [ citation needed ] Other ancient cultures, including the Assyrians (/wiki/Ancient_Assyrians) , [1] (#cite_note-1) Phoenicians (/wiki/Phoenicians) , Greeks (/wiki/Ancient_Greeks) and Romans (/wiki/Ancient_Rome) , also used wigs as an everyday fashion. [2] (#cite_note-wigshistoryappearance-2) There was intermittent use of wigs in many cultures throughout history including the prophylactic (/wiki/Prophylactic) use of them in England in the 1600s to help protect from head lice. The modern wig was adopted by Louis XIII (/wiki/Louis_XIII) to cover his balding head. [3] (#cite_note-dictionary-3) By the late 1600s, both wigs and handmade lace headpieces were common with European and North American upper classes (/wiki/Upper_class) as daily fashion. Wigs were made of human, horse, and yak hair and sewn onto a frame with silken thread were meant to be obvious as wigs and not the wearer's actual hair. [2] (#cite_note-wigshistoryappearance-2) Powdered wigs in rows of curls, known as periwigs, were adopted as court dress (/wiki/Court_dress) in many cultures with elaborate curls and style. Actor in a human hair, lacefront wig After the American Revolutionary War (/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War) , styles in North America changed and the wig as a sign of social class (/wiki/Social_class) died out of use. [2] (#cite_note-wigshistoryappearance-2) [4] (#cite_note-enclyopedia_of_hair-4) Wigs began to be used more to augment natural hair for elaborate hairstyles, for religious reasons, or to cover hair loss (/wiki/Hair_loss) in both genders and therefore were required to blend with the wearer's natural hair. The selling of human hair by the lower classes for use in wigs by the upper classes was captured in stories like " The Gift of the Magi (/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi) " and Little Women (/wiki/Little_Women) . In the 19th century a new wig-making method began to replace the weft (/wiki/Weft) method most commonly used prior. A small hook called a "ventilating needle", similar to the tambour hooks (/wiki/Tambour_lace) used for decorating fabric with chain-stitch embroidery at that period, is used to knot a few strands of hair at a time directly to a suitable foundation material. [ citation needed ] By the 1870s, the lace machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) had made lace affordable through mass production and the use of lace as foundation material for wigs entered popular use. [4] (#cite_note-enclyopedia_of_hair-4) Using lace allowed for a more natural-looking wig because the flesh-colored lace is almost imperceptible. [5] (#cite_note-hairstory-5) The more common use was a strip of lace just at the front, known as a lace front wig , which gives the impression of a natural hairline (/wiki/Hairline) . [6] (#cite_note-blackhair-6) [7] (#cite_note-historicalwig-7) Modern usage [ edit ] Full lace wigs may have a base made entirely of lace. Full lace wigs can be pulled into a high ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) and up-do's, as opposed to lace front wigs. Full lace wigs allow for the most versatility when it comes to styling for all lace wig types. They allow for a natural hairline and natural looking parting areas throughout the wig. If a lace front wig was pulled back, it is usually obvious that it is a wig. [8] (#cite_note-lacewigs-8) In 2016, 360 Degree Lace Wigs were created allowing wig wearers to wear undetectable ponytail styles. Lace front wigs are more common and the remainder of the wig is made out of a less fragile material which is less susceptible to ripping or tearing than the lace. [7] (#cite_note-historicalwig-7) The lace front wig allows the wearer to choose a hairline. [7] (#cite_note-historicalwig-7) The lace is only in the front half of the wig, to allow the wearer to part the hair any way they want. Modern day lace wigs can be worn while doing activities like swimming and exercising, which make it a popular choice among alternatives. It is also an excellent alternative for anyone looking to avoid adding hair to the scalp via surgical methods. The lace wig is usually attached with the assistance of glues (/wiki/Glue) and tapes, which are applied to the front hairline area. Once the glue has dried, the front lace portion of the wig is affixed to the area where the glue has been applied on the hairline, creating a tight bond which keeps the lace wig in place on the head. Some lace wigs also have what is referred to as "baby hair" around the temple areas which is used to cover up any visible signs of lace on the forehead, and the baby hair also helps to create a realistic hairline. Once applied the lace or lace front wig can stay in place for weeks at a time and maintained with shampoo and styling in the meantime. [5] (#cite_note-hairstory-5) Lace wig density is measured as a percentage. The higher the percentage, the thicker the hair density on the wig. The popular density on the market is 130% and 150%. The higher the percentage, the higher price consumers pay. Like other hair extension products, the texture of wigs varies from straight, loose wave, natural wave, to deep curly, etc. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Dumuzid and Jectin-ana" (http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.4.1.1&charenc=j#) . Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. 2006-12-19 . Retrieved 2013-01-16 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sherrow, Victoria (2001). For appearance' sake : the historical encyclopedia of good looks, beauty, and grooming . Phoenix, Ariz.: Oryx Press. p. 267 (https://archive.org/details/forappearancesak00sher/page/267) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1573562041 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . wigs. ^ (#cite_ref-dictionary_3-0) Picken, Mary Brooks (1999). A dictionary of costume and fashion : historic and modern : with over 950 illustrations (Reprint ed.). New York, NY: Courier Corporation. p. 375. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0486141608 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of hair : a cultural history (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 404 (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/404) –410. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0313331456 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . history of wigs. ^ Jump up to: a b Byrd, Ayana D.; Tharps, Lori L. (2014). Hair story : untangling the roots of black hair in America (First revised ed.). St. Martin's Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781466872103 . ^ (#cite_ref-blackhair_6-0) Breslin, Marquetta. " Black Hair Answer Book ". New York, NY: RMNC Publishing (Amazon). {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : Missing or empty |url= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c Lowery, Alison (2013). Historical Wig Styling: Ancient Egypt to the 1830s: (The Focal Press Costume Topics Series) . Taylor & Francis. p. 177. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781136085970 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-lacewigs_8-0) McElroy, Dana Kathleen (2010). Magic Hair: My Experiences With Lace Wigs . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781451554755 . 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Filipino author, talent manager Jonas Gaffud Born ( 1978-05-26 ) May 26, 1978 (age 46) Occupation(s) Talent manager, pageant mentor, author, marketing executive Known for Co-founder of Aces and Queens (/wiki/Aces_and_Queens) Jonas Antonio Gaffud (May 26, 1978) is a Filipino author, talent manager, pageant mentor, and marketing executive. He is the co-founder of Aces and Queens (/wiki/Aces_and_Queens) , a boot camp for beauty pageant candidates, and owner of the modeling agency Mercator Artist and Model Management. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Career [ edit ] Aces and Queens [ edit ] He co-founded Aces and Queens in 2001 and held practices in the faculty center of University of the Philippines Diliman (/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman) . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) He trained and assisted the campaigns of Pia Wurtzbach (/wiki/Pia_Wurtzbach) ( Miss Universe 2015 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2015) ), Megan Young (/wiki/Megan_Young) ( Miss World 2013 (/wiki/Miss_World_2013) ) and Kylie Verzosa (/wiki/Kylie_Verzosa) ( Miss International 2016 (/wiki/Miss_International_2016) ), and had mentored over 30 beauty queens. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) [7] (#cite_note-:1-7) Janine Tugonon (Miss Universe 2012 1st runner-up) (/wiki/Janine_Tugonon) , Shamcey Supsup (/wiki/Shamcey_Supsup-Lee) ( Miss Universe 2011 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2011) 3rd runner-up) and Venus Raj (/wiki/Venus_Raj) ( Miss Universe 2010 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2010) 4th runner-up) were discovered by him. [8] (#cite_note-:2-8) Raj later on disclosed that her signature "pilapil" walk was taught by him and that she learned it during her time in the camp. [9] (#cite_note-9) He launched "The Crown: Your Essential to Becoming a Beauty Queen" on August 18, 2017, a book that contained history of the camp, brief information of winners who underwent its training programs and pageant guides. [7] (#cite_note-:1-7) On April 1, 2019, Gaffud left Aces and Queens after 18 years, explaining the decision on his Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) page thus, "As much as I would love to continue training girls as head of Aces and Queens, I believe it is time for me to leave the group to pursue other endeavours." [10] (#cite_note-10) He announced three days later that he was chosen as the creative and events director of Miss Universe Philippines (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Philippines) brand, and said that it was the reason he quit from the camp that he founded. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) He responded to criticism for training Miss Universe Indonesia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Indonesia) Kezia Warouw (/wiki/Kezia_Warouw) , which was reportedly perceived as "betrayal," saying that it was a "pep talk" and as a way to thank co-mentor Albert Kurniawan (/w/index.php?title=Albert_Kurniawan&action=edit&redlink=1) , an Indonesian. [11] (#cite_note-11) Mercator Artist and Model Management [ edit ] He is also the co-founder of Mercator Artist and Model Management, a modeling agency. The company was established in 2004. According to Rappler, it was responsible in introducing Brazilians (/wiki/Brazilians) into the local modeling circuit. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Jonas Gaffud bids Aces and Queens goodbye" (http://www.canadianinquirer.net/2019/04/02/jonas-gaffud-bids-aces-and-queens-goodbye/) . www.canadianinquirer.net . Retrieved 2019-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Pia Wurtzbach's new studio not just for aspiring beauty queens" (https://entertainment.inquirer.net/295825/pia-wurtzbachs-new-studio-not-just-aspiring-beauty-queens) . entertainment.inquirer.net . 29 September 2018 . Retrieved 2019-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Ace of queens" (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/for-men/2016/01/12/1541858/ace-queens) . philstar.com . Retrieved 2019-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "5 things we learned about pageants from Jonas Gaffud's 'The Crown' (http://www.rappler.com//life-and-style/arts-and-culture/179357-the-crown-jonas-gaffud) " (http://www.rappler.com//life-and-style/arts-and-culture/179357-the-crown-jonas-gaffud) . Rappler . 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 2019-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Chuahiock, Jenica. "What everyone can learn from Aces and Queens' book" (https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/08/20/17/what-everyone-can-learn-from-aces-and-queens-book) . ABS-CBN News . Retrieved 2019-07-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Jonas Gaffud is new creative and events director of Miss Universe Philippines" (http://www.rappler.com//life-and-style/specials/bb-pilipinas/227415-jonas-gaffud-new-miss-universe-philippines-brand-creative-events-director) . Rappler . 4 April 2019 . Retrieved 2019-07-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chuahiock, Jenica. "Beauty queen maker Jonas Gaffud launches book" (https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/08/18/17/beauty-queen-maker-jonas-gaffud-launches-book) . ABS-CBN News . Retrieved 2019-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_8-0) Ranada, Pia (8 December 2012). "Exclusive: Jonas Gaffud — The man behind the beauty queens" (http://www.rappler.com//life-and-style/17564-exclusive-jonas-gaffud-the-man-behind-the-beauty-queens) . Rappler . Retrieved 2019-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Tabanera, Lily Grace; Estella, Andie (December 14, 2018). "A Guide To All The Miss Universe Philippines *Signature* Walks" (https://www.cosmo.ph/entertainment/miss-universe-philippines-walks-guide-a2520-a859-20181215) . cosmo.ph . Retrieved 2019-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Jonas Gaffud leaves Aces and Queens after 18 years" (http://www.rappler.com//life-and-style/specials/227163-jonas-gaffud-leaves-aces-queens) . Rappler . April 2019 . Retrieved 2019-07-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "The education of a wannabe beauty queen" (http://focusfeature.mb.com.ph/2017/01/29/the-education-of-a-wannabe-beauty-queen/) . #MBFocusFeature . 2017-01-29 . Retrieved 2019-07-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Ferraz, Ezra (12 July 2014). "[Executive Edge] The modeling agency that made Brazilians in PH popular" (http://www.rappler.com//business/63104-executive-edge-mercator) . Rappler . Retrieved 2019-07-07 . 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< User:Raywin42 (/wiki/User:Raywin42) This is the user sandbox (/wiki/Help:My_sandbox) of Raywin42 (/wiki/User:Raywin42) . A user sandbox is a subpage of the user's user page (/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages) . It serves as a testing spot and page development space for the user and is not an encyclopedia article . Create or edit your own sandbox here (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MyPage/sandbox&action=edit&preload=Template:User_sandbox/preload) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/User:Raywin42/sandbox) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "sandbox" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22sandbox%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22sandbox%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22sandbox%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22sandbox%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22sandbox%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22sandbox%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A recruit of the Afghan National Army is measured for his boot size. A shoe size is an alphanumerical indication of the fitting size of a shoe (/wiki/Shoe) for a person. Often it just consists of a number indicating the length because many shoemakers only provide a standard width for economic reasons. There are several different shoe-size systems that are used worldwide. These systems differ in what they measure, what unit of measurement they use, and where the size 0 (or 1) is positioned. Only a few systems also take the width of the feet into account. Some regions use different shoe-size systems for different types of shoes (e.g., men's, women's, children's, sport, or safety shoes). Deriving the shoe size [ edit ] Foot versus shoe and last [ edit ] The length of a foot (/wiki/Foot) is commonly defined as the distance between two parallel (/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)) lines that are perpendicular (/wiki/Perpendicular) to the foot and in contact with the most prominent toe and the most prominent part of the heel. Foot length is measured with the subject standing barefoot and the weight of the body equally distributed on both feet. The sizes of the left and right feet are often slightly different. In this case, both feet are measured, and purchasers of mass-produced shoes are advised to purchase a shoe size based upon the larger foot because, contrary to the reality of foot sizes, most manufacturers do not sell pairs of shoes in non-matching sizes. Each size of shoe is considered suitable for a small interval of foot lengths. The inner cavity of a shoe must typically be 15–20 mm longer than the foot, but this relation varies between different types of shoes. There are three characteristic lengths that a shoe-size system can refer to: The median length of feet for which a shoe is suitable. For customers, this measure has the advantage of being directly related to their body measures. It applies equally to any type, form, or material of shoe. However, this measure is less popular with manufacturers, [ citation needed ] because it requires them to test carefully for each new shoe model, for which range of foot sizes it is recommendable. It puts on the manufacturer the burden of ensuring that the shoe will fit a foot of a given length. The length of the inner cavity of the shoe. This measure has the advantage that it can be measured easily on the finished product. However, it will vary with manufacturing tolerances and provides the customer only very crude information about the range of foot sizes for which the shoe is suitable. The length of the " last (/wiki/Last) ," the foot-shaped template over which the shoe is manufactured. This measure is the easiest one for the manufacturer to use, because it identifies only the tool used to produce the shoe. It makes no promise about manufacturing tolerances or for what size of foot the shoe is actually suitable. It leaves all responsibility and risk of choosing the correct size with the customer. Further, the last can be measured in several different ways resulting in different measurements. [1] (#cite_note-orthopedic-1) All these measures differ substantially from one another for the same shoe. Length [ edit ] Sizing systems also differ in what units of measurement they use. This also results in different increments between shoe sizes because usually, only "full" or "half" sizes are made. The following length units are commonly used today to define shoe-size systems: The Paris point (/wiki/Paris_point) equates to 2 ⁄ 3 centimetre (6.6 mm or ~0.26 in). This means an increment of 2 ⁄ 3 centimetre ( 1 ⁄ 4 inch) in whole sizes, and 1 ⁄ 3 centimetre ( 1 ⁄ 8 inch) between half sizes. This unit is commonly used in Continental Europe. The barleycorn (/wiki/Barleycorn_(unit)) is an old English unit that equates to 1 ⁄ 3 inch (8.46 mm). Half sizes are commonly made, resulting in an increment of 1 ⁄ 6 inch (4.23 mm). This measure is the basis for current U.K. and U.S. shoe sizes, with the largest shoe size taken as twelve inches (a size 12) and then counting backwards in barleycorn units. Further, metric (/wiki/Metric_system) measurements in centimetres (cm) or millimetres (mm) are used. The increment is usually 0.5 cm (5 mm or ~0.20 in), which is between the step size of the Parisian and the English system. It is used with the international Mondopoint system and with the Asian system. Due to the different units of measurements, converting between different sizing systems results in rounding errors as well as unusual sizes such as " 10 + 2 ⁄ 3 ". Zero point [ edit ] The sizing systems also place size 0 (or 1) at different locations: If size 0 is placed at a foot's length of 0, the shoe size is directly proportional to the length of the foot in the chosen unit of measurement. Sizes of children's, men's, and women's shoes, as well as sizes of different types of shoes, can be compared directly. This is used with the Mondopoint and the Asian system. However, size 0 can also represent a length of the shoe's inner cavity of 0. The shoe size is then directly proportional to the inner length of the shoe. This is used with systems that also take the measurement from the shoe. While sizes of children's, men's and women's shoes can be compared directly, this is not necessarily true for different types of shoes that require a different amount of "wiggle room". This is used with the Continental European system. Further, size 0 (or 1) can just be a shoe with a given length, typically the shortest length deemed practical. This can be different for children's, teenagers', men's, and women's shoes, making it impossible to compare sizes. For example, a women's shoe at size 8 is a different length from a men's shoe at size 8 in the US system, but not the British. Width [ edit ] Some systems also include the width of a foot. There are different methods indicating the width: The measured width is indicated in millimetres (mm). This is done with the Mondopoint system. The measured width is assigned a letter (or combination of letters), which is taken from a table (indexed to length and width) or just assigned on an ad-hoc basis: Examples include (each starting with the narrowest width): A, B, C, D, E, EE, EEE, EEEE, F, G (typical North American system; medium being D) 4A, 3A, 2A, A, B, C, D, E, 2E, 3E, 4E, 5E, 6E (variant North American) C, D, E, F, G, H (common UK; "medium" is usually F, but varies by manufacturer—makers Edward Green (/wiki/Edward_Green_Shoes) and Crockett & Jones, among others, use E instead, but one maker's E is not necessarily the same size as another's). N ( narrow ), M ( medium ) or R ( regular ), W ( wide ) The width for which these sizes are suitable can vary significantly between manufacturers. The A-E width indicators used by most American & Canadian and some British shoe manufacturers are typically based on the width of the foot, and common step sizes are 3 ⁄ 16 inch. Common sizing systems [ edit ] Mondopoint [ edit ] The International Standard is ISO 9407 :1991, "Shoe sizes—Mondopoint system of sizing and marking", [2] (#cite_note-2) which recommends a shoe-size system known as Mondopoint . It is based on the mean foot length and width for which the shoe is suitable, measured in millimetres. A shoe size of 280/110 indicates a mean foot length of 280 millimetres (11 in) and width of 110 millimetres (4.3 in). Because Mondopoint also takes the foot width into account, it allows for better fitting than most other systems. It is, therefore, used by NATO (/wiki/NATO) and other military services. Mondopoint is also used for ski boots. European standard EN 13402 (/wiki/EN_13402) , used also for clothes, recommends instead that shoes be labelled with the interval of foot lengths for which they are suitable, measured in centimetres. United Kingdom and Ireland [ edit ] Shoe size in the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) and Ireland (/wiki/Ireland) is based on the length of the last (/wiki/Last) , measured in barleycorn (/wiki/English_unit#Length) ( 1 ⁄ 3 inch) starting from the smallest size deemed practical, which is zero. It is not formally standardised. A child's size zero is equivalent to a hand (/wiki/Hand_(unit)) (4 in, 12 barleycorns or 10.16 cm), and the sizes go up to size 13 + 1 ⁄ 2 ( 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 ½ in, 25 + 1 ⁄ 2 barleycorns or 21.59 cm). Thus, the calculation for a children’s shoe size in the UK is: child shoe size = 3 × × last length in inches − − 12 {\displaystyle {\mbox{child shoe size}}=3\times {\mbox{last length in inches}}-12} An adult size one is then the next size up ( 8 + 2 ⁄ 3 in or 22.01 cm) and each size up continues the progression in barleycorns. [3] (#cite_note-3) The calculation for an adult shoe size in the UK is thus: adult shoe size = 3 × × last length in inches − − 25 {\displaystyle {\mbox{adult shoe size}}=3\times {\mbox{last length in inches}}-25} Note: some manufacturers choose to use a constant other than 25, so sizes do vary in either direction e.g. A shoe marked as a European size 40 may also be marked as a UK: 6 by Jimmy Choo, Nike; a 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 by Adidas, Clarks, Dr Martens, Fred Perry, Karrimor, Monsoon, New Balance, Reebok, and Slazenger; a 7 by Converse, Gap, Pavers, and Timberland; and a 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 by Crocs. Australia / New Zealand [ edit ] For men and children's footwear the UK system is followed, while women's footwear is generally sold in US sizes. United States and Canada [ edit ] In North America, there are different systems that are used concurrently. The size indications are usually similar but not exactly equivalent especially with athletic shoes at extreme sizes. Customary [ edit ] The traditional system is similar to English sizes but start counting at one rather than zero, so equivalent sizes are one greater. This is similar to the way that floors in buildings are numbered; the British count the ground floor as zero, whereas the Americans count the ground floor as one. So the calculation for a male shoe size in the USA or Canada is: male shoe size = 3 × × last length in inches − − 24 {\displaystyle {\mbox{male shoe size}}=3\times {\mbox{last length in inches}}-24} Women's sizes are almost always determined with the "common" scale, in which women's sizes are equal to men's sizes plus 1.5 (for example, a men's 10.5 is a women's 12). In other words: female shoe size (common) = 3 × × last length in inches − − 22 1 2 {\displaystyle {\mbox{female shoe size (common)}}=3\times {\mbox{last length in inches}}-22{\frac {1}{2}}} In the less popular scale, known as the "standard" or "FIA" (Footwear Industries of America) scale, women's sizes are men's sizes plus 1 (so a men's 10.5 is a women's 11.5). female shoe size (FIA) = 3 × × last length in inches − − 23 {\displaystyle {\mbox{female shoe size (FIA)}}=3\times {\mbox{last length in inches}}-23} Children's [ edit ] Children's sizes are equal to men's sizes plus 12 + 1 ⁄ 3 . Children’s sizes do not differ by gender even though adults’ do. child shoe size = 3 × × last length in inches − − 11 2 3 {\displaystyle {\mbox{child shoe size}}=3\times {\mbox{last length in inches}}-11{\frac {2}{3}}} Children's shoe stores in the United States and Canada use a sizing scheme which ends at 13, after which the adult range starts at 1. U.S. Shoe Sizes & Last Lengths Size Last Length Children’s Women’s Men’s Inches Millimetres (appr.) Common FIA 5 5 5 ⁄ 9 141 6 5 8 ⁄ 9 150 7 6 2 ⁄ 9 158 8 6 5 ⁄ 9 167 9 6 8 ⁄ 9 175 10 7 2 ⁄ 9 183 11 7 5 ⁄ 9 192 12 7 8 ⁄ 9 200 13 8 2 ⁄ 9 209 1 7 5 ⁄ 6 199 2 8 1 ⁄ 6 207 3 8 1 ⁄ 2 216 4 8 5 ⁄ 6 224 5 9 1 ⁄ 6 233 6 9 1 ⁄ 2 241 7 9 5 ⁄ 6 250 1 8 203 2 1 8 1 ⁄ 3 212 3 2 8 2 ⁄ 3 220 4 3 9 229 5 4 9 1 ⁄ 3 237 6 5 9 2 ⁄ 3 246 7 6 10 254 8 7 10 1 ⁄ 3 262 Brannock Device [ edit ] Drawing of a Brannock Device (/wiki/Brannock_Device) (from U.S. Patent (/wiki/U.S._Patent) 1,724,244) A slightly different sizing method is based on the Brannock Device (/wiki/Brannock_Device) , a measuring instrument invented by Charles F. Brannock (/wiki/Charles_F._Brannock) in 1925 and now found in many shoe stores. The formula used by the Brannock device assumes a foot length ⅔ inch (1.7 cm) less than the length of the last; thus, men's size 1 is equivalent to a foot's length of 7 ⅔ inches. [4] (#cite_note-brannock-4) Women's sizes are one size up. male shoe size (Brannock) = 3 × × foot length in inches − − 22 {\displaystyle {\mbox{male shoe size (Brannock)}}=3\times {\mbox{foot length in inches}}-22} [5] (#cite_note-brannockChart-5) female shoe size (Brannock) = 3 × × foot length in inches − − 21 {\displaystyle {\mbox{female shoe size (Brannock)}}=3\times {\mbox{foot length in inches}}-21} [5] (#cite_note-brannockChart-5) The method also measures the length of the distance of the heel and the widest point of the foot. For that purpose, the device has another, shorter scale at the side of the foot. If this scale indicates a larger size, it is taken in place of the foot's length. [6] (#cite_note-brannock2-6) For children's sizes, additional wiggle room is added to allow for growth. [6] (#cite_note-brannock2-6) The device also measures the width of the foot and assigns it designations of AAA, AA, A, B, C, D, E, EE, or EEE. The widths are 3/16 in apart and differ by shoe length. [4] (#cite_note-brannock-4) Foot Scanner [ edit ] Some shoe stores use optical devices to precisely measure the length and width of both feet and recommend the appropriate shoe model and size. [ citation needed ] Europe [ edit ] The Continental European system is used in France (/wiki/France) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) , [7] (#cite_note-7) Italy (/wiki/Italy) , Spain (/wiki/Spain) , [8] (#cite_note-8) and most other continental European countries. It is also used in Middle Eastern countries (like Iran (/wiki/Iran) ), Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) —which uses the same method but subtracts 2 from the final result—and, commonly, Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) . In this system, the shoe size is the length of the last (/wiki/Last) , expressed in Paris points (/wiki/Paris_point) , for both sexes and for adults and children alike. Because a Paris point is ⅔ of a centimetre, the formula is as follows: s h o e s i z e ( P a r i s p o i n t s ) = 3 2 × × l a s t l e n g t h ( c m ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {shoe~size~({Paris~points})={\frac {3}{2}}\times {last~length}\left({cm}\right)} } To compute the size based on actual foot length, one must first add a length of about 1.5 to 2 cm. For instance, for a shoe having an internal length 1.5 cm longer than the foot: s h o e s i z e ( P a r i s p o i n t s ) = 3 2 × × [ f o o t l e n g t h ( c m ) + 1.5 c m ] {\displaystyle \mathrm {shoe~size~({Paris~points})={\frac {3}{2}}\times {\left[~foot~length\left({cm}\right)+1.5~{cm}~\right]}} } Asia [ edit ] World's largest pair of shoes, Riverbank Center, Philippines - 5.29 metres (17.4 ft) long and 2.37 metres(7 ft 9) in wide, equivalent to a French shoe size of 753 The Asian system is based on metric measurements and standardised as JIS (/wiki/Japanese_Industrial_Standards) S 5037:1998, CNS 4800, S 1093, or KS (/w/index.php?title=Korean_Industrial_Standards&action=edit&redlink=1) M 6681. Foot length and girth are taken into account. [9] (#cite_note-japan-9) The foot length is indicated in centimetres; an increment of 5 mm is used. This system was also used in the GDR (/wiki/East_Germany) . The length is followed by designators for girth (A, B, C, D, E, EE, EEE, EEEE, F, G), which is taken from a table indexed to girth and length. There are different tables for men's, women's, and children's (less than 12 years of age) shoes. The tables also include the width as supplemental indications. Not all designators are used for all genders and in all countries. For example, the largest girth for women in China is EEEE, whereas in Japan, it is F. Mexico [ edit ] Shoes are sized either according to the foot length they are intended to fit, in cm, or alternatively to another variation of the barleycorn system, with sizes calculated approximately as: adult shoe size = 3 × × last length in inches − − 25.5 {\displaystyle {\mbox{adult shoe size}}=3\times {\mbox{last length in inches}}-25.5} USSR (Russia / CIS) [ edit ] Historically the USSR used the European (Paris point) system but an alternate metric system (State Standard 3927–64) was devised, with shoe sizes increasing in ½ rather than the ⅔ cm intervals found in the European scheme. This system has been refined by later standards: GOST 9133-1978 Determination of linear dimensions of footwear, GOST 24382-1980 sneakers size, GOST R 54592-2011 Footwear. Methods for determination of linear dimensions. Where used this system is sometimes described as a Pointe (ballet shoe) or Stych size: Pointe / Stych shoe sizes Foot Length (mm) 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 Children's 17 18 19 19½ 20 21 22 22½ 23 24 25 25½ 26 27 28 28½ 29 30 31 31½ 32 33 34 34½ 35 36 37 37½ 38 39 40 Women's 34 35 36 37 37½ 38 38½ 39 40 41 41½ 42 42½ Men's 38½ 39 40 41 41½ 42 42½ 43 44 45 46 47 47½ Shoe size comparison [ edit ] Please note that the following tables indicate theoretical sizes calculated from the standards and information given above. Differences between these tables and makers' tables or other tables found on the Web are usually due to the following factors: The systems are not fully standardised. Differences between shoes from different makers, which are due to different methods of measuring the shoes, different manufacturing processes, or different allowances [1] (#cite_note-orthopedic-1) are sometimes related to different countries. A “German” size may then differ from a “French” size, although both countries use the Continental European system. Different widths may have the result that for wide feet, a shoe multiple sizes larger (and actually too long) may be required. This may also result in different size indications, especially if different typical widths are attributed to different sizing systems or countries. Some tables for children take future growth into account. The shoe size is then larger than what would correspond to the actual length of the foot. [6] (#cite_note-brannock2-6) An indication in centimetres or inches can mean the length of the foot or the length of the shoe's inner cavity. This relation is not constant but varies due to different amounts of wiggle room required for different sizes of shoes. There are several U.S. systems, which differ substantially for sizes far above or below medium sizes. Further, some tables available on the Web simply contain errors. For example, the wiggle room or different zero point is not taken into account, or tables based on different U.S. systems (traditional and athletic) are simply combined although they are incompatible. Children [ edit ] Example: A child's foot that is 185 millimetres (7.3 in) long requires a shoe that is about 15 millimetres (0.59 in) longer. The inner length of 200 millimetres (7.9 in) is EU shoe size 30 or UK size 11.5. Adults [ edit ] See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of shoe styles (/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles) Shoes (/wiki/Shoe) References [ edit ] This page contains a translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) of Schuhgröße (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuhgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe) from de.wikipedia (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/) . ^ Jump up to: a b Andersson, Bendt. "Recommendations to suppliers and manufacturers of orthopedic footwear concerning sizes of shoes and lasts" (http://www.hi.se/Global/pdf/2004/04319-pdf.pdf) (PDF) (in Swedish) . Retrieved 2009-01-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) International Standard ISO 9407:1991, Shoe sizes—Mondopoint system of sizing and marking ^ (#cite_ref-3) Cairns, Warwick. About the Size of It . Macmillan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-230-01628-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b Brannock Device Co. "History" (http://brannock.com/cgi-bin/start.cgi/brannock/history.html) . Retrieved 2009-01-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b Brannock Device Co. "Size Conversion Chart" (http://brannock.com/cgi-bin/htmlos.cgi/002916.1.481015045600010383) . Retrieved 2010-04-20 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Brannock Device Co. "Instructions" (http://brannock.com/cgi-bin/start.cgi/brannock/instructions.html) . Retrieved 2009-01-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) German Standard DIN (/wiki/DIN) 66074:1975, Shoe sizes ^ (#cite_ref-8) Spanish Standard UNE (/wiki/AENOR) 59850:1998, Shoes: Size designation ^ (#cite_ref-japan_9-0) (in Japanese) Rakuten.co.jp (http://www.rakuten.co.jp/yokamon/428396/432155/433940/) External links [ edit ] The Complete International Shoe Sizing Chart (http://www.shoesizes.co) Increased hallux angle in children and its association with insufficient length of footwear (http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/10/159/abstract) , biomedcentral.com Austrian research team children's feet - children's shoes. Useful information for parents (http://www.kidsfeet.info) "A Study on the parameters of the feet of adolescent boy" (http://www.cueronet.com/auqtic/Visual%20Displays/V%2037%20-%20A%20study%20on%20the%20parameters%20of%20the%20feet%20of%20adolescent%20boy.pdf) (PDF) . (122 KB) , cueronet.com American/English/European Shoe Sizes (http://schuhgroesse-uk.de/) Chart of US shoe widths by size (http://www.boot.com/bsizcvt.htm#WidthTable) . 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British businesswoman Ade Hassan MBE (/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) Education Duke University (/wiki/Duke_University) School of Oriental and African Studies (/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies) Organization(s) Nubian Skin (/wiki/Nubian_Skin) , founder Adetola Kunle-Hassan , MBE (/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) (born April 1984), known as Ade Hassan , is a British businesswoman who founded Nubian Skin (/wiki/Nubian_Skin) in 2014. Early life [ edit ] Hassan was born in April 1984. She was raised partly in Nigeria and speaks Yoruba (/wiki/Yoruba_language) . Both of her parents are in business. She received her advanced education at Duke University (/wiki/Duke_University) in the United States where she studied English and economics, after which she completed a master's degree at the School of Oriental and African Studies (/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies) in London. [1] (#cite_note-1) Career [ edit ] Her early career was in the private-equity (/wiki/Private-equity) business [2] (#cite_note-2) but she took a break from that for a year to take sewing and pattern cutting (/wiki/Pattern_cutting) classes. [3] (#cite_note-3) She founded Nubian Skin, which makes underwear in dark tones for women of colour (/wiki/Women_of_colour) , in 2014 [4] (#cite_note-4) after she was unable to purchase clothing for herself in her preferred colours. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2014 she was named Fashion Entrepreneur of the Year at the Great British Entrepreneur Awards. [9] (#cite_note-9) In October 2015 Ade's brand, Nubian Skin, was nominated for Hosiery Brand of the Year at the UK Lingerie Awards [10] (#cite_note-10) and won UK's Favourite British Designer of the Year. [11] (#cite_note-11) She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) in the 2017 Queen's Birthday Honours (/wiki/2017_Queen%27s_Birthday_Honours) for services to fashion. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "A talk with Ade Hassan: the brain behind Nubian Skin - ABINA" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170510082021/http://abinaonline.com/talk-ade-hassan-brain-behind-nubian-skin/) . Abinaonline.com . Archived from the original (http://abinaonline.com/talk-ade-hassan-brain-behind-nubian-skin/) on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Nubian Skin's Ade Hassan talks nude lingerie for all skin tones" (http://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-nude-lingerie-20150308-story.html) . LA Times . 8 March 2015 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Alara, Dimeji. "5 MINS WITH THE FOUNDER OF NUBIAN SKIN, ADE HASSAN - Elle South Africa" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170322064232/http://www.elle.co.za/5-mins-founder-nubian-skin-ade-hassan/) . Elle.co.za . Archived from the original (http://www.elle.co.za/5-mins-founder-nubian-skin-ade-hassan/) on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Oredein, Tobi (14 July 2016). "Beyonce underwear lingerie designer Ade Hassan interview | Glamour UK" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/beyonce-underwear-designer-ade-hassan-interview) . Glamourmagazine.co.uk . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Rachel Moss Lifestyle Writer at The Huffington Post UK (10 November 2014). "Women In Business: Nubian Skin Founder Ade Hassan On Creating Nude Lingerie For Women Of Colour | HuffPost UK" (http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/11/07/nubian-skin-lingerie-women-of-colour_n_6100832.html) . Huffingtonpost.co.uk . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "About Us" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170430223023/https://www.nubianskin.com/global/about-nubian-skin) . Nubian Skin. Archived from the original (https://www.nubianskin.com/global/about-nubian-skin) on 30 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Interview: Meet Nubian Skin's Ade Hassan | Be Inspired" (http://www.figleaves.com/uk/nubian-skin-interview.html) . Figleaves. 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Meet The Woman Who Is Redefining The Word 'Nude' (http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/fashion-news/meet-the-woman-who-is-redefining-the-word-nude-68336) " (http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/fashion-news/meet-the-woman-who-is-redefining-the-word-nude-68336) . Marieclaire.co.uk . 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Ade Hassan wins Fashion Entrepreneur of the Year! / Nubian Skin Blog - Nubian Skin US" (https://www.nubianskin.com/us/blog/ade-hassan-wins-fashion-entrepreneur-of-the-year/) . Nubianskin.com . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-10) "UKLA Finalists: Hosiery Brand of the Year - Lingerie Insight" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180126133457/http://www.lingerieinsight.com/ukla-finalists-hosiery-brand-of-the-year-2/) . 9 October 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.lingerieinsight.com/ukla-finalists-hosiery-brand-of-the-year-2/) on 26 January 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Your guide to the full list of UKLA 2015 winners - Lingerie Insight" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002919/http://www.lingerieinsight.com/your-guide-to-the-full-list-of-ukla-2015-winners/) . 12 January 2016. Archived from the original (http://www.lingerieinsight.com/your-guide-to-the-full-list-of-ukla-2015-winners/) on 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Emily Banks (17 June 2017). "BIRTHDAY HONOURS 2017: BEM for West Hampstead Holocaust survivor who hid in a hole to escape Nazis - News - Hampstead Highgate Express" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170620174726/http://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/birthday-honours-2017-mbe-for-west-hampstead-holocaust-survivor-who-hid-in-a-hole-to-escape-nazis-1-5066455) . Hamhigh.co.uk . Archived from the original (http://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/birthday-honours-2017-mbe-for-west-hampstead-holocaust-survivor-who-hid-in-a-hole-to-escape-nazis-1-5066455) on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . This article about a British businessperson born in the 1980s is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Undergarment The kaupinam , koavanam , kaupina , langot , or lungooty ( langoṭī ) is a loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) worn by men in the Indian subcontinent (/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) as underclothing (/wiki/Underclothing) . It is still commonly worn in South Asia by pehlwans (/wiki/Pehlwan) (wrestlers) while exercising or sparring (/wiki/Sparring) in a dangal (/wiki/Akhara#Dangal) . It is basically a rectangular strip of cloth used to cover the genitals, with strings connected to the four ends of the cloth, for binding it around the waist and between the legs. A pehlwan (/wiki/Pehlwan) sports a lungooty at an akhara (/wiki/Akhara) The short type of lungooty worn by naga sadhus (/wiki/Naga_sadhu) or baabas (/wiki/Baba_(honorific)) often leaves the buttocks bare, it is also known as ''coopees''. [1] (#cite_note-1) Use [ edit ] Painting depicting youth in kaupina harvesting lotus in pond, circa 850 CE. It is still used extensively by Kalaripayattu (/wiki/Kalaripayattu) (martial artists), bodyguards ( ang-rakshaks ) and wrestlers ( pehelwans ) in rural India (/wiki/India) , especially in games of Malla-yuddha (/wiki/Malla-yuddha) and the medieval variation Pehlwani (/wiki/Pehlwani) (a form of sparring from West Asia (/wiki/West_Asia) and South Asia (/wiki/South_Asia) ). It is also worn during fitness training (/wiki/Fitness_training) & sports coaching (/wiki/Sports_coaching) ( kasrat ); by men performing any form of physically straining activity and weight lifting such as farming (/wiki/Farming) . Langot is a male sports gear and undergarment, associated with almost every form of physically straining sports like kushti (/wiki/Kushti) and kabaddi (/wiki/Kabaddi) of Indian traditions. It has been worn by henchmen and sportsmen during practices and sessions, in a similar way to the contemporary use of gym shorts (/wiki/Gym_shorts) and jock briefs (/wiki/Briefs) since ancient times. Wrestlers and bodyguards also wear a abdominal guard (/wiki/Cricket_box) underneath, to protect and support their genitals. The kaupinam is a very ancient form of sportswear and was in use since the early Vedic Period (/wiki/Vedic_Period) (2000–1500 BC), as is evident from a verse in the Sam Veda (/wiki/Sam_Veda) of Hindu scriptures. [2] (#cite_note-wrestle-2) The devotees of the Hindu god Shiva (/wiki/Shiva) were said to be wearing kaupinam. Religious significance [ edit ] Kaupina Panchakam Kaupina vantah kalu bagya vantah Vedanta Vakyeshu sada ramayantah Bikshanna matrena tustimantah vishokamantah karane charantah kaupina vantah kalu bagyavantah Adi Shankara It has religious significance attached to asceticism (/wiki/Asceticism) for the Hindus (/wiki/Hindu) . The Bhagavata Purana (/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana) enjoins that a true ascetic should not wear anything other than a kaupina. [3] (#cite_note-3) Sometimes the god Shiva (/wiki/Shiva) himself is depicted wearing Kaupina. [4] (#cite_note-shaivism-4) The deities Murugan (/wiki/Lord_Murugan) of Palani (/wiki/Palani) and Hanuman (/wiki/Hanuman) are said to be wearing this garment. [5] (#cite_note-hanuman-5) Langot or kaupin is associated with celibacy. [6] (#cite_note-Celibacy-6) Adi Shankara (/wiki/Adi_Shankara) composed a verse (/wiki/Verse_(poetry)) called Kaupina Panchakam to assert the significance of asceticism. Famous Maharashtrian sant Samarth Ramdas (/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas) and Tamil rishi Ramana Maharshi (/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi) were always depicted wearing a langot in popular pictures. Langota [ edit ] Sculpture (/wiki/Sculpture) of athletes (/wiki/Athletes) in a similar undergarment at the Indian Museum, Calcutta (/wiki/Indian_Museum,_Calcutta) , recovered from the Graeco-Buddhist (/wiki/Graeco-Buddhist) site of Jamalgarhi (/wiki/Jamalgarhi) in NWFP (/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province) , present-day Pakistan. The older Kapinaum form is distinct from the present-day Langota or Langoti which is sewn (/wiki/Sewn) and covers the buttocks (/wiki/Buttock) . It was worn as underwear (/wiki/Underwear) in dangal held at akhara s. It is now mainly used by men when exercising and other intense physical games especially wrestling (/wiki/Wrestling_in_India) , to prevent hernias (/wiki/Hernias) and hydrocele (/wiki/Hydrocele) . [7] (#cite_note-Mahatyagi2007-7) The loincloth is about 3" wide and 24" long single piece of cotton cloth. It is first put between the legs and then wrapped around the waist very tightly. In media [ edit ] A langot was worn by Mowgli (/wiki/Mowgli) , the main hero of The Jungle Book (/wiki/The_Jungle_Book) franchise including the 1942 (/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling%27s_Jungle_Book) , 1967–1971 (/wiki/Adventures_of_Mowgli) , 1967) (/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)) , 1994 (/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1994_film)) , 2003 (/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_2) , 2016 (/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)) , and 2018 (/wiki/Mowgli:_Legend_of_the_Jungle) films. See also [ edit ] Similar Indian clothes Kacchera (/wiki/Kacchera) Related Indian clothes Clothing in India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Similar foreign clothes Bahag (/wiki/Bahag_(garment)) Breechcloth (/wiki/Breechcloth) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Mawashi (/wiki/Mawashi) Perizoma (/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)) Subligaculum (/wiki/Subligaculum) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Related foreign clothes Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Temple garment (/wiki/Temple_garment) : religious undergarments worn by many Mormons (/wiki/Mormons) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Yule, Sir Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1996). Hobson-Jobson . p. 525. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781853263637 . ^ (#cite_ref-wrestle_2-0) Alter, Joseph S. (1992). The wrestler's body: identity and ideology in north India . University of California Press. pp. 305 pages. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520076976 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 7.13.2 (http://vedabase.net/sb/7/13/2/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131019071350/http://vedabase.net/sb/7/13/2/) 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Bhaktivedanta VedaBase ^ (#cite_ref-shaivism_4-0) Narayana Ayyar, C. V. (1939). Origin and early history of Śaivism in South India . Madras University historical series. Vol. 6. University of Madras. pp. 155, 185. ^ (#cite_ref-hanuman_5-0) Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey Oxford scholarship online . Oxford University Press. pp. 434 pages(see:186). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780195309225 . ^ (#cite_ref-Celibacy_6-0) Abbott, Elizabeth (2001). A history of celibacy . James Clarke & Co. pp. 493 pages. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780718830069 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mahatyagi2007_7-0) Raman Das Mahatyagi (2007). Yatan Yoga: A Natural Guide to Health and Harmony . YATAN Ayurvedics. pp. 33–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9803761-0-4 . External links [ edit ] How to wear (https://www.pinterest.com/pin/630855860272488500/) , visual description. "The Langota" (http://www.yatan-ayur.com.au/langota.htm) . Yatan Holistic Ayurvedic Centre . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . v t e Clothing in South Asia History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) Clothes Achkan (/wiki/Achkan) Ajrak (/wiki/Ajrak) Angarkha (/wiki/Angarkha) Antriya (/wiki/Antriya) Argon (/wiki/Argon_(clothing)) Bakhu/Kho (/wiki/Kho_(costume)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) Choli (/wiki/Choli) Churidar (/wiki/Churidar) Daura-Suruwal (/wiki/Daura-Suruwal) Dhakai shari (/wiki/Dhakai) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dumdyam (/wiki/Dumdyam) Dumpra (/wiki/Dumpra) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) Farshi Pajama (/wiki/Farshi_Pajama) Ghagra choli (/wiki/Ghagra_choli) Ghoonghat (/wiki/Ghoonghat) Gamucha (/wiki/Gamucha) Gamosa (/wiki/Gamosa) Gharara (/wiki/Gharara) Gho (/wiki/Gho) Jama (/wiki/Jama_(coat)) Jamawar (/wiki/Jamawar) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Kabney (/wiki/Kabney) Kasta sari (/wiki/Kasta_sari) Kaupina(m) Khalat (/wiki/Khalat) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Kota Doria (/wiki/Kota_Doria) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Lehenga (/wiki/Lehenga) Lehenga-style sari (/wiki/Lehenga-style_sari) Langa voni (/wiki/Langa_voni) Langota (/wiki/Langota) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Madisar (/wiki/Madisar) Mekhela chador (/wiki/Mekhela_chador) Mufti (/wiki/Mufti_(dress)) Mujib coat (/wiki/Mujib_coat) Mundu (/wiki/Mundu) Mundum neriyatum (/wiki/Mundum_neriyatum) Naga shawl (/wiki/Naga_shawl) Nehru jacket (/wiki/Nehru_jacket) Onnara (/wiki/Onnara) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Patiala salwar (/wiki/Patiala_salwar) Pheran (/wiki/Pheran) Pinon hadi (/wiki/Pinon_hadi) Riha (/wiki/Riha_(garment)) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sambalpuri sari (/wiki/Sambalpuri_sari) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Kerala sari (/wiki/Kerala_sari) Tant shari (/wiki/Tant_sari) Toego (/wiki/Toego) Uttariya (/wiki/Uttariya) Wonju (/wiki/Wonju_(Bhutan)) Headgear Bhaad-gaaule topi (/wiki/Bhaad-gaaule_topi) Birke topi (/wiki/Birke_topi) Dhaka topi (/wiki/Dhaka_topi) Gandhi cap (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Jaapi (/wiki/Jaapi) Karakul (/wiki/Karakul_(hat)) Pheta (/wiki/Pheta) Mysore peta (/wiki/Mysore_peta) Paag (/wiki/Paag) Pagri (/wiki/Pagri_(turban)) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Puneri Pagadi (/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi) Rumāl (/wiki/Rum%C4%81l) Rumi topi/Fez (/wiki/Rumi_topi) Sehra (/wiki/Sehra_(headdress)) Shyade (/wiki/Shyade) Sindhi cap (/wiki/Sindhi_cap) Taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Topor (/wiki/Topor_(headgear)) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Stitching and design Embroidery of India (/wiki/Embroidery_of_India) Bandhani (/wiki/Bandhani) Chikankari (/wiki/Chikan_(embroidery)) Dhaka (/wiki/Dhaka_fabric) Gota (/wiki/Gota_(embroidery)) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Kantha (/wiki/Kantha) Kasuti (/wiki/Kasuti) Khadi (/wiki/Khadi) Muslin (/wiki/Muslin) Nakshi (/wiki/Nakshi_kantha) Phulkari (/wiki/Phulkari) Rajshahi silk (/wiki/Rajshahi_silk) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Shisha (/wiki/Shisha_(embroidery)) Zardozi (/wiki/Zardozi) Zari (/wiki/Zari) Footwear Jutti (/wiki/Jutti) Kholapuri (/wiki/Kolhapuri_chappal) Mojari (/wiki/Sindhi_Mojari) Paduka (/wiki/Paduka) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐47jgr Cached time: 20240712165141 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.588 seconds Real time usage: 0.762 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 939/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25840/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 847/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 37151/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.399/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14994692/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 660.132 1 -total 27.51% 181.618 1 Template:Reflist 26.72% 176.397 1 Template:Lang 21.94% 144.829 6 Template:Cite_book 16.02% 105.751 1 Template:Short_description 15.49% 102.262 1 Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia 15.03% 99.206 1 Template:Navbox 9.42% 62.190 2 Template:Pagetype 4.19% 27.657 1 Template:Quote_box 3.96% 26.136 6 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22738883-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712165141 and revision id 1231647540. 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Acapulco Gold (Clothing) Founded 2006 Headquarters New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) , United States Products Clothing, Skateboard Decks, Accessories Acapulco Gold is a clothing brand (/wiki/Brand) [1] (#cite_note-1) founded in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) in 2006. Co-owners Augie Galan and Geoff Heath met while working at Supreme (clothing) (/wiki/Supreme_(clothing)) in 1998. After nearly a decade there, they decided to branch off and start their own line of clothing. The brand began with T-shirts and hats at first, [2] (#cite_note-2) then as popularity grew extended their line to include high quality cut and sew (/wiki/Cut_and_sew) garments. Acapulco Gold sells its clothing at boutiques in 19 countries [3] (#cite_note-3) and has a global reach through its website. Acapulco Gold has collaborated with photographer Janette Beckman (/wiki/Janette_Beckman) to produce an ongoing line of T-shirts and hats based on her photographs. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2010, Acapulco Gold teamed with Mark McNairy (/wiki/Mark_McNairy) to create original footwear. [5] (#cite_note-5) Acapulco Gold also collaborated with Vans (/wiki/Vans) in 2010 to put their twist on the Moda Hi sneaker. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kan, Eugene (September 10, 2009). "Augie Galan & Geoff Heath: Acapulco Gold" (http://hypebeast.com/2009/9/Acapulco-gold-augie-galan-geoff-heath-interview) . Hypebeast . Retrieved March 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Johnson, Noah (May 30, 2011). "Interview: Augie Galan on the History of the Graphic T-Shirt" (http://www.complex.com/style/2011/05/interview-augie-galan-on-the-history-of-the-graphic-t-shirt) . Complex . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Acapulco Gold Dealer Page" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121112095658/https://www.acapulcogold.com/dealers) . Archived from the original (https://www.acapulcogold.com/dealers) on 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Fischer, David (December 9, 2009). "Acapulco Gold x Janette Beckman Holiday 2009 Collection" (http://www.highsnobiety.com/2009/12/09/acapulco-gold-x-janette-beckman-holiday-2009-collection/) . Highsnobriety.com . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Fischer, David (December 2, 2010). "Acapulco Gold x Mark McNairy New Amsterdam Boots" (http://www.highsnobiety.com/2010/12/02/acapulco-gold-x-mark-mcnairy-new-amsterdam-boots/) . Highsnobiety.com . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Acapulco Gold x Vans Moda Hi" (http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2010/03/acapulco-gold-x-vans-moda-hi) . Complex Networks (/wiki/Complex_Networks) . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/148534080) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acapulco_Gold_(clothing_brand)&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐48b82 Cached time: 20240713041853 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.327 seconds Real time usage: 0.417 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1236/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19268/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 680/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32608/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.226/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4981342/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 371.646 1 -total 35.41% 131.589 1 Template:Infobox_company 31.88% 118.473 1 Template:Reflist 31.16% 115.806 1 Template:Infobox 27.48% 102.117 6 Template:Cite_web 22.14% 82.285 1 Template:Authority_control 9.57% 35.552 1 Template:Clothing-stub 8.86% 32.925 1 Template:Asbox 3.31% 12.314 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 0.60% 2.246 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38691785-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713041853 and revision id 1102656321. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acapulco_Gold_(clothing_brand)&oldid=1102656321 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acapulco_Gold_(clothing_brand)&oldid=1102656321) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_States) Clothing companies established in 2006 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2006) 2006 establishments in New York City (/wiki/Category:2006_establishments_in_New_York_City) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
This file does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) : Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This file is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles Companies (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Companies) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) This file is within the scope of WikiProject Companies (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Companies) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of companies (/wiki/Company) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Companies) and see a list of open tasks. Companies Wikipedia:WikiProject Companies Template:WikiProject Companies company articles WikiProject Companies To-do: Here are some tasks awaiting attention: Article requests (/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles) : Wikipedia:Requested articles/Business and economics/Companies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles/Business_and_economics/Companies) Assess (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) : Category:Unassessed company articles (/wiki/Category:Unassessed_company_articles) Copyedit (/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting) : Category:Company articles needing attention (/wiki/Category:Company_articles_needing_attention) Infobox (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes) : Category:Company articles needing infoboxes (/wiki/Category:Company_articles_needing_infoboxes) Maintain (/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance) : Portal:Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Stubs (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) : Help expand stub articles located at Category:Company stubs (/wiki/Category:Company_stubs) Other : Tag company articles with the {{ portal (/wiki/Template:Portal) |Companies}} template Tag company talk pages with the {{ WikiProject Companies (/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Companies) }} project banner Answer requests for comments (/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Economy,_trade,_and_companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐6bx5q Cached time: 20240722161142 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.008 seconds CPU time usage: 0.139 seconds Real time usage: 0.212 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 455/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27881/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1967/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 17/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12297/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.102/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1854788/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 179.895 1 Template:WikiProject_banner_shell 100.00% 179.895 1 -total 48.19% 86.700 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 18.23% 32.797 1 Template:WikiProject_Companies 5.98% 10.758 1 Template:Tasks 3.36% 6.048 2 Template:Tlx 1.53% 2.757 2 Template:Pagetype 0.81% 1.460 1 Template:Yesno Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38703663-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722161142 and revision id 1232366105. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_talk:Jmweston.png&oldid=1232366105 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_talk:Jmweston.png&oldid=1232366105) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : File-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:File-Class_fashion_articles) NA-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles) File-Class company articles (/wiki/Category:File-Class_company_articles) NA-importance company articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_company_articles) WikiProject Companies articles (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_Companies_articles)
Hat worn by enlisted Naval personnel Not to be confused with Sailor hat (/wiki/Sailor_hat) . For the peaked sailor's cap, see Mariner's cap (/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap) . For a species of flowers, see Sailor caps (/wiki/Sailor_caps) . A Russian Navy (/wiki/Russian_Navy) sailor cap A sailor cap is a round, flat visorless hat worn by sailors in many of the world's navies. A tally (/wiki/Tally_(cap)) , an inscribed black silk ribbon, is tied around the base which usually bears the name of a ship or a navy. Many navies (e.g. Germany) tie the tally at the rear of the cap and let the two ends hang down to the shoulders as decorative streamers. In the Royal Navy the tally is tied off in a bow over the left ear and in the early 20th century it was customary when going on shore leave to tie a small coin in the bow to make it stand out. In wartime, as a security measure, many navies replace the name of the ship with a generic title (e.g. "HMS" = "His/Her Majesty's Ship" in the Royal Navy or "South African Navy"). The cap may be further embellished with a badge (/wiki/Badge) , cockade (/wiki/Cockade) or other accessory. Visorless caps of this kind began to be worn in the mid 19th century. The more rigid type of sailor hat with a wide, flat crown is also known as square rig (this refers generally to a type of sailor uniform (/wiki/Sailor_uniform) ) cap or pork pie (not to be confused with the brimmed pork pie hat (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) ). Until after World War II it was customary in most navies to wear a removable white cover over the dark blue cap in tropical or summer conditions only. This has been retained but as the cap is now generally a formal or dress item the white cover is worn all year around. The German Navy version of the sailor cap has a raised front in contrast to the flat top favored by the Royal Navy. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] The sailor cap was first introduced in September 1811 as a part of the uniform of the Imperial Russian Navy (/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy) ( bezkozyrka , Russian: бескозырка , ' non-peaked hat ' ), at the same time as an identical forage cap (/wiki/Forage_cap) was adopted by the Imperial Russian Army (/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army) . [2] (#cite_note-2) All ranks of the Russian navy of this period wore military style uniforms [3] (#cite_note-3) and the bezkozyrka was a useful development of the peaked cap (/wiki/Peaked_cap) in practical application to marine conditions. The French Navy (/wiki/French_Navy) 's version of the sailor cap, the bachi with its distinctive red pompom on top, was adopted about 1848. [4] (#cite_note-4) Worn initially as an ordinary duty alternative for a formal leather hat with turned up side, the cap has survived as a dress item until the present day. Some navies which share similar traditions as the French Navy also adopted the bachi , but sometimes with a pompom of different colour ( France (/wiki/French_Navy) , Benin (/wiki/Benin_Armed_Forces#Navy) , Guinea (/wiki/Republic_of_Guinea_Armed_Forces#Navy) , Togo (/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces#Navy) , Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon_Armed_Forces#Cameroon_Navy) , : red pompom, but Senegal (/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Senegal#Navy) and Mauritania (/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Mauritania#Navy) : green pompom, Lebanon (/wiki/Lebanese_Navy) : light-blue pompom). Malagasy sailors (/wiki/Madagascar_Navy) wear a bachi with a red and green pompom, according to national flag colours. The Belgian Navy (/wiki/Belgian_Navy) adopted the same pattern of cap, light-blue pompom, but with trailing ribbons as well, on 29 March 1939,. [5] (#cite_note-5) They finally stopped using the pompom ornament during the Second World War, to keep only the ribbons until our current days. The Irish Navy (/wiki/Irish_Naval_Service) wear seaman's caps topped by blue pompoms. Known as the "flat hat" or "Pancake cap" the U.S. Navy's version of the blue woolen sailor hat described above was first issued in 1852. Generally superseded progressively by the white cotton hat of the working uniform (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy#Dungarees) also known as a "Dixie hat" during World War II, the flat hat continued to be issued but seldom worn, until officially formally abolished in April 1963. [6] (#cite_note-6) US sailors in "dixie cup" caps American (/wiki/United_States_Navy) , Bolivian (/wiki/Bolivian_Naval_Force) , Philippine (/wiki/Philippine_Navy) , and Venezuelan (/wiki/Bolivarian_Navy_of_Venezuela) sailors currently wear a white canvas hat with an upright brim, often referred to as a "Dixie cup" in reference to its similarity to the shape of a common disposable drinking cup (/wiki/Paper_cup#Dixie_cups) , or a "gob hat" or cap. This hat was also worn by Polish Navy (/wiki/Polish_Navy) sailors before 1939—it was called the "amerykanka" ("American hat") or "nejwihetka" (derived from the English phrase "Navy hat"). In the Royal Navy (/wiki/Royal_Navy) , round caps with a tally band were being worn in the 1850s and were officially prescribed in the "Uniform Regulations for Petty Officers, Seamen and Boys" of 1857. [7] (#cite_note-7) Originally, the blue caps had a cover made from white cotton duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) for summer and tropical use, but in 1930, a new cap with a permanent white duck crown was introduced, supplemented by a redesigned blue cap in the following year. A 1936 recommendation that the blue cap should be discontinued was not adopted and a regulation of April 1940 stipulated that white caps were not to be worn in "home waters" for the duration of the Second World War (/wiki/Second_World_War) . Blue caps were finally abolished in 1956. [8] (#cite_note-8) The Royal Canadian Navy (/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy) is distinct among the world navies that it does not differentiate the uniforms of its officers and non-commissioned members (NCM). Everybody, including junior NCMs, wears suits and ties with service caps (/wiki/Peaked_cap) or hats. Sailor suits (/wiki/Sailor_suits) and sailor caps are not worn anymore. [9] (#cite_note-9) Images [ edit ] China "square rig" or "pork pie" hat Royal Norwegian Navy cap French National Navy "bachi" bonnet (red pompom) Congo National Navy "bachi" bonnet (red pompom) Togolese National Navy "bachi" bonnet (red pompom) Senegalese National Navy "bachi" bonnet (green pompom) Irish Naval Service seaman's caps (blue pompom) Polish Navy cap United States "dixie cup" hat Polish sailors wearing "dixie cups" Australian sailor in 1940 with the British pattern seaman's cap Royal Thai Navy sailors with sailor cap Royal Navy sailor with British seaman's cap World War II Royal Canadian Navy (/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy) sailor, showing the British pattern blue cap Royal Canadian Navy sailors during World War II, with the white cap, worn in the summer or in the tropics See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sailor caps (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sailor_caps) . Sailor suit (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Pork pie hat (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) v t e Russian handicrafts (/wiki/Handicraft) Decorative arts (/wiki/Decorative_arts) Gorodets painting (/wiki/Gorodets_painting) Gzhel (/wiki/Gzhel) Filimonovo toy (/wiki/Filimonovo_toy) Kholmogory bone carving (/wiki/Kholmogory_bone_carving) Khokhloma (/wiki/Khokhloma) Russian lacquer art (/wiki/Russian_lacquer_art) Fedoskino miniature (/wiki/Fedoskino_miniature) Kholuy miniature (/wiki/Kholuy_miniature) Mstyora miniature (/wiki/Mstyora_miniature) Palekh miniature (/wiki/Palekh_miniature) Russian icons (/wiki/Russian_icons) Zhostovo painting (/wiki/Zhostovo_painting) Tableware (/wiki/Tableware) Kasli iron sculpture (/wiki/Kasli_iron_sculpture) Faceted glass (/wiki/Faceted_glass) Podstakannik (/wiki/Podstakannik) Samovar (/wiki/Samovar) Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Afghanka (/wiki/Afghanka) Budenovka (/wiki/Budenovka) French (/wiki/French_(tunic)) Gymnastyorka (/wiki/Gymnastyorka) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Kaftan (/wiki/Kaftan) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Pavlovo Posad shawl (/wiki/Pavlovo_Posad_shawl) Peaked cap (/wiki/Peaked_cap) Podvorotnichok (/wiki/Podvorotnichok) Russian lace (/wiki/Russian_lace) Sailor cap Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Stalinka (/wiki/Stalin_tunic) Telnyashka (/wiki/Telnyashka) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Valenki (/wiki/Valenki) Musical (/wiki/Musical_instrument) instruments (/wiki/Musical_instrument) Balalaika (/wiki/Balalaika) Garmon (/wiki/Garmon) Gusli (/wiki/Gusli) Bayan (/wiki/Bayan_(accordion)) Russian guitar (/wiki/Russian_guitar) Musical spoons (/wiki/Spoon_(musical_instrument)) Treshchotka (/wiki/Treshchotka) Toys (/wiki/Toy) Bird of Happiness (/wiki/Bird_of_Happiness_(toy)) Cheburashka (/wiki/Cheburashka) Filimonovo toy (/wiki/Filimonovo_toy) Dymkovo toys (/wiki/Dymkovo_toys) Kargopol toys (/wiki/Kargopol_toys) Matryoshka doll (/wiki/Matryoshka_doll) Petrushka (/wiki/Petrushka) Other Izba (/wiki/Izba) Fabergé egg (/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_egg) Shashka (/wiki/Shashka) Tula pryanik (/wiki/Tula_pryanik) Vyazma pryanik (/wiki/Vyazma_pryanik) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Knotel, Richard (1980). Uniforms of the World. A Compendium of Army, Navy, and Air Force Uniforms 1700-1937 . p. 444. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-684-16304-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Haythornthwaite, Philip (23 April 1987). The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry, 1799-1814 . p. 23 (https://archive.org/details/russianarmyofnap00phil/page/23) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-85045-737-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Knotel, Richard (1980). Uniforms of the World. A Compendium of Army, Navy, and Air Force Uniforms 1700-1937 . p. 466. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-684-16304-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Knotel, Richard (1980). Uniforms of the World. A Compendium of Army, Navy, and Air Force Uniforms 1700-1937 . p. 451. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-684-16304-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Liliane and Fred Funcken, pages 150 and 153 "L'Uniforme et les Armes des soldats de la guerre 1939–45, tome 2 Casterman 1973 ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Sailors Liked the "Flat Hat" and Wore It for 111 Years - Defense Media Network" (http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/sailors-liked-the-flat-hat-and-wore-it-for-111-years/) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Brayley, Martin J (2014). Royal Navy Uniforms: 1930-1945 . The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84797-845-5 . Part One ^ (#cite_ref-8) Brayley 2014, Part Two Sect.2 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Dress instructions Chapter 5 Orders of dress" (https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/military-identity-system/dress-manual/chapter-5.html) . 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American fashion designer A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Asher_Levine) . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Asher Levine Born ( 1988-03-12 ) March 12, 1988 (age 36) Education Pace University (/wiki/Pace_University) Website asherlevine (http://asherlevine.com) .com (http://asherlevine.com) Asher Levine (born March 12, 1988) is an American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . He is the designer for his eponymous progressive label, Asher Levine, known for its mad-scientist-meets-luxe aesthetic and pioneering fabrication techniques. Early life and education [ edit ] Levine was raised in Port Charlotte, Florida (/wiki/Port_Charlotte,_Florida) , where he began sewing at the age of 10 and attended Port Charlotte High School (/wiki/Port_Charlotte_High_School) . While a student at Port Charlotte, Levine led the school's gay-straight alliance club (/wiki/Gay%E2%80%93straight_alliance) . However, when protestors from Westboro Baptist Church (/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church) in Topeka, Kansas (/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas) came to the school in 2005, he failed to rally support for the club from the majority of the student body and some students even mocked the club. [1] (#cite_note-1) Shortly after he graduated from PCHS in 2006, Levine got on a plane and moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) to attend Pace University (/wiki/Pace_University) where he experimented with design in the underground avant-garde nightlife scene. He graduated from the university in 2010 with a degree in 'Business Management and Entrepreneurship.' Career [ edit ] Shortly before graduation, he founded his label and became the go-to designer for many performance artists. He has almost two decades of experience and training in clothing construction. Levine's designs are defined by its fusion of art and fashion, which challenge, if not broaden, peoples' understandings of silhouettes, proportions, and textures. Much inspiration is drawn from the natural world and the socio-political psychology of contemporary art and youth culture. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Levine is best known for designing and fabricating custom garments worn by the Black Eyed Peas (/wiki/Black_Eyed_Peas) , [5] (#cite_note-5) Will.i.am (/wiki/Will.i.am) , [6] (#cite_note-6) Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) , [7] (#cite_note-7) Whoopi Goldberg (/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg) , Scissor Sisters (/wiki/Scissor_Sisters) , Sam Sparro (/wiki/Sam_Sparro) , Dangerous Muse (/wiki/Dangerous_Muse) , Adam Lambert (/wiki/Adam_Lambert) , [8] (#cite_note-8) Johnny Weir (/wiki/Johnny_Weir) , La Roux (/wiki/La_Roux) , Cazwell (/wiki/Cazwell) , Peaches (/wiki/Peaches_(musician)) , Rita Ora (/wiki/Rita_Ora) , comedian Caroline Reid's aka “ Pam Ann (/wiki/Pam_Ann) ”, Jim Steinman (/wiki/Jim_Steinman) , and - Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift) - for her record-breaking Bad Blood Music Video. Swift's video, which debuted at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards, attracted over 1 Billion Views on Vevo.com, YouTube, Xbox, Roku, and other Vevo platforms. The designer has also worked with Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) on several occasions, including for her " Marry the Night (/wiki/Marry_the_Night) [11] (#cite_note-11) music video. Though custom designs have formed the foundation of the label's notoriety, his debut women's and mainline menswear collection have begun to garner attention of its own. Levine's earlier designs were featured in the November 2011 issue of Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , photographed by Emma Summerton and styled by legendary stylist, Patti Wilson. [12] (#cite_note-12) His designs have also been featured in major publications such as i-D (/wiki/I-D) , Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , Interview Magazine (/wiki/Interview_Magazine) , L'Uomo Vogue (/wiki/L%27Uomo_Vogue) , Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)) . For his latest collection, Levine utilized draped boiled wools, molded leather scales and accessories, exotic furs, and laser cut crepe silks that encompass his perspective on fashion. This collection brings his mad scientist meets luxe aesthetic and cutting edge body scanning technology into an intimate setting reminiscent of the original Paris shows of the 1930s. Most of Levine’s work focuses on made to measure and local manufacturing. Asher Levine is known for incorporating technology within clothing, but this is the first time he enhances the manufacturing process with intelligent optical measurement software. His designs explore the interplay and fusion of textile innovation and technological advancements all to re-envision the human experience, through collaborating with pioneers and their respective fields. Levine's interest in technology was also seen in one of his previous collections, where he transformed “fashion into function” [13] (#cite_note-13) as noted by MTV (/wiki/MTV) Style journalist, Chrissy Mahlmeister. The designer partnered with software developer, PhoneHalo to showcase clothing and accessories with embedded microchips that communicate with your smartphone. The microchips possess GPS (/wiki/GPS) locating technology enabled through an application that is readily downloadable to any smartphone (/wiki/Smartphone) . Levine further demonstrates his talent for developing “science fashion” looks (wrote Tyler Malone of PMc Magazine (/wiki/Patrick_McMullan) ) by creating his own fabrics through intricate construction, molding and sculpting techniques. For instance, he utilizes materials such as silicone (/wiki/Silicone) , neoprene (/wiki/Neoprene) , and high-performance polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) . His collections exhibit various methods of molding and casting to construct various items in the collection. These innovations can be seen in the three-dimensional hounds tooth printed moto-jacket. The raised print was created by enlarging the relief carving of a traditional houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) print onto a rubberized material slab to generate yards of silicone fabric. The final result is a reinterpretation and marriage of the classic motorcycle (/wiki/Motorcycle) jacket with a new take on the traditional houndstooth print. He demonstrated his talent for combining fashion and technological innovation by collaborating with MakerBot Industries (/wiki/MakerBot_Industries) , the leading innovator of 3D printing. The partnership led to the first-ever pair of 3D printed sunglasses for the collection leading to CNN (/wiki/CNN) writer Laurie Segall calling it “the hottest accessory on the runway at [New York] Fashion Week”. [14] (#cite_note-14) Besides ceaselessly creating and pushing the boundaries of modern fashion, Levine has also been a guest lecturer at higher education institutions such as Stanford University (/wiki/Stanford_University) , Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) , and Pace University (/wiki/Pace_University) . Levine's skill set is not solely limited to his highly conceptual pieces. His implementation of cutting-edge textiles and construction can be seen in his collections staple pieces such as sweatshirts, pants, gloves and even a weekend bag. Levine's methods and aesthetic are far from ordinary, and his point of view is unlike any of his contemporaries. Due to Levine's unique and innovative fabrication processes and stand-out style, he has become a pioneer of avant-garde fashion, and is quickly becoming “one of Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)) ’s favorite emerging designers”. [15] (#cite_note-15) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Scott, Anna (2005-12-20). "For Gay Straight Alliance leader, an eye-opening day" (http://www.heraldtribune.com/news/20051220/for-gay-straight-alliance-leader-an-eye-opening-day) . Herald-Tribune Online . GateHouse Media, LLC . Retrieved 2018-03-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Durbin, Jonathan (21 December 2010). "Asher Levine: Beautiful People 2011" (http://www.papermag.com/asher-levine-beautiful-people-2011-1425712371.html) . Journalist . Paper Magazine . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) O'Sullivan, John-Michael. "ASHER LEVINE – NEW YORK FASHION WEEK SS12" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120401062901/http://www.fashion156.com/collections/asher-levine-new-york-fashion-week-ss12/) . Publication . Fashion156. Archived from the original (http://www.fashion156.com/collections/asher-levine-new-york-fashion-week-ss12/) on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kane, Hannah. "Levine Inspiration" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120425162229/http://www.asherlevine.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/2011JunePhoenixMagAsherLevine.jpg) . Publication . Phoenix Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.asherlevine.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/2011JunePhoenixMagAsherLevine.jpg) on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Blow, Presents (25 November 2010). "Black Eyed Peas VS Asher Levine" (http://blowpresents.wordpress.com/2010/11/25/black-eyed-peas-vs-asher-levine/) . Publication . BLOW . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Will.i.am rock-u-verse in ASHER LEVINE" (http://www.thequestforit.com/the_quest_for_it/2012/01/william-rock-u-verse-in-asher-levine.html) . Publication . The Quest For It . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Bruno Mars wears Asher Levine at VMA's" (http://www.thequestforit.com/the_quest_for_it/2011/08/bruno-mars-wears-asher-levine-at-vmas.html) . Publication . The Quest for "it" . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Adam Lambert and Asher Levine AW12 Sculpted Force Jumpsuit" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130927202854/http://coolspotters.com/musicians/adam-lambert/and/clothing/asher-levine-aw12-sculpted-force-jumpsuit/media/2901662#medium-2901662) . Website . Cool Spotters. Archived from the original (http://coolspotters.com/musicians/adam-lambert/and/clothing/asher-levine-aw12-sculpted-force-jumpsuit/media/2901662#medium-2901662) on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Alcala, Natalie. "Fashion Wunderkind Asher Levine on Designing for Lady Gaga" (http://www.blackbookmag.com/fashion/asher-levine-breeds-a-new-fashion-species-1.35569) . Journalist . BlackBook Magazine . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Clott, Sharon. "Lady Gaga Style: Meet Asher Levine, The 22-Year-Old Designer Who Dresses Lady Gaga" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101008182759/http://style.mtv.com/2010/10/05/lady-gaga-style-asher-levine-interview/) . Journalist . MTV. Archived from the original (http://style.mtv.com/2010/10/05/lady-gaga-style-asher-levine-interview/) on October 8, 2010 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Brillson, Leila (November 2011). "LADY GAGA SNEAK PEEK: MEET ASHER LEVINE" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/lady-gaga-asher-levine) . Publication . Interview Magazine . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) " (http://www.tee-vanity.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Aline-Weber-Lace-Up-ed.-for-Vogue-Italia-Nov.-2011-4.jpg) "Lace Effect" editorial for Vogue Italia (November 2011)" (http://www.tee-vanity.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Aline-Weber-Lace-Up-ed.-for-Vogue-Italia-Nov.-2011-4.jpg) . Vogue Italia . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Asher Levine Talks Bluetooth Technology, Inspiration For Fall 2013 (With Appearance By Le1f!) [VIDEO] | MTV Style" (https://archive.today/20130616133648/http://style.mtv.com/?p=147295) . Style.mtv.com. Archived from the original (http://style.mtv.com/?p=147295) on June 16, 2013 . Retrieved 2013-09-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Segall, Laurie (2012-02-15). "3D printing hits Fashion Week - Feb. 15, 2012" (https://money.cnn.com/2012/02/15/technology/makerbot_fashion_week/index.htm) . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013-09-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Drew Grant (12 February 2013). "His Name is Asher Levine | The New York Observer" (https://observer.com/2013/02/his-name-is-asher-levine/) . Observer.com . Retrieved 2013-09-24 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.asherlevine.com) Asher Levine (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9660291/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐zjwdr Cached time: 20240712162238 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.387 seconds Real time usage: 0.488 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2421/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 34626/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1401/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 58961/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.252/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7200325/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 458.023 1 -total 34.35% 157.342 1 Template:Reflist 32.69% 149.725 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 16.81% 76.973 1 Template:Cite_news 13.10% 59.980 14 Template:Cite_web 12.61% 57.756 1 Template:Short_description 9.72% 44.523 1 Template:COI 8.76% 40.114 1 Template:Ambox 7.86% 36.016 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.47% 34.211 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33743035-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712162238 and revision id 1232644732. 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Thelma Madine-Akin Born Thelma Makin 1952 (age 71–72) Liverpool (/wiki/Liverpool) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Occupation(s) Dressmaker, Wedding Plannee, TV personality Television Big Fat Gypsy Weddings (/wiki/Big_Fat_Gypsy_Weddings) My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding (/wiki/My_Big_Fat_American_Gypsy_Wedding) Thelma's Gypsy Girls (/w/index.php?title=Thelma%27s_Gypsy_Girls&action=edit&redlink=1) Thelma Madine-Akin (née Makin ) is a wedding dressmaker born in Liverpool (/wiki/Liverpool) . She rose to fame after appearing as the traveller wedding dressmaker in My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding (/wiki/Big_Fat_Gypsy_Weddings) , a Channel 4 (/wiki/Channel_4) documentary on Irish Travellers (/wiki/Irish_Travellers) as they prepare for marriage. She is best known for her outlandish creations, including a palm tree wedding gown (/wiki/Wedding_gown) with Swarovski crystals. [1] (#cite_note-tel100312-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life and education [ edit ] Thelma Makin was born in 1952 in Liverpool. [3] (#cite_note-3) She grew up in Croxteth (/wiki/Croxteth) , Liverpool, with her older brother, Tom. Her father, Leo, was an engineer, and her mother, Thelma, worked in catering. After she left school, she worked in wedding catering with her mother. In 1971, at the age of 18, she married Kenny Madine, a businessman with a successful glass company, and the couple had three children: Kenneth, Tracey and Hayley. Thelma and Kenny divorced in 1999. She remarried a year later in 2000, to Peter Akin; their marriage was short lived and they divorced shortly after. Madine continues to use her first husband's surname in order to share the same name as her children. Career [ edit ] With a loan from her aunt and her divorce settlement money, Madine began selling her handmade dresses on a market stall. Madine set up her own chain of children's clothing shops in 2002 called Madine's Miniatures in the Liverpool area. Business took off when she began designing Communion (/wiki/Communion_(Christian)) outfits, but a few years later business disintegrated and she was forced to close shop. In 2006, she managed to resurrect her business with financial help from her aunt and a business partner. She set up a stall in Paddy's Market still selling Communion clothes, specialising in christening outfits for girls. Madine's designs were inspired by the elaborateness of historical outfits. In 2003, a traveller woman who frequented her stall, and had become her friend, asked Madine to make a wedding dress for her daughter. After that, she received more requests, which led to her setting up her now-famous wedding dress shop, and gradually attracted the attention of the media, including Dr Jenny Popplewell, the creator and developer of Big Fat Gypsy Weddings (/wiki/Big_Fat_Gypsy_Weddings) . [1] (#cite_note-tel100312-1) Madine has in recent years progressed to offering wedding planning services. My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding [ edit ] Madine initially declined invitations to appear on the Channel 4 (/wiki/Channel_4) show, My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding (/wiki/Big_Fat_Gypsy_Weddings) , as she had done something similar in 2007 and did not like the way the traveller community had been portrayed. Eventually she agreed and the show became a success. [4] (#cite_note-liv290212-4) Writing [ edit ] In 2012, Madine published a book, Tales of the Gypsy Dressmaker , about her experiences with the traveller community. [4] (#cite_note-liv290212-4) Figurines [ edit ] In 2014, she teamed up with The English Ladies Co, china figurines designers based in Stoke-on-Trent (/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent) , to create a range of figurines called Gypsy Wedding Dreams . Each figurine is inspired by Madine's wedding dress designs, and individually handmade by artisans, hence the unique appearance and high attention to detail. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b McKay, Caragh (10 March 2012). "The woman behind the Big Fat Gypsy Wedding dresses" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9133098/The-woman-behind-the-Big-Fat-Gypsy-Wedding-dresses.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Donnelly, Sophie (5 April 2012). "Big Fat Gypsy Wedding dressmaker Thelma Madine My failed marriage sparked my empire" (http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/312648/Big-Fat-Gypsy-Weddings-dressmaker-Thelma-Madine-My-failed-marriage-sparked-my-empire) . Daily Express (/wiki/Daily_Express) . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Index entry" (https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=%2BsuFM2Th%2BxkFgzq%2BAWN%2FGw&scan=1) . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 10 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Susan (29 February 2012). "My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding Dressmaker Thelma Madine lifts the lid on her life" (http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/big-fat-gypsy-wedding-dressmaker-3354013) . Liverpool Echo (/wiki/Liverpool_Echo) . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "New range of 'gypsy wedding' figurines launched by Camal Enterprises" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141222053607/http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/New-range-gypsy-wedding-figurines-launched-Camal/story-24519194-detail/story.html) . Stoke Sentinel . 12 November 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/New-range-gypsy-wedding-figurines-launched-Camal/story-24519194-detail/story.html) on 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Gypsy Wedding Dreams Figurines" (http://www.englishladiesfigurines.com/blogs/news/15970324-gypsy-wedding-dreams-figurines) . English Ladies Co . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . 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British jewellery company Heming & Co. Limited Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Jewellery Founded London (1745 ( 1745 ) ) Founder Thomas Heming Headquarters London , United Kingdom Website hemingjewels (http://hemingjewels.com) .com (http://hemingjewels.com) Heming is a British jewellery company, founded in London in 1745. The company has a showroom in the Piccadilly Arcade (/wiki/Piccadilly_Arcade) near to the original store on Piccadilly. History [ edit ] Thomas Heming’s trade card & shop interior, The King’s Arms, New Bond St c.1765 Heming's history dates to 1738 when Thomas Heming began his apprenticeship to the Huguenot silver and goldsmith Peter Archambo (/wiki/Peter_Archambo_I) . [1] (#cite_note-1) In 1745 Thomas Heming entered his first mark at Goldsmith's Hall, registered to a Piccadilly address, before going on to trade from his shop at the King's Arms in New Bond Street, opposite Clifford Street. [2] (#cite_note-2) Heming was made a freeman of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths (/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Goldsmiths) in 1746 and rose to prominence in 1760 with his appointment as Principal Goldsmith to King George III (/wiki/King_George_III) , a position held until 1782. [3] (#cite_note-3) It was Lord Bute (/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute) , one of Heming’s most important patrons, who encouraged this significant new appointment. Heming was the first working goldsmith to hold this post since the early seventeenth century and the majority of pieces were made in his own workshop. The superb quality and refined delicacy of many of the items reflect the influence of Peter Archambo (/wiki/Archambo) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Products [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Heming_(company)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( May 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) During Thomas Heming's tenure as Principal Goldsmith to the King, George III (/wiki/George_III) commissioned numerous items including the Coronation Service. A large number remain with the Royal Collection (/wiki/Royal_Collection) . View of the current Heming store at London's Piccadilly Arcade Heming's reputation as a British jeweller grew during the 20th century with additional Royal Appointments. Today the company designs classic jewellery as well as contemporary collections incorporating diamonds (/wiki/Diamonds) and gemstones (/wiki/Gemstones) set in precious metals (/wiki/Precious_metals) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) A. Grimwade: London Goldsmiths, 1697–1837: Their Marks and Lives (London, 1976, rev. 3/1990) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Sotheby's: Arts of Europe, 4 December 2012 ref lot 405, retrieved 30/10/2013 ^ (#cite_ref-3) A. Grimwade: London Goldsmiths, 1697–1837: Their Marks and Lives (London, 1976, rev. 3/1990) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Explore the Royal Collection Online" (http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?searchText=Coronation&object=50805_1&row=79&detail=about) . www.royalcollection.org.uk . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . 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Defunct American luxury outlet stores This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Barneys_Warehouse&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Barneys+Warehouse&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Barneys+Warehouse) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Barneys_Warehouse) for suggestions. ( June 2024 ) Barneys Warehouse Industry fashion retailer (/wiki/Fashion_retailer) Founded 1970 Headquarters New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) Area served California (/wiki/California) Florida (/wiki/Florida) Hawaii (/wiki/Hawaii) Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) Massachusetts (/wiki/Massachusetts) New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) Virginia (/wiki/Virginia) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) Barneys Warehouse was an American fashion (/wiki/Fashion) retailer (/wiki/Retailers) headquartered in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . Barneys Warehouse was owned by Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) and began in 1970 as a semi-annual sale that offered large discounts (/wiki/Discounts) on designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Barneys Warehouse had 11 brick and mortar (/wiki/Brick_and_mortar) stores [2] (#cite_note-2) and launched an e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) website (http://www.barneyswarehouse.com/) in 2013. [3] (#cite_note-3) Barneys Warehouse offered deals up to 75% off retail prices (/wiki/Price) [4] (#cite_note-4) from luxury (/wiki/Luxury_goods) designers such as Marni (/wiki/Marni) , Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) , Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) , Rag & Bone (/wiki/Rag_%26_Bone) , Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) , Isabel Marant (/wiki/Isabel_Marant) , John Varvatos (/wiki/John_Varvatos) , 3.1 Phillip Lim (/wiki/3.1_Phillip_Lim) , and Marc by Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_by_Marc_Jacobs) . Barneys Warehouse closed following the 2019 bankruptcy of Barneys New York. The First Barneys Warehouse Sale [ edit ] In August 1970, the idea for the first Barneys Warehouse Sale was born. To generate both extra revenue and advertising, as well as to move through inventory (/wiki/Inventory) , Barneys would host a clearance event in the 17,000 square foot first floor of the warehouse (/wiki/Warehouse) building in Chelsea (/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan) . [5] (#cite_note-5) The first sale ran from September 8, 1970 to September 12, 1970. The advertising for the first Barneys Warehouse Sale put a focus on the need to sell the past season's inventory. This was to excite customers about the new merchandise (/wiki/Merchandise) that would eventually take the old inventory's place. Advertisements also promoted that only certain quantities were available for specific designers. On September 8, the first day of the Barneys Warehouse Sale, a full-page advertisement with the headline "Don't Go to Work Today" ran in both The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) [6] (#cite_note-6) and The New York Daily News (/wiki/The_New_York_Daily_News) . There were many radio advertisements throughout the course of the sale, and these changed by the day to portray a sense of urgency to the potential customers. The first Barneys Warehouse Sale sold over 30,000 units of designer clothing, served approximately 20,000 customers, and generated $1,108,500 in sales. [7] (#cite_note-7) The Transition [ edit ] In September 1971, the Barneys Second Annual Warehouse Sale was held. To promote the second sale, advertisements portrayed the great designer deals that customers were able to receive at the first sale. In 1995, the first Barneys New York Outlet opened. The semi-annual [8] (#cite_note-8) Barneys Warehouse Sale was held for 42 consecutive years at the Chelsea warehouse location. [9] (#cite_note-9) The Barneys Warehouse Sale expanded to other markets such as Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) [10] (#cite_note-10) and Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . [11] (#cite_note-11) BarneysWarehouse.com (http://www.barneyswarehouse.com) was launched in 2013 so customers could access deep designer discounts online (http://www.barneyswarehouse.com) . [12] (#cite_note-12) The final Barneys Warehouse Sale was in 2014. [13] (#cite_note-13) Stores [ edit ] The first Barneys New York Outlet opened in 1995. [ citation needed ] In 2014, the store locations were renamed Barneys New York Warehouse to reflect the heritage of the Barneys Warehouse Sales that were held in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) . There are 11 Barneys New York Warehouse locations. [14] (#cite_note-14) The stores are located at high-traffic outlet centers such as Woodbury Common Premium Outlets (/wiki/Woodbury_Common_Premium_Outlets) and Tanger Outlets (/wiki/Tanger_Outlets) . California Cabazon (/wiki/Cabazon,_California) - Desert Hills Premium Outlets (/wiki/Desert_Hills_Premium_Outlets) (opened 1995) [15] (#cite_note-15) Camarillo (/wiki/Camarillo) - Camarillo Premium Outlets (http://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/camarillo) (opened 1995) [16] (#cite_note-16) Carlsbad (/wiki/Carlsbad,_California) - Carlsbad Premium Outlets (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/carlsbad) (opened 1997) [17] (#cite_note-17) Livermore (/wiki/Livermore,_California) - San Francisco Premium Outlets (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/san-francisco) (opened 2012) [18] (#cite_note-18) Florida Sunrise (/wiki/Sunrise,_Florida) - Sawgrass Mills (/wiki/Sawgrass_Mills_Mall) (opened 2006) [19] (#cite_note-19) Orlando (/wiki/Orlando,_Florida) - Orlando Vineland Premium Outlets (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/orlando-vineland) [20] (#cite_note-20) Hawaii Waipahu (/wiki/Waipahu,_Hawaii) - Waikele Premium Outlets (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/waikele) (opened 1997) [21] (#cite_note-21) Illinois Rosemont (/wiki/Rosemont,_Illinois) - Fashion Outlets of Chicago (/wiki/Fashion_Outlets_of_Chicago) (opened 2013) [22] (#cite_note-22) Massachusetts Wrentham (/wiki/Wrentham,_Massachusetts) - Wrentham Village Premium Outlets (/wiki/Wrentham_Village_Premium_Outlets) (opened 1997) [23] (#cite_note-23) New York Central Valley (/wiki/Central_Valley,_New_York) - Woodbury Commons Premium Outlets (/wiki/Woodbury_Commons) (opened 1996) [24] (#cite_note-24) Riverhead (/wiki/Riverhead,_New_York) - Tanger Outlets (/wiki/Tanger_Outlets) (opened 1997) [25] (#cite_note-25) Virginia Leesburg (/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia) - Leesburg Corner Premium Outlets (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/leesburg-corner) (opened 2001) [26] (#cite_note-26) E-Commerce [ edit ] With the launch of BarneysWarehouse.com (http://www.barneyswarehouse.com) in February 2013, [27] (#cite_note-27) customers no longer have to wait in line to access the designer discounts that the semi-annual Barneys Warehouse Sale offered. [28] (#cite_note-28) BarneysWarehouse.com (http://www.barneyswarehouse.com) offers international shipping to over 100 countries. [29] (#cite_note-29) The retailer has a presence on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) , Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) , and Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) . The Barneys Warehouse Facebook Page (https://www.facebook.com/BarneysWarehouse/) has over 128,000 likes. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Caramanica, Jon (2010-02-17). "What Does Taste Have to Do With it?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/fashion/18CRITIC.html?_r=0) . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Stores" (http://www.barneyswarehouse.com/location/#!/) . Barneys Warehouse . Barneys New York . Retrieved December 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Levinson, Lauren (2012-07-19). "Breaking: Barneys Warehouse Sale Goes Online" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/shopping/news/a16157/barneys-new-york-warehouse-sale-goes-online/) . Elle . Hearst Digital Media . Retrieved December 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Murray, Rheana (5 February 2013). "Barneys Warehouse sale launches permanent website" (http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/fashion/barneys-warehouse-sale-moves-online-article-1.1255881) . Daily News . NYDailyNews.com . Retrieved December 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Otis, Ginger. New York City City Guide . Lonely Planet. p. 223. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Gershman, Suzy (2008). Suzy Gershman's Born to Shop in New York (12th ed.). Wiley Publishing, Inc. p. 300 (https://archive.org/details/suzygershmansbor00gers_144/page/n310) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780470405703 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Byrne, Jack (25 October 2010). "Don't Go to Work Today" (http://jack-byrne.com/a-mad-life-in-advertising/dont-go-to-work-today/) . jack-byrne.com . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) News, Bloomberg (2001-05-26). "Barneys Loss Widens on Slump in Sales" (https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/26/business/barneys-loss-widens-on-slump-in-sales.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : |last1= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Leffel, Caitlin (2006). The Best Things to Do in New York . Universe Publishing. p. 49 (https://archive.org/details/bestthingstodoin00cait/page/49) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780789313980 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Walsh, Peter. "Barneys New York plans to open its fourth outlet store, this time in the Desert Hills Factory Stores Mall in Cabazon, California" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160310122052/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17194623.html) . HighBeam Research . Cengage Learning. Archived from the original (https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17194623.html) on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Zoe, Rachel (3 February 2010). "Spotlight: Barneys Warehouse Sale" (http://thezoereport.com/fashion/spotlight-barneys-sale-la/) . The Zoe Report . Zoe Media Group . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Maybank, Alexis (2012). By Invitation Only: How We Built Gilt and Changed the Way Millions Shop . New York: Penguin Group. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "The Barneys Warehouse Sale Has Arrived" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305162657/http://thewindow.barneys.com/warehouse-sale/) . The Window . Barneys New York. Archived from the original (http://thewindow.barneys.com/warehouse-sale/) on 2016-03-05 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (http://www.simon.com/search/barneys+new+york+warehouse) . Simon . Simon Property Group . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/desert-hills/stores/barneys-new-york-warehouse) . Premium Outlets . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/camarillo/stores/barneys-new-york-warehouse) . Premium Outlets . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/carlsbad/stores/barneys-new-york-warehouse) . Premium Outlets . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/san-francisco/stores/barneys-new-york-warehouse) . Premium Outlets . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (http://www.simon.com/mall/sawgrass-mills/stores/barneys-new-york-warehouse) . Premium Outlets . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Barney's New York - Orlando, FL" (https://www.yelp.com/biz/barneys-new-york-orlando) . Yelp . Retrieved 2023-05-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/waikele/stores/barneys-new-york-warehouse) . Premium Outlets . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151229104351/http://www.fashionoutletsofchicago.com/Directory/Details/373383) . Premium Outlets . Archived from the original (http://www.fashionoutletsofchicago.com/Directory/Details/373383) on 29 December 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/wrentham-village/stores/barneys-new-york-warehouse) . Premium Outlets . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/woodbury-common/stores/barneys-new-york-warehouse) . Premium Outlets . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (http://www.tangeroutlet.com/riverhead/store/barneys-new-york-warehouse-outlet-stores/912) . Premium Outlets . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Barneys New York Warehouse" (https://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/leesburg-corner/stores/barneys-new-york-warehouse) . Premium Outlets . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Folan, Kerry (2012-08-02). "BREAKING: The Barneys Warehouse Sale Secretly Launched Online This Morning" (http://www.racked.com/2012/8/2/7715793/the-barneys-warehouse-sale-secretly-launched-online-this-morning#4558368) . Racked . VOX Media . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Kanter, Sharon. "Barneys Warehouse Sale Will Be Available Online" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011955/http://www.instyle.com/news/barneys-warehouse-sale-will-be-available-online) . InStyle . Time Inc. Style Network. Archived from the original (http://www.instyle.com/news/barneys-warehouse-sale-will-be-available-online) on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Customer Service" (http://www.barneyswarehouse.com/customerservice) . Barneys Warehouse . Barneys New York . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is High-heeled shoe (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to High heels (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:High_heels) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jftpp Cached time: 20240720191113 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.050 seconds Real time usage: 0.080 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 135/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2821/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 275/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.029/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1058103/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 71.910 1 -total 56.78% 40.830 1 Template:Commons_category 54.44% 39.146 1 Template:Sister_project 52.42% 37.696 1 Template:Side_box 43.10% 30.991 1 Template:Cat_main 5.94% 4.270 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10855197-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720191113 and revision id 1164640015. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "High-heeled footwear" The following 18 pages are in this category, out of 18 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . High-heeled shoe (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) A Armadillo shoe (/wiki/Armadillo_shoe) B Ballet boot (/wiki/Ballet_boot) Beatle boot (/wiki/Beatle_boot) C Clear heels (/wiki/Clear_heels) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Cowboy boot (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) F Fuck-me shoes (/wiki/Fuck-me_shoes) H High heel policy (/wiki/High_heel_policy) High-Heel Wedding Church (/wiki/High-Heel_Wedding_Church) I Insolia (/wiki/Insolia) J Jump boot (/wiki/Jump_boot) K Kitten heel (/wiki/Kitten_heel) KuToo movement (/wiki/KuToo_movement) P Platform shoe (/wiki/Platform_shoe) S Spool heel (/wiki/Spool_heel) Stiletto heel (/wiki/Stiletto_heel) U United Nude (/wiki/United_Nude) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:High-heeled_footwear&oldid=1164640015 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:High-heeled_footwear&oldid=1164640015) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Footwear (/wiki/Category:Footwear) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
American journalist Lori Goldstein Nationality American Occupation Fashion designer Known for "Everything goes with anything" Label LOGO by Lori Goldstein for QVC (/wiki/QVC) Awards VH1 Fashion and Media award for best styling of Madonna's "Take A Bow" music video Website LoriGoldstein.com (http://www.lorigoldstein.com/) Lori Goldstein is an American fashion stylist, editor, [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) designer of LOGO by Lori Goldstein for QVC (/wiki/QVC) , and author of 'Lori Goldstein: Style Is Instinct'. [3] (#cite_note-3) She has frequently collaborated with photographers Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) and Annie Leibovitz (/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz) , creating well-known ad campaigns and editorials. [4] (#cite_note-4) She was also the first agency-signed stylist, signing with Art + Commerce, now a division of IMG (/wiki/IMG_(company)) . Life and career [ edit ] Goldstein was born in Columbus, Ohio and got her first fashion job working at Fred Segal (/wiki/Fred_Segal) in Los Angeles. While accompanying Segal on a buying trip to New York, she decided to move to New York City to launch her fashion career. [5] (#cite_note-5) She then started her editorial work at Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) and Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) magazine, as well as collaborating with Annie Leibovitz (/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz) on a series of GAP (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) and American Express (/wiki/American_Express) ad campaigns and beginning her partnership with Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) on a number of projects, including their Valley of the Dolls -inspired ad for Versace (/wiki/Versace) . [6] (#cite_note-6) She has styled campaigns for high-end brands such as Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , Tiffany & Co (/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Elie Tahari (/wiki/Elie_Tahari) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) , BCBG Max Azria (/wiki/BCBG_Max_Azria) , Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) , Harry Winston (/wiki/Harry_Winston) , Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , Nina Ricci (brand) (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(brand)) and Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) . [7] (#cite_note-7) She held contributing editor positions at Elle Magazine (/wiki/Elle_Magazine) , W Magazine (/wiki/W_Magazine) , and Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , and styled editorials for Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , i-D (/wiki/I-D) , Vogue China (/wiki/Vogue_China) and Los Angeles Times Magazine (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Magazine) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Goldstein worked extensively with Mario Testino, her former roommate, styling Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) 's 1995 Versace ads, Ray of Light (/wiki/Ray_of_Light) and Something to Remember (/wiki/Something_to_Remember) albums, all photographed by Testino. Goldstein received the VH1 Fashion and Media award for best styling of Madonna's "Take A Bow" music video. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) QVC [ edit ] LOGO by Goldstein debuted on QVC in 2009, when the network teamed up with Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week. [11] (#cite_note-11) The line covers apparel, jewelry, footwear, eyewear, and home decor items. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2014, the brand was awarded "Apparel Product Concept of the Year" and Goldstein named QVC Ambassador. In 2015, LOGO was allotted a regular Monday primetime show on QVC as well as an afternoon edition show on Thursdays. [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Lori Goldstein Won't Be A Train Wreck For Your Viewing Pleasure" (http://www.style.com/stylefile/2009/09/lori-goldstein-wont-be-a-train-wreck-for-your-viewing-pleasure/) . Style . Retrieved August 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Zee, Joe (November 23, 2013). "LEGENDARY STYLIST (AND ELLE FASHION EDITOR-AT-LARGE) LORI GOLDSTEIN ON THE STORIES BEHIND THE PICTURES" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/spotlight/lori-goldstein-interview) . Elle . Retrieved August 31, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Elle Hires Carmen Borgonovo and Lori Goldstein" (http://nymag.com/thecut/2012/12/elle-hires-carmen-borgonovo-and-lori-goldstein.html) . NY Mag. December 14, 2012 . Retrieved July 15, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Lori Goldstein Profile" (http://models.com/people/lori-goldstein) . models.com . Retrieved July 15, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Trebay, Guy (October 25, 2013). "Lori Goldstein: With Her Magic, Fashion Becomes Art" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/fashion/lori-goldstein-with-her-magic-fashion-becomes-art.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Career Timeline: Lori Goldstein" (http://www.theschoolofstyle.com/blog/career-timeline-lori-goldstein/) . School of Style. March 26, 2014 . Retrieved July 15, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Milstein, Toby (November 7, 2013). "Meet the Stylist Behind Some of Fashion's Most Iconic Images" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/07/meet-the-stylist-behind-some-of-fashions-most-iconic-images.html) . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 22, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Fashion Industry Archive — People: Lori Goldstein" (https://archive.today/20140717233739/http://fashionindustryarchive.com/people/Lori-Goldstein/) . Fashion Industry Archive . Archived from the original (http://fashionindustryarchive.com/people/Lori-Goldstein/) on July 17, 2014 . Retrieved July 16, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Lori Goldstein: Style is Instinct" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160216143252/http://www.la.com/style-beauty/ci_24720603/lori-goldstein-style-is-instinct-event-at-fred) . www.la.com . Archived from the original (http://www.la.com/style-beauty/ci_24720603/lori-goldstein-style-is-instinct-event-at-fred) on February 16, 2016 . Retrieved July 15, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Lori Goldstein — The Work, Celebrity" (http://www.lorigoldstein.com/work.cfm?filter=celebrity) . lorigoldstein.com . Retrieved July 16, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Lori Goldstein Photos Photos: QVC Returns To Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week" (http://www.zimbio.com/photos/Lori+Goldstein/QVC+Returns+Mercedes+Benz+Fashion+Week/XjM3by0wT47) . Zimbio . Retrieved August 9, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Shaw, Dan (August 25, 2016). "Lori Goldstein's Transition From Magazines to QVC" (http://lipulse.com/2016/08/25/lori-goldsteins-transition-magazines-qvc/) . Long Island Pulse Magazine . Retrieved August 9, 2019 . 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Yellow Valentino dress of Cate Blanchett Designer Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_Garavani) Year 2005 Type Yellow taffeta dress Material Silk (/wiki/Silk) Australian actress Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) wore a pale yellow silk (/wiki/Silk) taffeta (/wiki/Taffeta) Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_Garavani) dress to the 77th Academy Awards (/wiki/77th_Academy_Awards) on 26 February 2005. It was the dress Blanchett wore when she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress) for her performance in The Aviator (/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)) in front of some 42.1 million people on American television. [1] (#cite_note-BBC-1) [2] (#cite_note-WWD-2) Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) has cited the gown as one of the Best Oscar dresses of all time, stating, "In this yellow silk taffeta gown created especially for her by Valentino, Cate looks like a classic Hollywood starlet. The one-shoulder strap and contrasting belt are great details, and the color is perfect for her milk-white skin." [3] (#cite_note-Cos-3) Features and influences [ edit ] The dress worn by Blanchett was a long silk taffeta strapless gown, with embroidery on the left shoulder and a satin burgundy bow sash. [4] (#cite_note-TC-4) The yellow colour of the dress was intended to be a "special yellow" colour according to Valentino in a March 2005 interview with People magazine (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . [5] (#cite_note-People-5) He stated that his intention was to achieve the feeling of serenity when looking at Cate's dress, the look of a modern goddess. [6] (#cite_note-WD0707-6) Although yellow was considered to be the "in" colour for 2005, according to Valentino in a 2006 interview, his motivation for designing dresses is not what the trends are but a genuine desire to create "sexy, feminine pieces that enhance a woman's beauty and accentuate her best features." [7] (#cite_note-7) According to Karen Kay, the fashion correspondent for Sky News (/wiki/Sky_News) , the dress and others at the ceremony represented the fashion of old-school 30s Hollywood, which she believed was "probably inspired a little bit by "The Aviator", leading it to be a "vintage year for fashion". [8] (#cite_note-8) The Washington Post (/wiki/Washington_Post) likened Blanchett's yellow dress to vintage 1940s Norman Norell (/wiki/Norman_Norell) dresses on display at the Fabulous! Fashions of the Terrace Gallery (/w/index.php?title=Terrace_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1) at the Kennedy Center (/wiki/Kennedy_Center) . [9] (#cite_note-9) Reception [ edit ] "I already knew I wanted to wear Valentino--I wanted something with a classicism to it, and he's the master of that. I'd seen a dress in yellow. I loved it; I thought it was really striking. And when I tried it on, the sun was beaming through the windows, and the fabric was shot through with a pink and blue. Because the Oscars start out as a daytime event, I thought it would be amazing in the sunlight." —Blanchett on her decision to wear yellow Valentino. [10] (#cite_note-10) As a result of wearing the dress, Blanchett topped many of the year's best-dressed lists. [4] (#cite_note-TC-4) Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) cited the dress as one of the fashion highlights of the year, a "custom butter-yellow Valentino" in which she picked up Best Supporting Actress for The Aviator (/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)) . [11] (#cite_note-11) Fashion writer Ellie Levenson, writing for the BBC (/wiki/BBC) , remarked that Blanchett was "impeccably dressed in yellow Valentino couture." [1] (#cite_note-BBC-1) The Charleston Gazette (/wiki/The_Charleston_Gazette) said that Blanchett's arrival in the dress was the most replayed red-carpet moment of the Academy Awards of that year. [12] (#cite_note-12) However, although yellow was a popular colour in 2005 summer fashion, and Cosmopolitan cited the dress as among the best Oscar dresses of all time, [3] (#cite_note-Cos-3) fashion critics were divided on the dress. [13] (#cite_note-13) Lesley Kennedy of the Rocky Mountain News (/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News) considered the 2005 Oscars to be a "giant fashion runway". She noted that many actresses attending the ceremony opted for strapless gowns, and said that unlike Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , Scarlett Johansson (/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson) , Kirsten Dunst (/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst) , Drew Barrymore (/wiki/Drew_Barrymore) and Annette Bening (/wiki/Annette_Bening) who wore black, the "usually spot-on Cate Blanchett (in Valentino) looked a little bit like a bruised banana in her yellow and burgundy-brown dress." [14] (#cite_note-RMN-14) Kennedy believed that Blanchett was outshone by Renée Zellweger (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger) wearing Carolina Herrera (/wiki/Carolina_Herrera_(fashion_designer)) . [14] (#cite_note-RMN-14) Blanchett later wore a Silver Giorgio Armani dress (/wiki/Silver_Giorgio_Armani_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) at the 2007 Oscars and in 2013 made a deal with Armani to sell their perfumes for a reported $10 million. [15] (#cite_note-15) Adaptations and retrospect [ edit ] Designers such as ABS by Allen Schwartz (/wiki/Allen_Schwartz) selected Blanchett's dress as one of 6 designs for his adaptations, which included "Cate Blanchett's yellow, one-shouldered look (Valentino), Charlize Theron's strapless aqua blue gown with tiered netting (Dior Couture by John Galliano), Portman's Grecian number (Lanvin), Halle Berry's one-shouldered, champagne-colored gown (Atelier Versace), Rossum's strapless dress (Ralph Lauren) and Gwyneth Paltrow's pale pink strapless gown (Stella McCartney)." The replicas, although without the trains and slightly toned down, were made in a range of fabrics such as satin, velvet and taffeta and were sold for $150–200 in stores in the summer of 2005. [2] (#cite_note-WWD-2) Valentino showcased the yellow dress with the burgundy sash among nearly 300 couture dresses at the retrospective exhibition Valentino in Rome: 45 Years of Style in July 2007. [6] (#cite_note-WD0707-6) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Oscar frocks put colour in shade" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4303585.stm) . BBC . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sarkisian-Miller, Nola (8 March 2005). "Gowns Go From Red Carpet to Retail" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181118215019/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-129979310.html) . WWD. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-129979310.html) on 18 November 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Oscars Best and Worst Dressed" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/best-and-worst-oscar-style) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . 25 February 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Valentino strives for great scent" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160313235345/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23280554.html) . The Columbian (/wiki/The_Columbian) , Vancouver. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23280554.html) on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-People_5-0) People . Time, Inc. March 2005. p. 140 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Time and Again (Valentino S.p.A.'s anniversary celebrations)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160415235022/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-166539492.html) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . 9 July 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-166539492.html) on 15 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Valentino has dressed movie stars, first ladies and crowned heads in 45-year career" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160308232114/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D8UB0AB81.html) . AP Worldstream. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D8UB0AB81.html) on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The Razz At The Oscars" (https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-129439224) . Scottish Daily Record. 1 March 2005. [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Looking for Rosie the Riveting" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160414051015/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-21170.html) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . 25 March 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-21170.html) on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Cate shines: from her acting choices to her red-carpet style, Cate Blanchett always gets it right. Here, she reveals her secrets to chic, why true beauty comes from within and how even a style icon can have a bad hair day" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160415221147/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-134857485.html) . Harper's Bazaar. 1 August 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-134857485.html) on 15 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Valentino" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140719222614/http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Valentino) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Valentino) on 19 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "TiVo viewers replay Foxx speech" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181119172020/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-13877741.html) . The Charleston Gazette (/wiki/The_Charleston_Gazette) , Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . 2 March 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-13877741.html) on 19 November 2018 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Frock Shock or Movie Magic IT'S a night of a thousand stars – and potentially as many style disasters ... Women's Editor Susan Lee rates the Oscar winners and losers" (https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-129439580) . Liverpool Echo (/wiki/Liverpool_Echo) . 28 February 2005. [ dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b Kennedy, Lesley (28 February 2005). "Oscar: A Giant Fashion Runway" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140611111242/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-129352894.html) . Rocky Mountain News (/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News) . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-129352894.html) on 11 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Cate Blanchett paid $10 million to peddle Giorgio Armani perfumes" (https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/celebrity/Cate+Blanchett+paid+million+peddle+Giorgio/8170396/story.html) . Montreal Gazette . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . v t e Notable red carpet outfits (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐5564fbc95c‐rf9sv Cached time: 20240716054235 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.390 seconds Real time usage: 0.481 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1608/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 53559/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2447/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 68082/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.245/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4949436/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 432.887 1 -total 49.60% 214.719 1 Template:Reflist 23.16% 100.239 1 Template:Red_carpet_fashion 23.00% 99.569 2 Template:Navbox 21.98% 95.160 3 Template:Cite_news 12.12% 52.457 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item 11.58% 50.134 1 Template:Infobox 9.02% 39.056 2 Template:Dl 8.90% 38.528 9 Template:Cite_web 7.93% 34.311 2 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31872358-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716054235 and revision id 1212785679. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett&oldid=1212785679 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett&oldid=1212785679) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2005 works (/wiki/Category:2005_works) Outfits worn at the Academy Awards ceremonies (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) Valentino (fashion house) (/wiki/Category:Valentino_(fashion_house)) Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Category:Cate_Blanchett) Yellow dresses (/wiki/Category:Yellow_dresses) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from July 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2021) EngvarB from July 2021 (/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_July_2021) Use dmy dates from July 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2021)
Lace made from metal or metallic threads Early bobbin lace in gold and silver thread, c. 1570. Parchment With Unfinished Needle Lace (England), 17th century (CH 18637569) Length of Lace LACMA M.67.50.25 (1 of 2) Metal lace describes a type of lace (/wiki/Lace) made from metal (/wiki/Metal_thread) or metallic threads (/wiki/Metallic_thread) , such as gold (/wiki/Gold) , silver (/wiki/Silver) , or copper (/wiki/Copper) . The designs can be worked on a textile ground, or the lace can completely be made from metallic threads. It is mainly used as an embellishment for military uniforms, fashionable, ceremonial and theatrical dress, and ecclesiastical textiles. [1] (#cite_note-venable-1) Gold lace [ edit ] Lace made using gold wire has been produced since antiquity, with examples of gold netting found in Egyptian (/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt) and Assyrian (/wiki/Assyria) tombs from 1500 to 1000 BCE. [1] (#cite_note-venable-1) It was mainly produced as an embellishment for religious vestments (/wiki/Vestment) and high status garments. [1] (#cite_note-venable-1) Metal lace, including gold and silver point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) , was produced in Italy until the 15th century, when high taxation and sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_law) led to textile threads such as linen replacing the use of metal. [1] (#cite_note-venable-1) To avoid these costs, the production of metal lace moved to France, where a high demand by royalty and the French aristocracy led to Arras (/wiki/Arras) , Aurillac (/wiki/Aurillac) and other locations becoming renowned for gold lace production. [1] (#cite_note-venable-1) From the 15th century on, most metal lace was a combination of metal and textile threads, rather than made of pure metal. [1] (#cite_note-venable-1) Orris is another term for gold or silver lace, used especially in the 18th century; the term derived from Arras lace (/wiki/Arras_lace) , made in Arras (/wiki/Arras) , France. [2] (#cite_note-2) Gold lace and braiding was a popular option for military uniforms because it resisted tarnish, unlike other metal laces. [3] (#cite_note-3) Contemporary gold lace usually has a high silver percentage, which can be as high as 90%, with the actual gold content as low as 3%. [1] (#cite_note-venable-1) Much modern gold (and other metal) lace is now manufactured in India. [1] (#cite_note-venable-1) Modern Indian "pure gold lace" is technically made from silver that has been electroplated (/wiki/Electroplating) with gold. [4] (#cite_note-4) Copper lace [ edit ] Lace made from copper wire was widely used in Elizabethan era (/wiki/Elizabethan_era) theatre costuming as a substitute for more expensive gold and silver laces. [5] (#cite_note-jones-5) [6] (#cite_note-jean-6) It was a major import, with several tons of copper thread being imported into England between 1594 and 1596, and at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, cost between 9 and 16 pennies an ounce. [6] (#cite_note-jean-6) It had a tendency to tarnish, and was less hard-wearing. [6] (#cite_note-jean-6) Other metals [ edit ] A type of die stamped (/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)) metal "lace" was produced in the 19th and 20th century as a trimming for coffins. [7] (#cite_note-7) Coffin lace became a major industry in Birmingham (/wiki/Birmingham) , where its manufacture in the 1860s could use up to 70 tons of tin per year. [8] (#cite_note-8) Gallery [ edit ] Pair of gloves with early bobbin lace Stomacher with goldwork France France, Strasbourg, mid-18th century, Period of Louis XV - Cap - 1919.855 - Cleveland Museum of Art Gloves, V and A Fragment of Lace LACMA M.67.50.7 Trimming (Italy), early 17th century (CH 18384469-2) Fragment (Italy), 17th century (CH 18173163-2) Length of Lace LACMA M.67.50.15 (1 of 2) Night cap MET DP159783 Cap, 17th–18th century (CH 18344921) Cap Crown (Austria), 19th century (CH 18562325) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Venable, Shannon L. (2011). Gold: a cultural encyclopedia . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–196. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313384301 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Brooks Picken, Mary (2013). A Dictionary of Costume and Fashion: Historic and Modern . Courier Corporation. p. 202. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780486141602 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) McChristian, Douglas C. (2007). Uniforms, arms, and equipment: the U.S. Army on the Western Frontier, 1880-1892 . Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma. p. 189. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780806137896 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Naik, Shailaja D. (1996). Traditional embroideries of India . New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. Corp. p. 144. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788170247319 . ^ (#cite_ref-jones_5-0) Jones, Ann Rosalind; Stallybrass, Peter (2000). Renaissance clothing and the materials of memory (4. print. ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 191. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521786638 . ^ Jump up to: a b c MacIntyre, Jean (1992). Costumes and scripts in the Elizabethan theatres (1st publ. ed.). Edmonton: Univ. of Alberta Press. pp. 93–96. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780888642264 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Coffin lace" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O166257/coffin-lace-unknown/) . Search the Collections . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Page, William; Salzman, Louis Francis (1908). Doubleday, Herbert Arthur (ed.). The Victoria History of the County of Warwick: Warwickshire . A. Constable. From 60 to 70 tons of block tin were consumed annually in Birmingham in 1866 in the manufacture of coffin-lace v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) 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British professor of fashion Janey Ironside Janey Ironside on the cover of Janey & Me by her daughter Virginia Ironside (/wiki/Virginia_Ironside) Born Janey Acheson 1919 ( 1919 ) Died 6 April 1979 (aged 59–60) Education Central School of Arts & Crafts (/wiki/Central_School_of_Arts_%26_Crafts) Occupation Professor Spouse Christopher Ironside (/wiki/Christopher_Ironside) ​ ​ ( m. 1939; div. 1961) ​ Children 1, Virginia (/wiki/Virginia_Ironside) Janey Ironside (1919 – 6 April 1979) [1] (#cite_note-Times-1) was a British academic who was professor of fashion at London's Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) , a position she held from 1956 to 1968. She was a key figure in enabling fashion to be accepted as a valid academic subject in Britain. Described by her daughter Virginia as a "style icon", she died aged 60 after several suicide attempts and having suffered medical complications caused by alcoholism. Early life and career [ edit ] Janey Ironside was born Janey Acheson. Her father was an important figure in the Indian Civil Service (/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service) . She was sent to school in Winchester (/wiki/Winchester) , England. This was followed by courses in dress making at the Central School of Arts & Crafts (/wiki/Central_School_of_Arts_%26_Crafts) in London in the 1930s. [1] (#cite_note-Times-1) During World War Two, Ironside lived in Leamington Spa (/wiki/Leamington_Spa) and would visit evacuees recovering in a nearby convalescent home. She produced over forty pencil and watercolour studies of the children in the home and a number of these works were presented to the Imperial War Museum (/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum) in 1981. [2] (#cite_note-Palmer-2) [3] (#cite_note-IWMjiside-3) She advertised her services as a "designer dressmaker" in Vogue and her customers included debutants and fashion editors. Her work was mainly made-to-order evening wear and wedding dresses, but by 1952 she had designed a full collection for a large retailer. [4] (#cite_note-McRobbie-4) In 1949, Ironside taught at the private Fashion School in Ennismore Gardens (/wiki/Ennismore_Gardens) , Kensington, next to the Royal College of Art. [4] (#cite_note-McRobbie-4) Style [ edit ] Ironside's personal style was based on Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's maxim that "to please a man, or to stop a show, use black, white and scarlet." [ citation needed ] She wore mainly dark colours with red lipstick, which set off her pale skin and dark hair. Her fashions were influenced by Paris and Dior's New Look (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.#The_"New_Look") but on the cheap using the materials she could find. Due to post World War II rationing she bought material intended for blackout (/wiki/Blackout_(wartime)) curtains to make outfits. [ citation needed ] Royal College of Art [ edit ] In 1956, at Robin Darwin (/wiki/Robin_Darwin) 's urging, Ironside was appointed as the Royal College of Art (/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art) 's professor of fashion, a post she was to hold until 1968. [1] (#cite_note-Times-1) She replaced Madge Garland (/wiki/Madge_Garland) , whose assistant she had once been, in the post. [1] (#cite_note-Times-1) [5] (#cite_note-last-5) The appointment came just as British fashion was about to enter its "youthquake" (/wiki/Youthquake_(movement)) phase. According to Elizabeth Wilson, Ironside attributed this phenomenon to a combination of British eccentricity and the Welfare State and educational grants which allowed people with talent that would once have been wasted to go to college. [6] (#cite_note-Wilson-6) Angela McRobbie described Ironside, along with Muriel Pemberton (/wiki/Muriel_Pemberton) , as the key figures in enabling fashion to attain academic respectability in Britain. [4] (#cite_note-McRobbie-4) Ironside's students included Bill Gibb (/wiki/Bill_Gibb) , Ossie Clark (/wiki/Ossie_Clark) , Zandra Rhodes (/wiki/Zandra_Rhodes) , Moya Bowler (/wiki/Moya_Bowler) , Janice Wainwright (/wiki/Janice_Wainwright_(fashion_designer)) , Sally Tuffin (/wiki/Sally_Tuffin) and Marion Foale (/wiki/Marion_Foale) . [1] (#cite_note-Times-1) She introduced a menswear course and was laughed at when she said she thought Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) stylish. [ citation needed ] Antony Price (/wiki/Antony_Price) , a student on the menswear course, went on to create the suited look favoured by Bryan Ferry (/wiki/Bryan_Ferry) and others. [ citation needed ] When the College was given the power to award degrees, however, her School of Fashion was excluded. [1] (#cite_note-Times-1) After Ironside lost her post in 1968, according to her daughter in her book Janey and Me , there followed a downward spiral of alcohol abuse and depression. [7] (#cite_note-Telegraph-7) [8] (#cite_note-Guardian-8) In 1968, Ironside produced A Fashion Alphabet which was notable for its pithy aphorisms, such as "necklines always make headlines." More seriously, the book expounded Ironside's view that "fashion in clothing is one of the great living arts of civilisation", listing 49 types of collars and 22 types of sleeves for instance. [9] (#cite_note-last2-9) Personal life [ edit ] In 1939, she married Christopher Ironside (/wiki/Christopher_Ironside) (1913–1992), the artist and coin designer. They had one daughter, the journalist and novelist Virginia Ironside (/wiki/Virginia_Ironside) (born 1944). The marriage was dissolved in 1961, and he remarried later that year. [10] (#cite_note-Independent-10) She wrote an autobiography Janey which The Times described as illuminating "a great deal more than the world of fashion". [1] (#cite_note-Times-1) Death [ edit ] Ironside made several suicide attempts and suffered serious medical complications from alcoholism including cirrhosis of the liver (/wiki/Cirrhosis_of_the_liver) . When she eventually died on 6 April 1979, it was November before a short obituary appeared in The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . It paid tribute to her eye for colour, her skills as an educator and her "green thumb" which allowed her students to flourish, but made no mention of the later, troubled, period of her life. [1] (#cite_note-Times-1) Selected publications [ edit ] Fashion as a Career. Museum Press, London, 1962. Fashion from Ancient Egypt to the Present . Hamlyn (/wiki/Hamlyn_(publishers)) , London, 1965. (Introduction) A Fashion Alphabet . Michael Joseph (/wiki/Michael_Joseph_(publisher)) , London, 1968. Janey: An Autobiography . Michael Joseph, London, 1973. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Professor Janey Ironside", The Times (/wiki/The_Times) , 19 November 1979, p. IV. ^ (#cite_ref-Palmer_2-0) Kathleen Palmer (2011). Women War Artists . Tate Publishing/Imperial War Museum. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85437-989-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-IWMjiside_3-0) Imperial War Museum. "Collection search, Janey Ironside" (http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/search?f%5B0%5D=makerString%3AIronside%2C%20Janey&query=) . Imperial War Museum (/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum) . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c McRobbie, Angela (2005). British Fashion Design: Rag Trade or Image Industry . London: Taylor & Francis (/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis) . pp. 24–27. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0415057813 . ^ (#cite_ref-last_5-0) Last-Year Reads: Janey (http://lastyeargirl.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/last-year-reads-janey.html) Last-Year Girl , 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-Wilson_6-0) Wilson, Elizabeth (2003). Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity . Revised and updated edition. London: I.B. Taurus. p. 174. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1860649211 . ^ (#cite_ref-Telegraph_7-0) FitzHerbert, Claudia (21 October 2003). "Plundering the past with the verve of an angry child" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3604881/Plundering-the-past-with-the-verve-of-an-angry-child.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian_8-0) Ironside, Virginia (3 September 2003). " (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2003/sep/03/familyandrelationships.features10) 'I couldn't love my mother' (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2003/sep/03/familyandrelationships.features10) " (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2003/sep/03/familyandrelationships.features10) . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-last2_9-0) Last-Year Reads: A Fashion Alphabet (http://lastyeargirl.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/last-year-reads-fashion-alphabet.html) Last-Year Girl , 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-Independent_10-0) Guyatt, Richard (15 July 1992). "Obituary: Christopher Ironside" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-christopher-ironside-1533420.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . 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Grenoville was a luxury perfume and cosmetics house established by the French perfumer (/wiki/Perfumer) Paul Grenoville in 1879. History [ edit ] A perfumers duo [ edit ] In 1879, the maître parfumeur Paul Grenouille changed his family name into ‘Grenoville’ when he founded his perfume house at 64, rue Rodier in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [1] (#cite_note-1) His name might have inspired that of Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, who is the main character of Patrick Süskind (/wiki/Patrick_S%C3%BCskind) ’s novel Perfume (/wiki/Perfume_(novel)) (1985). Paul Grenoville’s wife, Marie-Marthe Richard, took over the company after her husband died in 1900. Bluet was her first perfume, Rosier du Roy her second. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 1902, she moved Grenoville to new premises at 19, rue Royale (/wiki/Rue_Royale,_Paris) , where the house kept a boutique shop until 1971. In the early 1920s, she established Grenoville’s headquarters and factories at 108-110, Boulevard Péreire in Asnières. Female workers at the Grenoville house were nicknamed the "Grenovillettes". [3] (#cite_note-3) In June 1924, Marie-Marthe Richard sold the house of Grenoville, as well as its factories, to the Parfise company. [4] (#cite_note-4) The Parfise era [ edit ] The Grenoville house was awarded a silver medal at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts (/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Modern_Decorative_and_Industrial_Arts) in 1925. The report on French perfumery at the Exhibition indicated that Grenoville’s perfumes had "gained the favour of elegant women". [5] (#cite_note-5) The Grenoville house developed in the interwar years and branched out in Brussels (/wiki/Brussels) , New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , London (/wiki/London) , and Milan (/wiki/Milan) . Grenoville’s perfumes were also distributed in Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) , Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) , and Algeria (/wiki/Algeria) , where they were advertised as "the best, the most tenacious and the finest". [6] (#cite_note-6) The Grenoville house closed doors in the early 1970s. Perfumes and beauty products [ edit ] Perfumes [ edit ] In about a century of activity, the Grenoville house created many perfumes, among which the most famous were: Ambre hindou Avant l’été Byzance Bluet Casanova Chaîne d’or Cypria Dans un jardin Muguet d’Orly Oeillet fané Piège Prince noir Rosier du roy Victrix Violette Grenoville Grenoville’s perfumes were sold in luxury bottles, some of which were made in Baccarat (/wiki/Baccarat_(company)) cristal. The bottle of Victrix was even designed by the French glassmaker René Lalique (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique) . Cosmetics and beauty products [ edit ] This perfume house also sold beauty products, including a lipstick line called " Sûre d’Elle " (self-confident), [7] (#cite_note-7) and a range of face powders called "Neo Derma" that offered sun and cold protection, [8] (#cite_note-8) as well as balms, talc, brillantine, and shampoos. Advertising [ edit ] Grenoville advertised its products in theatre programmes, illustrated newspapers, and, more importantly, in fashion magazines, including Vogue Paris (/wiki/Vogue_Paris) and Vogue US (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [9] (#cite_note-9) The Grenoville house was also famous for its innovative shop windows. In 1927, Grenoville showed its perfumes at the Hairdressing Fair in a display decorated with an immense vial of perfume, which supported many small vials of identical shape. This stunning display was remarked by Vendre magazine, which specialized in the modern "art of selling". [10] (#cite_note-10) See also [ edit ] Guerlain (/wiki/Guerlain) Houbigant Parfum (/wiki/Houbigant_Parfum) Parfums Lubin (/wiki/Parfums_Lubin) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Mayer Lefkowith, Christie (1998). The art of perfume : discovering and collecting perfume bottles . London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780500280447 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 60133051 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60133051) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) de Feydeau, Élisabeth (2011). Les parfums : histoire, anthologie, dictionnaire . Paris: R. Laffont. p. 917. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782221110072 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 780294962 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780294962) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Un peu de chaleur s.v.p. !". Le Travailleur de la banlieue Ouest : Organe du Parti Communiste . 16 January 1937. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Grenoville". Archives commerciales de la France . 7 June 1924. p. 1034. ^ (#cite_ref-5) La Parfumerie Française à l'Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels modernes . Paris. December 1925. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "L'été et les parfums". La Vie algérienne, tunisienne et marocaine . 25 July 1926. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Advertisement for Sûre d'Elle by Grenoville". Vogue Paris . June 1935. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "La page de Marceline". La Vie algérienne, tunisienne et marocaine . 25 August 1926. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Advertisement for Byzance by Grenoville". Vogue US . April 1932. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "L'exposition de la coiffure Vendre". Vendre . November 1927. p. 475. 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This article is about Warren James, the jewellers. For information about the 19th century miners' leader, see Warren James (/wiki/Warren_James) . This article does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Warren_James_Jewellers) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Warren James Jewellers" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Warren+James+Jewellers%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Warren+James+Jewellers%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Warren+James+Jewellers%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Warren+James+Jewellers%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Warren+James+Jewellers%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Warren+James+Jewellers%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Warren James Jewellers Company type Jewellery Retailer Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded Stockport (/wiki/Stockport) , 1979 Headquarters UK (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Number of locations 225 Products Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Owner Private - family business Number of employees 1650 Website Warren James Website (http://www.warrenjames.co.uk/) Warren James Jewellers is a British jeweller (/wiki/Jeweller) . The company's first branch was opened in Denton, Stockport, in 1979, by a brother/sister partnership who still own and manage the company. The chain has since grown to 225 shops nationwide and is the largest independent jewellers in the United Kingdom. [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Official Site (http://www.warrenjames.co.uk/) This article about a retailer in the United Kingdom is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_James_Jewellers&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐x2ks5 Cached time: 20240713235147 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.249 seconds Real time usage: 0.356 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1400/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23056/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1575/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8616/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.167/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3824239/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 336.739 1 -total 29.86% 100.543 1 Template:Infobox_company 26.61% 89.616 1 Template:Infobox 19.59% 65.964 1 Template:UK-retail-company-stub 19.10% 64.331 1 Template:Asbox 18.57% 62.533 1 Template:Unreferenced 17.63% 59.358 1 Template:Ambox 16.42% 55.297 1 Template:About 6.70% 22.559 1 Template:Cn 5.68% 19.143 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44250691-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713235147 and revision id 1150401569. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_James_Jewellers&oldid=1150401569 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_James_Jewellers&oldid=1150401569) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Jewellery retailers of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_retailers_of_the_United_Kingdom) British companies established in 1979 (/wiki/Category:British_companies_established_in_1979) Retail companies established in 1979 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1979) United Kingdom retail company stubs (/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom_retail_company_stubs) Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) Articles lacking sources from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_sources_from_April_2022) All articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_sources) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
American publicist Desiree Gruber Gruber in 2019. Born ( 1967-06-25 ) June 25, 1967 (age 57) Miami (/wiki/Miami) , Florida (/wiki/Florida) , United States Occupation(s) Television producer, entrepreneur, fashion publicist, venture capitalist Known for Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) , Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) Title CEO (/wiki/CEO) of Full Picture Co-Founder (/wiki/Organizational_founder) of DGNL Ventures Board member of Tech:NYC (/wiki/Tech:NYC) U.S. Fund for UNICEF (/wiki/U.S._Fund_for_UNICEF) New York Regional God's Love We Deliver Spouse Kyle MacLachlan (/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan) ​ ( m. 2002) ​ Children 1 Website www (https://www.fullpicture.com) .fullpicture (https://www.fullpicture.com) .com (https://www.fullpicture.com) Desiree Gruber (born June 25, 1967) is an American television producer and entrepreneur. She was the executive producer of the fashion reality television (/wiki/Reality_television) competition Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) [2] (#cite_note-Bloom-2) and the co-creator of Theodora and Callum, "an accessories-based line inspired by world travel." [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) She is also the founder and CEO of a production company, Full Picture. [4] (#cite_note-Fortune-4) [5] (#cite_note-Forbes-5) Early life and career [ edit ] Gruber was born on June 25, 1967, in Miami (/wiki/Miami) , Florida (/wiki/Florida) . [6] (#cite_note-AD-6) [7] (#cite_note-getty_birthday-7) [8] (#cite_note-callum_born-8) [9] (#cite_note-people-Wedding-9) In an interview with Daily Front Row (/wiki/Daily_Front_Row) , Gruber said that her father was a businessman and a green beret (/wiki/Green_beret) and he had her enrolled in ROTC (/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps) when she was in college, which helped her build leadership skills. [10] (#cite_note-fashion_week_daily-10) She started her professional career as an assistant in the A&R (/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire) department for EMI Records (/wiki/EMI_Records) in 1989, and as the general assistant on the New Music Seminar (/wiki/New_Music_Seminar) in 1990. [11] (#cite_note-pr_week_celeb_circuit-11) In 1991, she joined the marketing agency Rogers & Cowan (/wiki/Rogers_%26_Cowan) as an assistant publicist, later promoted to director of entertainment, and eventually to vice president of entertainment in 1997. During her time there, she helped in the publicizing and branding of Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , The Limited Inc. (/wiki/L_Brands) , and Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) . She also worked on U2 (/wiki/U2) 's PopMart Tour (/wiki/PopMart_Tour) and Miramax Films (/wiki/Miramax) . [12] (#cite_note-variety_rogers-12) [13] (#cite_note-gawker-13) [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) In 1995, she produced the inaugural Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) and has since produced the annual events for over 20 years. [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) [14] (#cite_note-vogue-14) In 1999, she left Rogers & Cowan to establish her own production company, Full Picture. [15] (#cite_note-forbes_allies-15) [16] (#cite_note-Tech-16) In the beginning, her works included Victoria's Secret supermodel Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) and designer Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) . She developed a reality television series Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) along with Klum and Full Picture's executive Jane Cha. [10] (#cite_note-fashion_week_daily-10) She had also done some advising to supermodel Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) . [17] (#cite_note-Coveteur-17) [18] (#cite_note-adweek-18) In 2016, she joined Nir Liberboim to co-found DGNL Ventures, an early-stage venture capital fund that has invested in brands including Living Proof (/wiki/Unilever) , Songza (/wiki/Songza) , and Fashion GPS (Launchmetrics). [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) Philanthropy [ edit ] In 2016, Gruber worked with the former First Lady of the United States (/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States) Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) on her "Let Girls Learn" campaign. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-Fortune-Zarya-24) Gruber currently serves on the New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) regional board for the U.S. Fund for UNICEF (/wiki/U.S._Fund_for_UNICEF) . [25] (#cite_note-snowflake_ball-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) She is also a board member of "God's Love We Deliver", which provides meals for people living with life-threatening illnesses. [25] (#cite_note-snowflake_ball-25) [27] (#cite_note-27) Personal life [ edit ] Gruber and Kyle MacLachlan, 2012 Gruber met and began a relationship with actor Kyle MacLachlan (/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan) in 1999. [28] (#cite_note-guardian-Tozer-28) [29] (#cite_note-es-Cavendish-29) They married on April 20, 2002. [9] (#cite_note-people-Wedding-9) Their son, Callum Lyon MacLachlan, was born in Los Angeles in 2008. [8] (#cite_note-callum_born-8) The family has residences in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) and New York. [30] (#cite_note-guardian-Mulkerrins-30) [31] (#cite_note-variety-David-31) They have two dogs, Mookie and Sam. [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) Awards and recognition [ edit ] Gruber was one of Fortune (/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)) magazine's Most Powerful Women Entrepreneurs of 2010. [34] (#cite_note-fortune_2010-34) As an executive producer, Gruber was part of Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) , which was nominated for 14 Emmy Awards (/wiki/Emmy_Awards) in Outstanding Reality Television Program, [35] (#cite_note-35) received a Peabody Award (/wiki/Peabody_Award) in 2007, [36] (#cite_note-36) a GLAAD Media Award (/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award) , and "has also been honored with over twenty media industry awards." [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [37] (#cite_note-37) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Strugatz, Rachel (February 6, 2013). "Desiree Gruber: Under the Radar, On Top of Her Game" (https://wwd.com/eye/other/desiree-gruber-under-the-radar-on-top-of-her-game-6699603/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 2019-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bloom_2-0) "Desiree Gruber, Co-Founder, DGNL Ventures LP" (https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=51329837&privcapId=51225271&previousCapId=246261956&previousTitle=SmartHome%20Ventures,%20LLC) . Bloomberg.com (/wiki/Bloomberg.com) . Retrieved 2019-08-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Desiree Gruber | HuffPost" (https://www.huffpost.com/author/desiree-gruber) . www.huffpost.com . Retrieved 2020-05-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fortune_4-0) Fry, Erika (October 1, 2018). "Why Storytelling Became the Hot New Skill In Business" (http://fortune.com/2018/10/01/storytelling-skill-business/) . Fortune (/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2019-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-Forbes_5-0) Cuccinello, Hayley C. (2018-06-19). "From Hollywood To Silicon Valley, These Women Are Turning A Movement Into Action" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2018/06/19/from-hollywood-to-silicon-valley-these-women-are-turning-a-movement-into-action/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Retrieved 2019-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-AD_6-0) Turner, Nathan (November 30, 2014). "Where Jonathan Adler, Simon Doonan, Lauren Graham, and Peter Som go to get away from it all" (https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/celeb-holiday-destinations-slideshow) . Architectural Digest (/wiki/Architectural_Digest) . Conde Nast (/wiki/Conde_Nast) . ^ (#cite_ref-getty_birthday_7-0) Devaney, James (June 25, 2018). Celebrity Sightings in New York City - June 25, 2018 . Getty Images (/wiki/Getty_Images) . New York (published June 26, 2018). Desiree Gruber celebrates her birthday with Heidi Klum at El Toro Blanco on June 25, 2018 in New York City ^ Jump up to: a b "Kyle MacLachlan and Desiree Gruber Welcome Callum Lyon" (https://people.com/parents/kyle-maclachlan-2/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . July 28, 2008 . Retrieved 2019-08-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Swoon Over Miami" (http://people.com/archive/swoon-over-miami-vol-57-no-17/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Vol. 57, no. 17. May 6, 2002. ^ Jump up to: a b Gruber, Desiree (February 8, 2013). "The Kid Stayed In The Picture: Meet Desiree Gruber" (https://fashionweekdaily.com/the-kid-stayed-in-the-picture-meet-desiree-gruber/) (Interview). Interviewed by Eddie Roche. Daily Front Row (/wiki/Daily_Front_Row) . Retrieved August 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-pr_week_celeb_circuit_11-0) Atkinson, Claire (June 3, 2002). "Profile: Gruber now a part of the celeb circuit she represents" (https://www.prweek.com/article/1234437/profile-gruber-part-celeb-circuit-sherepresents-desiree-gruber-thinks-pr-makes-standouts-becomelegends-she-know-she-not-star-clients-ownhollywood) . PRWeek (/wiki/PRWeek) . ^ (#cite_ref-variety_rogers_12-0) "Rogers & Cowan ups Gruber" (https://variety.com/1997/scene/news/rogers-cowan-ups-gruber-1116677926/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . October 15, 1997. ^ (#cite_ref-gawker_13-0) "Desiree Gruber" (http://gawker.com/550988/desiree-gruber) . Gawker (/wiki/Gawker) . Retrieved 2019-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-vogue_14-0) Dash, Kristie (February 1, 2018). "Meet the woman who makes the Victoria's Secret Angels glow" (https://www.vogue.fr/beauty-tips/on-trend/story/meet-the-woman-who-makes-the-victorias-secret-angels-glow/452) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . France. ^ (#cite_ref-forbes_allies_15-0) Sachmechi, Natalie (June 18, 2019). "Nina Shaw And Aileen Lee On Why Women Need Allies At Work" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/nataliesachmechi/2019/06/18/nina-shaw-and-aileen-lee-on-why-women-need-allies-at-work/) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2019-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tech_16-0) "Desiree Gruber" (https://www.technyc.org/board-members/desiree-gruber) . Tech:NYC (/wiki/Tech:NYC) . Retrieved 2019-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-Coveteur_17-0) Pantin, Laurel (September 2016). "Desiree Gruber Personal Brand Building Advice" (https://coveteur.com/2016/09/01/full-picture-desiree-gruber-personal-brand-building-advice/) . Coveteur . Retrieved August 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-adweek_18-0) Horgan, Richard (May 6, 2017). "Kyle MacLachlan's 2001 Oscar Weekend Whirlwind" (https://www.adweek.com/tv-video/kyle-maclachlan-twin-peaks-desiree-gruber/) . Adweek (/wiki/Adweek) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Our Team" (https://www.dgnl.vc/ourteam) . DGNL Ventures . Retrieved August 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "SEC Form D – DGNL Ventures" (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1671407/000167140716000002/xslFormDX01/primary_doc.xml) (xml) . 2016 – via U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Nir Liberboim" (https://businessradio.wharton.upenn.edu/people/nir-liberboim/) . Wharton Business Radio . Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania) . Retrieved August 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "DGNL Ventures Venture Capital Profile | VentureDeal" (http://www.venturedeal.com/VentureCapitalFirmProfiles/DGNL%20Ventures.aspx) . www.venturedeal.com . Retrieved 2019-10-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Hernandez, Brian Anthony (March 15, 2016). "Diane Warren Explains How Michelle Obama's 'This Is for My Girls' All-Star Anthem Came to Be: Exclusive" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7262719/diane-warren-michelle-obama-this-is-for-my-girls-interview) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2019-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fortune-Zarya_24-0) Zarya, Valentina (March 19, 2016). "Meet the Professional Connector Who Made Michelle Obama's Girl Power Anthem a Reality" (http://fortune.com/2016/03/19/desiree-gruber-let-girls-learn/) . Fortune (/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2019-08-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b Gambichler, Meghan. "14th Annual UNICEF Snowflake Ball" (http://riverdalepress.com/stories/14th-annual-unicef-snowflake-ball,67331) (Press release) – via Riverdale Press (/wiki/Riverdale_Press) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Crist, Allison (November 28, 2018). "Ringo Starr Calls on U.S., Britain to "Step Up for the Kids" at UNICEF Snowflake Ball" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ringo-starr-says-step-up-kids-at-unicef-snowflake-ball-2018-1164522) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Twenty years of God's Love" (https://www.gaycitynews.nyc/stories/2008/6/w11616-twenty-years-gods-love-2008-03-20.html) . Gay City News (/wiki/Gay_City_News) . March 20, 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-guardian-Tozer_28-0) Tozer, Paul (December 10, 2000). "Kyle MacLachlan: I, Claudius" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/dec/10/features.magazine) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ^ (#cite_ref-es-Cavendish_29-0) Cavendish, Lucy (June 15, 2003). "Kyle reaches new peaks" (https://www.standard.co.uk/news/kyle-reaches-new-peaks-7290226.html) . London Evening Standard (/wiki/London_Evening_Standard) . ^ (#cite_ref-guardian-Mulkerrins_30-0) Mulkerrins, Jane (June 24, 2012). "This much I know: Kyle MacLachlan" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jun/24/kyle-maclachlan-this-much-know) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . ^ (#cite_ref-variety-David_31-0) David, Mark (September 30, 2014). "Kyle MacLachlan To Let Sunset Strip Pad" (https://variety.com/2014/dirt/real-estate/kyle-maclachlan-to-let-sunset-strip-pad-1201314835/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Diamond, Wendy (July 27, 2006). "Desiree Gruber And Her Dogs, Sam & Mookie, Are Taking Care Of Business" (https://animalfair.com/2006/07/27/desiree-gruber-dogs-sam-mookie-care-business/) . Animal Fair (/wiki/Animal_Fair_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Gillespie, Katherine (June 27, 2017). "Kyle MacLachlan's Web Series About His Dogs Is Weirder Than 'Twin Peaks' (https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/j5e45g/kyle-maclachlans-web-series-about-his-dogs-is-weirder-than-twin-peaks) " (https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/j5e45g/kyle-maclachlans-web-series-about-his-dogs-is-weirder-than-twin-peaks) . Vice (/wiki/Vice_(website)) . ^ (#cite_ref-fortune_2010_34-0) Sellers, Patricia (September 27, 2010). "Meet the 2010 Most Powerful Women Entrepreneurs" (http://fortune.com/2010/09/27/meet-the-2010-most-powerful-women-entrepreneurs/) . Fortune (/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)) . Retrieved August 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Desiree Gruber" (https://www.emmys.com/bios/desiree-gruber) . Emmy Awards (/wiki/Emmy_Awards) . Retrieved 2019-10-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Project Runway" (http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/project-runway) . www.peabodyawards.com . Retrieved November 25, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Hamilton, Andrea (2017-10-07). "About Desiree Gruber and her Latest Endeavor, DGNL" (https://medium.com/@andrea1Ham/about-desiree-gruber-and-her-latest-endeavor-dgnl-87a0db670f52) . Medium . Retrieved 2020-05-19 . External links [ edit ] Full Picture official website (http://fullpicture.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐ktgpc Cached time: 20240719204704 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.405 seconds Real time usage: 0.549 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3534/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 64724/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4028/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 136747/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.241/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7905957/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 504.857 1 -total 46.14% 232.966 1 Template:Reflist 31.85% 160.805 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.48% 143.776 21 Template:Cite_news 18.15% 91.656 1 Template:Short_description 11.81% 59.644 19 Template:Main_other 11.04% 55.744 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 9.22% 46.559 1 Template:SDcat 7.66% 38.678 1 Template:Marriage 7.30% 36.840 12 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:53365381-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719204704 and revision id 1220822078. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desiree_Gruber&oldid=1220822078 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desiree_Gruber&oldid=1220822078) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : American television producers (/wiki/Category:American_television_producers) Project Runway (/wiki/Category:Project_Runway) American venture capitalists (/wiki/Category:American_venture_capitalists) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) 1967 births (/wiki/Category:1967_births) American women business executives (/wiki/Category:American_women_business_executives) 21st-century American women (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
UK government campaign in World War II For the American band, see Make Do and Mend (band) (/wiki/Make_Do_and_Mend_(band)) . Make Do and Mend promotional advertisement, c. 1943 . Imperial War Museum (/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum) , Board of Trade. Make Do and Mend was one of several campaigns introduced by the British Government (with the help of voluntary organisations) to reduce clothing consumption and save resources during the Second World War (/wiki/World_War_II) . Offering practical guidance on caring for, altering, and mending clothes, instructional pamphlets were produced. In collaboration with voluntary groups, the scheme also offered classes in fibrecraft techniques, such as dressmaking. Making-do in the Second World War [ edit ] Cover of a Make-Do and Mend pamphlet (1943) From the outset of the war in 1939, resources had quickly depleted, and people were encouraged to participate in several different means of making the most of the clothing they already had. Where voluntary groups were already providing skills and techniques in making the most of garments, the Board of Trade (/wiki/Board_of_Trade) published the Extension of the Life of Clothing – A Preliminary Investigation on 2 July 1941, a paper which considered how to reduce civilian consumption through prolonging the use of garments. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Launched collaboratively by the Board of Trade in conjunction with voluntary groups (including the Women's Group on Public Welfare and the Women's Institute (/wiki/Women%27s_Institute) (WI), alongside the National Council of Social Services (/wiki/National_Council_of_Social_Services) , [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) in 1942, the Make-Do and Mend scheme set out to promote education in the techniques of dressmaking and tailoring, clothes mending, needlework, and knitting, and garment care. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) With the rise in the cost-of-living index (/wiki/Cost-of-living_index) and the implementation of clothes rationing (/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom) in 1941, savings could be made by creating garments through home sewing (/wiki/Sewing) , knitting (/wiki/Knitting) , and crochet (/wiki/Crochet) , or through mending or altering old clothes, increasing appeal of using or learning new techniques. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Make-Do and Mend cemented frugality through thrift as an important contribution to the war effort, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) something which many individuals and families were already well practiced in, especially four years into the war. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) Campaign [ edit ] In 1943, the Ministry of Information (/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)) showcased a newsreel which encouraged the civilian public to repair and alter clothing, and re-use fabrics in order to save valuable resources for the war effort. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) Following the premiere of the short film, which depicted potential projects for the established home sewer, options for those willing to learn new dressmaking skills, and those short on coupons, [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) Make-Do and Mend was promoted further through several government-created promotional posters, [5] (#cite_note-5) and pamphlets. [6] (#cite_note-:4-6) The Board of Trade produced the first Make-Do and Mend informational booklet in 1943, which contained further information regarding the scheme, and was circulated amongst the population. Such instructional pamphlets contained advice including different ways to mend, darn, and patch garments, how to protect clothing from moths, and methods of laundering, as well as instruction on re-modelling men's clothes into womenswear pieces. [6] (#cite_note-:4-6) Advisory booklets, along with other promotional materials including films and posters which were used to inform the public of the benefits and methods of mending and making-do, often depicted Mrs Sew And Sew, a character who became very well-known as part of the campaign. [7] (#cite_note-:5-7) Alongside governmental initiatives, the popular press not only advertised the campaign, but produced several practical guides on caring for and mending clothes as well as dressmaking techniques, alongside articles covering the Make-Do and Mend scheme. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) Evening classes teaching different skills were held by the Women's Institute and the Women's Voluntary Service (/wiki/Women%27s_Voluntary_Service) (WVS), [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) which also served as a collective space to share solidarity with others. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) The WVS established clothing exchanges where children’s garments could be swapped once outgrown, a further way to access scarce clothing during wartime. [7] (#cite_note-:5-7) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Summers, Julie (2015). Fashion on the Ration: Style in the Second World War (1st ed.). London: Profile Books LTD. pp. 130–131. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-78125-326-7 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Howell, Geraldine (2013). Wartime Fashion: From Haute Couture to Homemade, 1939–1945 (2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 123. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8578-5071-3 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Shrimpton, Jayne (2014). Fashion in the 1940s (1st ed.). Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. pp. 39–42. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-74781-353-8 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Make Do and Mend" (https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/make-do-and-mend-0) . Imperial War Museums . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "INF 13/144 – 'Make Do and Mend' poster, 1939-1945e" (https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/families/the-big-draw/recycling/make-do-and-mend/) . The National Archives . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Make Do and Mend" (https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106365.html#:~:text=Make%20Do%20and%20Mend%20was,in%20times%20of%20harsh%20rationing) . www.bl.uk . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ Jump up to: a b "10 Top Tips For Winning At 'Make Do And Mend' (https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/10-top-tips-for-winning-at-make-do-and-mend) " (https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/10-top-tips-for-winning-at-make-do-and-mend) . Imperial War Museums . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . External links [ edit ] Reproductions of Make Do and Mend leaflets (https://books.google.com/books?id=YZAiAwAAQBAJ) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8464c9d799‐vc5xj Cached time: 20240702215940 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.218 seconds Real time usage: 0.293 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 620/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12045/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 626/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27479/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.130/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4084370/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 259.673 1 -total 54.88% 142.496 1 Template:Reflist 38.40% 99.706 3 Template:Cite_book 32.19% 83.598 1 Template:Short_description 17.06% 44.306 2 Template:Pagetype 10.43% 27.094 4 Template:Main_other 9.31% 24.165 1 Template:SDcat 8.17% 21.218 1 Template:For 7.58% 19.680 4 Template:Cite_web 1.75% 4.555 1 Template:Circa Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74417768-0!canonical and timestamp 20240702215940 and revision id 1219746060. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Models from Taiwan (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Models_from_Taiwan) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐nfssh Cached time: 20240721045350 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.059 seconds Real time usage: 0.090 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2547/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 347/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.031/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946206/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 82.671 1 Template:Commonscat 100.00% 82.671 1 -total 95.03% 78.559 1 Template:Sister_project 92.69% 76.627 1 Template:Side_box 8.20% 6.781 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2242239-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721045350 and revision id 544064194. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. F Taiwanese female models (/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_female_models) ‎ (40 P) M Taiwanese male models (/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_male_models) ‎ (12 P) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Taiwanese_models&oldid=544064194 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Taiwanese_models&oldid=544064194) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Taiwanese people by occupation (/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_people_by_occupation) Models by nationality (/wiki/Category:Models_by_nationality) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
South Korean singer In this Korean name (/wiki/Korean_name) , the family name is Kim (/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)) . Kim Yu-bin 김유빈 Kim in April 2019 Born Kim Yu-bin ( 1988-10-04 ) October 4, 1988 (age 35) Gwangju (/wiki/Gwangju) , South Korea Education Myongji University (/wiki/Myongji_University) Occupations Singer rapper songwriter actress Musical career Genres Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_music) K-pop (/wiki/K-pop) Instrument(s) Vocals drums Years active 2007–present Labels Good JYP (/wiki/JYP_Entertainment) RRR Formerly of Five Girls Wonder Girls (/wiki/Wonder_Girls) Website www (http://www.rrrentertainment.co.kr/post/yubin-2) .rrrentertainment (http://www.rrrentertainment.co.kr/post/yubin-2) .co (http://www.rrrentertainment.co.kr/post/yubin-2) .kr (http://www.rrrentertainment.co.kr/post/yubin-2) /post (http://www.rrrentertainment.co.kr/post/yubin-2) /yubin-2 (http://www.rrrentertainment.co.kr/post/yubin-2) Musical artist Korean name Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) 김유빈 Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) 金 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%87%91) 婑 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A9%91) 斌 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%8C) Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) Gim Yu-bin McCune–Reischauer (/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer) Kim Yupin Stage name Hangul (/wiki/Hangul) 유빈 Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) 宥 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A5) 斌 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%8C) Revised Romanization (/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean) Yu-bin McCune–Reischauer (/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer) Yupin Kim Yu-bin ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 김유빈 ; born October 4, 1988), referred to as Yubin , is a South Korean singer-songwriter, rapper and actress. Kim is a founder and CEO of the entertainment agency RRR Entertainment . She initially rose to fame as a member of South Korean girl group Wonder Girls (/wiki/Wonder_Girls) , formed in 2007 by JYP and active with the group until disbanded in 2017. She made her solo debut in 2018 with the single "Lady", and has continued to release music ever since. Life and career [ edit ] 1988–2007: Early life, education and struggles [ edit ] Kim Yu-bin was born in Gwangju (/wiki/Gwangju,_Gyeonggi) , on October 4, 1988. [1] (#cite_note-Russell2014-1) She lived in Korea until high school, attending Anyang High School for a while before moving to San Jose (/wiki/San_Jose,_California) , California (/wiki/California) , where she studied at and graduated from Leland High School (/wiki/Leland_High_School_(San_Jose,_California)) . Yubin graduated from Myongji University (/wiki/Myongji_University) with a degree in Film and Music. She was originally set to debut as a member of Five Girls under Good Entertainment, along with G.NA (/wiki/G.NA) , After School (/wiki/After_School_(band)) 's Uee (/wiki/Uee) , Secret (/wiki/Secret_(South_Korean_group)) 's Jun Hyo-seong (/wiki/Jun_Hyo-seong) , and Spica (/wiki/Spica_(band)) 's Yang Ji-won (/wiki/Yang_Ji-won_(singer)) . However, the group disbanded shortly before their scheduled debut in 2007 due to Good Entertainment's financial troubles and the members all left for separate South Korean entertainment companies. [2] (#cite_note-2) 2007–2017: Wonder Girls [ edit ] Main article: Wonder Girls (/wiki/Wonder_Girls) Yubin made her debut as a new member of the Wonder Girls (/wiki/Wonder_Girls) on September 7, 2007. She was introduced as the main rapper of the group, replacing Hyuna (/wiki/Hyuna) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Although she is known mostly as the rapper of the Wonder Girls, Yubin occasionally acts as an additional vocalist to the group. Examples of which include, "This Time" and "Wishing on a Star". Aside from performing with the group, she has appeared in several music videos including labelmate 2PM (/wiki/2PM) 's "10 Out of 10" and Shinhwa (/wiki/Shinhwa) 's "Once in a Life Time". Yubin has also featured in several different artists' singles, i.e. Shinhwa (/wiki/Shinhwa) 's Andy Lee (/wiki/Andy_Lee_(Korean_singer)) , Lee Min-woo (/wiki/Lee_Min-woo) , Kim Bum-soo (/wiki/Kim_Bum-soo) , and Chun G. In 2008, she made a short cameo in MBC (/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation) 's popular sitcom, Here He Comes . Yubin showcased her written lyrics for the first time in Kim Bum-soo's song "Do You Know That?". Since then, Yubin has written her own raps for several other songs. In 2011, she wrote the lyrics for "Girls Girls", "Me, In", and "Sweet Dreams" from the Wonder Girls' second studio album Wonder World (/wiki/Wonder_World_(Wonder_Girls%27_Album)) . Yubin also wrote the song "Hey Boy" for the group's mini album Wonder Party (/wiki/Wonder_Party) released on June 3, 2012. In 2013, she made her official acting debut in OCN (/wiki/Orion_Cinema_Network) 's drama, The Virus (/wiki/The_Virus_(TV_series)) , where she played the role of Lee Joo-yeong, a genius hacker and an IT specialist. [4] (#cite_note-4) On June 24, 2015, it was announced that the Wonder Girls will be making comeback after two-year hiatus as a band. [5] (#cite_note-5) On August 17, 2015, Yubin was confirmed to join Unpretty Rapstar (/wiki/Unpretty_Rapstar_2) 's second season. Her popularity exploded and as a consequence, her makeup and hairstyle became popular in South Korea. [6] (#cite_note-6) On January 26, 2017, it was announced that the Wonder Girls were to disband after their contracts had expired. Yubin was one of two members who chose to remain with JYP Entertainment (/wiki/JYP_Entertainment) as solo artists and renewed her contract. [7] (#cite_note-7) The group released their final single, " Draw Me (/wiki/Draw_Me_(Wonder_Girls_song)) ", on February 10. [8] (#cite_note-8) 2018–present: Solo work and RRR Entertainment [ edit ] In April 2018, Yubin announced that she is preparing her solo debut through a Cosmopolitan magazine interview. [9] (#cite_note-9) On May 15, JYP Entertainment announced that she has finished filming the music video for the lead single, which is planned to be released alongside her album in early June. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Yubin's first single album City Woman was released digitally on June 5, 2018, with the retro lead single "Lady". [12] (#cite_note-12) The B-side track, "City Lover", was not released due to copyrights after previously announcing the track would be delayed, [13] (#cite_note-13) due to similarities with Mariya Takeuchi (/wiki/Mariya_Takeuchi) 's 1984 Japanese city pop (/wiki/City_pop) song "Plastic Love". [14] (#cite_note-14) On November 27, 2018, Yubin's first EP #TUSM was released digitally alongside the title track "Thank U Soooo Much". [15] (#cite_note-15) The song's lyrics tell off a former partner for providing “too much information” during a breakup, sarcastically thanking them for their unnecessary revelations. Yubin co-wrote all three tracks on the EP and also co-composed the third track "Game Over". "Thank U Sooo Much" charted at number 21 on Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) ' s World Digital Song Sales (/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales) chart, marking her first appearance on the chart. In April 2019, Yubin served as a judge for the JTBC (/wiki/JTBC) dance competition television show Stage K . [16] (#cite_note-16) On October 30, Yubin released her third single album, Start of the End , alongside lead single "Silent Movie" featuring Yoon Mi-rae (/wiki/Yoon_Mi-rae) . [17] (#cite_note-17) She co-wrote "Silent Movie" and wrote the B-side track "Not Yours". Yubin left JYP Entertainment on January 25, 2020, with her departure announced three days later. [18] (#cite_note-WG2020-18) In February 2020, Yubin founded her own music label, RRR Entertainment. [19] (#cite_note-19) Former bandmate Woo Hye-rim (/wiki/Woo_Hye-rim) is also signed to the label. In May 2020, Yubin released her single "Yaya (Me Time)", her first released under her own music label named RRR Entertainment (usually stylized in all lowercase (/wiki/Lowercase) ). [20] (#cite_note-20) Since, she has also released the special single "Wave", in partnership with CLEF Entertainment on their project "Traveller", in December 2020. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) Her follow-up lead single "Perfume" was released in January 2021, with an accompanying single album. [23] (#cite_note-23) The same year, she competed on MBC (/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation) 's King of Mask Singer (/wiki/King_of_Mask_Singer) as "Snow Flower". She also was a cast member of Goal Girls and We're Family . In 2022, Yubin participated in the television shows The Last Survivor , Dating is Straight , and Queen of Ssireum . Personal life [ edit ] On May 22, 2023, RRR Entertainment confirmed that Yubin is dating tennis player Kwon Soon-woo (/wiki/Kwon_Soon-woo) , who is 9 years her junior. [24] (#cite_note-24) On October 5, 2023, the agency confirmed their break-up. [25] (#cite_note-25) Discography [ edit ] Single albums [ edit ] Title Details City Woman (都市女子) Released: June 5, 2018 Label: JYP Entertainment (/wiki/JYP_Entertainment) Formats: Digital download (/wiki/Music_download) , streaming (/wiki/Music_streaming_service) #TUSM Released: November 27, 2018 Label: JYP Entertainment Formats: Digital download, streaming Start of the End Released: October 30, 2019 Label: JYP Entertainment Formats: Digital download, streaming Traveller, No.501 Released: December 10, 2020 Label: Clef Company (/w/index.php?title=Clef_Company&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ko (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9E%98%ED%94%84%EC%BB%B4%ED%8D%BC%EB%8B%88) ] Formats: Digital download, streaming Singles [ edit ] As lead artist [ edit ] Title Year Peak chart positions Album KOR (/wiki/Circle_Download_Chart) DL (/wiki/Circle_Download_Chart) [26] (#cite_note-26) KOR (/wiki/Kpop_Hot_100) Hot (/wiki/Kpop_Hot_100) [27] (#cite_note-27) US (/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales) World (/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales) [28] (#cite_note-WorldDigitalSongs-28) "Lady" ( 숙녀 (淑女) ) 2018 28 96 — City Woman "Thank U Soooo Much" — — 21 #TUSM "Silent Movie" ( 무성영화 ) (featuring Yoon Mi-rae (/wiki/Yoon_Mi-rae) ) 2019 — — — Start of the End "Yaya (Me Time)" ( 넵넵 (ME TIME) ) 2020 — — — Non-album single "Wave" — — — Traveller, No.501 "Perfume" ( 향수 ) 2021 30 — — Non-album single "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. As featured artist [ edit ] Title Year Album "Odd Imagination" ( 엉뚱한 상상 ) ( Andy Lee (/wiki/Andy_Lee_(Korean_singer)) featuring Yubin) 2007 Non album-singles "Honey" ( Honey 꼬시기 ) ( Lee Min-woo (/wiki/Lee_Min-woo) featuring Yubin) 2008 "Do You Know That?" ( Kim Bum-soo (/wiki/Kim_Bum-soo) featuring Yubin) "Weak Man" ( 약한 남자 ) (Chun G featuring Yubin) 2009 "It's Time" ( Taecyeon (/wiki/Taecyeon) featuring San E (/wiki/San_E) and Yubin) 2013 "I Dance" ( Ivy (/wiki/Ivy_(South_Korean_singer)) featuring Yubin) "Who Am I" ( 내가 누구 ) ( Sunmi (/wiki/Sunmi) featuring Yubin) 2014 Full Moon (/wiki/Full_Moon_(Sunmi_EP)) "The Heartbroken" ( Justin Thorne (/wiki/NLT_(band)) featuring Yubin) 2015 Non album-singles "Ssakda" ( 싹 다 ) ( The Quiett (/wiki/The_Quiett) featuring Yubin) Soundtrack appearances [ edit ] Title Year Album "Ssakda" (싹 다) (featuring The Quiett (/wiki/The_Quiett) ) 2017 Unpretty Rapstar 2 Compilation (/wiki/Unpretty_Rapstar_discography#Unpretty_Rapstar_2) "Who Am I" (후횐 마) (featuring Jo Hyun-ah (/wiki/Urban_Zakapa) ) "Rain and Snow" (비 그리고 눈) (with Yoon Jong-shin (/wiki/Yoon_Jong-shin) , Ha Dong-kyun (/wiki/Ha_Dong-kyun) , Kim Feel (/wiki/Kim_Feel) ) 2019 The Call 2: Third Project (/wiki/The_Call_(South_Korean_TV_series)#Season_2) "Special" 2020 Chocolate OST (/wiki/Chocolate_(South_Korean_TV_series)) All credits are adapted from MelOn (/wiki/MelOn) . Songwriting and composing credits [ edit ] All credits are adapted from Korea Music Copyright Association (/wiki/Korea_Music_Copyright_Association) (KMCA) database. [29] (#cite_note-29) Year Album Artist Song Lyrics Music Credited With Credited With 2007 The Wonder Years (/wiki/The_Wonder_Years_(Wonder_Girls_album)) Wonder Girls (/wiki/Wonder_Girls) " Tell Me (/wiki/Tell_Me_(Wonder_Girls_song)) " Park Jin-young (/wiki/Park_Jin-young) Park Jin-young (/wiki/Park_Jin-young) 2012 Wonder Party (/wiki/Wonder_Party) "Hey Boy" — — 2015 Reboot (/wiki/Reboot_(Wonder_Girls_album)) [A] (#cite_note-30) "Loved" Shim Eun-ji Shim Eun-ji "John Doe" Hong Ji-sang and Ju Hyo Hong Ji-sang and Ju Hyo "Back" Woo Hyerim (/wiki/Woo_Hyerim) and Lee Sunmi (/wiki/Lee_Sunmi) Woo Hyerim (/wiki/Woo_Hyerim) and Lee Sunmi (/wiki/Lee_Sunmi) "없어" (Gone) Shim Eun-ji Shim Eun-ji 2016 " Why So Lonely (/wiki/Why_So_Lonely) " "Why So Lonely" Sunmi (/wiki/Sunmi) , Woo Hyerim (/wiki/Woo_Hyerim) , Jisang Hong Lee Sunmi (/wiki/Lee_Sunmi) , Woo Hyerim (/wiki/Woo_Hyerim) , Jisang Hong To the beautiful you Woo Hyerim (/wiki/Woo_Hyerim) , Sunmi (/wiki/Sunmi) , Frants Woo Hyerim (/wiki/Woo_Hyerim) , Sunmi (/wiki/Sunmi) , Frants "Sweet and Easy" Park Ye-eun (/wiki/Park_Ye-eun) Park Ye-eun (/wiki/Park_Ye-eun) , Jisang Hong 2017 " Draw Me (/wiki/Draw_Me_(Wonder_Girls_song)) " " Draw Me (/wiki/Draw_Me_(Wonder_Girls_song)) " Park Ye-eun Park Ye-eun 2018 CAELO Babylon "너의 흔적에" (You're Not) — Babylon, Last Nite #TUSM Herself "보내줄게" (I'll Let You Go) DOKO — "Thank U Soooo Much" Shim Eun-ji — "Game Over" present. present., Last Nite 2019 Start Of The End "Silent Movie" (ft. Yoon Mi-rae) Shim Eun-ji Shim Eunji "Not Yours" — — 2020 It'z Me (/wiki/It%27z_Me) Itzy (/wiki/Itzy) "Nobody Like You" Josh Record, Andrew Bullimore — Yaya (ME TIME) [B] (#cite_note-33) Herself "Yaya (ME TIME)" Shim Eun-ji Shim Eun-ji, Frederik Jyll, Andreas Ringblom Traveler, No.501 "Wave" NOOVV(CLEF), Kwon Minho (CLEF), Lim Hee-sun (CLEF), CLEF CREW — 2021 Perfume [C] (#cite_note-36) "Perfume" Dr.JO — Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2010 The Last Godfather Herself Cameo 2012 The Wonder Girls Herself — 2022 Lovely Voice: The Beginning Un­known Musical film [34] (#cite_note-37) Television series [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2008 Here He Comes Herself Cameo 2013 The Virus (/wiki/The_Virus_(TV_series)) Lee Joo-yeong — 2019 VIP (/wiki/VIP_(South_Korean_TV_series)) Cha Se-rin Cameo (episode 3–4) [35] (#cite_note-38) 2020 Chocolate (/wiki/Chocolate_(South_Korean_TV_series)) Oh Jung-bok Cameo (episode 2) [36] (#cite_note-39) Television shows [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2015 Unpretty Rapstar 2 (/wiki/Unpretty_Rapstar) Contestant Semi-finalist 2020 Things These Days Tcast with Jun Hyo-seong (/wiki/Jun_Hyo-seong) and Berry Good (/wiki/Berry_Good) 's Johyun (/wiki/Johyun) [37] (#cite_note-40) [38] (#cite_note-41) 2021 King of Mask Singer (/wiki/King_of_Mask_Singer) Contestant as "Snow Flower" (episodes 289–290) [39] (#cite_note-42) [40] (#cite_note-43) Goal Girls Cast Member Season 2 [41] (#cite_note-44) We're Family — [42] (#cite_note-45) 2022 The Last Survivor Participant [43] (#cite_note-46) Dating is Straight Host [44] (#cite_note-47) Queen of Ssireum Participant [45] (#cite_note-48) The Second World (/wiki/The_Second_World_(TV_series)) Contestant [46] (#cite_note-49) Web shows [ edit ] Year Title Role Ref. 2022 H Club Host [47] (#cite_note-50) Radio show [ edit ] Year Title Role Ref. 2021 On Air Spin-off DJ [48] (#cite_note-51) Music videos [ edit ] Title Year Director Ref. "Lady" 2018 Naive Creative Production [49] (#cite_note-52) "Thank U Soooo Much" FantazyLab [50] (#cite_note-53) "Silent Movie" feat. Yoonmirae 2019 itchcock [51] (#cite_note-54) "yaya (ME TIME)" 2020 Woojin Yeom [52] (#cite_note-55) "Wave" Un­known "Perfume" 2021 Awards and nominations [ edit ] See also: List of awards and nominations received by Wonder Girls (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Wonder_Girls) Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination Award ceremony Year Category Nominee / Work Result Ref. Korea Arts and Culture Awards 2022 Beauty Icon Award Yubin Won [53] (#cite_note-56) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-30) Also credited for arrangement. ^ (#cite_ref-33) Credited as album's executive producer. [30] (#cite_note-31) [31] (#cite_note-32) ^ (#cite_ref-36) Credited as album's executive producer. [32] (#cite_note-34) [33] (#cite_note-35) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Russell2014_1-0) Mark Russell (April 29, 2014). K-Pop Now!: The Korean Music Revolution . Tuttle Publishing. p. 80. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4629-1411-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kim JiYeon (February 3, 2012). "Spica's Yang Ji Won Talks Being the Last Five Girls′ Girl" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150219014421/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/3179/spicas-yang-ji-won-talks-being-the-last-five-girls-girl) . enewsWorld . CJ E&M. Archived from the original (http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/3179/spicas-yang-ji-won-talks-being-the-last-five-girls-girl) on February 19, 2015 . Retrieved February 18, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Kim, Won-gyum (September 5, 2007). 원더걸스, 새멤버 공개..19세 김유빈 (in Korean). Star News. Archived from the original (http://star.moneytoday.co.kr/view/star_view.php?type=1&gisano=2007090508020097127) on August 2, 2008 . 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"유빈 '무심한 헤어 걸크러쉬' 전문가의 리얼팁-'언프리티 랩스타2" (http://chicnews.mk.co.kr/article.php?aid=144825256680086014) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180418162138/http://chicnews.mk.co.kr/article.php?aid=144825256680086014) from the original on April 18, 2018 . Retrieved March 19, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Wonder Girls share thoughts about disbandment" (http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201702101646232909170_2&ACE_SEARCH=1) . Kpop Herald (/wiki/Kpop_Herald) . February 10, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035518/http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201702101646232909170_2&ACE_SEARCH=1) from the original on September 9, 2018 . Retrieved September 8, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "JYP 측 "원더걸스 해체…예은·선미 떠난다" [공식입장 전문]" (http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=213&aid=0000942230&gid=999339&cid=1054686) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180616054036/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=213&aid=0000942230&gid=999339&cid=1054686) from the original on June 16, 2018 . 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Retrieved January 24, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Won Se-na (October 21, 2021). "유빈, '골때녀' 합류… 'FC 탑걸' 멤버 "배워보고 싶었다" (https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=629&aid=0000111833) [Yubin joins 'Goal Girl'... 'FC Top Girl' member "I wanted to learn] (in Korean). The Fact. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211021083830/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=629&aid=0000111833) from the original on October 21, 2021 . Retrieved October 21, 2021 – via Naver (/wiki/Naver) . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Jang Ah-reum (August 20, 2021). "가족된 K팝 스타들…MBC·디스커버리 채널 '우리 식구됐어요' 공동제작" (https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0005553661) [Families of K-pop stars... Co-production of MBC and Discovery Channel's 'We're Family']. News1 (in Korean). Naver (/wiki/Naver) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221211025337/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0005553661) from the original on December 11, 2022 . Retrieved August 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Kim Ye-na (January 14, 2022). "원더걸스 유빈, 어쩌다 거지꼴 포착 '도대체 무슨 일" (https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=415&aid=0000007353) [Wonder Girls' Yubin, accidentally caught a beggar, 'What the hell is going on] (in Korean). AtStyle. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220114021441/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=415&aid=0000007353) from the original on January 14, 2022 . Retrieved January 14, 2022 – via Naver (/wiki/Naver) . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Kang Seon-ae (July 6, 2022). "싱글 남녀 소울메이트 찾는 '연애는 직진' 런칭…최여진·송해나·최윤영·유빈 출연" (https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=416&aid=0000285103) [Launch of 'Dating is straight forward' looking for single male and female soulmates... Starring Choi Yeo-jin, Song Hae-na, Choi Yun-young, and Yu-bin] (in Korean). SBS Entertainment News . Retrieved July 6, 2022 – via Naver (/wiki/Naver) . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Ahn Eun-jae (July 13, 2022). "씨름의 여왕' 고은아·김보름·설하윤 모래판 위 포스터 공개" (https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0006214613) [Queen of Ssireum' Go Eun-ah, Kim Bo-reum, Seol Ha-yun Released Posters on the Sandboard] (in Korean). News1. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220713085350/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0006214613) from the original on July 13, 2022 . Retrieved July 13, 2022 – via Naver (/wiki/Naver) . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Kim Ye-eun (August 8, 2022). "유빈·신지민·미미·문수아…'두 번째 세계' 래퍼 8人 공개" (https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001486156) [Yubin, Shin Ji-min, Mimi, Moon Soo-ah... 8 rappers from 'Second World' revealed] (in Korean). X-ports News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220930134209/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001486156) from the original on September 30, 2022 . Retrieved August 8, 2022 – via Naver (/wiki/Naver) . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Choi Ji-yoon (April 18, 2022). "헬스장에서 24시간 내 사랑 찾기…유빈, 'H클럽' MC" (https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0011128658) [Finding love within 24 hours at the gym... Yubin, 'H Club' MC] (in Korean). Newsis (/wiki/Newsis) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220418051355/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0011128658) from the original on April 18, 2022 . Retrieved April 18, 2022 – via Naver (/wiki/Naver) . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Yoon Sang-geun (July 6, 2021). "유빈·원호, 코로나19 동선 겹치지 않았다 "'스핀오프' 취소"[공식]" (https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/108/0002969892) [Yubin and Wonho, Corona 19 movement did not overlap "'Spinoff' canceled" [Official]]. StarNews (in Korean). Naver (/wiki/Naver) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210706071917/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/108/0002969892) from the original on July 6, 2021 . Retrieved July 6, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Yubin "숙녀 (淑女)" M/V" (https://studio-naive.tumblr.com/post/174720785407/yubin-%EC%88%99%EB%85%80-%E6%B7%91%E5%A5%B3-mv) . Tumblr. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180917082952/http://studio-naive.tumblr.com/post/174720785407/yubin-%EC%88%99%EB%85%80-%E6%B7%91%E5%A5%B3-mv) from the original on September 17, 2018 . Retrieved June 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "#Yubin #ThankUSooooMuch #MV" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BqrypLNjOgx) . Instagram. Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/BqrypLNjOgx/) on December 24, 2021 . Retrieved November 27, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "유빈(Yubin) – 무성영화 (Feat. 윤미래) (Silent Movie (Feat. Yoonmirae))" (http://muhive.net/%EC%9C%A0%EB%B9%88yubin-%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%98%81%ED%99%94-feat-%EC%9C%A4%EB%AF%B8%EB%9E%98-silent-movie-feat-yoonmirae/) . Muhive. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200710073927/http://muhive.net/%EC%9C%A0%EB%B9%88yubin-%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%98%81%ED%99%94-feat-%EC%9C%A4%EB%AF%B8%EB%9E%98-silent-movie-feat-yoonmirae/) from the original on July 10, 2020 . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "YUBIN(유빈) - yaya(넵넵) (ME TIME)" (http://mvp.ooo/mv/4054) . music video people. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200710073930/http://mvp.ooo/mv/4054) from the original on July 10, 2020 . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Yoon Sang-geun (April 22, 2022). "유빈, 예술문화인대상 뷰티아이콘상 "행복하게 살고 싶어요" (https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003047069) [Yubin wins the Beauty Icon Award at the Arts and Culture Awards "I want to live happily] (in Korean). MT Star News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220423102929/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003047069) from the original on April 23, 2022 . Retrieved April 23, 2022 – via Naver (/wiki/Naver) . v t e Wonder Girls (/wiki/Wonder_Girls) Yubin Yeeun (/wiki/Park_Ye-eun) Sunye (/wiki/Sunye) Sunmi (/wiki/Sunmi) Hyuna (/wiki/Hyuna) Sohee (/wiki/Ahn_So-hee) Hyerim (/wiki/Woo_Hye-rim) Studio albums The Wonder Years (/wiki/The_Wonder_Years_(Wonder_Girls_album)) Wonder World (/wiki/Wonder_World_(album)) Reboot (/wiki/Reboot_(Wonder_Girls_album)) Extended plays The Wonder Years: Trilogy (/wiki/The_Wonder_Years:_Trilogy) 2 Different Tears (/wiki/2_Different_Tears) Wonder Party (/wiki/Wonder_Party) Nobody for Everybody (/wiki/Nobody_for_Everybody) Singles " Irony (/wiki/The_Wonder_Begins#Irony) " " Tell Me (/wiki/Tell_Me_(Wonder_Girls_song)) " " So Hot (/wiki/So_Hot) " " Nobody (/wiki/Nobody_(Wonder_Girls_song)) " " Like Money (/wiki/Like_Money_(song)) " " Why So Lonely (/wiki/Why_So_Lonely) " " Draw Me (/wiki/Draw_Me) " Concert tours (/wiki/List_of_Wonder_Girls_concert_tours) Wonder Girls World Tour (/wiki/Wonder_Girls_World_Tour) Television Welcome to Wonderland (/wiki/Welcome_to_Wonderland_(Wonder_Girls_documentary)) Made in Wonder Girls (/wiki/Made_in_Wonder_Girls) Related topics Park Jin-young (/wiki/Park_Jin-young) JYP Entertainment (/wiki/JYP_Entertainment) JYP Nation (/wiki/JYP_Nation) Discography (/wiki/Wonder_Girls_discography) Awards and nominations (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Wonder_Girls) Concert tours (/wiki/List_of_Wonder_Girls_concert_tours) Category (/wiki/Category:Wonder_Girls) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wonder_Girls) v t e JYP Entertainment (/wiki/JYP_Entertainment) Executives J. Y. Park (/wiki/Park_Jin-young) Subsidiaries and joint ventures Studio J (/wiki/Studio_J) Beyond Live (/wiki/Beyond_Live) Artists Soloists J. Y. Park (/wiki/Park_Jin-young) Jun. K (/wiki/Jun._K) Wooyoung (/wiki/Jang_Wooyoung) Junho (/wiki/Lee_Jun-ho_(entertainer)) Nichkhun (/wiki/Nichkhun) Young K (/wiki/Young_K) Wonpil (/wiki/Wonpil) Nayeon (/wiki/Nayeon) Jihyo (/wiki/Jihyo) Groups 2PM (/wiki/2PM) Day6 (/wiki/Day6) ( Even of Day (/wiki/Day6_(Even_of_Day)) ) Twice (/wiki/Twice) ( MiSaMo (/wiki/MiSaMo) ) Stray Kids (/wiki/Stray_Kids) Boy Story (/wiki/Boy_Story) Itzy (/wiki/Itzy) NiziU (/wiki/NiziU) Xdinary Heroes (/wiki/Xdinary_Heroes) Nmixx (/wiki/Nmixx) Vcha (/wiki/Vcha) Golden Girls (/wiki/Golden_Girls_(girl_group)) Nexz (/wiki/Nexz) Actors Kim Dong-hee (/wiki/Kim_Dong-hee_(actor)) Shin Eun-soo (/wiki/Shin_Eun-soo) Shin Ye-eun (/wiki/Shin_Ye-eun) Former artists Pearl (/wiki/Pearl_(singer)) Park Ji-yoon (/wiki/Park_Ji-yoon) Byul (/wiki/Byul) Noel (/wiki/Noel_(band)) g.o.d (/wiki/G.o.d) Rain (/wiki/Rain_(entertainer)) Jay Park (/wiki/Jay_Park) Lim Jeong-hee (/wiki/Lim_Jeong-hee) San E (/wiki/San_E) Joo (/wiki/Joo_(singer)) Wonder Girls (/wiki/Wonder_Girls) 2AM (/wiki/2AM_(band)) G.Soul (/wiki/G.Soul) Ok Taecyeon (/wiki/Ok_Taec-yeon) Miss A (/wiki/Miss_A) Jeon Somi (/wiki/Jeon_Somi) 15& (/wiki/15%26) Baek A-yeon (/wiki/Baek_A-yeon) Woojin (/wiki/Kim_Woo-jin) Got7 (/wiki/Got7) Jae (/wiki/Jae_Park) Chansung (/wiki/Hwang_Chan-sung) Bernard Park (/wiki/Bernard_Park) Jinni (/wiki/Jini_(singer)) Former actors Choi Woo-shik (/wiki/Choi_Woo-shik) Jang Hee-ryung (/wiki/Jang_Hee-ryung) Kim Ha-eun (/wiki/Kim_Ha-eun) Kim Ji-min (/wiki/Kim_Ji-min_(actress)) Kim Ye-won (/wiki/Kim_Ye-won_(actress,_born_1987)) Lee Jung-jin (/wiki/Lee_Jung-jin) Min Hyo-rin (/wiki/Min_Hyo-rin) Park Gyu-young (/wiki/Park_Gyu-young) Park Ji-bin (/wiki/Park_Ji-bin) Cho Yi-hyun (/wiki/Cho_Yi-hyun) Park Si-eun (/wiki/Park_Si-eun_(entertainer)) Ryu Won (/wiki/Ryu_Won) Song Ha-yoon (/wiki/Song_Ha-yoon) Yeon Jung-hoon (/wiki/Yeon_Jung-hoon) Yoon Park (/wiki/Yoon_Park) Park Jin-young (/wiki/Park_Jin-young_(entertainer,_born_1994)) Related articles One Day (/wiki/One_Day_(South_Korean_band)) Discography (/wiki/JYP_Entertainment_discography) Category (/wiki/Category:JYP_Entertainment) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d02f99a7-5487-4759-ba64-0f6d823b8b87) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐hqvjf Cached time: 20240716041822 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.918 seconds Real time usage: 1.127 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7348/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 212994/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 14054/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 264455/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.572/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16408276/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 983.536 1 -total 34.48% 339.140 2 Template:Reflist 33.73% 331.755 1 Template:Infobox_person 15.73% 154.703 3 Template:Infobox 14.76% 145.183 42 Template:Cite_web 12.65% 124.436 1 Template:Infobox_Korean_name 11.59% 113.975 2 Template:Infobox_Chinese/Korean 10.86% 106.852 14 Template:Lang 9.06% 89.109 2 Template:Short_description 8.71% 85.646 1 Template:Cite_book Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32021887-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716041822 and revision id 1220123552. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Yu-bin_(musician)&oldid=1220123552 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Yu-bin_(musician)&oldid=1220123552) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1988 births (/wiki/Category:1988_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Wonder Girls members (/wiki/Category:Wonder_Girls_members) English-language singers from South Korea (/wiki/Category:English-language_singers_from_South_Korea) Japanese-language singers of South Korea (/wiki/Category:Japanese-language_singers_of_South_Korea) JYP Entertainment artists (/wiki/Category:JYP_Entertainment_artists) Mandarin-language singers of South Korea (/wiki/Category:Mandarin-language_singers_of_South_Korea) Leland High School (San Jose, California) alumni (/wiki/Category:Leland_High_School_(San_Jose,_California)_alumni) Musicians from Gwangju (/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Gwangju) South Korean expatriates in the United States (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_expatriates_in_the_United_States) South Korean female idols (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_female_idols) South Korean women rappers (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_women_rappers) South Korean women pop singers (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_women_pop_singers) South Korean television actresses (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_television_actresses) South Korean television personalities (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_television_personalities) South Korean women composers (/wiki/Category:South_Korean_women_composers) Unpretty Rapstar contestants (/wiki/Category:Unpretty_Rapstar_contestants) 21st-century South Korean women singers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_South_Korean_women_singers) 21st-century South Korean singers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_South_Korean_singers) 21st-century South Korean actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_South_Korean_actresses) Actors from Gwangju (/wiki/Category:Actors_from_Gwangju) Hidden categories: CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko) (/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Korean-language_script_(ko)) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from April 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2024) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Korean-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text) Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers)
French luxury fashion house Pierre Balmain S.A. Company type Société Anonyme (/wiki/S.A._(corporation)) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 1945 ; 79 years ago ( 1945 ) Founder Pierre Balmain (/wiki/Pierre_Balmain) Headquarters Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France Area served Worldwide Key people Olivier Rousteing (/wiki/Olivier_Rousteing) , Head Designer Products Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) , ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) , perfume (/wiki/Perfume) , jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Owner Mayhoola for Investments (/wiki/Mayhoola_for_Investments) Website www (https://www.balmain.com) .balmain (https://www.balmain.com) .com (https://www.balmain.com) Pierre Balmain S.A. ( French: [balmɛ̃] (/wiki/Help:IPA/French) ), trading as Balmain , is a French (/wiki/Economy_of_France) luxury fashion house (/wiki/Fashion_house) that was founded by Pierre Balmain (/wiki/Pierre_Balmain) (1914–1982) in 1945. It operates over 50 stores. Its primary flagship is located on Rue Saint-Honoré (/wiki/Rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Additional flagship locations are in Tokyo, New York City, London, and on Via Montenapoleone (/wiki/Via_Montenapoleone_fashion_district) in Milano (/wiki/Milano) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) This includes six stores in the United States including in on Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) in New York City, Bal Harbour (/wiki/Bal_Harbour,_Florida) , Las Vegas, and Melrose Place in Los Angeles. [4] (#cite_note-4) Balmain was acquired by Qatari Crown investment firm Mayhoola for Investments (/wiki/Mayhoola_for_Investments) for a figure reportedly close to €500 million ($548 million) in 2016. [5] (#cite_note-Qatari_Owners-5) Prior to the deal, Balmain was 70 percent controlled by heirs of Alain Hivelin. The company does not regularly release financial information, but Les Echos (/wiki/Les_Echos_(France)) estimated its revenue in 2015 at €120 million (about $136 million), growing from an estimated €30 million (about $34 million) in 2012. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Balmain expected to reach a revenue of €150 million in 2017, 90% of which is generated by the wholesale (/wiki/Wholesaling) channel, and is also putting more effort into direct retail (/wiki/Retail_marketing) . History [ edit ] Pierre Balmain, 1945–1982 [ edit ] Balmain was born in 1914 in France. His father owned a drapery (/wiki/Drapery) business and his mother and sister owned a fashion boutique where he often worked after his father's death in 1921. He attended the École des Beaux-Arts (/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts) in 1933–1934, with intent to study architecture (/wiki/Architecture) but instead ended up spending the majority of his time designing dresses. After working for atelier (/wiki/Atelier) Robert Piquet as a freelance artist and spending time with Edward Molyneux (/wiki/Edward_Molyneux) , he left school to work for Molyneux. In the late 1930s, he served in the French air force and the army pioneer corps. After peace was declared, he worked at Lucien Lelong (/wiki/Lucien_Lelong) and opened his own fashion house under his name [8] (#cite_note-8) at 44, rue François 1 er in Paris. He released his first collection in October 1945 and his first fragrance, Jolie Madame in 1949. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Pierre Balmain and the actress Ruth Ford (/wiki/Ruth_Ford_(actress)) , photographed by Carl Van Vechten (/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten) , 1947 In the period following World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , Pierre Balmain was "a king of French fashion" and outfitted stars including Ava Gardner (/wiki/Ava_Gardner) and Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) , the Nicaraguan first lady Hope Portocarrero (/wiki/Hope_Portocarrero) , [11] (#cite_note-vogue-11) and Queen Sirikit of Thailand (/wiki/Sirikit) . Marlene Dietrich (/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich) wore Balmain clothes that she selected in " No Highway in the Sky (/wiki/No_Highway_in_the_Sky) " (1951). 1982–1992 [ edit ] Erik Mortensen, 1982–1990 [ edit ] After Balmain's death in 1982, the house was led by Erik Mortensen, described by Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) as "Pierre Balmain's right hand". [11] (#cite_note-vogue-11) Mortensen had joined the house to work as Balmain's assistant in 1951. After succeeding Balmain, Mortensen worked to maintain the brand aesthetic in the ever-living world of couture while still maintaining the progressive spirit of creativity in the fashion industry. The Balmain house recruited Peggy Huynh Kinh in 1982 to provide artistic direction for women's ready-to-wear and women's and home accessories license studios. [12] (#cite_note-12) Eric Mortensen won two Golden Thimble awards for his haute couture collections, one for the Autumn/Winter 83/84 and one for the Autumn/Winter 87/88. He left the house in 1990. Hervé Pierre, 1990–1992 [ edit ] Designer Hervé Pierre (/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Pierre_(designer)) took over until 1992 working as director of ready-to-wear and haute couture. Oscar de la Renta, 1993–2002 [ edit ] Possibly the most influential designer to take over at Balmain was Oscar de la Renta (/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta) , who led the house between 1993 and 2002. [11] (#cite_note-vogue-11) Already a fashion veteran before joining Balmain, De la Renta brought a famous face to the brand Balmain. He lived in New York City most of his life, although he was born in the Dominican Republic (/wiki/Dominican_Republic) and became a naturalized United States citizen in 1971. He fit into the Balmain design aesthetic, with an eye for detail and classic silhouettes. He, like Balmain, preferred modest and simple design rather than extremely ornamental and flashy styles. Couture had been suffering at the time since it was an extremely impractical business, so Oscar joined the brand in order to challenge himself and to help it through the beginning of the decline of couture. [13] (#cite_note-13) Alain Hivelin Era (2005–2023) [ edit ] Christophe Decarnin, 2005–2011 [ edit ] After Oscar de la Renta's departure Christophe Decarnin (/wiki/Christophe_Decarnin) joined the house in 2005. Contrary to all the designers before him, Decarnin insisted on bringing the brand into the 21st century. He favored expensive prices and flashy pieces that sharply contrasted with the label's reputation for its classic and luxurious designs. He was considered a "star designer", and the brand became more about his star status than about its clothes. [14] (#cite_note-14) Olivier Rousteing, 2011–present [ edit ] In April 2011, Balmain announced that Decarnin was to be replaced by Olivier Rousteing (/wiki/Olivier_Rousteing) . [15] (#cite_note-15) Rousteing had joined the company in 2009, after attending a prestigious French fashion school and working under Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) . [16] (#cite_note-16) While he liked Decarnin's aesthetic, he wanted to orient the label towards the finer aspects of French couture. At the time of his appointment, Rousteing was a relatively unknown designer, and has brought a fresh take on the brand's aesthetic that remains to this day. He was credited with adding an Asian influence to the clothing, as Asia comprises a huge part of the brand's buyers. [17] (#cite_note-17) In April 2016, Balmain opened its New York flagship store in Soho. [18] (#cite_note-18) On June 22, 2016, Mayhoola Investments (/wiki/Mayhoola_for_Investments) acquired Balmain from its previous owners for reportedly more than 460 million euros ($522 million). [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2017, Rousteing debuted Balmain's first accessory line. [21] (#cite_note-21) On December 4, 2018, Rousteing introduced Balmain's new logo. [22] (#cite_note-22) In 2019, Balmain partnered with Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) and Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) on Puma X Balmain, a 35-piece athletic wear collection. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) In September 2023, Rousteing announced that a van holding over 50 designs for the fall 2023 show during Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) had been robbed while en route to the Balmain studio. [25] (#cite_note-:0-25) Despite the setback, he insisted the show would go on and was able to successfully present a glossy show filled with flowers and message that "love is all". [25] (#cite_note-:0-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) Other activities [ edit ] As of 2012, 50% of the company's total income is from license royalties. [27] (#cite_note-Luxury-27) Diffusion lines [ edit ] In 1994, Balmain licensed Societe Creations Michel Firer to manufacture and distribute a diffusion collection of women's ready-to-wear. [28] (#cite_note-28) In 2011, Balmain launched its Pierre Balmain diffusion line (/wiki/Diffusion_line) for men's and womenswear. [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) To highlight the collection, the photographers Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin (/wiki/Inez_van_Lamsweerde_and_Vinoodh_Matadin) directed the model Abbey Lee Kershaw (/wiki/Abbey_Lee_Kershaw) and her band, Our Mountain, in a series of three videos. [31] (#cite_note-31) By 2013, Balmain terminated its agreement with Italian manufacturer Ittierre SpA for the production of Pierre Balmain and brought it in-house. [32] (#cite_note-32) The line was ultimately discontinued in 2018. In November 2015, Balmain released their one-off collaboration with the international Swedish retail store H&M (/wiki/H%26M) . [33] (#cite_note-33) Fragrances [ edit ] In 2012, Balmain entered into a licensing, development and production agreement with Interparfums for 12 years. By 2017, Rousteing terminated this contract due to declining sales. [34] (#cite_note-34) In 2022, Balmain announced a new long-term licensing agreement with Estée Lauder Companies (/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) . [35] (#cite_note-35) Cosmetics [ edit ] In 2013, Balmain introduced their Care and Styling for Hair Couture. [36] (#cite_note-36) In 2017, Balmain introduced a lipstick collection in collaboration with L’Oreal (/wiki/L%E2%80%99Oreal) . [37] (#cite_note-37) In 2019, Balmain announced the capsule makeup collection, KYLIE X BALMAIN , a collaboration with cosmetics entrepreneur, Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) . [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) Jenner was also named Artistic Director for Makeup for the Spring-Summer 2020 Runway Collection. [42] (#cite_note-42) In 2023, Balmain Hair celebrated its 50th anniversary and was lauded by Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) for setting the tone in luxury haircare. [43] (#cite_note-43) Lingerie [ edit ] In 2017, Balmain launched a capsule collection with Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) . [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) Jewellery [ edit ] In 2022, Balmain launched its first ever fine jewellery collection. [49] (#cite_note-49) Head designers of Balmain [ edit ] 1945–1982: Pierre Balmain (/wiki/Pierre_Balmain) 1982–1986: Peggy Huynh Kinh 1982–1990: Erik Mortensen 1990–1992: Hervé Pierre Braillard (/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Pierre_(designer)) 1993–2002: Oscar de la Renta (/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta) 2002-2003: Laurent Mercier 2003–2006: Christophe Lebourg 2006–2011: Christophe Decarnin (/wiki/Christophe_Decarnin) 2011– 0 0 0 0 : Olivier Rousteing (/wiki/Olivier_Rousteing) From 1947 to 1976 Balmain's directrice (director) was Ginette Spanier (/wiki/Ginette_Spanier) . [50] (#cite_note-RubinsteinJolles2011-50) Alain Hivelin was chairman and majority owner of Balmain starting in 2004 until his death in 2014. [51] (#cite_note-51) In popular culture [ edit ] In 1969, singer/songwriter Peter Sarstedt (/wiki/Peter_Sarstedt) hit the top 40 with the song " Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)? (/wiki/Where_Do_You_Go_To_(My_Lovely)%3F) ". In the first couplet he sings about Balmain: "You talk like Marlene Dietrich (/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich) and you dance like Zizi Jeanmaire (/wiki/Zizi_Jeanmaire) . Your clothes are all made by Balmain and there's diamonds and pearls in your hair - yes there are." Philanthropy [ edit ] In 2018, Balmain joined forces with (RED) (/wiki/Product_Red) to auction off its custom-made looks for that year's Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) , with 100% of the proceeds going toward the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria) . [52] (#cite_note-52) The brand has since cooperated with (RED) on various occasions. [53] (#cite_note-53) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Here's an Exclusive Look inside Balmain's New Luxurious Paris Flagship Store" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/balmain-paris-new-flagship-store/) . Highsnobiety . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Muret, FashionNetwork.com, Dominique. "Balmain to leverage Olivier Rousteing's pull in ambitious expansion drive" (http://us.fashionnetwork.com/news/Balmain-to-leverage-Olivier-Rousteing-s-pull-in-ambitious-expansion-drive,884718.html#) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved January 26, 2018 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Feser, Katherine (August 10, 2023). "Bedding store Boll & Branch, French boutique Balmain debut Houston stores" (https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/real-estate/article/boll-and-branch-balmain-debut-houston-stores-18285225.php) . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 22, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Lockwood, Lisa (August 7, 2023). "Balmain Opens Store in Phipps Plaza in Atlanta" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/balmain-unveils-new-store-in-phipps-plaza-in-atlanta-1235763393/) . WWD . Retrieved October 22, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Qatari_Owners_5-0) Valentino’s Qatari Owners Acquire Balmain (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/valentinos-qatari-owners-acquire-balmain) JUNE 22, 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Inside Balmain's Digital Revolution" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/inside-fashion/bof-exclusive-balmains-social-media-driven-retail-rollout) . March 19, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Valentino's Parent Company Confirms Purchase of Balmain" (https://fashionista.com/2016/06/balmain-valentino-mayhoola) . Fashionista . Retrieved January 26, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Emirates, Mall of the. "Shopping's never been better, Mall of the Emirates" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190505002016/http://www.malloftheemirates.com/Shopping/fashion-men/balmain) . Archived from the original (http://www.malloftheemirates.com/shopping/fashion-men/balmain) on May 5, 2019 . Retrieved August 23, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) “Balmain.” Vogue English. Accessed January 24, 2014. (http://www.vogue.fr/thevoguelist/balmain-1/318) Archived (https://archive.today/20140210190335/http://www.vogue.fr/thevoguelist/balmain-1/318) February 10, 2014, at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) ^ (#cite_ref-10) English, Vogue. "Balmain" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222740/http://en.vogue.fr/vogue-list/thevoguelist/balmain-/965) . Vogue English . Archived from the original (http://en.vogue.fr/vogue-list/thevoguelist/balmain-/965) on September 30, 2017 . Retrieved September 30, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Yaeger, Lynn (/wiki/Yaeger,_Lynn) . "Balmain Nouveau." Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) (October 2007), p. 254–256. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Isabelle Adjani wearing a Peggy Huynh Kinh for Balmain dress". Jour de France . December 27, 1986. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0022-5681 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5681) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Duffy, Martha. "Mais Oui, Oscar!" Time 141, no. 6 (February 8, 1993): 68. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Star Designer Leaves Balmain Fashion House" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/07/business/07fashion.html) . The New York Times . April 7, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Horyn, Cathy (April 26, 2011). "Balmain Taps an Inside Man" (http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/26/balmain-taps-an-inside-man) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Voight, Rebecca (April 26, 2011). "Olivier Rousteing Named New Designer at Balmain" (http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/26/olivier-rousteing-named-new-designer-at-balmain/) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) “Exclusive Interview with Balmain’s Olivier Rousteing.” The D’Vine. Accessed January 26, 2014. (http://www.the-dvine.com/2012/11/exclusive-interview-with-balmains-olivier-rousteing/admin.) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Balmain's New York Flagship Is Finally Open For Business" (https://observer.com/2016/04/balmains-new-york-flagship-is-finally-open-for-business/) . Observer . April 5, 2016 . Retrieved April 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Friedman, Vanessa (June 22, 2016). "Can a New Owner Take 'Balmainia' to the Next Level?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/fashion/balmain-olivier-rousteing-kardashian.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved December 5, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Geert De Clercq (22 June 2016), Qatar fund Mayhoola buys French fashion brand Balmain (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-balmain-qatar-idINKCN0Z821V) Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Balmain Debuts An Accessories Line" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181206001730/http://fashionisers.com/accessories/balmain-debuts-accessories-line/) . Fashionisers . January 16, 2017. Archived from the original (http://fashionisers.com/accessories/balmain-debuts-accessories-line/) on December 6, 2018 . Retrieved December 5, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Balmain unveils its new Instagram-friendly logo" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a25392044/balmain-unveils-its-new-logo/) . Harper's BAZAAR . December 4, 2018 . Retrieved December 5, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Joelle Diderich (15 October 2019), Puma and Balmain Collaborate on Collection With Cara Delevingne (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/activewear/puma-balmain-cara-delevingne-collection-1203344861/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Max Berlinger (23 November 2019), Olivier Rousteing, Cara Delevingne aim for fashion knockout with new Puma X Balmain collaboration (https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/story/2019-11-23/olivier-rousteing-cara-delevingne-fashion-new-puma-balmain-collaboration) Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . ^ Jump up to: a b Cochrane, Lauren (September 28, 2023). "Olivier Rousteing shrugs off robbery to helm glossy Balmain show" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2023/sep/28/olivier-rousteing-shrugs-off-robbery-to-helm-glossy-balmain-show) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved October 22, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Following theft, Balmain shows defiance with flowers in rose-filled Paris Fashion Week show" (https://apnews.com/article/paris-fashion-week-3ac7b1cec4428c23d32c8b1fcad460e5) . AP News . September 27, 2023 . Retrieved October 22, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Luxury_27-0) Chevalier, Michel (2012). Luxury Brand Management . Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-118-17176-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Balmain, Michel Firer in Pact for Second Line (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/balmain-michel-firer-in-pact-for-second-line-1160653/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , 10 June 1994. ^ (#cite_ref-29) Ella Alexander (28 September 2011), Balmain Presents (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/pierre-balmain-sets-diffusion-line-presentation-date) British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Lauren Cochrane (6 January 2012), Parallel lines (https://www.ft.com/content/8a11f24e-2a75-11e1-9bdb-00144feabdc0) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Sara Moonves (3 October 2011), New From Paris: Pierre Balmain (https://archive.nytimes.com/tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/03/new-from-paris-pierre-balmain/) T: The New York Times Style Magazine (/wiki/T_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Joelle Diderich (28 November 2013), Balmain Ends License With Ittierre (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/balmain-terminates-mens-license-with-ittierre-7294521/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "The Business Logic Behind Balmain x H&M" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/intelligence/business-logic-balmain-hm-olivier-rousteing-designer-collaboration) . The Business of Fashion . October 19, 2015 . Retrieved December 5, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Wynne, Alex (March 14, 2017). "Balmain Terminates Inter Parfums SA Fragrance License" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/balmain-terminates-inter-parfums-sa-fragrance-license-10844052/) . WWD . Retrieved January 26, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) The Estée Lauder Companies and BALMAIN are Partnering to Launch BALMAIN BEAUTY (https://www.elcompanies.com/en/news-and-media/newsroom/press-releases/2022/09-26-2022-070012217) Estée Lauder Companies (/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) , press release of 26 September 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Balmain Hair | About Us" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193505/https://store.balmainhair.com/us/about-balmainhair) . store.balmainhair.com . Archived from the original (https://store.balmainhair.com/us/about-balmainhair) on December 5, 2018 . Retrieved December 5, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "The L'Oreal Paris x Balmain Lipstick Has Finally Arrived | V Magazine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200929224744/https://vmagazine.com/article/loreal-paris-x-balmain-lipstick-finally-arrived/) . vmagazine.com . Archived from the original (https://vmagazine.com/article/loreal-paris-x-balmain-lipstick-finally-arrived/) on September 29, 2020 . Retrieved December 5, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Diderich, Allison Collins,Joelle; Collins, Allison; Diderich, Joelle (September 24, 2019). "EXCLUSIVE: Kylie Jenner Takes on Paris Fashion Week With Balmain Makeup Collaboration" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/color-cosmetics/kylie-jenner-balmain-makeup-collaboration-olivier-rousteing-paris-fashion-week-1203308420/) . WWD . Retrieved September 24, 2019 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Kylie Jenner announces Balmain collaboration will drop at Paris Fashion Week" (https://metro.co.uk/2019/09/24/kylie-jenner-announces-balmain-beauty-collaboration-going-drop-paris-fashion-week-10797637/) . Metro . September 24, 2019 . Retrieved September 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Kylie Jenner Created a Makeup Collection With Balmain — Here's Everything We Know" (https://www.allure.com/story/kylie-jenner-kylie-cosmetics-x-balmain-collection) . Allure . September 24, 2019 . Retrieved September 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Kylie Jenner Announces Kylie Cosmetics Collaboration with Balmain to Debut During Paris Fashion Week" (https://people.com/style/kylie-jenner-teases-kylie-cosmetics-collaboration-with-balmain-to-debut-during-paris-fashion-week/) . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved September 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Paris Fashion Week: Kylie Jenner Named Artistic Director of Makeup for Balmain Show" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kylie-jenner-named-artistic-director-makeup-balmain-paris-fashion-week-show-1242932) . The Hollywood Reporter . September 24, 2019 . Retrieved September 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Shoaib, Maliha (October 6, 2023). "How Balmain set the tone for luxury haircare" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/beauty/how-balmain-hair-set-the-tone-for-luxury-haircare-eline-de-knoop) . Vogue Business . Retrieved October 22, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Olivier Rousteing Talks Balmain X Victoria's Secret" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/victorias-secret-balmain-collaboration) . British Vogue . November 20, 2017 . Retrieved September 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "These VS Angels are clearly excited by Victoria's Secret x Balmain range" (https://grazia.com.au/articles/vs-angels-excited-by-victorias-secret-x-balmain-capsule/) . Grazia Australia . Retrieved September 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Victoria's Secret Is Introducing Its Most High-Fashion Collab Yet" (https://www.brit.co/victorias-secret-x-balmain-fashion-show/) . Brit + Co . October 4, 2017 . Retrieved September 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Gonzales, Erica (November 20, 2017). "The Victoria's Secret x Balmain Collaboration Just Debuted on the Runway and It's Pure Gold" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-week/g13812534/victorias-secret-balmain-full-collection/) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved September 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Take a Look at the Victoria's Secret x Balmain Lingerie Collaboration" (https://www.fashiongonerogue.com/victorias-secret-balmain-first-look/) . Fashion Gone Rogue . November 14, 2017 . Retrieved September 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Divya Bala (20 June 2022), Balmain’s golden boy Olivier Rousteing breaks new ground (https://www.ft.com/content/7c94da57-5d3d-4457-9598-902dc0e8c514) Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-RubinsteinJolles2011_50-0) Rubinstein, William D. (/wiki/William_Rubinstein) ; Jolles, Michael; Rubinstein, Hilary L. (/wiki/Hilary_L._Rubinstein) (March 15, 2011). The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 942. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781403939104 . Retrieved July 28, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Socha, Miles (December 5, 2014). "Alain Hivelin Dies at 71" (https://wwd.com/feature/alain-hivelin-dies-at-71-8060584-970038/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved October 22, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Sabrina Carder (8 May 2018), Met Gala 2018: Jennifer Lopez's Balmain dress is being auctioned to raise money for AIDS (https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/fashion/met-gala-dresses-2018-jennifer-lopez-balmain-a3832846.html) Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) . ^ (#cite_ref-53) Vanessa Friedman (30 September 2021), A Decade of Work, a Shocking Accident and a Bevy of Supermodels (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/30/style/olivier-rousteing-balmain.html) Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.balmain.com) NY Magazine profile (http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/balmain/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130113070219/http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/balmain/) 2013-01-13 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐krfxh Cached time: 20240710153702 Cache expiry: 1844580 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.492 seconds Real time usage: 0.611 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3386/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 77417/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2787/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 142419/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.322/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17671273/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 557.387 1 -total 45.45% 253.342 1 Template:Reflist 19.66% 109.571 1 Template:IPA-fr 19.37% 107.943 1 Template:IPA 18.94% 105.565 8 Template:Cite_news 16.29% 90.813 1 Template:Infobox_company 14.58% 81.243 1 Template:Infobox 12.50% 69.679 23 Template:Cite_web 7.67% 42.768 1 Template:Short_description 4.64% 25.884 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:13426814-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710153702 and revision id 1222036626. 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French curator Pamela Golbin Nationality French Education Columbia University Paris La Sorbonne Occupation(s) Curator (/wiki/Curator) , fashion historian Awards Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres) [1] (#cite_note-1) Pamela Golbin is a French curator, author and fashion historian. [2] (#cite_note-pfw-2) From 1993 to 2018 she was the chief curator of fashion and textile at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris) in Paris. [2] (#cite_note-pfw-2) In 2019 she became artistic director of the Jacquard (/wiki/Project_Jacquard) artist's residency (/wiki/Artist%27s_residency) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Career [ edit ] Golbin attended Columbia University in the City of New York (/wiki/Columbia_University_in_the_City_of_New_York) and La Sorbonne (/wiki/La_Sorbonne) in Paris, specializing in Post-World War II Abstract Expressionism. During her studies, Golbin was part of the apprenticeship program at The Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) and worked at The Costume Institute (/wiki/The_Costume_Institute) . Concurrently, she pursued a similar program at the Musée de la Mode et du Textile in Paris where, following her studies, she was named curator at the age of 23. [4] (#cite_note-4) During her 25-year tenure at the museum, Golbin “helped shape the artistic sensibility in the industry”. [5] (#cite_note-5) Simultaneously from 2008 to 2013 in New York City, she initiated and developed the French Institute Alliance Française (/wiki/French_Institute_Alliance_Fran%C3%A7aise) (FIAF) Annual Fashion Talks. In 2018, she attended the Executive Education management program at Harvard Business School (/wiki/Harvard_Business_School) . In 2019, Golbin was named artistic director of the Jacquard x Google Arts & Culture Residency which aims to explore the synergies between art, fashion, and technology. [6] (#cite_note-6) Golbin collaborates closely with contemporary designers and international creative talents. John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) describes her as “an incomparable source of inspiration, a true well of science. [7] (#cite_note-Vf-7) Valentino Garavani (/wiki/Valentino_Garavani) admitted, “She knows more about my own work than I do” [7] (#cite_note-Vf-7) and Dries Van Noten (/wiki/Dries_Van_Noten) remarks, “She has incredible sensitivity and flair”. [7] (#cite_note-Vf-7) The Financial Times (/wiki/The_Financial_Times) wrote about her stating, “As the chief curator of fashion and textiles at Paris’s Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Pamela Golbin is the custodian of the history of French taste”. [8] (#cite_note-8) The Business of Fashion (/wiki/The_Business_of_Fashion) accurately identifies the personalities influencing an industry in constant evolution, integrating her within their yearly classification of 500 of the most influential people shaping the fashion industry, Pamela Golbin is in charge “of one of the most significant and extensive collections of fashion and textiles in the world”. [9] (#cite_note-BoF-9) Golbin is considered for her work as a historian and curator. “Just as the discipline of architecture boasts its cast of “starchitects”, this critical re-presentation of fashion has been led by a roll call of “It” curators that includes Andrew Bolton (/wiki/Andrew_Bolton_(curator)) of the Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Valerie Steele (/wiki/Valerie_Steele) of the Museum of the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) , New York; and Pamela Golbin of the Musée de la Mode et du Textile, Paris” [10] (#cite_note-10) She has been described by the press as “the brains behind the Louvre’s blockbuster fashion exhibitions, Pamela Golbin, is one of the industry’s most influential people you’ve never heard of”. [11] (#cite_note-11) In fact, until she stepped down as chief curator in 2018, her exhibitions saw “hundreds of thousands of visitors every year” [9] (#cite_note-BoF-9) Of her exhibits, fashion critic Suzy Menkes (/wiki/Suzy_Menkes) wrote, " Madeleine Vionnet (/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet) , Puriste de la Mode’ is an intelligent and illuminating exhibition and an example of excellence from its curator, Pamela Golbin". [12] (#cite_note-12) Or "Balenciaga Paris" is the first major exhibition of Cristóbal Balenciaga (/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga) held in his adopted city, and its curator, Pamela Golbin, has brought a fine intelligence to clothes that could seem so dissonant in the age of the Internet” [13] (#cite_note-13) Selected books [ edit ] Couture Confessions , Rizzoli, 2016 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8478-4769-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-4769-3) ) Fashion Forward, 300 Years of Fashion , Rizzoli, 2016 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-916914-62-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-916914-62-6) ) Paris: Les Boulevards , Rizzoli, 2014 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8478-4504-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-4504-0) ) Dries Van Noten, Inspirations , Lanoo, 2014 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-916914-48-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-916914-48-0) ) Fashion Icons , 2014 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-916914-52-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-916914-52-7) ) Louis Vuitton Marc Jacobs , Rizzoli, 2012 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-916914-31-2 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-916914-31-2) ) Hussein Chalayan , Rizzoli, 2011 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8478-3386-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-3386-3) ) Madeleine Vionnet: Puriste de la Mode , Rizzoli, 2009 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-916914-13-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-916914-13-8) ) Valentino, Thèmes et Variations , Rizzoli, 2008 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-08-121607-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08-121607-5) ) Balenciaga Paris , Thames et Hudson, 2006 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-87811-280-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87811-280-1) ) Fashion Designers , Watson & Guptill, 2000 ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8230-1639-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-1639-6) ) Selected exhibitions [ edit ] (non-exhaustive list) Exhibition Exhibition dates Theme Notes Catalog Fashion Forward, Three Centuries of Fashion [14] (#cite_note-14) 2016 7 April 14 August To mark 30 years of its fashion collection, the Musée des Arts Décoratifs brings together 300 exceptional pieces from the museum presented through a chronological timeline from 1715 to 2015 Scenographers : Christopher Wheeldon (/wiki/Christopher_Wheeldon) , Jérôme Kaplan Artistic Direction : Marc Ascoli French, English Dries Van Noten, Inspirations [15] (#cite_note-15) 2014 01 march 2 November Masterpieces from the worlds of Art, Fashion, Photography and Film come together to unveil the creative processes of a fashion designer Scenographers : Dries Van Noten, Arter Graphic designer : Joseph Logan French, English, Flemish Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) [16] (#cite_note-16) 2012 09 march 16 September The contributions of two major personalities from the world of luxury: Louis Vuitton, a 19th-century industrialist, and Marc Jacobs, contemporary artistic director exhibiting for the first time Scenographers : Sam Gainsbury & Joseph Benett Artistic Direction : Lee Swillingham French, English, German Hussein Chalayan (/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan) , Récits de Mode [17] (#cite_note-17) 2011 5 July 11 décember First monograph in France Scenographers : Zoé Smith, Bloch Architects French, English Madeleine Vionnet : Puriste de la Mode [18] (#cite_note-18) 2009 24 June 2009 31 January 2010 First major retrospective presenting the exceptional collection transmitted by the designer to the Arts Décoratifs in Paris Scenographers : Andrée Putman (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Putman) Graphic designer : Atalante Paris French, English Valentino, Thèmes et Variations [19] (#cite_note-19) 2008 16 June 21 September First French retrospective of the couturier Valentino Scenographers : Patrick Kinmonth, Antonio Monfreda Artistic Direction : Sam Shahid French, English, Spanish, German, Italian Balenciaga Paris [20] (#cite_note-20) 2006 5 July 2006 28 January 2007 First retrospective in Paris of the Spanish couturier Cristobal Balenciaga with the participation of Nicolas Ghesquière (/wiki/Nicolas_Ghesqui%C3%A8re) Scenographers : Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster (/wiki/Dominique_Gonzalez-Foerster) Artistic Direction : Fabien Baron (/wiki/Fabien_Baron) French, English Elsa Schiaparelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) [21] (#cite_note-21) 2004 17 March 29 August Franco-American collaboration with the Philadelphia Museum of Art (/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art) for the first retrospective bringing together the two heritage collections bequeathed by the designer to the Philadelphia Museum of Art and to the Arts Décoratifs Scenographers : Jacques Grange (/wiki/Jacques_Grange) French, English Design in France [22] (#cite_note-22) 9 October December 2004 "Design in France", Fashion curator of the Inaugural Exhibition for the French Year in China French, Chinese Jacqueline Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy) , les Années Maison-Blanche [23] (#cite_note-23) 2002 19 November 2002 16 March 2003 Franco-American collaboration with the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the John F. Kennedy Library (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library) retracing the signature of the First Lady of the United States's wardrobe and its political importance Scenographers : Pierre Charpin French, English Sixties, mode d’emploi [24] (#cite_note-24) 2002 November 2002 16 March 2003 The design innovations and industry transformations of French fashion in the 1960s Scenographers : Pierre Charpin French References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ministère de la culture, october 2019 ^ Jump up to: a b Paris Fashion week, octobre 3, 2020 ^ (#cite_ref-3) WWD Staff, Trading Fashion History for Wearable tech, Women’s Wear Daily, March 4, 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Couture Confabs”, Sotheby’s, Summer 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-5) The Wall Street Journal, january 15 2017, Mathew Dalton, “What is Luxury anyway?” ^ (#cite_ref-6) Google Arts & Culture ^ Jump up to: a b c Keating, « Le goût des griffes », Vanity Fair France, août 2014, page 86 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Susan Owens, “A sense for style”, Financial Times, June 23–24, 2012, page 14 ^ Jump up to: a b The BOF 500, Business of Fashion ^ (#cite_ref-10) Mitchell Oakley Smith and Alison Kubler, “Art/Fashion in the 21st century”, Thames and Hudson, London: 2013, page 155 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Patricia Lee, « The Master Mind », Female, juillet 2013, page 70 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Suzy Menkes, “Liberating Women’s bodies”, The New York Times, July 13, 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-13) Suzy Menkes, “Balenciaga: the past is the future”, The New York Times, july 5, 2006 ^ (#cite_ref-14) Mad Paris, Fashion Forward ^ (#cite_ref-15) Mad Paris, Dries Van Noten ^ (#cite_ref-16) Mad Paris, Louis Vuitton, Marc Jacobs ^ (#cite_ref-17) Mad Paris, Hussein Chalayan ^ (#cite_ref-18) Mad Paris, Madeleine Vionnet ^ (#cite_ref-19) Mad Paris, Valentino ^ (#cite_ref-20) Mad Paris, Balenciaga ^ (#cite_ref-21) Mad Paris, Elsa Schiaparelli ^ (#cite_ref-22) Année de la France en Chine ^ (#cite_ref-23) Mad Paris, Jacqueline Kennedy, les Années Maison-Blanche ^ (#cite_ref-24) Mad Paris, Sixties, mode d’emploi Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000109394278) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/119425865) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/136350976) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987009046129405171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001077320) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0090235&CON_LNG=ENG) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/050662937) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5795bc6b8c‐428kg Cached time: 20240720135325 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.415 seconds Real time usage: 0.621 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4324/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17622/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2300/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 45186/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.220/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3864280/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 577.912 1 -total 30.87% 178.426 1 Template:Authority_control 24.35% 140.750 1 Template:Infobox_person 18.58% 107.391 1 Template:Short_description 15.97% 92.300 11 Template:ISBN 10.83% 62.615 11 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 10.61% 61.295 2 Template:Pagetype 8.89% 51.383 27 Template:Main_other 5.58% 32.272 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 4.96% 28.691 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66521178-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720135325 and revision id 1212538325. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Golbin&oldid=1212538325 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Golbin&oldid=1212538325) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Fashion historians (/wiki/Category:Fashion_historians) Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (/wiki/Category:Chevaliers_of_the_Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres) French women historians (/wiki/Category:French_women_historians) French curators (/wiki/Category:French_curators) French women curators (/wiki/Category:French_women_curators) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NKC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers) Articles with SUDOC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2010s portal (/wiki/Portal:2010s) This category is for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) in the year 2018 (/wiki/2018) . 2013 (/wiki/Category:2013_in_fashion) 2014 (/wiki/Category:2014_in_fashion) 2015 (/wiki/Category:2015_in_fashion) 2016 (/wiki/Category:2016_in_fashion) 2017 (/wiki/Category:2017_in_fashion) 2018 2019 (/wiki/Category:2019_in_fashion) 2020 (/wiki/Category:2020_in_fashion) 2021 (/wiki/Category:2021_in_fashion) 2022 (/wiki/Category:2022_in_fashion) 2023 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7974fdbb48‐gpkts Cached time: 20240718090750 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.143 seconds Real time usage: 0.253 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 162/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4952/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 109/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 65/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.107/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1554959/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 240.635 1 Template:YYYY_in_fashion_category_header 100.00% 240.635 1 -total 73.37% 176.543 1 Template:Category_series_navigation 19.88% 47.838 1 Template:Portal 4.95% 11.907 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 4.17% 10.026 1 Template:FindYDCportal 3.20% 7.710 1 Template:Category_other 2.56% 6.171 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 2.10% 5.054 6 Template:Title_year 0.73% 1.761 1 Template:DECADE Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:58638205-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718090750 and revision id 949562938. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. C Clothing companies established in 2018 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2018) ‎ (9 P) Pages in category "2018 in fashion" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Costume Designers Guild Awards 2018 (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Awards_2018) I I'll Deal with Him Later (/wiki/I%27ll_Deal_with_Him_Later) M Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards 2018 (/wiki/Make-Up_Artists_and_Hair_Stylists_Guild_Awards_2018) Mayon gown (/wiki/Mayon_gown) P Project Runway New Zealand (/wiki/Project_Runway_New_Zealand) Project Runway season 17 (/wiki/Project_Runway_season_17) V Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2018 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2018) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2018_in_fashion&oldid=949562938 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:2018_in_fashion&oldid=949562938) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2018 (/wiki/Category:2018) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) Fashion by year (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_year) Hidden categories: Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Next_Top_Model_(Greek_TV_series)_season_2) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Next_Top_Model_(Greek_TV_series)_season_2) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections) or relocating (/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia) any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not) . 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( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Season of television series Next Top Model Season 2 Release Original network ANT1 (/wiki/ANT1) Original release October 11, 2010 ( 2010-10-11 ) – February 21, 2011 ( 2011-02-21 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 (/wiki/Next_Top_Model_(Greece_season_1)) Next → Season 3 (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_3)) List of episodes (/wiki/Next_Top_Model_(Greece)#Seasons) Next Top Model, Season 2 is the second season of Next Top Model (/wiki/Next_Top_Model_(Greece)) . It premiered on October 11, 2010. The host and the panel of the judges remains the same as the first season. Greek model Vicky Kaya (/wiki/Vicky_Kaya) (Greek: Βίκυ Καγιά) assumes the role of Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) from the original series as the head of the search as well as a mentor for the contestants. The panel consists of the former model Jenny Balatsinou, fashion designer Christoforos Kontentos and noted photographer Charis Christopoulos. The final episode aired on February 21, 2011. The winner was 17-year-old Cindy Toli from Athens, Greece (/wiki/Athens) . Her prizes included an all-expenses paid trip to Milan (/wiki/Milan) and a contract with MP Management, a cover and spread with Madame Figaro (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Figaro) magazine, an all-expenses paid trip to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and representation by Maybelline New York (/wiki/Maybelline) , a contract with BSB clothing line and a Chevrolet Spark (/wiki/Chevrolet_Spark) . The international destinations for this season were Paris, France (/wiki/Paris) and Istanbul, Turkey (/wiki/Istanbul) . Cast [ edit ] Contestants [ edit ] (Ages stated are at start of contest) Name Age Height Hometown Finish Place Maria Markatsyan 21 1.74 m (5 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Athens (/wiki/Athens) Episode 1 20 Elektra Tsela 22 1.72 m (5 ft 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Ioannina (/wiki/Ioannina) Episode 2 19 Roubini Agapitou 22 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Athens (/wiki/Athens) Episode 3 18 Agni Panagiotatou 18 1.72 m (5 ft 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Athens (/wiki/Athens) Episode 4 17 Kelly Vourtsi 19 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Serres (/wiki/Serres) Episode 5 16 (quit) Aliki Karpodini 21 1.79 m (5 ft 10 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Athens (/wiki/Athens) 15 (quit) Marina Klitsa 22 1.74 m (5 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Athens (/wiki/Athens) 14 Laura-Ann Markopoulioti 18 1.76 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Athens (/wiki/Athens) Episode 6 13 Fenia Dimopoulou 21 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Athens (/wiki/Athens) Episode 7 12 Emily Nicolaidou 21 1.76 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Nicosia (/wiki/Nicosia) , Cyprus (/wiki/Cyprus) Episode 8 11 Stefania Papagianni 22 1.67 m (5 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Crete (/wiki/Crete) Episode 9 10 Jian Nan Peng 22 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Athens (/wiki/Athens) Episode 10 9 Irene Aligizaki 19 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Crete (/wiki/Crete) Episode 12 8 Nancy Papastavrou 23 1.76 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Thessaloniki (/wiki/Thessaloniki) Episode 13 7 Georgia Antoniou 18 1.82 m (5 ft 11 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Limassol (/wiki/Limassol) , Cyprus (/wiki/Cyprus) Episode 15 6 Jessica Anthi 22 1.76 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Corfu (/wiki/Corfu) Episode 16 5 (quit) Ioanna Papagianni 18 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Athens (/wiki/Athens) Episode 18 4 Elena Papadopoulou 21 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Thessaloniki (/wiki/Thessaloniki) 3 Evangelia Koutalidou 20 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Thessaloniki (/wiki/Thessaloniki) 2 Ana Cindorella 'Cindy' Toli 17 1.74 m (5 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Athens (/wiki/Athens) 1 Judges [ edit ] Vicky Kaya (/wiki/Vicky_Kaya) Jenny Balatsinou Christoforos Kontentos Charis Christopoulos Other cast members [ edit ] Tassos Sofroniou - photo shoot director Episodes [ edit ] Episode 1 [ edit ] First aired October 11, 2010 The next day after the Bootcamp, the 25 Models were photographed by Harry Christopoulos and Tassos Sofroniou in the streets of Mykonos. After the shooting the girls returned to Athens and waited anxiously for the meeting with the judges who would decide which 20 girls will begin their attempt to become the Next Top Model. Back in Athens, the 20 models had to pose for the photographer Takis Diamantopoulos (/wiki/Takis_Diamantopoulos) on the brink of the 20th floor of the President Hotel. Agni and Evangelia revealed to Tassos that they are afraid of heights and therefore the photo shoot was even more difficult for them. When the girls returned home they found their books with the best shots from the photo shoot. Maria’s book, however, was not there and so she left the house. Eliminated outside of judging panel : Maria Markarian Featured photographers: Charis Christopoulos, Tassos Sofroniou, Takis Diamantopoulos (/wiki/Takis_Diamantopoulos) Episode 2 [ edit ] First aired October 18, 2010 In this week’s photo shoot the girls had to pose in pairs of two in front of a damaged car. The concept was that the girls were fighting with each other about whose fault it was that they were stuck in the middle of nowhere. The girls at the beginning were reluctant to raise tons. Vicky took action impressed everybody with how convincingly she shouted and allegedly started fighting with them to show them how to play the role. The girls though were only 19, so one of them did not have a pair for the photo shoot. Vicky announced to everybody that Ioanna’s pair would be Monika, the runner up of the first Next Top Model. Best photo: Elena Papadopoulou & Evangelia Koutalidou Bottom two: Elektra Tsela & Kelly Vourtsi Eliminated: Elektra Tsela Featured photographer: Thanassis Krikis Episode 3 [ edit ] First aired November 1, 2010 For this week's photo shoot the girls went to the zoo and had to pose with different animals like snakes or an eagle. The first one to react of course was Nancy. After a melt-down and almost a faint, she convinced Tassos to change her partner, so she posed with an eagle and had only 5 shots. Even though Nancy did horribly, Roubini was eliminated. Best photo: Jessica Anthi Bottom two: Nancy Papastavrou & Roubini Agapitou Eliminated: Roubini Agapitou Featured photographer: Thodoris Psiachos Episode 4 [ edit ] First aired November 8, 2010 For this week’s photo shoot the girls had to pose in swimsuits and into the arms of Greek actor Dimitris Vlachos. And while everyone thought that it would be more difficult for Nancy to do the photo shoot, Georgia struggled perhaps more on the set with Dimitris Vlachos, since he is her favorite actor. All the girls felt a little uncomfortable in the beginning but Vicky stimulated them by posing herself with Dimitris to show them how to do it right. Best photo: Cindorella 'Cindy' Toli Bottom three: Agni Panagiotatou, Fenia Dimopoulou & Laura-Ann Markopoulioti Eliminated: Agni Panagiotatou Featured photographer: Giorgos Lekakis Episode 5 [ edit ] First aired November 15, 2010 For this week’s photo shoot the models had a difficult task. They had to be photographed naked using only balloons to cover parts of their bodies. Naturally the first to react negatively to the concept was Nancy. However, it was not only Nancy who didn’t feel good for this photo shoot. Almost all the girls were hesitant in the beginning. Georgia was uncomfortable in the beginning but once she was on the set she loosened up and had more fun than any of the other girls. Quit: Kelly Vourtsi Best photo: Ioanna Papagianni Quit: Aliki Karpodini Bottom three: Emily Nicolaidou, Laura-Ann Markopoulioti & Marina Klitsa Eliminated: Marina Klitsa Featured photographer: Tassos Sofroniou Episode 6 [ edit ] First aired November 22, 2010 The girls had to pose with different animals like a spider, worms or even a small crocodile as part of a perfume ad. Emily had her last chance to prove herself to the judges. It was a big shock when Nancy didn't react at all and took everything in. Best photo: Emily Nicolaidou Bottom two: Jian Nan Peng & Laura-Ann Markopoulioti Eliminated: Laura-Ann Markopoulioti Featured photographer: Pantelis Zervos Episode 7 [ edit ] First aired November 29, 2010 For this week's photo shoot the girls had to act like they were young again and try to imitate one of their baby photos (that their parents had given in but the girls didn't know that at that time). During the photo shoot their parents showed and gave courage to the girls to continue trying. Elena was emotionally overwhelmed so it distracted her from doing well. At the judging panel the judges tested their runway skills but the girls didn't do so well. The one to be eliminated was Fenia as her photo was horrible and her runway walk was even worse. Best photo: Jessica Anthi Bottom two: Fenia Dimopoulou & Ioanna Papagianni Eliminated: Fenia Dimopoulou Featured photographer: Iwanna Tzetzoymi Episode 8 [ edit ] First aired December 6, 2010 For this week's photo shoot the girls were taken to a car cemetery. The girls had to pose with the cars and act like they were angry and mad at everyone. At the judging panel the one that was eliminated was Emily as her photo was not worthy and her runway walk was not good. Best photo: Cindorella 'Cindy' Toli Bottom two: Emily Nicolaidou & Jian Nan Peng Eliminated: Emily Nicolaidou Featured photographer: Charlie Makos Episode 9 [ edit ] First aired December 13, 2010 The models need to embody some of the popular Hollywood Icons Model Hollywood Icon Cindy Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) Elena Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) Evangelia Rita Hayworth (/wiki/Rita_Hayworth) Georgia Sharon Stone (/wiki/Sharon_Stone) Ioanna Bridgette Bardot (/wiki/Bridgette_Bardot) Irene Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) Jessica Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) Jian Nan Michelle Yeoh (/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh) Nancy Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) Stefania Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) Best photo: Ioanna Papagianni Bottom two: Elena Papadopoulou & Stefania Papagianni Eliminated: Stefania Papagianni Featured photographer: James KalaΪtakis Episode 10 [ edit ] First aired December 20, 2010 For this week, the girls did a photo-shoot while being coated with candy. Best photo: Georgia Antoniou Bottom two: Cindorella 'Cindy' Toli & Jian Nan Peng Eliminated: Jian Nan Peng Featured photographer: Thomas Chrisochoidis Episode 11 [ edit ] First aired December 27, 2010 This is the recap episode. Episode 12 [ edit ] First aired January 10, 2011 For this week, the theme of the photo shoot was Underground Club Rockers, where the girls posed as them and also with other male models/their fellow competitors. Best photo: Nancy Papastavrou Bottom two: Cindorella 'Cindy' Toli & Irene Aligizaki Eliminated: Irene Aligizaki Featured photographer: Konstantinos Rigos Episode 13 [ edit ] First aired January 17, 2011 Best photo: Cindorella 'Cindy' Toli Bottom two: Elena Papadopoulou & Nancy Papastavrou Eliminated: Nancy Papastavrou Episode 14 [ edit ] First aired January 24, 2011 Best photo: Cindorella 'Cindy' Toli Bottom two: Elena Papadopoulou & Evangelia Koutalidou Eliminated: None Episode 15 [ edit ] First aired January 31, 2011 Best photo: Ioanna Papagianni Bottom two: Georgia Antoniou & Jessica Anthi Eliminated: Georgia Antoniou Episode 16 [ edit ] First aired February 7, 2011 Best photo: Elena Papadopoulou Bottom two: Evangelia Koutalidou & Jessica Anthi Quit: Jessica Anthi Episode 17 [ edit ] First aired February 14, 2011 Eliminated: None Episode 18 [ edit ] First aired February 21, 2011 In the final week, the girls traveled to Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) to do some castings and a photo shoot. After the girls arrived, they headed to explore the city. Later, they met Tasos with a famous Turkish TV presenter and producer, Acun Ilıcalı (/wiki/Acun_Il%C4%B1cal%C4%B1) . One of the girls would have the opportunity to be the co-host in his show. They were interviewed by Acun and also the managers of the channel Show TV. The winner was Elena. After this the girls went shopping in the market of Istanbul. The next day they met again Tasos and informed them that Cindy and Ioanna would have a casting in Turkish Marie Claire for an editorial they are doing, in which Cindy won. Elena and Evangelia would have had a casting for a famous Turkish designer, but it was cancelled. Before their photo shoot, the girls went to the hotel's spa to relax. At their photo shoot they met Vicky, and they posed as fairies inspired by One Thousand and One Nights (/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights) . The next day the girls returned from Istanbul. Later they met Vicky and had a challenge, in which they had to present a product of NIVEA. The winner was Elena and won NIVEA products for one year. The other day, they went to their final photo shoot inspired by Annie Leibovitz (/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz) Fairy tale (/wiki/Fairy_tale) and posed as Couture (/wiki/Haute_Couture) Women along with two children. Later, they were invited to dinner by Vicky where she advised and guided the girls for the last time before their final performance. The girls arrived where the fashion show for Christoforos Kontentos would take place. All of the girls impressed with their walk, even though Ioanna's heel broke and Cindy's belt came off during the runway. At the final judging, all of the girls were praised for their performance at the photo shoots and runway show. After the first deliberation, two girls would be eliminated immediately. The first girl to be eliminated, despite her stunning photos, was Ioanna because of her lack of height and her not so strong performance in the runway show. The second girl to be eliminated, despite her very strong performance in the runway show, was Elena because of her lack of confidence and inability to transceive her personality into her photos, as well as her average performance in the entire competition. Eliminated: Elena Papadopoulou & Ioanna Papagianni As a result, Cindy and Evangelia made to the final two leading to two emotional eliminations. Cindy was praised for her photo shoots and runway show and was told that even though she was young she had a very strong performance in the entire competition. However, she was criticized for being too posey which didn't let her show her real age and mood. Evangelia was praised for her photo shoots, runway show, strong eyes and good personality. However, the judges were worried that she would have a limited number of job offers and some people will love her and others will reject her. During the final deliberation, the judges were divided over their preference of the girls. After a long wait, the girls were called back and Vicky announced Cindy as the second winner of The Next Top Model. Final two: Cindorella 'Cindy' Toli & Evangelia Koutalidou Greece's Next Top Model: Cindorella 'Cindy' Toli Featured photographer: Giannis Bournias, Dimitris Skoulos Guest judge: Andrea Losavio (booking director of MP Management) Results [ edit ] Order Episodes 1 [a] (#cite_note-1) 2 [b] (#cite_note-2) 3 4 5 [c] (#cite_note-3) 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 [d] (#cite_note-4) 18 1 Evangelia Evangelia Aliki Aliki Irene Ioanna Evangelia Cindy Jessica Georgia Ioanna Cindy Cindy Ioanna Ioanna Cindy 2 Ioanna Elena Evangelia Jian Nan Jessica Evangelia Jessica Elena Evangelia Jessica Nancy Georgia Jessica Cindy Cindy Evangelia 3 Marina Aliki Jessica Cindy Evangelia Stefania Irene Stefania Jian Nan Ioanna Evangelia Jessica Ioanna Evangelia Elena Elena 4 Cindy Marina Laura-Ann Elena Georgia Emily Cindy Evangelia Ioanna Evangelia Jessica Evangelia Georgia Elena Evangelia Ioanna 5 Jian Nan Jian Nan Cindy Stefania Ioanna Nancy Emily Georgia Cindy Irene Georgia Ioanna Elena Evangelia Jessica Jessica 6 Aliki Cindy Ioanna Evangelia Cindy Cindy Stefania Nancy Irene Elena Elena Elena Georgia 7 Maria Jessica Jian Nan Marina Elena Jessica Georgia Jessica Nancy Nancy Cindy Nancy 8 Fenia Roubini Marina Jessica Jian Nan Elena Jian Nan Irene Georgia Cindy Irene 9 Agni Irene Emily Emily Nancy Fenia Elena Ioanna Elena Jian Nan 10 Irene Stefania Irene Kelly Aliki Irene Nancy Jian Nan Stefania 11 Nancy Ioanna Agni Georgia Stefania Georgia Ioanna Emily 12 Elena Nancy Elena Irene Fenia Jian Nan Fenia 13 Emily Georgia Fenia Ioanna Laura-Ann Laura-Ann 14 Roubini Emily Kelly Nancy Emily 15 Laura-Ann Agni Stefania Laura-Ann Marina 16 Elektra Fenia Georgia Fenia Kelly 17 Jessica Laura-Ann Nancy Agni 18 Georgia Kelly Roubini 19 Stefania Elektra 20 Kelly The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel The contestant was part of a collective call-out with another contestant The contestant was eliminated The contestant quit the competition The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant won the competition ^ (#cite_ref-1) In Episode 1, Maria was eliminated outside of judging panel for having the worst performance at the photoshoot. ^ (#cite_ref-2) In Episode 2, Ioanna and Nancy's call-outs were not shown due to a possible editing mistake. ^ (#cite_ref-3) In Episode 5, Aliki quit after her name was called. Kelly quit before judging took place. ^ (#cite_ref-4) In Episode 16, Jessica landed in the bottom two and quit. Vicky revealed that she would have been eliminated regardless of her decision to quit. Bottom two [ edit ] Episode Contestants Eliminated 1 None Maria 2 Kelly & Elektra Elektra 3 Nancy & Roubini Roubini 4 Agni & Fenia Agni 5 Emily & Marina Kelly Aliki Marina 6 Jian Nan & Laura-Ann Laura-Ann 7 Ioanna & Fenia Fenia 8 Emily & Jian Nan Emily 9 Elena & Stefania Stefania 10 Cindy & Jian Nan Jian Nan 12 Cindy & Irene Irene 13 Elena & Nancy Nancy 14 Elena & Evangelia None 15 Georgia & Jessica Georgia 16 Evangelia & Jessica Jessica 18 Cindy, Elena, Evangelia & Ioanna Ioanna Elena Evangelia The contestant was eliminated after her first time in the bottom two The contestant was eliminated after her second time in the bottom two The contestant was eliminated after her third time in the bottom two The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel The contestant was eliminated in the final judging and placed fourth The contestant was eliminated in the final judging and placed third The contestant was eliminated in the final judging and placed as the runner-up Average call-out order [ edit ] Episode 1 & Episode 18 are not included. Rank by average Place Model Call-out total Number of call-outs Call-out average 1 2 Evangelia 44 14 3.14 2 15 Aliki 15 4 3.75 3 1 Cindy 57 14 4.07 4 5 Jessica 58 14 4.14 5 4 Ioanna 74 14 5.29 6 3 Elena 83 14 5.92 7 9 Jian Nan 64 9 7.11 8 6 Georgia 93 13 7.15 9 8 Irene 72 10 7.20 10 10 Stefania 63 8 7.88 11 14 Marina 34 4 8.50 12 7 Nancy 96 11 8.73 13 11 Emily 66 7 9.43 14 13 Laura-Ann 62 5 12.40 15-16 12 Fenia 78 6 13.00 15-16 18 Roubini 26 2 13.00 17 16 Kelly 42 3 14.00 18 17 Agni 43 3 14.33 19 19 Elektra 19 1 19.00 20 20 Maria — — — Photo shoots [ edit ] Episode 1 photo shoots: Mykonos island; posing with gowns on a rooftop Episode 2 photo shoot: Broken cadillac (/wiki/Cadillac) in pairs Episode 3 photo shoot: Pin-up (/wiki/Pin-up) girls posing with animals Episode 4 photo shoot: Posing with a male model on the beach Episode 5 photo shoot: Posing nude with silver balloons Episode 6 photo shoot: Perfume ad with lizards (/wiki/Lizards) , scorpions (/wiki/Scorpion) , and tarantulas (/wiki/Tarantulas) Episode 7 photo shoot: Re-enacting baby photos Episode 8 photo shoot: B&W in a junk yard (/wiki/Junk_yard) Episode 9 photo shoot: Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) icon impersonations Episode 10 photo shoot: Coated in candy Episode 12 photo shoot: Studio 54 (/wiki/Studio_54) Episode 13 photo shoot: Iconic fashion women Episode 14 photo shoot: Posing inside a cube Episode 15 photo shoot: Tuileries Garden (/wiki/Tuileries_Garden) wearing Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) designs Episode 16 photo shoots: Runway shots; eyes above water; walking down Athens (/wiki/Athens) Episode 17 photo shoots: B&W crying beauty shots; jumping with a male model; high fashion aliens (/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life) in nature Episode 18 photo shoots: One Thousand and One Nights (/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights) ; Annie Leibovitz (/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz) fairy tale (/wiki/Fairy_tale) inspired shoot References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] (in Greek) Official website (http://www.antenna.gr/nexttopmodel/) v t e Greece's Next Top Model (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model) Seasons (cycle) 1 (/wiki/Next_Top_Model_(Greece_season_1)) 2 (/wiki/Next_Top_Model_(Greece_season_2)) 3 (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_3) 4 (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_4) 5 (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_5) 6 (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_6) 7 (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_7) Winners Seraina Kazamia (/wiki/Next_Top_Model_(Greece_season_1)) Cindy Toli (/wiki/Next_Top_Model_(Greece_season_2)) Noune Kazaryan (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_3) Anna Maria Iliadou (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_4) & Katia Tarabanko (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_4) Hercules Chuzhinov (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_5) Kyveli Hatziefstratiou (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_6) Aléksia Trajko (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_7) v t e Top Model (/wiki/Top_Model) National franchises United States (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) (original) Albania Australia (/wiki/Australia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Austria (/wiki/Austria%27s_Next_Topmodel) Belgium ( Topmodel (/wiki/Topmodel_(Belgian_TV_series)) , Belgium's Next Top Model (/wiki/Belgium%27s_Next_Top_Model) ) Brazil (/wiki/Brazil%27s_Next_Top_Model) Cambodia (/wiki/Cambodia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Canada (/wiki/Canada%27s_Next_Top_Model) China (/wiki/China%27s_Next_Top_Model) Colombia (/wiki/Colombia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Croatia (/wiki/Hrvatski_Top_Model) Denmark (/wiki/Danmarks_N%C3%A6ste_Topmodel) Estonia (/wiki/Eesti_tippmodell) Finland (/wiki/Suomen_huippumalli_haussa) France (/wiki/Top_Model_(French_TV_series)) Georgia (/wiki/TOP_gogo) Germany (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel) Greece (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model) Hungary (/wiki/Topmodell_(Hungarian_TV_series)) India ( India's Next Top Model (/wiki/India%27s_Next_Top_Model) , Top Model India (/wiki/Top_Model_India) ) Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Israel (/wiki/HaDugmaniot) Italy (/wiki/Italia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Ya_krasivaya) Malta Mexico (/wiki/Mexico%27s_Next_Top_Model) Mongolia (/wiki/Mongolia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Netherlands (/wiki/Holland%27s_Next_Top_Model) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_Next_Top_Model) Norway (/wiki/Top_Model_Norge) Peru (/wiki/Peru%27s_Next_Top_Model) Philippines (/wiki/Philippines%27_Next_Top_Model) Poland (/wiki/Top_Model_(Polish_TV_series)) Romania (/wiki/Next_Top_Model_(Romanian_TV_series)) Russia ( You are a supermodel (/wiki/You_are_a_supermodel) , Top Model po-russki (/wiki/Top_Model_po-russki) , You are a Top Model (/wiki/You_are_a_Top_Model) ) Serbia (/wiki/Srpski_Top_Model) Slovakia Slovenia (/wiki/Slovenski_Top_Model) South Korea (/wiki/Korea%27s_Next_Top_Model) Sweden (/wiki/Top_Model_Sverige) Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland%27s_Next_Topmodel) Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan_Supermodel_No._1) Thailand (/wiki/Thailand%27s_Next_Top_Model) Turkey (/wiki/Top_Model_T%C3%BCrkiye) Ukraine 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Advocacy campaign Let Toys Be Toys Formation November 2012 Type Advocacy group (/wiki/Advocacy_group) Purpose To counter gender stereotyping of children’s toys Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Let Books Be Books (/wiki/Let_Books_Be_Books) Website www (http://www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk) .lettoysbetoys (http://www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk) .org (http://www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk) .uk (http://www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk) Let Toys Be Toys is a campaign designed to persuade retailers to stop categorising toys by gender. [1] (#cite_note-Mumsnet_19_Nov_2012-1) It was started by a group of parents on the parenting on-line discussion forum Mumsnet (/wiki/Mumsnet) . [2] (#cite_note-Guardian_22_April_2014-2) History [ edit ] Further information: Gendered associations of pink and blue (/wiki/Gendered_associations_of_pink_and_blue) In 2012, a thread (/wiki/Conversation_threading) was opened on the Mumsnet online forum which said: "If you think that girls and boys should feel free to play with whatever toys that interest them most, and that they shouldn't walk into a toy store and feel pressurised to conform into archaic gender roles and stifling stereotypes, please join in the discussion!" [3] (#cite_note-Let_Toys_Be_Toys_Thread_2-3) As a result of the debate which followed, the Let Toys Be Toys campaign was officially launched in November 2012. Shortly afterwards, volunteer mystery shoppers from the campaign visited various retailers to gather information about how they were promoting toys; this was then used to decide which should be targeted by the campaign. The organisers set out their objectives, saying: “Toys are for fun, for learning, for stoking imagination and encouraging creativity. Children should feel free to play with the toys that most interest them. Isn’t it time that shops stopped limiting our children’s imagination by telling them what they ought to play with? The answer is simple – we’re asking retailers and manufacturers to sort and label toys by theme or function, rather than by gender, and let the children decide which toys they enjoy best. Let toys be toys – for girls and boys.” [4] (#cite_note-Let_Toys_Be_Toys_–_About-2-4) In February 2014, Chi Onwurah (/wiki/Chi_Onwurah) , MP for Newcastle upon Tyne Central, mentioned the Let Toys Be Toys campaign in a parliamentary debate she had called on gender-specific toy marketing. She told the House of Commons (/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom) : “Before entering Parliament, I spent two decades as a professional engineer, working across three continents. Regardless of where I was or the size of the company, it was always a predominantly male, or indeed all-male, environment, but it is only when I walk into a toy shop that I feel I am really experiencing gender segregation. At some point over the past three decades, the toy industry decided that parents and children could not be trusted to figure out what to buy without colour-coded gender labelling—that means Science museum toys being labelled “for boys”, whereas miniature dustpans and brushes are “Girl Stuff”, according to SportsDirect. I say over the past three decades, because there was a time when toys were toys and blue and pink were just colours. An Argos (/wiki/Argos_(retailer)) catalogue page from 1976 shows toy houses, prams and so on all in different colours. Now they only sell them in pink. Recently, a Lego (/wiki/Lego) advert from 1981 went viral (/wiki/Viral_messages) on the internet because it showed a girl proudly clasping her latest Lego creation. None of the text was gender-specific and the girl was actually wearing blue. What happened? Did someone dye the Y chromosome blue in the ’80s or force the X chromosome to secrete only pink hormones? No. This aggressive gender segregation is a consequence of big-company marketing tactics. Every successful marketeer knows that differentiation makes for greater profit margins and segmentation gives a bigger overall market, so with three-year-old girls only being able to “choose” pink tricycles, the manufacturer can charge more for that special girly shade of pink and the premium princess saddle. Of course, that trike cannot be handed over to a brother or nephew, ensuring further sales of blue bikes with Action Man handlebars. It has got to the point where it is difficult to buy toys for girls that are not pink, princess-primed and/or fairy-infused.” [5] (#cite_note-5) Onwurah later told Kira Cochrane (/wiki/Kira_Cochrane) , a reporter for UK Newspaper The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , that she believes the limiting of children by gender stereotypes is a serious economic issue, with the proportion of female students on engineering degree courses having fallen from 12% to 8% in the thirty years since she had started studying for one herself. She said: "We have some big economic problems, and one is a huge skills shortage in engineering and technology. There are thousands of jobs going unfilled, and in addition a lot of our engineers are in their 50s and retiring in the next five years. At the same time we have the lowest proportion in Europe of women who are professional engineers. […] Toys are so important and formative, and for me this is about the jobs of the future, about what happens in 10 or 15 years' time. We can't go on with a segregated society." [2] (#cite_note-Guardian_22_April_2014-2) In October 2014, Jess Day, a Let Toys be Toys campaigner told UK newspaper the Daily Mirror (/wiki/Daily_Mirror) : "It's easy to dismiss toys as trivial, but this is one way we can help our children feel confident that they don't have to fit in with old-fashioned stereotypes. Labelling construction toys as boys’ toys and craft or dolls as girls’ toys restricts play. Play is important and different types toys help hone different skills. Telling girls that construction and science toys are for boys we limit what they think they can achieve before they've even had the chance to try it out. […] There's nothing wrong with giving a girl a doll for Christmas, or a boy a car – but children need a variety of play. Why would we want to tell them that only certain types of play are allowed for them? That sounds like the opposite of fun!” [6] (#cite_note-Daily_Mirror_27_Oct_2014-6) The Fawcett Society (/wiki/Fawcett_Society) published the results of an 18-month study into gender stereotyping's impact on young children in December 2020, together with a list of ten cheap gender-neutral toys and games in collaboration with Let Toys Be Toys. [7] (#cite_note-Observer_2020-7) Response from retailers and manufacturers [ edit ] Amongst early responses from retailers were decisions by Boots UK (/wiki/Boots_UK) and The Entertainer to remove all ’boys’ and ‘girls’ toys signage in their stores, and a promise from Marks and Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) to make all their toy ranges inclusive. [4] (#cite_note-Let_Toys_Be_Toys_–_About-2-4) By December 2013, one year after the launch of Let Toys Be Toys, half of the 14 major retailers contacted by the campaign had already removed in-store ‘girls’ and boys’ signage and stopped using gendered labelling on their own-brand toy packaging; a further five were taking steps to do so. [8] (#cite_note-Let_Toys_Be_Toys_2013_Christmas_Survey-8) A pre-Christmas survey of toyshops in the UK and Ireland conducted by Let Toys Be Toys supporters in November 2013 showed a 60% reduction in the use of gendered signs in retail outlets in comparison to Christmas 2012 when the campaign began. Retailer Hobbycraft (/wiki/Hobbycraft) came top of the list of stores promoting and selling toys without relying on gender stereotypes and was named the ’best of the high street’ by the campaign; Toymaster (/wiki/Toymaster) and Fenwick (/wiki/Fenwick_(department_store)) came second and third respectively. Fenwick was also, along with Debenhams and TK Maxx (/wiki/T.J.Maxx) , named as the most improved store; all three had decided to stop using ’girls’ and ’boys’ signage. However, overall the campaign’s survey found that more than 70% of stores inspected used some form of gender-based marketing; gender-based labelling was used to sell the majority of toys in 40%. [8] (#cite_note-Let_Toys_Be_Toys_2013_Christmas_Survey-8) Let Toys Be Toys co-founder Kerry Brennan said: “While there’s still a long way to go to address sexism in the toy industry, the changes in major retail chains like Debenhams are just brilliant to see. They’ve replaced pink and blue ‘girls’ and ‘boys’ signs with new colourful signs that say ‘Vehicles’, ‘Superheroes’, ‘Soft Toys’, and ‘TV Characters’, among others. Everything is much easier to find and children are no longer being sent the message that science and adventure are only for boys, crafts and nurturing play only for girls”. [8] (#cite_note-Let_Toys_Be_Toys_2013_Christmas_Survey-8) In November 2014, supermarket chain Tesco (/wiki/Tesco) removed "gift for a boy" signage from superhero alarm clocks in its shops after a shopper’s photo of her "superhero-loving" daughter next to the sign was posted on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) and retweeted more than 10,000 times. Tesco apologised saying the clock would "make a great gift for both girls and boys". Let Toys Be Toys said the group was pleased the photo had resulted in the removal of the sign, adding: "Signs like these do influence people in their choice of what toys to buy children […and they] "make children feel 'wrong' for liking certain things". [9] (#cite_note-BBC_25_Nov_2014-9) On 30 November 2014, UK newspaper The Independent on Sunday (/wiki/The_Independent_on_Sunday) reported the story of a seven-year-old girl who had been upset when the best and most complex train sets disappeared from the Toys R US (/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us) website when her mother applied the “For girls” filter. She had asked her mother to apply the filter as she had previously been bullied at school because she liked dinosaurs and had worn Spider-Man sandals. Her mother told the newspaper that her daughter had asked "Why are they saying I can't have that train set because I am a girl?" She had then lost "all confidence in her choices" and said that she didn't want a train set for Christmas after all. Following a complaint, Toys R Us’ managing director phoned the mother to discuss the issue and to offer vouchers as compensation for the upset caused by the incident. [10] (#cite_note-Independent_On_Sunday_30_Nov_2014-10) The Independent on Sunday report also noted: “Interestingly, Amazon (/wiki/Amazon.com) does not tend to use gender on its UK site, although gender signposting is prominent in its main US site.” It added that: “… a letter ‘To Parents’ thought to have been included in a 1974 Lego (/wiki/Lego) boxset saying ‘The urge to create is equally strong in all children. Boys and girls’ has also been getting thousands of shares on social media”. [10] (#cite_note-Independent_On_Sunday_30_Nov_2014-10) Let Toys Be Toys were consulted by Arklu Ltd. when it designed and marketed its Lottie Dolls (/wiki/Lottie_Dolls) range of products. [11] (#cite_note-11) Awards [ edit ] In November 2013 Let Toys Be Toys were awarded the Progressive Preschool 2013 Marketing Award for their campaign against sexism in toy retail. The campaign was shortlisted in the 2014 National Diversity Awards and in March 2015 came top in the Advocacy category in Westbourne Comms third annual Change Opinion awards. This was followed by a win in the Care2 (/wiki/Care2) Awards presented in May 2015. In January 2016 it was announced that Let Toys Be Toys had won the Brio (/wiki/Brio_(company)) Prize. Other campaigns inspired by Let Toys Be Toys [ edit ] Let Books Be Books [ edit ] Main article: Let Books Be Books (/wiki/Let_Books_Be_Books) Let Toys Be Toys campaigners launched the Let Books Be Books (/wiki/Let_books_be_books) campaign to persuade publishers to remove gender labels from their book titles and to encourage publishers and retailers to stop promoting books as ‘for girls’ or ‘for boys’. The campaign was supported by prominent authors including former and current children's laureates (/wiki/Children%27s_Laureate) Anne Fine (/wiki/Anne_Fine) and Malorie Blackman (/wiki/Malorie_Blackman) , the poet laureate (/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom) Carol-Ann Duffy (/wiki/Carol-Ann_Duffy) , and Philip Pullman (/wiki/Philip_Pullman) . [12] (#cite_note-BBC_17_March_2014-12) Publishers Parragon Books (/wiki/Parragon) , [12] (#cite_note-BBC_17_March_2014-12) Usborne Publishing (/wiki/Usborne_Publishing) , [13] (#cite_note-Guardian_7_March_2014-13) Ladybird Books (/wiki/Ladybird_Books) , [14] (#cite_note-Guardian_20_November_2014-14) [15] (#cite_note-BBC_21_November_2014-15) Dorling Kindersley (/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley) , Chad Valley (/wiki/Chad_Valley_(toy_brand)) and Miles Kelly Publishing (/wiki/Miles_Kelly_Publishing) were amongst those who announced that they would no longer be publishing gender-specific titles. [16] (#cite_note-16) Let Clothes Be Clothes [ edit ] Let Clothes Be Clothes launched in 2014 as an allied but separate campaign to Let Toys Be Toys, focused on challenging gender stereotyping in the design and marketing of childrenswear, footwear and accessories on the UK high street. The campaign is led by writer and activist Francesca Cambridge Mallen, a former indie business owner [17] (#cite_note-17) who in 2013 started making childrenswear from home after becoming concerned at the lack of STEM themed clothing marketed to girls. Inspired by Craftivist Sarah Corbett (/wiki/Sarah_Corbett_(activist)) , Mallen taught herself to make simple space themed dresses, [18] (#cite_note-18) dinosaur skirts and unicorn trousers, selling under the name Sewing Circus until she sold the business in 2018. In 2015 the campaign challenged [19] (#cite_note-19) a range of science themed t-shirts produced in collaboration between Marks and Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) and the Natural History Museum (/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London) in London, which were marketed to boys only. In March 2015 a demonstration led by Let Clothes Be Clothes took place outside the Natural History Museum where staff were handed a petition of over 5000 names, demanding that the range be marketed to both boys and girls. The demonstration was supported by Labour MP Chi Onwurah (/wiki/Chi_Onwurah) who went on twitter to encourage others to turn out and support the action stating " girls want a share in science too " [20] (#cite_note-20) as well as her Labour colleague Tessa Jowell (/wiki/Tessa_Jowell) " Come on M&S/NHM. The clocks changed but it’s still 2015. Can’t believe I have to say this: girls enjoy science too!” [21] (#cite_note-21) John Lewis (/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners) became the first major retailer to remove girls and boys labels from its clothing range. Some declared the move an act of political correctness, including Piers Morgan (/wiki/Piers_Morgan) who tweeted "Britain has officially gone bonkers" [22] (#cite_note-22) over a photograph of the newspaper article. The move was heavily praised by parents and commentators, [23] (#cite_note-23) outweighing more conservative views such as Tory Councillor Luke Stubbs, who threatened to burn his John Lewis Loyalty Card in protest. [24] (#cite_note-24) Writing for the New Statesman (/wiki/New_Statesman) , Victoria Smith poked fun at such attitudes stating that perhaps a content warning was needed " whenever there's a risk they might come into contact with a toddler of ambiguous gender presentation ?" [25] (#cite_note-25) while at the New Scientist (/wiki/New_Scientist) , Lara Williams wrote " If sex and gender aren't a perfect dichotomy - why should clothing be? " [26] (#cite_note-26) Play Unlimited [ edit ] In 2013, the Play Unlimited campaign was launched in Australia by campaigners who had been inspired by Let Toys Be Toys. It was successful in persuading Toys R Us (/wiki/Toys_R_Us) to drop gender labelling from its website. [2] (#cite_note-Guardian_22_April_2014-2) See also [ edit ] Gender polarization (/wiki/Gender_polarization) Gender stereotypes (/wiki/Gender_stereotypes) The LEGO Group - Gender equality (/wiki/The_LEGO_Group#Gender_equality) Let Books Be Books (/wiki/Let_Books_Be_Books) Pinkstinks (/wiki/Pinkstinks) Creatable World (/wiki/Creatable_World) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Mumsnet_19_Nov_2012_1-0) "Would anyone like to join in an effort to convince retailers to stop categorizing toys by gender?" (http://www.mumsnet.com/Talk/womens_rights/a1615933-Would-anyone-like-to-join-in-an-effort-to-convince-retailers-to-stop-categorizing-toys-by-gender) . www.mumsnet.com . 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Cochrane, Kira (22 April 2014). "The fightback against gendered toys" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/apr/22/gendered-toys-stereotypes-boy-girl-segregation-equality) . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Let_Toys_Be_Toys_Thread_2_3-0) " (http://www.mumsnet.com/Talk/womens_rights/a1627121-Let-Toys-Be-Toys-Organising-Thread-Part-2) 'Let Toys Be Toys' Organising Thread - Part 2" (http://www.mumsnet.com/Talk/womens_rights/a1627121-Let-Toys-Be-Toys-Organising-Thread-Part-2) . www.mumsnet.com . 2 December 2012 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b "About the Campaign" (http://www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk/about-2/) . www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hansard (/wiki/Hansard) (5 February 2014). House of Commons debate: ‘Children’s Toys (Gender–specific Marketing)’ (https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm140205/halltext/140205h0002.htm#14020575000384) , col. 138WH. Retrieved 29 November 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-Daily_Mirror_27_Oct_2014_6-0) Gadd, Sophie (27 October 2014). "Would you buy a Barbie for your son? Let Toys be Toys campaign thinks we should stop gendering kids toys" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/would-you-buy-barbie-your-4453210) . www.mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Observer_2020_7-0) Smithers, Rebecca (6 December 2020). "Pink and blue toys colour future of our children, study warns" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/dec/06/pink-and-blue-toys-colour-future-of-our-children-study-warns) . The Observer (/wiki/The_Observer) . Retrieved 6 December 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "PRESS RELEASE Survey results: high street stores are less sexist this Christmas after Let Toys Be Toys campaign" (http://www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk/press-release-survey-results-high-street-stores-are-less-sexist-this-christmas-after-let-toys-be-toys-campaign/) . www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk . 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-BBC_25_Nov_2014_9-0) "Tesco 'gifts for boys' sign removed after girl's complaint" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-30191100) . BBC News . 25 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Attwood, Karen (30 November 2014). "Gender stereotyping: Why should boys have the best train sets?" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/gender-stereotyping-why-should-boys-have-the-best-train-sets-9893216.html) . The Independent on Sunday . London. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/gender-stereotyping-why-should-boys-have-the-best-train-sets-9893216.html) from the original on 2022-06-14 . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Hutchins, Robert (November 2020). " (https://www.toynews-online.biz/2020/11/26/retailers-are-the-biggest-drivers-for-social-and-industry-change-says-lottie-dolls-ian-harkin/amp/) "Retailers are the biggest drivers for social and industry change," says Lottie Dolls' Ian Harkin" (https://www.toynews-online.biz/2020/11/26/retailers-are-the-biggest-drivers-for-social-and-industry-change-says-lottie-dolls-ian-harkin/amp/) . toynews-online.biz . Retrieved 10 December 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Masters, Tim (17 March 2014). "Campaign over gender-specific books gains support" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26612080) . BBC News . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian_7_March_2014_13-0) Flood, Alison (7 March 2014). "Parents push to end gender division of boys' and girls' books" (https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/07/parents-gender-boys-girls-books-let-books-be-books) . www.theguardian.com . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Guardian_20_November_2014_14-0) Flood, Alison (20 November 2014). "Ladybird drops branding books 'for boys' or 'for girls' (https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/20/ladybird-drops-branding-books-for-boys-girls-childrens) " (https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/20/ladybird-drops-branding-books-for-boys-girls-childrens) . www.theguardian.com . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-BBC_21_November_2014_15-0) "Ladybird drops gender-specific children's book titles" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30143662) . BBC News . 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "More publishers agree to Let Books Be Books" (http://www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk/more-publishers-agree-to-let-books-be-books/#more-3484) . www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Liverpool's Francesca Shows 'Baby + Woman = Business, No Problem' (https://www.thewomensorganisation.org.uk/liverpools-francesca-shows-baby-woman-business-no-problem/) " (https://www.thewomensorganisation.org.uk/liverpools-francesca-shows-baby-woman-business-no-problem/) . The Women's Organisation . 2013-10-21 . Retrieved 2021-01-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Top Five: Space" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gallery/2014/jul/25/top-five-space) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Francesca (2018-07-09). "The Dinosaur on the High Street: An open letter to Marks & Spencers" (https://www.letclothesbeclothes.co.uk/post/the-dinosaur-on-the-high-street-an-open-letter-to-marks-spencers) . Let Clothes Be Clothes . Retrieved 2021-01-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Davies, Katie (2015-03-24). "Newcastle MP Chi Onwurah hits out over range of dinosaur clothes for boys" (http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastle-mp-chi-onwurah-hits-8913412) . ChronicleLive . Retrieved 2021-01-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Natural History Museum and M&S bow to #dinosaursforall pressure following demo organised by Chiswick Let Clothes Be Clothes campaigner" (http://chiswickherald.co.uk/natural-history-museum-and-ms-bow-to-dinosaursforall-pressure-following-d-p3579-95.htm) . chiswickherald.co.uk . Retrieved 2021-01-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "John Lewis gender neutral clothing labels faces public backlash" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/john-lewis-gender-neutral-clothing-labels-response-sex-boys-girls-men-women-a7928006.html) . The Independent . 2017-09-04. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/john-lewis-gender-neutral-clothing-labels-response-sex-boys-girls-men-women-a7928006.html) from the original on 2022-06-14 . Retrieved 2021-01-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Edwards, Jess (2017-09-04). "John Lewis is removing all gender labels from its kids clothing but not everyone is happy about it" (https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/fashion/style/a12166964/john-lewis-gender-neutral-twitter-angry/) . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved 2021-01-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Tory councillor wants to burn John Lewis loyalty cards over gender policy" (https://metro.co.uk/2017/09/11/tory-councillor-wants-to-burn-john-lewis-loyalty-cards-over-gender-neutral-clothes-6920280/) . Metro . 2017-09-11 . Retrieved 2021-01-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Why are social conservatives so triggered by John Lewis's gender-neutral kids' clothing?" (https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2017/09/why-are-social-conservatives-so-triggered-john-lewiss-gender-neutral-kids) . www.newstatesman.com . 4 September 2017 . Retrieved 2021-01-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Williams, Lara. "Well done John Lewis, gender-free clothes are radical and valid" (https://www.newscientist.com/article/2146627-well-done-john-lewis-gender-free-clothes-are-radical-and-valid/) . New Scientist . Retrieved 2021-01-26 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.lettoysbetoys.org.uk) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐bdcc7b545‐ktxbh Cached time: 20240715140059 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.391 seconds Real time usage: 0.493 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2284/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 50348/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 904/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 98814/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.243/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5916754/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 437.883 1 -total 48.95% 214.329 1 Template:Reflist 37.72% 165.161 21 Template:Cite_web 22.13% 96.922 1 Template:Infobox_organization 19.82% 86.793 1 Template:Infobox 16.94% 74.160 1 Template:Short_description 9.72% 42.583 2 Template:Pagetype 4.95% 21.657 1 Template:Further 4.92% 21.524 2 Template:Unbulleted_list 4.68% 20.484 7 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44552278-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715140059 and revision id 1215138456. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Toys_Be_Toys&oldid=1215138456 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Toys_Be_Toys&oldid=1215138456) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Toy culture (/wiki/Category:Toy_culture) Gender roles (/wiki/Category:Gender_roles) Toy controversies (/wiki/Category:Toy_controversies) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
American clothing company Britches Great Outdoors Industry Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Founded 1967 ; 57 years ago ( 1967 ) Founders David Pensky Rick Hindin Headquarters Warrenton, Virginia (/wiki/Warrenton,_Virginia) , U.S. Key people Matt Carson (/wiki/Matt_Carson) (President & CEO) Products Men's Clothing Website warthog.vip (https://warthog.vip/) Britches Great Outdoors ( BGO or Britches ) is a clothing company originally founded in Georgetown, Washington (/wiki/Georgetown,_Washington) , United States. It produces a full line of primarily men's clothing. History [ edit ] What originally started as The Georgetown Slack Shoppe in 1966 quickly evolved into a full line of men's dress clothes under a new name; Britches of Georgetowne. Britches of Georgetowne was one of the early retailers of Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) ties and in 1972 outfitted the crew of Ted Turner (/wiki/Ted_Turner) ’s Courageous, which won the America’s Cup (/wiki/America%E2%80%99s_Cup) that year. [1] (#cite_note-1) As the casual clothing side of the business increased it evolved into a new store called Britches Great Outdoors, eventually growing to over 60 stores by 1988 with 35 in the Washington DC (/wiki/Washington_DC) area and $100million in sales. [2] (#cite_note-2) Kara Swisher (/wiki/Kara_Swisher) of The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) said of the Britches style, "The look was timeless with a twist, a traditional-but-not-quite style. The mood in the stores was a bit rakish, goosing the preppy look and injecting some flair. They sold Britches brand clothes not available anywhere else." [3] (#cite_note-3) Britches of Georgetowne was referred to as "the preppy enclave" in The Kingdom of Prep . [4] (#cite_note-4) This started with the Warthog logo embroidered on their polo shirts. Poking fun at the various animal logos appearing on preppy clothing such as Ralph Lauren's polo pony and the Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) alligator, Britches thought of the ugliest animal they could think of and started adding a Warthog logo to their shirts. What started as a joke quickly took hold as an 'anti-brand' or what some have referred to as 'preppy with an edge.' [5] (#cite_note-5) In 1983 Britches was bought by CML Group, a retail conglomerate that owned brands such as NordicTrack (/wiki/NordicTrack) , Boston Whaler (/wiki/Boston_Whaler) and The Nature Company (/wiki/The_Nature_Company) . CML then sold Britches to Wet Seal (/wiki/Wet_Seal) where the brand was ultimately shuttered as Wet Seal converted the remaining 83 Britches Great Outdoors stores to their Arden B format targeting an affluent female audience. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In late 2019 Matt Carson (/wiki/Matt_Carson) purchased the rights to resurrect Britches and started working with many of the original team and manufacturers. As of 2023 Britches operates two stores in Warrenton, Virginia (/wiki/Warrenton,_Virginia) and The Wharf (/wiki/The_Wharf_(Washington,_D.C.)) . [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Britches History | Britches Bespoke" (https://britchesbespoke.com/britches-history) . Retrieved 2023-09-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Swisher, Kara (1992-07-20). "THE WARTHOG'S TALE OF WOE" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/07/20/the-warthogs-tale-of-woe/b48a5ca9-9eb2-47ef-bd88-4a893f7e54a5/) . Washington Post . Retrieved 2023-09-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Sun, Jena (1988-08-01). "BRITCHES BECOMING A CLASSIC" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/08/01/britches-becoming-a-classic/845c6888-4b8f-466e-8f61-6c08422865ce/) . Washington Post . Retrieved 2023-09-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Bullock, Maggie (2023). The Kingdom of Prep . HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780063042643 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Britches not burned: Classic Georgetown-based clothing store reborn in Warrenton" (https://wtop.com/local/2020/08/britches-not-burned-classic-georgetown-based-clothing-store-reborn-in-warrenton/) . WTOP News . 2020-08-03 . Retrieved 2023-09-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Webb, Margaret (1995-06-28). "Wet Seal Plans to Acquire Britches Stores" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/06/28/britches-owner-puts-retailer-up-for-sale/7b05f287-692c-46fc-acd9-73a34dfb6da8/) . The Washington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Earnest, Leslie (1998-06-10). "Britches' owner puts retailer up for sale" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-10-fi-58356-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2023-09-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Writer, Coy Ferrell Times Staff (2020-07-31). "Warrenton natives revive classic clothing brand with new Main Street shop" (https://www.fauquier.com/lifestyles/warrenton-natives-revive-classic-clothing-brand-with-new-main-street-shop/article_9163f6bc-d347-11ea-af81-5fd9fbd33c12.html) . Fauquier Times, PrinceWilliamTimes.com . Retrieved 2023-09-20 . 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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2004 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2004) 2005 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2005) 2006 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2006) 2007 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2007) 2008 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2008) 2009 2010 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2010) 2011 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2011) 2012 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2012) 2013 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2013) 2014 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2014) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7cd59cdcfb‐n5lv2 Cached time: 20240717235835 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.094 seconds Real time usage: 0.142 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 50/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2594/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.070/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 947584/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 132.150 1 -total 71.57% 94.586 1 Template:Navseasoncats 28.31% 37.413 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:53872139-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717235835 and revision id 914496769. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 2009" The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Alton Lane (/wiki/Alton_Lane) Altra Running (/wiki/Altra_Running) Andy & Evan (/wiki/Andy_%26_Evan) Ari Football (/wiki/Ari_Football) B Busardi (/wiki/Busardi) D Daei Sport (/wiki/Daei_Sport) E Ecopipo (/wiki/Ecopipo) F Forever Lazy (/wiki/Forever_Lazy) L Lonely (fashion label) (/wiki/Lonely_(fashion_label)) M M.J. Bale (/wiki/M.J._Bale) Monton Sports (/wiki/Monton_Sports) Morphsuits (/wiki/Morphsuits) P Palace Skateboards (/wiki/Palace_Skateboards) S ShoeDazzle (/wiki/ShoeDazzle) Stance (brand) (/wiki/Stance_(brand)) X Xero Shoes (/wiki/Xero_Shoes) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2009&oldid=914496769 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2009&oldid=914496769) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Clothing companies established in the 21st century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_21st_century) Design companies established in 2009 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_2009) Manufacturing companies established in 2009 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_2009) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment)
A list of television series that revolve around or are set in the world of fashion modeling. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐22fql Cached time: 20240719184629 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10429447-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719184629 and revision id 1075564773. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. M Modeling-themed reality television series (/wiki/Category:Modeling-themed_reality_television_series) ‎ (7 C, 32 P) Pages in category "Modeling-themed television series" The following 22 pages are in this category, out of 22 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B The Baker and the Beauty (American TV series) (/wiki/The_Baker_and_the_Beauty_(American_TV_series)) The Baker and the Beauty (Indian TV series) (/wiki/The_Baker_and_the_Beauty_(Indian_TV_series)) The Beautiful Life (/wiki/The_Beautiful_Life) Beautiful People (American TV series) (/wiki/Beautiful_People_(American_TV_series)) D The Doll Factory (TV series) (/wiki/The_Doll_Factory_(TV_series)) F Find Me the Face (/wiki/Find_Me_the_Face) I I Live with Models (/wiki/I_Live_with_Models) L Living Dolls (/wiki/Living_Dolls) M Making of a Male Model (/wiki/Making_of_a_Male_Model) Model (TV series) (/wiki/Model_(TV_series)) Model Squad (/wiki/Model_Squad) Models Inc. (/wiki/Models_Inc.) My Runway (/wiki/My_Runway) P Paper Dolls (/wiki/Paper_Dolls) R Runway Moms (/wiki/Runway_Moms) S Smile Down the Runway (/wiki/Smile_Down_the_Runway) The Super Models (/wiki/The_Super_Models) T TOP gogo (/wiki/TOP_gogo) TOP gogo season 1 (/wiki/TOP_gogo_season_1) TOP gogo season 2 (/wiki/TOP_gogo_season_2) U The Ugliest Girl in Town (/wiki/The_Ugliest_Girl_in_Town) V Verdades Secretas (/wiki/Verdades_Secretas) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Modeling-themed_television_series&oldid=1075564773 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Modeling-themed_television_series&oldid=1075564773) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion-themed television series (/wiki/Category:Fashion-themed_television_series) Modeling (profession) (/wiki/Category:Modeling_(profession))
British illustrator and internet personality Angelica Hicks Born ( 1992-09-16 ) September 16, 1992 (age 31) Occupation(s) illustrator TikToker Parent(s) Ashley Hicks (/wiki/Ashley_Hicks) Marina Allegra Tondato Relatives Mountbatten family (/wiki/Mountbatten_family) TikTok information Page angelicahacks (https://www.tiktok.com/@angelicahacks) Followers 592.9K Likes 30.1M Last updated: 14 July 2024 Website angelicahicks.com (https://www.angelicahicks.com/) Angelica Margherita Edwina Hicks (born 16 September 1992) is a British fashion illustrator and internet personality. In 2017, she released the fashion illustration book Tongue in Chic . As the great-granddaughter of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma) , she is a relative of the British royal family (/wiki/British_royal_family) and is included in the line of succession (/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne) to the British throne. Early life and family [ edit ] Hicks was born on 16 September 1992 to Marina Allegra Federica Silvia Tondato, an Italian designer, and Ashley Louis David Hicks (/wiki/Ashley_Hicks) , a British artist and interior designer. [1] (#cite_note-standard-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Her parents divorced in 2009. [3] (#cite_note-telegraph-3) Her mother later married the Italian nobleman and sailor Roberto Mottola di Amato (/wiki/Roberto_Mottola_di_Amato) and her father later married the American fashion editor Kata Sharkey de Solis. [4] (#cite_note-4) Hicks' paternal grandparents were the English interior decorator and designer David Nightingale Hicks (/wiki/David_Hicks_(British_designer)) and Lady Pamela Mountbatten (/wiki/Lady_Pamela_Hicks) , who served as a bridesmaid and as a lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) . [3] (#cite_note-telegraph-3) Through her grandmother, Hicks is a relative of the Mountbatten family (/wiki/Mountbatten_family) , itself a branch of the German princely Battenberg family (/wiki/Battenberg_family) , and a relative of the British royal family (/wiki/British_royal_family) . [5] (#cite_note-latimes-5) She is included in the line of succession to the British throne (/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_British_throne) . Hicks' great-grandparents, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma) and The Honourable Edwina Ashley (/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten,_Countess_Mountbatten_of_Burma) , served as the Viceroy (/wiki/Governor-General_of_India) and Vicereine of India. [3] (#cite_note-telegraph-3) She is a great-great-granddaughter of Prince Louis of Battenberg (/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Battenberg) (later the 1st Marquess of Milford Haven (/wiki/Marquess_of_Milford_Haven) ) and Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine (/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine) , a granddaughter of Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) . Hicks grew up in Chelsea, London (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) and was educated at a boarding school. [1] (#cite_note-standard-1) [6] (#cite_note-6) She studied art history in London. [7] (#cite_note-7) Career [ edit ] Hicks works as a visual artist and fashion illustrator (/wiki/Fashion_illustrator) . [8] (#cite_note-nssmag2-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) She partnered with the Italian luxury fashion house Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) in 2017 to create a line of eleven t-shirts. [10] (#cite_note-nssmag-10) [11] (#cite_note-prestige-11) For the occasion, she unveiled two murals, one in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and another in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , and created a Snapchat (/wiki/Snapchat) filter to promote the collection. [10] (#cite_note-nssmag-10) In March 2017, she released a fashion illustration book titled Tongue in Chic through Laurence King Publishing (/wiki/Laurence_King_Publishing) . [5] (#cite_note-latimes-5) Hicks also made commissioned pieces for the American fashion designer Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) and illustrated for the magazines Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) and Porter (/wiki/YOOX_Net-a-Porter_Group) . [11] (#cite_note-prestige-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2021, Hicks launched a TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) channel where she parodies haute couture outfits from red carpet events and fashion shows, recreating them out of duct tape, trash bags, metallic wrappers, foil, candy, and other materials. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-refinery29-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Her recreations included a Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) tank dress worn by Emma Corrin (/wiki/Emma_Corrin) on the cover of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , which she made out of multigrain crackers, a Maison Schiaparelli (/wiki/Maison_Schiaparelli) couture cape that she made out of a white mattress cover, and Cagole boots by Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) that she made out of duct tape. [14] (#cite_note-refinery29-14) Her channel went viral (/wiki/Viral_video) in March 2022, after she made a video recreating a Schiaparelli dress worn by Maggie Gyllenhaal (/wiki/Maggie_Gyllenhaal) at the 94th Academy Awards (/wiki/94th_Academy_Awards) . [14] (#cite_note-refinery29-14) [16] (#cite_note-nytimes-16) By July 2022, Hicks amassed over 48,000 followers and her videos collectively received over 4 million likes. [14] (#cite_note-refinery29-14) Her videos led to Hicks collaborating with Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) and Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) . [16] (#cite_note-nytimes-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) By September 2022, Hicks had over 86,000 followers on TikTok. [18] (#cite_note-18) Personal life [ edit ] Hicks resides in Carroll Gardens (/wiki/Carroll_Gardens) in Brooklyn, New York (/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York) . [16] (#cite_note-nytimes-16) [19] (#cite_note-19) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Slater, Lydia (April 10, 2012). "A life redesigned: Allegra Hicks on life after divorce" (https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/a-life-redesigned-allegra-hicks-on-life-after-divorce-6545473.html) . Evening Standard . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Deakin, Annie. "Our London; Interior designer Ashley Hicks", The Evening Standard (London, England) , 27 April 2007 ^ Jump up to: a b c "Allegra and Ashley Hicks to go their separate ways after 19 years of marriage" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mandrake/5363378/Allegra-and-Ashley-Hicks-to-go-their-separate-ways-after-19-years-of-marriage.html) . The Telegraph . May 21, 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Allegra Hicks Creates a Bohemian Chic Home in Naples, Italy" (https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/allegra-hicks-naples-italy-penthouse-article) . Architectural Digest . April 1, 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b "Angelica Hicks releases fashion illustration book 'Tongue in Chic' (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-angelica-hicks-tongue-in-chic-20170328-story.html) " (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-angelica-hicks-tongue-in-chic-20170328-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . March 28, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Support the Royal Parks - London's Royal Parks - Royal Parks Foundation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080605081646/http://www.deckchairdreams.org/ashley_hicks.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.deckchairdreams.org/ashley_hicks.htm) on 2008-06-05. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Wichert, Silke (April 28, 2023). "Trag's mit Humor" (https://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/vorgeknoepft-die-modekolumne/angelica-hicks-met-gala-92682) . SZ Magazin . ^ (#cite_ref-nssmag2_8-0) "Meet Angelica Hicks - The fashion illustrator who conquered the web" (http://www.nssmag.com/en/fashion/7894/meet-angelica-hicks-the-fashion-illustrator-who-conquered-the-web) . nss magazine . September 12, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Artist Angelica Hicks Always Gets the Look" (https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/angelica-hicks-artist-tiktok-interview-2023) . W Magazine . October 11, 2023. ^ Jump up to: a b "Gucci has chosen the illustrator Angelica Hicks for a new t-shirts collection" (http://www.nssmag.com/article/11248) . nss magazine . May 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b Goh, Celeste (18 May 2017). "Gucci Collaborates with Illustrator Angelica Hicks for Limited Edition T-shirt Collection" (https://www.prestigeonline.com/my/style/gucci-collaborates-with-illustrator-angelica-hicks-for-limited-edition-t-shirt-collection/) . Prestige . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Watch Illustrator Angelica Hicks' Tongue-In-Cheek Take On Fashion Week" (https://graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/angelica-hicks-fashion-illustration-video/) . Grazia . August 3, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Santillán, Tamara (January 25, 2023). "La artista que recrea los looks de pasarela y red carpet con material reciclado" (https://elle.mx/moda/2023/01/25/angelica-hicks-recrea-looks-celebs-materiales-tiene-casa) . Elle . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Solá-Santiago, Frances. "This TikTok Creator Recreates Fashion Looks With Trash Bags & Duct Tape" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2022/07/11065046/angelica-hicks-tiktok-fashion-creator) . Refinery29 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Leighton, Mara. "9 of the year's most delightful internet micro-celebrities you've probably already forgotten about" (https://www.businessinsider.com/best-micro-celebrities-youve-probably-already-forgotten-about-2022-11) . Business Insider . ^ Jump up to: a b c Paton, Elizabeth (26 September 2022). "Trends from Trash in the TikTok Age" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/style/trends-from-trash-in-the-tiktok-age.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "La designer che su TikTok replica l'alta moda usando la spazzatura" (https://www.agi.it/lifestyle/news/2022-09-27/angelica-hicks-moda-spazzatura-ispirata-grandi-firme-sutiktok-18233364/) . Agi . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "A TikToker used garbage bags and grocery wrappers to recreate Ana de Armas' Venice film festival designer outfit" (https://uk.news.yahoo.com/tiktoker-used-garbage-bags-grocery-164607104.html) . Yahoo News . September 16, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Angelica Hicks, l'artista che ricrea la couture a casa (con materiali domestici)" (https://www.vogue.it/news/article/angelica-hicks-look-couture-casa-tiktok) . Vogue Italia . March 27, 2023. Lines of succession Preceded by Ashley Hicks (/wiki/Ashley_Hicks) Succession to the British throne (/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne) descended from Alice (/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom) , daughter of Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) Succeeded by Ambrosia Hicks NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐b5g4q Cached time: 20240714194328 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.439 seconds Real time usage: 0.558 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3258/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36459/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3319/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 72719/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.250/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7364705/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 528.800 1 -total 37.89% 200.358 1 Template:Infobox_person 33.38% 176.489 1 Template:Reflist 27.97% 147.928 17 Template:Cite_web 16.93% 89.526 1 Template:Infobox_TikTok_personality 16.30% 86.201 1 Template:Short_description 16.10% 85.118 1 Template:Infobox 10.51% 55.559 2 Template:Pagetype 9.98% 52.794 8 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.77% 41.074 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:75821408-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714194328 and revision id 1234518821. 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Nigerian fashion designer This article may require copy editing (/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting) for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling . You can assist by editing it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yemi_Osunkoya) . ( April 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Yemi Osunkoya Born 1966 (age 57–58) Ibadan (/wiki/Ibadan) Nationality Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian) , British (/wiki/British_people) Alma mater Paris Academy School of Fashion; Obafemi Awolowo University (/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo_University) Occupation fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) Known for Kosibah brand label designing haute couture bridal gowns and elegant eveningwears Website www (http://www.kosibah.com) .kosibah (http://www.kosibah.com) .com (http://www.kosibah.com) www (http://www.kosibah.co.uk) .kosibah (http://www.kosibah.co.uk) .co (http://www.kosibah.co.uk) .uk (http://www.kosibah.co.uk) blog: www (http://www.yemikosibah.com) .yemikosibah (http://www.yemikosibah.com) .com (http://www.yemikosibah.com) Yemi Osunkoya (born 1966) is a New York (/wiki/New_York_City) -based Nigerian fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) and the founder and creative director of Kosibah Creations - a couture bridal and eveningwear fashion brand. His haute couture brand, "Kosibah" label was named after his mother's name "Cosiba" , which, in the Republic of Benin (/wiki/Benin) , represents the "day name" of a female child born on a Sunday . His company Kosibah Creations designs luxury bridal gowns and evening wears for high-value women across the UK (/wiki/UK) , Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) , South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) , US (/wiki/US) and Caribbean (/wiki/Caribbean) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Biography [ edit ] Early life and education [ edit ] Osunkoya was born in Ibadan (/wiki/Ibadan) , Oyo State (/wiki/Oyo_State) of Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) and attended International School, Ibadan (/wiki/Ibadan) from 1977 to 1982 before proceeding to study at the Obafemi Awolowo University (/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo_University) where he graduated with BA in Fine Arts and Textile Design in 1987. He then migrated to the United Kingdom and completed fashion diploma at the Paris Academy School of Fashion, London (/wiki/London) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Career [ edit ] After graduating from a private London (/wiki/London) fashion school called the "Paris Academy School of Fashion", [3] (#cite_note-3) Osunkoya launched his fashion company "Kosibah Creations" in London (/wiki/London) in 1991. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) His Kosibah bridal brand features in many high end bridal salons and fashion shows across the globe and has many celebrated clients like Diane Abbott (/wiki/Diane_Abbott) ; singer and TV personality Alesha Dixon (/wiki/Alesha_Dixon) ; Janet Boateng (/w/index.php?title=Janet_Boateng&action=edit&redlink=1) the wife of Paul Boateng (/wiki/Paul_Boateng) actress Louise Rose (/wiki/Louise_Rose) ; singer Stephanie Benson (/wiki/Stephanie_Benson) ; Miss World (/wiki/Miss_World) Agbani Darego (/wiki/Agbani_Darego) ; Hollywood actress Indra Ove (/wiki/Indra_Ove) as well as Kelly Rowland (/wiki/Kelly_Rowland) ; Sheila Ferguson (/wiki/Sheila_Ferguson) of The Three Degrees (/wiki/The_Three_Degrees) ; actress Helen Fraser (/wiki/Helen_Fraser_(actress)) of ITV (/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)) 's Bad Girls (/wiki/Bad_Girls_(TV_series)) and Angela Griffin (/wiki/Angela_Griffin) of BBC (/wiki/BBC) 's Babyfather (/wiki/Babyfather) . In 2016, Osunkoya relocated to New York City where he now runs his US based Kosibah bridal salon but he still visits his London base quite often. He recently signed partnership deal with Mark Ingram Atelier of the Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) -based bridal salon known for upscale and sophisticated bridal designs where he also revealed his 2020 Kosibah bridal collections during the Wedding Weekend at Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) , New York (/wiki/New_York_City) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Philanthropy [ edit ] At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , Osunkoya partnered with Kelly Hall-Tompkins (/wiki/Kelly_Hall-Tompkins) , the founder of Music Kichen (a charity organisation that offers classical music to homeless shelters), to sew face-masks and donate them for the homeless shelters that Music Kitchen works with. [8] (#cite_note-8) He is a member of the Bridal Council (/w/index.php?title=Bridal_Council&action=edit&redlink=1) and the first person of colour to join this New York (/wiki/New_York_City) -based non-profit organisation that supports bridal-focused designers, retailers and media. [9] (#cite_note-9) Awards and recognition [ edit ] In 2017, he was listed among the Top 10 Bridal Designers in Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) by the City People Magazine. [10] (#cite_note-10) He also received the "Pride Of Africa" Award in 2014 at the 'Africa Fashion Week Barcelona' (AFWB) in Barcelona, Spain. [11] (#cite_note-11) He also received the 2012 International Designer of the Year by the City People Magazine; the Excellence Award at the Gathering of Africa's Best in 2006; the Diamond recognition in the 2005 National Weddings show; the Bridal Designer of the Year at the Mahogany Bridal Awards in 2002 and 2004; and also received the Highly Commended designation from the National Weddings show in 2002. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Ndeche, Chidirim (2018-05-22). "Yemi Osunkoya: King Of Bridal Couture" (https://guardian.ng/life/spotlight/yemi-osunkoya-king-of-bridal-couture/) . Guardian . Retrieved 2020-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Bilen-Onabanjo, Sinem (2018-05-22). "Yemi Osunkoya: The Man Behind The Miracle Dresses" (http://bhfmagazine.com/contents/bhf_yemi.html) . BHF Magazine . Retrieved 2020-09-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lowe, Michelle (2014-08-01). "Let's Talk Fashion With British Bridal Designer – Kosibah's Yemi Osunkoya" (http://worldbridemagazine.com/3166/lets-talk-fashion-with-british-bridal-designer-kosibahs-yemi-osunkoya/) . World Bride Magazine . Retrieved 2020-09-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Designer Biography: Yemi Osunkoya Of Kosibah Couture" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190913021748/http://onobello.com/designer-biography-yemi-osunkoya-of-kosibah-couture/) . onobello.com . Archived from the original (http://onobello.com/designer-biography-yemi-osunkoya-of-kosibah-couture/) on 2019-09-13 . Retrieved 2020-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Kosibah Creations' 2004 Collection Unveiled" (https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/725) . www.london-se1.co.uk . Retrieved 2020-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Nigerian-British Bridal Couturier Kosibah and Mark Ingram Atelier Announce Collaboration" (https://fashionweekonline.com/nigerian-british-bridal-couturier-kosibah-and-mark-ingram-atelier-announce-collaboration) . fashionweekonline.com . 4 November 2019 . Retrieved 2020-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Munaluchi, Bridal (2019-10-30). "2020 Kosibah Bridal Collection Exclusive" (https://www.munaluchibridal.com/2020-kosibah-bridal-collection-exclusive/) . munaluchi bridal . Retrieved 2020-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Leon-McCormack, Myrdith (2020-05-20). "Finding Solace In Giving Back, Couture Bridal House Kosibah Gives Back To New Yorkers In Need" (http://worldbridemagazine.com/24408/finding-solace-in-giving-back-couture-bridal-house-kosibah-gives-back-to-new-yorkers-in-need/) . World Bride Magazine . Retrieved 2020-09-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Blake, Stephanie (2019-11-01). "NEW YORK BRIDAL FASHION WEEK – DESIGNER HIGHLIGHTS – KOSIBAH For Mark Ingram Atelier" (http://worldbridemagazine.com/21878/new-york-bridal-fashion-week-designer-highlights-yemi-osunkoya-kosibah-for-mark-ingram-atelier/) . World Bride Magazine . Retrieved 2020-09-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Onuorah, Vivian (2017-06-05). "10 BRIDAL DESIGNERS CELEBRITY BRIDES DON'T JOKE WITH HOW THEY MAKE MILLIONS WEEK AFTER WEEK" (http://www.citypeopleonline.com/10-bridal-designers-celebrity-brides-dont-joke-make-millions-week-week/) . munaluchi bridal . Retrieved 2020-09-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Couture Bridal Designer Yemi Osunkoya Receives 'Pride Of Africa' Award At Africa Fashion Week Barcelona" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200103235212/http://onobello.com/couture-bridal-designer-yemi-osunkoya-receives-pride-of-africa-award-at-the-africa-fashion-week-barcelona/) . onobello.com . Archived from the original (http://onobello.com/couture-bridal-designer-yemi-osunkoya-receives-pride-of-africa-award-at-the-africa-fashion-week-barcelona/) on 2020-01-03 . Retrieved 2020-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "MEET THE MAN WHO MAKES THE FEMALE BODY SOOO PERFECT!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200929044743/http://www.sporahtv.com/2011/02/meet-man-who-makes-female-body-sooo.html) . sporah TV . Archived from the original (http://www.sporahtv.com/2011/02/meet-man-who-makes-female-body-sooo.html) on 2020-09-29 . Retrieved 2020-09-05 . 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1997 fashion collection by Alexander McQueen Jacket from the It's a Jungle Out There collection, Savage Beauty (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen:_Savage_Beauty) , V&A It's a Jungle Out There (Autumn/Winter 1997) is the tenth collection of the British fashion designer Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , and the first one released (under his brand (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) ) after his debut as the creative director of the French haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) house Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) . The collection was presented at the Borough Market (/wiki/Borough_Market) (Southwark, London) in February 1997 [1] (#cite_note-1) and it featured a total of 75 looks [2] (#cite_note-2) inspired by Thomson's gazelle (/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Fur, silk, leather and acid-washed denim were used for the confection of the garments; additionally, some of the pieces featured antlers and taxidermy crocodile heads, human hair and iron jewellery. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Acclaimed by the press, this collection restated McQueen as one of the leading figures in fashion after his highly criticized debut with Givenchy. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2011, several pieces were displayed in the exhibition dedicated to the designer's career, Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen:_Savage_Beauty) , at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) in New York and, in 2015, at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London. [8] (#cite_note-8) Background [ edit ] Givenchy's debut: Search for the Golden Fleece [ edit ] After the announcement that Alexander McQueen would replace John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) as the creative director of Givenchy was made in October 1996, [9] (#cite_note-9) McQueen started to work on what it would be his first collection with the French couture house. McQueen and his team created a collection of 55 looks in 25 days; he found inspiration for the collection in Givenchy's logo and used the myth of Jason and the Argonauts to create the whole concept. The collection, Search for the Golden Fleece (Spring/Summer 1997), was presented at the École des Beaux-Arts (/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts) in Paris on January 19, 1997, [10] (#cite_note-10) as part of the Paris Fashion Week. The garments were made in white and gold (as Givenchy's label colours), but in the words of the British designer: [11] (#cite_note-11) The reason I did that [a collection all of white and gold] is that there had to be a major break between me and John Galliano; because John has got such a… you know, a vision of his own. For me to take over, I wanted it to be a complete break. And another reason why we did the whole collection in white and gold was, I mean, I feel… you know, I regretted it after, but I wanted to change the look so quickly, so fast, to break a complete look from Galliano to McQueen and, the reason we did it in white was that the people could choose the colours, so we gave them a blank page to work on and just the structure. But fashion people are not that intelligent, they want to see all the colours all the time. You know, if you tell them "I give you a blank page, choose your colour, chose your fabric," they are not intelligent to do that; I learned that fast. — A. McQueen The pieces displayed McQueen's precise structures. [12] (#cite_note-12) Most of the pieces were made of white and golden fabrics, some of them included details of golden embroidery or bone feathers. [13] (#cite_note-13) The models exhibited big hairstyles in the shape of horns and butterfly wings, [14] (#cite_note-14) at times, decorated with headdresses or jewellery. The reaction was mostly negative; The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) qualified the collection as "vulgar" and "hostile". [15] (#cite_note-15) The French fashion editors criticized the election of McQueen as the creative director of Givenchy while the British press defended McQueen's work; The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) stated that the designer "made a brave and admirable move". [16] (#cite_note-16) The collection has been considered a "failure" in McQueen's career, even the British designer confessed that he felt it "unsuccessful" for himself. [17] (#cite_note-17) Concept and creative process [ edit ] In the midst of the controversy created by his Givenchy debut, McQueen found the inspiration for his next collection in nature; "I get a lot of inspiration from nature itself, it comes a lot in my work really; I mean, it is a big aesthetic for me so, I work on that a lot". [18] (#cite_note-18) In that aesthetic, McQueen found an analogy between his experience with the press after the Givenchy debut and nature in the Thomson's gazelle (/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle) . [19] (#cite_note-19) According to Simon Costin, set designer for McQueen's shows, "his mood boards were covered with blow-ups of images of National Geographic (/wiki/National_Geographic) of gazelles being torn apart by lions". [20] (#cite_note-20) The whole show's feeling was about Thomson's Gazelle; it is a poor little creature. Their markings are lovely; It has got these dark eyes, and the white belly with the black lines, tan and the horns in the back. But it is the food chain on Africa, as soon as it is born is dead; I mean you're lucky if it lasts a few months. And that's how I see human life, in the same way, you know, we all can be discarded quite easily and, nothing depicts it more honestly than the way animals are. And, I was trying also say the fragility of a designer's time in the press, you're there, you're gone; It's a jungle out there! — A. McQueen The collection was crafted between January and February 1997, in McQueen's studio in London. The designer intended to take the toughness and irreverence of McQueen's London, in opposition to the wealthy and elegant atmosphere of Givenchy. According to Sebastian Pons, his design assistant at the time: " I walked to his London studio and he was talking of an haute couture show, "I tried to please them and I fucked it up so I'm going to do my own thing". [21] (#cite_note-21) For the creation of the garments, McQueen applied classic patterns to "street-wear fabrics", resulting on leather and denim frock coats. [22] (#cite_note-22) He also experimented with structures, creating higher and wider shoulders, irregular cuts and sharp tailoring. He also added taxidermy pieces as crocodile heads or antelope alters; some of the pieces had hair stuck to it: "The idea of this piece is that a beast has eaten a lovely blond girl and she is trying to get out" (Alexander McQueen the works ). [23] (#cite_note-23) Some of the pieces included prints of Robert Campin (/wiki/Robert_Campin) 's The Bad Thief to the Left of Christ , 1430. [24] (#cite_note-24) The runway show [ edit ] Setting [ edit ] The show was set in the Borough Market which, at the time, according to Simon Costin was a "rough" area. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) Costin used the galleries of the market as the catwalk and built an iron backdrop with fake bullet holes to create a gritty atmosphere; [27] (#cite_note-27) he found inspiration for this idea in the ending scene of Arthur Penn's Bonny and Clyde (/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde_(film)) . [28] (#cite_note-28) Bashed-up cars were installed, along with heaters and bleachers at the sides of the catwalk. The whole budget for the show was $100.000 and a group of 100 helpers were needed to build the set. Simon Chauduoir, who was in charge of the lighting and sound, used red lightning to create a sinister atmosphere during the previous moments of the show's beginning and used faint lightning during the show with degradation, to resemble fabric's dye. [29] (#cite_note-29) The show included music from Armand van Helden (/wiki/Armand_van_Helden) "Witch Doktor" [30] (#cite_note-30) and Kool and the Gang (/wiki/Kool_and_the_Gang) " Jungle Boogie (/wiki/Jungle_Boogie) ", [31] (#cite_note-31) lion roars were also used for the show. The collection: stylistic aspects [ edit ] The hair and makeup were created to make the models look like animals. The markings of Thompson's gazelle's eyes were recreated and also some models wore white contact lenses intending to make them look more "animalistic". The hairstyles were mostly influenced by mullet or mohawks style, dyed as gazelle's markings, and some of them included shapes that resembled animal ears. Most of the fabrics used in this show were fur, leather and silk, although cotton was used in the pieces with Campin's painting prints. Some of the looks included pieces of jewellery like iron horns, hands and claws. The model Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) opened the show wearing a black leather (/wiki/Leather) dress with patterned floral shapes cut over the fabric, leather gloves and iron jewellery which covered her cheekbones, so the light made her face resemble a Thompson's gazelle. [32] (#cite_note-32) The collection would include pieces like acid-washed denim (/wiki/Denim) coats and jeans, leather tailoring jackets, silk dresses and tops etc. In some cases, the clothes mixed different fabrics as the piece worn by Jaime King (/wiki/Jaime_King) which was made of brown leather and denim; it also included crocodile taxidermy in the shoulders. There were fur dresses and see-through pieces with human hair attached. The show closed with the models Debra Shaw, wearing a pony-skin jacket with impala horns over the shoulders, and Alek Wek (/wiki/Alek_Wek) wearing a dark fur coat with a golden necklace. Curiosities [ edit ] During the show, the pile of crashed cars was set on fire after a group of people destroyed the barricades trying to get in made the heaters fall. According to Debra Shaw, "Had that not been rectified, that whole tent, all the top fashion editors and models would have been history". [33] (#cite_note-33) Despite the risks, McQueen did not stop the show and kept sending the models out to the catwalk. One of the models arrived late and was fired. During the years, numerous McQueen biographers have pointed out that the model was Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) . The women's wear got stuck in customs at Heathrow Airport 48 hours before the show. Katy England, McQueen's stylist, left the studio by night and came back in the early morning with the pieces. They spent 24 hours working on the pieces to get them ready for the show. [34] (#cite_note-34) Legacy [ edit ] The collection has been remembered as the one which reaffirmed McQueen's figure as one of the most important designers of the 1990s. [35] (#cite_note-35) In 2011, some of the pieces that were part of this collection were used in the retrospective exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen:_Savage_Beauty) ; among them, the piece worn by Jaime King, the jacket worn by Debra Shawn and the necklace of Alek Wek. [36] (#cite_note-36) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to It's a Jungle Out There (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:It%27s_a_Jungle_Out_There) . ^ (#cite_ref-1) Thomas, Dana. "Alexander McQueen:The Fashion Show That Made His Name" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG11394734/Alexander-McQueen-the-fashion-show-that-made-his-name.html) . Fashion Telegraph . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Alexander McQueen Fall 1997 Ready-to-Wear" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-1997-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen) . Vogue Runway . Retrieved 26 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Thomas, Dana. "20 Years Ago, Alexander McQueen Made Fashion History" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/news/a9677/alexander-mcqueen-givenchy-couture/) . Town&Country . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Slone, Isabel.B. "The Nature of Alexander McQueen: The Aesthetics of Fashion Design as a Site of Environmental Change" (https://uwaterloo.ca/environment-resources-and-sustainability/sites/ca.environment-resources-and-sustainability/files/uploads/files/TheNatureofAlexanderMcQueen.pdf) (PDF) . uwaterloo . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty" (https://blog.metmuseum.org/alexandermcqueen/tag/a-jungle-out-there/) . Met Museum . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Alexander McQueen Fall 1997 Ready-To-Wear Slide Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-1997-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen/slideshow/collection) . Vogue Runway . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Thomas, Dana. "Alexander McQueen:The Fashion Show That Made His Name" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG11394734/Alexander-McQueen-the-fashion-show-that-made-his-name.html) . Fashion Telegraph . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Alleyne, Allyssia. "Savage Beauty: The strange and stunning fashions of Alexander McQueen" (https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/alexander-mcqueen-savage-beauty/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Thomas, Dana. "Alexander McQueen: The Fashion Show That Made His Name" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG11394734/Alexander-McQueen-the-fashion-show-that-made-his-name.html) . Fashion Telegraph . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Alexander McQueen (8 June 2018). McQueen [ McQueen ] (Video) (Internet). England: Ian Bonhôte Andee Ryder. Event occurs at 00:46:16-00:47:29 . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Alexander McQueen (17 November 1997). Charlie Rose (Video) (Internet). England: Charlie Rose. Event occurs at 07:49 – 08:30 . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . The reason I did that [a collection all of white and gold] is that there had to be a major break between me and John Galliano; because John has got such a… you know, a vision of his own. For me to take over, I wanted it to be a complete break. And another reason why we did the whole collection in white and gold was, I mean, I feel… you know, I regretted it after, but I wanted to change the look so quickly, so fast, to break a complete look from Galliano to McQueen and, the reason we did it in white was that the people could choose the colours, so we gave them a blank page to work on and just the structure. But fashion people are not that intelligent, they want to see all the colours all the time. You know, if you tell them "I give you a blank page, choose your colour, chose your fabric," they are not intelligent to do that; I learned that fast. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Blanchard, Tamsin. "Givenchy Swings Back to the Future:Alexander McQueen, the maverick designer, has created a clear- cut, modern, first haute couture collection" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/givenchy-swings-back-to-the-future-1284306.html) . Independent . Independent . Retrieved 4 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Givenchy Spring 1997 Coture" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-1997-couture/givenchy) . Vogue Runway . VOGUE . Retrieved 3 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Alexander McQueen (8 June 2018). McQueen (Video) (DVD). England: Ian Bonhôte Andee Ryder. Event occurs at 00:46:16-00:47:29 . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Spindler, Amy M. "Among Couture Debuts, Galliano's Is the Standout" (https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/21/style/among-couture-debuts-galliano-s-is-the-standout.html) . The New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Blanchard, Tamsin. "Givenchy Swings Back to the Future: Alexander McQueen, the maverick designer, has created a clear- cut, modern, first haute couture collection" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/givenchy-swings-back-to-the-future-1284306.html) . Independent . Independent . Retrieved 4 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Alexander McQueen (17 November 1997). Charlie Rose (Video) (Internet). England: Charlie Rose. Event occurs at 07:38–07:45 . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Alexander McQueen (20 July 1997). BBC Documentary 'The Works' Alexander McQueen 'Cutting Up Rough' [ BBC Documentary 'The Works' - Alexander McQueen 'Cutting Up Rough' ] (Video) (Youtube). England: rawanimal2002. Event occurs at 22:57–23:04 . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . I get a lot of inspiration from nature itself, it comes a lot in my work really; I mean, it is a big aesthetic for me so, I work on that a lot ^ (#cite_ref-19) Alexander McQueen (20 July 1997). BBC Documentary 'The Works' Alexander McQueen 'Cutting Up Rough' [ BBC Documentary 'The Works' - Alexander McQueen 'Cutting Up Rough' ] (Video) (Youtube). England: rawanimal2002. Event occurs at 23:22–24:08 . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . The whole show's feeling was about Thomson's Gazelle; it is a poor little creature. Their markings are lovely; It has got these dark eyes, and the white belly with the black lines, tan and the horns in the back. But it is the food chain on Africa, as soon as it is born is dead; I mean you're lucky if it lasts a few months. And that's how I see human life, in the same way, you know, we all can be discarded quite easily and, nothing depicts it more honestly than the way animals are. And, I was trying also say the fragility of a designer's time in the press, you're there, you're gone; It's a jungle out there! ^ (#cite_ref-20) Thomas, Dana. "20 Years Ago, Alexander McQueen Made Fashion History" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/news/a9677/alexander-mcqueen-givenchy-couture/) . Town&Country . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . his mood boards were covered with blow-ups of images of National Geographic of gazelles being torn apart by lions ^ (#cite_ref-21) Alexander McQueen (8 June 2018). McQueen [ McQueen ] (Video) (Internet). England: Ian Bonhôte Andee Ryder. Event occurs at 00:55:24 – 00:55:33 . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . I tried to please them and I fucked it up so I'm going to do my own thing ^ (#cite_ref-22) Alexander McQueen (20 July 1997). BBC Documentary 'The Works' Alexander McQueen 'Cutting Up Rough' [ BBC Documentary 'The Works' - Alexander McQueen 'Cutting Up Rough' ] (Youtube). England: rawanimal2002. Event occurs at 12:14–12:30. Archived from the original (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=542vMeyma4g&t=816s) (Video) on 7 June 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Alexander McQueen (20 July 1997). BBC Documentary 'The Works' Alexander McQueen 'Cutting Up Rough' [ BBC Documentary 'The Works' - Alexander McQueen 'Cutting Up Rough' ] (Youtube). England: rawanimal2002. Event occurs at 00:13:29 – 00:13:35. Archived from the original (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=542vMeyma4g&t=816s) (Video) on 7 June 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . The idea of this piece is that a beast has eaten a lovely blond girl and she is trying to get out ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty" (https://blog.metmuseum.org/alexandermcqueen/tag/a-jungle-out-there/) . Met Museum . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Thomas, Dana. "20 Years Ago, Alexander McQueen Made Fashion History" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/news/a9677/alexander-mcqueen-givenchy-couture/) . Town&Country . Retrieved 4 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Alexander McQueen (8 June 2018). McQueen [ McQueen ] (Video) (Internet). England: Ian Bonhôte Andee Ryder. Event occurs at 00:55:24 – 00:55:33 . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Long Live Mc@ueen" (https://the-widows-of-culloden.tumblr.com/post/58930379167/alexander-mcqueen-a-w-1997-its-a-jungle-out) . Tumblr . Retrieved 4 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Thomas, Dana. "20 Years Ago, Alexander McQueen Made Fashion History" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/news/a9677/alexander-mcqueen-givenchy-couture/) . Town&Country . Retrieved 4 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Thomas, Dana. "20 Years Ago, Alexander McQueen Made Fashion History" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/news/a9677/alexander-mcqueen-givenchy-couture/) . Town&Country . Retrieved 4 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Alexander McQueen (27 February 1997). 1997 Alexander McQueen, It's A Jungle Out There, Catwalk Rushes (Video) (Youtube). England: thekinolibrary. Event occurs at 00:30 –03:27 . Retrieved 4 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Alexander McQueen (27 February 1997). Alexander McQueen Fall/Winter 1997, "It's a Jungle Out There" (Video) (Youtube). England: fashiongirl22. Event occurs at 17:36 –18:15 . Retrieved 4 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Alexander McQueen Fall 1997 Ready-To-Wear Slide Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-1997-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen/slideshow/collection) . Vogue Runway . VOGUE . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Alexander McQueen (8 June 2018). McQueen [ McQueen ] (Video) (Internet). England: Ian Bonhôte Andee Ryder. Event occurs at 00:54:48-00:54:55 . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . Had that not been rectified, that whole tent, all the top fashion editors and models would have been history ^ (#cite_ref-34) Thomas, Dana. "20 Years Ago, Alexander McQueen Made Fashion History" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/news/a9677/alexander-mcqueen-givenchy-couture/) . Town&Country . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . The menswear had all arrived from the factories in Italy as expected, but the women's wear samples got stuck in customs at Heathrow. ^ (#cite_ref-35) Seroukas, John. "Renegades Of Fashion: Alexander McQueen — "It's a Jungle Out There" (https://fashionindustrybroadcast.com/2015/12/10/renegades-of-fashion-alexander-mcqueen-its-a-jungle-out-there/) . Fashion Industry Broadcast . Retrieved 4 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty" (https://blog.metmuseum.org/alexandermcqueen/tag/a-jungle-out-there/) . Met Museum . 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Diffusion line of Versace This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Versus_(Versace)) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Versus_(Versace)) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "Versus" Versace (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Versus%22+Versace) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Versus%22+Versace+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Versus%22+Versace&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Versus%22+Versace+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Versus%22+Versace) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Versus%22+Versace&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Versus_(Versace)&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Versus (Versace) Industry Consumer Goods (/wiki/Consumer_Goods) Founded 1989 Headquarters Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy Products Textile (/wiki/Textile) - Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) [1] (https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002255/http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/54/54069.html) Website versus.it (http://www.versus.it) Versus (Versace) was a diffusion line (/wiki/Diffusion_line) of the Italian luxury fashion house Versace (/wiki/Versace) . It was founded in 1989 by Gianni Versace (/wiki/Gianni_Versace) as a gift to his sister Donatella (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) . The line was discontinued in 2005 but was relaunched by Donatella in 2009 with a capsule collection (/wiki/Capsule_collection) of accessories designed by British designer Christopher Kane (/wiki/Christopher_Kane) . In 2018, Versus was merged with another Versace diffusion line which is Versace Jeans, to form Versace Jeans Couture. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Brand [ edit ] Gianni Versace introduced Versus in 1989 stating that, "Versus was born with an innate creative approach, with a strong focus on innovation, and a flair for the unconventional. An artistic force that takes present fashion forward, anticipating new trends and embracing challenge". [4] (#cite_note-4) Versus was endorsed by many celebrities including Zayn Malik (/wiki/Zayn_Malik) , Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , Cheryl Cole (/wiki/Cheryl_Cole) , Leighton Meester (/wiki/Leighton_Meester) , Miranda Cosgrove (/wiki/Miranda_Cosgrove) and Alexa Chung (/wiki/Alexa_Chung) , [ citation needed ] and featured in and on the cover of fashion and lifestyle magazines like Vogue, InStyle, ELLE and Glamour. [5] (#cite_note-5) History [ edit ] Versus was a secondary line of the fashion house Versace, created by Gianni Versace as a gift to his sister Donatella. [ citation needed ] The first fashion show was held in Milan in 1990 and subsequently collections were presented in New York (/wiki/New_York_City) during Fashion Week. Versus was known for its rock-chic style, which influenced the main collections of the house. [ citation needed ] In 2004, when Versace faced a downturn in profits, Versus was reduced to a limited collection of accessories and eventually shut down. [6] (#cite_note-6) However, in 2009, Donatella relaunched the brand with a collection of accessories designed in collaboration with Christopher Kane. Later collaborations included a capsule collection by M.I.A. and another one, in December 2013, by Anthony Vaccarello (/wiki/Anthony_Vaccarello) . [7] (#cite_note-Anthony_Vaccarello_Links_Up_With_Versus-7) Christopher Kane (2009–2012) [ edit ] Having acted as a consultant at Versace after Donatella acclaimed his MA collection for Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, Donatella invited Scottish designer Christopher Kane to re-launch the line with her in February 2009 with a capsule collection of handbags, shoes, and jewelry. For spring/summer 2010, Kane presented 16 dresses for the line at Milan Fashion Week. He has since presented two other collections for the line, fall/winter 2009/2010 and most recently spring/summer 2011, his first official runway collection at Milan Fashion Week. Donatella has likened Kane to her brother, the late Gianni Versace. Since Gianni died in 1997, she has become the creative director of the house's main line and other surviving diffusion lines. [ citation needed ] JW Anderson (2013–2014) [ edit ] Irish designer Jonathan Anderson (/wiki/Jonathan_Anderson_(fashion_designer)) collaborated for a capsule collection with Versus in 2013. This collaboration was unexpected due to the contrasting styles of the brands. Donatella said of Anderson that "[He] was very "loyal" to the Versus codes" [8] (#cite_note-8) Anderson launched his label JW Anderson (/wiki/JW_Anderson) in 2008 and was named the creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) of Loewe (/wiki/Loewe_(fashion_brand)) in September 2013. [9] (#cite_note-9) Anthony Vaccarello (2014–2016) [ edit ] Anthony Vaccarello (/wiki/Anthony_Vaccarello) began working with Versus in 2014 and exited in 2016 to become Creative Director for Saint Laurent. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Newbold, Alice (31 October 2018). "Versace Makes First Major Business Move Since Michael Kors Merger" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/versace-integrates-versus-into-versace-jeans-line) . British Vogue . Retrieved 2021-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Versace Merges Diffusion Lines" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/luxury/versace-merges-versus-versace-jeans-diffusion-lines) . The Business of Fashion . 2018-11-01 . Retrieved 2021-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Versace Jeans Couture | US Online Store" (https://www.versace.com/us/en-us/jeans-couture/) . Versace . Retrieved 2021-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "How Donatella Versace Is Successfully Targeting Millennials With Versus" (https://www.launchmetrics.com/resources/blog/donatella-versace-millennials-versus) . Launchmetrics . Retrieved 2022-09-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Cindy Crawford | Versace Fashion Photo Shoot | InStyle" (https://www.fashiongonerogue.com/editorial/cindy-crawford-versace-looks-instyle/) . Fashion Gone Rogue . 2018-02-07 . Retrieved 2022-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Luisa Zargani (7 September 2009), Versace Inks License with Gruppo Facchini (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/versace-inks-license-with-gruppo-facchini-2256050/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-Anthony_Vaccarello_Links_Up_With_Versus_7-0) Turra, Alessandra (20 December 2013). "Anthony Vaccarello Links Up With Versus" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/gimme-three-7321641?src=nl/mornReport/20131220) . WWD . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Versus Versace J.W. Anderson Collection Resort 2014 Collection" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/resort-2014/versus-versace-j-w-anderson-collection) . Vogue . 2013-05-15 . Retrieved 2023-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Hass, Nancy (2019-08-19). "The Man Turning European Fashion Into Something Raw and Real" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/19/t-magazine/jonathan-anderson-loewe-interview.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-02-25 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.versace.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐wnrsp Cached time: 20240713191403 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.370 seconds Real time usage: 0.493 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2468/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 63306/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 12010/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 37836/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.238/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5925504/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 460.223 1 -total 29.26% 134.670 3 Template:Ambox 28.43% 130.856 1 Template:Reflist 23.55% 108.372 7 Template:Cite_web 22.19% 102.101 1 Template:Infobox_company 19.68% 90.557 1 Template:Infobox 18.67% 85.937 1 Template:Multiple_issues 15.17% 69.819 1 Template:Short_description 12.20% 56.135 4 Template:Citation_needed 12.00% 55.206 1 Template:Primary_sources Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29332795-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713191403 and revision id 1231513859. 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Georgian fashion designer Alieta Tatuna Nikolaishvili ( Georgian (/wiki/Georgian_language) : ალიეტა ტატუნა ნიკოლაიშვილი ) is a Georgian (/wiki/Georgians) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) based in Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Tatuna graduated from Tbilisi State Academy of Arts (/wiki/Tbilisi_State_Academy_of_Arts) , L'institut Marangoni Paris. She created her brand in 2003. The main character of this brand lies in its distinguished pattern techniques, which Tatuna masters so powerfully, and thus creating dynamic designs. It is not the material that dictates the design but the unique ability of the designer to manipulate the lines and creates truly wearable haut couture handmade garments. Her clothes are sold in Georgia, France, United Kingdom, Japan, China, South Korea and Ukraine. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) ტატუნა ნიკოლაიშვილი (http://www.tbilisifashionweek.com/?id=Desingers&desinger=1363117905) TFW ^ (#cite_ref-2) Новое имя в моде: Tatuna Nikolaishvili, Грузия (http://buro247.ru/fashion/our-choice/novoe-imya-v-mode-tatuna-nikolaishvili-gruziya.html) Бюро 24/7 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Мода в картинках. Юлия Полищук, Tatuna NIKOLAISHVILI, Ольга Тимкова-Ляховская для ТМ "Столичный" осень-зима 2012/2013 (http://elle.ua/moda/modny-blog/Den-vtoroy-UFW-Fresh-Fashion) ELLE.ua ^ (#cite_ref-4) ტატუნა ნიკოლაიშვილი Tbilisi Fashion Week გაზაფხული-ზაფხული 2012 (http://instyle.ge/geo_celeb_130_tatuna_nikolaishvili_tbilisi_fashion_week_2761.php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120512150337/http://instyle.ge/geo_celeb_130_tatuna_nikolaishvili_tbilisi_fashion_week_2761.php) 2012-05-12 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Instyle ^ (#cite_ref-5) Интервью: Татуна Николаишвили (http://levol.ru/peoples/interview/225) Елизавета Шин External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.tatunanikolaishvili.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59d4f5b5d9‐hmlcq Cached time: 20240710180401 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.182 seconds Real time usage: 0.327 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 326/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2767/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 604/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3459/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.125/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14997599/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 316.466 1 -total 32.80% 103.798 1 Template:Authority_control 32.00% 101.272 1 Template:Lang-ka 31.50% 99.671 1 Template:Language_with_name 30.99% 98.061 1 Template:Lang 23.12% 73.179 1 Template:Short_description 12.73% 40.300 2 Template:Pagetype 10.84% 34.306 1 Template:Reflist 6.09% 19.258 3 Template:Main_other 5.45% 17.243 1 Template:Webarchive Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:40828728-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710180401 and revision id 1181340166. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatuna_Nikolaishvili&oldid=1181340166 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatuna_Nikolaishvili&oldid=1181340166) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1986 births (/wiki/Category:1986_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Fashion designers from Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_from_Georgia_(country)) Tbilisi State Academy of Arts alumni (/wiki/Category:Tbilisi_State_Academy_of_Arts_alumni) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles containing Georgian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Georgian-language_text)
American model Alton Mason Mason in an advertisement for Paco Rabanne (/wiki/Paco_Rabanne) in 2019 Born Alton Devon Mason ( 1997-11-21 ) November 21, 1997 (age 26) Nebraska (/wiki/Nebraska) , U.S. Alma mater American Musical and Dramatic Academy (/wiki/American_Musical_and_Dramatic_Academy) Years active 2015–present Modeling information Height 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) Hair color Black Eye color Brown Alton Devon Mason ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ æ l t ən / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) AL -tən ; born November 21, 1997) [1] (#cite_note-1) is an American model (/wiki/Supermodel) . [2] (#cite_note-super-2) He became the first black male model to walk for Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) in 2018. [3] (#cite_note-3) GQ Australia (/wiki/GQ_Australia) named him male model of the year in 2019 [4] (#cite_note-4) and Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) listed him in its 30 Under 30 (/wiki/30_Under_30) 2021 for Art & Style. [5] (#cite_note-Forbes-5) He is considered one of the few male supermodels (/wiki/Supermodel) worldwide. [2] (#cite_note-super-2) Early and personal life [ edit ] Alton Mason was born in Nebraska, the eldest of four children. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) His father, Alton Mason Sr., is a former professional basketball player and his mother is a former model. Due to his father's career, the family moved regularly, living in several European countries, [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) until finally settling in Arizona (/wiki/Arizona) . [7] (#cite_note-Vogue_2020-7) When he was 17, he moved away from Arizona to study dancing and acting at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy (/wiki/American_Musical_and_Dramatic_Academy) in Los Angeles, California. [7] (#cite_note-Vogue_2020-7) [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) As of December 2023, [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alton_Mason&action=edit) Mason is in a relationship with fellow model Anok Yai (/wiki/Anok_Yai) . [9] (#cite_note-9) Career [ edit ] Through choreographer Laurieann Gibson (/wiki/Laurieann_Gibson) , he was able to obtain a position as backup dancer for Diddy (/wiki/Sean_Combs) at the BET Awards 2015 (/wiki/BET_Awards_2015) , which eventually led to being signed by a modeling agency. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) Mason was then discovered on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) [10] (#cite_note-10) and cast for Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) 's Yeezy Season 3 show at Madison Square Garden (/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden) . [7] (#cite_note-Vogue_2020-7) [11] (#cite_note-11) Two years later, he walked for the Gucci Fall 2017 show at the Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . [12] (#cite_note-12) He also made appearances at the New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) for Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) , [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) and in a short film modeling clothes designed by Pharrell Williams (/wiki/Pharrell_Williams) for Chanel. [13] (#cite_note-13) He was part of the spring/summer campaign for Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) in 2019. [14] (#cite_note-14) Other brands Mason has modeled for include Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , [15] (#cite_note-15) Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Fenty x Puma (/wiki/Fenty_x_Puma) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , Puma (/wiki/Puma_AG) , Philipp Plein (/wiki/Philipp_Plein) , Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) , Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , [16] (#cite_note-16) and Off-White (/wiki/Off-White_(company)) . [5] (#cite_note-Forbes-5) In 2020, he filmed a music video in Lagos (/wiki/Lagos) , Nigeria for his first single "Gimme Gimme", as part of the soundtrack of Amarachi Nwosu (/wiki/Amarachi_Nwosu) and Soof Light (/w/index.php?title=Soof_Light&action=edit&redlink=1) 's short film Rise in Light , in which he also starred. The video was used to publicize a fundraising (/wiki/Fundraising) in support of Nigerian communities, collecting more than $10,000 for the Aga Khan Foundation (/wiki/Aga_Khan_Foundation) . [7] (#cite_note-Vogue_2020-7) [17] (#cite_note-Little_Richard-17) Mason portrayed Little Richard (/wiki/Little_Richard) in Baz Luhrmann (/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann) 's 2022 biopic Elvis (/wiki/Elvis_(2022_film)) . [17] (#cite_note-Little_Richard-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Mason, Alton (November 21, 2020). "birthday boy" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/altonmason/2447480395502378140_2447480391777847088) . Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/CH3MnPQptyc/) on December 26, 2021 . Retrieved November 21, 2020 – via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ Jump up to: a b Hine, Samuel (August 22, 2023). "How Alton Mason Became the World's Only Male Supermodel" (https://www.gq.com/story/alton-mason-profile/) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Retrieved August 23, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Barr, Sabrina (December 7, 2018). "Alton Mason makes history as first Black male model to walk in Chanel show" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/chanel-show-catwalk-new-york-alton-mason-first-black-male-model-fashion-a8672026.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181207171800/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/chanel-show-catwalk-new-york-alton-mason-first-black-male-model-fashion-a8672026.html) from the original on December 7, 2018 . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Alton Mason Is 2019's GQ Australia Model Of The Year" (https://www.gq.com.au/men-of-the-year/event-coverage/alton-mason-is-2019s-gq-australia-model-of-the-year/news-story/e5a3f8eda8823cb9afac8e48619b59e8) . GQ Australia . November 28, 2019 . Retrieved January 17, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Alton Mason" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/alton-mason/) . Forbes . Retrieved December 1, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c McGillicuddy, Louisa (March 24, 2019). "At 22, model Alton Mason has already walked for Chanel, Versace and Louis Vuitton" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/interview-at-22-model-alton-mason-has-already-walked-for-chanel-versace-and-louis-vuitton-p9tzmvdrw) . The Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460) . Retrieved July 5, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hess, Liam (May 14, 2020). "Alton Mason's Debut Short Film Is an Ode to the Creative Spirit of Lagos" (https://www.vogue.com/article/alton-mason-gimme-gimme-video-premiere) . Vogue . Retrieved November 22, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Petrarca, Emilia (July 18, 2017). "How Alton Mason Went from Dancing with P. Diddy to Modeling for Gucci" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/alton-mason-gucci-model) . W Magazine . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Dhakhwa, Saman (December 29, 2023). "Anok Yai Boyfriend Alton Mason: Dating History And Relationship" (https://bandofoutsiders.com/anok-yai-boyfriend-alton-mason/) . Band of Outsiders (/wiki/Band_of_Outsiders_(clothing_brand)) . Retrieved March 25, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Marain, Alexandre (January 24, 2019). "Get to know Alton Mason, the model of the moment" (https://www.vogue.fr/fashion/article/get-to-know-alton-mason-the-model-of-the-moment) . Vogue Paris . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Rami, Trupti (August 31, 2018). "PAPER People: Alton Mason" (http://www.papermag.com/paper-people-alton-mason-2600782761.html) . PAPER . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Cadogan, Dominic (April 24, 2018). "Vote for Alton Mason on the #Dazed100" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/39741/1/alton-mason-model-biography-dazed-100-profile-2018) . Dazed . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Cadogan, Dominic (March 25, 2019). "Pharrell's collaboration with Chanel is almost here" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/43799/1/pharrell-williams-chanel-collaboration-karl-lagerfeld) . Dazed . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Higgins, Keenan (April 20, 2019). "A$AP Nast Helps Unveil Lacoste's New #CROCODILEINSIDE Campaign" (http://thesource.com/2019/04/19/lacoste-ss19-crocodile-inside-campaign/) . The Source . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Okwodu, Janelle (May 31, 2017). "Why Gucci Guy Alton Mason Is Your New Favorite Male Model" (https://www.vogue.com/article/gucci-resort-2018-alton-mason-male-model-interview) . Vogue . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Eckardt, Stephanie (March 14, 2019). "Alton Mason on Becoming the First Black Male Model to Walk Chanel" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/alton-mason-instagram-chanel-karl-lagerfeld) . W Magazine . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kroll, Justin (January 26, 2021). "Newcomer Alton Mason To Play Little Richard In Baz Luhrmann's 'Elvis' (https://deadline.com/2021/01/newcomer-alton-mason-little-richard-baz-luhrmanns-elvis-1234681086/) " (https://deadline.com/2021/01/newcomer-alton-mason-little-richard-baz-luhrmanns-elvis-1234681086/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Retrieved January 30, 2021 . This biography article about a United States model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alton_Mason&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐t644p Cached time: 20240712191247 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.475 seconds Real time usage: 0.638 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3225/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 45961/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2973/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 72233/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.339/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9789027/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 595.605 1 -total 32.29% 192.297 1 Template:Infobox_model 29.09% 173.281 1 Template:Reflist 23.37% 139.189 15 Template:Cite_web 13.94% 83.009 1 Template:Short_description 10.99% 65.434 1 Template:US-model-stub 10.69% 63.660 1 Template:Asbox 7.25% 43.171 1 Template:Infobox 7.19% 42.840 2 Template:Pagetype 6.65% 39.600 20 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60555417-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712191247 and revision id 1228967012. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alton_Mason&oldid=1228967012 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alton_Mason&oldid=1228967012) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1997 births (/wiki/Category:1997_births) 21st-century American male actors (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_actors) African-American male models (/wiki/Category:African-American_male_models) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Male actors from Arizona (/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_Arizona) Male actors from Nebraska (/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_Nebraska) American Musical and Dramatic Academy alumni (/wiki/Category:American_Musical_and_Dramatic_Academy_alumni) American model stubs (/wiki/Category:American_model_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from October 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2021) Use American English from September 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_September_2019) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_December_2023) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Japan portal (/wiki/Portal:Japan) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐2r6bt Cached time: 20240715025157 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.049 seconds Real time usage: 0.102 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 21/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1490/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.025/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 715060/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 52.168 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 52.168 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69618819-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715025157 and revision id 1062464622. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Models from Tottori Prefecture" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Y Maika Yamamoto (/wiki/Maika_Yamamoto) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_Tottori_Prefecture&oldid=1062464622 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_Tottori_Prefecture&oldid=1062464622) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Japanese models by prefecture (/wiki/Category:Japanese_models_by_prefecture) People from Tottori Prefecture (/wiki/Category:People_from_Tottori_Prefecture)
Brazilian journalist and model Pedro Andrade Born ( 1979-04-14 ) April 14, 1979 (age 45) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil) Occupations Journalist model Years active 1986–present Notable work Manhattan Connection (/wiki/Manhattan_Connection) Pedro Andrade (born April 14, 1979) is a Brazilian journalist and model. [1] (#cite_note-Pedro_Andrade-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Career [ edit ] He began his acting career at the age of seven in Brazil. A student of journalism, Andrade originally came to the United States on a Poetry scholarship. [1] (#cite_note-Pedro_Andrade-1) Andrade was discovered by fashion photographer Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) . [4] (#cite_note-fullfrontalfashion1-4) Besides hosting LXTV 1st Look TV, he has a show on LXTV.com called On The Rocks: The Search for America's Top Bartender . Andrade also runs a website about fashion, food, art, nightlife and entertainment. [5] (#cite_note-5) He was also a reporter for Manhattan Connection, a Brazilian TV show at Globo News (/wiki/Globo_News) , Globo TV Cable News Network. On Brazilian radio he presents a weekly show, Conexão América (America Connection) at Eldorado FM Station. In 1999, Andrade appeared in LG Electronics (/wiki/LG_Electronics) TV Commercials. Through volunteer work, donations and special appearances, Andrade supports a number of humanitarian causes such as Cancer Researchers , AIDS Research, Environmental Preservation, as well as a number of children's charities such as the Make a Wish Foundation and Big Brother. In 2007, he and his dog, Miles, appeared alongside Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) , Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) and Kelly Ripa (/wiki/Kelly_Ripa) in Pose For Paws, a coffee table book by photographer Brian Nice benefiting the Humane Society. [1] (#cite_note-Pedro_Andrade-1) Controversies [ edit ] In 2002, while still working as a model and trying to kick-start his acting career, Pedro frequented the pages of the main newspapers and magazines in Brazil claiming to be the protagonist of the next David Lynch film.  However, although it had wide coverage by the São Paulo press, the newspaper “Folha de São Paulo” investigated the information (https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ilustrada/ult90u28206.shtml) with the production of the filmmaker who categorically denied the information.  Told by the newspaper, the agent informed that the film did not exist.  On the other hand, according to Pedro, the production of the film would be "indignant" with him for having released the film without authorisation: "They won't mind if I come off as a liar". Personal life [ edit ] Andrade currently lives in West Village (/wiki/West_Village) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [6] (#cite_note-6) He briefly dated Lance Bass (/wiki/Lance_Bass) , a former member of the band 'N Sync (/wiki/%27N_Sync) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) in the summer of 2007. [9] (#cite_note-9) Filmography [ edit ] Television [ edit ] Year Title Role 2009–11 1st Look (/wiki/1st_Look) Host 2009–21 Manhattan Connection (/wiki/Manhattan_Connection) Host 2013 The Morning Show (/wiki/The_Morning_Show_(TV_program)) Host 2015 Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) Host 2016–18 Pedro Pelo Mundo Himself (host) [10] (#cite_note-10) 2021 Unknown Amazon with Pedro Andrade [11] (#cite_note-11) Himself 2021–present Entre Mundos Host References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pedro Andrade" (https://archive.today/20130126001109/http://www.hunkymalecelebs.com/pedro_andrade/) . Hunky Male Celebs. Archived from the original (http://www.hunkymalecelebs.com/pedro_andrade/) on January 26, 2013 . Retrieved November 10, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "classy. sexy. stylish – Pedro Andrade" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110706155230/http://www.worldofmodels.com.br/pedroandrade.html) . World of Models. April 5, 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.worldofmodels.com.br/pedroandrade.html) on July 6, 2011 . Retrieved November 10, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Q Models – Pedro Andrade" (http://www.qmanagementinc.com/talent/pedro-andrade?portfolio=LA%20Q%20TOO(Website)&main_portfolio=LA%20Q%20TOO(Website)&agency=la) . Q Models . Retrieved December 24, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-fullfrontalfashion1_4-0) "Taxi TV's Pedro Andrade" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110815113637/http://www.fullfrontalfashion.com/people/taxi-tvs-pedro-andrade/) . Full Frontal Fashion. Archived from the original (http://www.fullfrontalfashion.com/people/taxi-tvs-pedro-andrade/) on August 15, 2011 . Retrieved November 10, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Erro › WordPress" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161011185402/http://www.pedroandradetv.com/) . Archived from the original (http://www.pedroandradetv.com/) on October 11, 2016 . Retrieved August 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Pedro Andrade sobre Nova York: “Ser preconceituoso aqui é um grande mico” (http://igay.ig.com.br/2014-03-19/pedro-andrade-sobre-nova-york-ser-preconceituoso-aqui-e-um-grande-mico.html) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Lance Bass fala sobre Pedro Andrade, seu namorado brasileiro: "Ele é lindo" (http://ego.globo.com/Gente/Noticias/0,,MUL324719-9798,00-LANCE+BASS+FALA+SOBRE+PEDRO+ANDRADE+SEU+NAMORADO+BRASILEIRO+ELE+E+LINDO.html) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Apresentador gato Pedro Andrade se torna o primeiro brasileiro a comandar uma atração dos EUA" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140503083136/http://acapa.virgula.uol.com.br/lifestyle/apresentador-gato-pedro-andrade-se-torna-o-primeiro-brasileiro-a-comandar-uma-atracao-dos-eua/1/15/23042) . Archived from the original (http://acapa.virgula.uol.com.br/lifestyle/apresentador-gato-pedro-andrade-se-torna-o-primeiro-brasileiro-a-comandar-uma-atracao-dos-eua/1/15/23042) on May 3, 2014 . Retrieved December 24, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Lance Bass termina namoro com brasileiro Pedro Andrade (http://www.encontromarcadoquatroestrelas.jex.com.br/noticias/lance+bass+termina+namoro+com+brasileiro+pedro+andrade) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Pedro Andrade - Pedro Pelo Mundo - Programas - GNT" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161106012824/http://gnt.globo.com/programas/pedro-pelo-mundo/pedro-andrade-217.htm) . gnt.globo.com . Archived from the original (http://gnt.globo.com/programas/pedro-pelo-mundo/pedro-andrade-217.htm) on November 6, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Unknown Amazon with Pedro Andrade - VICE TV" (https://www.vicetv.com/en_us/show/unknown-amazon-with-pedro-andrade) . External links [ edit ] Pedro Andrade (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3750991/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Facebook Page (https://www.facebook.com/spapedro) Twitter Page (https://twitter.com/pedroandradenbc) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/7628150325549510090001) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐qrswb Cached time: 20240712132552 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.487 seconds Real time usage: 0.750 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2159/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20982/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1697/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 40062/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.323/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6190794/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 710.992 1 -total 41.82% 297.320 1 Template:Infobox_person 21.14% 150.273 1 Template:Reflist 18.33% 130.347 8 Template:Cite_web 12.58% 89.421 1 Template:Short_description 12.34% 87.715 1 Template:IMDb_name 11.73% 83.409 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 11.52% 81.895 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.37% 66.626 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 7.78% 55.307 1 Template:Authority_control Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30687614-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712132552 and revision id 1219946896. 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Submission declined on 13 April 2024 by KylieTastic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:KylieTastic) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:KylieTastic) ). This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) . In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: in-depth (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability#General_notability_guideline) (not just passing mentions about the subject) reliable secondary independent of the subject Make sure you add references that meet these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid (/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_sourcing_mistakes_(notability)) when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. If you would like to continue working on the submission, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you have not resolved the issues listed above, your draft will be declined again and potentially deleted. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kesari+Nandan+Hanuman%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kesari+Nandan+Hanuman%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kesari+Nandan+Hanuman%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kesari+Nandan+Hanuman%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Kesari+Nandan+Hanuman%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Kesari+Nandan+Hanuman%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kesari+Nandan+Hanuman%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Kesari+Nandan+Hanuman%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Kesari_Nandan_Hanuman) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Kesari_Nandan_Hanuman&defaults=y) Declined by KylieTastic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:KylieTastic) 3 months ago. Last edited by KylieTastic (/wiki/User:KylieTastic) 3 months ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Bhartiyaeditoin&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D&section=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. serial Sun Neo Kesari Nandan Hanuman Genre mytho (/w/index.php?title=Mytho_film&action=edit&redlink=1) Drama (/wiki/Drama) Creative director Aarooshee sood Starring Hanuman Ji (/w/index.php?title=Hanuman_Ji&action=edit&redlink=1) [[]] Country of origin India Original language Hindi Production Producer Sushanta Das Cinematography Indranil Singha Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company Productions Original release Network Sun Neo (/wiki/Sun_Neo) Release Invalid date range Kesari Nandan Hanuman Kesari Nandan Hanuman new serial has been started on Sun Neo (/wiki/Sun_Neo) Tv official channel in DTH (/wiki/DTH_tv) Serial has been started on date 16 April 2024 available Sunneo Cast Hanuman Ji Anjani Kesari ji Shankar ji Parvati ji Ganesh ji References [ edit ] Updated all details after Sun Neo (/wiki/Sun_Neo) 16 April 2024 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐clxrb Cached time: 20240719093218 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, vary‐user] CPU time usage: 0.320 seconds Real time usage: 0.440 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2523/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 87404/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7405/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9043/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.159/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5066947/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 406.586 1 -total 51.09% 207.727 1 Template:AFC_submission 48.31% 196.405 1 Template:AfC_submission/declined 46.78% 190.187 1 Template:Ombox 31.86% 129.549 1 Template:Infobox_television 30.34% 123.365 1 Template:Infobox 22.70% 92.303 1 Template:AfC_submission/helptools 22.09% 89.835 4 Template:Hidden 7.88% 32.045 1 Template:Short_description 7.87% 32.018 1 Template:Find_sources Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76606574-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719093218 and revision id 1218765228. 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American fashion designer Omar Kiam Omar Kiam in 1944 Born Alexander Kiam ( 1894-07-19 ) July 19, 1894 Monterrey (/wiki/Monterrey) , Mexico. Died March 28, 1954 (1954-03-28) (aged 59) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. Nationality American (/wiki/United_States) Occupation(s) Costume designer; fashion designer Awards Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) , 1941; Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) , 1946 Alexander "Omar" Kiam (1894 – 1954) was an American fashion designer and costume designer. Early life [ edit ] Born Alexander Kiam in Monterrey (/wiki/Monterrey) , Mexico, to Texan parents. [1] (#cite_note-1) Kiam picked up the nickname "Omar" at Riverview Preparatory School in Poughkeepsie, New York (/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York) . [2] (#cite_note-mara-2) He later went to the Poughkeepsie Military Academy in New York. [3] (#cite_note-bailey-3) His first job as a designer was producing caps for babies for a department store in Houston (/wiki/Houston) . [3] (#cite_note-bailey-3) Kiam chose to retain his nickname professionally, as he appreciated the link to Omar Khayyám (/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Costume design [ edit ] Janet Gaynor (/wiki/Janet_Gaynor) , costumed by Kiam, in A Star is Born (/wiki/A_Star_is_Born_(1937_film)) Following a stint in Paris as a student, Kiam returned to the United States and opened his studio in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , where he produced work for Broadway theatre (/wiki/Broadway_theatre) . [3] (#cite_note-bailey-3) Among the theatre productions he costumed were Dinner at Eight (/wiki/Dinner_at_Eight_(play)) , the Robert E. Sherwood (/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood) play Reunion in Vienna (/wiki/Reunion_in_Vienna) , and the Edward Sheldon (/wiki/Edward_Sheldon) and Margaret Ayer Barnes (/wiki/Margaret_Ayer_Barnes) play Dishonored Lady (/wiki/Dishonored_Lady) . [5] (#cite_note-leese-5) In 1933 he moved to Hollywood, where he headed the film costume design departments for Sam Goldwyn (/wiki/Sam_Goldwyn) Productions and United Artists (/wiki/United_Artists) . [3] (#cite_note-bailey-3) [5] (#cite_note-leese-5) Before leaving Hollywood in 1939, Kiam also worked for independent producers David O. Selznick (/wiki/David_O._Selznick) and Hal Roach (/wiki/Hal_Roach) . [3] (#cite_note-bailey-3) He also worked with 20th Century Pictures (/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Pictures) . [6] (#cite_note-6) One of Kiam's most notable films was the 1937 film A Star is Born (/wiki/A_Star_is_Born_(1937_film)) , for which he dressed Janet Gaynor (/wiki/Janet_Gaynor) . [2] (#cite_note-mara-2) He collaborated with Irene (/wiki/Irene_(costume_designer)) on Algiers (/wiki/Algiers_(film)) . [5] (#cite_note-leese-5) Filmography [ edit ] Omar Kiam costumed the following films: [5] (#cite_note-leese-5) [7] (#cite_note-7) A Star is Born (/wiki/A_Star_Is_Born_(1937_film)) The Adventures of Marco Polo (/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Marco_Polo) Algiers (/wiki/Algiers_(film)) Barbary Coast (/wiki/Barbary_Coast_(film)) Beloved Enemy (/wiki/Beloved_Enemy) The Call of the Wild (/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Wild_(1935_film)) Cardinal Richelieu (/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu_(film)) Come and Get It (/wiki/Come_and_Get_It_(1936_film)) The Cowboy and the Lady (/wiki/The_Cowboy_and_the_Lady_(1938_film)) The Dark Angel (/wiki/The_Dark_Angel_(1935_film)) Dead End (/wiki/Dead_End_(1937_film)) Dodsworth (/wiki/Dodsworth_(film)) Folies Bergère de Paris (/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re_de_Paris) The Gay Desperado (/wiki/The_Gay_Desperado) The Goldwyn Follies (/wiki/The_Goldwyn_Follies) The Hurricane (/wiki/The_Hurricane_(1937_film)) Kid Millions (/wiki/Kid_Millions) Les Misérables (/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1935_film)) The Mighty Barnum (/wiki/The_Mighty_Barnum) One Rainy Afternoon (/wiki/One_Rainy_Afternoon) Pick a Star (/wiki/Pick_a_Star) Splendor (/wiki/Splendor_(1935_film)) Stella Dallas (/wiki/Stella_Dallas_(1937_film)) Strike Me Pink (/wiki/Strike_Me_Pink_(film)) These Three (/wiki/These_Three) Topper Takes a Trip (/wiki/Topper_Takes_a_Trip) We Live Again (/wiki/We_Live_Again) The Wedding Night (/wiki/The_Wedding_Night) Woman Chases Man (/wiki/Woman_Chases_Man) Wuthering Heights (/wiki/Wuthering_Heights_(1939_film)) The Young in Heart (/wiki/The_Young_in_Heart) Zenobia (/wiki/Zenobia_(film)) Fashion design [ edit ] Although primarily known as a costume designer Kiam had also run a wholesale (/wiki/Wholesale) fashion design business supplying clothing to shops across the United States before he moved to Hollywood. [8] (#cite_note-8) After leaving Hollywood, in 1941 Kiam became head designer for the Ben Reig (/wiki/Ben_Reig) fashion label, a company founded in 1929. Also designing costume jewelry for them from 1948, he worked there until his death in 1954. [9] (#cite_note-vfg-9) Kiam won the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Fashion_Award) in 1941, and in 1946, won the Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) jointly with Vincent Monte-Sano (/wiki/Monte-Sano_%26_Pruzan) and Clare Potter (/wiki/Clare_Potter) . [2] (#cite_note-mara-2) During the early 1950s Liz Claiborne (/wiki/Liz_Claiborne) worked for Kiam. [10] (#cite_note-10) Kiam died 28 March 1954 at the Ritz Tower (/wiki/Ritz_Tower) Hotel in New York City, after struggling with a sickness that lasted seven months. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) See also [ edit ] List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers#United_States) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Clipped From The Brooklyn Daily Eagle" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1978388/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/) . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . 1946-07-19. p. 9 . Retrieved 2020-03-28 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Mara, Margaret (19 July 1946). "Omar Kiam, Former MGM Designer, gets Fashion Award" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1978388/the_brooklyn_daily_eagle/) . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . p. 9 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bailey, Margaret J. (1988). Those glorious glamour years : Classic Hollywood costume design of the 1930s . London: Columbus. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780862878832 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 18071243 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18071243) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Room, Adrian (2010). Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins (5th ed.). Jefferson: McFarland & Co., Publishers. p. 261. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780786457632 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Leese, Elizabeth (1991). Costume design in the movies an illustrated guide to the work of 157 great designers . New York: Dover Publications. p. 66. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780486134291 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Omar Kiam - Biography" (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0452081/bio/) . IMDb . Retrieved 2024-03-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Staff writer. "Omar Kiam Filmography" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120715163236/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba8bc1b7c) . BFI . British Film Institute. Archived from the original (http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba8bc1b7c) on 15 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Staff writer (31 March 1934). "Omar Kiam to Design Garbs for Film Stars" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1978697/the_waco_newstribune/) . The Waco News-Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved 13 March 2015 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-vfg_9-0) Staff writer. "Ben Reig" (http://vintagefashionguild.org/label-resource/reig-ben/) . Vintage Fashion Guild Label Resource . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Woo, Elaine (28 June 2007). "Liz Claiborne, 78; clothes designer for career women built vast fashion empire" (http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/28/local/me-claiborne28) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Staff writer (30 March 1954). "Dress Designer Dies" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1978741/the_evening_independent/) . The Evening Independent . Associated Press . Retrieved 13 March 2015 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "OMAR KIAM: NOTED FOR DRESS DESIGNS; Fashion Creator Is Dead at 60--Had Made Clothes for Many Hollywood Stars" (http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/03/30/83326368.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . March 30, 1954. p. 27 . Retrieved 2020-03-28 . 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A church crown , also known as a church hat , is a decorative hat worn by women in the Southern United States (/wiki/Southern_United_States) as a headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) during Christian church services in accordance with 1 Corinthians 11:2–13 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2011:2–13&version=nrsv) . [1] (#cite_note-SL-1) Though church crowns were common among all American women until the mid-20th century, they continue to be worn in certain denominations that teach the historic practice of Christian headcovering, such as the Free Presbyterian Church (/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_North_America) and Plymouth Brethren (/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren) , as well as in the black church (/wiki/Black_church) . [2] (#cite_note-McKoy-2) [3] (#cite_note-Mooney2020-3) The practice of women wearing a headcovering, found in the Bible (/wiki/Bible) , "has been adapted and expanded to become a stylish part of Southern women’s churchgoing attire." [1] (#cite_note-SL-1) Aretha Franklin (/wiki/Aretha_Franklin) at the 2009 Inauguration of Barack Obama (/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama) in a hat similar to those worn by Black churchgoers. Such designs of church crowns are typical of those worn to Christian services of worship (/wiki/Church_service) in the Southern United States, though they may be worn to other important cultural events, such as the Kentucky Derby (/wiki/Kentucky_Derby) . Church crowns are typically a straw hat (/wiki/Straw_hat) or fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) covered with adornments that may include sequins, feathers, lace, tulle, or ribbons. The hats may vary widely in their structure, color, and complexity. [4] (#cite_note-star-4) Culture [ edit ] An American adaption of the Christian headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) required in 1 Corinthians 11 (/wiki/1_Corinthians_11) , church crowns are worn at Christian religious services, being especially common at holidays such as Palm Sunday (/wiki/Palm_Sunday) , Easter (/wiki/Easter) and Mother's Day (/wiki/Mother%27s_Day) . [1] (#cite_note-SL-1) [4] (#cite_note-star-4) [2] (#cite_note-McKoy-2) Crowns are worn more often by older women within the congregation. It is common for women who do wear crowns to own hats for many occasions; journalist Craig Mayberry noted that the fifty crown-wearing women he interviewed owned an average of fifty-four hats each. [5] (#cite_note-npr-5) Church crown culture involves an unspoken code of etiquette. The hat should not be wider than a woman's shoulders or darker than her shoes. Touching or borrowing another woman's hat is frowned upon, but a woman may pass on a hat to her daughter or granddaughter. [6] (#cite_note-classroom-6) History [ edit ] Origins [ edit ] In the United States (/wiki/United_States) prior to the 20th century, Christian (/wiki/Christians) women of various races and denominations practiced headcovering (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) in accordance with 1 Corinthians 11 (/wiki/1_Corinthians_11) , in which the Apostle Paul (/wiki/Apostle_Paul) calls for them to do so. In the Southern United States (/wiki/Southern_United_States) , church hats became the adaptation of the biblical injunction of headcovering for Christian women. African-American women wore eye-catching head coverings during this time as Sundays were a time of rest, worship, and celebration (/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity) . [6] (#cite_note-classroom-6) [1] (#cite_note-SL-1) For enslaved (/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States) women, this provided a rare opportunity to assert one's individuality. [7] (#cite_note-wxfr-7) The design of certain church crowns are believed to have roots in decorative headwear worn by women in West Africa (/wiki/West_Africa) on special occasions. [7] (#cite_note-wxfr-7) 20th century [ edit ] The tradition of the church crown emerged in the early 20th century. Many African-American women were employed as domestic workers (/wiki/Domestic_worker) during the week, so Sunday church services provided an outlet for self-expression. The hats were also seen as a way to honor God. [8] (#cite_note-time-8) As the Black middle class (/wiki/Black_middle_class) emerged during the first decades of the 20th century, church crowns took on the role of a status symbol (/wiki/Status_symbol) . [7] (#cite_note-wxfr-7) By the 1960s, younger women began rejecting the church crown tradition as a symbol of the black bourgeoisie (/wiki/Bourgeoisie) —a time when headcoverings in churches, in general, were waning in view of the rising feminist movement, according to David Bercot (/wiki/David_Bercot) , a scholar of early Christianity. [9] (#cite_note-Williams2005-9) [10] (#cite_note-Gordon2015-10) [6] (#cite_note-classroom-6) The hats experienced a revival in the 1990s. [6] (#cite_note-classroom-6) 21st century [ edit ] The magazine Southern Living (/wiki/Southern_Living) published an article in the 2010s stating that "Church hats remain an essential part of many women’s Sunday best and church outfits across the South". [1] (#cite_note-SL-1) A 2014 piece by Samuel G. Freedman (/wiki/Samuel_G._Freedman) in The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) described a "generational divide" regarding church crowns within the contemporary black church (/wiki/Black_church) . Freedman cited education, economics, and modern hairstyles as factors contributing to decreased interest in crowns among younger churchgoers. [11] (#cite_note-11) Many churches host "Hattitude" events as occasions for women in the congregation to wear and celebrate their hats. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) As a whole, in the 21st century, the wearing of headcoverings (/wiki/Christian_headcovering) by women has been revived in certain American church congregations among those who have sought to follow the precedent set in scripture and church history—though the practice has been perpetually followed since the Apostolic Age (/wiki/Apostolic_Age) in many parts of the world, as with Russia (/wiki/Russia) and the Indian subcontinent (/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) , and among certain Christian denominations, such as Conservative Mennonites (/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites) and Plymouth Brethren (/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren) . [14] (#cite_note-Tomlinson2014-14) [15] (#cite_note-Gleason2018-15) [16] (#cite_note-Mingus2015-16) [17] (#cite_note-Schrock2022-17) [18] (#cite_note-Norbie-18) In popular culture [ edit ] In 2002, photographer Michael Cunningham and journalist Craig Marberry published a book featuring portraits of women in their church crowns along with the stories of their photographic subjects. The book was adapted into an Off-Broadway (/wiki/Off-Broadway) play by Regina Taylor (/wiki/Regina_Taylor) that same year. [5] (#cite_note-npr-5) The third season (/wiki/The_Wire_(season_3)) of television series The Wire (/wiki/The_Wire) features an episode titled "Slapstick" (/wiki/Slapstick_(The_Wire)) in which gang members Gerard and Sapper (/wiki/Barksdale_Organization) violate a Sunday morning truce by attacking stick-up man (/wiki/Robbery) Omar Little (/wiki/Omar_Little) 's grandmother, shooting off her church crown. [19] (#cite_note-19) The National Museum of African American History and Culture (/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture) collection features several church crowns designed by Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) milliner Mae Reeves (/wiki/Mae_Reeves) . [20] (#cite_note-20) The late singer Aretha Franklin (/wiki/Aretha_Franklin) was known for wearing "church lady hats" that suited her background in gospel music (/wiki/Gospel_music) . [21] (#cite_note-21) She most famously wore such a hat, designed by Luke Song, to sing " My Country 'Tis of Thee (/wiki/My_Country_%27Tis_of_Thee) " at the 2009 inauguration of Barack Obama (/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama) . The black pillbox hat (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) spawned internet memes (/wiki/Internet_meme) and garnered its own Facebook page. [22] (#cite_note-22) Following Franklin's death in 2018, the hat was subject to legal battles concerning the singer's wills. Claimants to the hat included Franklin's four sons and Barack Obama (/wiki/Barack_Obama) , who had requested the hat for his presidential library (/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center) . [23] (#cite_note-23) See also [ edit ] Christianity portal (/wiki/Portal:Christianity) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Easter bonnet (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "What are Church Hats?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210514230453/https://www.southernliving.com/culture/church-hats) . Southern Living (/wiki/Southern_Living) . Archived from the original (https://www.southernliving.com/culture/church-hats) on May 14, 2021 . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . Church hats have been a key part of churchgoers' Sunday best for years, and are still an important aspect of dress in some churches today. The practice of covering one's head for church originally came from the Bible—1 Corinthians 11:15, to be precise. The simple head covering has been adapted and expanded to become a stylish part of Southern women's churchgoing attire. At the turn of the century, many Southern ladies wore simple hats to church out of respect, reverence for the service, and continuity with passed-down traditions. The church hat tradition continues today, with hats—sometimes called crowns—in bright colors, bold patterns, and eye-catching styles at Sunday services across the South. ^ Jump up to: a b McKoy, Kirk. " (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ig-0412-hats-pg-photogallery.html) 'Church crowns,' glorious hats for Easter and beyond" (https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ig-0412-hats-pg-photogallery.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . Though the world has gotten much more casual in recent decades, and hats are far less ubiquitous, hat culture remains alive and well in many of the nation's black churches. ^ (#cite_ref-Mooney2020_3-0) Mooney, Myron (May 18, 2020). "Book Review – Head Covering: A Forgotten Christian Practice for Modern Times" (http://fpcurrent.com/head-covering) . Current . Free Presbyterian Church of North America. ^ Jump up to: a b Baldwin, Hannah. "Church hats an expression of faith, identity" (https://www.thenewsstar.com/story/news/2016/03/25/church-hats-expression-faith-identity/82141598/) . The News Star . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b " (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=876404) 'Crowns: Portraits of Black Women in Church Hats' (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=876404) " (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=876404) . NPR . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Kidder, Nicole. "History of Black Women Wearing Hats at Church" (https://classroom.synonym.com/history-of-black-women-wearing-hats-at-church-12079396.html) . Classroom . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Extraordinary Crowns: The History of the Black Church Hat" (https://www.wfxrtv.com/news/local-news/extraordinary-crowns-the-history-of-the-black-womans-church-hat/) . WXFR TV . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-time_8-0) "Crowns: A Brief History of Church Hats" (http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1874131,00.html) . Time . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Williams2005_9-0) Williams, Paul K. (2005). The Head Coverings of I Corinthians 11 . pp. 6–10. ^ (#cite_ref-Gordon2015_10-0) Gordon, Greg (August 31, 2015). "Are Head Coverings Really for Today?" (https://evangelicalfocus.com/yourblog/929/Are-Head-Coverings-Really-for-Today-) . Evangelical Focus . Retrieved May 2, 2022 . Hippolytus an early Church Father wrote, "Let all the women have their heads covered." Others who taught this practice in the Church were, John Calvin [father of the Reformed tradition], Martin Luther [father of the Lutheran tradition], Early Church Fathers, John Wesley [father of the Methodist tradition], Matthew Henry [Presbyterian theologian] to name just a few. We must remind ourselves that until the twentieth century, virtually all Christian women wore head coverings. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Freedman, Samuel J. "A Generational Divide Worn on Their Heads" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/19/us/a-generational-divide-worn-on-their-heads.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Kestenis, Holly. "Hattitude & Fashion Extravaganza Brunch" (http://theweeklychallenger.com/hattitude-fashion-extravaganza-brunch/) . The Weekly Challenger . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Danielle Anderson. "First Church of Palm Coast fundraiser offers 'Hattitude' (http://theweeklychallenger.com/hattitude-fashion-extravaganza-brunch/) " (http://theweeklychallenger.com/hattitude-fashion-extravaganza-brunch/) . The Daytona Beach News-Journal . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tomlinson2014_14-0) Tomlinson, Heather (October 7, 2014). "My Headcovering Experiment" (https://www.premierchristianradio.com/Topics2/Life/Lifestyle/My-Headcovering-Experiment) . Premier Christian Radio (/wiki/Premier_Christian_Radio) . Retrieved April 10, 2022 . Recently, there has been a head covering revival in certain wings of the US Church: especially the ultra-reformed and those calling themselves ' Torah-observant (/wiki/Torah-observant) '. Lobbying in favour of the practice is The Head Covering Movement, set up last year by a man called Jeremy Gardiner, who cites the theologically conservative Gospel Coalition in his profession of faith. The movement's website features personal stories of women who are usually the only head coverers in their churches, as well as arguments from scripture to support the practice. It cites Martin Luther, William Tyndale and Thomas Aquinas, among others. ^ (#cite_ref-Gleason2018_15-0) Gleason, Joseph (June 4, 2018). "Why Russian Women Still Cover Their Heads in Church (Hint: It's in the Bible)" (https://russian-faith.com/explaining-orthodoxy/why-russian-women-still-cover-their-heads-church-hint-its-bible-n1468) . Russian Faith . Retrieved February 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mingus2015_16-0) Mingus, Elaine (May 19, 2015). "Christian Headcovering in India" (https://www.headcoveringmovement.com/articles/christian-headcovering-in-india) . The Head Covering Movement. There were many times that a woman would be called into prayer while preparing a meal. Instead of running to get a head scarf, she would grab a readily available dish towel to cover her head instead. ^ (#cite_ref-Schrock2022_17-0) Schrock, Anna (February 19, 2022). "Why Do Amish Women Wear Head Coverings?" (https://amish-heritage.org/why-do-amish-women-wear-head-coverings/) . Amish Heritage . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Norbie_18-0) Norbie, Donald (1989). "The Head Covering" (https://plymouthbrethren.org/article/4045) . Plymouth Brethren Writings . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Thurm, Eric. "Nobody's Perfect: The Biggest Flaws on "The Wire" (https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2014/11/every-flaw-on-hbos-the-wire/sunday-morning-truce) " (https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2014/11/every-flaw-on-hbos-the-wire/sunday-morning-truce) . Complex . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Hats Off to Mae Reeves!" (https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/hats-mae-reeves) . National Museum of African American History and Culture . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Dorsey, Avon. "Aretha Franklin's Most Iconic Hat Moments! We've Rounded Up 16 Of Her Best" (https://www.essence.com/fashion/aretha-franklin-most-iconic-hat-moments/) . Essence . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Grigsby Bates, Karen. "Aretha Franklin Was Already Famous, But Her Hat-Maker Wasn't" (https://www.npr.org/2013/01/21/169731646/aretha-franklin-was-already-famous-but-her-hat-maker-wasnt) . NPR . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Alter, Rebecca. "Barack Obama in Heated Custody Battle for … Aretha Franklin's Inauguration Hat" (https://www.thecut.com/2019/08/barack-obama-aretha-franklin-inauguration-hat.html) . The Cut . Retrieved October 25, 2020 . 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American retailer Casual Corner Industry Retail Founded 1950 ; 74 years ago ( 1950 ) Founders Stanley W. Vogel Charles E. Carples Defunct 2005 ; 19 years ago ( 2005 ) Fate Liquidation Headquarters West Hartford, Connecticut (/wiki/West_Hartford,_Connecticut) , United States Number of locations (formerly) 500+ Area served U.S. Products Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Owner Luxottica (/wiki/Luxottica) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Petite Sophisticate August Max Woman Casual Corner was an American retail clothing (/wiki/Clothing) chain founded in 1950. It operated stores under the names Casual Corner, Petite Sophisticate and August Max Woman brands, among others, with more than 525 stores at its peak. History [ edit ] In 1950, childhood friends [1] (#cite_note-history-1) Charles E. Carples, a Sage-Allen (/wiki/Sage-Allen) manager, and Brown-Thomson buyer Stanley W. Vogel [2] (#cite_note-APnews-2) each borrowed $5,000 (~$63,320 in 2023) to co-found Casual Corner, opening its first retail store that April Fools Day (/wiki/April_Fools_Day) [1] (#cite_note-history-1) in West Hartford, Connecticut (/wiki/West_Hartford,_Connecticut) . [3] (#cite_note-3) The first shop was 750 square feet and used poles, beams, and nets from old tobacco barns, and employed the founders' spouses as staff. [1] (#cite_note-history-1) Casual Corner broke tradition with retail conventions of the day, allowing women to physically browse clothing and try on items in fitting rooms, rather than encasing apparel behind glass. The store's name was chosen, in part, to reflect a more casual shopping experience than was typical of the era. [1] (#cite_note-history-1) Throughout the 1950s. each store displayed the following poem near its front door: [1] (#cite_note-history-1) Come in and browse and tarry and chat Casual Corner is meant just for that Come in and leisurely look awhile And find here what’s good and fine in style And if you wish your business we’ll tend Come in as a stranger—leave as a friend. In its first year, company sales were $45,000; a decade later, annual revenue had increased to $2 million. In 1969, annual sales were reported as $14 million. [2] (#cite_note-APnews-2) Casual Corner was sold to United States Shoe Corporation (/wiki/United_States_Shoe_Corporation) (U.S. Shoe) in 1970, when the chain included 20 stores. [4] (#cite_note-4) Cofounder Vogel became president of the company's specialty retail division, retiring a decade later. [2] (#cite_note-APnews-2) A year after acquisition by U.S. Shoe, the chain opened its twenty-fifth store [5] (#cite_note-5) and continued to grow rapidly after that. Many of the original stores were constructed by George Zunner III of West Hartford, [6] (#cite_note-6) including those in Warwick (/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island) and Providence, Rhode Island (/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island) ; Boston (/wiki/Boston) and Springfield, Massachusetts (/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts) ; Buffalo, New York (/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York) ; and at least one store in Ohio (/wiki/Ohio) . [ citation needed ] Under U.S. Shoe's ownership, Casual Corner became the foundation of a larger holding company, Women's Specialty Retailing Group. [7] (#cite_note-usa-7) During its market height, in 1989, US Specialty Retailing included over 1,500 stores nationwide. [2] (#cite_note-APnews-2) In April 1995, Luxottica (/wiki/Luxottica) purchased U.S. Shoe for $1.4 billion with the goal of acquiring its LensCrafters (/wiki/LensCrafters) division; [8] (#cite_note-purchase-8) losses of US$22 million were reported that second quarter. [9] (#cite_note-apparel-9) In October 1995, Luxottica spun off (/wiki/Corporate_spin-off) the Women's Specialty Retailing Group, renamed Casual Corner Group, to Italian-controlled pLa Leonardo Finanziaria S.r.l., a Delaware (/wiki/Delaware) company operated by Luxottica founder Leonardo Del Vecchio (/wiki/Leonardo_Del_Vecchio) and his family. [9] (#cite_note-apparel-9) With 525 stores operating in 2000, Casual Corner closed its remaining locations in late 2005, after selling them to a liquidator, [7] (#cite_note-usa-7) [10] (#cite_note-10) due to increased competition. [11] (#cite_note-11) Brands and market [ edit ] The chain's original merchandise was women's sportswear, [12] (#cite_note-12) but by the 1990s, it has pivoted to target working women. [13] (#cite_note-13) Under the Women's Specialty Retailing Group, the company owned and operated Casual Corner, Casual Corner Annex, August Max, Sophisticated Woman (subsequently merged and rebranded as August Max Woman), Petite Sophisticate, Ups & Downs, Caren Charles, and J. Riggings, a menswear store, which it sold in 1987. [7] (#cite_note-usa-7) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Casual Corner Group, Inc" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/casual-corner-group-inc) . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Co-Founder of Casual Corner Stores Dies" (https://apnews.com/article/1c34056379488e7fc3e6f171eaaeae04) . Associated Press . 25 September 1989 . Retrieved 2022-09-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Casual Corner Group closing includes 7 Triad location" (http://www.bizjournals.com/triad/stories/2005/11/28/daily30.html) . The Business Journal . 2 December 2005 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Casual Corner Sale Planned" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J_sjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sREEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3268,6433795&dq=casual-corner&hl=en) . The Milwaukee Sentinel . 30 October 1969 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Casual Corner Plans To Open 25th Store" (https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/965180212.html?) . The Hartford Courant (/wiki/The_Hartford_Courant) . 18 April 1971. p. 14B . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "ZUNNER, GEORGE III" (https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2005-07-03-0507020801-story.html) . Hartford Courant (/wiki/Hartford_Courant) . 2005-07-02 . Retrieved 2022-09-25 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Casual Corner closing all 525 stores" (https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2005-11-23-casual-corner_x.htm) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . 23 October 2005 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-purchase_8-0) "Luxottica to Acquire U.S. Shoe for $1.4 Billion" (https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/17/business/nine-west-and-us-shoe-agree-on-deal.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . April 18, 1995 . Retrieved January 3, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Luxottica Sells Apparel Group In Enfield To Casual Corner" (https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1995-10-05-9510050003-story.html) . Hartford Courant (/wiki/Hartford_Courant) . October 4, 1995 . Retrieved January 3, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Petite Sophisticate, Casual Corner in retail limbo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121105101637/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1419403.html) . Chicago Sun-Times (/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times) . 8 August 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1419403.html) on 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Hajewski, Doris (November 24, 2005). "Women's apparel chain shuts down" (https://archive.today/20120712060955/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=buMjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PkUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6385,1938397&dq=casual-corner&hl=en) . The Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel . Archived from the original (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=buMjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PkUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6385,1938397&dq=casual-corner&hl=en) on July 12, 2012 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Hagerty, Thomas J. (1 August 1972). "Small stores look to majors for traffic" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OxsqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oigEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7504,270822&dq=casual-corner+1950&hl=en) . The Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Martin, Ellen Rooney (10 January 1999). "FRESHING UP SOME SURPRISES ARE IN STORE AMONG THE CLASSICS ON THESE RACKS" (https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/37922116.html?dids=37922116:37922116&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+10%2C+1999&author=Ellen+Rooney+Martin.+Special+to+the+Tribune.&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=FRESHING+UP+SOME+SURPRISES+ARE+IN+STORE+AMONG+THE+CLASSICS+ON+THESE+RACKS&pqatl=google) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . 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American model and activist Ariel Nicholson Born ( 2001-01-23 ) 23 January 2001 (age 23) New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) , U.S. Modeling information Height 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Ariel Nicholson Murtagh [1] (#cite_note-business-1) (born January 23, 2001) is a New York-based model, writer, and LGBT rights (/wiki/LGBT_rights) activist. She was the first openly transgender (/wiki/Transgender) model to walk in a Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(company)) presentation and the first openly transgender women on the cover of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Her writing has appeared in Perfect Magazine, amongst other publications. [2] (#cite_note-2) Early life [ edit ] Nicholson was born and raised in New Jersey (/wiki/Mahwah,_New_Jersey) . [3] (#cite_note-dazed-3) At an early age, she told her parents that she did not "belong as a boy" and, in fifth grade, began using female pronouns and taking Lupron (/wiki/Lupron) to suppress the effects of male puberty. [1] (#cite_note-business-1) She was also seeing a therapist from the Ackerman Institute for the Family (/wiki/Ackerman_Institute_for_the_Family) at the time. [1] (#cite_note-business-1) When she was in eighth grade she was featured in the PBS (/wiki/PBS) documentary Growing Up Trans , where she talked about her decision to go on estradiol (/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)) . [1] (#cite_note-business-1) [4] (#cite_note-4) Work [ edit ] While she was a high school student, Nicholson signed with DNA Model Management. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) She was chosen by Raf Simons (/wiki/Raf_Simons) to walk for Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(company)) 's 2018 Spring/Summer fashion show, making her modelling debut. [1] (#cite_note-business-1) [7] (#cite_note-models-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) She was the first transgender woman to walk in a Calvin Klein fashion show. Nicholson has since appeared in Calvin Klein advertisement campaigns, editorials in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) , and has walked in runway shows for Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) and Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) . [1] (#cite_note-business-1) [7] (#cite_note-models-7) She was photographed by Mert & Marcys for the cover of Love (/wiki/Love_(magazine)) ' s anniversary issue. [1] (#cite_note-business-1) [9] (#cite_note-9) She was featured on the September 2020 cover of Italian Vogue (/wiki/Italian_Vogue) . [7] (#cite_note-models-7) In October 2020, Nicholson was featured in V Magazine (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) ' s The Thoughts Leaders issue. [10] (#cite_note-v-10) In 2021, Nicholson became the first openly transgender person to be featured on the cover of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Activism [ edit ] She volunteers with Gender & Family Project, an organization that supports transgender youth and their families. [1] (#cite_note-business-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Ariel Nicholson is part of the BoF 500" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/ariel-nicholson) . The Business of Fashion . ^ (#cite_ref-2) " (https://www.theperfectmagazine.com/features/fashion-is-changing-and-so-am-i-model-ariel-nicholson-essay-on-finding-her-inner-strength) "Fashion is changing, and so am I." Model Ariel Nicholson's essay on finding her inner strength" (https://www.theperfectmagazine.com/features/fashion-is-changing-and-so-am-i-model-ariel-nicholson-essay-on-finding-her-inner-strength) . Perfect˙ . Retrieved 2023-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-dazed_3-0) "Model Ariel Nicholson on art, anxiety and being an Aquarius" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/43128/1/ariel-nicholson-model-calvin-klein-marc-jacobs) . Dazed . February 11, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Growing Up Trans - Transcript" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042604/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/growing-up-trans/transcript/) . FRONTLINE . Archived from the original (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/growing-up-trans/transcript/) on 2020-11-12 . Retrieved 2020-12-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "DNA Models" (https://www.dnamodels.com/div/women-development/model/ariel-nicholson2/p/7115/c/-1/) . www.dnamodels.com . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "ARIEL NICHOLSON BY GREG HARRIS" (https://thelast-magazine.com/ariel-nicholson-greg-harris-fashion-editorial/) . THE LAST MAGAZINE . February 17, 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b c "The Graduates: Ariel Nicholson | models.com MDX" (https://models.com/mdx/the-graduates-ariel-nicholson/) . MODELS.com . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Bernstein, Jacob (September 8, 2017). "Last Night, Calvin Klein — This Morning, Algebra (Published 2017)" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/08/fashion/calvin-klein-ariel-nicholson-murtagh-new-york-fashion-week.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Model, activist and writer Ariel Nicholson shares her 10 self-care tips during social distancing" (https://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/article/model-activist-and-writer-ariel-nicholson-shares-her-10-self-care-tips-during-social-distancing) . LOVE . March 17, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-v_10-0) "The Thought Leaders Issue: Ariel Nicholson" (https://vmagazine.com/article/the-thought-leaders-issue-ariel-nicholson/) . V Magazine . 8 October 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Ariel Nicholson is the First Out Trans Woman on the Cover of US Vogue" (https://inmagazine.ca/2021/08/ariel-nicholson-is-the-first-out-trans-woman-on-the-cover-of-us-vogue/) . 10 August 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Ariel Nicholson is U.S. Vogue's first transgender cover model" (https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-life-and-style/ariel-nicholson-us-vogues-first-transgender-cover-model-rcna1630) . NBC News (/wiki/NBC_News) . 9 August 2021. 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Fashion brand of the Loblaw Companies This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Fresh&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Joe Fresh Product type Apparel, footwear, accessories, beauty and cosmetics Owner Loblaw Companies (/wiki/Loblaw_Companies) Country Toronto, Canada Introduced 2006 ; 18 years ago ( 2006 ) Markets Canada United States UAE South Korea Philippines Saudi Arabia Jordan Lebanon Egypt Morocco Algeria Macedonia Montenegro Croatia Bosnia Kazakhstan Azerbaijan Georgia Belarus Armenia Serbia Spain Tagline Fresh style. Fresh price. Website www (https://www.joefresh.com) .joefresh (https://www.joefresh.com) .com (https://www.joefresh.com) Joe Fresh is a Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) brand and retail chain created by designer Joe Mimran (/wiki/Joe_Mimran) for Canadian food distributor Loblaw Companies Limited (/wiki/Loblaw_Companies) . It was formed in 2006. The label includes adult and children's wear, shoes, handbags, jewelry, beauty products, and bath items. Joe Fresh entered the United States market, with permanent and pop-up (/wiki/Pop-up_retail) stores, in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and the surrounding region, with an international flagship store located at 510 Fifth Avenue (/wiki/510_Fifth_Avenue) . In 2012, the brand also appeared in approximately 680 JCPenney (/wiki/JCPenney) stores throughout the United States. The JCPenney agreement was dismantled in 2015, with the companies making the decision not to renew their existing distribution agreement, which expired on January 30, 2016. [1] (#cite_note-1) The Fifth Avenue store closed in 2015. History [ edit ] Inside a Joe Fresh store. Concept [ edit ] In 2004, Loblaw approached Joe Mimran (/wiki/Joe_Mimran) , co-founder of the Club Monaco (/wiki/Club_Monaco) retail chain and the name behind the Alfred Sung (/wiki/Alfred_Sung) brand, to collaborate on a new fashion line. Mimran, who had previously worked with Loblaw on its President's Choice (/wiki/President%27s_Choice) Home Collection, was tasked with creating a clothing line for adults, a market segment the company had not explored before. "We had no idea what the consumer would want from a food store; we had no idea whether the prices would resonate, whether they wanted casual dress versus something dressier. Everything that was done at that time, we did it really without very much research. We just said let's build a line, let's design the stores, the marketing, the [rounded dollar] price points. We went with bright colors and tasty colors because it was a food store, and all of these things were all done intuitively, and it worked. [2] (#cite_note-freshstrategy-2) " Mimran emphasized the importance of maintaining the integrity of product design while offering an reasonable price point. Additionally, practical considerations played a role, as the clothing line needed to withstand the wear and tear of shopping carts and the flow of supermarket traffic. [3] (#cite_note-betterbydesign-3) Launch [ edit ] In March 2006, the fashion brand, named Joe Fresh Style, debuted at 40 Real Canadian Superstore (/wiki/Real_Canadian_Superstore) and Atlantic Superstore (/wiki/Atlantic_Superstore) locations. [4] (#cite_note-launchnewsrelease-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) News reports described the launch as "a big gamble" [6] (#cite_note-noaveragejoe-6) for both the food retailer and designer. The branding represented for the first time Mimran's name appearing on one of his labels. "Now, Mr. Mimran is finally being thrust into the public spotlight, becoming a brand in his own right." The use of "Joe", according to Mimran, was a deliberate decision that gave the private label "instant credibility." [7] (#cite_note-7) Meanwhile, "Fresh" not only drew an association with the supermarkets where the clothes would be sold but also the line's simple design. [6] (#cite_note-noaveragejoe-6) One retail analyst expressed the view that consumers would be more likely to buy based on the line's style and in-store retail convenience rather than price point. [ citation needed ] Sales [ edit ] Seven months after the brand's launch, Loblaw reported that sales had exceeded the company's own projections: "Every one of our sales objectives that we have set, we have surpassed," noted Louise Drouin, senior vice president of general merchandise. [ citation needed ] Mimran also expressed his personal satisfaction with the brand's acceptance among consumers. "I've been involved with many projects over the years, and I can tell you the response to this has been overwhelming." But retail consultant, Dalan Bronson of the J.C. Williams Group (/w/index.php?title=J.C._Williams_Group&action=edit&redlink=1) , was more cautious, contending that the jury was still out on the brand's long-term prospects, given the fickle nature of the fashion trade. [8] (#cite_note-meetjoefresh-8) Product line [ edit ] In 2007, Loblaw began expanding the line to include sleepwear, lingerie, and children's wear, "and quickly became the top seller of kid's clothing in the country." [9] (#cite_note-followstoughpath-9) Swimwear and sunglasses were added in 2008, and in 2009 Joe Fresh Beauty debuted with an array of reasonably priced cosmetics at $8 or less. By then, the brand had become the second-biggest-selling clothing label in the country, according to market research. [10] (#cite_note-joesfreshtake-10) A Maclean's (/wiki/Maclean%27s) magazine article noted Joe's appeal amongst a wide range of consumers: Since its inception, Joe Fresh has been a smash hit with suburban soccer moms. But experts have been a little surprised by how many young urbanites, regulars at Holt Renfrew and other high-priced boutiques, are willing to snap up $29 cable-knit sweaters and $49 skirts without the slightest hint of shame. Many, in fact, openly boast to friends about their great finds. [10] (#cite_note-joesfreshtake-10) Within its first year and a half, Joe Fresh had chalked up $400 million in retail sales. [11] (#cite_note-freshapproach-11) Expansion [ edit ] In 2010, Joe Fresh moved beyond the supermarket aisle with the opening of its first stand-alone store, located in downtown Vancouver. Months later, Loblaw announced its intent to open 20 dedicated outlets across Canada, 6 to be completed by year's end. Although media reports speculated that the brand would remain strictly a Canadian phenomenon, in 2011, Loblaw announced its most ambitious plans yet for Joe Fresh – four retail outlets slated for metropolitan New York City with "an international flagship store" on Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) . Mimran declared it the right move at the right time. "We felt it was time to make the first step into the international market with a store in the American fashion capital, and one of the most exciting cities in the world, New York." [12] (#cite_note-12) But in confirming the brand's entry into the American market, Loblaw president Allan Leighton pointed out that it was "very much a pilot project." [9] (#cite_note-followstoughpath-9) One retail analyst, Kaileen Millard-Ruff of market researcher Synovate Canada (/w/index.php?title=Synovate_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) , referred to the opportunities and pitfalls faced by Canadian retailers who head south of the border in hopes of staking a claim: "Joe Fresh definitely has an opportunity there, and the U.S. is looking for more cheap chic," she said. "And the designs don't look cheap, they look more sophisticated. It all comes down to whether Loblaw will put in the cash to do it properly, because in New York you have to look like a big thing to be a big thing... that's everything on execution from the space, to product, to fixtures, to lighting. Fifth Avenue is not the cheapest real estate around." [9] (#cite_note-followstoughpath-9) But while Loblaw management was cautious in tone regarding Joe's entry into the American market, Mimran spoke ambitiously, envisioning as many as 800 stores across the U.S. in five years, with the possibility of taking the label beyond North America, into Europe and Asia. He noted that Joe Fresh already competes successfully with international brands at home in Canada. "Today, if you have a proposition that resonates, it can work across cultures and borders." [13] (#cite_note-globalexpansion-13) Mimran also expressed the view that considering the enormous sales volume of the brand in Canada, to not attempt an entry into the United States market and beyond would be a matter of "short-changing ourselves." [2] (#cite_note-freshstrategy-2) New York [ edit ] In July 2011, New Yorkers were given a sneak preview of Joe Fresh fashion with the opening of a 600-square-foot pop-up (/wiki/Pop-up_retail) summer store, replete with a wall display of brightly colored flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) , at the Long Island (/wiki/Long_Island) resort of East Hampton Village (/wiki/East_Hampton_(village),_New_York) . [14] (#cite_note-joefreshtestsUSmarket-14) New York City's first glimpse of Joe followed in the fall with the October opening of a temporary "holiday store" on Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) . [15] (#cite_note-cutthroatUSmarket-15) But it was with the unveiling of stores at Bridgewater (/wiki/Bridgewater,_New_Jersey) and Garden City (/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York) , that Joe began ringing in sales at its first permanent U.S. outlets. New York City's first permanent Joe Fresh store, located in Manhattan's Flatiron District (/wiki/Flatiron_District) , opened in November 2011. Mimran, present for the grand opening of a new Joe Fresh boutique at 110 Fifth Avenue, acknowledged the crowded nature of the New York's low-price high fashion market, but contended there's always a place for a new player with integrity: The fashion industry allows newcomers. This is not an exclusionary industry. I think if you get beat it's not because of the competition, it's because you are not good enough. Women do love to shop around, and they like to have a handful of brands that they like to frequent. It's not about one single brand. This is not the computer business, it's the fashion game. There isn't one department store, there isn't one specialty store. And what we've shown, especially in Canada, is we can play with international competition. So why can't we do it here? [16] (#cite_note-joemimranofjoefreshgambles-16) Joe's new international flagship headquarters, located on Fifth Avenue and 43rd Street, opened in the spring of 2012. The New York ad campaign featured the slogan, "Irresistible fashion for Everyone. Affordable fashion for Anyone." [17] (#cite_note-joefreshnewyorktwitter-17) In July 2012, it was announced that Joe Fresh and JCPenney (/wiki/JCPenney) were teaming up to open close to 700 Joe stores in the retailer's outlets throughout the United States. Mimran described the move as "akin to a roll-out but done very quickly" and noted that it would give Joe Fresh national exposure. [18] (#cite_note-18) March 2013 saw the launch of 681 Joe Fresh stores throughout JCPenney locations. [19] (#cite_note-worldmastercardfashionweek-19) The brand also became available online, featured on the JCPenney website. Issues [ edit ] Main article: 2013 Savar building collapse (/wiki/2013_Savar_building_collapse) On 24 April 2013, an eight-story commercial building called Rana Plaza collapsed in Savar (/wiki/Savar) , a sub-district (/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh) near Dhaka (/wiki/Dhaka) , the capital of Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) . At least 1,127 people died and over 2,438 were injured. [20] (#cite_note-20) The building housed a number of separate garment factories employing around 5,000 people, several shops, a bank, [21] (#cite_note-guardian-21) and manufactured apparel for brands including the Benetton Group (/wiki/Benetton_Group) , Joe Fresh, [22] (#cite_note-forbes-22) The Children's Place (/wiki/The_Children%27s_Place) , Primark (/wiki/Primark) , Monsoon (/wiki/Monsoon_Accessorize#Monsoon) , and Dressbarn (/wiki/Dressbarn) . [23] (#cite_note-telegraph-23) [24] (#cite_note-usatoday-24) The parent company of Joe Fresh, Loblaws, offered compensation to the victims of three months' pay, totalling about $150 plus undisclosed long-term compensation. [25] (#cite_note-urlForbes-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) It has established a $3 million trust to compensate victims of the accident. Joe Fresh continues to manufacture its garments in Bangladesh, with one source stating that as of 2014 it has doubled production in the country. In 2014, Loblaws finally hired an employee to oversee its Bangladeshi operations and monitor working conditions. [27] (#cite_note-27) In 2015, a class action lawsuit asking for $1.85 billion in damages was filed against Loblaws alleging Loblaws was aware of the poor safety standards of Rana Plaza. [28] (#cite_note-28) See also [ edit ] Canada portal (/wiki/Portal:Canada) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of Canadian clothing store chains (/wiki/List_of_Canadian_clothing_store_chains) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Chapin, Adele (2015-05-07). "JCPenney Does Away With Joe Fresh" (https://www.racked.com/2015/5/7/8564725/joe-fresh-jcpenney-discontinued) . Racked . Retrieved 2023-09-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b "C Suite: Joe Mimran's Fresh Strategy" (http://business.financialpost.com/2011/06/21/c-suite-joseph-mimrans-fresh-strategy/) . National Post (/wiki/National_Post) . June 21, 2011 . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-betterbydesign_3-0) "Better by Design: Loblaw's Joe Fresh" (http://strategyonline.ca/2007/10/01/srbetterjoe-20071001/) . Strategy . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-launchnewsrelease_4-0) Press release (March 2006). "Loblaw Companies Limited news release". ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Loblaw launches new fashion line" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/loblaw-launches-new-fashion-line-1.617973) . CBC News . Mar 13, 2006 . Retrieved Sep 6, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Loblaw's Apparel Guru No Average Joe". The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . March 13, 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Morassutti, William (October 28, 2008). "Talking to: Joseph Mimran" (http://www.toromagazine.com/legacy/90c8e9b9-2dab-eb34-d130-23066938fa4f/index.html) . Toro (/wiki/Toro_(magazine)) . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-meetjoefresh_8-0) Leung, Calvin (June 19, 2006). "Meet Joe Fresh" (https://www.canadianbusiness.com/article/12908--meet-joe-fresh) . Canadian Business (/wiki/Canadian_Business) . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Shaw, Hollie (February 23, 2011). "Joe Fresh Follows Tough Path into Cutthroat NYC Market". Financial Post Business (/w/index.php?title=Financial_Post_Business&action=edit&redlink=1) . ^ Jump up to: a b Intini, John (January 25, 2010). "Joe's Fresh Take – How Loblaws Became the New King of Canadian Fashion" (https://www.macleans.ca/2010/01/25/joes-fresh-take/) . Maclean's (/wiki/Maclean%27s) . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-freshapproach_11-0) Flavelle, Dana. "Loblaw's Fresh Approach". Toronto Star (/wiki/Toronto_Star) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "The Joe Fresh Brand Takes a Bite Out of the Big Apple" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111107215956/http://www.joefresh.com/en/press/detail/?article=the-joe-fresh-brand-takes-a-bite-out-of-the) . Loblaw Companies Limited (news release February 23, 2011). Archived from the original (http://www.joefresh.com/en/press/detail/?article=the-joe-fresh-brand-takes-a-bite-out-of-the) on November 7, 2011 . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-globalexpansion_13-0) Marina, Strauss (February 23, 2011). "Joe Fresh's Global Expansion Plan" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/joe-freshs-global-expansion-plan-first-he-takes-manhattan/article1917129/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Toronto . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-joefreshtestsUSmarket_14-0) Maier, Kate. "Joe Fresh Tests U.S. Market with a Cheap and Preppy East Hampton Pop-Up" (http://www.thefeast.com/newyork/shopping/FEAST-SHOP-NY-Joe-Fresh-Tests-NYC-Waters-With-Cheap-and-Preppy-Pop-Up-in-East-Hampton-125811928.html) . The Feast . Retrieved October 31, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-cutthroatUSmarket_15-0) Marina, Strauss (October 10, 2011). "Loblaw's Joe Fresh Enters Cutthroat U.S. Market" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/loblaws-joe-fresh-enters-cutthroat-us-market/article2196753/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Toronto . Retrieved October 31, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-joemimranofjoefreshgambles_16-0) Blay, Zandile (November 9, 2011). "Joe Mimran of Joe Fresh Gambles on NYC" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zandile-blay/joe-mimran-of-joe-fresh-t_b_1079149.html) . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 22, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-joefreshnewyorktwitter_17-0) "Joe Fresh New York" (https://twitter.com/joefreshny) . Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . Retrieved October 31, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Strauss, Marina (July 25, 2012). "Loblaw's Joe Fresh hooks up with J.C. Penney" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/loblaws-joe-fresh-hooks-up-with-jc-penney/article4439978/) . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved October 1, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-worldmastercardfashionweek_19-0) "Joe Fresh launches at J.C. Penney" (http://worldmastercardfashionweek.com/joe-fresh-launches-at-j-c-penney/) . World Mastercard Fashion Week . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Ahmed, Saeed; Lakhani, Leone (14 June 2013), "Bangladesh building collapse: An end to recovery efforts, a promise of a new start" (http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/14/world/asia/bangladesh-building-collapse-aftermath/) , CNN , retrieved 16 December 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-guardian_21-0) Zain Al-Mahmood, Syed (24 April 2013). "Bangladesh building collapse kills at least 76 garment workers" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/24/bangladesh-building-collapse-kills-garment-workers) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . London . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-forbes_22-0) 'Extreme Pricing' At What Cost? Retailer Joe Fresh Sends Reps To Bangladesh As Death Toll Rises - Forbes (https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2013/04/30/extreme-pricing-at-what-cost-retailer-joe-fresh-sends-reps-to-bangladesh-as-death-toll-rises/) ^ (#cite_ref-telegraph_23-0) Nelson, Dean (24 April 2013). "Bangladesh building collapse kills at least 82 in Dhaka" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/bangladesh/10014778/Bangladesh-building-collapse-kills-at-least-82-in-Dhaka.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . London . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-usatoday_24-0) Alam, Julhas (24 April 2013). "At least 87 dead in Bangladesh building collapse" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/04/24/bangladesh-building-collapse/2108727/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-urlForbes_25-0) O'Connor, Clare. " (https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2013/04/30/extreme-pricing-at-what-cost-retailer-joe-fresh-sends-reps-to-bangladesh-as-death-toll-rises/) 'Extreme Pricing' At What Cost? Retailer Joe Fresh Sends Reps To Bangladesh As Death Toll Rises - Forbes" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2013/04/30/extreme-pricing-at-what-cost-retailer-joe-fresh-sends-reps-to-bangladesh-as-death-toll-rises/) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Shaw, Hollie (2013-10-24). "Loblaw renews commitment to compensate Bangladesh factory collapse victims | Financial Post" (http://business.financialpost.com/2013/10/24/loblaw-renews-commitment-to-compensate-bangladesh-factory-collapse-victims/) . Financial Post . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Joe Fresh continuing garment business in Bangladesh in year after tragedy | CBC News" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/joe-fresh-continuing-garment-business-in-bangladesh-in-year-after-tragedy-1.2606120) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Loblaws Facing Class-Action Lawsuit over Bangladesh Factory Collapse" (http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/04/30/proposed-class-action-tar_n_7182964.html) . 2015-04-30. 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Submission rejected on 4 July 2024 by Iwaqarhashmi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Iwaqarhashmi) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Iwaqarhashmi) ). This topic is not sufficiently notable for inclusion in Wikipedia (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) . Rejected by Iwaqarhashmi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Iwaqarhashmi) 18 days ago. Last edited by ToBeFree (/wiki/User:ToBeFree) 18 days ago. Ask for advice Ethnic fashion brand in India Julahaa Sarees & Style [ edit ] Julahaa Sarees & Style (stylised as 'Julahaa Sarees & Style') is an Indian wholesale saree manufacturing brand based in Surat, Gujarat. It was founded in 2014 by Shri Sudarshan Budhia. https://www.zaubacorp.com/director/SUDARSHAN-BUDHIA/00807927#google_vignette (https://www.zaubacorp.com/director/SUDARSHAN-BUDHIA/00807927#google_vignette) . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) </ref> References [ edit ] NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐cm9g2 Cached time: 20240722161248 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐user, vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.175 seconds Real time usage: 0.255 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 539/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11319/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 826/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6630/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.108/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3414811/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 233.144 1 -total 43.83% 102.194 1 Template:AFC_submission 38.05% 88.721 1 Template:AfC_submission/rejected 35.88% 83.657 1 Template:Ombox 34.35% 80.086 1 Template:Cite_news 12.15% 28.322 1 Template:Short_description 6.67% 15.545 1 Template:Pagetype 4.88% 11.380 4 Template:Main_other 4.34% 10.128 1 Template:Reflist 3.98% 9.286 1 Template:Clickable_button_2 Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:77282949-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722161248 and revision id 1232534813. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Julahaa_Sarees_%26_Style&oldid=1232534813 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Julahaa_Sarees_%26_Style&oldid=1232534813) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : AfC submissions by date/04 July 2024 (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_by_date/04_July_2024) Draft articles on South Asia (/wiki/Category:Draft_articles_on_South_Asia) Draft articles on business and economics (/wiki/Category:Draft_articles_on_business_and_economics) AfC submissions on other topics (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_on_other_topics) Hidden categories: AfC submissions rejected as non-notable (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_rejected_as_non-notable) Rejected AfC submissions (/wiki/Category:Rejected_AfC_submissions) CS1 errors: missing title (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title) CS1 errors: bare URL (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_bare_URL)
French fashion photographer family This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fr%C3%A8res_S%C3%A9eberger) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Frères Séeberger" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fr%C3%A8res+S%C3%A9eberger%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fr%C3%A8res+S%C3%A9eberger%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fr%C3%A8res+S%C3%A9eberger%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fr%C3%A8res+S%C3%A9eberger%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fr%C3%A8res+S%C3%A9eberger%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fr%C3%A8res+S%C3%A9eberger%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Group portrait of Henri, Jules et Louis Séeberger, about 1900* © Séeberger frères The Séeberger family, known as the Frères Séeberger ; three brothers Jules (1872–1932), Henri (1876–1956) and Louis ' (1874-1946), sons Jean (1910–1979) and Albert (1914–1999) were a French fashion photography family active during the 20th century. Background [ edit ] Fashion photography began with engravings (/wiki/Engraving) reproduced from photographs of Leopold-Emile Reutlinger (/wiki/L%C3%A9opold-%C3%89mile_Reutlinger) , Nadar (/wiki/Nadar) and others in the 1890s. After high-quality half-tone reproduction (/wiki/Half-tone) of photographs became possible, most credit as pioneers of the genre (/wiki/Genre) goes to the French Baron Adolph de Meyer (/wiki/Adolph_de_Meyer) and the Luxembourgian (/wiki/Luxembourg) Edward Steichen (/wiki/Edward_Steichen) who, borrowing his friend’s hand-camera in 1907, candidly photographed dazzlingly-dressed ladies at the Longchamp Racecourse (/wiki/Longchamp_Racecourse) [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) and who by 1911 had been assigned by the French magazine Art et Décoration to produce pictures of dresses by the Parisian designer Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) , competing with the drawings and pochoir (/wiki/Stencil) prints earlier, and contemporaneously, used for fashion plates. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The Séebergers [ edit ] A family devoted to the genre was the Séeberger dynasty over two generations. Three brothers Jules (1872–1932), Louis (1874-1946) and Henri (1876-1956) were born to Jean-Baptiste, a Bavarian (/wiki/Bavaria) tradesman who had migrated to France in 1870, and their mother Louise, a widow from Lyon (/wiki/Lyon) with a daughter Félicie. The second generation, sons of Louis, brothers Jean (1910-1979) and Albert (1914-1999) also inherited a love of photography. Together, their work spans most of the twentieth century and was devoted to elegance and fashion. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The brothers went to Paris for secondary education (/wiki/Secondary_education) at the Lycée Rollin where Louis was awarded first prize for drawing. They completed their schooling at the municipal art school Palissy, before Jules and Louis start their training as designers of fabric at the atelier of J. Souchon, a specialist in “high innovations, gowns, ribbons, damask linens, Jacqaurd fabrics and drafting.” [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) From thence came an interest, and much inside knowledge of, fashion. While the three brothers worked as fabric designers, it was in 1891 that Jules started in evening drawing classes and also picked up photography. After a move to 39 rue Lafayette in the 10th Arr. (/wiki/10th_arrondissement_of_Paris) , Louis won the Danton Jeune prize dedicated to a disadvantaged child at the Ville de Paris art school, while Jules won a travel grant to Normandy (/wiki/Normandy) . In the meantime, the youngest, Henri, enrolled at a school for applied art and also won prizes. After the death of their father in 1894 the family moved to the quieter 13 rue Fénelon. In 1899 Jules submitted photographs to various contests, an interest soon shared by his brothers, winning prizes in amateur competitions organised by the newspaper Lectures Pour Tous . He experimented with bromoil (/wiki/Oil_print_process) , especially the Rawlins process. Jules took documentary photography (/wiki/Documentary_photography) awards in 1903 and 1904 for pictures he made on the Seine (/wiki/Seine) riverbanks and in Montmartre (/wiki/Montmartre) . Images by the three brothers, who signed their initials (JHLS) were exhibited and published in various journals and as postcards (/wiki/Postcard) by the Kunzli brothers and Leopold Verger. Kunzli Bros. and Co., (c.1901) Zurich Gruss aus St. Moritz (Greetings from St. Moritz), Postcard No. 3587. Jules Séeberger (1898) The Montmartre Water Carrier Supported by their mother, their older sister and Louis’ wife Anna, the three brothers established a family business (/wiki/Family_business) in 1909 under the name 'Frères Séeberger' in a studio at 33 rue de Chabrol, also in the 10th and five minutes walk from their home. Fashion photographers [ edit ] While magazines like Les Modes published careful portraits, most hand-coloured, of high society women in outfits designed by the renowned couturiers, the daily newspapers like Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) and Le Gaulois (/wiki/Le_Gaulois) had been running pictures in their late editions taken, like Steichen’s, of women at the racetracks (/wiki/Race_track) , [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) and their approach was taken up by the magazine Femina , in an effort to satisfy the curiosity among their readership about what was fashionable in ‘real clothing’, a trend soon picked up by Paris Illustré or La Nouvelle Mode that from 1901-1902 featured snapshots taken by obscure amateurs Carle de Mazibourg or Edmond Cordonnier, though these were soon displaced by more professional images. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) The brothers followed the in-crowd calendar as they went to beach resorts (/wiki/Seaside_resort) , ski resorts (/wiki/Ski_resort) , and other fashionable locations in Paris. Their quarry was photographs of lady’s fashion (and some men’s too). They sent a series of photographs of fashionable women at race tracks to Caroline de Broutelles (/w/index.php?title=Caroline_de_Broutelles&action=edit&redlink=1) . She published them in the magazine she founded, La Mode Pratique (/wiki/La_Mode_Pratique) and the brothers would continue to be published there from May 22, 1909 onwards. [5] (#cite_note-elegance-5) [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) Incidentally, though their focus was on dresses, shoes, bags, hats, furs, and feathers, they also captured imagery of a truly haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) , a ‘high society’ normally inaccessible to those of their class, who, though conscious at all times of the camera and allowing themselves to be photographed, would only acknowledge those belonging to the great studios and certainly not the Séebergers. From their imagery, since it was published immediately in a long list of over 50 publications, fashion historians are able to track the influence on style of the great designers Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , [6] (#cite_note-6) Paul Poiret, Jeanne Lanvin (/wiki/Jeanne_Lanvin) , Elsa Schiaparelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) , Jean Patou (/wiki/Jean_Patou) , Robert Piguet (/wiki/Robert_Piguet) , Madeleine Vionnet (/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet) , Lucien Lelong (/wiki/Lucien_Lelong) , Paquin et al., of whom the Séebergers also made portraits. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Not all of their subjects were of the higher classes. The great houses of Poiret, Lanvin, Worth (/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Worth) or Patou hired models (/wiki/Model_(person)) for their slim figures and tutored poses who would troop together ready to be seen and photographed. Lesser, or newer, couturiers hired casuals by the hour and often dressed them in their most eccentric costumes to attract attention, while some wore the insignia of the designers on their backs like sandwich-board bearers while they circulated alone. Milliners did not shy from wearing their own creations. The ‘fashionables’ were another class of model; well-known personalities known as ‘amphibians’, ‘jockeys’ or ‘society consultants’ who, while their celebrity lasted, wore the great designers latest creations sold to them at huge discounts or loaned free. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Style and technique [ edit ] The Séeberger’s photography involved knowing these models, keeping up with the latest trends likely to appeal to the publications and an exhausting hunt for the right models amongst the crowds of fashionable racegoers—all the more so when the ‘portable’ cameras, up until around 1935 when Henri adopted the Rolleiflex (/wiki/Rolleiflex) , were the huge folding Ernemann Klapp Nettel or more cumbersome Thornton Pickard (/wiki/Thornton-Pickard) 13 x 18 cm reflex camera (/wiki/Reflex_camera) , that they used at the Bois de Boulogne (/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne) and in Saint Moritz (/wiki/St._Moritz) . [7] (#cite_note-7) In each case Henri accompanied by his brother Louis directing the model, bearing a notebook to record details of the fashion, and passing dark slides (/wiki/Dark_slide_(photography)) . Even in 1911, despite the awkwardness of their camera, the Séebergers manage, with the assistance of professional models whom they can direct, to convey a sense of immediacy and apparent spontaneity (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spontaneity) . [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) The French image [ edit ] In addition the brothers’ fashion imagery overlapped with their portrayal of media celebrities including Joséphine Baker (/wiki/Josephine_Baker) and Charlie Chaplin (/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin) . A lesser known part of their practice, as noted by Gilbert Salachas, [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) from 1923 International Kinema Research employed the Séeberger brothers to document locations which filmmakers adapted to create the formulaic Parisian ‘atmosphere’ in sets for movies such as the 1938 American romantic comedy Bluebeard’s Eighth Wife (/wiki/Bluebeard%27s_Eighth_Wife) and A comedy of murders (Charles Chaplin, 1947) or even as late as An American in Paris (/wiki/An_American_in_Paris) ( Vincente Minelli (/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli) , 1951), thus creating a mythic Paris that survives in cinema even today. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) The second generation [ edit ] The death of Julius in 1932 and then the declaration of war mark the final withdrawal of Louis and Henry from the family business, and a brief closure during the war mobilization (/wiki/Mobilization) of the next generation of Séebergers, Jean and Albert, Louis’ two sons who retained the name “Séeberger brothers” until closure in 1977. They were assisted by Jean’s wife Suzanne (as secretary) then successively by Albert’s wife Cecile (in editing), Jean’s son Daniel (as assistant), and various collaborators. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) After WW2 the brothers continued with fashion photography as their specialty, alongside some industrial commissions, but with increasing studio work with paid fashion models at a new premises 112 boulevard Malesherbes (in the 17th Arr. (/wiki/17th_arrondissement_of_Paris) ). [11] (#cite_note-11) While not in the vanguard, they digested the style of the Le Groupe des XV (/wiki/Le_Groupe_des_XV) , [12] (#cite_note-:3-12) typified in the work of Philippe Pottier, Pierre Jahan (/wiki/Pierre_Jahan) , René-Jacques, and Lucien Lorelle (/wiki/Lucien_Lorelle) . [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) The family loyalty and devotion to photography endured across two busy generations; when Jean died in 1979, Albert wrote: “I can not say enough how much I admired the one with whom I have worked for almost half a century.” — Dars Célestine, A fashion parade : the Seeberger Collection Major exhibitions [ edit ] 1976 : Paris, la rue , Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris 1979-1980 : Les parisiens au fil des jours (1900-1960) . Photographies Séeberger frères , Bibliothèque Historique de la Ville de Paris [15] (#cite_note-15) 1980 : Paris 1950 photographié par le Groupe des XV , Hôtel Lamoignon, Bibliothèque Historique de la Ville de Paris [12] (#cite_note-:3-12) 1982 : Exposition de photographies des frères Séeberger , MJC, Ribérac 1992 : Les Séeberger - L'aventure de trois frères photographes au début du siècle , Centre Photographique d’Île-de-France, Pontault-Combault 1994 : L'Occupation et la Libération de Paris par Jean Séeberger photographe , Centre culturel et bibliothèque municipale de Ribérac-en-Périgord 1995 : 1910, Paris inondé , Direction du Patrimoine, Paris 1995 : Le Paris d'Hollywood, sur un air de réalité , Caisse nationale des monuments historiques et des sites, Paris [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) 1999 : Les frères Séeberger - Une lignée de photographes , Château des Bouillants, Dammarie-les-Lys 2002 : Séeberger, des photographes dans le siècle , Ancienne synagogue de la Ferté-sous-Jouare 2006 : Les Séeberger - Photographes de l'élégance 1909-1939 , Bibliothèque nationale de France, Galerie de la Photographie, 58 rue de Richelieu, Paris [16] (#cite_note-16) 2007 : Collections années 50. Photographies Séeberger frères et Georges Dambier , Collégiale Notre-Dame, Ribérac [17] (#cite_note-17) 2010 : Le Deauville des Séeberger, Festival Planche(s), Deauville [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) 2023 : Etretat seen by the Séeberger Brothers [20] (#cite_note-20) Collections [ edit ] Bibliothèque nationale de France Centre des monuments nationaux, Département des ressources documentaires Château-musée de Gien : Chasse, histoire et nature en Val de Loire Médiathèque du patrimoine ECPAD Bibliothèque nationales de France Bibliothèque-musée de l'Opéra Bibliothèque historique de la Ville de Paris Musée Carnavalet Centre Georges Pompidou Musée français de la photographie (Bièvres) Association Gaston Litaize Palais Galliera - Musée de la Mode de la Ville de Paris Bibliography [ edit ] The catalogue of an exhibition of the Séeberger frères held June 27—September 2006 in the Richelieu photography gallery at the la Bibliothèque nationale de France, Sylvie Aubenas‘ and Xavier Demange‘s Elegance : the Seeberger brothers and the birth of fashion photography , is the most authoritative representation of their fashion imagery and the fashions it documents. Other useful books and websites include: Bibliothèque Historique de la Ville de Paris, Les parisiens au fil des jours (1900-1960). Séeberger frères , Paris, Bibliothèque Historique de la Ville de Paris, 1980 Les Séeberger. Photographes de l'élégance. 1909-1939 , sous la direction de Sylvie Aubenas et Xavier Demange, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, du 27 juin au 3 septembre 2006, Seuil/Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2006 Catalogue of exhibition Collections années 50. Photographies Séeberger frères et Georges Dambier , Ribérac, Collégiale Notre-Dame, du 5 juillet au 2 septembre 2007 Séeberger frères (1930s) Ski resort illustrations for Échoes de l’Air, bulletin of Air France, gallica.bnf.fr SÉEBERGER Frères. L’élégance des regards , catalogue de vente de la maison Millon, 8 novembre 2016 (http://www.millon.com/html/index.jsp?id=79172&np=&lng=&npp=&aff=&r=) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200610074637/https://www.millon.com/catalogue/79172?npp=&) 2020-06-10 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Virginie Chardin, Séeberger frères , Actes Sud, collection Photo Poche, 2006 Lucien Curzi, « Écrire avec la lumière », Saisons , n°12, automne 1997, pp. 32–36 Dars, Célestine (1979), A fashion parade : the Seeberger Collection , Blond & Briggs, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-85634-061-1 Eddy Dubois, Images de chasses , Grenoble, Arthaud, 1972 Jean-Claude Gautrand, Les Séeberger, l'aventure de trois frères photographes au début du siècle , Paris, La Manufacture, Collection « Les poches du patrimoine photographique », 1992 Thomas Michael Gunther, Isabelle-Cécile Le Mée, Hervé Degand, Catherine Tambrum, Regards sur la Libération de Paris. Photographies, août 1944. Marcel-Arthaud, André Bienvenu, Robert Capa, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Robert Cohen, Robert Doisneau, André Gandner, Pierre Jahan, gaston Paris, Robert Parry, Jean Roubier, Pierre Roughol, Serge de Sazo, Séeberger frères, René Zuber , Paris, Monum éditions du patrimoine, 2004 Maureen Huault, La seconde génération Séeberger : Jean et Albert (1940-1977) , study paper of the Ecole du Louvre presented under the supervision of Mme Dominique de Font-Réaulx, Paris, 2014 Maureen Huault, Chroniques de la fugacité. Jean et Albert Séeberger deux photographes de mode au cours des 'Trente Glorieuses' (1940-1977) , a research paper on the history of art applied to the collections of the École du Louvre, under the supervision of Mme Dominique de Font-Réaulx and Michel Poivert, Paris, 2015 Maureen Huault, « La valorisation du fonds photographique des frères Séeberger (1906- 1977) au Centre des monuments historiques », Monumental , Revue scientifique et technique des monuments historiques, n°1, premier semestre 2015, pp. 112–113 Maureen Huault, « Les hommes passent, les images restent : la donation Séeberger au Centre des monuments nationaux », (http://www.loeildelaphotographie.com/fr/2017/05/24/article/159952628/les-hommes-passent-les-images-restent-la-donation-seeberger-au-centre-des-monuments-nationaux/) L’œil de la photographie , 24 mai 2017 (http://www.loeildelaphotographie.com/fr/2017/05/24/article/159952628/les-hommes-passent-les-images-restent-la-donation-seeberger-au-centre-des-monuments-nationaux/) Séeberger, Henri; Juin, Hubert; Séeberger, Jules, 1872-1932; Séeberger, Louis, 1874-1956 (1979), La France 1900 vue par les frères Seeberger , P. Belfond, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-7144-1249-2 {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) Séeberger, Jules; Malécot, Claude; Séeberger, Henri, 1876-1947; Séeberger, Louis, 1874-1956 (2004), Jardins parisiens à la Belle Epoque , Monum, Editions du patrimoine, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-85822-784-6 {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) Meriel McCooey, « Watching the girls go by », Sunday Times Magazine , April 6, 1975 Elise Pailloncy, Carole Peyrot, Marion Poussier, Yann Revol, Inventaire des photographies des frères Séeberger pendant la période de la Seconde Guerre mondiale , mémoire de l'ENS Louis Lumière, Cours de Mme Denoyelle, septembre 2001 Gilbert Salachas, Le Paris d'Hollywood. Sur un air de réalité . Besançon, Caisse nationale des Monuments Historiques, 1994 Albert Séeberger, « Au foyer de la M.J.C., l'exposition de photographies des frères Séeberger », L'écho du ribéracois , juillet 1982 Dominique Versavel, Maureen Huault, Muriel Berthou-Crestey, « Archives. Mode, les collections de la Bibliothèque nationale de France », Bad to the Bone , n°6, 2015, pp. 64–73 References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Dars, Célestine (1979), A fashion parade : the Seeberger Collection , Blond & Briggs, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-85634-061-1 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Aubenas, Sylvie; Séeberger, Henri, 1876-1947; Séeberger, Jules, 1872-1932; Séeberger, Louis, 1874-1956; Demange, Xavier; Chardin, Virginie; Bibliothèque nationale de France. Galerie de photographie (2006), Les Séeberger, photographes de l'élégance, 1909-1939 , Seuil : Bibliothèque nationale de France, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-7177-2366-3 {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Xavier Demange, ‘Trend Setters at the Racetrack’, in Sylvie Aubenas and Xavier Demange, Elegance: the Séeberger Brothers and the Birth of Fashion Photography, San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2007, 28-37. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Rosser, E. (2010). Photographing Fashion: a critical look at The Sartorialist. Image & Narrative, 11(4), 158-170. ^ (#cite_ref-elegance_5-0) Aubenas, Sylvie; Demange, Xavier; Chardin, Virginie (2007). Elegance: The Seeberger Brothers and the Birth of Fashion Photography . United States: Chronicle Books. p. 31. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780811859424 . Retrieved 2022-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Seeberger Brothers in the Chanel Bookstore by VB.com" (http://very-beautiful.com/bookstore/chanel/) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Sylvie Aubenas, ‘The Séebergers, Fashion Photographers: Rediscovering Their Place’, in Sylvie Aubenas and Xavier Demange, Elegance: the Séeberger Brothers and the Birth of Fashion Photography, San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2007, 11-27. ^ Jump up to: a b c Salachas, Gilbert; Séeberger, Henri, 1876-1947; Séeberger, Jules, 1872-1932; Séeberger, Louis, 1874-1956 (1994), Le Paris d'Hollywood : sur un air de réalité , Caisse nationale des monuments historiques et des sites {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Séeberger, Jules; Malécot, Claude; Séeberger, Henri, 1876-1947; Séeberger, Louis, 1874-1956 (2004), Jardins parisiens à la Belle Epoque , Monum, Editions du patrimoine, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-85822-784-6 {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-10) Séeberger, Henri; Juin, Hubert; Séeberger, Jules, 1872-1932; Séeberger, Louis, 1874-1956 (1979), La France 1900 vue par les frères Seeberger , P. Belfond, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-7144-1249-2 {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Huault, M. (2015). Chroniques de la fugacité: Jean et Albert Séeberger, deux photographes de mode au cours des "Trente Glorieuses" (1940-1977). Thesis. Paris: M. Huault. ^ Jump up to: a b Thézy, Marie de; Bovis, Marcel; Floc'hlay, Catherine; Groupe des XV; Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris; Paris (France). Direction des affaires culturelles; Paris audiovisuel (Firm) (1982), Paris 1950 , Ville de Paris, Direction des affaires culturelles ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Million Auction Catalogue. Séeberger Frères: L'elégance des regards. Vente aux enchères publiques, Mardi 8 novembre 2016 13h30" (http://www.lamesure.fr/articles/2016/novembre/images/PhotographiesDeMode/CatalogueSeebergerBDPage.pdf) (PDF) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Maureen Huault, La seconde génération Séeberger : Jean et Albert (1940-1977), study paper of the Ecole du Louvre presented under the supervision of Mme Dominique de Font-Réaulx, Paris, 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-15) Séeberger, H., Séeberger, L., Séeberger, J., Verlet, H., Thézy, M. ., & Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris. (1979). Les Parisiens au fil des jours, 1900-1960: Photographies Séeberger frères. Paris: Bibliothèque historique de la Ville de Paris. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Exhibition Les Séeberger - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com" (http://photography-now.com/exhibition/40723) . photography-now.com . Retrieved 2019-06-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Georges DAMBIER / Les Frères SEEBERGER Les collections années 50 | Actuphoto" (https://actuphoto.com/4904-georges-dambier-les-freres-seeberger-les-collections-annees-50.html) . actuphoto.com . Retrieved 2019-06-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "BROTHERS" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190630045811/https://en.indeauville.fr/brothers) . Deauville – Tourism, Events, City Hall – Official website of Deauville . 2016-03-17. Archived from the original (https://en.indeauville.fr/brothers) on 2019-06-30 . Retrieved 2019-06-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Ritournelle (2010-08-27). "When women dressed to impress on the beach: 1930s fashion in Deauville" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190630045810/https://ritournelleblog.com/2010/08/27/when-women-dressed-to-impress-on-the-beach-1930s-fashion-in-deauville/) . Ritournelle . Archived from the original (https://ritournelleblog.com/2010/08/27/when-women-dressed-to-impress-on-the-beach-1930s-fashion-in-deauville/) on 2019-06-30 . Retrieved 2019-06-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Seeberger Brothers by Visit Etretat.com: Elegant Beach Pictures from 1912" (https://visitetretat.com/seeberger/) . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/148865532) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12517272m) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12517272m) Artists Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/326516) RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/388460) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐77ccb7d944‐k8hqc Cached time: 20240709162433 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.424 seconds Real time usage: 0.540 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1302/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 51295/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 829/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 71687/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.289/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6505635/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 481.465 1 -total 28.49% 137.166 9 Template:Citation 21.34% 102.734 1 Template:ACArt 19.21% 92.494 1 Template:Reflist 14.74% 70.973 1 Template:Short_description 14.63% 70.455 1 Template:More_citations_needed 13.59% 65.413 1 Template:Ambox 8.81% 42.426 2 Template:Pagetype 5.56% 26.788 7 Template:Cite_web 4.11% 19.809 1 Template:Quote Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:61176484-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709162433 and revision id 1223693743. 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French fashion model and actor (born 1981) Andy Gillet Born ( 1981-07-08 ) 8 July 1981 (age 43) Saint-Denis, Réunion (/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union) Nationality French Occupation Actor Years active 2004–present Andy Gillet (born 8 July 1981) is a French fashion model and actor [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) primarily known for his work in European auteur cinema (/wiki/Auteur_cinema) in such films as Éric Rohmer (/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rohmer) 's Romance of Astree and Celadon (/wiki/Romance_of_Astree_and_Celadon) (2007) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) and Andrzej Żuławski (/wiki/Andrzej_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski) 's Cosmos (/wiki/Cosmos_(2015_film)) (2015). [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) As a model, Gillet has represented numerous brands for their ad campaigns (/wiki/Ad_campaign) , including Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_Ready-to-Wear_runway_collections) , and Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , the last two shot by Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) ; he was also the face of the fragrance Kenzo Power by Kenzo Takada (/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Takada) . [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Early life and education [ edit ] Gillet grew up in Sallanches (/wiki/Sallanches) in Haute Savoie (/wiki/Haute_Savoie) , the son of a policeman and a secretary, he has a younger brother. He completed his studies at Nancy (/wiki/Nancy,_France) Business School and moved to Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Career [ edit ] Before he could manage to make a living from acting, Gillet was a theater usher but didn't have enough money to enroll in the 'Eva-Saint-Paul Drama School'. Due to his androgynous (/wiki/Androgynous) beauty, [14] (#cite_note-14) Gillet was then sent to Japan by an agency for four months to land modelling contracts but once in Tokyo, he found no work or relationship and felt lost in translation. From this failure, Gillet drew motivation declaring: "This period of hardship I went through there forced me to reflect and made me mature. I returned to France with the 'niaque': no more dilemmas, I want to play. I changed my life." [15] (#cite_note-15) He first appeared on stage in the title role of Caligula (/wiki/Caligula_(play)) , in a celebrated staging by Charles Berling (/wiki/Charles_Berling) . He made his television debut in 2005, in the role of Hugh Despenser the Younger (/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger) in the remake miniseries Les Rois maudits (/wiki/Les_Rois_maudits_(miniseries)) , based on the French novel series of the same name (/wiki/Les_Rois_maudits) by Maurice Druon (/wiki/Maurice_Druon) . He also appeared in series such as Éternelle and Un village français . His debut in cinema came in 2006, with Nouvelle chance (/wiki/Nouvelle_chance) by Anne Fontaine (/wiki/Anne_Fontaine) and L'homme de sa vie by Zabou Breitman (/wiki/Zabou_Breitman) . The following year, he appeared in acclaimed director Eric Rohmer (/wiki/Eric_Rohmer) 's final film, Les Amours d'Astrée et de Céladon (/wiki/Les_Amours_d%27Astr%C3%A9e_et_de_C%C3%A9ladon) . [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Private life [ edit ] Gillet has publicly shared on social media that his partner is musician, singer, and actor Brice Michelini (/w/index.php?title=Brice_Michelini&action=edit&redlink=1) , who appeared in Rebecca Zlotowski (/wiki/Rebecca_Zlotowski) 's Planétarium (/wiki/Planetarium_(film)) (2016). [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) When Michelini was asked why he chose to write the song "Andy, I Love You" (French: "Andy, je t'aime") and have his boyfriend act in the music video, Michelini declared: [21] (#cite_note-21) Because I love Andy. Andy, he's the man I love. This name came to me before I even made music. Andy is a muse: not just mine, a lot of people's muse. For me it was a waste to live with a muse and not do anything with it. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Director Role Notes 2006 Oh La La! (/wiki/Oh_La_La!) Anne Fontaine (/wiki/Anne_Fontaine) Raphaël [24] (#cite_note-24) 2006 The Man of My Life (/wiki/The_Man_of_My_Life) Zabou Breitman (/wiki/Zabou_Breitman) Hugo 2007 Romance of Astree and Celadon (/wiki/Romance_of_Astree_and_Celadon) Éric Rohmer (/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rohmer) Céladon [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) 2008 Antique (/wiki/Antique_(film)) ( 서양골동양과자점 엔티크 ) Min Kyu-dong (/wiki/Min_Kyu-dong) Jean-Baptiste Evan 2009 La Dérive Philippe Terrier-Hermann (/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Terrier-Hermann&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Terrier-Hermann) ] Antonin 2012 Mirror of Happiness Sam Samore Pierrot 2014 Fort Buchanan (film) (/w/index.php?title=Fort_Buchanan_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Buchanan_(film)) ] Benjamin Crotty (/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Crotty&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Crotty) ] Roger Sherwood [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) 2015 La Duchesse de Varsovie (/w/index.php?title=La_Duchesse_de_Varsovie&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Duchesse_de_Varsovie) ] Joseph Morder (/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Morder&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Morder) ] Valentin [31] (#cite_note-31) 2015 French Blood (/wiki/French_Blood) Diastème (/w/index.php?title=Diast%C3%A8me&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diast%C3%A8me) ] the second henchman 2015 Cosmos (/wiki/Cosmos_(2015_film)) Andrzej Żuławski (/wiki/Andrzej_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski) Lucien [32] (#cite_note-32) 2016 Chocolat (/wiki/Chocolat_(2016_film)) Roschdy Zem (/wiki/Roschdy_Zem) the transvestite 2016 The Misfortunes of François Jane Patrick Pearse Federick 2016 Belle Dormant (/w/index.php?title=Belle_Dormant&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Dormant) ] Adolfo Arieta (/w/index.php?title=Adolfo_Arieta&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Arieta) ] King of Kentz 2019 An Easy Girl (/wiki/An_Easy_Girl) Rebecca Zlotowski (/wiki/Rebecca_Zlotowski) the diner guest Television [ edit ] Year Title Director Role Notes 2006 Les Rois maudits (miniseries) (/wiki/Les_Rois_maudits_(miniseries)) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Rois_maudits_(mini-s%C3%A9rie,_2005)) ] Josée Dayan (/wiki/Jos%C3%A9e_Dayan) Hugh Despenser the Younger (/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger) 2009 Un village français (/wiki/Un_village_fran%C3%A7ais) Philippe Triboit (/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Triboit&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Triboit) ] Michel Bellini Episode: Marchés noirs 2009 Éternelle (/wiki/%C3%89ternelle) Didier Delaître (/w/index.php?title=Didier_Dela%C3%AEtre&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Dela%C3%AEtre) ] Thierry Episodes: Plante disparue & Sang contaminé 2010 Gossip Girl (/wiki/Gossip_Girl) Mark Piznarski (/wiki/Mark_Piznarski) Frenchman Season 4, episode 1: Belles de Jour (/wiki/Belles_de_Jour) 2011 À la recherche du temps perdu (/wiki/%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu_(film)) Nina Companeez (/wiki/Nina_Companeez) Robert de Saint-Loup [33] (#cite_note-33) 2011 Le Destin de Rome (/w/index.php?title=Le_Destin_de_Rome&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Destin_de_Rome) ] Fabrice Hourlier Octave 2011 L'Amour fraternel (/w/index.php?title=L%27Amour_fraternel&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Amour_fraternel) ] Gérard Vergez (/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Vergez&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Vergez) ] Henri 2015 Don Juan (/wiki/Don_Juan) & Sganarelle Vincent Macaigne (/wiki/Vincent_Macaigne) The party guy 2016 Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie (/wiki/Les_Petits_Meurtres_d%27Agatha_Christie) Éric Woreth (/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ric_Woreth&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Woreth) ] Adrien Sauvignac Season 2, episode 15: La Mystérieuse affaire de Styles 2017 Bonaparte (/wiki/Napoleon_bonaparte) : La Campagne d'Egypte Fabrice Hourlier Desaix (/wiki/Louis_Desaix) Mini series 2017 Mystère au Louvre (/wiki/Louvre) Léa Fazer (/wiki/L%C3%A9a_Fazer) Pierre Gamblin Mini series Theatre [ edit ] Year Title Playwright Director Role Venue & Notes 2004 A Month in the Country (/wiki/A_Month_in_the_Country_(play)) Ivan Turgenev (/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev) - Beliaev 2004 Bajazet (/wiki/Bajazet_(play)) Jean Racine (/wiki/Jean_Racine) - Bajazet 2005 Caligula (/wiki/Caligula_(play)) Albert Camus (/wiki/Albert_Camus) Charles Berling (/wiki/Charles_Berling) Caligula Théâtre de l'Atelier (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Atelier) 2010 Chéri (/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ri_(novel)) Colette (/wiki/Colette) Robert Carsen (/wiki/Robert_Carsen) - 2010–2013 Silenzio Véronique Caye Véronique Caye French tour venues: Chartreuse in Villeneuve-lès-Avignon (/wiki/Villeneuve-l%C3%A8s-Avignon) , Numerica ( Montbéliard (/wiki/Montb%C3%A9liard) ), Centre des Arts in Enghien-les-Bains (/wiki/Enghien-les-Bains) , La Filature ( Mulhouse (/wiki/Mulhouse) ), Le Pavillon Noir ( Aix-en-Provence (/wiki/Aix-en-Provence) ). [34] (#cite_note-34) 2021 The Normal Heart (/wiki/The_Normal_Heart) Larry Kramer (/wiki/Larry_Kramer) Virginie de Clausade (/wiki/Virginie_de_Clausade) - Théâtre du Rond-Point (/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Rond-Point) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Andy Gillet – Yahoo Search – Actualités" (https://fr.search.yahoo.com/mobile/s?p=Andy+Gillet&nojs=1&ei=UTF-8&fl=0&rd=r1&age=1m&d=%7B%22dn%22:%22yk%22,%22ykid%22:%220d3e7dd8-400d-4a32-835c-17207b6d6042%22%7D) . fr.search.yahoo.com . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Andy Gillet" (http://www.premiere.fr/Star/Andy-Gillet) . Premiere.fr (in French) . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) " (https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2007/09/04/les-amours-d-astree-et-de-celadon-jeu-de-miroirs-et-d-illusions_951091_3476.html) "Les Amours d'Astrée et de Céladon" : jeu de miroirs et d'illusions" (https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2007/09/04/les-amours-d-astree-et-de-celadon-jeu-de-miroirs-et-d-illusions_951091_3476.html) . Le Monde.fr (in French). 4 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Les Amours d'Astrée et de Céladon (Éric Rohmer, 2006) – La Cinémathèque française" (https://www.cinematheque.fr/film/102415.html) . www.cinematheque.fr . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Les amours d'Astrée et de Céladon de Eric Rohmer – (2007) – Drame, Drame sentimental (in French) , retrieved 10 September 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Stedman, Nicholas; Fanchette, Sylvie (26 March 2014). À la découverte des villages de métier au Vietnam: Dix itinéraires autour de Hà Nội (in French). IRD Éditions. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-7099-1849-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Anderst, L. (13 March 2014). The Films of Eric Rohmer: French New Wave to Old Master . Springer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-137-01100-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Morain, Jean-Baptiste. "Andy Gillet chez Zulawski : l'âge de tous les possibles – Les Inrocks" (https://www.lesinrocks.com/cinema/andy-gillet-chez-zulawski-lage-de-possibles-80584-08-12-2015/) . Les Inrocks (in French) . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Keough, Peter (17 August 2016). " (https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/movies/2016/08/17/cosmos-absurdist-comedy/OqiMlkpXEerUFhr4DYtezM/story.html) 'Cosmos' is an absurdist comedy" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/movies/2016/08/17/cosmos-absurdist-comedy/OqiMlkpXEerUFhr4DYtezM/story.html) . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Smetana, Emma. "Gillet, l'ascension au masculin" (https://www.liberation.fr/cinema/2007/09/05/gillet-l-ascension-au-masculin_101039/) . Libération (in French) . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "180 ans de Jaeger-LeCoultre – Catherine Deneuve, passionnée d'horlogerie!" (https://www.parismatch.com/People/Catherine-Deneuve-passionnee-d-horlogerie-537315) . parismatch.com (in French) . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Andy Gillet Discusses the Opportunities That Come From Dropping Out" (https://flaunt.com/content/people/andy-gillet) . Flaunt Magazine . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Andy Gillet" (https://cine-streaming.com/person/133130/andy-gillet?language=fr) . cine-streaming.com . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Écrits de Paris: revue des questions actuelles (in French). Centre d'études des questions actuelles, politiques, économiques et sociales. 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Smetana, Emma. "Gillet, l'ascension au masculin" (https://www.liberation.fr/cinema/2007/09/05/gillet-l-ascension-au-masculin_101039/) . Libération (in French) . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Holden, Stephen (13 August 2008). "Shepherds, Nymphs, Despair and Love" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/14/movies/14roma.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 13 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Fox, Alistair; Marie, Michel; Moine, Raphaëlle; Radner, Hilary (12 January 2015). A Companion to Contemporary French Cinema . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-118-58536-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Jones, J. R. (29 January 2009). "The Romance of Astrea and Celadon" (https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-romance-of-astrea-and-celadon/Film?oid=1055025) . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 13 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Brice Michelini" (http://www.premiere.fr/Star/Brice-Michelini) . Premiere.fr (in French) . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Contes d'acteurs de Arthur Dreyfus" (https://www.mk2.com/films/3555-contes-dacteurs) . MK2 (in French) . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Brice Michelini – SensCritique" (https://www.senscritique.com/contact/Brice_Michelini/3421612) . senscritique.com . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Comment Andy je t'aime euphorise la pop française" (https://www.lofficiel.com/%5bcategory%5d/%5bslug) . lofficiel.com (in French). 14 March 2021 . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) " (https://www.20minutes.fr/arts-stars/culture/2445447-20190206-enola-gay-libertine-manureva-andy-aime-presente-travers-playlist-annees-80) "Enola Gay", "Libertine"... Andy je t'aime se présente avec sa playlist" (https://www.20minutes.fr/arts-stars/culture/2445447-20190206-enola-gay-libertine-manureva-andy-aime-presente-travers-playlist-annees-80) . 20minutes.fr (in French) . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Hottell, Ruth A.; Pallister, Janis L. (16 September 2011). Noteworthy Francophone Women Directors: A Sequel . Lexington Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61147-444-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Les Amours d'Astrée et de Céladon" (https://www.legrandaction.com/films/les-amours-dastree-et-de-celadon/) . Le Grand Action (in French) . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Tulard, Jean (18 July 2013). Le Nouveau guide des films – Intégrale (in French). Groupe Robert Laffont. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-221-12486-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Fox, Alistair; Marie, Michel; Moine, Raphaëlle; Radner, Hilary (12 January 2015). A Companion to Contemporary French Cinema . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-118-58536-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Le figaro magazine (in French). Le Figaro. 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Bucolic Hookups and Queer Comedy Enchant in 'Fort Buchanan' (https://www.villagevoice.com/2016/02/02/bucolic-hookups-and-queer-comedy-enchant-in-fort-buchanan/) " (https://www.villagevoice.com/2016/02/02/bucolic-hookups-and-queer-comedy-enchant-in-fort-buchanan/) . The Village Voice . 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Williams, James S. (21 March 2019). Ethics and Aesthetics in Contemporary African Cinema: The Politics of Beauty . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-350-10505-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Tulard, Jean (19 April 2018). Le Nouveau guide des films – Tome 5 (in French). Groupe Robert Laffont. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-221-21927-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) d'Estais, Jérôme (13 December 2015). Andrzej Zulawski, sur le fil (in French). LettMotif. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-36716-066-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Bosséno, Christian-Marc (2012). Télévision française la saison 2012 (in French). Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2-336-00009-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Danse > Véronique Caye" (https://www.cnap.fr/danse-veronique-caye) . www.cnap.fr . Retrieved 11 September 2021 . External links [ edit ] Andy Gillet (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2150475/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000381879880) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/262162756) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgt8YHdT8pV6rJtvPfrMP) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15108287d) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15108287d) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1027524702) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009104401) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0183581&CON_LNG=ENG) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p320635627) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/12770454X) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐dggkz Cached time: 20240712161149 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.597 seconds Real time usage: 0.731 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4907/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 75564/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2468/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 27/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 129968/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.378/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7547013/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 671.643 1 -total 37.73% 253.437 1 Template:Reflist 23.33% 156.724 1 Template:Infobox_person 22.07% 148.199 19 Template:Cite_web 15.22% 102.194 1 Template:Authority_control 9.03% 60.616 1 Template:Short_description 8.37% 56.205 12 Template:Cite_book 7.64% 51.334 15 Template:Interlanguage_link_multi 6.19% 41.570 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 5.34% 35.894 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24586167-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712161149 and revision id 1204812087. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Gillet&oldid=1204812087 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Gillet&oldid=1204812087) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1981 births (/wiki/Category:1981_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) People from Saint-Denis, Réunion (/wiki/Category:People_from_Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union) French male models (/wiki/Category:French_male_models) French male stage actors (/wiki/Category:French_male_stage_actors) French male film actors (/wiki/Category:French_male_film_actors) Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from October 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NKC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers) Articles with NTA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers) Articles with SUDOC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers)
Indonesian fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion designers from Indonesia (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_from_Indonesia) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐d8z9c Cached time: 20240721050147 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.048 seconds Real time usage: 0.071 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2743/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 473/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.026/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946256/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 62.303 1 Template:Commons_category 100.00% 62.303 1 -total 96.80% 60.308 1 Template:Sister_project 94.09% 58.623 1 Template:Side_box 7.23% 4.506 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28410581-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721050147 and revision id 924932628. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. + Indonesian women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_women_fashion_designers) ‎ (9 P) T Indonesian tailors (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_tailors) ‎ (1 P) Pages in category "Indonesian fashion designers" The following 18 pages are in this category, out of 18 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Anne Avantie (/wiki/Anne_Avantie) D Asha Smara Darra (/wiki/Asha_Smara_Darra) Didit Hediprasetyo (/wiki/Didit_Hediprasetyo) Ardistia Dwiasri (/wiki/Ardistia_Dwiasri) G Sebastian Gunawan (/wiki/Sebastian_Gunawan) H Sumi Hakim (/wiki/Sumi_Hakim) Peggy Hartanto (/wiki/Peggy_Hartanto) J Ketut Permata Juliastrid (/wiki/Ketut_Permata_Juliastrid) M Yovita Meta (/wiki/Yovita_Meta) O Obin (/wiki/Obin) P Susanna Perini (/wiki/Susanna_Perini) R Sabbatha Rahzuardi (/wiki/Sabbatha_Rahzuardi) S Tex Saverio (/wiki/Tex_Saverio) Vicky Shu (/wiki/Vicky_Shu) Auguste Soesastro (/wiki/Auguste_Soesastro) T Heaven Tanudiredja (/wiki/Heaven_Tanudiredja) Iwan Tirta (/wiki/Iwan_Tirta) W Biyan Wanaatmadja (/wiki/Biyan_Wanaatmadja) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indonesian_fashion_designers&oldid=924932628 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indonesian_fashion_designers&oldid=924932628) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_by_nationality) Indonesian designers (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_designers) Indonesian fashion (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_fashion) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
This page provides a list of the oldest brands and companies operating only in the eyewear manufacturing business to date and in any country. " Eyewear (/wiki/Eyewear) " , although a relatively modern terminology, refers to the category of all items and accessories worn over the eyes for fashion adornment, protection against the environment and medical issues, including glasses (also called eyeglasses or spectacles) and sunglasses. To be listed, a brand (/wiki/Brand) or company (/wiki/Company) name must manufacture and sell its own eyewear products and remain operating, either in whole or in part, since inception. Generic optical stores, retailers and factories are not included in the list. List of oldest eyewear companies [ edit ] Year Company Current Location Parent company Sources [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) 1751 Tamamizuya (/w/index.php?title=Tamamizuya&action=edit&redlink=1) Japan [3] (#cite_note-3) 1777 C.W. Dixey & Son (/w/index.php?title=C.W._Dixey_%26_Son&action=edit&redlink=1) United Kingdom [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) 1826 American Optical Company (/wiki/American_Optical_Company) United States Independent [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) 1853 Bausch + Lomb (/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb) Canada Independent [10] (#cite_note-Kingslake-10) 1865 Shuron (/w/index.php?title=Shuron&action=edit&redlink=1) United States [11] (#cite_note-11) 1872 Lotos (/w/index.php?title=LOTOS_Goldbrillen_GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1) Germany [12] (#cite_note-12) 1875 E.B. Meyrowitz (/w/index.php?title=E.B._Meyrowitz&action=edit&redlink=1) United Kingdom [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) 1875 Asakura Japan [18] (#cite_note-18) 1877 Rodenstock (/wiki/Rodenstock_GmbH) Germany 1878 Gouverneur Audigier (/w/index.php?title=Gouverneur_Audigier&action=edit&redlink=1) France [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) 1878 Lozza (/wiki/Lozza_(eyewear)) Italy [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) 1879 Erker's (/wiki/Erker%27s_Optical) United States [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) 1880 Marius Morel (/w/index.php?title=Marius_Morel&action=edit&redlink=1) France [26] (#cite_note-26) 1882 Anglo American Optical (/w/index.php?title=Anglo_American_Optical&action=edit&redlink=1) United States [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) 1883 Hakusan Megane (/w/index.php?title=Hakusan_Megane&action=edit&redlink=1) Japan [29] (#cite_note-29) 1887 Watanabe Megane (/w/index.php?title=Watanabe_Megane&action=edit&redlink=1) Japan [30] (#cite_note-30) 1907 Tokyo Megane (/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_Megane&action=edit&redlink=1) Japan [31] (#cite_note-31) 1905 Masunaga (/w/index.php?title=Masunaga&action=edit&redlink=1) Japan [32] (#cite_note-32) 1907 Taihodo (/w/index.php?title=Taihodo&action=edit&redlink=1) Japan [33] (#cite_note-33) 1914 Sterling Optical (/wiki/Sterling_Optical) United States Emerging Vision (/w/index.php?title=Emerging_Vision&action=edit&redlink=1) [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) 1915 Moscot (/wiki/Moscot) United States [37] (#cite_note-37) [38] (#cite_note-38) [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) 1917 Persol (/wiki/Persol) Italy EssilorLuxottica (/wiki/EssilorLuxottica) [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) 1917 Kame ManNen (/w/index.php?title=Kame_ManNen&action=edit&redlink=1) Japan [44] (#cite_note-44) 1918 Art-Craft Optical (/w/index.php?title=Art-Craft_Optical&action=edit&redlink=1) United States [45] (#cite_note-45) 1919 Foster Grant (/wiki/Foster_Grant) United States EssilorLuxottica (/wiki/EssilorLuxottica) [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) 1925 Jono Hennessy (/wiki/Jono_Hennessy) Australia Independent [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) 村田眼鏡舗. "村田眼鏡舗" (http://www.murata-gankyoho.co.jp/) . murata-gankyoho.co.jp . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Murata Gankyoho" (http://www.timeout.com/tokyo/shopping/murata-gankyoho) . Time Out Tokyo . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Tamamizuya - History" (http://www.tamamizu-ya.co.jp/topics8teachings.html) . www.tamamizu-ya.co.jp . Retrieved 2017-09-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "C.W. Dixey & Son - Fine British Eyewear Since 1777" (http://www.cwdixeyandson.com/) . cwdixeyandson.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Sweet, Leon. "C W Dixey & Son" (http://www.framesinthelanes.com/online-shop/c-w-dixey-a-son.html) . framesinthelanes.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The History of C.W. Dixey & Son" (https://vimeo.com/114784784) . Vimeo . 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The story behind Winston Churchill's glasses" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/goodlife/11387310/What-would-you-look-like-in-Churchills-glasses.html) . Telegraph.co.uk . 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "History | AO Eyewear, Inc" (http://aoeyewear.com/history/) . aoeyewear.com . Retrieved 2016-04-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "American Optical Manufacturing Company of Southbridge, Massachusetts" (http://www.antiquespectacles.com/american_optical/american_optical.htm) . antiquespectacles.com . Retrieved 2016-04-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kingslake_10-0) "A History of Bausch and Lomb" (http://www.nwmangum.com/Kodak/Rochester.html#Bausch%20and%20Lomb) . nwmangum.com . Source: Kingslake, Rudolf, 1974, The Rochester Camera and Lens Companies , Rochester NY, Photographic Historical Society. ^ (#cite_ref-11) sale, Eyeglasses for. "Shuron Ltd. / Shuron.com" (http://www.shuron.com/about.htm) . shuron.com . Retrieved 2016-04-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Company - LOTOS Gold - Brillenmanufaktur, Uhren Kollektion, Handarbeit aus Deutschland" (http://en.lotosgold.de/index.php/LOTOS/Company) . en.lotosgold.de . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Glasses for the Happy Few: E.B.Meyrowitz Eyewear" (http://www.parischerie.com/27317/glasses-for-the-happy-few-e-b-meyrowitz-eyewear/) . parischerie.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Home" (http://www.ebmeyrowitz.co.uk/) . ebmeyrowitz.co.uk . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) AnOther (26 April 2012). "E.B. Meyrowitz" (http://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/1924/e-b-meyrowitz) . AnOther . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Muchowski, Keith (26 November 2013). "Theodore's spectacles" (https://thestrawfoot.com/2013/11/25/theodores-spectacles/) . The Strawfoot . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Spectacles of Well Known People in History (Part Six)" (http://www.antiquespectacles.com/people/people_present3.htm) . antiquespectacles.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "企業情報 | ロービジョンケアの朝倉メガネ" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122028/http://www.asakuramegane.co.jp/company.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.asakuramegane.co.jp/company.html) on 2017-12-27 . Retrieved 2017-12-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Clément Gouverneur - Detail freaks since 1878" (http://clement-gouverneur.com/) . clement-gouverneur.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Clément Gouverneur & GOUV/AU" (http://eyewear-magazine.com/2014/10/17/clement-gouverneur-gouvau/) . Eyewear . 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Lozza: the fascinating history of sunglasses made in Italy | DaringToDo.com International" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160424101315/http://en.daringtodo.com/2009/05/lozza-laffascinante-storia-degli-occhiali-made-in-italy/) . en.daringtodo.com . Archived from the original (http://en.daringtodo.com/2009/05/lozza-laffascinante-storia-degli-occhiali-made-in-italy/) on 2016-04-24 . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Molho, Renata (2009). Una storia di occhiali. A History of Eyeglasses . Electa. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788837068950 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Lozza" (http://www.lozzaocchiali.it/) . lozzaocchiali.it . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Heritage | Erker's" (http://erkers.com/heritage/) . erkers.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Lambo, Turquil. "America's Finest: Erker's Fine Eyewear | America's Finest | INVISION" (http://invisionmag.com/america-s-finest/america-s-finest-erker-s-fine-eyewear) . invisionmag.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Marius Morel" (http://morel-france.com/history-1880/) . morel-france.com . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) DigitalCavalry. "Anglo American Optical – About" (http://angloamericanopticalltd.com/about/) . angloamericanopticalltd.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "20/20 Magazine > ANGLO AMERICAN OPTICAL: ANGLO AMERICAN EYEWEAR" (http://www.2020mag.com/whats-new/32220/) . 2020mag.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "ABOUT HISTORY ｜ 白山眼鏡店" (http://hakusan-megane.co.jp/history/) . hakusan-megane.co.jp . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Watanabe Megane - History" (http://watanabemegane.com/) . watanabemegane.com . Retrieved 2017-09-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Tokyo Megane - History" (http://www.tokyomegane.co.jp/company/history.html) . tokyomegane.co.jp . Retrieved 2017-09-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Masunaga Optical - The Story" (http://www.masunaga1905.com/the-story/) . masunaga1905.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Taihodo History" (http://www.taihodo.net/history/index.html#start) . taihodo.net . Retrieved 2017-09-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "History - Sterling Optical | Eye Care and Eyewear Professionals" (http://www.sterlingoptical.com/contactus/history) . sterlingoptical.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Sterling Optical - Franchising.com" (http://www.franchising.com/sterlingoptical/) . Franchising.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Home" (https://www.emergingvision.com/) . EmergingVision.com . Retrieved 2023-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Jones, Justin (2015-01-15). "Moscot, A New York Legend, Turns 100" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/01/15/moscot-a-new-york-legend-turns-100.html) . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Our Story | MOSCOT" (http://moscot.com/shop/our-story/) . moscot.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "The 100-Year Vision of Moscot Eyewear" (http://forward.com/culture/318460/wwhere-foresight-is-20-20-moscot-family-glasses-now-the-epitome-of-cool/) . The Forward . 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) UTC, Eli Epstein2014-06-11 19:19:40 (11 June 2014). "5 Generations in, Moscot Keeps Business in the Family" (http://mashable.com/2014/06/11/moscot-family-business/) . Mashable . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-41) "History - Official Persol Site - USA" (http://www.persol.com/usa/history) . Persol.com . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "The Legend of Persol" (http://opticalillusiondelmar.com/legend-persol) . Optical Illusion . 2013-11-05 . Retrieved 2016-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Vito Albino, Antonio Messeni Petruzzelli (2011). When Tradition Turns Into Innovation: How Firms Can Create and Appropriate Value Through Tradition . Chandos Pub. pp. 97–98. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781843346647 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Eyewear Mebius - Brand - Kame ManNen" (https://www.eyewearmebius.com/brand/kamemannen/) . eyewearmebius.com/ . Retrieved 2019-01-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Art-Craft Optical Co., Inc. - Company History (Page 1)" (http://www.artcraftoptical.com/history.htm) . artcraftoptical.com . Retrieved 2016-04-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Foster Grant Collection A description of the collection at Syracuse University" (https://library.syracuse.edu/digital/guides/f/foster_grant.htm#:~:text=Foster%20Grant%20was%20an%20American,the%20Woolworth%20in%20Atlantic%20City.) . library.syracuse.edu . Retrieved 2023-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "FGX Home" (https://www.fgxi.com/) . FGXI . Retrieved 2023-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Sunshades Eyewear | Jono Hennessy" (https://www.sunshadeseyewear.com.au/home/portfolio/jonohennessey/) . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Daniel, Feldman (11 January 2017). "100 of the Oldest Eyewear Companies In The World | The Optical Journal" (https://www.opticaljournal.com/100-of-the-oldest-eyewear-companies-in-the-world/) . www.opticaljournal.com . 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Italian businessman This article is missing information about Early life and education, Career, Personal life. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Massimo_Alba) . ( January 2024 ) Massimo Alba is an Italian (/wiki/Italians) menswear designer and head of his eponymous casual luxury brand, [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) which is entirely made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) . [3] (#cite_note-Peter_Howarth-3) The company operates six monobrand stores: Milan, Rome, Courmayeur, Sestri Levante, Forte dei Marmi and Puntaldia. In popular culture [ edit ] In No Time To Die (/wiki/No_Time_To_Die) , Daniel Craig as James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) wears Massimo Alba garments in several scenes, including grey corduroy trousers, a desert-brown baby-corduroy suit (/wiki/Suit) , and a long corduroy duster coat (/wiki/Duster_coat) . [4] (#cite_note-Good_Enough-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [3] (#cite_note-Peter_Howarth-3) [8] (#cite_note-8) Craig had worn the brand as part of his personal wardrobe before choosing to wear Massimo Alba in the film. [3] (#cite_note-Peter_Howarth-3) Clientele [ edit ] Tom Cruise, Leonardo DiCaprio, Stanley Tucci, John Malkovich, James Franco, Justin Bieber and Sir Ian McKellen have worn Massimo Alba. [3] (#cite_note-Peter_Howarth-3) Collaborations [ edit ] In 2021 Massimo Alba collaborated with Italian luxury leather goods brand Valextra (/wiki/Valextra) on a redesign of its Serie S bag, which was first launched in 1961. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2023 Massimo Alba and Garrett Leight California collaborated on an eyewear capsule collection. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Personal life [ edit ] Alba lives with his family in Brera (/wiki/Brera_(district_of_Milan)) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) , in a building where Leonardo da Vinci (/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci) once lived while painting " The Last Supper (/wiki/The_Last_Supper) ". [4] (#cite_note-Good_Enough-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Massimo Alba’s Way: Individuality and Emotion (https://wwd.com/menswear-news/mens-designer-luxury/massimo-alba-individuality-emotion-store-forte-dei-marmi-1234851821/) Women’s Wear Daily, ALESSANDRA TURRA, June 21, 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Fenimore, Christopher (September 22, 2023). "Five Fits With: Italian Designer Massimo Alba, Who's Curious About Everything" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a45265093/massimo-alba-five-fits-with/) . Esquire . Hearst Media. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Howarth, Peter (February 22, 2020). "Dressing Daniel Craig: No Time to Die designer Massimo Alba" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dressing-daniel-craig-no-time-to-die-designer-massimo-alba-725tg8cc7) . The Times . ^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, Nick (April 22, 2021). "A Coat That's Good Enough for James Bond—and Even Better for You" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a36192100/massimo-alba-needlecord-duster-trench-coat-review/) . Esquire. ^ (#cite_ref-5) How I Spend It: Massimo Alba dresses Bond, but his heart belongs to Fellini (https://www.ft.com/content/0c332fa3-e004-4d5b-bbea-9d3c856a42ef) Stephen Short, Financial Times , September 18, 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-6) How to dress like James Bond (https://www.ft.com/content/4815a3d1-210c-4992-b8f3-8d7a4f9b40d6) , Financial Times , Jessica Beresford, September 27, 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Olsen, Kerry (January 10, 2020). "This Bond Wears Corduroy: The super spy is getting a new look, courtesy of the Italian designer Massimo Alba" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/style/james-bond-daniel-craig-suits.html) . New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Massimo Alba Sloop Suit" (https://www.jamesbondlifestyle.com/product/massimo-alba-sloop-suit) . jamesbondlifestyle.com . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Massimo Alba's Valextra Bag Collab Is Italian Luxury Made Portable (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-accessories/a35156545/massimo-alba-valextra-serie-s-bag-review/) Esquire, Nick Sullivan, January 8, 2021 ^ (#cite_ref-10) Massimo Alba, Garrett Leight California Optical Launch Eyewear Collaboration: The first for the Italian designer, the eyewear capsule collection focuses on sunglasses with a '70s vibe. (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/garrett-leight-california-optical-massimo-alba-eyewear-collaboration-1235650722/) SANDRA SALIBIAN, Women's Wear Daily , May 12, 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Burt, Kristian (May 30, 2023). "GARRETT LEIGHT PARTNERS WITH MASSIMO ALBA TO BRING ITALIAN ELEGANCE TO EYEWEAR" (https://vmagazine.com/article/garrett-leight-partners-with-massimo-alba-to-bring-italian-elegance-to-eyewear/) . V Magazine. See also [ edit ] Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Wikiquote has quotations related to Massimo Alba (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Massimo_Alba) . This Italian artist–related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Alba&action=edit) . v t e This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American milliner Blount in 1946. Mildred Blount (1907–1974) was an African-American milliner (/wiki/Hatmaking) best known for her creations worn by celebrities, members of high society, and featured in films such as Gone with the Wind (/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)) . Her artistic philosophy was: "Make the hat fit the individual." To Blount, "hats … express something- modes, people, stories-," and over her career, she strove to put that message into her work. [1] (#cite_note-1) Olivia de Havilland ( Left ), Leslie Howard ( Center ) and Vivien Leigh ( Right ) from Gone With the Wind , 1939. Many hats for the film were designed by Mildred Blount. Career [ edit ] Blount's interest in millinery grew out of her time working at Madame Clair's Dress and Hat Shop in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . She and her sister, who was a dressmaker, opened their own dress and hat shop aimed at serving wealthy New Yorkers. [2] (#cite_note-2) After Blount's designs were shown at the 1939 New York World's Fair (/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair) , her career took off. She was asked to design hats for the films Gone with the Wind (/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)) and Easter Parade (/wiki/Easter_Parade_(film)) [3] (#cite_note-3) as well as for the cover of the August 1942 Ladies' Home Journal (/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal) . Later in the 1940s, she ran a hat shop in Beverly Hills, California (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Her clients included Joan Crawford (/wiki/Joan_Crawford) , Rosalind Russell (/wiki/Rosalind_Russell) , Gloria Vanderbilt (/wiki/Gloria_Vanderbilt) , Marian Anderson (/wiki/Marian_Anderson) , and others. Joan Crawford in Rain. Mildred Blount designed hats for Crawford. She was the first African American member of the Motion Pictures Costumers Union, which allowed her to work in film studios. [5] (#cite_note-5) Blount reportedly died in 1974 in Los Angeles, California. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Mildred Blount Fashions" (https://archive.org/details/sim_ebony_1946-04_1_6/page/20/mode/2up) . Ebony Magazine . 1 (6): 20–22. April 1946 – via Internet Archive. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Madden, Annette. In Her Footsteps: 101 Remarkable Black Women from the Queen of Sheba to Queen Latifah. (https://books.google.com/books?id=gt-e-5H9B7QC&dq=in%20her%20footsteps%20mildred%20blount&pg=PA234) Berkeley, California: Conari Press, 2001. p. 234. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Carney Smith, Jessie. Encyclopedia of African American Business . Vol. 1. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. p. 292 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Madden, Annette. In Her Footsteps: 101 Remarkable Black Women from the Queen of Sheba to Queen Latifah . Berkeley, California: Conari Press, 2001. p. 234. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Jet (/wiki/Jet_(magazine)) . Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company. Vol. 3. No. 13. August 4, 1955. p. 62 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Black Women in History: An Historical Encyclopedia . Indiana University Press. 1994. External links [ edit ] Mildred Blount covered in (https://books.google.com/books?id=gt-e-5H9B7QC&dq=%22mildred+blount%22&pg=PA234) In Her Footsteps by Annette Madden. Photo of Mildred Blount with Gloria Vanderbilt (https://books.google.com/books?id=18wDAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22mildred+blount%22&pg=PA30) in the September 1992 Ebony magazine (/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)) . Hats designed by Mildred Blount (http://caamuseum.pastperfect-online.com/39278cgi/mweb.exe?request=keyword;keyword=blount;dtype=d) held at the California African American Museum (/wiki/California_African_American_Museum) . This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Religious_perspectives_on_tattooing) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Religious perspectives on tattooing" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Religious+perspectives+on+tattooing%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Religious+perspectives+on+tattooing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Religious+perspectives+on+tattooing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Religious+perspectives+on+tattooing%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Religious+perspectives+on+tattooing%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Religious+perspectives+on+tattooing%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Tattoos (/wiki/Tattoo) hold rich historical and cultural significance as permanent markings on the body, conveying personal, social, and spiritual meanings. However, religious interpretations of tattooing vary widely, from acceptance and endorsement to strict prohibitions associating it with the desecration of the sacred body. In Christianity (/wiki/Christianity) , opinions range from discouragement based on the sanctity of the body as a temple, to acceptance. Judaism (/wiki/Judaism) traditionally prohibits tattooing as self-mutilation (/wiki/Self-mutilation) but modern interpretations have become more lenient. Islam (/wiki/Islam) generally discourages tattoos as altering the natural state of the body, though there are differing opinions among scholars. In Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism) there is a varying acceptance among sects and communities. Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism) also has a varied perspective on tattooing, with a tradition of protective tattoos in Southeast Asia (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) incorporating Buddhist symbols (/wiki/Buddhist_symbols) , but the display of tattoos not adhering to traditional norms can be a cause of controversy. Buddhism [ edit ] Southeast Asia has a tradition of protective tattoos known as sak yant or yantra tattoos (/wiki/Yantra_tattooing) that incorporate Buddhist symbols and images, as well as protective mantras or sutra verses in antique Khmer script (/wiki/Khmer_alphabet) . These tattoos are sometimes applied by Buddhist monks or practitioners of indigenous spiritual traditions. Traditionally, tattoos that included images of the Buddha or other religious figures were only applied to certain parts of the body, and sometimes required commitment on the part of the recipient to observe the Five Precepts (/wiki/Five_Precepts) or other traditional customs. Incorporation of images of the Buddha into tattoos that do not comply with traditional norms for respectful display have been a cause of controversy in a number of traditional Buddhist countries, where the display of images of this type by Westerners may be regarded as appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) and has resulted in barred entry or deportation of individuals displaying tattoos of this type. [ citation needed ] Christianity [ edit ] Man with a full back tattoo of Michael and the Dragon adapted from the bible engravings (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Die_Bibel_in_Bildern#Revelation) by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld (/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld) Some Christians take issue with tattooing, upholding the Hebrew prohibition. The Hebrew prohibition is based on interpreting Leviticus (/wiki/Leviticus) 19:28—"Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor print any marks upon you"—so as to prohibit tattoos. Interpretations of the passage vary, however. Some believe that it refers specifically to, and exclusively prohibits, an ancient form of self-mutilation during mourning (as discussed in the Judaism section (#Judaism) ). Under this interpretation, tattooing is permitted to Jews and Christians. Another interpretation is that it refers only to the tattooing of ink with ashes of deceased family. Others hold that the prohibition of Leviticus 19:28, regardless of its interpretation, is not binding upon Christians—just as prohibitions like "nor shall there come upon you a garment of cloth made of two kinds of stuff" (Leviticus 19:19) are not binding—because it is part of the Jewish ceremonial law, binding only upon the Jewish people (see New Covenant § Christian view (/wiki/New_Covenant#Christian_view) ). [1] (#cite_note-1) Catholicism [ edit ] In the Catholic Church (/wiki/Catholic_Church) during the Early Middle Ages (/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages) , it was ruled in the Council of Northumberland in AD 787 that religious tattoos were permissible, and even "praiseworthy". However, in some regions, a decline often occurred in other cultures following European (/wiki/Europe) efforts to convert aboriginal and indigenous people to Western religious and cultural practices that held tribal tattooing to be a " pagan (/wiki/Paganism) " or "heathen" activity. Within some traditional indigenous cultures, tattooing takes place within the context of a rite of passage between adolescence and adulthood (without any explicit religious subtext). A Catholic woman in Bosnia (/wiki/Bosnia) displaying numerous tattooed crosses (19th century) Catholic Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) utilised tattooing of crosses for perceived protection against forced conversion to Islam (/wiki/Islam) and enslavement during the Ottoman occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Ottoman_occupation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (see Christian tattooing in Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Christian_tattooing_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) ). This form of tattooing continued long past its original motivation. Tattooing was performed during springtime or during special religious celebrations such as the Feast of St. Joseph (/wiki/Feast_of_St._Joseph) , and consisted mostly of Christian crosses on hands, fingers, forearms, and below the neck and on the chest. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy [ edit ] Orthodox Coptic (/wiki/Copts) Christians who live in Egypt (/wiki/Egypt) commonly tattoo themselves with the symbols of Coptic crosses (/wiki/Coptic_cross) on their right wrists for similar historical reasons. [5] (#cite_note-5) From there, the tradition spread throughout Eastern Christian (/wiki/Eastern_Christian) communities such as the Ethiopian (/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church) , Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church) , Syriac (/wiki/Syriac_Christianity) and Maronite Churches (/wiki/Maronite_Church) . Commemorative tattoos are also traditionally done on pilgrims who complete a visit to Jerusalem. [6] (#cite_note-6) Latter-day Saints [ edit ] Latter-day Saint (/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints) leaders, most notably church president Gordon B. Hinckley (/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley) in 2000 [7] (#cite_note-Hinckley-7) and 2007, [8] (#cite_note-8) have discouraged church members from getting tattoos. Latter-day Saints view bodies as a sacred gift from God, [9] (#cite_note-Tattooing-9) a metaphorical and literal temple to house the Spirit, as written in 1 Corinthians 3:16–17 and 1 Corinthians 6:19–20. Tattoos are often compared to graffiti on a temple. [7] (#cite_note-Hinckley-7) Apostle David A. Bednar (/wiki/David_A._Bednar) said "the very thought of finding such inappropriate markings on a temple is offensive to all of us." [10] (#cite_note-Bednar-10) Tattoos and multiple body piercings are also considered to be part of a worldly fad of shallow individuality, and church members are cautioned to not "pay ovations to the god of style." [10] (#cite_note-Bednar-10) While past editions of written behavioural guidelines, including the 2011 'For the Strength of Youth' pamphlet [11] (#cite_note-11) and the early 2022 'Gospel Topics' essays, [12] (#cite_note-12) contained explicit rules against tattooing, recent editions have instead contained broader directives to "honour the sacredness of your body" [13] (#cite_note-13) and "respect [your body] as [you] would a temple." [9] (#cite_note-Tattooing-9) However, the counsel of past leaders generally continues to apply today. There are no consequences prescribed for church members who get tattoos; any discipline is up to the discretion of the member's bishop (/wiki/Bishop) . However, those with tattoos who wish to serve as a proselytising missionary (/wiki/Missionary) must have their applications reviewed on a case-by-case basis. [14] (#cite_note-14) For those who convert to Mormonism, the church states that "previously existing tattoos will not prevent one from serving in the Church and receiving all of God's blessings." [15] (#cite_note-Frequently_Asked_Questions-15) Any member with a tattoo is encouraged to personally consider its removal, because on one hand "if you have a tattoo, you wear a constant reminder of a mistake you have made," [16] (#cite_note-16) and on the other hand "church members believe God loves all of His children, regardless of what they look like." [15] (#cite_note-Frequently_Asked_Questions-15) In popular culture, motivational speaker Al Carraway gained celebrity for her 2015 book "More than the Tattooed Mormon", which discusses her struggle to fit in with fellow church members as a convert with many visible tattoos. A Christian (/wiki/Christianity) couple with matching cross symbol tattoos to associate with their faith Hinduism [ edit ] Tattoos are allowed culturally and religiously; contemporary tattoos are common among traditional Hindus. Historical roots date back to the practice of Mehndi (/wiki/Mehndi) using henna (/wiki/Henna) . Islam [ edit ] Woman applying a henna (/wiki/Henna) temporary tattoo (coloring hands) in Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) There is no direct mention of tattooing, in the Qur'an. [17] (#cite_note-17) Scholars who claim that tattooing is a sin support their view by pointing to hadiths (/wiki/Hadith) such as one in Sahih al-Bukhari (/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari) narrated by Abu Juhayfah that declares "The Prophet cursed the one who does tattoos and the one who has a tattoo done." These scholars generally do not hold the view that non-permanent tattoos such as henna (/wiki/Henna) are sinful; nor do they claim that converts to Islam who had tattoos prior to conversion need to get those tattoos removed. [18] (#cite_note-18) Turkish professor of religious studies Remzi Kuscular states that tattoos are sinful but that they do not violate a Muslim's wuḍūʾ (/wiki/Wudu) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Canadian Islamic scholar Ahmad Kutty states that tattooing prohibitions exist in Islam to protect Muslims from HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and other diseases that can be transferred to people through tattoos. [20] (#cite_note-20) According to the Islamic Medicine Academy (/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Medicine_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1) , natural non-permanent (such as henna) tattoos are permitted in Islam while permanent or semi-permanent tattoos are forbidden and Mohammed encouraged females to use color on their hands (by using natural medium such as- henna) while males can only use henna on hair. [21] (#cite_note-21) History [ edit ] Göran Larsson, a Swedish professor in religious studies (/wiki/Religious_studies) , states that there are "both historical and contemporary examples indicating that, at different times and in different places, [tattooing] was practiced by certain Islamic groups." Al-Tabari (/wiki/Al-Tabari) mentions in History of the Prophets and Kings (/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings) that the hands of Asma bint Umais (/wiki/Asma_bint_Umais) were tattooed. [22] (#cite_note-22) Muslims in Africa, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Pakistan have used tattoos for beautification, prophylaxis, and the prevention of diseases. [23] (#cite_note-23) Edward William Lane (/wiki/Edward_William_Lane) described the tattooing customs of Egyptian Muslim women in his 1836 book, An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians . [24] (#cite_note-Larsson_2014_244-24) In a 1909 trip to Persia (/wiki/Qajar_dynasty) , Percy Sykes (/wiki/Percy_Sykes) observed Shia Muslim women had "birds, owers, or gazelles tattooed, but occasionally verses from the Qur'an" and that victorious male wrestlers and gymnasts were honored with the tattooing of a lion on the arm. [25] (#cite_note-25) In a 1965 article published in the journal Man: A Record of Anthropological Science , author John Carswell documented that Sunni and Shia Muslims in Lebanon would get tattoos of the swords of Abu Bakr (/wiki/Abu_Bakr) and Ali (/wiki/Ali) , respectively, to distinguish themselves from one another. [26] (#cite_note-26) According to historians Shoshana-Rose Marzel and Guy Stiebel, face tattoos were common among Muslim women until the 1950s but have since fallen out of fashion. [27] (#cite_note-27) Traditional Tunisian tattoos include eagles, the sun, the moon, and stars. [28] (#cite_note-:0-28) Tattoos were also used in the Ottoman Empire due to the influx of Algerian sailors in the 17th century. [29] (#cite_note-:1-29) Bedouin and Kurdish women have a long tradition of tattooed bodies. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) Margo DeMello, a cultural anthropologist (/wiki/Cultural_anthropology) and professor at Canisius College (/wiki/Canisius_College) , notes that tattoos are still common in some parts of the Muslim world such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt. Underground tattoos have also been gaining popularity among Iranian youth. [28] (#cite_note-:0-28) Some Turkish youth get tattoos as a form of resistance, fashion, or as part of a counterculture. [29] (#cite_note-:1-29) [32] (#cite_note-Larsson_2014_239-32) Tattoos are also gaining popularity among young Muslims in the West. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-:2-34) [32] (#cite_note-Larsson_2014_239-32) Muslims believe that tattooing is a sin, because it involves changing the natural creation of God, inflicting unnecessary pain in the process. Tattoos are classified as dirty things, which is prohibited in Islam. They believe that a dirty body will directly lead to a dirty mind and will destroy their wudhu , ritual ablution. [35] (#cite_note-:3-35) Some Shafi'i (/wiki/Shafi%27i) scholars such as Amjad Rasheed argue that tattooing causes impurity and that tattoos were prohibited by the Prophet Muhammad. They also claim that those who are decorated with tattoos are contaminated with najis , [36] (#cite_note-36) due to potential mixture of blood and coloured pigment that remains upon the surface of the skin. [37] (#cite_note-37) Blood is viewed as an impure substance, so a person with a tattoo cannot engage in several religious practices. [38] (#cite_note-:4-38) However, in the present day, it is possible to get a tattoo without mixing dye with blood after it exits onto the outer surface of the body, leaving a possibility for a Muslim to wear a tattoo and perform a valid prayer. [24] (#cite_note-Larsson_2014_244-24) Scholar Yusuf al-Qaradawi (/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi) states that tattoos are sinful because they are an expression of vanity and they alter the physical creation of God. [39] (#cite_note-39) According to the online South African Deobandi (/wiki/Deobandi) fatwa (/wiki/Fatwa) service called Ask-the-Imam , Muslims should remove any tattoos they have if possible or cover them in some way. [40] (#cite_note-40) Shia Islam [ edit ] Shia (/wiki/Shia_Islam) Ayatollahs Ali al-Sistani (/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani) and Ali Khamenei (/wiki/Ali_Khamenei) believe there are no authoritative Islamic prohibitions on tattoos. [41] (#cite_note-41) The Quran does not mention tattoos or tattooing at all. Grand Ayatollah (/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah) Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi (/wiki/Sadiq_Hussaini_Shirazi) ruled: "Tattoos are considered makruh (/wiki/Makruh) (reprehensible but not forbidden). However, it is not permissible to have Quranic verses, names of Ahlulbayt (a.s), drawings of Imams (a.s), Hadiths, unislamic and inappropriate images or the likes tattooed onto the body. And if the ink was the type that remains above the skin, then it would be considered prohibited. However, if it was of the type to go beneath the skin, it would be considered permissible but makruh ." [42] (#cite_note-42) Judaism [ edit ] Jewish American NFL player Igor Olshansky (/wiki/Igor_Olshansky) has many tattoos, including two Stars of David on his neck. [43] (#cite_note-43) He is regularly featured in Jewish news publications. [44] (#cite_note-berkwits2004-44) [45] (#cite_note-chron1-45) Tattoos can be prohibited in Judaism (/wiki/Judaism) [46] (#cite_note-46) based on the Torah (/wiki/Torah) ( Leviticus (/wiki/Leviticus) 19:28): "You shall not make gashes in your flesh for the dead, or incise any marks on yourselves: I am the Lord." The prohibition is explained by contemporary rabbis as part of a general prohibition on body modification (with the exception of circumcision) that does not serve a medical purpose (such as to correct a deformity). Maimonides (/wiki/Maimonides) , a leading 12th-century scholar of Jewish law and thought, explains that one of the reasons for the prohibition against tattoos is a Jewish response to pagan (/wiki/Paganism) mourning practices. Scholars such as John Huehnergard and Harold Liebowitz suggest that the prohibition against tattooing was less in response to the pagan mourning practices as mentioned in the preceding verse of Leviticus, as death rituals in ancient Mesopotamia, Syria, Israel, and Egypt make no references to marking the skin as a sign of mourning. [47] (#cite_note-47) However tattooing was used a sign of enslavement and servitude in ancient Egypt, where captives were tattooed or branded with the names of priests and pharaohs to mark them as belonging to a specific person or god. Huehnergard and Liebowitz therefore suggest that tattooing was forbidden in the Torah because it was a symbol of servitude and the primacy of escaping Egyptian bondage in ancient Jewish theological law. They also point out the verse Isaiah 44:5 (/wiki/Isaiah_44) in which the children of Jacob committing themselves to God: "One shall say, 'I am the L ORD 's'... Another shall mark his arm 'of the L ORD .'" [48] (#cite_note-48) [49] (#cite_note-49) Orthodox Jews (/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism) , in application of halakha (/wiki/Halakha) (Jewish Law), reveal Leviticus 19:28 prohibits getting tattoos. One reading of Leviticus is to apply it only to the specific ancient practice of rubbing the ashes of the dead into wounds; but modern tattooing is included in other religious interpretations. Orthodox Jews also point to a passage from the Shulchan Aruch (/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch) , Yoreh De'ah (/wiki/Yoreh_De%27ah) 180:1, that elucidates the biblical passage above as a prohibition against markings beyond the ancient practice, including tattoos. Maimonides (/wiki/Maimonides) concluded that regardless of intent, the act of tattooing is prohibited ( Mishneh Torah (/wiki/Mishneh_Torah) , Laws of Idolatry 12:11). Conservative Jews (/wiki/Conservative_Judaism) point to the next verse of the Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 180:2): "If it [the tattoo] was done in the flesh of another, the one to whom it was done is blameless" – this is used by them to say that tattooing oneself is different from obtaining a tattoo, and that the latter may be acceptable. [ citation needed ] . Orthodox Jews disagree, and read the text as referring to forced tattooing— as was done during the Holocaust (/wiki/Identification_in_Nazi_camps) —which is not considered a violation of Jewish Law on the part of the victim. In another vein, cutting into the skin to perform surgery and temporary tattooing used for surgical purposes (e.g.: to mark the lines of an incision) are permitted in the Shulhan Arukh 180:3. Reform Jewish (/wiki/Reform_Judaism) leadership generally oppose tattooing, but are more permissive in their stance. The Central Conference of American Rabbis (/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis) has issued a responsa on tattooing that describes it as "an act of hubris and manipulation that most surely runs counter to the letter and spirit of our tradition" and which dishonors the body. The responsa also states that the prohibition on tattoos is a general prohibition and not an absolute prohibition. [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) In modern times, the association of tattoos with Nazi concentration camps (/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps) and the Holocaust (/wiki/The_Holocaust) has changed the discussion around tattoos in Judaism. It is made clear that any such tattoos do not fall under the scope of the prohibition, since it applies only to voluntary and permanent tattoos. [52] (#cite_note-52) For some, the Holocaust added another level of revulsion to tattooing. For others, this tragedy sparked a wave of many Jews getting tattooed with Auschwitz numbers as a form of remembrance and reclamation. [53] (#cite_note-53) Additionally, it is a common misconception (/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism#Tattoos) that anyone bearing a tattoo is not permitted to be buried in a Jewish cemetery. [54] (#cite_note-54) Even if a Rabbi considered a tattoo to be a violation of a prohibition it is still not grounds for refusing the right to burial or synagogue rituals simply because it is no more egregious that any other sin, it is only more visible. However, despite the allegation about Jewish people being barred from burial in a Jewish cemetery if they have tattoos being acknowledged in modern times to be an old myth, individual cemeteries and other organizations have in fact been entitled to make their own rules and standards for burial. [55] (#cite_note-55) Neopaganism [ edit ] Neopagans (/wiki/Neopagan) can use the process and the outcome of tattooing as an expression or representation of their beliefs. [56] (#cite_note-56) Many tattooists' websites offer pagan images as examples of the kinds of provided artwork. At least one Wiccan tradition, Blue Star Wicca (/wiki/Blue_Star_Wicca) , uses a tattoo as a mark of initiation, although it is an entitlement, not a requirement. [57] (#cite_note-wv-bsw-57) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "What does the Church Teach about Tattoos?" (https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/what-does-the-church-teach-about-tattoos) . catholic.com. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Darko Zubrinic (1995), Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Zagreb {{ citation (/wiki/Template:Citation) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Darko Zubrinic. "Croats in BiH" (http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et02.html#tattoo) . Croatianhistory.net . Retrieved August 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Customs and folkways of Jewish life, Theodor Herzl Gaster ^ (#cite_ref-5) Alessandra Bishai. "The Meaning of our Coptic Cross Tattoo" (https://sttekla.org/posts/youth/the-meaning-of-our-coptic-cross-tattoo/) . Retrieved August 19, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Holy Tattoo! A 700-Year Old Christian Tradition Thrives In Jerusalem" (https://hcef.org/790808033-holy-tattoo-700-year-old-christian-tradition-thrives-jerusalem/) . July 9, 2017 . Retrieved September 8, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hinckley, Gordon B. " (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/ensign/2000/11/great-shall-be-the-peace-of-thy-children) "Great Shall Be the Peace of Thy Children" (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/ensign/2000/11/great-shall-be-the-peace-of-thy-children) " (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/ensign/2000/11/great-shall-be-the-peace-of-thy-children) . www.churchofjesuschrist.org . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Hinckley, Gordon B. " (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/general-conference/2007/04/i-am-clean) "I Am Clean" (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/general-conference/2007/04/i-am-clean) " (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/general-conference/2007/04/i-am-clean) . www.churchofjesuschrist.org . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Tattooing" (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/manual/gospel-topics/tattooing) . www.churchofjesuschrist.org . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bednar, David A. "Ye Are the Temple of God" (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/ensign/2001/09/ye-are-the-temple-of-god) . www.churchofjesuschrist.org . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "For the Strength of Youth" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140704211713/https://www.lds.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/ForTheStrengthOfYouth-eng.pdf?lang=eng) (PDF) . Archived from the original (https://www.lds.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/ForTheStrengthOfYouth-eng.pdf?lang=eng) (PDF) on July 4, 2014 . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Tattooing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220930033015/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/tattooing?lang=eng) . September 30, 2022. Archived from the original (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/tattooing?lang=eng) on September 30, 2022 . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "For the Strength of Youth" (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/manual/for-the-strength-of-youth/06-body) . www.churchofjesuschrist.org . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Magazines, Shanna Butler Church. "Tattoos and Your Mission" (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/liahona/2006/03/tattoos-and-your-mission) . www.churchofjesuschrist.org . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Frequently Asked Questions" (https://faq.churchofjesuschrist.org/can-mormons-have-tattoos) . faq.churchofjesuschrist.org . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Tattooing" (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/manual/true-to-the-faith/tattooing) . www.churchofjesuschrist.org . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , p. 240 ^ (#cite_ref-18) Dodge, Christine Huda (August 7, 2017). "A Muslim's Guide to Tattoos" (https://www.thoughtco.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393) . ThoughtCo . Retrieved October 15, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Kuscular, Remzi (2008). Cleanliness In Islam . Tughra Books. p. 43. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781597846080 . Retrieved October 15, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , p. 249 ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Henna | Islamic Medicine Academy" (https://www.islamicmedicineacademy.co.uk/henna) . July 15, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , p. 237 ^ (#cite_ref-23) Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , p. 238 ^ Jump up to: a b Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , p. 244 ^ (#cite_ref-25) Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , p. 246 ^ (#cite_ref-26) Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , pp. 245–246 ^ (#cite_ref-27) Marzel, Shoshana-Rose; Stiebel, Guy D. (2014). Dress and Ideology: Fashioning Identity from Antiquity to the Present . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 102. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781472558091 . ^ Jump up to: a b DeMello, Margo (2007). Encyclopedia of Body Adornment . ABC-CLIO. p. 163. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313336959 . ^ Jump up to: a b Joseph, Suad; Naǧmābādī, Afsāna (2003). Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Family, Body, Sexuality And Health . BRILL. p. 46. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9004128190 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Asquith, Mark (November 9, 2017). "Tattooed women of Kobani" (http://www.thenational.ae/blogs/national-view/tattooed-women-of-kobani#1) . The National (/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)) . Retrieved October 15, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Jaafari, Shirin (February 9, 2015). "These Kurdish refugee women are proud owners of facial tattoos" (https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-02-09/these-kurdish-refugee-women-are-proud-owners-facial-tattoos) . Public Radio International . Retrieved October 15, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , p. 239 ^ (#cite_ref-33) Preston, Devon (May 18, 2017). "Tattoos and Islam with Kendyl Noor Aurora" (http://www.inkedmag.com/g/tattoos-and-islam/) . Inked (/wiki/Inked_(magazine)) . Retrieved October 15, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_34-0) Ahmed, Khadija (October 26, 2016). "Confidently tattooed and unapologetically Muslim" (http://www.huckmagazine.com/art-and-culture/confidently-tattooed-unapologetically-muslim/) . Huck (/wiki/Huck_(magazine)) . Retrieved October 15, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-:3_35-0) Rokib, Mohammad (2017). "MUSLIMS WITH TATTOOS The Punk Muslim Community in Indonesia" (https://doi.org/10.14421%2Fajis.2017.551.47-70) . Al-Jam'ab: Journal of Islamic Studies . 55 : 47–70. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.14421/ajis.2017.551.47-70 (https://doi.org/10.14421%2Fajis.2017.551.47-70) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , p. 241 ^ (#cite_ref-37) Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , p. 243 ^ (#cite_ref-:4_38-0) Larsson, G. (2011). Islam and tattooing: an old question, a new research topic. Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis , 23 , 237-256. https://doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67390 (https://doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67390) ^ (#cite_ref-39) Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , p. 248 ^ (#cite_ref-40) Larsson 2014 (#CITEREFLarsson2014) , pp. 250–251 ^ (#cite_ref-41) Bryan S. Turner (March 31, 2011). Religion and Modern Society: Citizenship, Secularisation and the State . Cambridge University Press. p. 94. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781139496803 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Al-Shirazi, Sayid Sadiq. "FAQ Topics: Tattoos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170509101047/http://www.english.shirazi.ir/topics/tattoos) . Ayatollah Sayid Sadiq Al-Shirazi . Archived from the original (http://www.english.shirazi.ir/topics/tattoos) on May 9, 2017 . Retrieved October 16, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) " San Francisco 49Eers Select Jewish Safety Taylor Mays (http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p=71276) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110104215959/http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p=71276) January 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ". San Francisco Sentinel . April 30, 2010. Retrieved May 13, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-berkwits2004_44-0) Berkwits, Jeff (July 1, 2004). "Sampson of the gridiron" (http://www.sdjewishjournal.com/stories/xarchive.php?id=477) . San Diego Jewish Journal (/wiki/San_Diego_Jewish_Journal) . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-chron1_45-0) Josh Whisler (August 2, 2009). "Cowboys add muscle on defense with Olshanksy" (http://www.chron.com/sports/texans/article/Cowboys-add-muscle-on-defense-with-Olshanksy-1747227.php) . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved September 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Levine, Rabbi Menachem (October 7, 2018). "Judaism and Tattoos" (http://www.aish.com/jw/s/Judaism-and-Tattoos.html?s=authorart) . aish.com . Retrieved December 12, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Gershon, Livia (January 2, 2021). "Why Does the Bible Forbid Tattoos?" (https://daily.jstor.org/why-does-the-bible-forbid-tattoos/) . JSTOR Daily . Retrieved July 24, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Isaiah 44:5" (https://www.sefaria.org/Isaiah.44.5?lang=bi) . www.sefaria.org . Retrieved July 24, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Huehnergard, John; Liebowitz, Harold (2013). "The Biblical Prohibition Against Tattooing" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496450) . Vetus Testamentum . 63 (1): 59–77. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/15685330-12341101 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685330-12341101) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0042-4935 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-4935) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 23496450 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496450) . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Tattooing, Body-Piercing, and Jewish Tradition" (https://www.ccarnet.org/ccar-responsa/nyp-no-5759-4/) . Central Conference of American Rabbis (/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis) . Retrieved September 16, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "The Tattoo Taboo in Judaism" (https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-tattoo-taboo-in-judaism/) . MyJewishLearning.com (/wiki/MyJewishLearning.com) . Retrieved September 16, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Tattooing in Jewish Law" (https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/tattooing-in-jewish-law/) . My Jewish Learning . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) Rudoren, Jodi (October 1, 2012). "Proudly Bearing Elders' Scars, Their Skin Says 'Never Forget' (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/01/world/middleeast/with-tattoos-young-israelis-bear-holocaust-scars-of-relatives.html) " (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/01/world/middleeast/with-tattoos-young-israelis-bear-holocaust-scars-of-relatives.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Levine, Rabbi Menachem (October 7, 2018). "Judaism and Tattoos" (http://www.aish.com/jw/s/Judaism-and-Tattoos.html?s=hp2) . Aish.com . Retrieved December 12, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "Can Jewish People be Buried with Tattoos?" (https://jewish-funeral-home.com/can-jewish-people-be-buried-with-tattoos/) . Star of David Memorial Chapels Inc . Retrieved June 30, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Earthtides Pagan Network News, Spring 2010" (http://www.earthtides.org/Newsletters/EPNNSpring2010.pdf) (PDF) . Retrieved April 5, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-wv-bsw_57-0) Castells, Catalina; Douglass, Amy. "Blue Star Wicca" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101127003351/http://www.ravenstarcoven.org/bluestar) . Witchvox.com . Archived from the original (http://www.ravenstarcoven.org/bluestar) on November 27, 2010 . Retrieved December 11, 2005 . Sources [ edit ] Larsson, Göran (January 17, 2014). "Islam and tattooing: an old question, a new research topic" (https://doi.org/10.30674%2Fscripta.67390) . Religion and the Body . 23 : 237–256. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.30674/scripta.67390 (https://doi.org/10.30674%2Fscripta.67390) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2343-4937 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2343-4937) . External sources [ edit ] Tattos of Tibetan ex-political prisoners (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pfr80tmQHrg) Interview with Buddhist monk Palden Gyatso (/wiki/Palden_Gyatso) discussing tattoos for monks. A New Look at Judaism and Tattoos (https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/10/19/a-new-look-at-judaism-and-tattoos/) , Rabbi Menachem Levine, The Algemeiner v t e Tattoos (/wiki/Tattoo) and tattooing Topics Body art (/wiki/Body_art) Body modification (/wiki/Body_modification) Conventions (/wiki/Tattoo_convention) Flash (/wiki/Flash_(tattoo)) Health effects (/wiki/Health_effects_of_tattoos) History (/wiki/History_of_tattooing) Religious perspectives Removal (/wiki/Tattoo_removal) Types LED (/wiki/LED_tattoo) Medical (/wiki/Medical_tattoo) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Temporary (/wiki/Temporary_tattoo) Process and technique Artist (/wiki/Tattoo_artist) Cover-up (/wiki/Cover-up_tattoo) Ink (/wiki/Tattoo_ink) UV (/wiki/UV_tattoo) Machine (/wiki/Tattoo_machine) Microblading (/wiki/Microblading) Process of tattooing (/wiki/Process_of_tattooing) Traditions and practices Austronesian (/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Tattooing) Atayal ( Ptasan (/wiki/Atayal_people#Facial_tattoos) ) Bornean (/wiki/Bornean_traditional_tattooing) Filipino ( Batok (/wiki/Batok) ) Māori ( Tā moko (/wiki/T%C4%81_moko) ) Marquesan (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands#Tatu) Mentawai (/wiki/Mentawai_people#Culture_and_lifestyle) Rapa Nui (/wiki/Rapa_Nui_tattooing) Samoan ( Malu (/wiki/Malu) , Peʻa (/wiki/Pe%CA%BBa) ) European Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Sicanje (/wiki/Sicanje) code: hrv promoted to code: hr ) Mainland Asian Burmese ( Htoe kwin (/wiki/Tattooing_in_Myanmar) code: mya promoted to code: my ) Chinese (/wiki/Tattooing_in_China) Khmer/Laos/Thai ( Yantra (/wiki/Yantra_tattooing) ) South Korean (/wiki/Tattooing_in_South_Korea) Japanese Ainu ( Anchi-piri (/wiki/Anchi-piri) ) Yamato ( Irezumi (/wiki/Irezumi) , Horimono (/wiki/Horimono) ) Ryukyuan ( Hajichi (/wiki/Hajichi) ) Middle Eastern Kurdish/Yazidi ( Deq (/wiki/Deq_(tattoo)) ) Native American (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Americas) Inuit ( Kakiniit (/wiki/Kakiniit) code: iku promoted to code: iu , Tavlugun (/wiki/Tavlugun) code: ipk promoted to code: ik ) Osage (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Osage_Nation) Haudenosaunee (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Haudenosaunee_Confederation) North African (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#North_Africa) Ancient Egyptian/Nubian (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Egypt_and_Nubia) Berber (/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco#Tattooing) Coptic (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Copts) Other contexts Animal (/wiki/Animal_tattoo) Branding (/w/index.php?title=Branding_tattoo&action=edit&redlink=1) (sex trafficking) Criminal (/wiki/Criminal_tattoo) Nazi concentration camps (/wiki/Identification_of_inmates_in_Nazi_concentration_camps) Prison (/wiki/Prison_tattooing) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_tattoos) Tattooed lady (/wiki/Tattooed_lady) Styles and designs Black-and-gray (/wiki/Black-and-gray) Blackout (/wiki/Blackout_tattoo) Chinese calligraphy (/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy_tattoos) Five dots (/wiki/Five_dots_tattoo) Nautical star (/wiki/Nautical_star) New school (/wiki/New_school_(tattoo)) Old school (/wiki/American_traditional) Soundwave (/wiki/Soundwave_tattoos) Teardrop (/wiki/Teardrop_tattoo) Trash polka (/wiki/Trash_polka) Bodily location Body suit (/wiki/Body_suit_(tattoo)) Cornea (/wiki/Corneal_tattooing) Face (/wiki/Face_tattoo) Genital (/wiki/Genital_tattooing) Knuckle (/wiki/Knuckle_tattoo) Lower-back (/wiki/Lower-back_tattoo) Scalp (/wiki/Hair_tattoo) Sclera (/wiki/Scleral_tattooing) Sleeve (/wiki/Sleeve_tattoo) Legal status in... 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Bruno Sälzer Born ( 1957-06-28 ) June 28, 1957 (age 66) Bad Rappenau (/wiki/Bad_Rappenau) , Germany Education Doctorate in logistics (/wiki/Logistics) Alma mater University of Mannheim (/wiki/University_of_Mannheim) Occupation Chairman & CEO of Bench (/wiki/Bench_(Philippine_clothing_brand)) Dr. Bruno Sälzer (born 28 June 1957) was the CEO (/wiki/CEO) of Escada (/wiki/Escada) , the international luxury fashion group. [1] (#cite_note-europeanceo-1) He was born into a solid farming family. He has always been interested in fashion more than fertiliser, and has been quoted in saying, "I can't explain this. There was no one in my family like this. I have checked back several generations." He is the father of four sons. [2] (#cite_note-timemag-2) Career [ edit ] Timeline: 1986-1991: Director of International Sales Coordination, Beiersdorf (/wiki/Beiersdorf) 1991-1995: Managing Director of Hairdressing International, Schwarzkopf (/wiki/Henkel) 1995-2008: CEO, Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) 2008–2014: CEO, Escada (/wiki/Escada) [1] (#cite_note-europeanceo-1) 2014–2018: CEO, Bench (/wiki/Bench_(Philippine_clothing_brand)) [3] (#cite_note-3) Sälzer started out at Hugo Boss as one of the members of the managing board, but steadily worked his way up to CEO position. He was the first to introduce the womenswear line at Hugo Boss. He saw the company boost its income to € (/wiki/Euro) 154m in 2007. [1] (#cite_note-europeanceo-1) During his time with the company, he described his management style as old-fashioned, he favored a system where you learn how to think, how to combine things, how to set priorities. He was not a fan of MBAs (/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration) . [2] (#cite_note-timemag-2) Following a dispute with the company's private equity company Permira (/wiki/Permira) , Sälzer left Hugo Boss and took up the CEO position in Escada, replacing Jean-Marc Loubier (/wiki/Jean-Marc_Loubier) . [1] (#cite_note-europeanceo-1) The row with Permira reportedly centred on special dividends, however the departure was supposed to have been amicable. Upon leaving, he praised the work ethic and unique culture of the company. His departure from the company saw Hugo Boss' stock fall by 9.2 percent in Frankfurt (/wiki/Frankfurt) trading. [4] (#cite_note-Bruno_Salzer-4) At Escada, Sälzer was employed to save the brand, which has steadily declined after the death of its co-founder Margaretha Ley (/w/index.php?title=Margaretha_Ley&action=edit&redlink=1) . In 2008, he invested € (/wiki/Euro) 3 million from his Hugo Boss severance pay, only to lose it, as the brand filed for bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) . Megha Mittal (/wiki/Megha_Mittal) , a member of an Indian steelmaking company, bought Escada and saved the company in 2009. Sälzer was retained as CEO, [1] (#cite_note-europeanceo-1) and thanked for his "relentless efforts" so far at the firm. [4] (#cite_note-Bruno_Salzer-4) On 20 February 2014, according to Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , Salzer will step down as CEO of Escada by December 2014. [5] (#cite_note-Bruno_Sälzer_to_Step_Down_at_Escada-5) In July 2014, it was announced that Salzer would take up the role of CEO and chairman of the Bench (/wiki/Bench_(Philippine_clothing_brand)) fashion brand on 1 December, commenting, "Bench fashion is an expression of young people's attitude towards life in the age of the internet and social media: individual, casual and with an eye for their own style. This exciting brand appeals to a target group which is of increasing importance for the fashion industry. What is important for me is that I am able to have a long-term entrepreneurial stake in Bench." [6] (#cite_note-6) Sälzer is board member of Lacoste, Paris, since 2013, of Deichmann SE (/wiki/Deichmann_SE) , Essen, since 2008 and of Amer Sports (/wiki/Amer_Sports) , Helsinki, since 2008. In March 2017 he was elected as chairman of Amer Sports. He retained this function until the takeover of Amer Sports Corp. by Anta Sports Limited, Jinjiang, China, in April 2019. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2018, Sälzer took on a supervisory board mandate at Ludwig Beck AG in Munich, and in July 2020 he became chairman of the supervisory board. Since 2020, Sälzer has been a member of the board of directors of Zino Davidoff SA in Basel. From 2021 to 2023, he took on the role of Executive Advisor in the management of AlphaTauri, Red Bull's premium fashion brand. [8] (#cite_note-8) As part of the IPO on the New York Stock Exchange in February 2024, Sälzer has returned to Amer Sports as Lead Independent Director. [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Bruno Salzer" (http://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/bruno-salzer) . 13 January 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hume, Marion (18 March 2008). "Big Boss" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080408093453/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1722985,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1722985,00.html) on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) FashionUnited (2018-03-19). "Bruno Sälzer gibt Chefposten bei Bench auf" (https://fashionunited.de/nachrichten/personen/bruno-saelzer-gibt-chefposten-bei-bench-auf/2018031924704) . FashionUnited (in German) . Retrieved 2024-03-18 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Bruno Salzer" (http://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/2011/01/bruno-salzer/) . EuropeanCEO.com. 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bruno_Sälzer_to_Step_Down_at_Escada_5-0) Drier, Melissa (20 February 2014). "Bruno Sälzer to Step Down at Escada" (http://www.wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/bruno-slzer-to-step-down-at-escada-7489200?src=n/newsAlert/20140220-3) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Escada CEO moves to Bench as it announces 'renewed design ethos' (http://www.thedrum.com/news/2014/07/01/escada-ceo-moves-bench-it-announces-renewed-design-ethos) " (http://www.thedrum.com/news/2014/07/01/escada-ceo-moves-bench-it-announces-renewed-design-ethos) . The Drum. 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Amer Sports appoints Bruno Sälzer as new Chairman" (https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-amer-sports-appoints-bruno-slzer-a-idUSFWN1GM0OW/) . 9 March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Ludwig Beck: Ehemaliger Hugo-Boss-Chef Bruno Sälzer übernimmt Vorsitz des Aufsichtsrates" (https://fashionunited.de/nachrichten/personen/ludwig-beck-ehemaliger-hugo-boss-chef-bruno-saelzer-uebernimmt-vorsitz-des-aufsichtsrates/2020080336602) . FashionUnited (in German). 2020-08-03 . Retrieved 2023-05-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) magazin, Martin Mehringer, manager (2024-02-22). "(m+) Bruno Sälzer: Ex-Chef von Hugo Boss verlässt Red Bull" (https://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/handel/mode-bruno-saelzer-verlaesst-red-bull-tochter-alpha-tauri-a-0324611d-33f9-427d-8f7f-328a268d032f) . www.manager-magazin.de (in German) . Retrieved 2024-03-18 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/171435927) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1012780201) People Deutsche Biographie (https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1012780201.html?language=en) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5797866c44‐d68nq Cached time: 20240626230002 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.426 seconds Real time usage: 0.520 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1821/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23513/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 895/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 41077/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.285/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5455862/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 488.253 1 -total 43.76% 213.653 1 Template:Infobox_person 34.90% 170.396 1 Template:Reflist 27.80% 135.717 7 Template:Cite_web 19.40% 94.733 1 Template:Authority_control 16.66% 81.358 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 13.71% 66.956 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 5.69% 27.764 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 4.14% 20.206 15 Template:Main_other 3.01% 14.692 1 Template:Unbulleted_list Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31159048-0!canonical and timestamp 20240626230002 and revision id 1214343701. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Sälzer&oldid=1214343701 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Sälzer&oldid=1214343701) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1957 births (/wiki/Category:1957_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) German fashion businesspeople (/wiki/Category:German_fashion_businesspeople) University of Mannheim alumni (/wiki/Category:University_of_Mannheim_alumni) People from Heilbronn (district) (/wiki/Category:People_from_Heilbronn_(district)) Businesspeople from Baden-Württemberg (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg) Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) (/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with DTBIO identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_DTBIO_identifiers)
1940s civilian uniform in Japan Kokumin-fuku The kokumin-fuku ( 国民服 , lit. ' national uniform ' ) was the European-style men's civil uniform (/wiki/Uniform) introduced in Japan (/wiki/Japan) in 1940 during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) A similiar-looking uniform was earlier introduced in Manchuria (/wiki/Manchuria) and was known as kyowa-fuku ( 協和服 ) or kai-fuku ( 会服 ) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Its similarity to a military uniform (/wiki/Military_uniform) was allegedly one of the reasons for heavy casualties among Japanese civilians when the Soviet army attacked (/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War) in 1945. [4] (#cite_note-tana-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) 更新日：2010年11月25日. "戦時衣生活簡素化実施要綱" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080616143836/http://www.ndl.go.jp/horei_jp/kakugi/txt/txt00477.htm) . Ndl.go.jp. Archived from the original (http://www.ndl.go.jp/horei_jp/kakugi/txt/txt00477.htm) on 2008-06-16 . Retrieved 2012-07-22 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "A crash course in wartime Japanese terminology for foreign demons" (http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2015/07/27/language/crash-course-wartime-japanese-terminology-foreign-demons) , Japan Times (/wiki/Japan_Times) ^ (#cite_ref-3) 山下幸生『花も嵐も わが一代記』（文芸社）117ページ。(Yamashita Koki, "Flowers and Storms - My Life Story", Bungeisha, 2001, ISBN 4835509358) ^ (#cite_ref-tana_4-0) 中山隆志 『一九四五年夏 最後の日ソ戦』 中央公論新社〈中公文庫〉、2001年。 (Takashi Nakayama, "Last day of summer 1945 Soviet war", Chuko Bunko , 2001, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 4122038588 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/4122038588) ) This article about the military history of Japan (/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokumin-fuku&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐8x6s8 Cached time: 20240712203201 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.317 seconds Real time usage: 0.419 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 691/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10524/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 676/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13017/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.222/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15512874/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 395.837 1 -total 32.64% 129.190 1 Template:Reflist 23.72% 93.910 1 Template:Cite_web 23.57% 93.306 1 Template:Transliteration 17.66% 69.913 1 Template:Japan-mil-hist-stub 17.09% 67.653 1 Template:Asbox 15.64% 61.893 1 Template:Short_description 9.16% 36.260 2 Template:Pagetype 7.59% 30.034 1 Template:Nihongo3 4.36% 17.243 1 Template:ISBN Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48402254-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712203201 and revision id 1234146032. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokumin-fuku&oldid=1234146032 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokumin-fuku&oldid=1234146032) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Japanese full-body garments (/wiki/Category:Japanese_full-body_garments) Japanese words and phrases (/wiki/Category:Japanese_words_and_phrases) Folk costumes (/wiki/Category:Folk_costumes) History of Asian clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_Asian_clothing) Japanese military history stubs (/wiki/Category:Japanese_military_history_stubs) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Health control procedure against COVID-19 US Ambassador to Indonesia Sung Kim (/wiki/Sung_Kim) accompanied by local officials at the Presidential Palace (/wiki/Merdeka_Palace) wearing face masks amid the COVID-19 pandemic During the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , face masks or coverings, including N95 (/wiki/N95_respirator) , FFP2 (/wiki/FFP_standards#FFP2_mask) , surgical (/wiki/Surgical_mask) , and cloth masks (/wiki/Cloth_face_mask) , have been employed as public and personal health control measures against the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (/wiki/SARS-CoV-2) , the virus that causes COVID-19 (/wiki/COVID-19) . In community and healthcare settings, the use of face masks is intended as source control (/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)) to limit transmission (/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19) of the virus and for personal protection to prevent infection. [1] (#cite_note-AR2021-1) Properly worn masks both limit the respiratory droplets (/wiki/Respiratory_droplet) and aerosols (/wiki/Airborne_transmission) spread by infected individuals and help protect healthy individuals from infection. [2] (#cite_note-Matuschek-2) [3] (#cite_note-interplay-3) Reviews of various kinds of scientific studies have concluded that masking is effective in protecting the individual against COVID-19. [2] (#cite_note-Matuschek-2) [4] (#cite_note-Talic-4) [5] (#cite_note-cdc-sci-5) Various case-control (/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study) and population-based studies have also shown that increased levels of masking in a community reduces the spread of SARS-CoV-2, [4] (#cite_note-Talic-4) [5] (#cite_note-cdc-sci-5) though there is a paucity of evidence from randomized controlled trials (/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial) (RCTs). [6] (#cite_note-cochrane-6) [7] (#cite_note-royalsoc-7) Masks vary in how well they work, with N95 (/wiki/N95_respirator) and surgical masks outperforming cloth masks, [8] (#cite_note-Ju-8) but even cloth masks, with their variability in fabric type and mask fit, provide wearers with substantial protection from particles carrying COVID-19. [9] (#cite_note-Ataei-9) Among readily available fabrics, double-layered cotton, hybrid masks, and cotton flannel perform best, [9] (#cite_note-Ataei-9) and filtration effectiveness generally improves with thread count. [8] (#cite_note-Ju-8) Healthcare workers, given their exposure, are recommended against using cloth masks. [9] (#cite_note-Ataei-9) During the public health emergency, governments widely recommended and mandated mask-wearing, and prominent national and intergovernmental health agencies and their leaders recommended the use of masks to reduce transmission, including the WHO (/wiki/WHO) , American (/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention) , European (/wiki/ECDC) , and Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Types of masks [ edit ] Part of a series (/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic) on the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. 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(/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic) Society (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic) Ireland (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland) Malaysia (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia) New Zealand (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand) Russia (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia) UK (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom) US (/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States) COVID-19 portal (/wiki/Portal:COVID-19) v t e Many federal governmental agencies recommended using face masks to avoid COVID-19 transmission. Masks with exhalation valves (/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)#Exhalation_valves) were not recommended because they expelled the wearer's breath outwards, and an infected wearer would transmit the virus through the valve. A second purpose of face masks is to protect each wearer from environments that can infect them, which can be achieved by many models of masks. [10] (#cite_note-10) Various types of masks each provide different levels of protection against COVID-19 transmission, ease of use, and comfort: cloth face masks (/wiki/Cloth_face_mask) surgical masks (/wiki/Surgical_masks) (medical masks) certified face-covering masks (/wiki/N95_respirator) , considered respirators, with certifications (/wiki/Mechanical_filter_respirator) such as N95 (/wiki/N95_respirator) and N99, and FFP (/wiki/FFP_respirator) filtering respirators (/wiki/Filtering_facepiece_respirator) with certifications (/wiki/Mechanical_filter_respirator) such as N95 (/wiki/N95_respirator) and N99, and FFP (/wiki/FFP_respirator) other respirators (/wiki/Respirator) , including elastomeric respirators (/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator) , some of which may also be considered filtering masks There are some other types of personal protective equipment (/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment) (PPE), such as face shields (/wiki/Face_shield) and medical goggles (/wiki/Goggles) , which are sometimes used in conjunction with face masks but were not recommended as a replacement. [11] (#cite_note-11) Other kinds of PPE include gloves, aprons, gowns, shoe covers, and hair covers. [12] (#cite_note-:3-12) There have been shortages (/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic) of masks, which have led to the use of uncertified masks, with worse performance. [13] (#cite_note-13) Cloth masks [ edit ] Main article: Cloth face mask (/wiki/Cloth_face_mask) Cloth face masks A cloth face mask (/wiki/Cloth_face_mask) is worn over the mouth and nose and made of common textiles such as cotton. Masks vary widely in effectiveness, depending on factors such as material, fit and seal, and the number of layers. They are usually less effective at filtering than surgical masks and offer much less protection. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-Filtration_Efficiencies_of_Nanoscal-15) Unlike disposable masks, there are no required standards for cloth masks. [16] (#cite_note-scoping-16) One 2020 study found that a cloth mask was better than nothing, but not as good as a soft electret (/wiki/Electret) -filter surgical mask for protecting healthcare workers while simulating the treatment of an artificially infected patient. [16] (#cite_note-scoping-16) Research on commonly available fabrics used in cloth masks found that cloth masks can provide significant protection against the transmission of particles in the aerosol size range, with enhanced performance across the nanoscale and microscale when masks use both mechanical and electrostatic-based filtration, but that leakage due to improper fit can degrade performance. [17] (#cite_note-pmid32329337-17) A review of available research published in January 2021 concludes that cloth masks are not considered adequate to protect healthcare practitioners in a clinical setting. [18] (#cite_note-18) A 2013 study had volunteers wear masks they made themselves from cotton T-shirts, following the pattern of a standard tie behind the head surgical mask, [19] (#cite_note-19) and found the number of microscopic particles that leaked to the inside of the homemade masks was twice that of commercial masks. Wearing homemade masks also leaked a median (/wiki/Median) average of three times as many microorganisms as commercial masks. But another 2020 study found that masks made of at least two layers of T-shirt fabric could be as protective against virus droplets as medical masks, and as breathable. [20] (#cite_note-pmid32835043-20) World Health Organization infographic on how to wear a non-medical fabric mask safely [21] (#cite_note-wahtum-21) A 2020 peer-reviewed summary of published literature on the filtration properties of cloth and cloth masks recommends two to four layers of plain-weave cotton or flannel of at least 100 threads per inch. [22] (#cite_note-pmid33012350-22) There is a trade-off in that increasing the number of layers increases the filtration of the material but decreases how easy it is for a person to breathe through the mask. [23] (#cite_note-Clase2020-23) As of May 2020, there was no research on decontaminating and reusing cloth masks. [16] (#cite_note-scoping-16) The CDC recommends removing a mask by handling only the ear loops or ties, placing it directly in a washing machine (/wiki/Washing_machine) , and immediately washing hands in soap and water for at least twenty seconds. Cold water is considered as effective as warm water for decontamination. [24] (#cite_note-24) The CDC also recommends washing hands before putting on the mask and again immediately after touching it. [25] (#cite_note-25) There is no information on reusing an interlayer filter. Disposing of filters after a single use may be desirable. [16] (#cite_note-scoping-16) A narrative review of the literature on the filtration properties of cloth and other household materials did not find support for using a filter. A layer of cloth, if tolerated, was suggested instead, [22] (#cite_note-pmid33012350-22) or a PM2.5 filter, as a third layer. [26] (#cite_note-26) The United States Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) (EPA) Study published on 5 April 2021, showed extremely varied performance across cotton masks. The results of the EPA study found that "a three-layer knitted cotton mask blocked an average of 26.5 percent of particles in the chamber, while a washed, two-layer woven nylon mask with a filter insert and metal nose bridge blocked 79 percent of particles on average." [27] (#cite_note-:4-27) Ultimately, the researchers found that fabric and fit are the two most vital factors when recommending masks to the public and further research is being conducted on variables such as facial hair and face shape on mask fit. [27] (#cite_note-:4-27) Surgical masks [ edit ] Main article: Surgical mask (/wiki/Surgical_mask) World Health Organization infographic on how to wear a medical mask safely [21] (#cite_note-wahtum-21) A surgical mask is a loose-fitting, disposable (/wiki/Disposable_product) mask that creates a physical barrier separating the mouth and nose of the wearer from potential contaminants (/wiki/Contamination) in the immediate environment. If worn properly, a surgical mask is meant to help block large-particle droplets (/wiki/Respiratory_droplets) , splashes, sprays (/wiki/Spray_(liquid_drop)) , or splatter that may contain viruses and bacteria, keeping them from reaching the wearer's mouth and nose. Surgical masks may also help reduce exposure of others to the wearer's saliva (/wiki/Saliva) and respiratory secretions. [28] (#cite_note-:2-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen (/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen) wearing a surgical mask Certified medical masks are made of non-woven material, and they are mostly multi-layer. Filters may be made of microfibers (/wiki/Microfibers) with an electrostatic charge; that is, the fibers are electrets (/wiki/Electret) . An electret filter increases the chances that smaller particles will veer and hit a fiber, rather than going straight through (electrostatic capture). [30] (#cite_note-PM03-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-Australia-32) [ better source needed ] [ medical citation needed ] While there is some development work on making electret filtering materials that can be washed and reused, [33] (#cite_note-kaist-33) current commercially produced electret filters are ruined by many forms of disinfection, including washing with soap and water or alcohol, which destroys the electric charge. [34] (#cite_note-CDC_guidelines-34) During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health authorities issued guidelines on how to save, disinfect and reuse electret-filter masks (/wiki/Mechanical_filter_respirator#Disinfection_and_reuse) without damaging the filtration efficiency. [34] (#cite_note-CDC_guidelines-34) [35] (#cite_note-paperbag-35) Standard disposable surgical masks are not designed to be washed. Surgical masks may be labeled as surgical, isolation, dental, or medical procedure masks. [28] (#cite_note-:2-28) The material surgical masks are made from is much poorer at filtering very small particles (in the range of a tenth of a micrometer to a micrometer across) than that of filtering respirators (for example N95, FFP2) and the fit is much poorer. [28] (#cite_note-:2-28) Surgical masks are made of a non-woven fabric created using a melt blowing (/wiki/Melt_blowing) process. [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) Random control studies of respiratory infections like influenza (/wiki/Influenza) find little difference in protection between surgical masks and respirators (such as N95 or FFP masks). [38] (#cite_note-38) However, the filtering performance of correctly worn N95/FFP2 type filtering respirators is clearly superior to surgical and to cloth masks [15] (#cite_note-Filtration_Efficiencies_of_Nanoscal-15) and for influenza, work by the UK Health and Safety executive [39] (#cite_note-39) found that live virus penetrated all surgical masks tested but properly fitted respirators reduced the viral dose by a factor of at least a hundred. Surgical masks made to different standards in different regions of the world have different ranges of particles which they filter. For example, the People's Republic of China regulates two types of such masks: single-use medical masks (Chinese standard YY/T 0969) and surgical masks (YY 0469). The latter ones are required to filter bacteria-sized particles ( BFE (/wiki/Bacterial_filtration_efficiency) ≥ 95%) and some virus-sized particles (PFE ≥ 30%), while the former ones are required to only filter bacteria-sized particles. [40] (#cite_note-standards-40) [41] (#cite_note-YY0469-41) [42] (#cite_note-YY0969-42) Modifications [ edit ] The effectiveness of surgical masks in limiting particle transmission is a function of material and fit. [43] (#cite_note-43) Since the start of the pandemic, scientists have evaluated various modifications to ear loop surgical masks aimed at improving mask efficacy by reducing or eliminating gaps between the mask and face. [44] (#cite_note-JAMA-modifications-44) The CDC evaluated and recommended two such modifications to ear loop masks to minimize the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Under regular use, the CDC found that a surgical mask worn by a coughing individual blocked 41.3% of simulated cough aerosols (0.1–7.0 μm particle size) from reaching a second individual six feet away. However, by applying a knot and tuck technique, [a] (#cite_note-45) 62.9% of particles were blocked. When the surgical mask was covered with a larger cloth mask, 82% of the particles were blocked. When both the source and recipient wore masks, 84% of the particles were blocked. The number increased to more than 95% when both parties either wore double masks (surgical mask with larger cloth mask) or used the knot and tuck technique. [45] (#cite_note-46) Another type of modification was aimed to improve the comfort of the wearers. Early in the pandemic, healthcare workers were required to continue wearing surgical masks for 12 or more hours a day. This caused the ear loops of the masks to chafe the back of their ears. Ear savers (/wiki/Ear_saver) , plastic straps, and hooks that go around wearer's heads, were invented to move the ear loops away from the wearer's ears. They could be made on demand by using a 3D printing (/wiki/3D_printing) process. [46] (#cite_note-47) An improved version approaches the model efficacy of N95 respirators. [47] (#cite_note-48) Filtering respirators [ edit ] Main article: Mechanical filter (respirator) (/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)) N95 mask An N95 mask (/wiki/N95_mask) is a particulate-filtering facepiece respirator (/wiki/Respirator) that meets the N95 air filtration rating (/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating) of the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health) , meaning it filters at least 95 percent of 0.3 μm airborne particles (/wiki/Airborne_particles) , while not resistant to oil like the P95. It is the most common particulate-filtering facepiece respirator. [48] (#cite_note-49) It is an example of a mechanical filter respirator (/wiki/Mechanical_filter_respirator) , which provides protection against particulates (/wiki/Particulates) , but not gases or vapors (/wiki/Vapor) . [49] (#cite_note-50) Like the middle layer of [50] (#cite_note-Naveed-51) surgical masks, the N95 mask is made of four layers [16] (#cite_note-scoping-16) of melt-blown nonwoven polypropylene fabric. [51] (#cite_note-VOADeliver-52) [52] (#cite_note-53) [ unreliable medical source? ] The corresponding face mask used in the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) is the FFP2 respirator (/wiki/FFP_mask) . [53] (#cite_note-54) [54] (#cite_note-:12-55) Hard electret-filter masks like N95 and FFP masks must fit the face to provide full protection. Untrained users often get a reasonable fit, but fewer than one in four gets a perfect fit. Fit testing is thus standard, though debated. [55] (#cite_note-56) [56] (#cite_note-57) A line of petroleum jelly (/wiki/Petroleum_jelly) on the edge of the mask [57] (#cite_note-source-58) has been shown to reduce edge leakage [16] (#cite_note-scoping-16) in lab tests using mannequins (/wiki/Mannequin) that simulate breathing. [57] (#cite_note-source-58) Some N95 series respirators, especially those intended for industrial use, have an exhalation valve to improve comfort, making exhalation easier and reducing leakage on exhalation and steaming up of glasses. But those respirators are not reliable for the control of infected people ( source control (/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)) ) in respiratory diseases such as COVID-19, because infected users (asymptomatic or not) would transmit the virus to others through the valve. [58] (#cite_note-59) During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were shortages of filtering facepiece respirators, and they had to be used for extended periods, and/or disinfected and reused. At the time, public health authorities issued guidelines on how to save, disinfect and reuse masks (/wiki/Mechanical_filter_respirator#Disinfection_and_reuse) , as some disinfection methods damaged their filtration efficiency. [34] (#cite_note-CDC_guidelines-34) [35] (#cite_note-paperbag-35) Some hospitals stockpiled used masks as a precaution, [59] (#cite_note-60) and some had to sanitize and reuse masks. Face shields and eye protection [ edit ] Main article: Face shield (/wiki/Face_shield) Guidelines for recommended use of face shield in conjunction with N95 respirators and medical face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic A medical worker wearing a face shield (/wiki/Face_shield) adjunct to other personal protective equipment (/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment) at a COVID-19 testing site The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention) (CDC) does not recommend the use of face shields as a substitute for masks to help slow the spread of COVID-19. [60] (#cite_note-cdc7820-61) In a study by Lindsley et al. (7 January 2021) funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health) , part of the CDC, face shields were found to block very few cough aerosols in contrast to face coverings – such as cloth masks, procedure masks, and N95 respirators – indicating that face shields are not effective as source control devices for small respiratory aerosols and that face coverings are more effective than face shields as source control devices to reduce the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2. [61] (#cite_note-lin-eff-62) In a scoping review, Godoy et al. (5 May 2020) said face shields are used for barrier protection against splash and splatter contamination but should not be used as primary protection against respiratory disease transmission due to the lack of a peripheral seal rather than as an adjunct to other facial protection. [16] (#cite_note-scoping-16) They remarked that face shields have been used like this alongside medical-grade masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. [16] (#cite_note-scoping-16) They cited a cough simulation study by Lindsley et al. (2014) in which face shields were shown to reduce the risk of inhalation exposure up to 95% immediately following aerosol production, but the protection was decreased with smaller aerosol particles and persistent airborne particles around the sides. [62] (#cite_note-63) There is weak evidence that the use of eye protection including face shields is associated with less infection. [63] (#cite_note-lan-chu-64) Elastomeric respirators [ edit ] Main article: Elastomeric respirator (/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator) Surgeons wearing full-facepiece elastomeric respirators while doing tracheostomy (/wiki/Tracheostomy) to a COVID-19 patient in Russia Elastomeric respirators are reusable personal protective equipment comprising a tight-fitting half-facepiece or full-facepiece respirator with exchangeable filters such as cartridge filters. [64] (#cite_note-elastomeric-65) They provide an alternative respiratory protection option to filtering facepiece respirators such as N95 masks. Some healthcare workers have used them during times of short supply caused by the pandemic, as they can be reused over an extended period in healthcare settings. [64] (#cite_note-elastomeric-65) [65] (#cite_note-chi-ela-66) However, most elastomeric respirators have an unfiltered exhalation vent which would allow the virus to spread from the wearer. [65] (#cite_note-chi-ela-66) For the COVID-19 response when supplies are short, the US CDC says contingency and crisis strategies should be followed: Each elastomeric respirator is issued for the exclusive use of an individual healthcare provider but must be cleaned and disinfected as often as necessary to remain unspoiled and sanitary. If there is no other option than to share a respirator between healthcare providers, the respirator must be cleaned and disinfected before it is worn by a different individual. Filters (except for unprotected disc types) may be used for an extended period, but the filter housing of cartridge types must be disinfected after each patient interaction. [64] (#cite_note-elastomeric-65) Powered air-purifying respirators [ edit ] Main article: Powered air-purifying respirator (/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator) A powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) is a personal protective equipment in which a device with a filter and fan creates a highly filtered airflow towards the headpiece and a positive outflow of air from the headpiece. [66] (#cite_note-how-agp-67) There is an increased risk for healthcare workers to become exposed to SARS-CoV-2 when they conduct aerosol-generating procedures (/wiki/Aerosol-generating_procedure) on COVID-19 patients, which is why it is argued that such situations may require enhanced personal protective equipment (i.e., higher than N95) such as PAPRs for healthcare workers. [66] (#cite_note-how-agp-67) [67] (#cite_note-68) In a systematic review, Licina, Silvers, and Stuart (8 August 2020) said field studies indicate that there were equivalent rates of infection among healthcare workers who performed airway procedures on critical COVID-19 patients using PAPRs or other appropriate respiratory equipment (such as N95 or FFP2), but remarked that there is a need to further collect field data about optimal respiratory protection during highly virulent pandemics. [68] (#cite_note-69) Face masks with exhalation valves [ edit ] See also: Exhalation valves (/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)#Exhalation_valves) Flow visualizations comparing face mask efficacy with and without exhalation valve, illustrating the concern that exhalation valves allow exhaled respiratory droplets to reach others in proximity and would therefore not be appropriate in source control (/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)) strategies [69] (#cite_note-70) Some masks include an exhalation valve to expel the breath outwards, but that airflow is not filtered. Certification (as N95 or FFP2) is about the mask itself and does not warrant any safety about the air that is exhaled. Putting tape over the exhalation valve can make a mask or respirator as effective as one without a valve. [70] (#cite_note-71) Scientists have visualized droplet dispersal for masks with exhalation valves (/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)#Exhalation_valves) and face shields (/wiki/Face_shield) and concluded that they can be ineffective against COVID-19 spread (e.g., after a cough) and recommended alternatives. [71] (#cite_note-72) [72] (#cite_note-73) A later study showed that some (but not all) respirators with exhalation valves can perform as well as a surgical mask. However, a respirator without an exhalation valve should still be preferred. [73] (#cite_note-new_exhale-74) Recommendations [ edit ] The use of face masks or coverings by the general public has been recommended by health officials to minimize the risk of transmissions, with authorities either requiring their use in certain settings, such as on public transport and in shops, or universally in public. Health officials had advised that medical-grade face masks, such as respirators (/wiki/Respirator) , should be prioritized for use by healthcare workers in view of critical shortages, so they used to generally first and foremost recommend cloth masks for the general public. [74] (#cite_note-ecdc-apr-75) [75] (#cite_note-who20200606-76) However, recommendations have changed as the body of scientific knowledge evolved. [76] (#cite_note-mask_not_mask-77) Scientists now recommend having a triple-layered surgical mask and a respirator. [77] (#cite_note-78) According to #Masks4All, in September 2020, approximately 95% of the world population lived in a country where the government and leading disease experts recommend or require the use of masks in public places to limit the spread of COVID-19. [78] (#cite_note-masks4all-79) World Health Organization [ edit ] A video from the World Health Organization (/wiki/World_Health_Organization) regarding different types of face masks and how to use them Early in 2020, the WHO (/wiki/World_Health_Organization) had only recommended medical masks for people with suspected infection and respiratory symptoms, their caregivers and those sharing living space, and healthcare workers. [79] (#cite_note-80) [80] (#cite_note-81) [81] (#cite_note-who-6420-82) In April 2020, the WHO acknowledged that wearing a medical mask can limit the spread of certain respiratory viral diseases including COVID-19 but claimed that medical masks would create a false sense of security and neglect of other necessary measures, such as hand hygiene. [81] (#cite_note-who-6420-82) The early WHO advice on limited mask usage was scrutinized for several reasons. First, experts and researchers pointed out the asymptomatic transmission of the virus. [82] (#cite_note-kes-pma-83) [83] (#cite_note-pri.org-84) [84] (#cite_note-BackfiredNYT-85) [85] (#cite_note-feng-rati-86) [86] (#cite_note-87) Second, according to Marteau et al. (27 July 2020), available evidence does not support the notion that masking adversely affects hand hygiene: [87] (#cite_note-88) Dame Theresa Marteau (/wiki/Theresa_Marteau) , one of the researchers, remarked that "The concept of risk compensation (/wiki/Risk_compensation) , rather than risk compensation itself, seems the greater threat to public health through delaying potentially effective interventions that can help prevent the spread of disease." [88] (#cite_note-89) The WHO revised its mask guidance in June 2020, with its officials acknowledging that studies indicated asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic spread. [89] (#cite_note-90) The updated advice recommended that the general public should wear non-medical fabric masks (/wiki/Cloth_face_mask) where there is known or suspected widespread transmission and where physical distancing is not possible, and that vulnerable people (60 and over, or with underlying health risks) and people with any symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 as well as caregivers and healthcare workers should wear surgical or procedure masks (/wiki/Surgical_mask) . [75] (#cite_note-who20200606-76) They stated that the purpose of mask usage is to prevent the wearer transmitting the virus to others (source control) and to offer protection to healthy wearers against infection (prevention). [75] (#cite_note-who20200606-76) The WHO advises that non-medical fabric masks should comprise a minimum of three layers, [75] (#cite_note-who20200606-76) suggesting an inner layer made of absorbent (/wiki/Hydrophilic) material (such as cotton), a middle layer made of non-woven (/wiki/Non-woven) material (such as polypropylene) which may enhance filtration or retain droplets, and an outer layer made of non-absorbent (/wiki/Hydrophobic) material (such as polyester or its blends) which may limit external contamination from penetration. [90] (#cite_note-91) On 21 August 2020, the WHO and UNICEF (/wiki/UNICEF) released an annex guidance for children. [91] (#cite_note-who-chi-92) For children five and younger, they advise that masks should not be required in consideration to a child's developmental milestones, compliance challenges, and autonomy required to use a mask properly, but recognized that the evidence supporting their cut-off age is limited and countries may hold a different and lower age of cut-off. [91] (#cite_note-who-chi-92) For children 6–11, they advise that mask usage should be decided in consideration of several factors including the intensity of local viral transmission, (the latest evidence about) the risk of infection for the age group, the social and cultural environment (which influences social interactions in communities and populations), the capacity to comply with appropriate mask usage, the availability of appropriate adult supervision, and the potential impact on learning and psychosocial development, as well as additional factors involving specific settings or circumstances (such as disabilities, underlying diseases, elderly people, sport activities, and schools). [91] (#cite_note-who-chi-92) For children 12 and older, they advise that masks should be worn under the same conditions for adults in accordance with WHO guidance or national guidelines. [91] (#cite_note-who-chi-92) Regarding the use of non-medical fabric masks in the general population, the WHO has stated that high-quality evidence for its widespread use is limited, but advises governments to encourage its use as physical distancing may not be possible in some settings, there is some evidence for asymptomatic transmission, and masks could be helpful to provide a barrier to limit the spread of potentially infectious droplets. [92] (#cite_note-93) United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [ edit ] Further information: Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States) Guidance from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention) on using and making cloth masks during the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) [93] (#cite_note-94) Early in 2020, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention) (CDC) said it did not recommend the use of face masks for the general public. [94] (#cite_note-bi-clg-95) [95] (#cite_note-96) However, on 3 April 2020, the CDC changed its advice to recommend that people wear cloth face coverings "in public settings when around people outside their household, especially when social distancing measures are difficult to maintain". [96] (#cite_note-97) [97] (#cite_note-98) In response to a media inquiry by National Public Radio (/wiki/National_Public_Radio) , the CDC said that this change in guidelines was due to the increasing and widespread transmission of the virus, citing studies published in February and March showing pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission. [98] (#cite_note-NPRMasks2-99) In a subsequent interview and JAMA (/wiki/JAMA) editorial, the CDC director Robert R. Redfield (/wiki/Robert_R._Redfield) explained that the CDC's early guidance had been premised on an initial absence of evidence (/wiki/Absence_of_evidence) of disease transmission from pre- and asymptomatic individuals. [99] (#cite_note-100) [100] (#cite_note-jama-umt-101) [101] (#cite_note-102) The CDC does not recommend masks with exhalation (/wiki/Exhalation) valves or vents for source control. [60] (#cite_note-cdc7820-61) In the healthcare workers' guidance, if only respirators with valves are available and source control is needed, the CDC recommends that the valve should be covered with a surgical mask, procedure mask, or cloth face covering. [102] (#cite_note-103) On 28 June, the CDC stated the "CDC recommends that people wear cloth face coverings in public settings and when around people who don't live in your household, especially when other social distancing (/wiki/Social_distancing) measures are difficult to maintain. Cloth face coverings may help prevent people who have COVID-19 from spreading the virus to others. Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of COVID-19 when they are widely used by people in public settings." [103] (#cite_note-con28620-104) The CDC provided the caveat that cloth face coverings should not be worn by children under the age of two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who are unconscious, incapacitated, or otherwise unable to remove the mask without assistance. [103] (#cite_note-con28620-104) In August 2020, the CDC added that exhalation (/wiki/Exhalation) valves or vents in masks do not help prevent the person wearing the mask from spreading COVID-19 to others. [60] (#cite_note-cdc7820-61) [104] (#cite_note-105) In a November 2020 scientific brief, the CDC reiterated their recommendation for the community use of masks and specifically non-valved multi-layer cloth masks to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2. [105] (#cite_note-cdc-sccom-106) They say the community's use of masks serves two primary purposes: to reduce the emission of virus-laden droplets from exhalation into the environment ( source control (/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)) ), which is especially relevant for asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infected wearers who feel well and may be unaware of their infectiousness to others, and to reduce inhalation of these droplets through filtration for the wearer (personal protection). [105] (#cite_note-cdc-sccom-106) For filtration, the CDC says some fabrics (such as silk) may hydrophobically (/wiki/Hydrophobe) repel moist droplets, whereas other fabrics (such as polyester (/wiki/Polyester) or polypropylene (/wiki/Polypropylene) ) may electrostatically (/wiki/Electrostatics) capture droplets. [105] (#cite_note-cdc-sccom-106) They concluded that the benefit of masking for SARS-CoV-2 (/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2) control is derived from the combination of source control and personal protection, which is likely complementary and possibly synergistic so that individual benefit increases with increasing community mask use. [105] (#cite_note-cdc-sccom-106) The CDC said healthcare personnel should wear a NIOSH-approved N95 (or equivalent or higher-level) respirator or a face mask (if a respirator is not available) with a face shield or goggles as part of their personal protective equipment (/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment) , while patients with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection should wear a face mask or cloth face covering during transport. [106] (#cite_note-cdcppe-107) As crisis strategy for known shortages of N95 respirators in healthcare settings, among other sequential measures, the CDC suggests use of respirators beyond the manufacturer-designated shelf life, use of respirators approved under standards used in other countries that are similar to NIOSH-approved respirators, limited re-use of respirators, use of additional respirators beyond the manufacturer-designated shelf life that have not been evaluated by NIOSH, and prioritizing the use of respirators and face masks by activity type. [107] (#cite_note-108) In late July 2021, the CDC changed guidelines to recommend people, including those who are vaccinated, to continue masking in public indoor settings in areas with substantial and high transmission—as there are indications that the coronavirus such as the Delta variant (/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant) may infect even vaccinated people in rare occasions—to help prevent transmission to other people. [108] (#cite_note-109) [109] (#cite_note-110) Previously, the CDC updated public guidance from May 2021 stated that those who are fully vaccinated can "resume activities without wearing masks or physically distancing, except where required by federal, state, local, tribal, or territorial laws, rules and regulations, including local business and workplace guidance." [110] (#cite_note-111) However, critics posited that it was predicated on a key social factor, namely whether people can be trusted to wear a mask if they are not fully vaccinated. [111] (#cite_note-112) [112] (#cite_note-113) [113] (#cite_note-114) On 25 February 2022, the CDC changed its guidelines to suggest that 70% of Americans need no longer wear masks, and no longer need to social distance or avoid crowded spaces. [114] (#cite_note-115) Under the new guidance, Americans in counties designated as medium-to-low-risk can go indoors without masks. In accordance with these new CDC guidelines, a number of US states ended their mask mandates for indoor spaces. However, federal officials emphasized that regardless of local conditions, individuals with COVID-19 or COVID-19 symptoms, as well as individuals who consider themselves to be high-risk, should continue to wear facial coverings. In addition to this, the CDC also dropped its recommendation for universal school mask mandates. [115] (#cite_note-116) These new recommendations assessed COVID-19 hospitalizations as well as the proportion of beds occupied by COVID-19 patients in certain areas. Criticism of guidance [ edit ] Larry Gostin (/wiki/Larry_Gostin) , a professor of public health law, said initial CDC and WHO guidance had given the public the wrong impression that masks do not work, even though scientific evidence to the contrary was already available. [98] (#cite_note-NPRMasks2-99) The confusing changing advice from discouraging to recommending public masking has led to decreasing public trust in the CDC. [84] (#cite_note-BackfiredNYT-85) [116] (#cite_note-117) In June 2020 Anthony Fauci (/wiki/Anthony_Fauci) , a leading infectious disease expert for the United States government, stated that the delay in recommending general mask use was motivated by a desire to conserve dwindling supplies for medical professionals. [117] (#cite_note-JankowiczBI-118) Since September 2021, the director of the CDC, Rochelle Walensky, indicated that the schools that did not have mask mandates were 3.5 times as likely to experience COVID outbreaks as the ones that did. This statement caused controversy because the basis for it was an outlier study criticized by some experts as unreliable and basically useless to learn about the effects of mask mandates. [118] (#cite_note-119) China [ edit ] See also: Anti-mask law § Asia-Pacific (/wiki/Anti-mask_law#Asia-Pacific) In March 2020, when asked about the mistakes that other countries were making during the pandemic, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention) director-general George Fu Gao (/wiki/George_Fu_Gao) said: The big mistake in the U.S. and Europe, in my opinion, is that people aren't wearing masks. This virus is transmitted by droplets and close contact. Droplets play a very important role – you've got to wear a mask because when you speak, there are always droplets coming out of your mouth. Many people have asymptomatic (/wiki/Asymptomatic) or pre-symptomatic infections. If they are wearing face masks, it can prevent droplets that carry the virus from escaping and infecting others. [119] (#cite_note-120) Europe [ edit ] See also: Anti-mask law § Europe (/wiki/Anti-mask_law#Europe) Masked participants in the 2020 edition of the Mille Miglia (/wiki/Mille_Miglia) road race in Brescia (/wiki/Brescia) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Most countries in Europe introduced mandatory face mask rules for public places. [120] (#cite_note-121) [121] (#cite_note-voa-nor-122) On 8 April 2020, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control) (ECDC) published its masking recommendations, saying that the "use of face masks in the community could be considered, especially when visiting busy, closed spaces". [122] (#cite_note-123) [74] (#cite_note-ecdc-apr-75) On 15 February 2021, ECDC updated the recommendation stating, "Although the evidence for the use of medical face masks in the community to prevent COVID-19 is limited, face masks should be considered as a non-pharmaceutical intervention in combination with other measures as part of efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic." [123] (#cite_note-124) The Nordic countries (/wiki/Nordic_countries) and the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) have been a notable exceptions in supporting the use of face masks, [121] (#cite_note-voa-nor-122) [124] (#cite_note-125) but eventually started to recommend masks. For example, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands) , wearing a mouth/nose mask was made mandatory on public transportation per 1 June 2020. [125] (#cite_note-amsterdamshallowman.com-126) The main reasoning against masks recommendations given by officials in the Nordic countries was that public masking is deemed an unnecessary precaution when infection levels remain low. [126] (#cite_note-127) In June 2020, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Public_Health) said asymptomatic individuals wearing face masks were not to be recommended due to the low prevalence of COVID-19 in the country but noted that it should be reconsidered if cases rise. [127] (#cite_note-128) Similarly, on 30 July 2020, the Danish Health Authority (/wiki/Danish_Health_Authority) director Søren Brostrøm (/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Brostr%C3%B8m) said face covers did not make sense in the current situation with low infection levels, but that they needed to evaluate whether it could make sense in the long term. [128] (#cite_note-bar-den-129) [129] (#cite_note-130) Sweden was notable as a country where face masks were not recommended to the general public and the State Epidemiologist of Sweden (/wiki/State_epidemiologist_(Sweden)) , Anders Tegnell (/wiki/Anders_Tegnell) , was an opponent to face masks among the general population, although he stated that face masks might be suitable in workplaces where people are one to two meters from each other for more than fifteen minutes, something which some Swedish and foreign media have interpreted as a recommendation. [130] (#cite_note-131) [131] (#cite_note-132) This position was slightly reversed when Prime Minister of Sweden (/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden) , Stefan Löfven (/wiki/Stefan_L%C3%B6fven) , announced that they were recommending face masks on 18 December 2020. [132] (#cite_note-133) The Public Health Agency of Sweden (/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Sweden) later clarified on their website that the recommendation would include citizens born before 2004 to wear masks during rush hour on public transportation throughout the country from 7 January 2021 onward. [133] (#cite_note-fol-7jan-134) On 20 December 2020, two days after the announcement was made, Prime Minister Löfven was paparazzied (/wiki/Paparazzi) in a shopping mall in central Stockholm without wearing a face mask. [134] (#cite_note-135) By 22 January 2021, the Stockholm Public Transport (/wiki/Storstockholms_Lokaltrafik) estimated that about half of all passengers on trains and buses wore face masks during rush hour. [135] (#cite_note-136) Among those who chose not to follow the recommendation were Johan Carlson, the Director-General of the Public Health Agency, and Anders Tegnell, the state epidemiologist. [136] (#cite_note-137) [137] (#cite_note-138) Rationale [ edit ] Schlieren (/wiki/Schlieren) image showing the interaction of exhaled airflows between two people [138] (#cite_note-139) Masks are used to limit the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (/wiki/SARS-CoV-2) by respiratory droplets and aerosols, which are thought to be the major pathways of infection, exhaled from infected individuals during breathing, speaking, coughing, and sneezing. [1] (#cite_note-AR2021-1) [139] (#cite_note-ver-vis-140) [140] (#cite_note-141) Properly worn masks are effective in both limiting the spread of the virus by an infected individual and protecting an uninfected individual from infection. [3] (#cite_note-interplay-3) The National Health Commission (/wiki/National_Health_Commission) of China cited the following reasons for the wearing of masks by the public, including healthy individuals: Asymptomatic transmission. Many people can be infected without symptoms or only with mild symptoms. [141] (#cite_note-nhc_why-142) Difficulty or impossibility of appropriate social distancing in many public places at all times. [141] (#cite_note-nhc_why-142) Cost-benefit mismatch. If only infected individuals wear masks, they would have a negative incentive to do so. An infected individual might get nothing positive, but only bear the costs such as inconvenience, purchasing expenses, and even prejudice. [141] (#cite_note-nhc_why-142) There is no shortage of masks in China. The country has the production capacity to meet the demand for masks. [141] (#cite_note-nhc_why-142) Source control [ edit ] In a comment to The Lancet , Kar Keung Cheng, Tai Hing Lam, and Chi Chiu Leung argued that a public health rationale for mass masking is source control (/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)) to protect others from respiratory droplets and underscored the importance of this approach due to asymptomatic transmission. [142] (#cite_note-Wearing_face_masks_in_the_community-143) Wang Linfa, an infectious disease expert who heads a joint Duke University (/wiki/Duke_University) and National University of Singapore (/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore) research team, said masking is about "preventing the spread of disease (/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)) rather than preventing getting the disease (/wiki/Infection) ", remarking that the point is to cover the faces of people who are infected but do not know it, so it is imperative for everyone to wear one in public. [83] (#cite_note-pri.org-84) The US CDC also highlighted the use of masks for source control, pointing out that asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic cases are estimated to account for over 50% of the transmissions. [143] (#cite_note-cdc-cbcu-144) Respiratory tract [ edit ] Monica Gandhi (/wiki/Monica_Gandhi) , a medical professor at the University of California, San Francisco (/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco) , says viral shedding (/wiki/Viral_shedding) at high quantities from the upper respiratory tract (/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract) , characterized by unusually high levels of viral particles, means universal mask wearing is one of the best ways to limit the asymptomatic spread of the virus. [144] (#cite_note-145) Yixuan Hou et al. (July 2020) found that the nasal cavity (/wiki/Nasal_cavity) is the dominant initial site for SARS-CoV-2 infection with subsequent aspiration-mediated virus seeding into the lungs; the authors note that these findings argue for the widespread use of masks to prevent exposure to the nasal passages. [145] (#cite_note-146) Severity [ edit ] In a perspective, Monica Gandhi, Chris Beyrer (/wiki/Chris_Beyrer) , and Eric Goosby (/wiki/Eric_Goosby) posit that masking reduces the dose of the virus for the wearer and thus helps lower the severity of infection. [146] (#cite_note-gbg-ino-147) They highlighted that the proportion of asymptomatic and mild infection increased in settings adopting population-level masking. [146] (#cite_note-gbg-ino-147) One example involved a comparison of outbreaks on cruise ships (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships) : the Diamond Princess (/wiki/Diamond_Princess_(ship)) had 18% asymptomatic cases among all the infected people, but this was 81% in the Greg Mortimer (/wiki/Greg_Mortimer_(ship)) where masks were given to passengers and staff members. [146] (#cite_note-gbg-ino-147) Precautionary [ edit ] Trisha Greenhalgh (/wiki/Trisha_Greenhalgh) et al. argue for the precautionary principle (/wiki/Precautionary_principle) as a reason to adopt policies encouraging the wearing of face masks in public, given that there's much to gain and little to lose from adopting masks considering the seriousness of the outbreak. [147] (#cite_note-148) Others agreed, based on the evidence-based principle that the likely benefits outweighed the likely harms. [148] (#cite_note-149) [149] (#cite_note-150) Distancing [ edit ] Leonardo Setti et al. argue that face masks should be used to complement social distancing (/wiki/Social_distancing) of six feet or two meters, because this inter-personal distance is more effective if people are masked as studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 could be transmitted over greater distances. [150] (#cite_note-151) Chi Chiu Leung et al. also argue that face masks complement social distancing, as a high degree of compliance for distancing is necessary to achieve the greatest impact but is not always achievable. [151] (#cite_note-leu-com-152) For instance, even if social distancing is rigorously practiced, there are necessary person-to-person contacts (such as going to the supermarket and other necessary activities to sustain livelihoods), so masks would help in situations when social distancing is not feasible and maximize the effectiveness of social distancing. [151] (#cite_note-leu-com-152) Touching [ edit ] According to Stephen Griffin, a virologist at the University of Leeds (/wiki/University_of_Leeds) , "Wearing a mask can reduce the propensity for people to touch their faces, which is a major source of infection without proper hand hygiene." [152] (#cite_note-153) Ka Hung Chan and Kwok-Yung Yuen argue that face masks can reduce fomite transmission (/wiki/Fomite_transmission) (in addition to the transmission through droplets or aerosol) of the virus, as masks can prevent people from spreading body fluids by touching their noses or mouths (such as trying to cover up a sneeze or cough). [153] (#cite_note-dis-re-154) A paper by Miyu Moriyama et al. (September 2020), which links the seasonality of respiratory viral diseases to decreased air humidity (/wiki/Humidity) due to indoor heating, argues that mask-wearing helps limit respiratory virus transmission in winter because masks keep the nose warm and moist. [154] (#cite_note-155) Social media claims that masks could reduce the oxygen levels in older people were refuted by a small study of SpO (/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)) 2 levels (/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)) , the results of which were published by JAMA. [155] (#cite_note-156) Efficacy [ edit ] Overall [ edit ] There are two types of evidence for the efficacy of masks: observational studies, and randomised controlled trials (RCTs). While RCTs are more robust, they are too impractical for many public health interventions, yielding insufficient statistical power (/wiki/Statistical_power) and validity. [156] (#cite_note-:0-157) Most of the evidence for the efficacy of masks against COVID comes from observational studies. [157] (#cite_note-roy-soc-158) Due to the paucity of evidence from RCTs, some systematic reviews (/wiki/Systematic_review) have included the observational studies along with the RCTs. [7] (#cite_note-royalsoc-7) [4] (#cite_note-Talic-4) As of August 2023, RCTs played a relatively small role in the evaluation of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the pandemic. [157] (#cite_note-roy-soc-158) A 2023 systematic review from the Cochrane Collaboration (/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration) said the evidence from randomized controlled trials (/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial) was still inconclusive over whether masking prevented the spread of influenza/COVID‐like illness through a population, noting that the answer could be different for different viruses. [6] (#cite_note-cochrane-6) This Cochrane review was criticized for combining studies about influenza and about COVID, which could "yield invalid conclusions". [156] (#cite_note-:0-157) Another 2023 systematic review, by the Royal Society (/wiki/Royal_Society) , found the evidence from RCTs was that masks reduced risk by 12% to 18%. [7] (#cite_note-royalsoc-7) A 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on face mask use in PLOS One (/wiki/PLOS_One) showed that with 95% confidence, masks reduced respiratory infection incidence by between 3% and 19% in a community setting. [158] (#cite_note-Ollila2022-159) A 2023 article in JAMA Network Open (/wiki/JAMA_Network_Open) found that "robust data" support the use of face masks to reduce community transmission of COVID. [156] (#cite_note-:0-157) A 2023 review in Archives of Disease in Childhood (/wiki/Archives_of_Disease_in_Childhood) on mask wearing by children found no good clinical evidence that mask wearing was of benefit for them in preventing COVID-19 transmission or infection. [159] (#cite_note-160) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of masks published in The BMJ (/wiki/The_BMJ) in November 2021 showed that with 95% confidence, masks reduced COVID incidence by between 25% and 71%. This result is based on six primary studies. These studies were of several different types: case-control studies in Thailand and three Western countries (where cases identified whether they were wearing a mask when they had contact with a known positive patient), a randomized control study in Denmark which assessed the impact on mask-wearing on the wearer, a natural experiment that compared US states that implemented mask mandates on the level of COVID, a cross-sectional comparative study in China which surveyed whether a mask protected the wearer, and a retrospective cohort study in China which assessed the impact of masks worn by infected and uninfected family members. Another five studies were not included because they were not directly comparable. They assessed the impact of mask mandates across countries on mortality (finding a 45.7% reduction), of mask mandates in the US on R (/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number#Effective_reproduction_number) (finding a 29% reduction), a comparative incidence of COVID associated with mask-wearing comparing HK and South Korea (finding a significant reduction), a natural experiment across US states finding a significant effect on case rates, and a cross-sectional study assessing a 10% increase in mask wearing led to a 71% reduction in the risk to others. A lot of other papers had to be rejected because of the risk of confounding (/wiki/Confounding) influences. [4] (#cite_note-Talic-4) Other reviews in 2020 and 2021 found that there is consistent evidence that mask-wearing is effective in reducing the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 (/wiki/SARS-CoV-2) virus [5] (#cite_note-cdc-sci-5) [160] (#cite_note-161) and that population-wide masking proved significant in reducing the transmission of COVID-19. [8] (#cite_note-Ju-8) [161] (#cite_note-162) Masks are not of equal efficacy. While N95 masks outperform surgical masks in filtration, healthcare worker population studies have not shown a significant difference between the two, as of June 2021. [8] (#cite_note-Ju-8) N95 and surgical masks, both designed for single use, can be decontaminated at a loss to mask integrity and filtration efficacy. [8] (#cite_note-Ju-8) Both N95 and surgical outperform cloth masks, which the general public has used based on their greater availability during mask supply shortages. [8] (#cite_note-Ju-8) Cloth and fabric masks have protected wearers from COVID-19, with some variability, [9] (#cite_note-Ataei-9) such as fabric type, layer count, and mask fit. [162] (#cite_note-163) Cloth masks are insufficient for healthcare workers and not recommended, according to two randomized controlled trials. [9] (#cite_note-Ataei-9) Several observational studies, including four reviewed in a 2020 Lancet (/wiki/The_Lancet) meta-analysis, have found that masks offer statistically significant protection from infection, although the level of protection varies according to the mask type and setting. [63] (#cite_note-lan-chu-64) Clinical evidence of mask efficacy in COVID-19 transmission was limited and had become a subject of scientific debate by May 2021. [163] (#cite_note-Nanda-164) Clinical studies had not evaluated the efficacy of cloth masks in COVID-19 transmission by the end of 2021. [9] (#cite_note-Ataei-9) Evaluation of cloth mask efficacy is further complicated by the wide variation in fabric and fit, among other factors. [8] (#cite_note-Ju-8) Concerning the precedent of mask efficacy in limiting transmission of respiratory viral illnesses other than COVID, a clinical trial meta-analysis in May 2021 showed no significant evidence of efficacy, though the authors noted the evidence to be poor quality and subject to confounding factors like consistent mask usage adherence. [163] (#cite_note-Nanda-164) Cloth masks [ edit ] Community studies have shown some cloth masks to be effective at filtering respiratory droplets, which can carry SARS-CoV-2. [8] (#cite_note-Ju-8) Cloth masks of a cotton quilt (120 thread per inch), bonded copy paper, flannel, and a chiffon or silk hybrid with cotton are over 90% effective at blocking particles the size droplets that carry SARS-CoV-2, according to an October 2021 review of 42 studies. Multilayered fabrics provided improved breathability and filtration efficacy. Among readily available fabrics, two-layered 100% cotton, two-layered cotton quilt, hybrid masks, and cotton flannel performed best. [9] (#cite_note-Ataei-9) Filtration effectiveness generally improves with thread count. [8] (#cite_note-Ju-8) The use of a face mask can result in significant risk reduction of infection with epidemic-causative beta coronaviruses (/wiki/Betacoronavirus) . N95 or similar respirators account for a larger risk reduction than disposable surgical or other similar masks. [63] (#cite_note-lan-chu-64) Masks are protective for both healthcare workers and people in communities exposed to infection; evidence supports masking in both healthcare and non-healthcare settings, with no striking differences detected in the effectiveness of masks between the settings. [63] (#cite_note-lan-chu-64) The CDC highlighted a number of studies in their 10 November 2020, scientific brief detailing the benefits of community masking. [143] (#cite_note-cdc-cbcu-144) In a study of 124 Beijing households with at least one laboratory-confirmed case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, mask use by the index patient (/wiki/Index_case) and family contacts before the index patient developed symptoms reduced secondary transmission within the households by 79%. [164] (#cite_note-165) A retrospective case-control study from Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) documented that, among more than 1,000 people interviewed as part of contact tracing (/wiki/Contact_tracing) investigations, those who reported having always worn a mask during high-risk exposures experienced a greater than 70% reduced risk of acquiring infection compared with people who did not wear masks under these circumstances. [165] (#cite_note-166) A similar study in three Western countries also came up with a 70% risk reduction. [166] (#cite_note-167) Investigations involving infected passengers aboard flights (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation) longer than ten hours strongly suggest that masking prevented in-flight transmissions, as demonstrated by the absence of infection developing in other passengers and crew in the 14 days following exposure. [167] (#cite_note-168) In addition, the CDC said the benefit of universal masking, including reductions in infections and mortality, has been demonstrated in community-level analyses by a set of studies involving the Massachusetts (/wiki/Massachusetts) hospital system, the German city Jena (/wiki/Jena) , the American state Arizona (/wiki/Arizona) , a panel of 15 American states and Washington, D.C., Canada nationally, and the United States nationally. [143] (#cite_note-cdc-cbcu-144) In addition to studying the impact of mask-wearing on transmission in a community, direct studies can be done on whether a mask filters out virus-carrying particles from the air. In August 2021, a study of the fabric of masks worn in the community found that they filtered out between half and three-quarters of the viral RNA. [168] (#cite_note-169) Respirators made to a standard such as N95 (/wiki/N95_respirator) or FFP2 (/wiki/FFP_standards) when properly fitted should filter out at least 95% of the virus. Optimal face mask designs and use [ edit ] A scientific review (/wiki/Scientific_review) of research about the overall efficacy of face masks in terms of product design (/wiki/Product_design) (such as thermal comfort and flow resistance) and ways of usage found that fluid dynamics (/wiki/Fluid_dynamics) and fabrication techniques have a significant impact on performance. According to the review, studies showed that cotton and surgical masks had a microorganism filtration efficiency of 86.4% and 99.9% respectively, while the surgical mask was three times more effective in blocking transmission than the cotton mask and could lead to a decrease of the effective reproduction number (/wiki/Effective_reproduction_number) to below 1 – which could halt epidemic spread in a region where 70% of residents use them consistently in public. [169] (#cite_note-170) [170] (#cite_note-171) By January 2021, several lines of research recommended double-masking (wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask, along with using a mask filter, or wearing a nylon covering over a mask) as being efficacious. [171] (#cite_note-172) Correct handling and wearing of masks [ edit ] A properly-worn face mask or covering covers the nose, mouth, and chin. [21] (#cite_note-wahtum-21) [172] (#cite_note-cdchow-173) As masking became widespread during the pandemic, it gave rise to the issue that many individuals of the public are not correctly handling and wearing their masks. [173] (#cite_note-174) [174] (#cite_note-175) [175] (#cite_note-176) Suzanne Willard, a clinical professor at Rutgers School of Nursing (/wiki/Rutgers_School_of_Nursing) , remarked that the general public is not used to wearing masks and lay people are asked to use a tool health care professionals are trained to use. [176] (#cite_note-177) A commonly seen issue is that people are wearing masks pulled down below the nose, which is an incorrect way to wear a mask. [177] (#cite_note-ct-pro-178) [178] (#cite_note-179) Zane Saul, the chief of infectious disease at Bridgeport Hospital (/wiki/Bridgeport_Hospital) , remarked that "I really have observed people not covering their noses and just covering their mouths. It's just as important to cover your nose." [177] (#cite_note-ct-pro-178) Daniel Gottschall, the vice president of medical affairs for the Fairfield region of Hartford HealthCare and St. Vincent's Medical Center in Bridgeport, explained that "By wearing a mask you're keeping a lot of those secretions inside of you. If you wear it just over your nose or just over your mouth and you're not diligent (about keeping it in place), you're exposing the secretions that come out of that part of the body to other people." [177] (#cite_note-ct-pro-178) A face mask is carefully taken off by handling the ties or loops without touching the front. [21] (#cite_note-wahtum-21) [172] (#cite_note-cdchow-173) Zeynep Tufekci (/wiki/Zeynep_Tufekci) , a professor of information science, remarked that messaging on masking should have been used to provide proper instructions to the public (as was done for hand washing) rather than used to discourage people from masking because of the possibility that they would wear them improperly, as had happened early in the pandemic. [84] (#cite_note-BackfiredNYT-85) The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control) highlighted that the appropriate use of face masks in communities could be improved through education campaigns and is key for its effectiveness as a measure. [74] (#cite_note-ecdc-apr-75) Health institutions such as the World Health Organization have provided public guidance on the do's and don'ts on masking. [21] (#cite_note-wahtum-21) Shortages of face masks [ edit ] See also: Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic) Early epidemic in mainland China [ edit ] As the epidemic accelerated, the mainland market in China saw a shortage of face masks (/wiki/Surgical_mask) due to increased public demand. [179] (#cite_note-sohu161795-180) Face masks were quickly sold out in stores throughout China. [180] (#cite_note-udn4304194-181) Hoarding (/wiki/Hoarding) and price gouging drove up prices, so the market regulator said it would crack down on such acts. [181] (#cite_note-southcn190111854-182) [182] (#cite_note-gov1620613-183) In January 2020, price controls were imposed on all face masks on Taobao (/wiki/Taobao) and Tmall (/wiki/Tmall) . [183] (#cite_note-ycwb30486944-184) Other Chinese e-commerce platforms – JD.com (/wiki/JD.com) , [184] (#cite_note-bjnews677805-185) Suning.com (/wiki/Suning.com) , [185] (#cite_note-bjnews677740-186) Pinduoduo (/wiki/Pinduoduo) [186] (#cite_note-bjnews677744-187) – did likewise; third-party vendors would be subject to price caps, with violators subject to sanctions. [ citation needed ] By March, China had quadrupled its production capacity to a hundred million masks per day. [141] (#cite_note-nhc_why-142) National stocks and shortages [ edit ] At the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States) , the U.S.'s Strategic National Stockpile (/wiki/Strategic_National_Stockpile) contained just twelve million N95 respirators, far fewer than estimates of the amount required. [187] (#cite_note-Khazan-188) Millions of N95s and other supplies were purchased from 2005 to 2007 using congressional supplemental funding, but 85 million N95s were distributed to combat the 2009 swine flu pandemic (/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic) , and Congress did not make the necessary appropriations to replenish stocks. [187] (#cite_note-Khazan-188) The Stockpile's primary focus has also primarily been on biodefense (/wiki/Biodefense) (defense against a terrorist or weapon of mass destruction (/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction) attack) and response to natural disaster, with the infectious disease a secondary focus. [187] (#cite_note-Khazan-188) By 1 April 2020, the Stockpile was nearly emptied of protective gear. [188] (#cite_note-washingtonpost7148009252-189) In January and February 2020, U.S. manufacturers, with the encouragement of the Trump administration, shipped millions of face masks and other personal protective equipment to the PRC, a decision that subsequently prompted criticism given the mask shortage that the U.S. faced during the pandemic. [189] (#cite_note-190) In France, 2009 H1N1 (/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic) -related spending rose to €382 million, mainly on supplies and vaccines, which was later criticized. [190] (#cite_note-:19-191) [191] (#cite_note-:20-192) It was decided in 2011 to not replenish its stocks and rely more on supply from China and just-in-time logistics (/wiki/Just-in-time_manufacturing) . [190] (#cite_note-:19-191) In 2010, its stock included a billion surgical masks and 600 million FFP2 masks; in early 2020, it was 150 million and zero respectively. [190] (#cite_note-:19-191) While stocks were progressively reduced, a 2013 rationale stated the aim to reduce costs of acquisition and storage, now distributing this effort to all private enterprises as an optional best practice to ensure their workers' protection. [190] (#cite_note-:19-191) This was especially relevant to FFP2 masks, more costly to acquire and store. [190] (#cite_note-:19-191) [192] (#cite_note-193) As the COVID-19 pandemic in France (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France) took an increasing toll on medical supplies, masks and PPE supplies ran low, causing national outrage. France needed forty million masks per week, according to French president Emmanuel Macron (/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron) . [193] (#cite_note-:25-194) France instructed its few remaining mask-producing factories to work 24/7 shifts and to ramp up national production to forty million masks per month. [193] (#cite_note-:25-194) French lawmakers opened an inquiry on the past management of these strategic stocks. [194] (#cite_note-195) The mask shortage has been called a "scandal d'État" (State scandal). [195] (#cite_note-196) Thousands of French individuals and companies teamed up during the outbreak to form a decentralized network of Fab labs (/wiki/Fab_lab) and ad-hoc retooled production facilities, producing more than a million face shields (/wiki/Face_shield) , masks and other kinds of PPE during the height of the pandemic. [196] (#cite_note-197) In late March and early April 2020, as Western countries were, in turn, dependent on China for supplies of masks and other equipment, China was seen as making a soft-power play to influence world opinion. [197] (#cite_note-bbc52092395-198) [198] (#cite_note-20200402businessinsider-199) However, a batch of masks purchased by the Netherlands was rejected as being sub-standard. The Dutch health ministry issued a recall of 600,000 face masks from a Chinese supplier on 21 March which did not fit properly and whose filters did not work as intended despite them having a quality certificate. [197] (#cite_note-bbc52092395-198) [198] (#cite_note-20200402businessinsider-199) The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded that the customer should "double-check the instructions to make sure that you ordered, paid for, and distributed the right ones. Do not use non-surgical masks for surgical purposes." [198] (#cite_note-20200402businessinsider-199) Eight million of eleven million masks delivered to Canada in May also failed to meet standards. [199] (#cite_note-200) [200] (#cite_note-201) Theft [ edit ] Thefts of face masks and other personal protective equipment have been reported at hospitals in the United States and other countries. [201] (#cite_note-qz-202) The Naval Medical Center San Diego (/wiki/Naval_Medical_Center_San_Diego) began mandatory random bag checks for staff members, after several incidents of theft. [202] (#cite_note-203) Hospitals in Canada reported that theft of PPE had become so commonplace that face masks had to be locked away. According to hospital staff, the policy of locking up PPE often resulted in staff requests for PPE being denied. [203] (#cite_note-204) Thefts of N95 masks were reported from a locked hospital office in South Carolina and off-loading docks at the University of Washington (/wiki/University_of_Washington) . [204] (#cite_note-aamc-205) Two thousand surgical masks were stolen from a hospital in Marseille, France, during the early months of the COVID-19 outbreak, in March. The masks were stolen from an area of the hospital that could only be accessed by surgery patients and staff. [205] (#cite_note-206) A hospital employee in Cooperstown (/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_York) , New York, was charged with misdemeanor larceny (/wiki/Larceny) for a similar incident. [206] (#cite_note-207) Hospital employees in West Java (/wiki/West_Java) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , were arrested for stealing hundreds of boxes of face masks and selling them on the black market. [207] (#cite_note-208) One month later an Indiana hospital pharmacy reported a theft to the Drug Enforcement Administration (/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration) . Along with morphine (/wiki/Morphine) , with a street value estimated at $3000, the thieves, one of whom was an employee of the hospital and had an access card, had stolen masks and other in-demand goods. In the criminal complaint, filed in Indiana federal court, a DEA task force officer said: [201] (#cite_note-qz-202) Based on my training and experience, I know these items are highly sought after in the secondary market due to shortages resulting from the Coronavirus pandemic and that these types of items are being sold on the secondary market at an increased price well over fair market value. A former hospital employee in Georgia was arrested on allegations of stealing masks and gloves from the hospital on five separate occasions after he was fired. [208] (#cite_note-209) Also in April, an employee of the Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center was charged with a misdemeanor for stealing disposable gowns and surgical masks from the hospital. [209] (#cite_note-210) PPE, including masks, were reported stolen by a member of the housekeeping staff at a hospital in Arizona and a physician's assistant in Florida. [210] (#cite_note-211) [211] (#cite_note-212) According to a BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) report from August 2020, hospital staff in Ghana were selling PPE on the black market. [212] (#cite_note-213) Two government workers from the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in North Charleston (/wiki/North_Charleston,_South_Carolina) , South Carolina, were charged in October for conspiracy to steal PPE, obstruction of justice (/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice) and lying to the FBI. [213] (#cite_note-214) N95 and FFP masks [ edit ] N95 and FFP masks were in short supply and high demand during the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [214] (#cite_note-215) [190] (#cite_note-:19-191) Production of N95 masks was limited due to constraints on the supply of nonwoven polypropylene (/wiki/Nonwoven_polypropylene) fabric (which is used as the primary filter), as well as the cessation of exports from China. [51] (#cite_note-VOADeliver-52) [215] (#cite_note-216) China controls fifty percent of global production of masks, and facing its own coronavirus epidemic, dedicated all its production for domestic use, only allowing exports through government-allocated humanitarian assistance. [51] (#cite_note-VOADeliver-52) United States [ edit ] Main article: Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States) The Strategic National Stockpile (/wiki/Strategic_National_Stockpile) had not been refilled following the H1N1 pandemic (/wiki/H1N1_pandemic) , [216] (#cite_note-217) which quickly led to respirator and other PPE shortages. [217] (#cite_note-218) In March 2020, US President Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) applied the Defense Production Act (/wiki/Defense_Production_Act) against the American company 3M (/wiki/3M) , which allows the Federal Emergency Management Agency (/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency) to obtain N95 respirators from 3M. [218] (#cite_note-Fabian-219) [219] (#cite_note-220) White House (/wiki/White_House) trade adviser Peter Navarro (/wiki/Peter_Navarro) said there were concerns that 3M products were not making their way to the US. [218] (#cite_note-Fabian-219) 3M replied that it has not changed the prices it charges, and was unable to control the prices its dealers or retailers charge. [218] (#cite_note-Fabian-219) Jared Moskowitz (/wiki/Jared_Moskowitz) , the head of the Florida Division of Emergency Management (/wiki/Florida_Division_of_Emergency_Management) , accused 3M of selling N95 masks directly to foreign countries for cash, instead of to the US. Moskowitz said 3M agreed to authorize distributors and brokers to represent they were selling the masks to Florida, but instead his team for the last several weeks "get to warehouses that are completely empty". He then said the 3M-authorized US distributors later told him the masks Florida contracted for never showed up because the company instead prioritized orders that came in later, for higher prices, from foreign countries (including Germany, Russia, and France). [220] (#cite_note-221) [221] (#cite_note-222) [222] (#cite_note-223) Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) reported that "roughly 280 million masks from warehouses around the US had been purchased by foreign buyers [on 30 March 2020] and were earmarked to leave the country, according to the broker – and that was in one day", causing massive critical shortages of masks in the US. [223] (#cite_note-224) [224] (#cite_note-225) Masks were still in short supply in late September, eight months into the pandemic. The Defense Production Act (/wiki/Defense_Production_Act) powers that averted a ventilator shortage were not used as extensively to increase N95 production, despite outcry from healthcare workers. Even though 3M has increased domestic production from 20 million to 95 million masks a month, they say "the demand is more than we, and the entire industry, can supply for the foreseeable future." [225] (#cite_note-septshortage-226) [226] (#cite_note-227) N95 manufacturers and other companies have been reluctant to invest more in domestic mask production because manufacturing in the United States is not profitable for them. There are some American companies who can shift production temporarily to meet the demand for masks but most of them have not received any funding through the DPA. Some have taken the initiative but there were problems with the fit of the masks and obtaining regulatory approvals. 3M and other N95 manufacturers have not entered into any corporate partnerships to share intellectual property or increase N95 production. [225] (#cite_note-septshortage-226) Trump gave Rear Admiral John Polowczyk the responsibility for PPE logistics. Polowczyk said he believed "hospital systems are making management decisions that might lead to an appearance that we still don't have masks, which is the farthest from the truth." [225] (#cite_note-septshortage-226) By February 2021, suppliers had increased production but not enough to meet demand. Companies cited concerns about post-pandemic demand as a reason for not entering the market. Hospitals increased supplies, but even at well-funded hospitals, healthcare workers could be expected to wear their masks for up to a month. Counterfeits continued to pose problems for purchasers. [227] (#cite_note-228) Numerous calls by public health experts had been made to provide high-filtration masks such as N95s or their equivalents to the general public in high-risk settings. [228] (#cite_note-229) [229] (#cite_note-230) On 19 January 2022, the Biden administration (/wiki/Biden_administration_COVID-19_action_plan) is reported to begin freely providing 400 million N95 masks in the United States. [230] (#cite_note-NYT-20220119-231) Germany [ edit ] In early April 2020, the Berlin politician Andreas Geisel (/wiki/Andreas_Geisel) alleged that a shipment of 200,000 N95 masks it had ordered from American producer 3M's China facility was intercepted in Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) , Thailand, and diverted to the United States. 3M said they had no knowledge of the shipment, stating "We know nothing of an order from the Berlin police for 3M masks that come from China." The US government denied any confiscation and said they use appropriate channels for all their purchases. [231] (#cite_note-Betschka-232) [232] (#cite_note-233) Berlin police later confirmed that the shipment was not seized by US authorities. [ citation needed ] This revelation outraged the Berlin opposition, whose CDU (/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany) parliamentary group leader Burkard Dregger accused Geisel of "deliberately misleading Berliners" in order "to cover up its own inability to obtain protective equipment". FDP (/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)) interior expert Marcel Luthe also criticized Geisel. [233] (#cite_note-234) Politico Europe (/wiki/Politico_Europe) reported that "the Berliners are taking a page straight out of the Trump playbook and not letting facts get in the way of a good story." [234] (#cite_note-235) The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) also reported that "There is no solid proof Trump [nor any other American official] approved the [German] heist." [235] (#cite_note-236) German citizens decided to contribute to solving the supply crisis by making (/wiki/Maker_culture) their own masks and other types of PPE like face shields (/wiki/Face_shield) that gave masks additional protection; the largest group of makers measured 6,800 individuals, collectively producing more than 100,000 pieces of protective equipment. [236] (#cite_note-237) Canada [ edit ] As more countries restricted the export of N95 masks, Novo Textiles in British Columbia (/wiki/British_Columbia) announced plans to start producing N95 masks in Canada. [237] (#cite_note-238) AMD Medicom in Quebec (/wiki/Quebec) had long been the main Canadian company producing N95s, but China, France, the Republic of China ( Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) ) and the United States all banned exports of medical equipment, barring Medicom's factories there from exporting the masks to Canada. The Government of Canada (/wiki/Government_of_Canada) subsequently awarded Medicom a 10-year contract to build a factory to produce masks in Montreal. [238] (#cite_note-239) Mask industry [ edit ] This section needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( January 2021 ) Manufacturing [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic&action=edit&section=) . ( January 2021 ) Masks being produced in Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) China [ edit ] As of 2019, mainland China manufactured half the world's output of masks. [239] (#cite_note-240) As COVID-19 spread, enterprises in several countries quickly started or increased the production of face masks. [240] (#cite_note-241) Cottage industries and volunteer groups also emerged, manufacturing cloth masks for localized use. They used various patterns, including some with a bend-to-fit nosepiece insert. Individual hospitals developed and requested a library of specific patterns. [241] (#cite_note-242) [242] (#cite_note-243) [243] (#cite_note-244) [244] (#cite_note-245) In the first five months of 2020, 70,802 new companies registered in China to make or trade face masks, a 1,256% increase compared to 2019, and 7,296 new companies registered to make or trade melt blown (/wiki/Melt_blowing) fabrics, a key component of face masks, a 2,277% rise from 2019. [245] (#cite_note-prod12-246) In April, however, the Chinese government stepped in with tighter regulations. 867 producers of the melt-blown fabric were shut down in Yangzhong (/wiki/Yangzhong) city alone. Many speculative manufacturers have been forced to quit due to changing export rules and tighter licensing requirements in China and weaker demand for lower quality products globally. [245] (#cite_note-prod12-246) Open-Source and Do-It-Yourself Masks [ edit ] Open Source Medical Supplies (/wiki/Open_Source_Medical_Supplies) coordinated and shared open-source mask designs. [246] (#cite_note-247) Distribution [ edit ] Some clinical stockpiles have proved inadequate in scale, and the non-medical market demand expanded dramatically as the general public (/wiki/General_public) determined that masks were essential, or they began obeying public health (/wiki/Public_health) mandates, or both. [247] (#cite_note-248) Between April and June 2020, sellers on Etsy (/wiki/Etsy) sold 29 million cloth face masks worth an estimated $364 million. Approximately four million people (about seven percent of buyers) visited the website just to buy masks. [248] (#cite_note-249) Society and culture [ edit ] Attitudes [ edit ] In mid-2020 as the pandemic grew, the public interest in face masks as a means of protection was greatly increased, [249] (#cite_note-250) often even before governments implemented mandatory mask-wearing. [250] (#cite_note-251) In East Asian (/wiki/East_Asian) societies, a primary reason for mask-wearing is to protect others from oneself. [251] (#cite_note-nyt-mwi-252) [252] (#cite_note-wo-wsc-253) The broad assumption behind the act is that anyone, including seemingly healthy people, can be a carrier of the coronavirus. [252] (#cite_note-wo-wsc-253) The usage of masks is seen as a collective responsibility to reduce the transmission of the virus. [253] (#cite_note-zh-fmc-254) A face mask is thus seen as a symbol of solidarity in Eastern countries. [253] (#cite_note-zh-fmc-254) Elsewhere, the need for mask-wearing is still often seen from an individual perspective where masks only serve to protect oneself. [251] (#cite_note-nyt-mwi-252) In April 2020, a study comparing masking-related perceptions between China and three German speaking countries (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland) also showed that Chinese had stronger pro-masking perceptions than the European participants. [254] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-255) However, in 2020, people began promoting a new meaning of masking as an act of solidarity to each other. [255] (#cite_note-256) [142] (#cite_note-Wearing_face_masks_in_the_community-143) [256] (#cite_note-257) [257] (#cite_note-258) Slovakia (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia) was one of the first countries in the world to introduce universal masking in public places. [258] (#cite_note-259) Existing cultural norms and social pressure may impede mask-wearing in public, which may explain why masking was initially avoided in the West. [259] (#cite_note-le-wfm-260) According to Joseph Tsang, a Hong Kong doctor, and infectious disease expert, the promotion of universal masking may resolve perceptions against mask-wearing because mask-wearing is intimidating if few people wear masks due to cultural barriers, but if all people wear masks it shows a message that people are in this together. [83] (#cite_note-pri.org-84) A May 2020 study surveying people in Spain showed that an individual's likelihood of voluntarily wearing a mask is positively correlated with the proportion of uptake in the surrounding area. [260] (#cite_note-261) Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen et al. state that successful implementation of public masking policies, especially in communities that have no cultural traditions for such interventions, requires a reframing of social meanings and moral worth, and that public messages help to conceptualize who typically wear masks and what the moral valence of masking is. [261] (#cite_note-west-fcfc-262) They note that the earliest members who wear face coverings may be seen as deviant when the community starts to adopt masking, but that changing narratives will generate new meanings that construe those who do not mask as deviant. [261] (#cite_note-west-fcfc-262) Their argument is that public health messaging about face coverings should shift from masks as a medical intervention (/wiki/Medical_intervention) to masks as a social practice (/wiki/Social_practice) based on values such as social responsibility and solidarity, as a successful uptake requires face coverings to be grounded in the social and cultural realities of affected communities. [261] (#cite_note-west-fcfc-262) Clemens Eisenmann and Christian Meyer argue that the question, how the meaning of wearing face masks develops in society, depends on their practical and public uses within everyday social interactions. [262] (#cite_note--e-m-rec-263) They explain that masking has destabilized interactional infrastructures embedded in routines, revealing both taken-for-granted infrastructures of everyday life – including social inequalities (such as those of people reliant on lip reading) and moral evaluations in transcultural situations (such as those involving implicit racism in which the health instructions of essential workers belonging to certain groups are disregarded) – and new challenges on the interactional level. [262] (#cite_note--e-m-rec-263) In the Western world, as of 2020 the public usage of masks still often carried a large stigma, [251] (#cite_note-nyt-mwi-252) [253] (#cite_note-zh-fmc-254) [263] (#cite_note-te-wwm-264) being seen as a sign of sickness. [263] (#cite_note-te-wwm-264) This stigmatization is a large obstacle to overcome, because people may feel too ashamed to wear a mask in public and therefore opt to not wear one. [264] (#cite_note-265) There is also a divide within the Western world, as seen in the Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) and Slovakia (/wiki/Slovakia) where mass mobilization has occurred to reinforce the solidarity in mask-wearing since March 2020. [251] (#cite_note-nyt-mwi-252) [ needs update ] Mask-wearing has been called a prosocial behavior (/wiki/Prosocial_behavior) in which one protects others within their community. [265] (#cite_note-hj-wapo-266) [266] (#cite_note-267) [267] (#cite_note-bets-pnas-268) On social media, there has been an effort with the #masks4all campaign to encourage people to use masks. [268] (#cite_note-269) Nevertheless, there have been many occurrences of violence and hostility by people who became aggressive after they were requested to wear a mask or saw people wearing masks in customer-based (/wiki/Service_industry) establishments. [269] (#cite_note-270) [270] (#cite_note-271) [271] (#cite_note-272) [272] (#cite_note-273) Multiple people have been killed in attacks by people who refused to wear masks (/wiki/Mask_refusal) . [273] (#cite_note-274) It has led to concerns about worker safety, so employees have been discouraged to actively enforce masking policies due to the potential of hostile situations, while enforcement by official authorities is severely lacking. [274] (#cite_note-275) Masking has been subjected to racial politics in Western countries. [275] (#cite_note-conv-utr-276) For instance, in 2020 it had been heavily racialized as an Asian phenomenon. [253] (#cite_note-zh-fmc-254) [262] (#cite_note--e-m-rec-263) This had been reinforced in a lot of media discourses, where stories about the pandemic were often accompanied by unrelated imagery of Asian people in masks. [275] (#cite_note-conv-utr-276) [276] (#cite_note-277) The focus on race brought hostility towards Asians who are confronted with the choice to wear masks as a precaution while they face discrimination for it. [275] (#cite_note-conv-utr-276) [277] (#cite_note-278) Huang Yinxiang, a sociologist from the University of Manchester, described maskaphobia (negative prejudice, fear or bitter hatred against people wearing face masks) as making Asians in Western countries into targets for racists who want to legitimize xenophobia during the COVID-19 outbreak (/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic) . [278] (#cite_note-279) Likewise, people from certain groups such as Black Americans (/wiki/Black_Americans) may not feel comfortable wearing masks, especially those that are not clearly medical but homemade masks, due to concerns of racial profiling. [279] (#cite_note-280) [280] (#cite_note-281) [281] (#cite_note-282) A sign language (/wiki/Sign_language) interpreter (on the right) in Hong Kong is wearing a transparent mask to allow lip reading (/wiki/Lip_reading) . There have also been concerns that wearing masks may also further isolate disadvantaged communities. Concerns had been expressed that masks would make communication difficult for people who are deaf (/wiki/Deafness) or hard-of-hearing (/wiki/Hearing_loss) . [282] (#cite_note-bi-deaf-283) [283] (#cite_note-bbc-deaf-284) [284] (#cite_note-285) [285] (#cite_note-286) [286] (#cite_note-287) This led to calls for wider distributions of transparent masks, which allow for lip reading (/wiki/Lip_reading) . [282] (#cite_note-bi-deaf-283) [283] (#cite_note-bbc-deaf-284) [287] (#cite_note-288) Similar concerns over difficulty in communicating have been expressed by those who may depend on dogs for therapeutic (/wiki/Assistance_dog) or social (/wiki/Dog#As_pets) [ broken anchor ] reasons, as the animals depend on body language such as facial expressions. [288] (#cite_note-289) Conversely, people who are exempt from wearing masks on medical grounds or due to a disability, fear they will be subjected to abuse (/wiki/Disability_hate_crime) for not wearing a mask, even if they are legally exempt from doing so. [289] (#cite_note-mtr-dis-290) For instance, in the United Kingdom, the charity Disability Rights UK (/wiki/Disability_Rights_UK) received numerous reports about people being confronted on trains and buses. [289] (#cite_note-mtr-dis-290) Health organizations such as the American Lung Association (/wiki/American_Lung_Association) commented that, even though there may be people who will seek an exemption, the individual's concerns needs to be weighed against the societal needs to limit the spread of the virus. [290] (#cite_note-abc-med-291) [291] (#cite_note-292) However, anti-maskers have called upon bogus claims about legal or medical exemptions in their refusal to wear masks. [290] (#cite_note-abc-med-291) They have, for instance, claimed that the Americans with Disabilities Act (/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act) (designed to prohibit discrimination based on disabilities) allows exemption from mask requirements, but the United States Department of Justice (/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice) responded that the act "does not provide a blanket exemption to people with disabilities from complying with legitimate safety requirements necessary for safe operations". [292] (#cite_note-293) There have been concerns about the effects of mask-wearing on young children's language development (/wiki/Language_development) and social emotional development (/wiki/Social_emotional_development) . [293] (#cite_note-294) [294] (#cite_note-295) [295] (#cite_note-296) [296] (#cite_note-297) [297] (#cite_note-298) It has been argued that mask mandates for children may have taken insufficient consideration of children's human rights. [298] (#cite_note-299) In November 2020, there were feelings of mask fatigue among the general public, exacerbated by frustrations about people who are not taking the mask and other guidelines seriously as the pandemic and its intensity continued on. [299] (#cite_note-300) Trends [ edit ] This section needs to be updated . The reason given is: it is missing info about what happened between the vaccine and the end of the emergency. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( May 2023 ) Two Indian boys sporting face mask at a public event Among the European countries surveyed by YouGov (/wiki/YouGov) in the first half of 2020, the likelihood for people to wear masks was split: In Northern Europe (e.g., Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark), people were very unlikely to wear a mask. [300] (#cite_note-en-htw-301) In Western Europe (e.g., Italy, Spain, France, and Germany), people were initially unlikely to use a mask, but mask wearing greatly changed from low levels in March to higher levels in May. [300] (#cite_note-en-htw-301) A similar, if delayed, pattern was seen in some northern European countries. For example, mask usage was very low in Denmark up until the summer of 2020 but rapidly increased in the autumn as rules on their use in publicly accessible indoor places were introduced. [301] (#cite_note-Petersen2021-302) An exception was the United Kingdom where mask usage only grew gradually in the first half of 2020, [300] (#cite_note-en-htw-301) but it rose very quickly after official policy changes in July mandated masking in stores. [302] (#cite_note-303) In May 2020, masking was gradually shifting to become a new social norm. [303] (#cite_note-304) A survey among people from the United States (conducted from April to June 2020) indicates that age was a factor in whether people were likely to wear a mask, as the likelihood rose with the age group, but the reported use of face masks increased significantly across all age groups over time. [304] (#cite_note-hut-mit-305) Furthermore, people who did not report mask use also reported engaging in significantly fewer other mitigation behaviors than those who did report mask use. [304] (#cite_note-hut-mit-305) In 2020, gender played a role in the willingness to wear masks; men were overall less inclined to wear masks in public than women. [305] (#cite_note-lat-ms-306) [306] (#cite_note-hill-ml-307) [307] (#cite_note-308) There were indications that men were more likely to feel negative emotions (such as shame) and stigma for wearing masks. [305] (#cite_note-lat-ms-306) [306] (#cite_note-hill-ml-307) It was suggested that this male behavior is driven by a sense of masculinity, where the act of masking is possibly perceived to run counter to it, which led to an increase in men not wearing masks. [308] (#cite_note-309) [309] (#cite_note-310) A 2020 survey among participants recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (/wiki/Amazon_Mechanical_Turk) about face mask perceptions found that men and women may have different reasons when they do not wear masks in public: Men were more likely to see masks as an infringement upon their independence and women were more likely to perceive masks as being uncomfortable, while perceptions on efficacy, accessibility, compensation, inconvenience, appearance, and attention did not differ. [310] (#cite_note-311) By 2023, most jurisdictions had ended their mask mandates. [7] (#cite_note-royalsoc-7) By May 2023, people in most countries largely stopped wearing masks. [311] (#cite_note-312) Governmental role [ edit ] The heads of state (/wiki/Head_of_state) and government (/wiki/Head_of_government) of Portugal and Spain wearing face masks during an official ceremony in July 2020 The pandemic has raised questions about the role of governments in mask policies, either voluntary or mandatory policies, especially in terms of the social and behavioral consequences involving the general public. [267] (#cite_note-bets-pnas-268) The results from a study surveying people in Germany indicate that the act of wearing a mask, independent of the policy, is considered a social contract (/wiki/Social_contract) in which compliant people perceive each other more positively and noncompliance is negatively evaluated. [267] (#cite_note-bets-pnas-268) However, it also suggests that voluntary policies have the potential effect to increase polarization (/wiki/Social_polarization) and thus cause more stigmatization. [267] (#cite_note-bets-pnas-268) The authors recommended that countries and communities should adopt a mandatory policy along with explicit communication of the benefits of both masking (e.g., risk reduction, mutual protection, positive social signaling (/w/index.php?title=Social_signaling&action=edit&redlink=1) ) and mandatory policies (e.g., fairness, less stigmatization, higher effectiveness) to encourage the public to wear masks. [267] (#cite_note-bets-pnas-268) World leaders as role models for masking have also received much scrutiny, as they are key to convey the critical public health message to the public. [312] (#cite_note-313) [313] (#cite_note-314) For example, Slovakia has been cited as a country where its public figures (including President Zuzana Čaputová (/wiki/Zuzana_%C4%8Caputov%C3%A1) and her administration) set the example by wearing masks and played a crucial role to normalize masks. [314] (#cite_note-315) In contrast, in the United States, President Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) and his administration came under criticism for communicating an inconsistent and confusing message about masking (/wiki/Trump_administration_communication_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Mask_wearing) . [315] (#cite_note-316) [316] (#cite_note-317) They were often criticized for undercutting national and local public health advice to wear masks. [317] (#cite_note-318) [318] (#cite_note-319) Politics [ edit ] U.S. Surgeon General (/wiki/U.S._Surgeon_General) Jerome Adams (/wiki/Jerome_Adams) urged people to wear face masks and acknowledged that it is difficult to correct earlier messaging that masks do not work for the general public. [319] (#cite_note-320) Although authorities, especially in Asia, have been recommending people to wear face masks in public, in many other parts of the world, conflicting advice has caused much confusion among the general population. [320] (#cite_note-cnn-amhb-321) Several governments and institutions, such as in the United States, initially dismissed the use of face masks by the general population, often with misleading or incomplete information about the usefulness of masks. [321] (#cite_note-thenational.scot-322) [322] (#cite_note-vanityfair.com-323) [323] (#cite_note-npr-wta-324) Commentators have attributed the anti-mask messaging to efforts to manage the mask shortages, as governments did not act quickly enough, remarking that the claims go beyond the science or were simply lies. [323] (#cite_note-npr-wta-324) [324] (#cite_note-325) [325] (#cite_note-326) [326] (#cite_note-nytimes.com-327) On 12 June 2020, Anthony Fauci (/wiki/Anthony_Fauci) , a key member of the White House (/wiki/White_House) coronavirus task force, confirmed that the American public were not told to wear masks from the beginning due to the shortages of masks and explained that masks do actually work. [327] (#cite_note-328) [328] (#cite_note-329) [329] (#cite_note-330) [330] (#cite_note-331) [331] (#cite_note-332) [ excessive citations ] In the United States, public masking has become a political issue, as opponents argue that it inhibits personal freedom and proponents emphasize the importance of masks for public health. [332] (#cite_note-gua-hdf-333) Some people may see it as a political statement. [333] (#cite_note-ap-fmps-334) Party affiliation partly determined how likely people were to embrace the wearing of masks in public. [333] (#cite_note-ap-fmps-334) [334] (#cite_note-for-ncc-335) Democrats (/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) were more likely to wear masks than Republicans (/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)) . [333] (#cite_note-ap-fmps-334) [334] (#cite_note-for-ncc-335) Masks have become an aspect of the culture war (/wiki/Culture_war) that has emerged over the course of the pandemic. [332] (#cite_note-gua-hdf-333) [333] (#cite_note-ap-fmps-334) [334] (#cite_note-for-ncc-335) Commentators argue that the resistance against masks partly stems from the confusing and mixed messaging about masking. [332] (#cite_note-gua-hdf-333) [335] (#cite_note-336) [336] (#cite_note-337) Matthew Facciani, a sociologist at Vanderbilt University, says the uncertainty from health experts during the early days of the pandemic paved the way for political leaders to become a prominent source of guidance and clarity. [337] (#cite_note-fac-pol-338) He argues that once mask-wearing became informed by political beliefs, it is difficult to correct due to the motivation to protect one's identity in relation to a political group and the reinforcement from political echo chambers, no matter that scientists began to better understand the severity of the virus and the evidence in favor for mask wearing became clearer. [337] (#cite_note-fac-pol-338) Moreover, how people observe the masking rules seems to be different across countries and these differences may be attributed to cultural or management factors. [254] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-255) In April 2020, health officials from Taiwan's Central Epidemic Command Center (/wiki/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center) (CECC) pushed back on school bullying of boys in pink face masks. [338] (#cite_note-wa-tcg-339) The CECC officials and Minister of Health and Welfare Chen Shih-chung wore pink masks to challenge gender norms at a press conference, while various government agencies demonstrated solidarity by changing the colors on their Facebook pages to pink. [338] (#cite_note-wa-tcg-339) The minister later tweeted "Pink is for everyone and no color is exclusive for girls or boys. Gender Equality lies at the heart of Taiwan values." [338] (#cite_note-wa-tcg-339) The press conference was held amid reports that male students were too embarrassed to wear their pink face masks, jeopardizing their safety and the safety of others in the face of COVID-19. [338] (#cite_note-wa-tcg-339) Opposition [ edit ] "Masks Don't Work", a protest placard in Ohio, United States, during the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020. In some countries, large rallies took place in protest against masking mandates. [339] (#cite_note-cnn-hod-340) [340] (#cite_note-341) [341] (#cite_note-ctv-mtu-342) In Canada, opponents of masking hailed their protests as the "March to Unmask". [341] (#cite_note-ctv-mtu-342) [342] (#cite_note-343) In the United Kingdom, new protests came in the wake of the official announcement that masking will be compulsory in shops. [339] (#cite_note-cnn-hod-340) After eight months since the beginning of the lockdown in the Czech Republic (/wiki/Czech_Republic) , mass manifestations against the restrictions imposed by the government arose. [343] (#cite_note-344) [344] (#cite_note-345) Some anti-mask protestors co-opted the feminist slogan " my body, my choice (/wiki/My_body,_my_choice) " [345] (#cite_note-346) [346] (#cite_note-347) [347] (#cite_note-348) and the Black Lives Matter slogan " I can't breathe (/wiki/I_can%27t_breathe) ". [348] (#cite_note-349) Businesses were also purposely disrupted by anti-maskers (purportedly in defense of their constitutional rights). [349] (#cite_note-Downtown_Boise_businesses_targeted_by_anti-mask_protesters-350) In the United States, opposition to mask-wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic came during then-President Donald Trump's politicization of science (/wiki/Trump_administration_political_interference_with_science_agencies) [350] (#cite_note-351) and more generally during decades-old period of politicization of science (/wiki/Politicization_of_science) . American opposition to mask-wearing during pandemics is not new; during the 1918 influenza pandemic (/wiki/Spanish_flu) , the Anti-Mask League (/wiki/Anti-Mask_League_of_San_Francisco) was established in San Francisco, California. [351] (#cite_note-352) In May 2021, Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) reported that some members of the anti-vaccine community were promoting the use of masks and social distancing to protect themselves from those who have received vaccines, citing false claims that those vaccinated for COVID-19 "shed" spike proteins that can be harmful to people in their proximity, and former research scientist Judy Mikovits (/wiki/Judy_Mikovits) claimed that she had been kicked off a plane for wearing a mask lined with colloidal silver (/wiki/Colloidal_silver) . [352] (#cite_note-353) Attractiveness [ edit ] Face masks are sometimes deemed to make people look more attractive. This may be because they hide unattractive features or are associated with medical personnel. [353] (#cite_note-354) Religion [ edit ] In 2020, Christian clergy from the Lutheran, Catholic, Presbyterian, Anglican, Baptist, and Latter-day Saint traditions, as well as those from the Jewish, Buddhist, and Unitarian religions, implored people to wear masks. [354] (#cite_note-Steinbrecher2020-355) Fashion [ edit ] See also: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry) A cloth face mask matching the rest of the ensemble As the pandemic progressed people began making use of face masks as accessories, [355] (#cite_note-ap-fas-356) [356] (#cite_note-gua-cou-357) [357] (#cite_note-gua-per-358) [358] (#cite_note-for-20-359) matching them to their outfits and so on. [359] (#cite_note-360) [360] (#cite_note-361) Early in the pandemic, people and businesses from the fashion industry responded to official calls for help in overcoming the shortages of protective personal equipment including face masks. [361] (#cite_note-362) These masks were sheerly utilitarian as the only consideration at the time was function. [362] (#cite_note-363) What began as a public health necessity however gradually evolved into a new category of accessories subject to similar design and marketing considerations as other accessories. [363] (#cite_note-364) Fashion brands eventually reopened their factories for production due to the increasing demand for masks and started to manufacture masks in a wider variety of styles. [356] (#cite_note-gua-cou-357) Smaller brands, who primarily sold their products online, found that selling masks was a good strategy to maintain sales. [364] (#cite_note-tel-hin-365) Etsy (/wiki/Etsy) became a major online platform where many designers sold their masks. [364] (#cite_note-tel-hin-365) Designers started making masks that matched other pieces of clothing and accessories, [365] (#cite_note-366) [366] (#cite_note-vog-bel-367) a trend which may have begun unintentionally as even fabric remnants were repurposed. [366] (#cite_note-vog-bel-367) The city of Vilnius (/wiki/Vilnius) in Lithuania held a "Mask Fashion Week" in May 2020, which was promoted with billboards (with no catwalks or displays) around the city featuring local people including Mayor Remigijus Simasius wearing face masks. [367] (#cite_note-368) The Walt Disney Company (/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) introduced uniform face masks for their employees at Walt Disney World (/wiki/Walt_Disney_World) and Disneyland (/wiki/Disneyland) in the United States. [368] (#cite_note-369) [369] (#cite_note-370) Environment [ edit ] Further information: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment) Large numbers of disposed face masks have led to an increase in plastic waste (/wiki/Plastic_waste) , negatively impacting the environment. [370] (#cite_note-371) [371] (#cite_note-372) [372] (#cite_note-373) Moreover, the production of face masks also contributes the emission of carbon dioxide, which accelerates global warming. [373] (#cite_note-374) Considering the risk of plastic pollution (/wiki/Plastic_pollution) , researchers have focused on using biodegradable polymers to fabricate facemask with antimicrobial properties [374] (#cite_note-375) Terminology [ edit ] Due to the rarity of their use in non-medical settings outside East Asia, many languages lacked commonly used terms for facemasks, especially since legal issues prevent the usage of terms which might imply medical standards the masks do not meet. [375] (#cite_note-376) In languages such as Saterland Frisian (/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language) public competitions were held [376] (#cite_note-377) to create a neologism (/wiki/Neologism) for the device in the language and thus not having to rely on loanwords (/wiki/Loanword) or calques (/wiki/Calque) . [377] (#cite_note-378) [378] (#cite_note-379) The Friisk Foriining (/w/index.php?title=Friisk_Foriining&action=edit&redlink=1) [ frr (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friisk_Foriining) ] held a similar competition for the North Frisian language (/wiki/North_Frisian_language) . [379] (#cite_note-380) [380] (#cite_note-381) See also [ edit ] Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States) National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic) Anti-mask law (/wiki/Anti-mask_law) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-45) Knot and tuck technique: Modification to ear loop masks where the top and bottom of the ear loop string are knotted together at the mask's edges and extra material is tucked in towards the face. [44] (#cite_note-JAMA-modifications-44) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Bourouiba L (July 2021). "Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious Diseases". Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering . 23 (1): 547–577. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044 (https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-bioeng-111820-025044) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 1721.1/131115 (https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F131115) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 34255991 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34255991) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 235823756 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235823756) . ^ Jump up to: a b Matuschek C, Moll F, Fangerau H, Fischer JC, Zänker K, van Griensven M, et al. (August 2020). "Face masks: benefits and risks during the COVID-19 crisis" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7422455) . European Journal of Medical Research . 25 (1): 32. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1186/s40001-020-00430-5 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40001-020-00430-5) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 7422455 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7422455) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 32787926 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32787926) . ^ Jump up to: a b Catching A, Capponi S, Yeh MT, Bianco S, Andino R (August 2021). "Examining the interplay between face mask usage, asymptomatic transmission, and social distancing on the spread of COVID-19" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8346500) . Scientific Reports . 11 (1). Nature Portfolio (/wiki/Nature_Portfolio) : 15998. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021NatSR..1115998C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1115998C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/s41598-021-94960-5 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-94960-5) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 8346500 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8346500) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 34362936 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362936) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 236947786 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236947786) . Masks prevent the spread of droplets and aerosols generated by an infected individual, and when correctly worn surgical masks can reduce viral transmission by 95%. Uninfected individuals wearing a surgical mask are about 85% protected against infection. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Talic S, Shah S, Wild H, Gasevic D, Maharaj A, Ademi Z, et al. (November 2021). "Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9423125) . BMJ . 375 : e068302. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1136/bmj-2021-068302 (https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj-2021-068302) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 9423125 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9423125) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 34789505 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34789505) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 244271780 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244271780) . The results of additional studies that assessed mask wearing ... indicate a reduction in covid-19 incidence, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality. Specifically, a natural experiment across 200 countries showed 45.7% fewer covid-19 related mortality in countries where mask-wearing was mandatory. Another natural experiment study in the US reported a 29% reduction in SARS-CoV-2 transmission (measured as the time-varying reproductive number Rt) (risk ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.75) in states where mask-wearing was mandatory. A comparative study in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region reported a statistically significantly lower cumulative incidence of covid-19 associated with mask-wearing than in selected countries where mask-wearing was not mandatory. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Science Brief: Community Use of Masks to Control the Spread of SARS-CoV-2" (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/masking-science-sars-cov2.html) . CDC. 11 February 2020. Experimental and epidemiologic data support community masking to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, including alpha and delta variants, among adults and children. [...] Mask use has been found to be safe and is not associated with clinically significant impacts on respiration or gas exchange under most circumstances, except for intense exercise. The limited available data indicate no clear evidence that masking impairs emotional or language development in children. [I]n combination with other contextual cues, masks are unlikely to produce serious impairments of children's social interactions. A study of 2-year-old children concluded that they were able to recognize familiar words presented without a mask and when hearing words through opaque masks. Among children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), interventions including positive reinforcement and coaching caregivers to teach mask-wearing have improved participants' ability to wear a face mask. 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Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021MRE.....8k2001K (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MRE.....8k2001K) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1088/2053-1591/ac35d0 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2053-1591%2Fac35d0) . ^ (#cite_ref-376) "BfArM - Empfehlungen des BfArM - Hinweise des BfArM zur Verwendung von Mund-Nasen-Bedeckungen, medizinischen Gesichtsmasken sowie partikelfiltrierenden Halbmasken (FFP-Masken)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200416011942/https://www.bfarm.de/SharedDocs/Risikoinformationen/Medizinprodukte/DE/schutzmasken.html) . Archived from the original (https://www.bfarm.de/SharedDocs/Risikoinformationen/Medizinprodukte/DE/schutzmasken.html) on 16 April 2020 . Retrieved 1 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-377) "Wort für Mund-Nasen-Schutz auf Saterfriesisch gesucht" (https://www.n-tv.de/regionales/niedersachsen-und-bremen/Wort-fuer-Mund-Nasen-Schutz-auf-Saterfriesisch-gesucht-article22257451.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-378) "Was heißt "Mund-Nasen-Schutz" auf Saterfriesisch?" (https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/oldenburg_ostfriesland/Was-heisst-Mund-Nasen-Schutz-auf-Saterfriesisch,aktuelloldenburg6310.html) . ndr.de . ^ (#cite_ref-379) "Mund-Nasen-Schutz auf saterfriesisch: "Sküüldouk" (https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/brauchtum-saterland-mund-nasen-schutz-auf-saterfriesisch-skueueldouk-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-210113-99-14515) " (https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/brauchtum-saterland-mund-nasen-schutz-auf-saterfriesisch-skueueldouk-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-210113-99-14515) . 13 January 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-380) "Wie heißt "Mund-Nasen-Schutz" auf Friesisch?" (https://friiske.de/de/2020/05/14/wie-heisst-mund-nasen-schutz-auf-friesisch/) . 14 May 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-381) "Wie heißt "Mund-Nasen-Schutz" auf Friesisch?" 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July–December 2020 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)) January–June 2021 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2021)) July–December 2021 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2021)) January–June 2022 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2022)) July–December 2022 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2022)) 2023 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(2023)) responses (/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic) government response (/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic) response (/wiki/Operation_Broadshare) Operation Rescript (/wiki/Operation_Rescript) contracts (/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom) impact social 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(/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2021)) 2022 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2022)) Scotland (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland) timeline 2020 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2020)) 2021 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2021)) 2022 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2022)) Wales (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales) timeline 2020 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2020)) 2021 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2021)) 2022 (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2021)) Crown Dependencies (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies) Isle of Man (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man) Jersey (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey) Guernsey (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey) Overseas territories (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories) Akrotiri and Dhekelia 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(/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_June_2020) July 2020 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_July_2020) August 2020 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_August_2020) September 2020 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_September_2020) October 2020 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_October_2020) November 2020 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_November_2020) December 2020 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_December_2020) January 2021 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_January_2021) February 2021 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_February_2021) March 2021 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_March_2021) April 2021 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_April_2021) May 2021 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_May_2021) June 2021 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_June_2021) July 2021 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_July_2021) August 2021 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_August_2021) deaths (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths) World map by countries: confirmed per capita (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) China (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China#Graphics) Hospital beds by country (/wiki/List_of_countries_by_hospital_beds#Numbers) Lockdowns (/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns#Table_of_pandemic_lockdowns) < Africa Algeria (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Algeria_medical_cases_chart) Angola (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Angola_medical_cases_chart) Benin (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Benin_medical_cases_chart) Botswana (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Botswana_medical_cases_chart) Burkina Faso (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Burkina_Faso_medical_cases_chart) Burundi (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Burundi_medical_cases_chart) Cameroon (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cameroon_medical_cases_chart) Comoros (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Comoros_medical_cases_chart) Egypt (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Egypt_medical_cases_chart) Eswatini (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Eswatini_medical_cases_chart) Ethiopia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ethiopia_medical_cases_chart) Ghana (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ghana_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ghana_medical_cases_chart) Ivory Coast (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ivory_Coast_medical_cases_chart) Kenya (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kenya_medical_cases_chart) Libya (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Libya_medical_cases_chart) Malawi (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malawi_medical_cases_chart) Mali (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mali_medical_cases_chart) Mauritania (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mauritania_medical_cases_chart) Mauritius (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mauritius_medical_cases_chart) Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara) (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Morocco_(including_occupied_Western_Sahara)_medical_cases_chart) Mozambique (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mozambique_medical_cases_chart) Namibia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Namibia_medical_cases_chart) Nigera (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nigeria_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nigeria_medical_cases_chart) São Tomé and Príncipe (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_medical_cases_chart) Senegal (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Senegal_medical_cases_chart) Seychelles (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Seychelles_medical_cases_chart) Sierra Leone (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sierra_Leone_medical_cases_chart) South Africa (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Africa_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Africa_medical_cases_chart) South Sudan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Sudan_medical_cases_chart) Sudan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sudan_medical_cases_chart) Tanzania (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tanzania_medical_cases_chart) Togo (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Togo_medical_cases_chart) Tunisia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tunisia_medical_cases_chart) Uganda (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uganda_medical_cases_chart) Zambia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zambia_medical_cases_chart) Zimbabwe (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zimbabwe_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zimbabwe_medical_cases_chart) Americas Argentina (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Argentina_medical_cases) Bolivia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bolivia_medical_cases) Brazil (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Brazil_medical_cases) Canada (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_medical_cases) by province (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_medical_cases_by_province) vaccinations by province (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_vaccinations_by_province) Chile (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Chile_medical_cases) by commune (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Chile_medical_cases_by_commune) Colombia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Colombia_medical_cases_chart) Costa Rica (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Costa_Rica_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Costa_Rica_medical_cases_chart) Cuba (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cuba_medical_cases_chart) Dominican Republic (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Dominican_Republic_medical_cases_chart) Ecuador (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ecuador_medical_cases_chart) El Salvador (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/El_Salvador_medical_cases_chart) Guatemala (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Guatemala_medical_cases_chart) Haiti (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Haiti_medical_cases_chart) Honduras (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Honduras_medical_cases_chart) Mexico (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mexico_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mexico_medical_cases_chart) Nicaragua (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nicaragua_medical_cases_chart) Panama (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Panama_medical_cases_chart) Paraguay (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Paraguay_medical_cases_chart) Peru (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Peru_medical_cases_chart) United States (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_States_medical_cases) by state (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_States_medical_cases_by_state) Uruguay (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uruguay_medical_cases_chart) Venezuela (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Venezuela_medical_cases_chart) Asia Afghanistan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Afghanistan_medical_cases_chart) Armenia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Armenia_medical_cases_chart) Artsakh (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Artsakh_medical_cases_chart) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Azerbaijan_medical_cases_chart) Bahrain (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bahrain_medical_cases_chart) Bangladesh (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_chart) by division (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_by_division) Bhutan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases_chart) Brunei (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Brunei_medical_cases_chart) Cambodia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_chart) summary (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_summary) China (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_chart) confirmed per capita (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_(dots)) lockdowns (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China) by province (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/China_medical_cases_by_province) Hong Kong (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Hong_Kong_medical_cases_chart) Macau (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Macau_medical_cases_chart) Cyprus (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cyprus_medical_cases_chart) East Timor (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/East_Timor_medical_cases_chart) Egypt (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Egypt_medical_cases_chart) Georgia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Georgia_medical_cases_chart) India (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/India_medical_cases_chart) Indonesia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases_chart) Iran (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases_chart) Iraq (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iraq_medical_cases_chart) Israel (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Israel_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Israel_medical_cases_chart) Japan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Japan_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Japan_medical_cases_chart) Jordan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Jordan_medical_cases_chart) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kazakhstan_medical_cases_chart) Kuwait (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kuwait_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kuwait_medical_cases_chart) Kyrgyzstan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kyrgyzstan_medical_cases_chart) Laos (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Laos_medical_cases) Lebanon (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Lebanon_medical_cases_chart) Malaysia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases_chart) charts (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Charts_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia) Myanmar (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_chart) summary (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_summary) Nepal (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases_chart) Oman (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases_chart) Pakistan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases_chart) Philippines (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_medical_cases) cases chart 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(/wiki/Template:South_Korea_COVID-19_vaccination_charts) Sri Lanka (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sri_Lanka_medical_cases_chart) Syria (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Syria_medical_cases_chart) Taiwan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Taiwan_medical_cases_chart) vaccination charts (/wiki/Template:Taiwan_COVID-19_vaccination_charts) Tajikistan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tajikistan_medical_cases_chart) Thailand (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Thailand_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Thailand_medical_cases_chart) Turkey (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases_chart) United Arab Emirates (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases_chart) Uzbekistan (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases_chart) Vietnam (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Vietnam_medical_cases_chart) statistics charts (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam_statistics_charts) Yemen (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Yemen_medical_cases_chart) Europe (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Europe_medical_cases_chart) Albania (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Albania_medical_cases_chart) Austria (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Austria_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Austria_medical_cases_chart) Belarus (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belarus_medical_cases_chart) Belgium (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belgium_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belgium_medical_cases_chart) Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_medical_cases_chart) Bulgaria (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bulgaria_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bulgaria_medical_cases_chart) Croatia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Croatia_medical_cases_chart) Cyprus (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cyprus_medical_cases_chart) Czech Republic (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Czech_Republic_medical_cases_chart) Denmark (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Denmark_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Denmark_medical_cases_chart) Faroe Islands (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Faroe_Islands_medical_cases_chart) Estonia (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Estonia_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Estonia_medical_cases_chart) Finland (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Finland_medical_cases_chart) France (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/France_medical_cases) cases chart (/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/France_medical_cases_chart) 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Find sources: "Angelique Westerhof" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Angelique+Westerhof%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Angelique+Westerhof%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Angelique+Westerhof%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Angelique+Westerhof%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Angelique+Westerhof%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Angelique+Westerhof%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Angelique Westerhof Born 1969 Vorden (/wiki/Vorden) , Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Nationality Dutch Occupation Fashion promoter Known for Dutch Fashion Foundation (/wiki/Dutch_Fashion_Foundation) (director) Angelique Westerhof (born 1969, Vorden (/wiki/Vorden) , the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) ) is the director of the Dutch Fashion Foundation (/wiki/Dutch_Fashion_Foundation) and co-founder of the fashion master course at the Fashion Institute Arnhem (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Institute_Arnhem&action=edit&redlink=1) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Career [ edit ] In 1998 Westerhof was asked by the Arnhem Academy of Art and Design (/w/index.php?title=Arnhem_Academy_of_Art_and_Design&action=edit&redlink=1) (ArtEZ) to establish a one-year fashion masters course at the Fashion Institute Arnhem (FIA), together with fashion illustrator Pieter 't Hoen (/w/index.php?title=Pieter_%27t_Hoen_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1) . Westerhof and 't Hoen were both established in the international fashion industry, and worked to establish contacts between young designers and the international fashion scene. FIA ran workshops in several countries with leading professionals and a graduation show in Paris. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2001, to assist graduates from FIA to present their collections to a wider audience and establish themselves in the fashion industry, Westerhof set up the Dutch Fashion Foundation, to promote Dutch fashion in the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) and abroad. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Contemporary Fashion Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121855/http://www.contemporaryfashion.net/index.php/none/none/1703/nl/profile.html (https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121855/http://www.contemporaryfashion.net/index.php/none/none/1703/nl/profile.html) ^ (#cite_ref-2) 2000-10-01, Management Scope, 'Moeder van de Nederlandse mode, Interview met Angelique Westerhof, directeur van het Fashion Institute Arnhem', Pierre Spaninks, Harry Starren ^ (#cite_ref-3) YouTube – ‘Dutch Fashion Foundation - A Tribute to... (2003) - Interview Angelique Westerhof’ - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vawO7SeM5_M (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vawO7SeM5_M) ^ (#cite_ref-4) 2001-11-28, Het Parool, ‘Mode kun je leren’, Mo Veld https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2015/10/15/modestichting-1-miljoen-subsidie-doelen-niet-gehaald-a1412340 (https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2015/10/15/modestichting-1-miljoen-subsidie-doelen-niet-gehaald-a1412340) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7974fdbb48‐j2dql Cached time: 20240718112253 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.191 seconds Real time usage: 0.269 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1750/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 66539/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 16973/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11942/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.104/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3367473/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 245.185 1 -total 60.33% 147.923 4 Template:Ambox 44.00% 107.879 1 Template:Infobox_person 43.21% 105.952 1 Template:Multiple_issues 21.01% 51.523 1 Template:BLP_primary_sources 8.91% 21.852 1 Template:Wikidata_image 7.63% 18.702 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 6.90% 16.921 1 Template:Authority_control 5.79% 14.205 15 Template:Main_other 5.27% 12.912 2 Template:Find_sources_mainspace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31608588-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718112253 and revision id 1173838564. 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Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Winter clothes (/wiki/Winter_clothes) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cold weather clothing (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cold_weather_clothing) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐cqcbq Cached time: 20240720201457 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.099 seconds Real time usage: 0.225 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 166/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4193/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 322/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2569/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.061/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1511936/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 166.870 1 -total 66.30% 110.640 1 Template:Commons_category 65.10% 108.629 1 Template:Sister_project 63.77% 106.406 1 Template:Side_box 46.73% 77.978 2 Template:If_then_show 23.11% 38.568 1 Template:Portal 10.39% 17.342 1 Template:Cat_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45124292-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720201457 and revision id 1128613069. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Winter clothes" The following 22 pages are in this category, out of 22 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Winter clothing (/wiki/Winter_clothing) B Balaclava (clothing) (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) G Glove (/wiki/Glove) H Hudson's Bay point blanket (/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_point_blanket) K Knit cap (/wiki/Knit_cap) L Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) M Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Mitten (/wiki/Mitten) Monmouth cap (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Muff (handwarmer) (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) P Parka (/wiki/Parka) S Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Snowmobile suit (/wiki/Snowmobile_suit) Snowsuit (/wiki/Snowsuit) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) T Toque (/wiki/Toque) U Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) V Valenki (/wiki/Valenki) W Welsh Wig (/wiki/Welsh_Wig) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Winter_clothes&oldid=1128613069 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Winter_clothes&oldid=1128613069) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Winter in culture (/wiki/Category:Winter_in_culture) Clothing by function (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_function) Protective gear (/wiki/Category:Protective_gear) Winter (/wiki/Category:Winter) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
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Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) History of cross-dressing (/wiki/History_of_cross-dressing) In wartime (/wiki/Wartime_cross-dressers) History of drag (/wiki/History_of_drag) Rebecca Riots (/wiki/Rebecca_Riots) Casa Susanna (/wiki/Casa_Susanna) Pantomime dame (/wiki/Pantomime_dame) Principal boy (/wiki/Principal_boy) Travesti (theatre) (/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)) Travesti (gender identity) (/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)) Key elements Passing (/wiki/Passing_(gender)) Transvestism (/wiki/Transvestism) Modern drag (/wiki/Drag_(entertainment)) culture Ball culture (/wiki/Ball_culture) Drag king (/wiki/Drag_king) Drag pageantry (/wiki/Drag_pageantry) Drag queen (/wiki/Drag_queen) Female queen (drag) (/wiki/Female_queen_(drag)) Sexual practices Femdom (/wiki/Dominatrix) Feminization (/wiki/Feminization_(activity)) Petticoating (/wiki/Petticoating) Transvestic fetishism (/wiki/Transvestic_fetishism) Other aspects Cross-gender acting (/wiki/Cross-gender_acting) Crossplay (cosplay) (/wiki/Crossplay_(cosplay)) Passing as male (/wiki/Methods_of_passing_as_male) Breast binding (/wiki/Breast_binding) Stand-to-pee device (/wiki/Stand-to-pee_device) Packing (/wiki/Packing_(phallus)) Passing as female (/wiki/Methods_of_passing_as_female) Breast forms (/wiki/Breast_form) Cleavage enhancement (/wiki/Cleavage_enhancement) Hip and buttock padding (/wiki/Hip_and_buttock_padding) Tucking (/wiki/Tucking) Gaff (/wiki/Gaff_(clothing)) Organizations Tri-Ess (/wiki/Tri-Ess) Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (/wiki/Street_Transvestite_Action_Revolutionaries) Books My Husband Betty (/wiki/My_Husband_Betty) She's Not The Man I Married (/wiki/She%27s_Not_The_Man_I_Married) The Boy in the Dress (/wiki/The_Boy_in_the_Dress_(novel)) Theories Causes of gender incongruence (/wiki/Causes_of_gender_incongruence) Social construction of gender (/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender) v t e Cross-dressing or drag in television has followed a long history of female (/wiki/Drag_queen) / male (/wiki/Drag_king) impersonations on television. The most notable franchise involving cross-dressing in television is RuPaul's Drag Race (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race) , which is often credited for bringing cross-dressing into the " mainstream (/wiki/Mainstream_media) " media. With the competition series gaining attraction, it spawned over ten adaptations (/wiki/Drag_Race_(franchise)) , involving over 500 contestants (/wiki/List_of_Drag_Race_contestants) competing for a cash prize and the title of their country's next drag superstar. Animation [ edit ] Main article: List of cross-dressing characters in animated series (/wiki/List_of_cross-dressing_characters_in_animated_series) Brazil [ edit ] On 1 June 2018, streaming service Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) released a teaser trailer about three drag superheroes who are responsible for protecting the LGBT community and defeating homophobic villain Lady Elza. [1] (#cite_note-1) After the teaser trailer release, the series received criticism and pushed a "politically correct LGBT agenda". [2] (#cite_note-2) The first trailer was released on 19 October 2018, with Brazilian drag singer Pabllo Vittar (/wiki/Pabllo_Vittar) voicing a drag character, Goldiva. [3] (#cite_note-3) On 9 November 2018, the first season of Super Drags (/wiki/Super_Drags) was released with five episodes; the following month the adult animation series was canceled. [4] (#cite_note-4) Reality [ edit ] Brazil [ edit ] In March 2023, teaser images of the Brazilian reality series were released, with singer Xuxa Meneghel (/wiki/Xuxa_Meneghel) and drag queen Ikaro Kadoshi being the co-hosts of the series. [5] (#cite_note-5) The first season of Caravana das Drags (/wiki/Caravana_das_Drags) premiered on 13 April 2023, through Amazon Prime Video (/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video) . The season ran for nine episodes with ten contestants traveling through Brazil doing artistic drag tests. The series concluded on 25 May 2023; Gaia do Brasil was the runner-up with Hellena Borgys crowned as the "Sovereign Queen of the Caravan" and won R$ (/wiki/Brazilian_real) 150,000. [6] (#cite_note-6) In August 2022, a casting call opened for a potential Drag Race adaptation in Brazil. [7] (#cite_note-7) In December, it was confirmed that the new edition of the Drag Race franchise will premiere "on MTV/Paramount+ in their respective territories." In July 2023, Grag Queen (/wiki/Grag_Queen) was confirmed as a host and head judge, [8] (#cite_note-8) with Bruna Braga and Dudu Bertholini (/wiki/Dudu_Bertholini) as the main judges. [9] (#cite_note-9) On 19 July 2023, the twelve contestants were announced. [10] (#cite_note-10) The first season of Drag Race Brasil (/wiki/Drag_Race_Brasil) premiered on 30 August 2023, through MTV (/wiki/MTV_Brasil) and Paramount+ (/wiki/Paramount%2B) ; this marked the fourteenth international adaptation of its original series. Organzza (/wiki/Organzza) was crowned as "Brasil's First Drag Superstar". [11] (#cite_note-11) Canada [ edit ] Priyanka (/wiki/Priyanka_(drag_queen)) as the first winner of Canada's Drag Race . In mid-2019, a casting call was announced for a Canadian adaptation of the Drag Race franchise; the judging panel was announced for the drag competition which included Brooke Lynn Hytes (/wiki/Brooke_Lynn_Hytes) , Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman (/wiki/Jeffrey_Bowyer-Chapman) , and Stacey McKenzie (/wiki/Stacey_McKenzie) . [12] (#cite_note-12) The first season (/wiki/Canada%27s_Drag_Race_(season_1)) of Canada's Drag Race (/wiki/Canada%27s_Drag_Race) premiered on 2 July 2020, with twelve contestants competing to become "Canada's First Drag Superstar"; this marked the fourth international adaptation of its original series. [13] (#cite_note-13) Priyanka (/wiki/Priyanka_(drag_queen)) won the first season. In season four, the series welcomed its first openly trans man, Denim (/wiki/Denim_(drag_queen)) . [14] (#cite_note-14) The Canadian series has been nominated for twenty-nine Canadian Screen Awards (/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Awards) and won eighteen of them. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Mexico [ edit ] On 8 May 2028, the first season (/wiki/La_M%C3%A1s_Draga_(season_1)) of La Más Draga (/wiki/La_M%C3%A1s_Draga) premiered with seven contestants competing for the title "La Más Draga of México". [17] (#cite_note-17) Every week, the contestants showcase their potential with challenges that exalt the Mexican culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico) . Mexican drag queen Deborah La Grande won the first season with Bárbara Durango, Eva Blunt, and Margaret Y Ya (/wiki/Margaret_Y_Ya) as the runners-up. [18] (#cite_note-18) A casting call was announced in August 2022 for a Mexican adaption of Drag Race . Rolling Stone announced that Valentina (/wiki/Valentina_(drag_queen)) and Lolita Banana (/wiki/Lolita_Banana) will host the first season, [19] (#cite_note-19) with Óscar Madrazo to be on the judging panel. [20] (#cite_note-20) The first season (/wiki/Drag_Race_M%C3%A9xico_(season_1)) of Drag Race México (/wiki/Drag_Race_M%C3%A9xico) premiered on 22 June 2023, with eleven contestants competing for the title "México's First Drag Superstar". Mexican drag queens Gala Varo (/wiki/Gala_Varo) , Matraka (/wiki/Matraka) , and Regina Voce (/wiki/Regina_Voce) were the runners-up, with Cristian Peralta (/wiki/Cristian_Peralta) as the first winner of the series. [21] (#cite_note-21) Philippines [ edit ] In July 2021, Filipino-American drag queen Manila Luzon (/wiki/Manila_Luzon) exclusively told Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) about an upcoming television project she is set to host and judge. [22] (#cite_note-22) In an interview with Mega Entertainment , Luzon explained the series is going to be a pageant and it's her job to show the audience to "see the scene that's happening and to fall in love with these queens and to be inspired by their creativity." [23] (#cite_note-23) The first season (/wiki/Drag_Den_(season_1)) of Drag Den (/wiki/Drag_Den) premiered on 8 December 2022; [24] (#cite_note-24) the season ran for eight episodes with eight contestants and concluded on 26 January 2023. [25] (#cite_note-25) The series also welcomed its first openly trans woman (/wiki/Trans_woman) contestant, Barbie-Q. [26] (#cite_note-26) Shewarma and Maria Cristina are the runners-up, and Naia (/wiki/Naia_Black) was crowned as "Filipino's First Drag Supreme" and won ₱ (/wiki/Philippine_peso) 1,000,000. [27] (#cite_note-27) In August 2021, American drag queen RuPaul announced a new Drag Race adaptation for the Philippines; this marked the tenth international adaptation of its original series. [28] (#cite_note-28) In July 2022, television host Paolo Ballesteros (/wiki/Paolo_Ballesteros) was announced as the series host. [29] (#cite_note-29) The first season (/wiki/Drag_Race_Philippines_(season_1)) of Drag Race Philippines (/wiki/Drag_Race_Philippines) premiered on 17 August 2022 with twelve contestants competing, [30] (#cite_note-30) through Discovery+ and HBO Go (/wiki/HBO_Go) . [31] (#cite_note-31) The season ran for ten episodes and concluded on 12 October 2022. Marina Summers (/wiki/Marina_Summers) was the runner-up with Precious Paula Nicole (/wiki/Precious_Paula_Nicole) crowned as the "Philippines' First Drag Superstar" and won ₱1,000,000. [32] (#cite_note-32) A second season premiered on 2 August 2023 and concluded on 4 October, releasing ten episodes with twelve contestants. The top four consisted of two trans women, Bernie (/wiki/Bernie_(drag_queen)) and M1ss Jade So (/wiki/M1ss_Jade_So) , placing in third place. Captivating Katkat (/wiki/Captivating_Katkat) was the first trans woman to win the series, with Arizona Brandy (/wiki/Arizona_Brandy) as the runner-up of the season. [33] (#cite_note-33) United Kingdom [ edit ] The Vivienne (/wiki/The_Vivienne) as the first winner of RuPaul's Drag Race UK and its franchise. The first series (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_1)) of RuPaul's Drag Race UK (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK) aired on 3 October 2019 with RuPaul as host and head judge; in every episode, the requirements of the maxi challenge vary across each episode and can be individual or group challenges. The winner of the maxi challenge also receives a special prize for their win, for example, a "RuPeter Badge" a spoof of the CBBC (/wiki/CBBC) 's famous Blue Peter (/wiki/Blue_Peter) badge (/wiki/Blue_Peter_badge) . [ citation needed ] The series ran for eight episodes and crowned The Vivienne (/wiki/The_Vivienne) as the "UK's First Drag Superstar". The English adaptation was renewed for a second (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_2)) (2020), [34] (#cite_note-34) third (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_3)) (2021), [35] (#cite_note-35) fourth (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_4)) (2022), [36] (#cite_note-36) and fifth (/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_(series_5)) (2023) series. [37] (#cite_note-37) The series also welcomed Victoria Scone (/wiki/Victoria_Scone) , the franchise's first-ever cisgender (/wiki/Cisgender) female contestant since its beginning in 2009, [38] (#cite_note-38) with Dakota Schiffer (/wiki/Dakota_Schiffer) being the first openly trans woman contestant to compete in the British version of the show. [39] (#cite_note-39) In February 2021, Paramount Global (/wiki/Paramount_Global) and its streaming service announced an international drag-singing competition, produced by World of Wonder (/wiki/World_of_Wonder_(company)) . [40] (#cite_note-40) It was later announced that Graham Norton (/wiki/Graham_Norton) would host the series, [41] (#cite_note-41) with Leona Lewis (/wiki/Leona_Lewis) , Michelle Visage (/wiki/Michelle_Visage) , Trixie Mattel (/wiki/Trixie_Mattel) , and Vanessa Williams (/wiki/Vanessa_Williams) being the judges of the series. [42] (#cite_note-42) On 10 November 2021, fourteen contestants were announced and the first season (/wiki/Queen_of_the_Universe_(season_1)) of Queen of the Universe (/wiki/Queen_of_the_Universe_(TV_series)) premiered on 2 December 2021, through Paramount+. [43] (#cite_note-43) The season ran for six episodes and concluded on 30 December 2022. Ada Vox (/wiki/Ada_Vox) was the runner-up with Grag Queen winning the first season. A second season was renewed with Mel B (/wiki/Mel_B) replacing Lewis as a judge; [44] (#cite_note-44) the season premiered on 2 June 2023 and concluded on 22 June, releasing eight episodes with ten contestants. [45] (#cite_note-45) Trevor Ashley (/wiki/Trevor_Ashley) was the runner-up with Taiga Brava (/wiki/Taiga_Brava) winning the second season. The series was canceled and pulled out from its streaming service. [46] (#cite_note-46) Unscripted [ edit ] Canada [ edit ] In June 2021, it was announced Brooke Lynn Hytes is set to present a talk series reboot of 1 Girl 5 Gays (/wiki/1_Girl_5_Gays) , [47] (#cite_note-47) where a panel of LGBTQ (/wiki/LGBTQ) people and a drag queen talk about issues regarding the queer community. [48] (#cite_note-48) The revamped series 1 Queen 5 Queers (/wiki/1_Queen_5_Queers) premiered on 9 December 2021 and represents a broader and more diverse array of participants than the original, which focused almost entirely on the perspectives of gay men. [49] (#cite_note-49) A second season was renewed and premiered on 1 September 2022. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Cross-dressing in film (/w/index.php?title=Cross-dressing_in_film&action=edit&redlink=1) Cross-dressing in literature (/wiki/Cross-dressing_in_literature) Cross-dressing in music and opera (/wiki/Cross-dressing_in_music_and_opera) List of comedy television series with LGBT characters (/wiki/List_of_comedy_television_series_with_LGBT_characters) List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters (/wiki/List_of_dramatic_television_series_with_LGBT_characters) Transgender in film and television (/wiki/Transgender_in_film_and_television) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Megarry, Daniel (1 June 2018). "Netflix debuts fierce trailer for new cartoon about superhero drag queens" (https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/netflix-debuts-trailer-for-new-cartoon-about-superhero-drag-queens/) . Gay Times (/wiki/Gay_Times) . 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"RuPaul's Drag Race UK season 2: Meet the 12 fierce contestants" (https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/rupauls-drag-race-uk-season-2-meet-the-12-fierce-contestants/) . Gay Times (/wiki/Gay_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201216091039/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/rupauls-drag-race-uk-season-2-meet-the-12-fierce-contestants/) from the original on 16 December 2020 . Retrieved 16 December 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Davies, Matilda (10 May 2021). "First guest judge for Drag Race UK season three has been leaked – and we're gagging" (https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/05/10/the-first-guest-judge-for-drag-race-uk-season-three-has-been-leaked-and-were-gagging/) . PinkNews (/wiki/PinkNews) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210621172401/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/05/10/the-first-guest-judge-for-drag-race-uk-season-three-has-been-leaked-and-were-gagging/) from the original on 21 June 2021 . 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"Graham Norton to Host Drag Queen Singing Competition 'Queen of the Universe' for Paramount Plus" (https://variety.com/2021/tv/global/queen-of-the-universe-graham-norton-rupauls-drag-race-1235075045/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211103043729/https://variety.com/2021/tv/global/queen-of-the-universe-graham-norton-rupauls-drag-race-1235075045/) from the original on 3 November 2021 . Retrieved 11 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Vary, Adam B. (28 October 2021). "Vanessa Williams, Trixie Mattel to Judge Drag Singing Competition Show" (https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/queen-of-the-universe-judges-vanessa-williams-trixie-mattel-leona-lewis-michelle-visage-1235099240/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211028171106/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/queen-of-the-universe-judges-vanessa-williams-trixie-mattel-leona-lewis-michelle-visage-1235099240/) from the original on 28 October 2021 . 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" (https://deadline.com/2023/06/grease-rise-of-the-pink-ladies-star-trek-prodigy-the-game-queen-of-the-universe-canceled-paramount-1235423451/) 'Grease: Rise of the Pink Ladies', 'Star Trek: Prodigy', 'The Game' & 'Queen of the Universe' Canceled At Paramount+ As Streamer Pulls Shows From Service & Takes Content Write-Down" (https://deadline.com/2023/06/grease-rise-of-the-pink-ladies-star-trek-prodigy-the-game-queen-of-the-universe-canceled-paramount-1235423451/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230623181122/https://deadline.com/2023/06/grease-rise-of-the-pink-ladies-star-trek-prodigy-the-game-queen-of-the-universe-canceled-paramount-1235423451/) from the original on 23 June 2023 . Retrieved 23 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Nolfi, Joey (10 June 2021). "RuPaul's Drag Race star Brooke Lynn Hytes to dish 'queer s---' on new talk show 1 Queen 5 Queers" (https://ew.com/tv/brooke-lynn-hytes-1-queen-5-queers-new-show/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210614002713/https://ew.com/tv/brooke-lynn-hytes-1-queen-5-queers-new-show/) from the original on 14 June 2021 . Retrieved 1 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Ahearn, Victoria (10 June 2021). " (https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2021/06/10/the-amazing-race-canada-letterkenny-spinoff-join-upcoming-bell-media-lineup.html) 'The Amazing Race Canada,' 'Letterkenny' spinoff join upcoming Bell Media lineup" (https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2021/06/10/the-amazing-race-canada-letterkenny-spinoff-join-upcoming-bell-media-lineup.html) . Toronto Star (/wiki/Toronto_Star) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210611024927/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2021/06/10/the-amazing-race-canada-letterkenny-spinoff-join-upcoming-bell-media-lineup.html) from the original on 11 June 2021 . 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International beauty pageant For the most recent competition, see Miss Supranational 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2024) . For the upcoming competition, see Miss Supranational 2025 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2025&action=edit&redlink=1) . For the most recent competition, see Mister Supranational 2024 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2024) . For the upcoming competition, see Mister Supranational 2025 (/w/index.php?title=Mister_Supranational_2025&action=edit&redlink=1) . Miss Supranational Logo of Miss Supranational organization Type International women's beauty pageant Headquarters Warsaw (/wiki/Warsaw) , Poland First edition 2009 Most recent edition 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2024) Current titleholder Harashta Haifa Zahra (/wiki/Harashta_Haifa_Zahra) Indonesia President Gerhard Parzutka von Lipinski Language English Website misssupranational (http://misssupranational.com) .com (http://misssupranational.com) Miss Supranational is an annual international beauty pageant, started in 2009, and with most contests held in Poland. A parallel male contest, Mister Supranational , was launched in 2016, also in Poland. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) The current organizers of Miss and Mister Supranational are World Beauty Association S.A. (/wiki/S.A._(corporation)) and Nowa Scena. [3] (#cite_note-3) The current pageant title holders are Harashta Haifa Zahra (/wiki/Harashta_Haifa_Zahra) of Indonesia and Fezile Mkhize (/wiki/Fezile_Mkhize) of South Africa, who were elected on July 4 and July 6, 2024, separately, in Nowy Sącz (/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz) . Miss Supranational For full list and details, see List of Miss Supranational countries (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Supranational_countries) . Finals of Miss Supranational 2017 Miss Supranational is managed by the World Beauty Association S.A. (/wiki/S.A._(corporation)) , which was founded in 2009 in Panama. The first World Beauty Association president was Tryny Marcela Yandar Lobón, with Gerhard Parzutka von Lipinski from Poland as executive producer and president of the production company Nowa Scena. [4] (#cite_note-Statement-4) Parzutka von Lipinski has been referred to as the President of Miss Supranational since at least 2017. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-Postponed-6) The Miss Supranational contests began in 2009 and were held in Poland except 2013 which was in Minsk (/wiki/Minsk) , Belarus, [7] (#cite_note-News24-7) and 2016, which was co-hosted with Poprad (/wiki/Poprad) , Slovakia. [8] (#cite_note-8) Mister Supranational also began in 2016, in Krynica-Zdrój (/wiki/Krynica-Zdr%C3%B3j) , Poland. [9] (#cite_note-9) The World Beauty Association, based in Hong Kong, organized a rival Miss Supranational 2014 pageant in India which could not be held in person due to responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic (/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic) . It crowned one candidate, Jennifer Poleo of Venezuela, remotely, and without runners-up, and did not hold any subsequent contests. [10] (#cite_note-10) The Miss and Mister Supranational 2020 contests were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , with Anntonia Porsild from Thailand and Nate Crnkovich from the United States to retain their respective titles until then. [6] (#cite_note-Postponed-6) 2020 was the first year that the Miss and Mister Supranational contests were not held since their inception. [11] (#cite_note-11) Crowns of Miss Supranational The Miss Supranational Crown (2009–2021; 2024) – This crown was designed by jeweler and crown maker George Wittels from Venezuela. [12] (#cite_note-12) It is made of a fine silver base bordered by numerous white crystals, diamonds, and soft blue sapphires, at an approximate cost of US$300,000. Over the years, the crown has undergone several modifications but retained the significant elements of its original design. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) The Blue Blossom crown was last worn by Harashta Haifa Zahra (/wiki/Harashta_Haifa_Zahra) from Indonesia, who won in 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2024) . The Supranational Crown (2022–2023) – The second Miss Supranational crown was designed by Mexican jeweler and crown maker Ricardo Patraca. It was unveiled during the 13th Miss Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) competition. The crown was inspired by the pageant's slogan: Inspirational – Aspirational. It represents the union and the friendship that never ends the bonds. The lines go up from the bottom of the crown towards the upper part, symbolizing the inspirational aspect of Miss Supranational. The side of the crown has a motif representing the ribbons that are usually used to symbolize different social causes. The blue stones represent the peace and the family that usually characterizes the pageant. [15] (#cite_note-15) The Supranational Crown was last worn by Andrea Aguilera (/wiki/Andrea_Aguilera_(Ecuadorian_model)) from Ecuador, who won in 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) . Gallery of Miss Supranational crowns Blue Blossom Crown , as worn by Miss Supranational 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) , Anntonia Porsild (/wiki/Anntonia_Porsild) The Supranational Crown , as worn by Miss Supranational 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) , Lalela Mswane (/wiki/Lalela_Mswane) Editions The following is a list of Miss Supranational pageant edition and information. Edition Year Date Venue Host country Ref. 1st 2009 September 5 Płock Amphitheater (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfiteatr_w_P%C5%82ocku) , Płock (/wiki/P%C5%82ock) , Masovian (/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship) Poland [16] (#cite_note-:0-16) 2nd 2010 August 28 [17] (#cite_note-17) [16] (#cite_note-:0-16) 3rd 2011 August 26 [18] (#cite_note-18) [16] (#cite_note-:0-16) 4th 2012 September 14 Hala Mera Studio, Warsaw (/wiki/Warsaw) , Masovian (/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship) [19] (#cite_note-19) [16] (#cite_note-:0-16) 5th 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2013) September 6 Minsk Sports Palace (/wiki/Minsk_Sports_Palace) , Minsk (/wiki/Minsk) Belarus [20] (#cite_note-Cok_Istri-1-20) [21] (#cite_note-Cok_Istri-2-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) 6th 2014 December 5 Hala MOSiR (/wiki/Hala_MOSiR) , Krynica-Zdrój (/wiki/Krynica-Zdr%C3%B3j) , Lesser Poland (/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship) Poland [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) 7th 2015 December 4 [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) 8th 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2016) December 2 [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) 9th 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2017) December 1 [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) 10th 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) December 7 [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) 11th 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) December 6 Katowice International Congress Centre (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowe_Centrum_Kongresowe_w_Katowicach) , Katowice (/wiki/Katowice) , Silesian (/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship) [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) 2020 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [a] (#cite_note-37) 12th 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2021) August 21 Strzelecki Park Amphitheater (/wiki/Amphitheater) , Nowy Sącz (/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz) , Lesser Poland (/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship) Poland [37] (#cite_note-38) [38] (#cite_note-39) 13th 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) July 15 [39] (#cite_note-40) 14th 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) July 14 [40] (#cite_note-41) 15th 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2024) July 6 Recent titleholders For full list and details, see List of Miss Supranational titleholders (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Supranational_titleholders) . Year Country Miss Supranational National title Number of entrants 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2024) Indonesia Harashta Haifa Zahra (/wiki/Harashta_Haifa_Zahra) Puteri Indonesia 2024 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2024) 68 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) Ecuador Andrea Aguilera (/wiki/Andrea_Aguilera_(Ecuadorian_model)) CNB Ecuador Supranational 2023 (/wiki/Concurso_Nacional_de_Belleza_Ecuador) 65 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) South Africa Lalela Mswane (/wiki/Lalela_Mswane) Miss South Africa 2021 (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) 69 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2021) Namibia Chanique Rabe (/wiki/Chanique_Rabe) Miss Supranational Namibia 2020 58 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) Thailand Anntonia Porsild (/wiki/Anntonia_Porsild) Miss Supranational Thailand 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_Thailand) 77 Gallery of winners Miss Supranational 2024 Harashta Haifa Zahra (/wiki/Harashta_Haifa_Zahra) , Indonesia Miss Supranational 2023 Andrea Aguilera (/wiki/Andrea_Aguilera_(Ecuadorian_model)) , Ecuador Miss Supranational 2022 Lalela Mswane (/wiki/Lalela_Mswane) , South Africa Miss Supranational 2021 Chanique Rabe (/wiki/Chanique_Rabe) , Namibia Miss Supranational 2019 Anntonia Porsild (/wiki/Anntonia_Porsild) , Thailand Miss Supranational 2018 Valeria Vázquez (/w/index.php?title=Valeria_V%C3%A1zquez&action=edit&redlink=1) , Puerto Rico Miss Supranational 2017 Jenny Kim (/wiki/Jenny_Kim) , South Korea Miss Supranational 2016 Srinidhi Shetty (/wiki/Srinidhi_Shetty) , India Miss Supranational 2015 Stephania Stegman (/w/index.php?title=Stephania_Stegman&action=edit&redlink=1) [ es (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephania_Stegman) ] , Paraguay Miss Supranational 2014 Asha Bhat (/wiki/Asha_Bhat) , India Miss Supranational 2013 Mutya Datul (/wiki/Mutya_Johanna_Datul) , Philippines Miss Supranational 2011 Monika Lewczuk (/wiki/Monika_Lewczuk) , Poland Miss Supranational 2010 Karina Pinilla (/w/index.php?title=Karina_Pinilla&action=edit&redlink=1) , Panama Notes ^ (#cite_ref-37) The 2019 titleholder Anntonia Porsild reigned Miss Supranational until 2021 due to the cancellation of the 2020 pageant because of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) Mister Supranational Mister Supranational Logo for Mister Supranational organization Type International men's beauty pageant Headquarters Panama City (/wiki/Panama_City) , Panama First edition 2016 Most recent edition 2024 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2024) Current titleholder Fezile Mkhize (/wiki/Fezile_Mkhize) South Africa President Gerhard Parzutka von Lipinski Language English Website www (http://www.mistersupranational.com/) .mistersupranational (http://www.mistersupranational.com/) .com (http://www.mistersupranational.com/) In 2016, the Polish businessman, producer, and international director of Miss Supranational Gerardo Von Lipinsky, founded the international male beauty contest, Mister Supranational, together with the Panamanian (/wiki/Panamanian) businesswoman Marcela Lobón, creator of WBA (World Beauty Association). The first edition of the contest was held on December 2, 2016 at the Municipal Sports and Recreation Center (MOSIR), in the city of Krynica-Zdrój (/wiki/Krynica-Zdr%C3%B3j) , Poland, with the participation of 36 candidates from various countries around the world, with Diego Garcy from Mexico, the first winner of the contest. [41] (#cite_note-42) Approximately 80 countries have participated in the contest, making it one of the most important male beauty pageants in the world. Editions The following is a list of Mister Supranational pageant edition and information. Edition Year Date Venue Host country Rep. 1st 2016 December 3 Stadion MOSiR, Krynica-Zdrój (/wiki/Krynica-Zdr%C3%B3j) , Lesser Poland (/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship) Poland [42] (#cite_note-Thakur-43) 2nd 2017 December 2 3rd 2018 December 8 4th 2019 December 7 International Congress Centre, Katowice (/wiki/Katowice) , Silesian (/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship) 2020 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [a] (#cite_note-44) 5th 2021 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2021) August 22 Strzelecki Park Amphitheater (/wiki/Amphitheater) , Nowy Sącz (/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz) , Lesser Poland (/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship) Poland [43] (#cite_note-45) [44] (#cite_note-46) [45] (#cite_note-47) 6th 2022 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2022) July 16 [46] (#cite_note-48) [47] (#cite_note-49) 7th 2023 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2023) July 15 8th 2024 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2024) July 4 Recent titleholders For full list and details, see List of Mister Supranational titleholders (/wiki/List_of_Mister_Supranational_titleholders) . Year Represented Titleholder National Title Number of entrants 2024 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2024) South Africa Fezile Mkhize (/wiki/Fezile_Mkhize) Mister Supranational South Africa 2024 36 2023 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2023) Spain Iván Álvarez Guedes Mister RNB España 2022 (/wiki/Mister_RNB_Espa%C3%B1a_2022) 34 2022 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2022) Cuba Luis Daniel Gálvez Mister Cuba 2022 2021 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2021) Peru Varo Vargas Mister Supranational Perú 2021 2019 United States Nate Crnkovich Mister Supranational USA 2019 (/w/index.php?title=Mister_Supranational_USA&action=edit&redlink=1) 40 Gallery of winners Mister Supranational 2018 Prathamesh Maulingkar (/wiki/Prathamesh_Maulingkar) , India Notes ^ (#cite_ref-44) The 2019 reigning titleholder Nate Crnkovich will remain Mister Supranational until 2021 due to the cancellation of the 2020 pageant because of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) Miss and Mister Supranational Organization For full list and details, see List of Miss Supranational countries (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Supranational_countries) . The following is a list of all Miss and Mister Supranational Organization titleholders from the establishment of each pageant until now. Edition Miss Supranational National title Country Mister Supranational National title Country 2024 Harashta Haifa Zahra (/wiki/Harashta_Haifa_Zahra) Puteri Indonesia 2024 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2024) Indonesia Fezile Mkhize (/wiki/Fezile_Mkhize) Mister Supranational South Africa South Africa 2023 Andrea Aguilera (/wiki/Andrea_Aguilera_(Ecuadorian_model)) CNB Ecuador Supranational (/wiki/Concurso_Nacional_de_Belleza_Ecuador) Ecuador Iván Álvarez Guedes Mister RNB España (/wiki/RNB_Espa%C3%B1a) Spain 2022 Lalela Mswane (/wiki/Lalela_Mswane) Miss South Africa (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) South Africa Luis Daniel Gálvez Mister Cuba Cuba 2021 Chanique Rabe (/wiki/Chanique_Rabe) Miss Supranational Namibia (/wiki/Miss_Namibia) Namibia Varo Vargas Mister Supranational Perú Peru 2019 Anntonia Porsild (/wiki/Anntonia_Porsild) Miss Supranational Thailand (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_Thailand) Thailand Nate Crnkovich Mister Supranational USA United States 2018 Valeria Vázquez (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeria_V%C3%A1zquez) Miss Supranational Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Prathamesh Maulingkar (/wiki/Prathamesh_Maulingkar) Mister India Supranational (/wiki/Mister_India_World) India 2017 Jenny Kim (/wiki/Jenny_Kim) Miss Supranational Korea (/wiki/Miss_Queen_Korea) South Korea Gabriel Correa (/wiki/Gabriel_Correa_(model)) Mister Venezuela (/wiki/Mister_Venezuela) Venezuela 2016 Srinidhi Shetty (/wiki/Srinidhi_Shetty) Miss Diva Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Diva) India Diego Garcy Mister Model México (/wiki/Mr_Model_M%C3%A9xico) Mexico 2015 Stephanía Stegman (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan%C3%ADa_Stegman) Miss Supranational Paraguay Paraguay ↑ No Pageant Held (established in 2016) 2014 Asha Bhat (/wiki/Asha_Bhat) Miss Diva Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Diva) India 2013 Mutya Datul (/wiki/Mutya_Johanna_Datul) Binibining Pilipinas Supranational (/wiki/Binibining_Pilipinas) Philippines 2012 Katsiaryna Buraya Miss Belarus Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Belarus) Belarus 2011 Monika Lewczuk (/wiki/Monika_Lewczuk) Miss Polski Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Polski) Poland 2010 Karina Pinilla (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karina_Pinilla) Miss Supranational Panamá Panama 2009 Oksana Moria Miss Supranational Ukraine Ukraine Supra Star Search During a Covid-19 (/wiki/Covid-19) pandemic in 2020, Supra Star Search was introduced on 19 October 2020 as a virtual competition for men and women who want to compete for the Miss or Mister Supranational titles in countries with no national organizations. [48] (#cite_note-50) Titleholders Edition Year Supra Star Search Represented Notes Placement at Supranational 1st 2020 Miss Nyisha Tilus Bahamas Miss Supranational Bahamas 2021 Unplaced (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2021) Mister Santosh Upadhyaya Nepal Mister Supranational Nepal 2021 3rd Runner-up (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2021) 2nd 2022 Mister Angel Olaya Argentina Mister Supranational Argentina 2022 Top 20 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2022) Other representatives Year Contestant Represented Placement at Supra Star Search Notes Placement at Supranational 2020 Miss Sophie Marie Dunning England 1st Runner-up Later awarded as Miss Supranational England 2021 Unplaced (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2021) Miss Melisha Lin Malaysia 2nd Runner-up Later won as Miss Supranational Malaysia 2022 [49] (#cite_note-51) Top 24 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) Mister Theodore Bien-Aime Haiti 1st Runner-up Later awarded as Mister Supranational Haiti 2021 Top 20 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2021) 2022 Mister RaÉd Fernandez Al-Zghayér Jordan Top 4 Later appointed as Mister Supranational Philippines 2022 [50] (#cite_note-52) Top 20 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) Mister Marco Bauer Germany Top 15 Later appointed as Mister Supranational Germany 2022 Unplaced (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) See also List of beauty contests (/wiki/List_of_beauty_contests) References ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Crowning glory around the world!" (https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1807394/crowning-glory-around-the-world) . Bangkok Post (/wiki/Bangkok_Post) . December 3, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Beauty Pageants: Are the Crowns On the Right Heads? - – Nigerian News from Leadership News" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151222085830/http://leadership.ng/entertainment/381814/beauty-pageants-crowns-right-heads) . Nigerian News from Leadership News . Archived from the original (http://leadership.ng/entertainment/381814/beauty-pageants-crowns-right-heads) on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Here's everything we know about the Miss Supranational pageant" (https://www.news24.com/channel/the-juice/news/pageant/heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-miss-supranational-competition-20200526) . news24.com . 20 May 2020 . Retrieved 27 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Statement_4-0) Parzutka von Lipinski, Gerhard (January 28, 2014). "STATEMENT FROM MISS SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND WORLD BEAUTY ASSOCIATION (WBA), S.A., ABOUT OUR TRADEMARK" (https://www.facebook.com/MissSupranational/posts/statement-from-miss-supranational-organization-and-world-beauty-association-wba-/542040249236378/) . Miss Supranational (/wiki/Miss_Supranational) . Retrieved 12 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Gerhard Parzutka Von Lipinski speaks about his visit to India" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/gerhard-parzutka-von-lipinski-speaks-about-his-visit-to-india/videoshow/61017330.cms) . Times of India (/wiki/Times_of_India) . Oct 10, 2017 . Retrieved 12 August 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Requintina, Robert (1 August 2020). "Mr and Miss Supranational 2020 pageants postponed" (https://mb.com.ph/2020/08/01/mr-and-miss-supranational-2020-pageants-postponed/) . Manila Bulletin (/wiki/Manila_Bulletin) . Retrieved 9 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-News24_7-0) Morkel, Graye (27 May 2019). "Here's everything we know about the Miss Supranational pageant" (https://www.news24.com/channel/the-juice/news/pageant/heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-miss-supranational-competition-20200526) . News24 (/wiki/News24_(website)) . Retrieved 9 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Two Countries To Co-Host Miss Supranational 2016" (https://www.misssupranational.com/two-countries-to-co-host-miss-supranational-2016/) . Miss Supranational. October 5, 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Mexico wins Mister Supranational 2016 - BeautyPageants" (https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Mexico-wins-Mister-Supranational-2016/Mexico-wins-Mister-Supranational-2016/eventshow/55782192.cms) . ETimes . December 4, 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Venezuela ganó el Miss Supranational 2014" (https://www.quepasa.com.ve/cultura-y-farandula/venezuela-gano-el-miss-supranational-2014/) . Diario lo Qué Pasa (in Spanish). November 18, 2014 . Retrieved 12 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) " (https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2019/12/07/039the-face-of-thailand039-anntonia-is-now-miss-supranational) "The Face of Thailand" Anntonia is now Miss Supranational!" (https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2019/12/07/039the-face-of-thailand039-anntonia-is-now-miss-supranational) . The Star . 7 December 2019 . Retrieved 7 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "George Wittels diseñó coronas para el Miss Supranational" (https://www.elnacional.com/entretenimiento/george-wittels-diseno-coronas-para-miss-supranational_262339/) . elnacional.com . 6 December 2018 . Retrieved 27 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Real Worth of 10 International Beauty Pageant Crowns" (http://www.thetrendingfacts.com/2016/11/7-interesting-facts-on-worth-of-7.html) . thetrendingfacts.com . Retrieved 27 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Pageant Lovers Wajib Tahu! Ini dia 6 Mahkota Grand Slams Beauty Pageant Dunia" (https://www.hipwee.com/list/pageant-lovers-wajib-tahu-ini-dia-6-mahkota-grand-slams-beauty-pageant-dunia/) . hipwee.com . Retrieved 27 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "What Lalela Mswane's new title as Miss Supranational entails" (https://www.news24.com/channel/the-juice/news/pageant/what-lalela-mswanes-new-title-as-miss-supranational-entails-20220724) . news24.com . Retrieved 20 November 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "History" (https://www.misssupranational.com/history/) . Miss Supranational . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Miss Hana Věrná: Druhé místo na Miss Supranational" (https://www.blesk.cz/clanek/celebrity-ceske-celebrity/141410/miss-hana-verna-druhe-misto-na-miss-supranational.html) . Blesk.cz (in Czech). 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Eljaszak, Karolina (2011-08-27). "Monika Lewczuk została Miss Supranational!" (https://warszawa.naszemiasto.pl/monika-lewczuk-zostala-miss-supranational/ar/c11-3182441) . Warszawa Nasze Miasto (in Polish) . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Katsyaryna Buraya from Belarus won the Miss Supranational 2012 pageant - EuroBelarus" (https://en.eurobelarus.info/news/world/2012/09/17/beauty_contest.html) . EuroBelarus . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cok_Istri-1_20-0) " (https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2013/08/01/1603198/Cok.Istri.Krisnanda.Wakili.Indonesia.ke.Miss.Supranational.) "Cok Istri Krisnanda Wakili Indonesia ke Miss Supranational" (https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2013/08/01/1603198/Cok.Istri.Krisnanda.Wakili.Indonesia.ke.Miss.Supranational.) " (https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2013/08/01/1603198/Cok.Istri.Krisnanda.Wakili.Indonesia.ke.Miss.Supranational.) . Kompas (/wiki/Kompas) . August 8, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-Cok_Istri-2_21-0) " (https://www.jpnn.com/news/cok-is-wakili-indonesia-di-belarus) "Cok Is Wakili Indonesia di Belarus" (https://www.jpnn.com/news/cok-is-wakili-indonesia-di-belarus) " (https://www.jpnn.com/news/cok-is-wakili-indonesia-di-belarus) . Jawa Pos (/wiki/Jawa_Pos) . August 30, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Miss Supranational 2013 title goes to the Philippines" (https://www.belarus.by/en/press-center/news/miss-supranational-2013-title-goes-to-the-philippines_i_7401.html) . Official Website of the Republic of Belarus . ^ (#cite_ref-23) De Jesus, Julliane Love (2013-09-07). "Philippine bet wins Ms Supranational 2013" (https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/124155/philippine-bet-wins-ms-supranational-2013/) . Inquirer Lifestyle . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Sabillo, Kristine Angeli (2014-12-06). "India wins Miss Supranational 2014, PH bet reaches top 20" (https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/178962/indian-beauty-wins-miss-supranational-2014-ph-bet-reaches-top-20/) . Inquirer Lifestyle . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "India's Asha Bhat wins Miss Supranational 2014 title" (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/indias-asha-bhat-wins-miss-supranational-2014-title/articleshow/45394149.cms?from=mdr) . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Kruszewska, Caroline. "Miss Supranational 2015. Stephania Vasquez Stegman jest aktorką i zagra w polskiej produkcji? [WIDEO] - Telemagazyn.pl" (https://www.telemagazyn.pl/artykuly/miss-supranational-2015-stephania-vasquez-stegman-jest-aktorka-i-zagra-w-polskiej-produkcji-wideo-47173.html) . Telemagazyn (in Polish). No. 5 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Miss Paraguay crowned Miss Supranational 2015 - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes" (https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-supranational/miss-paraguay-crowned-miss-supranational-2015/articleshow/50050177.cms) . Femina Miss India . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Paraguay wins Miss Supranational 2015!" (https://www.misssupranational.com/paraguay-wins-miss-supranational-2015/) . Miss Supranational . 2017-03-21 . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "India's Srinidhi Shetty bags 'Miss Supranational 2016' crown" (https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/newsmakers/indias-srinidhi-shetty-bags-miss-supranational-2016-crown) . Khaleej Times . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Miss Supranational 2016 is Srinidhi Shetty of India" (https://www.pep.ph/news/65467/miss-supranational-2016-is-srinidhi-shetty-of-india) . PEP.ph . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Miss Korea Jenny Kim crowned Miss Supranational 2017" (https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/fashion/article/miss-korea-jenny-kim-crowned-miss-supranational/137645) . Times Now News . 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Afinidad-Bernardo, Deni Rose M. "Korea wins Miss Supranational 2017, Philippines in top 10" (https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2017/12/02/1764573/korea-wins-miss-supranational-2017-philippines-top-10) . Philstar.com . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Mujer, Nueva (8 December 2018). "¡Ella es Valeria Vázquez, la boricua que conquistó la primera corona del Miss Supranational 2018 para Puerto Rico!" (https://www.nuevamujer.com/espectaculos/2018/12/08/puerto-rico-conquista-la-corona-del-miss-supranational-2018-primera-vez-historia.html) . Nueva Mujer (in European Spanish) . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Miss Puerto Rico is Miss Supranational 2018, PH bet with Top 10 finish" (https://www.pep.ph/news/local/72214/miss-puerto-rico-is-miss-supranational-2018-ph-bet-with-top-10-finish) . PEP.ph . 7 December 2018 . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Anntonia Porsild of Thailand wins Miss Supranational 2019; Philippine bet Resham Saeed finishes in top 25" (https://www.pep.ph/news/local/148052/thailand-miss-supranational-2019-philippines-resham-saeed-top-25-a721-20191207) . PEP.ph . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Judd, Adam (2019-12-07). "Thai woman crowned Miss Supranational 2019, first Thai to win the crown" (https://thepattayanews.com/2019/12/07/thai-woman-crowned-miss-supranational-2019-first-thai-to-win-the-crown/) . The Pattaya News . Retrieved 2021-08-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "The votes are in! Chanique Rabe is crowned Miss Supranational" (https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/breaking-chanique-rabe-is-crowned-miss-supranational-namibia/) . The South African . 2021-08-21 . Retrieved 2021-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Namibia is Miss Supranational 2021; PH bet in Top 12 – Manila Bulletin" (https://mb.com.ph/2021/08/22/namibia-is-miss-supranational-2021-ph-bet-in-top-12/?amp) . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved 2021-08-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Watch Miss Supranational and Mister Supranational live on THESE dates!" (https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-supranational/watch-miss-supranational-and-mister-supranational-live-on-these-dates/articleshow/91074439.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Retrieved 1 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Congratulations 🎉 @andreaaguilerapa you are #misssupranational2023" (https://www.instagram.com/p/CusVurjLml4/?img_index=1) . Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . Retrieved 14 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Diego Garcy from Mexico wins the first ever edition of Mister Supranational" (http://www.thetrendingfacts.com/2016/12/diego-garcy-from-mexico-wins-first-ever.html) . thetrendingfacts . December 3, 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Thakur_43-0) "Jitesh Thakur bags second runner-up spot at Mister Supranational 2016" (https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/mr--india/Jitesh-Thakur-bags-second-runner-up-spot-at-Mister-Supranational-2016/articleshow/55782477.cms) . ETimes . December 4, 2016 . Retrieved 10 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Mister Supranational 2021 To Be Crowned in Poland in August" (http://www.mistersupranational.com/blog/2021/4/14/mister-supranational-2021-to-take-place-in-poland-in-august) . Mister Suprnational . 14 April 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-46) "MISTER SUPRANATIONAL COMPETITION RETURNS TO MAŁOPOLSKA" (http://www.mistersupranational.com/blog/2021/4/30/mister-supranational-competition-returns-to-maopolska) . Mister Suprnational . 30 April 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-47) "NOWY SĄCZ TO HOST THE MISTER SUPRANATIONAL FINAL" (http://www.mistersupranational.com/blog/2021/5/2/nowy-scz-to-host-the-miss-supranational-final) . Mister Suprnational . 2 May 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Konkurs Miss i Mister Supranational 2022 powraca do Nowego Sącza" (https://sadeczanin.info/rozmaitosci/konkurs-miss-i-mister-supranational-2022-powraca-do-nowego-sacza) . sadeczanin.info. 25 April 2022 . Retrieved 1 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "¿Quién representará a Venezuela?- El Miss Supranational 2022 ya tiene fecha y sede, está a la vuelta de la esquina (+COMUNICADO)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220521102102/https://gossipvzla.com/quien-representara-a-venezuela-el-miss-supranational-2022-ya-tiene-fecha-y-sede-esta-a-la-vuelta-de-la-esquina-comunicado/) . gossipvzla.com. 26 April 2022. Archived from the original (https://gossipvzla.com/quien-representara-a-venezuela-el-miss-supranational-2022-ya-tiene-fecha-y-sede-esta-a-la-vuelta-de-la-esquina-comunicado/) on 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 1 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Supra Star Search 2020" (https://www.instagram.com/p/CGhLNezBDjp/?hl=en) . Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Tan, Thomas (2022-06-22). "Malaysian beauty Melisha Lin will represent country at Miss Supranational 2022 pageant" (https://yamchatime.com/malaysian-beauty-melisha-lin-will-represent-country-at-miss-supranational-2022-pageant/) . Yamcha Time . Retrieved 2022-08-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "PH bets to Mr. and Miss Supranational off to Poland" (https://malaya.com.ph/news_entertainment/ph-bets-to-mr-and-miss-supranational-off-to-poland/) . Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . 23 June 2022. External links Miss Supranational Official Website (http://www.misssupranational.com/) Mister Supranational Official Website (http://www.mistersupranational.com/) Miss and Mister Supranational at Wikipedia's sister projects : Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Miss_Supranational) from Commons Quotations (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Miss_and_Mister_Supranational) from Wikiquote Travel guides (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mister_Supranational%3Dl) from Wikivoyage Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2705954) from Wikidata v t e Miss Supranational Editions 2000s 2009 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2009&action=edit&redlink=1) 2010s 2010 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2010&action=edit&redlink=1) 2011 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2011&action=edit&redlink=1) 2012 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2012&action=edit&redlink=1) 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2013) 2014 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2014&action=edit&redlink=1) 2015 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2015&action=edit&redlink=1) 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2016) 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2017) 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) 2020s 2020 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2021) 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) 2024 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2024) Related Titleholders (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Supranational_titleholders) Countries (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Supranational_countries) v t e Miss Supranational titleholders 2000s Oksana Moria (2009) 2010s Karina Pinilla Corro (2010) Monika Lewczuk (/wiki/Monika_Lewczuk) (2011) Katsiaryna Buraya (2012) Mutya Datul (/wiki/Mutya_Johanna_Datul) (2013) Asha Bhat (/wiki/Asha_Bhat) (2014) Stephanía Stegman (2015) Srinidhi Shetty (/wiki/Srinidhi_Shetty) (2016) Jenny Kim (/wiki/Jenny_Kim) (2017) Valeria Vázquez (2018) Anntonia Porsild (/wiki/Anntonia_Porsild) (2019) 2020s Chanique Rabe (/wiki/Chanique_Rabe) (2021) Lalela Mswane (/wiki/Lalela_Mswane) (2022) Andrea Aguilera (/wiki/Andrea_Aguilera_(Ecuadorian_model)) (2023) Harashta Haifa Zahra (/wiki/Harashta_Haifa_Zahra) (2024) v t e Miss Supranational participant countries and territories List of Miss Supranational countries (Active since 2009–present) Africa Botswana (/wiki/Miss_Botswana) Cameroon (/wiki/Cameroon) Cote d'Ivoire (/wiki/Miss_Cote_d%27Ivoire) Equatorial Guinea (/wiki/Miss_Equatorial_Guinea) Ghana (/wiki/Miss_Ghana) Kenya (/wiki/Miss_Kenya) Mauritius (/wiki/Miss_Estrella_Mauritius) Mozambique (/wiki/Miss_Mozambique) Namibia (/wiki/Miss_Namibia) Nigeria (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Nigeria) Rwanda (/wiki/Miss_Rwanda) Sierra Leone (/wiki/Face_of_Sierra_Leone) Somalia (/wiki/Somalia) South Africa (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa) South Sudan (/wiki/Miss_South_Sudan) Togo (/wiki/Togo) Zambia (/wiki/Miss_Zambia) Zimbabwe (/wiki/Miss_Global_Zimbabwe) Americas Argentina (/wiki/Belleza_Argentina) Aruba (/wiki/Miss_Aruba) Bahamas (/wiki/Miss_Bahamas) Bolivia (/wiki/Miss_Bolivia) Brazil (/wiki/Miss_Brazil_World) Canada (/wiki/Miss_World_Canada) Cayman Islands (/wiki/Miss_Cayman_Islands) Chile (/wiki/Miss_Internacional_Chile) Colombia (/wiki/Miss_Colombia) Costa Rica (/wiki/Reinas_de_Costa_Rica) Cuba (/wiki/Miss_Cuba) Curaçao (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Cura%C3%A7ao) Dominican Republic (/wiki/Miss_Dominican_Republic) Ecuador (/wiki/Concurso_Nacional_de_Belleza_Ecuador) El Salvador (/wiki/Reinado_de_El_Salvador) Guatemala (/wiki/Miss_Guatemala) Guyana (/wiki/Miss_Guyana) Haiti (/wiki/Miss_Haiti) Honduras (/wiki/Miss_Honduras) Jamaica (/wiki/Miss_Jamaica_Global) Mexico (/wiki/Miss_Mexico_Organization) Nicaragua (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_Nicaragua) Panama (/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_Panam%C3%A1) Paraguay (/wiki/Miss_Paraguay) Peru (/wiki/Miss_Peru) Puerto Rico (/wiki/Miss_Puerto_Rico) Trinidad and Tobago (/wiki/Miss_Trinidad_and_Tobago) United States (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_USA) Uruguay (/wiki/Miss_Uruguay) US Virgin Islands (/wiki/Miss_US_Virgin_Islands) Venezuela (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Venezuela) Asia Bangladesh (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Bangladesh) Cambodia (/wiki/Miss_Cambodia) Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) India (/wiki/Miss_Diva) Indonesia (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) Japan (/wiki/Miss_Japan) Laos (/wiki/Laotian_beauty_pageants#Miss_Supranational_Laos) Malaysia (/wiki/Miss_Malaysia) Myanmar (/wiki/Miss_and_Mister_Supranational_Myanmar) Nepal (/wiki/Miss_Nepal) Pakistan (/wiki/Miss_Pakistan_World) Philippines (/wiki/The_Miss_Philippines) South Korea (/wiki/Miss_Queen_Korea) Thailand (/wiki/Mister_and_Miss_Supranational_Thailand) Vietnam (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_Vietnam) Europe Albania (/wiki/Miss_Shqip%C3%ABria) Belgium (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Belgium) Croatia (/wiki/Miss_Croatia) Czech Republic (/wiki/Miss_Czech_Republic) Denmark (/wiki/Miss_Denmark) Finland (/wiki/Finland) Germany (/wiki/Germany) Gibraltar (/wiki/Miss_Gibraltar) Greece (/wiki/Star_GS_Hellas) Hungary (/wiki/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_Sz%C3%A9pe) Iceland (/wiki/Miss_Iceland) Italy (/wiki/Miss_Italia) Malta (/wiki/Miss_Malta) Netherlands (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Netherlands) Norway (/wiki/Miss_Norway) Poland (/wiki/Miss_Polski) Portugal (/wiki/Miss_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa) Romania (/wiki/List_of_Romania_representatives_at_international_beauty_pageants) Slovakia (/wiki/Miss_Slovakia) Spain (/wiki/RNB_Espa%C3%B1a) Sweden (/wiki/Miss_Sweden) Turkey (/wiki/Miss_Turkey) Ukraine (/wiki/Miss_Ukraine) United Kingdom (/wiki/Miss_United_Kingdom) Oceania Australia (/wiki/Australia) New Zealand (/wiki/Miss_New_Zealand_International) Inactive since 2023 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2023) Africa Angola (/wiki/Miss_Angola) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2017) ) Cape Verde (/wiki/Miss_Cape_Verde) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2017) ) Egypt (/wiki/Miss_Egypt) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2016) ) Ethiopia (/wiki/Miss_Ethiopia) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) Gambia (/wiki/Miss_Gambia) ( 2010 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2010&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Guinea (/wiki/Guinea) ( 2010 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2010&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Gabon (/wiki/Miss_Gabon) ( 2015 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2015&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Lesotho (/wiki/Lesotho) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) ) Mali (/wiki/Mali) ( 2010 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2010&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Morocco (/wiki/Miss_Maroc) ( 2015 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2015&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Réunion (/wiki/Miss_Earth_Reunion) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2013) ) São Tomé and Príncipe (/wiki/Miss_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe) ( 2017 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2017) ) Americas Belize (/wiki/Belize) ( 2012 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2012&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Bonaire (/wiki/Miss_Bonaire) ( 2011 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2011&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Barbados (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Barbados) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) Guadeloupe (/wiki/Miss_International_Guadeloupe) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) ) Martinique (/wiki/Martinique_Queens) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2013) ) Suriname (/wiki/Miss_Suriname) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2021) ) Asia China (/wiki/China) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) ) Chinese Taipei (/wiki/Miss_Chinese_Taipei) ( 2015 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2015&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Iraq (/wiki/Iraqi_beauty_pageants) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2013) ) Israel (/wiki/Miss_Israel) ( 2015 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2015&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Kyrgyzstan (/wiki/Miss_Kyrgyzstan) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) ) Lebanon (/wiki/Miss_Lebanon) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) ) Macau (/wiki/Miss_Macau) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) Mongolia (/wiki/Miss_Mongolia) ( 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2016) ) Singapore (/wiki/Miss_Singapore_International) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) ) Sri Lanka (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Sri_Lanka) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) Europe Armenia (/wiki/Miss_Armenia) ( 2010 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2010&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Miss_Azerbaijan) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2013) ) Belarus (/wiki/Miss_Belarus) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Miss_Bosne_i_Hercegovine) ( 2012 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2012&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Bulgaria (/wiki/Miss_Bulgaria) ( 2011 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2011&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Cyprus (/wiki/Miss_Cyprus) ( 2009 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2009&action=edit&redlink=1) ) England (/wiki/Miss_England) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) ) Estonia (/wiki/Miss_Estonia) ( 2015 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2015&action=edit&redlink=1) ) France (/wiki/Miss_International_France) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) ) Georgia (/wiki/Miss_Georgia_(country)) ( 2015 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2015&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Ireland (/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) ) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Miss_Kazakhstan) ( 2022 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2022) ) Kosovo (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Kosovo) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) ) Latvia (/wiki/Mis_Latvija) ( 2015 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2015&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Lithuania (/wiki/Miss_Lithuania) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) Luxembourg (/wiki/Miss_Luxembourg) ( 2015 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2015&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Macedonia (/wiki/Miss_Macedonia) ( 2012 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2012&action=edit&redlink=1) ) Montenegro (/wiki/Miss_Montenegro) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) ) Moldova (/wiki/Miss_Moldova) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) ) Northern Ireland (/wiki/Miss_Northern_Ireland) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) Russia (/wiki/Miss_International_Russia) ( 2021 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2021) ) Scotland (/wiki/Miss_Scotland) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) Serbia (/wiki/Miss_Serbia) ( 2013 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2013) ) Slovenia (/wiki/Miss_Universe_Slovenia) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) ) Switzerland (/wiki/Miss_Switzerland) ( 2018 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2018) ) Wales (/wiki/Miss_Wales) ( 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Supranational_2019) ) Oceania Polynesia (/wiki/French_Polynesia) ( 2011 (/w/index.php?title=Miss_Supranational_2011&action=edit&redlink=1) ) List of Miss Supranational countries (/wiki/List_of_Miss_Supranational_countries) v t e Mister Supranational Editions 2021 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2021) 2022 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2022) 2023 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2023) 2024 (/wiki/Mister_Supranational_2024) Titleholders (/wiki/List_of_Mister_Supranational_titleholders) Gabriel Correa (/wiki/Gabriel_Correa_(model)) (2017) Prathamesh Maulingkar (/wiki/Prathamesh_Maulingkar) (2018) Fezile Mkhize (/wiki/Fezile_Mkhize) (2024) Countries Africa Egypt (/wiki/Mr_Egypt) Mauritius (/wiki/Miss_Estrella_Mauritius) Sierra Leone (/wiki/Face_of_Sierra_Leone) Americas Bolivia (/wiki/Mister_Bolivia) Brazil (/wiki/Mister_Brazil) Ecuador (/wiki/Mister_Ecuador) Mexico (/wiki/Mr_World_Mexico) Panama (/wiki/Mister_Panam%C3%A1) Peru (/wiki/Mister_Peru) Suriname (/wiki/Miss_Suriname) Venezuela (/wiki/Mister_Venezuela) Asia Cambodia (/wiki/Miss_Cambodia#Mister_Cambodia) India (/wiki/List_of_Indian_representatives_at_international_male_beauty_pageants) Japan (/wiki/Mister_Japan) Korea (/wiki/Miss_and_Mister_Supranational_Korea) Laos (/wiki/Laotian_beauty_pageants#Mister_Laos) Myanmar (/wiki/Miss_and_Mister_Supranational_Myanmar) Malaysia (/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_representatives_at_international_male_beauty_pageants) Nepal (/wiki/Mr._Nepal) Philippines (/wiki/Mister_World_Philippines) Thailand (/wiki/Mister_and_Miss_Supranational_Thailand) Caribbean Dominican Republic 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_and_Mister_Supranational&oldid=1235243309 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_and_Mister_Supranational&oldid=1235243309) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : International beauty pageants (/wiki/Category:International_beauty_pageants) Recurring events established in 2009 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2009) Recurring events established in 2016 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2016) 2009 establishments in Panama (/wiki/Category:2009_establishments_in_Panama) 2009 establishments in Poland (/wiki/Category:2009_establishments_in_Poland) 2016 establishments in Poland (/wiki/Category:2016_establishments_in_Poland) Miss Supranational (/wiki/Category:Miss_Supranational) Mister Supranational (/wiki/Category:Mister_Supranational) Male beauty pageants (/wiki/Category:Male_beauty_pageants) Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Czech-language_sources_(cs)) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)) CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_European_Spanish-language_sources_(es-es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_from_banned_users) Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hatnote_templates_targeting_a_nonexistent_page) Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata)
Artistic technique This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) for suggestions. ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Color-blocking is thought of as the exploration of taking colors that are opposites on the color wheel (/wiki/Color_wheel) and pairing them together to make complementary color combinations. [1] (#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Color-blocking-1) It is commonly associated in fashion as a trend that originated from the artwork of Dutch painter, Piet Mondrian (/wiki/Piet_Mondrian) . However, other experts argue whether his artwork is the true origin of color-blocking. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] Mondrian dresses by Yves Saint Laurent It's widely believed by most historians that Piet Mondrian (/wiki/Piet_Mondrian) - an artist who lived around 1900 and whose paintings were a collection of stark lines and flat squares - inspired this current color-blocking trend. [1] (#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Color-blocking-1) Mondrian valued simplicity and, as a result, experimented with how far he could simplify his work, maximizing simplicity while still maintaining recognizable, although abstract, geometric shapes. Mondrian later named this style of painting Neo-Plasticism. [1] (#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Color-blocking-1) In Piet Mondrian's Neoplasticism movement, his art directly inspired the fashion world, as well as home décor and baked goods. [3] (#cite_note-3) Although Mondrian is said to be the key figure of the modern art movement, there are others who believe the credit for this trend lies with Georges Seurat (/wiki/Georges_Seurat) and Claude Monet (/wiki/Claude_Monet) . [1] (#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Color-blocking-1) However sources report that it is Piet Mondrian who inspired other designers such as Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) to create the famous Mondrian Dresses. [4] (#cite_note-College_Fashion-4) Before Mondrian's aesthetic overtook the fashion world, pop art's materialization in the 50s opened America's eyes to a more vibrant but structured world. Pop Art (/wiki/Pop_Art) incorporated the same clean lines and solid colors that Piet Mondrian's work encompassed. Proponents of the Georges Seurat and Monet origin theory claim that this novel acceptance lead to the color-blocking revolution. [5] (#cite_note-Origins_of_Color-blocking-5) Mondrian's Neo-Plasticism aesthetic evolved through the decades, coming to include aspects such as synthetic color and a strong imposed structure in the 1960s. [1] (#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Color-blocking-1) The color-blocking trend took off in the 60s as fashion designers like Yves Saint Laurent adopted this aesthetic. It wasn't long before this new trend was reaching as far as London; the youth of London began wearing ensembles that would come to be known as mod fashion. [1] (#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Color-blocking-1) Mod fashion much resembled the artistic style of Piet Mondrian; mismatched, solid color separates that were composed of blocks in different hues. Color-blocking resurfaced in the 2010s as a trend in domestic interior design. [1] (#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Color-blocking-1) Although some [ who? ] argue that color-blocking is a thing in the past, high fashion figures and enthusiasts [ who? ] believe that this retro trend continues to thrive as a result of the hipster generation who revive the trend and turn it into something seen as fashion-forward. Some elements of Native American Hopi traditional dress and ceremonial designs evoke color blocking themes. For example the traditional Kachina rituals and dolls. [ citation needed ] Process [ edit ] Polo Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) color block windbreaker jacket In the fashion world, the process of color-blocking refers to wearing blocks of colors. Color-blocking is different from how people usually dress because the colors in the outfit are considered louder, or colors that clash. Fashion figures explain color-blocking as wearing multiple articles of solid-colored clothing in a single outfit. [6] (#cite_note-6) Traditional color-blocking consists of putting two or three different, but complementary colors together in one outfit. [7] (#cite_note-7) It is also considered color-blocking even if the colors are not direct opposites on the color wheel. For example, yellow and orange are right next to each other, but adding purple (a color on the opposite of the wheel) creates a color-blocked outfit. [8] (#cite_note-8) Rules [ edit ] Fashion icons, designers, and figures have developed rules that go along with the art of color-blocking. Basic rules for color-blocking are centered on the color theory. The color theory states that there are unwritten rules in color-blocking such as not wearing too many colors together at once, and balancing an outfit with a neutral such as grey. [9] (#cite_note-9) Benefits [ edit ] Since color-blocking is an abstract form of art, it is easy to create illusions for accentuating body shapes, making people look taller and thinner. Color-blocking provides versatility to clothing that other trends and styles don't provide. [10] (#cite_note-Rules_of_Colour_blocking-10) Interior design [ edit ] Color-blocking has recently [ when? ] spilled over into home décor and interior design. This trend takes the same idea in home design that it does in fashion: the colors are paired with no concern of matching. [11] (#cite_note-11) In the home color-blocking is used mainly in room décor and walls. Décor clashing with each other, or in more mild cases the opposite colors complement each other to provide an interesting and refreshing atmosphere in a room. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "A Brief History of Color-blocking" (http://blog.blisshomeanddesign.com/2015/06/15/building-blocks-a-brief-history-of-color-blocking/) . Bliss by Design . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Duffer, Ellen (23 March 2012). "Origin of the Trend: Color Blocking" (https://ellenduffer.com/2012/03/23/origin-of-the-trend-color-blocking/) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Fashion Inspired by Art: Piet Mondrian's Color Blocking" (http://www.collegefashion.net/inspiration/fashion-inspired-by-art-piet-mondrians-color-blocking/) . 22 January 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-College_Fashion_4-0) "Fashion Inspired by Art: Piet Mondrian's Color-blocking" (http://www.collegefashion.net/inspiration/fashion-inspired-by-art-piet-mondrians-color-blocking/) . 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Origins_of_Color-blocking_5-0) "Origin of the Trend: Color Blocking" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151024090748/http://ellenduffer.com/2012/03/23/origin-of-the-trend-color-blocking/) . Archived from the original (http://ellenduffer.com/2012/03/23/origin-of-the-trend-color-blocking/) on 24 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Staff, AOL. "The art of colorblocking" (http://www.aol.com/article/2013/10/15/the-art-of-colorblocking/20743446/?swp=1) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) jour, FASHION du (11 March 2011). "Color Blocking 101: What & How" (https://fashiondujourdaily.wordpress.com/2011/03/10/color-blocking-101-what-how/) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Protected Blog › Log in" (http://achicdirection.com/2011/03/29/what-is-color-blocking/) . achicdirection.com . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Rules of colour blocking – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis" (http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-rules-of-colour-blocking-2012370) . 21 August 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-Rules_of_Colour_blocking_10-0) "Rules of Colour Blocking" (http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-rules-of-colour-blocking-2012370) . DNA . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Color Blocking In Home Decor – Tips And Inspirations" (http://www.decorlove.com/color-blocking-in-home-decor-tips-and-inspirations/) . 23 May 2014. 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French industrialist (1926–2015) Count (/wiki/Count) Hubert d'Ornano (31 March 1926 – 25 September 2015) was a French industrialist who co-founded Sisley (/wiki/Sisley_(company)) . Early life [ edit ] Hubert was born on 31 March 1926 at the family castle in Mełgiew (/wiki/Me%C5%82giew) in Świdnik (/wiki/%C5%9Awidnik_County) , Poland (/wiki/Poland) but moved to France at the age of eight. [1] (#cite_note-Kerr2015-1) He was a son of Elisabeth d'Ornano and Count Guillaume d'Ornano (/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Ornano) , a co-founder of Lancôme (/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me) in 1935 (which was acquired by L'Oreal (/wiki/L%27Oreal) in 1964). His elder brother was Count Michel d'Ornano (/wiki/Michel_d%27Ornano) , who served as Minister of Culture (/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)) under Prime Minister Raymond Barre (/wiki/Raymond_Barre) . [2] (#cite_note-Cd'OObit1991-2) Through his paternal great-grandfather, Rodolphe-Auguste d'Ornano (/wiki/Rodolphe-Auguste_d%27Ornano) , he was a direct descendant of Countess Marie Walewska (/wiki/Marie_Walewska) and Count Philippe Antoine d'Ornano (/wiki/Philippe_Antoine_d%27Ornano) , a Napoleonic officer who was made Marshal of France (/wiki/Marshal_of_France) . [2] (#cite_note-Cd'OObit1991-2) Hubert studied law at La Sorbonne (/wiki/La_Sorbonne) university in Paris. [3] (#cite_note-LA2011-3) Career [ edit ] In 1954, Hubert and his elder brother, Michel (/wiki/Michel_d%27Ornano) , founded Jean d'Albret, a perfume company that produced scents such as Écusson, Rafale, and Lavande. [4] (#cite_note-Weil2015-4) In 1957, his father sold his stake in Lancôme (/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me) and joined their business. The success of Jean d'Albret allowed Hubert and Michel to found Orlane (/w/index.php?title=Orlane&action=edit&redlink=1) in the early 1950s. Jean d’Albret-Orlane was sold the year after his brother entered French politics in 1968, while Hubert remained the company's chairman and chief executive officer running the Jean-Louis Scherrer (/wiki/Jean-Louis_Scherrer) subsidiary until 1975. [4] (#cite_note-Weil2015-4) In 1976, Hubert acquired Sisley (/wiki/Sisley_(company)) from its two founders and, with his wife Isabelle in a small two-room office, [5] (#cite_note-Merkin2008-5) began developing the company into "the fastest-growing treatment line in Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) , where, alongside Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , it was sold exclusively in the U.S." [4] (#cite_note-Weil2015-4) By 2014, Sisley reached 638 million euros in beauty sales. [4] (#cite_note-Weil2015-4) As of 2015, Forbes evaluated his net worth at $1.1 billion U.S. dollars (/wiki/U.S._dollars) . [6] (#cite_note-forbes-6) Philanthropy [ edit ] In 2007, Count d'Ornano and his wife created the Sisley-d'Ornano Foundation, under the aegis of the Fondation de France (/wiki/Fondation_de_France) , to "deliver charity work and philanthropy across sectors in France and abroad." The Foundation assisted with the restoration of the fresco (/wiki/Fresco) of the Church of Our Lady Assumption, the seat of the Polish Mission (/wiki/Polish_Catholic_Mission) in Paris. [7] (#cite_note-2015CB-7) Personal life [ edit ] On 6 July 1963, d'Ornano married Countess Isabelle Potocki (b. 1937) at Deauville (/wiki/Deauville) , France. She was a daughter of Count Józef Alfred Potocki (/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Alfred_Potocki) and Princess Krystyna Maria Radziwiłł (a daughter of Prince Janusz Radziwiłł (/wiki/Janusz_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_(1880%E2%80%931967)) ). [8] (#cite_note-Ings-Chambers2015-8) Isabella's uncle was Prince Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł (/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Albrecht_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82) , who married Caroline Lee Bouvier (/wiki/Lee_Radziwill) (sister to First Lady of the United States (/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States) Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) ). [9] (#cite_note-9) Her sister, Countess Dorota Potocki, married skier Luis Arias Carralón (/wiki/Luis_Arias_(alpine_skier)) . [10] (#cite_note-Piwkowski1992-10) Together, they were the parents of: [4] (#cite_note-Weil2015-4) Count Philip d'Ornano (b. 1964), married designer Mina Pavićević in 1993; [11] (#cite_note-2007Beauty-11) he became chairman of Sisley in 2013. [4] (#cite_note-Weil2015-4) Count Marc d'Ornano (1966–1986) Countess Élisabeth d'Ornano (b. 1968), the "face" of Sisley; [5] (#cite_note-Merkin2008-5) she married Emilio Botin O'Shea, son of Emilio Botín (/wiki/Emilio_Bot%C3%ADn) (former chairman of Grupo Santander (/wiki/Grupo_Santander) ) and philanthropist Paloma O'Shea (/wiki/Paloma_O%27Shea) , 1st Marchioness of O'Shea (/wiki/Marquess_of_O%27Shea) , in 1989. [12] (#cite_note-Norwich1989-12) Countess Maria Laetitia d'Ornano (1970–2013), studied human ecology. [5] (#cite_note-Merkin2008-5) Countess Christine d'Ornano (b. 1973), married Lebanon-born financier Marzouk Al Bader in 2002. [13] (#cite_note-Woods2010-13) Their Paris apartment was located on the tree-lined Quai d'Orsay (/wiki/Quai_d%27Orsay) in the 7th arrondissement of Paris (/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris) , overlooking the Seine (/wiki/Seine) . [5] (#cite_note-Merkin2008-5) Count d'Ornano died on 25 September 2015 and his funeral was held at Bouges-le-Château (/wiki/Bouges-le-Ch%C3%A2teau) , in the Indre (/wiki/Indre) department (/wiki/Departments_of_France) of France. [4] (#cite_note-Weil2015-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Kerr2015_1-0) Kerr, Alison (20 November 2015). "Count Hubert d'Ornano" (https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/14094467.count-hubert-dornano/) . Herald Scotland (/wiki/Herald_Scotland) . Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Count d'Ornano, 66, Ex-Minister in France" (https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/09/obituaries/count-d-ornano-66-ex-minister-in-france.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . 9 March 1991 . Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-LA2011_3-0) "Sisley launches Sisleÿum for men" (https://luxuryactivist.com/beauty/sisley-launches-sisleyum-for-men/) . Luxury Activist. 29 March 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Weil, Jennifer (26 September 2015). "Hubert d'Ornano Dies at 89" (https://wwd.com/feature/sisley-hubert-dornano-dies-at-10242826/) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 22 March 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Merkin, Daphne (13 April 2008). "The Cream Merchants" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/13/style/tmagazine/13sisley.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-forbes_6-0) "Hubert d'Ornano" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/hubert-dornano/?sh=269e65d920ad) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2015CB_7-0) "Sisley's Hubert d'Ornano passes away aged 89" (https://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Sisleys_Hubert_dOrnano_passes_away_aged_89/112384) . www.cosmeticsbusiness.com . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ings-Chambers2015_8-0) Ings-Chambers, Edwina (13 September 2015). "The family firm | The d'Ornano dynasty is as sophisticated as its Sisley skincare" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-family-firm-c5vbl3bv0dt) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "PRINCE RADZIWILL BURIED IN POLAND" (https://www.nytimes.com/1967/10/08/archives/prince-radziwill-buried-in-poland.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . 8 October 1967 . Retrieved 22 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Piwkowski1992_10-0) Piwkowski, Włodzimierz; Jabłoński, Krzysztof (1992). Nieborów: Pałac Radziwiłłów (in Polish). Voyager. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-83-85496-03-8 . Retrieved 22 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2007Beauty_11-0) "Beauty: It's Their Business" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121478670/beauty-its-their-business/) . National Post (/wiki/National_Post) . 17 February 2007. p. 72 . Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Norwich1989_12-0) Norwich, Billy (26 January 1989). "Wedding, Fashion Shows Lure Party Set to Paris" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121478868/wedding-fashion-shows-lure-party-set/) . Palm Beach Daily News (/wiki/Palm_Beach_Daily_News) . p. 2 . Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-Woods2010_13-0) Woods, Vicki (24 March 2010). "A London Townhouse Revitalized" (https://www.elledecor.com/design-decorate/house-interiors/a3993/a-london-townhouse-revitalized-a-63454/) . ELLE Decor (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Retrieved 23 March 2023 . 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Museo Rossimoda della calzatura Europeana Fashion Editathon in Museo Rossimoda della calzatura Location Stra (/wiki/Stra) , Province of Venice (/wiki/Province_of_Venice) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Website www (http://www.museodellacalzatura.it/) .museodellacalzatura (http://www.museodellacalzatura.it/) .it (http://www.museodellacalzatura.it/) The Museo Rossimoda della calzatura trans. Rossimoda Museum of the Shoe is located in Villa Foscarini Rossi (/wiki/Villa_Foscarini_Rossi_a_Stra) at Stra (/wiki/Stra) , which lies along the Riviera del Brenta (/wiki/Riviera_del_Brenta) in the mainland portion of the province of Venice (/wiki/Province_of_Venice) , Italy. History [ edit ] The Museum was founded in 1995 under the will of Luigino Rossi (/w/index.php?title=Luigino_Rossi&action=edit&redlink=1) , founder of the shoe company Rossimoda footwear. [1] (#cite_note-1) Originally conceived to document the history of the business of the company, the Museum has taken on a larger role to document the traditional footwear of the Riviera del Brenta (/wiki/Riviera_del_Brenta) , in addition to exhibiting footwear of the ancient Venetian (/wiki/Venice) tradition and of internationally recognized designers. [2] (#cite_note-Sakalis-2) Collections [ edit ] The Museum houses more than 1,500 models from fashion designers all over the world. [3] (#cite_note-3) Along the exhibition, there are also works of art, and shoe models by contemporary artists such as Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) and Allen Jones (/wiki/Allen_Jones_(sculptor)) . In an exhibition area of 700 square meters, on two floors in the prestigious halls seventeenth century, there are the prototypes of the company of Vigo collaborations with leading fashion houses in the world. The ground floor includes American designers such as Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) , Marc by Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Porsche (/wiki/Porsche) and upstairs are rooms with European and Mediterranean designers including Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) , Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Roger Vivier (/wiki/Roger_Vivier) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Christian Lacroix (/wiki/Christian_Lacroix) , Céline (/wiki/C%C3%A9line_(brand)) , Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) who have been devoted more space. The museum also includes prints, drawings and sculptures from the private collection of art by Luigino Rossi (/w/index.php?title=Luigino_Rossi&action=edit&redlink=1) : the original sketches of Lacroix and Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) , the reproductions of prints by Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) , and sculptures by Allen Jones (/wiki/Allen_Jones_(sculptor)) and Daniel Spoerri (/wiki/Daniel_Spoerri) . Gallery [ edit ] 17th century man shoe 18th century shoe 19th century clerical shoe Venetian woman shoe References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Rossimoda: company profile. 2006. Venedig: Rossimoda. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 611781267 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/611781267) ^ (#cite_ref-Sakalis_2-0) Sakalis, Alex (22 June 2023). "The Shoe Museum in Small-Town Veneto is Bonkers but Beautiful" (https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/shoe-museum-small-town-veneto-bonkers-beautiful) . Italy Magazine . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Monica Amari, Museums of companies: the culture of the art of art and history. Franco Angeli, 2010, 146. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Images from Museo Rossimoda della calzatura (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Images_from_Museo_Rossimoda_della_calzatura) and Museo Rossimoda della calzatura (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Museo_Rossimoda_della_calzatura) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museo_Rossimoda_della_calzatura&oldid=1179365378 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museo_Rossimoda_della_calzatura&oldid=1179365378) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1995 establishments in Italy (/wiki/Category:1995_establishments_in_Italy) Fashion museums in Italy (/wiki/Category:Fashion_museums_in_Italy) Museums in Venice (/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Venice) Shoe museums (/wiki/Category:Shoe_museums) Hidden categories: Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Infobox_mapframe_without_OSM_relation_ID_on_Wikidata) Articles with Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Italy articles missing geocoordinate data (/wiki/Category:Italy_articles_missing_geocoordinate_data) All articles needing coordinates (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_coordinates) Articles missing coordinates with coordinates on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Articles_missing_coordinates_with_coordinates_on_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Pages using the Kartographer extension (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension)
American model, recording artist and actor This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . The reason given is: article contains a number of sensitive information without giving any sources for them . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Shaun Ross" model (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shaun+Ross%22+model) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shaun+Ross%22+model+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shaun+Ross%22+model&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shaun+Ross%22+model+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shaun+Ross%22+model) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shaun+Ross%22+model&acc=on&wc=on) ( January 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Shaun Ross Shaun Ross in 2014 at the Life Ball (/wiki/Life_Ball) charity event Born ( 1991-05-10 ) May 10, 1991 (age 33) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , United States Nationality American Occupations Fashion model (/wiki/Fashion_model) recording artist actor Known for The first African-American male model with albinism (/wiki/Albinism_in_humans) Website www.shaunross.co Shaun Ross (born May 10, 1991) is an American model, recording artist, and actor. He is known for his work in the fashion world as the first professional male model with the congenital disorder albinism (/wiki/Albinism_in_humans) . [1] (#cite_note-Horowitz-1) Ross has worked with various fashion designers, magazines and campaigns, including Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , GQ (/wiki/GQ) , Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) and others. In 2018, he collaborated with designer Nina Athanasiou for the "In My Skin" clothing line to bring awareness to albinism. [2] (#cite_note-Nate-2) He has also appeared in several videos from music artists, including Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) 's " Pretty Hurts (/wiki/Pretty_Hurts) ", Lana Del Rey (/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey) 's short film Tropico (/wiki/Tropico_(2013_film)) , and Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) 's " E.T (/wiki/E.T._(song)) ". Ross released his debut single "Symmetry", featuring Lizzo (/wiki/Lizzo) on background vocals, in November 2017. [1] (#cite_note-Horowitz-1) He released the single "Chrysalis" in August 2018, and opened for singer ionnalee (/wiki/Ionnalee) in Los Angeles. He made his first music festival appearance performing with What So Not (/wiki/What_So_Not) at the Life Is Beautiful Music & Art Festival (/wiki/Life_Is_Beautiful_Music_%26_Art_Festival) . In 2019, he performed at LA Pride (/wiki/LA_Pride) . He performed his song "Good Vein" for the Recording Academy (/wiki/Recording_Academy) original performance series Press Play, and a cover of Cher (/wiki/Cher) 's " Believe (/wiki/Believe_(Cher_song)) " for the Recording Academy's Reimagined series. [2] (#cite_note-Nate-2) [3] (#cite_note-Nate2-3) In 2021, Ross released his first full-length LP on JEX Records, entitled "SHIFT". Its second single, "You Care" was featured in HBO (/wiki/HBO) 's "The Legend of the Underground" (/w/index.php?title=%22The_Legend_of_the_Underground%22&action=edit&redlink=1) , a documentary highlighting Nigerian legislation that discriminates against the LGBTQ community. In May 2021, Ross was the subject of a New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) Style Section profile piece. [4] (#cite_note-4) Early life [ edit ] Ross is of African-American (/wiki/African-American) descent. Born in the Bronx (/wiki/Bronx) , when he was growing up, Ross dealt with much discrimination for being a person with albinism. He was bullied (/wiki/School_bullying) frequently by his peers, called names such as " Powder (/wiki/Powder_(1995_film)) ", " Wite-Out (/wiki/Wite-Out) ", and " Casper (/wiki/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost) ". [5] (#cite_note-Tyra.com-5) After training at the Alvin Ailey (/wiki/Alvin_Ailey) School for five years, Ross was discovered on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) and crossed over to the fashion industry in 2008 at 16 years old. Career [ edit ] At 16, he was represented by Djamee Models in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . He was also signed by AMCK Models London. [6] (#cite_note-Selasi-6) In 2018, he collaborated with designer Nina Athanasiou for the "In My Skin" clothing line to bring awareness to albinism. [2] (#cite_note-Nate-2) Ross has appeared in music videos, including Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) 's " E.T. (/wiki/E.T._(song)) ", Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) 's " Party (/wiki/Party_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) " [7] (#cite_note-Villagomez-7) and " Pretty Hurts (/wiki/Pretty_Hurts) ", [8] (#cite_note-Hyman-8) [9] (#cite_note-Hislop-9) Gold Fields' "Dark Again", Issues (/wiki/Issues_(band)) ' "Coma", two music videos from Steve Aoki (/wiki/Steve_Aoki) 's extended play 4OKI ("ILYSM" with Autoerotique and "Kids" with Morten (/wiki/Morten_Breum) ), [10] (#cite_note-Diaz-10) as well as Lana Del Rey (/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey) 's short film Tropico (/wiki/Tropico_(2013_film)) , [11] (#cite_note-Lewis-11) Leona Lewis (/wiki/Leona_Lewis) ' " Fire Under My Feet (/wiki/Fire_Under_My_Feet) ", Duke Dumont (/wiki/Duke_Dumont) 's "Red Light Green Light", and Charli XCX (/wiki/Charli_XCX) 's " Boys (/wiki/Boys_(Charli_XCX_song)) ". He released his debut single "Symmetry", featuring Lizzo (/wiki/Lizzo) on background vocals, in November 2017. [1] (#cite_note-Horowitz-1) In August 2018, he released the single "Chrysalis", and opened for singer ionnalee (/wiki/Ionnalee) in Los Angeles. He made his first music festival appearance performing with Australian electronic artist What So Not (/wiki/What_So_Not) at the Life Is Beautiful Music & Art Festival (/wiki/Life_Is_Beautiful_Music_%26_Art_Festival) . In 2019, he performed at LA Pride (/wiki/LA_Pride) . He later performed his song "Good Vein" for the Recording Academy (/wiki/Recording_Academy) original performance series Press Play, and a cover of Cher (/wiki/Cher) 's " Believe (/wiki/Believe_(Cher_song)) " for the Recording Academy's Reimagined series. [2] (#cite_note-Nate-2) [3] (#cite_note-Nate2-3) Personal life [ edit ] Ross participates in the underground ballroom scene (/wiki/Ball_culture) in New York and Los Angeles, where he often vogues (/wiki/Vogue_(dance)) as the west coaster father of the famed House of Ninja (/wiki/House_of_Ninja) . [12] (#cite_note-Bowen-12) [13] (#cite_note-Street-13) He is openly gay, and announced his engagement to model and actor David Alan Madrick on August 10, 2022, via Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) and People Magazine (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Model Shaun Ross Explains Pivot to Music With Debut Single 'Symmetry' (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8023058/model-shaun-ross-symmetry-interview) " (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8023058/model-shaun-ross-symmetry-interview) . Billboard . November 3, 2017 . Retrieved January 9, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Shaun Ross Sings His Ethereal Equality Anthem "Good Vein" For Press Play" (https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/shaun-ross-sings-his-ethereal-equality-anthem-good-vein-press-play) . Recording Academy. July 18, 2019 . Retrieved January 9, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "ReImagined Returns With More Exclusive & Unexpected Cover Performances All Summer Long" (https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/reimagined-returns-more-exclusive-unexpected-cover-performances-all-summer-long) . Recording Academy. July 9, 2019 . Retrieved January 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Hawgood, Alex (28 May 2021). "Model Shaun Ross Charts a Musical Path" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/28/style/model-shaun-ross-charts-a-musical-path.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-Tyra.com_5-0) "Redefining Beauty: Shaun Ross" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091102091805/http://www.tyra.com/view/story_06ABOUT_FACE) . Tyra.com . 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.tyra.com/view/story_06ABOUT_FACE) on November 2, 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . This short piece covers Banks's meeting Ross which led up to the episode. The site is now defunct, and no video is available from it (or even images), though the episode can be found on YouTube and similar sites. Exact airdate uncertain. ^ (#cite_ref-Selasi_6-0) Selasi, K. (April 8, 2010). "Shaun Ross – Model Moment" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100624055156/http://ifashionnetwork.com/ifashion-designers/models/48-model-moments/372-shaun-ross-model-moment) . IFashionNetwork.com . Archived from the original (http://ifashionnetwork.com/ifashion-designers/models/48-model-moments/372-shaun-ross-model-moment) on June 24, 2010 . Retrieved June 20, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-Villagomez_7-0) Villagomez, A. (November 22, 2013). "Lana Del Rey Is Finally Ready To Debut 'Tropico', New Trailer: WATCH" (http://www.newnownext.com/lana-del-rey-is-finally-ready-to-debut-tropico-new-trailer-watch/11/2013/) . NewNowNext . Retrieved December 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hyman_8-0) Hyman, D. (December 16, 2013). "How Beyoncé and Her Team Pulled It Off" (http://www.elle.com/news/culture/beyonce-ty-hunter-jonas-akerlund-interview) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Retrieved December 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hislop_9-0) Hislop, R. (December 13, 2013). "Beyoncé Brings Out The Minority Model A-Team For New 'Beyoncé' Videos" (http://globalgrind.com/2013/12/13/beyonce-minority-models-new-beyonce-videos-photos/) . Global Grind . Retrieved December 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Diaz_10-0) Diaz, Jordan (June 12, 2016). "Steve Aoki & Autoerotique unveil artsy "ILYSM" music video" (https://revolt.tv/stories/2016/07/12/steve-aoki-autoerotique-unveil-artsy-video-ilysm-announces-4oki-ep-8b45ae27f0) . Retrieved March 7, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lewis_11-0) Lewis, R. (December 5, 2013). "Lana Del Rey's 27-minute short film "Tropico" (http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-lana-del-rey-tropico-video-film-born-to-die-paradise-20131205,0,6389682.story) " (http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-lana-del-rey-tropico-video-film-born-to-die-paradise-20131205,0,6389682.story) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved December 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bowen_12-0) Bowen, Sesali (January 24, 2019). "Teyana Taylor's Ballroom Take On Cinderella Sees Lena Waithe As Prince Charming" (https://nylon.com/teyana-taylor-wtp-music-video) . Nylon . Retrieved January 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Street_13-0) Street, Mikelle (January 24, 2019). "13 Ballroom Notables Teyana Taylor Cast For Her WTP Video" (https://www.out.com/music/2019/1/24/13-ballroom-notables-teyana-taylor-cast-her-wtp-video) . Out . Retrieved January 29, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "SHAUN ROSS on Instagram: "@people /// He said "YES" !! I have known @davidalanmadrick for 11 years, and in those 11 we have both watched each other blossom into different versions of ourselves. I knew from the moment I met David that something about him was familiar, like a twin flame, home. We weren't quite ready yet at the moment, but I knew there was something more than what our eyes could see. He has made me feel beyond myself , safe and at home in every fiber of his being, and then the picture became more clear to me that it wouldn't be complete without him in it. He continues to be by my side in the brightest and darkest of times, and most importantly, he allows me to be unconditional. I can't wait to marry you, Mr. Madrick, and make you a "Ross. " I can't wait to grow finer with you and explore new horizons that God has in store for the both of us. Here's to a sea of sunsets and a mountain high of sunrises. I love you till the end of time. I want to thank @jeandousset for custom-making this Zoe lab-grown eco-friendly diamond ring to ensure no one was harmed in the process and showing beyond sustainability in the health of our world today. I chose this eternity band to represent our eternal love. Thank you to all of my friends and family who watched us both blossom together, so you know the love is beyond real. We have a wedding to plan, and you have one to attend. Photos by @laikenjoy Lighting by : @e.films Styled by @cosstores #strongblackmen #blackgay #blackgaycouples #blackqueer #blackgayweddings #engaged" (https://www.instagram.com/p/ChFv0AhvIHA/) " (https://www.instagram.com/p/ChFv0AhvIHA/) . Instagram . Retrieved 2023-04-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Model Shaun Ross Engaged to Actor David Alan Madrick — All the Details on Their At-Home Proposal" (https://people.com/style/model-shaun-ross-engaged-to-actor-david-alan-madrick-see-photos/) . Peoplemag . Retrieved 2023-04-17 . External links [ edit ] Shaun Ross (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5994548/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1f5f96bc-7110-4d3c-bf92-dcf2a51829be) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐xd2v6 Cached time: 20240712144831 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.530 seconds Real time usage: 0.678 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2466/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 49224/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2317/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 70483/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.319/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8352525/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 619.113 1 -total 34.67% 214.650 1 Template:Infobox_person 29.02% 179.660 1 Template:Reflist 15.08% 93.392 1 Template:Cite_magazine 12.42% 76.909 1 Template:BLP_sources 11.99% 74.209 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 11.35% 70.294 1 Template:Short_description 11.28% 69.840 1 Template:Ambox 9.97% 61.729 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.33% 57.750 13 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27768471-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712144831 and revision id 1233908403. 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This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=P._Johnson&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=P.+Johnson&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=P.+Johnson) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=P._Johnson) for suggestions. ( September 2023 ) Multi-channel Australian menswear and fashion label P. Johnson Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 2008 ; 16 years ago ( 2008 ) Founder Patrick Johnson Headquarters Sydney Website pjt (https://pjt.com/) .com (https://pjt.com/) P. Johnson is an Australian (/wiki/Australia) menswear (/wiki/Menswear) and fashion label (/wiki/Fashion_label) founded in 2009 by Patrick Johnson. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Definitely not a suit: tailor Patrick Johnson's final going-out attire" (https://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/fashion-and-style/definitely-not-a-suit-tailor-patrick-johnson-s-final-going-out-attire-20220722-p5b3un) . Australian Financial Review . 2022-08-18 . Retrieved 2023-09-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "p-johnson" (https://thelane.com/directory/p-johnson/) . The Lane . Retrieved 2023-09-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "P Johnson" (https://www.broadsheet.com.au/sydney/paddington/shops/p-johnson-sydney) . Broadsheet . Retrieved 2023-09-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Why men are embracing 1970s fashion" (https://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/fashion-and-style/why-men-are-embracing-1970s-fashion-20230815-p5dwsw) . Australian Financial Review . 2023-08-20 . Retrieved 2023-09-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Time Slows Down Inside P Johnson Femme's Sultry New Paddington Showroom" (https://www.broadsheet.com.au/sydney/fashion/article/time-slows-down-inside-p-johnson-femmes-sultry-new-paddington-showroom) . Broadsheet . Retrieved 2023-09-10 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://pjt.com/) This product (/wiki/Product_(business)) or company (/wiki/Company) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Russian-American singer, composer and fashion designer (born 1986) Radmila Lolly Born ( 1986-05-10 ) May 10, 1986 (age 38) Moscow, Russia Nationality Russian–American Occupation(s) Singer composer fashion designer Years active 2005–present Notable work Wonderland (2018) Radmila Lolly (born May 10, 1986) is a Russian–American singer, songwriter, and fashion designer. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) She is a Billboard charting artist, with her song "MAGIC" charting on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 Indicator chart, [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) as well as her songs "U R Moving Me" and "Tonight" charting on Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_charts) Dance Club Songs (/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs) list at positions 21 and 40 respectively. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Her two studio albums were premiered at New York's Carnegie Hall (/wiki/Carnegie_Hall) and six of her songs were featured on the soundtrack for the film Honor Up (/wiki/Honor_Up) , directed by Damon Dash (/wiki/Damon_Dash) . [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) As a fashion designer she has created designs for celebrities such as Nicole Ari Parker (/wiki/Nicole_Ari_Parker) , Natti Natasha (/wiki/Natti_Natasha) , Carla Morrison (/wiki/Carla_Morrison) , Gayle King (/wiki/Gayle_King) , Bebe Rexha (/wiki/Bebe_Rexha) and Mýa (/wiki/M%C3%BDa) . She has appeared on the cover of the virtual edition of the magazines Elle India (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , Glamour Bulgaria (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) and L'Officiel Baltic (/wiki/L%27Officiel) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Biography [ edit ] Musical career [ edit ] Wonderland , her second album, premiered at Carnegie Hall in an event entitled "A Night of Opera and Couture", in which Lolly performed live the entire record accompanied by a live orchestra and a fashion show with designs of her authorship. [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) In 2018 she contributed with six songs for the soundtrack of the film Honor Up (/wiki/Honor_Up) , directed by Damon Dash (/wiki/Damon_Dash) and produced by Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) . [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) On November 19, 2019, her song "U R Moving Me", a collaboration with singer Dani Hagan, was ranked number 21 on Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_charts) Dance Club Songs (/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs) chart. On March 27, 2020 she again appeared on the same list with the song "Tonight", which climbed to the fortieth position. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) The same year she released two new singles: "Rule 1" [7] (#cite_note-7) and "Snake Body", the latter produced by Carlos A. Molina. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2021, Radmila released her single "MAGIC". The song was written during lockdown as an ode to her new home, Miami, the "Magic City". In 2022, she collaborated with fellow Miami artist DJ Mike Tee to release MAGIC (Miami Beach House Remix). [9] (#cite_note-9) "MAGIC" also became a Billboard hit, charting on the Billboard Top 40 Indicator Chart. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) As of 2021 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radmila_Lolly&action=edit) , the artist is in the process of writing a novel, which she will accompany with a new studio album composed of 33 musical movements. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) Fashion career [ edit ] Lolly started making her own outfits for her musical performances. She made the decision to launch her own couture label, Eltara Casata. [11] (#cite_note-11) She presented her first haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) collection at Gotham Hall (/wiki/Greenwich_Savings_Bank_Building) in New York City, and on the occasion of the release of her album Wonderland , Lolly presented a new collection of her own. Her designs have appeared in several runway shows, including Barney's Madison Avenue Trunk Show and the Daytime Emmy Awards (/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award) ceremony. Celebrities like Carla Morrison (/wiki/Carla_Morrison) , [12] (#cite_note-12) Natti Natasha (/wiki/Natti_Natasha) , Nicole Ari Parker (/wiki/Nicole_Ari_Parker) , Gayle King (/wiki/Gayle_King) , Bebe Rexha (/wiki/Bebe_Rexha) and Mýa (/wiki/M%C3%BDa) have worn her designs. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) Viral "jersey gowns" and sports involvement [ edit ] In 2022, Lolly first went viral for her self-designed gowns made out of basketball jerseys when she wore one to the NBA playoffs at the Miami Heat vs. Philadelphia 76ers. [13] (#cite_note-13) Since then, Lolly has created numerous other jersey gowns and designs, and has become well known for them. She is also known for her courtside fashion at the Miami Heat games, with the NBA naming her "the most fashionable courtside seat holder in the NBA". [14] (#cite_note-14) She has incorporated her love of local sports with her art forms of fashion and music as well. In 2022, Lolly sang the national anthem at a Miami Heat game, accompanied by a string octet and choir. Both Lolly and all of the musicians were dressed in her couture designs. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2023, Lolly performed at the seasoner opener game of the Miami Marlins vs. the New York Mets, performing her song "MAGIC", once again accompanied by orchestra and choir. The musicians were dressed in Lolly's couture designs, while she herself wore one of her jersey gowns, this time made out of Miami Marlins jerseys. [16] (#cite_note-16) At the end of 2023, Lolly dropped her first ever collection with the Miami Heat, inspired by her viral jersey gowns, and completely designed by her. To launch the collection, she performed at a Miami Heat game during halftime, with Lolly, the Miami Heat dancers, and her musicians all wearing pieces from the collection. [17] (#cite_note-17) Later that season, she followed up her collection with a second collaboration with the Heat for the playoffs. Most recently, she took her designs to a drop collaborating with the University of Miami Hurricanes. [18] (#cite_note-18) Other activities [ edit ] In November 5, 2021, Lolly served as a speaker at the TEDxDupreePark talk. [19] (#cite_note-19) Radmila is involved with numerous arts institutions and philanthropic organizations in her home of Miami, including joining the board of the Florida Grand Opera, [20] (#cite_note-20) as well as boards of Shalala Music Reach Foundation, and of the LEAP for Ladies Foundation. [21] (#cite_note-21) Discography [ edit ] Studio albums [ edit ] Year Title Label 2016 IV Stories at the Standard Hotel Independent 2018 Wonderland Radmila Lolly Records Singles [ edit ] Year Title Label 2015 "Black Star" Independent "Hope" Independent "Masquerade" Independent 2016 "When I'm With You" Independent 2020 "Rule 1" Radmila Lolly Records "Snake Body" (remix) Radmila Lolly Records 2021 MAGIC Radmila Lolly Records 2022 MAGIC (Miami Beach House Remix) Radmila Lolly Records References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "All you need to know about Radmila Lolly, our September digital cover star" (https://elle.in/article/radmila-lolly/) . Elle India . 21 September 2020 . Retrieved 2021-03-20 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Radmila Lolly & DJ Mike Tee Collaborate To Create A Magical Song" (https://hauteliving.com/2022/09/haute-living-miami-ambassador-radmila-lolly-dj-mike-tee/719742/) . Haute Living . 2022-09-29 . Retrieved 2024-06-03 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Radmila Lolly" (https://www.billboard.com/music/radmila-lolly/chart-history) . Billboard . Retrieved 2021-03-20 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Summer music with Radmila Lolly" (https://lofficielbaltics.com/en/lifestyle/summer-music-with-radmila-lolly) . L' Officiel Baltics . Retrieved 2021-03-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Певицата и дизайнер на висша мода Радмила Лоли" (https://glamour.bg/moda/radmilla-lolly) . Glamour Magazine (in Bulgarian) . Retrieved 2021-03-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Что внутри L'OFFICIEL BALTIC #15 — ИЮНЬ-ИЮЛЬ 2020" (https://lofficielbaltics.com/lifestyle/chto-vnutri-l-officiel-baltic-15-iyun-iyul-2020) . L'Officiel Baltic (in Russian) . Retrieved 2021-03-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Munson, Eric (14 May 2020). "Music in a post coronavirus world" (http://udreview.com/william-carey-locke-alumnus-cellist-music-in-a-post-coronavirus-world/) . The Review . Retrieved 19 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Radmila Lolly Talks Holidays In Miami" (https://hauteliving.com/2020/12/radmila-lolly-holiday-art-season-magic-city/692491/) . Haute Living . 2020-12-21 . Retrieved 2021-03-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Radmila Lolly & DJ Mike Tee Collaborate To Create A Magical Song" (https://hauteliving.com/2022/09/haute-living-miami-ambassador-radmila-lolly-dj-mike-tee/719742/) . Haute Living . 2022-09-29 . Retrieved 2022-12-14 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Radmila Lolly – A Fashion Designer With Music In Her Heart" (https://www.modelifestylemagazine.com/magazine/m3046/radmila-lolly-a-fashion-designer-with-music-in-her-heart-modes-life-hopes-and-dreams-issue-2020/) . Mode Magazine . 15 July 2020 . Retrieved 2021-03-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "About designer" (http://zph.3d6.myftpupload.com/about-designer/) . Eltara Casata . Retrieved 2021-03-20 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Los mejores looks de los Latin Grammy" (https://www.lofficielmexico.com/moda/mejores-looks-latin-grammy-2020) . L' Oficiel Mexico (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2021-03-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Richardson, Shandel (2023-04-24). "A Look At The Heat Gown That Got So Much Attention In Game 1" (https://www.si.com/nba/heat/miami-news/miami-heat-gown-attention-game-1) . Sports Illustrated Miami Heat News, Analysis and More . Retrieved 2024-06-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "The Most Fashionable Courtside Seat Holder in the NBA" (https://www.nba.com/heat/news/bth-the-most-fashionable-courtside-seat-holder-in-the-nba) . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2024-06-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Haute Living Ambassador Radmila Lolly Sings The National Anthem" (https://hauteliving.com/2022/02/miami-ambassador-radmila-lolly-national-anthem-heat-game/707963/) . Haute Living . 2022-02-07 . Retrieved 2024-06-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Haute Living Miami Ambassador Radmila Lolly at Miami Marlins Game" (https://hauteliving.com/2023/04/haute-living-miami-ambassador-radmila-lolly-performs-at-the-miami-marlins-season-opener-game/728307/) . Haute Living . 2023-04-10 . Retrieved 2024-06-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Radmila Lolly Designed Her First-Ever Miami Heat Collection" (https://hauteliving.com/2024/01/haute-living-ambassador-radmila-lolly-designs-first-ever-miami-heat-collection/742459/) . Haute Living . 2024-01-03 . Retrieved 2024-06-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Radmila Lolly & The Miami Hurricanes Unveil A New Fashion Line" (https://hauteliving.com/2024/04/style-icon-radmila-lolly-miami-hurricanes-unveil-new-fashion-line/749052/) . Haute Living . 2024-04-26 . Retrieved 2024-06-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Speakers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211216140905/https://tedxdupreepark.com/speakers/) . TEDx Dupree Park . Archived from the original (https://tedxdupreepark.com/speakers/) on 2021-12-16 . Retrieved 2021-12-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Rabinowitz, Chloe. "Florida Grand Opera Names Radmila Lolly As New Board Member" (https://www.broadwayworld.com/miami/article/Florida-Grand-Opera-Names-Radmila-Lolly-As-New-Board-Member-20240530) . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2024-06-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Radmila Lolly & DJ Mike Tee Collaborate To Create A Magical Song" (https://hauteliving.com/2022/09/haute-living-miami-ambassador-radmila-lolly-dj-mike-tee/719742/) . Haute Living . 2022-09-29 . Retrieved 2022-12-14 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://radmilalolly.com) Radmila Lolly (https://www.instagram.com/radmilalolly/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐gffpt Cached time: 20240719143016 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.321 seconds Real time usage: 0.389 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2941/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 42599/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3087/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 78794/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.192/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6975363/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 366.459 1 -total 49.28% 180.587 1 Template:Reflist 36.48% 133.696 20 Template:Cite_web 28.66% 105.030 1 Template:Infobox_person 11.67% 42.779 1 Template:Short_description 7.80% 28.601 2 Template:Pagetype 7.23% 26.501 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 6.17% 22.599 1 Template:Dead_link 5.58% 20.458 22 Template:Main_other 5.23% 19.177 1 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67155783-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719143016 and revision id 1235488628. 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This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Thuillier_Paris&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Thuillier+Paris&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Thuillier+Paris) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Thuillier_Paris) for suggestions. ( October 2019 ) Thuillier Paris Industry Mode Founded 1930 Founder Robert Thuillier Headquarters Paris , France Products Shirts Website www.thuillier.paris (https://www.thuillier-paris.com/) Thuillier Paris , formerly known as Thuillier Chemisier, is a French fashion (/wiki/Fashion) house created by the master shirtmaker Robert Thuillier in 1930. Also dubbed the "shirtmaker of Presidents", thanks to its several years serving at the Elysee Palace (/wiki/Elys%C3%A9e) , this house has been fully active for two generations before being temporarily closed for a period of 13 years. In 2011, the heirs decided to relaunch the fashion house. [1] (#cite_note-pluton-magazine.com-1) Robert Thuillier [ edit ] Robert Thuillier was born in Paris in 1894. From the age of six, he was raised by his mother; she worked for Parisian couturiers (/wiki/Couturier) , in particular doing hems (/wiki/Hem) of shirts. Thuillier accompanied his mother to work and helped her with different tasks. He drew the attention of a master shirtmaker (/w/index.php?title=Shirtmaker&action=edit&redlink=1) who decided to take the young Thuillier under his wing and taught him to become a master shirtmaker. Robert mastered the techniques of designing shirts, and was hired by the luxury house Amos Sulka & Company (/w/index.php?title=Amos_Sulka_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1) . He was a cutter in this house before he was called up for World War I. After World War I, Thuillier resumed his position at Amos Sulka & Company where he quickly rose through the ranks until he became responsible for the whole team of cutters in the Parisian workshops. During this time, he trained a large number of cutters of the next generation. In 1930, Thuillier left Amos Sulka & Company to set up his own business, Thuillier Chemisier. [2] (#cite_note-leparisien_7424700-2) He opened his first boutique on rue de Marignan, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris (/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Paris) . This was a prestigious location, and Thuillier knew that it could help him draw the attention of a demanding clientele, accustomed to high-quality designs. In the boutique, he was assisted not only by his sons, Jacques, René and André, but also by his wife Gabrielle, who was trained in dressmaking. In those days, the family worked in the workshop located in the back room of the store. In 1938, following several years of activity and after receiving his new certificate of "chemisier créateur", Robert Thuillier decided to move out and chose a more discrete location. His new boutique was located on the upper floor of a building at 21 rue Galilée in the 8th arrondissement. The years following World War II were challenging for Thuillier Chemisier. In the 1950s, Thuillier dismissed personnel, including his sons Jacques and René. His sons ultimately found work at Korrigan, before being employed by Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) . Some years later, André was laid off as well, and went to work at Washington Tremlett, another shirtmaker where he had served as cutter for three years. At the beginning of the 1960s, Thuillier entrusted the management of the business to his son André. Thuillier died in 1969. Three brothers [ edit ] Rue Marbeuf [ edit ] André made major changes to the fashion house at the beginning of the 1960s. Along with his brothers, he established the boutique in a prestigious Parisian district, 9 rue Marbeuf (/wiki/Rue_Marbeuf) , the famous "street of the shirtmakers", which runs through the heart of the 8th arrondissement. In the 1960s, during the post-war boom period of the " Trente Glorieuses (/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses) ", Thuillier's workshop reached its maximum production capacity. The family entrusted the task of shirts' assembly to another workshop in Palluau-sur-Indre, in order to meet an increasing demand, [3] (#cite_note-3) while maintaining the steps of cutting and patterning in the family workshop on rue Marbeuf. The shirtmaker of presidents [ edit ] When Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing) was elected President of France (/wiki/French_Republic) in 1974, he appointed André Thuillier [4] (#cite_note-europe1_3009055-4) [5] (#cite_note-gala_389732-5) to tailor his shirts. In 1981, François Mitterrand (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand) succeeded d'Estaing, and used the same shirtmarker as his predecessor. [4] (#cite_note-europe1_3009055-4) [5] (#cite_note-gala_389732-5) During his two terms in office, more than 195 traditional shirts, 30 nightshirts and 30 dress shirts, were specially designed for Mitterrand, [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) several of which have been sold at auctions organized in his honour. [7] (#cite_note-7) ) In 1996, the newly elected President Jacques Chirac (/wiki/Jacques_Chirac) received the President of South Africa (/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa) , Nelson Mandela (/wiki/Nelson_Mandela) . [8] (#cite_note-8) [5] (#cite_note-gala_389732-5) As a welcome gift, he offered him a bespoke shirt designed by the Thuillier family. [4] (#cite_note-europe1_3009055-4) It was by serving three presidents that Thuillier became known as "the shirtmaker of Presidents". [4] (#cite_note-europe1_3009055-4) Relaunch of the Thuillier brand [ edit ] In 1998, the Thuillier family retired and decided to put an end to shirt making. [2] (#cite_note-leparisien_7424700-2) More than a decade passed before Didier Thuillier (son of René and Huguette Thuillier) considered relaunching the brand. The premature death of Huguette Thuiller, who had always regretted the decision to stop the activity, encouraged him to register the trademark "Thuillier Chemisier" at the National Institute of Industrial Property (/wiki/National_Institute_of_Industrial_Property_(France)) in 2011. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2014, Didier Thuillier and his son Franck established a partnership with entrepreneur Chadi Srour. Srour and Franck Thuillier have taken over the management of the company, under the trademark Thuillier Paris. They continue to work with historic suppliers, in Palluau-sur-Indre for the shirts and in Paris for the handmade ties. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) For the first time in its history in 2017, Thuillier Paris has been exported to overseas markets. [1] (#cite_note-pluton-magazine.com-1) For his state visit to the United States (/wiki/United_States) in April 2018, the French President Emmanuel Macron (/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron) has been sporting French finery, wearing ties and shirts from Thuillier Paris. For the White House (/wiki/White_House) gala, Macron wore a cotton poplin plastron shirt which took 11 hours to make. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "THUILLIER PARIS, renaissance de la chemiserie des présidents – Pluton Magazine" (http://pluton-magazine.com/2018/06/12/thuillier-paris-renaissance-de-chemiserie-presidents/) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Cession d'entreprise: comment céder ou reprendre avec bonheur" (http://www.leparisien.fr/economie/business/cession-d-entreprise-comment-ceder-ou-reprendre-avec-bonheur-30-11-2017-7424700.php) . Leparisien.fr . 30 November 2017 . Retrieved December 11, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Thuillier Paris (2017-04-09). "Reportage sur Thuillier Paris par France 3 Centre Val de Loire" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F68TPfwaF7k) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Chemises Thuillier : "La chemise des présidents" (http://www.europe1.fr/emissions/made-in-france/chemises-thuillier-la-chemise-des-presidents-3009055) " (http://www.europe1.fr/emissions/made-in-france/chemises-thuillier-la-chemise-des-presidents-3009055) . www.europe1.fr . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Made in France : des jeunes relancent les chemises Thullier, "les chemises des présidents" et séduisent Fillon, Juppé et Macron…" (http://www.gala.fr/mode/tendances_mode/made_in_france_des_jeunes_relancent_les_chemises_thullier_les_chemises_des_presidents_et_seduisent_fillon_juppe_et_macron_389732) . Gala.fr . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_6-0) "Tajan" (http://auction.tajan.com/pdf/8850.pdf) (PDF) . auction.tajan.com . 29 January 2008 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "FM, la marque de gauche" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170313042335/https://leshautsdelamode.fr/fm-la-marque-de/) . Les hauts de la Mode . 7 February 2008. Archived from the original (https://leshautsdelamode.fr/fm-la-marque-de/) on 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Ina.fr, Institut National de l'Audiovisuel – (1 January 1970). "NELSON MANDELA A PARIS" (http://www.ina.fr/video/CAC96039392) . Ina.fr . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "INPI – Service de recherche marques" (https://bases-marques.inpi.fr/Typo3_INPI_Marques/marques_fiche_resultats.html?index=1&refId=3886544_201633_fmark&y=0) . bases-marques.inpi.fr . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Guyot, FashionNetwork.com, Olivier. "Thuillier Paris: relance d'un spécialiste de la chemise sur-mesure" (http://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Thuillier-Paris-relance-d-un-specialiste-de-la-chemise-sur-mesure,615828.html) . FashionNetwork.com (in French) . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Média, Prisma. "Made in France: des jeunes relancent les chemises Thullier, "les chemises des présidents" et séduisent Fillon, Juppé et Macron…" (https://www.gala.fr/mode/tendances_mode/made_in_france_des_jeunes_relancent_les_chemises_thullier_les_chemises_des_presidents_et_seduisent_fillon_juppe_et_macron_389732) . Gala.fr (in French) . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "First Lady Melania Trump Wears Chanel for First State Dinner, While Brigitte Macron Sports Louis Vuitton" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/first-lady-melania-trump-chanel-first-state-dinner-while-brigitte-macron-sports-louis-vuitton-1202659933/) . 25 April 2018. 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Type of women's hat Mabel Normand (/wiki/Mabel_Normand) wearing a tam design in 1921 The tam is a millinery design for women based on the tam o' shanter (/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)) military cap and the beret. Sometimes it is also known as a tam cap or the traditional term tam o'shanter might also be used. [1] (#cite_note-Dictionary_Brooks_Picken-1) The tam became popular in the early 1920s, when it followed the prevailing trends for closer-fitting hats that suited shorter hairstyles and for borrowing from men's fashion; other traditional men's hats that rose to popularity in women's fashion during this period included the top hat (/wiki/Top_hat) and bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) . [2] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_24091923-2) In the British Isles (/wiki/British_Isles) , the tam cap is often used as a headcovering (/wiki/Christian_head_covering) by Christian women during church services (/wiki/Church_service) . History [ edit ] Priscilla Dean (/wiki/Priscilla_Dean) wearing a tam with side draping The tam has a draped design that comes in a variety of shapes and fabrics. Often it had a stiffened and close-fitting inner cap, over which fabric could be draped in a variety of ways. [3] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_27041921-3) Along with other headgear formerly reserved for men – including the top hat and bowler – it was popular by the 1920s, suiting the fashion for shorter hairstyles. A 1920 article in The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) described the prevalence of closer fitting designs based on the tam' o shanter in combination with more ornate blouses and neater hairstyles, noting: "Since the majority of blouses follow Greek or quasi-Greek lines, it is natural for the hat worn with them to follow also the Greek type of headgear". The article noted that its versatility was another reason for current popularity: "it can be twisted and folded into the close-fitting shapes that are so remarkably becoming...it lends itself admirably to...all kinds of embroidery or needlework stitched apparently at random over it". [4] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_29111920-4) A year later, The Guardian reported that the tam was: "dominating the small-hat system" in women's fashion. Describing this ubiquitous millinery design in more detail, it added: "Nor are the present tams by any means tam-like in shape. They are elongated or heightened or squared or triangularised...The tam is merely a sort of envelope which can be pulled about over an under-structure, the shape of which is all important". [3] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_27041921-3) The article went on to provide tips on how to create a tam successfully at home, advising the creation of a small peak or small brim on the inner cap to create a more becoming effect. [3] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_27041921-3) Trimmings included appliqué, as with this ornate design worn by Katherine MacDonald (/wiki/Katherine_MacDonald) Lupe Vélez (/wiki/Lupe_V%C3%A9lez) in co-ordinated outfit and tam for the 1934 film Laughing Boy (/wiki/Laughing_Boy_(film)) Fabrics and variations [ edit ] The tam can be made in a variety of fabrics, but typically drapeable materials such as felt (/wiki/Felt) , velvet (/wiki/Velvet) , or silk (/wiki/Silk) have been used. Trimmings might include embroidery or appliqué or it might have the addition of a buckle or brooch. Tassels and feathers were sometimes added. [2] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_24091923-2) [5] (#cite_note-The_Times_44708-5) Some varieties might also be made of fur, or have a fur brim. [6] (#cite_note-The_Times_42867-6) By the late 1920s, less voluminous versions – similar in design to a toque (/wiki/Toque) – were in fashion in materials such as velour (/wiki/Velour) , a correspondent for The Times (/wiki/The_Times) noted, adding that these simple hats were generally worn with ornate dresses. [5] (#cite_note-The_Times_44708-5) By the early 1930s, there was a revival of the tam in checks and plaids, alongside the fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) and cloche-brimmed designs. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_46403-7) In the same year, new macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) (knotted form of weave similar to crochet) designs appeared, some being worn with matching collar and cuffs. [8] (#cite_note-The_Times_46412-8) Tam designs continued to be fashionable throughout the 1930s; The Times highlighted an outfit for Royal Ascot (/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse) in 1938 comprising dress and bolero jacket (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) with matching black velvet tam with high corners in the style of a mortar board hat (/wiki/Square_academic_cap) . [9] (#cite_note-The_Times_48019-9) In the British Isles (/wiki/British_Isles) , the tam cap is often used as a headcovering (/wiki/Christian_head_covering) by Christian women during church services (/wiki/Church_service) . Graduation tam [ edit ] Main article: Academic dress in the United States (/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_States) This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tam_cap) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Tam cap" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tam+cap%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tam+cap%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tam+cap%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tam+cap%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tam+cap%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tam+cap%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A graduation tam is an headwear item of academic regalia in some institutions. They take the place of a mortarboard and are made of black velvet with a soft top. Graduation tams are prescribed for those who have graduated with a master's or doctoral degree, and can have four, six, or eight sides, depending on the degree. Master's degree candidates could elect to wear a four, six, or eight sided tam; doctorate candidates always wear eight-sided tam as part of their regalia although university faculty also wears that same tam that doctorates use. See also [ edit ] Cloche hat (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Beret (/wiki/Beret) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Dictionary_Brooks_Picken_1-0) Brooks Picken, Mary (2010). A Dictionary of Costume and Fashion: Historic and Modern (1999 ed.). United States: Dover Publications. p. 168. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0486402949 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "In the Fashion of Hampstead Heath: Hats Borrowed from Men". The Guardian . 24 September 1923. ^ Jump up to: a b c "The Eternal Tam: How to Make and Wear It". The Guardian . 27 April 1921. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Guardian_29111920_4-0) H., M. (29 November 1920). "Blouses and Hats: How They Consider Each Other". The Guardian . ^ Jump up to: a b "Paris Fashions for North and South". The Times . No. 44708. 10 October 1927. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_42867_6-0) "The Woman's View: London Fashions". The Times . No. 42867. 2 November 1921. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_46403_7-0) "Paris Fashions: Spring and Summer Hats". The Times . No. 46403. 27 March 1933. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_46412_8-0) "London Fashions: Blouses and Jumpers". The Times . No. 46412. 6 April 1933. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_48019_9-0) "Round the Shops: Last-Minute Choices for Ascot". The Times . No. 48019. 13 June 1938. v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Cabbage-tree (/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) Flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) Coppola (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Newsboy (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) Panama (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pork pie (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Wideawake (/wiki/Wideawake_hat) Uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Bearskin (/wiki/Bearskin) Bell-boy hat (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) Black (/wiki/Black_cap) Boonie (/wiki/Boonie_hat) Budenovka (/wiki/Budenovka) Busby (/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)) Campaign (/wiki/Campaign_hat) Cap comforter (/wiki/Cap_comforter) Cappello Alpino (/wiki/Cappello_Alpino) Casquette d'Afrique (/wiki/Casquette_d%27Afrique) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalry Stetson (/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson) Czapka (/wiki/Czapka) Doctoral (/wiki/Doctoral_hat) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Forage (/wiki/Forage_cap) Karvalakki (/wiki/Karvalakki) Fur wedge (/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap) Hardee (/wiki/Hardee_hat) Jeep (/wiki/Jeep_cap) Kepi (/wiki/Kepi) Mazepynka (/wiki/Mazepynka) Nurse's (/wiki/Nurse%27s_cap) Maintenance (/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance) / Chapeau (/wiki/Chapeau) Military beret (/wiki/Military_beret) / Uniform beret (/wiki/Uniform_beret) Black (/wiki/Black_beret) Blue (/wiki/Blue_beret) Green (/wiki/Green_beret) Maroon (/wiki/Maroon_beret) Red (/wiki/Red_beret) Tan (/wiki/Tan_beret) Patrol (/wiki/Patrol_cap) Peaked (/wiki/Peaked_cap) Mariner's (/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_cap) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Rogatywka (/wiki/Rogatywka) Shako (/wiki/Shako) Side (/wiki/Side_cap) Titovka (/wiki/Titovka_(cap)) Triglavka (/wiki/Triglavka) Ski (/wiki/Ski_cap) Slouch (/wiki/Slouch_hat) Sou'wester (/wiki/Sou%27wester) Student (/wiki/Student_cap) Faluche (/wiki/Faluche) Square academic (/wiki/Square_academic_cap) Tricorne (/wiki/Tricorne) Utility cover (/wiki/Utility_cover) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Western (/wiki/Western_Christianity) Biretta (/wiki/Biretta) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_cap) Camauro (/wiki/Camauro) Capirote (/wiki/Capirote) Cappello romano (/wiki/Cappello_romano) Capuchon (/wiki/Capuchon) Christening cap (/wiki/Christening_cap) Galero (/wiki/Galero) Head covering for Christian women (/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women) Easter bonnet (/wiki/Easter_bonnet) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre) Papal tiara (/wiki/Papal_tiara) Pilgrim's (/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat) Salvation Army bonnet (/wiki/Salvation_Army_bonnet) Shovel (/wiki/Shovel_hat) Zucchetto (/wiki/Zucchetto) Eastern (/wiki/Eastern_Christianity) Klobuk (/wiki/Klobuk) Epanokalimavkion (/wiki/Epanokalimavkion) Kalimavkion (/wiki/Kalimavkion) Koukoulion (/wiki/Koukoulion) Skufia (/wiki/Skufia) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kashket (/wiki/Kashket) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Kolpik (/wiki/Kolpik) Spodik (/wiki/Spodik) Shtreimel (/wiki/Shtreimel) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Animal (/wiki/Animal_hat) Ascot (/wiki/Ascot_cap) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Beanie 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(/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Għonnella (/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella) Gook (/wiki/Gook_(headgear)) Gugel (/wiki/Gugel) Gulle (/wiki/Gulle) Haredi burqa sect (/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Hogeon (/wiki/Hogeon) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Jang-ot (/wiki/Jang-ot) Khăn vấn (/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Mysore peta (/wiki/Mysore_peta) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Pagri (/wiki/Pagri_(turban)) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) Pheta (/wiki/Pheta) Puneri Pagadi (/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi) Roach (/wiki/Roach_(headdress)) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Sudra (/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)) Tichel (/wiki/Tichel) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) Hat parts Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Aigrette (/wiki/Aigrette) Brim (/wiki/Hat_brim) Bumper brim (/wiki/Bumper_brim) Campaign cord (/wiki/Campaign_cord) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Gamsbart (/wiki/Gamsbart) Hackle (/wiki/Hackle) Lappet (/wiki/Lappet) Plume (/wiki/Plume_(feather)) Sarpech (/wiki/Sarpech) 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Canadian retailing company This article is about the company. For other people with the same name, see Reitman (/wiki/Reitman) . Reitmans Canada Ltd. Company type Public Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) TSX-V (/wiki/TSX_Venture_Exchange) : RET (https://money.tmx.com/en/quote/RET) Industry Clothing Stores Founded Montreal (/wiki/Montreal) , Quebec (/wiki/Quebec) , Canada (1926) Founders Herman Reitman (/wiki/Herman_Reitman) Sarah Reitman (/wiki/Sarah_Reitman) Headquarters Montreal, Quebec , Canada Number of locations 400+ Key people Andrea Limbardi ( President (/wiki/President_(corporate_title)) and chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Stephen F. Reitman ( Executive Chairman of the Board (/wiki/Chairperson) ) Products Women's Clothing Revenue CA$ (/wiki/Canadian_dollar) 800.6 million (2023) [1] (#cite_note-1) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) CA$ (/wiki/Canadian_dollar) 77.7 million (2023) Number of employees 6,812 (2023) [2] (#cite_note-2) Divisions (/wiki/Division_(business)) Reitmans RW&CO. Penningtons Website www.reitmanscanadalimited.com (http://www.reitmanscanadalimited.com) Reitmans Canada Ltd. is a Canadian retailing (/wiki/Retailing) company (/wiki/Company_(law)) , specializing in women's clothing. The company operates several store brands, including Reitmans, Penningtons, and RW&CO. Reitmans was founded in 1926 by Herman (/wiki/Herman_Reitman) and Sarah Reitman (/wiki/Sarah_Reitman) , in Montreal (/wiki/Montreal) , Quebec (/wiki/Quebec) . The immediate success of the first store on Saint Laurent Boulevard (/wiki/Saint_Laurent_Boulevard) prompted the Reitmans to open a second store which sold exclusively women's clothing. The founders' grandson Jeremy Reitman (/wiki/Jeremy_Reitman) (who died in 2019) would later serve as chairman of the board and chief executive officer, with his brother Stephen Reitman as president and chief operating officer. By 2016, the company was active in 685 locations with stores in every province and two of three territories in Canada. For the fiscal year of 2015, net earnings were $13,415,000 on sales of $939,376,000. [3] (#cite_note-3) However, Reitmans Canada Limited sought protection under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act (the " CCAA ") in May 2020 [4] (#cite_note-4) in order to facilitate its operational, commercial and financial restructuring. They subsequently closed their Thyme Maternity (/wiki/Thyme_Maternity) (54 locations) and Addition Elle (/wiki/Addition_Elle) (77 locations) stores over the summer of 2020. As at April 30, 2022, the Company emerged from protection and operated 406 stores consisting of 237 Reitmans, 92 Penningtons and 77 RW&CO. The company's stock was moved from the Toronto Stock Exchange (/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange) to the TSX Venture Exchange (/wiki/TSX_Venture_Exchange) . [5] (#cite_note-5) In June 2023, Andrea Limbardi is named as president and chief executive, the company's first non-family member to occupy this position. [6] (#cite_note-6) Reitmans Divisions [ edit ] Reitmans Canada Limited stores organized into operating chains aimed at different market segments. [7] (#cite_note-7) Reitmans in Markville Shopping Centre (/wiki/Markville_Shopping_Centre) in Markham, Ontario (/wiki/Markham,_Ontario) . Current divisions [ edit ] Reitmans is Canada's largest women's clothing specialty chain. There are 270 Reitmans stores, with stores in all ten provinces and two of Canada's three territories. RW&CO. caters to men and women aged 25 to 40. It is the only chain in the Reitmans group that caters to both women and men. There are 89 RW & Co stores, with stores located in every province except Prince Edward Island. Penningtons caters to plus sized women. The chain offers career, casual clothing, underwear and accessories. There are 122 Penningtons stores, with stores located in all ten provinces. Closed divisions [ edit ] Hyba , re-branded from Smart Set, was a women's activewear store closures were announced by Reitmans in March 2019; however, the Hyba clothing line continued to be carried at Reitmans stores thereafter Thyme Maternity catered to pregnant women. There were 63 Thyme Maternity stores, with stores in every province except Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. Addition Elle focused on plus sized women. There were 90 Addition Elle stores. Cassis focused on women aged 40 to 60 but closed in 2011. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Reitmans Q4 sales up 11.4 percent, but profits narrow" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/business/reitmans-q4-sales-up-11-4-percent-but-profits-narrow/2023041468997) . June 10, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Reitmans Overview" (https://pitchbook.com/profiles/company/59649-22#overview) . Retrieved 2023-06-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Reitmans 2015 Annual Report (http://www.reitmanscanadalimited.com/pdf/report_annualreport_en_35_01052015102750.pdf) (See Annual Report and filings on the TSX) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Canada's Reitmans seeks bankruptcy protection as COVID-19 shuts stores | National Post" (https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadas-reitmans-seeks-bankruptcy-protection-as-covid-19-shuts-stores) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Reitmans (Canada) Limited Announces Listing on the TSX Venture Exchange" (https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reitmans-canada-limited-announces-listing-on-the-tsx-venture-exchange-802800977.html) (Press release). Cision (/wiki/Cision) . September 1, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Reitmans Names First Non-Family Member as Next CEO" (https://www.marketwatch.com/story/reitmans-names-first-non-family-member-as-next-ceo-71be9681) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Numbers of stores in and locations for stores in each chain taken from financial results for the 13 weeks ended April 30, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Reitmans to close Cassis chain" (https://financialpost.com/investing/reitmans-to-close-cassis-chain) . National Post . October 19, 2011. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reitmans (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reitmans) . Reitmans Corporate Website (http://www.reitmanscanadalimited.com) Reitmans Store Website (http://www.reitmans.com) Penningtons website (https://www.penningtons.com/) RW&CO website (https://www.rw-co.com/) v t e Reitmans Divisions Penningtons (/wiki/Penningtons) RW & CO. 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PhD graduate wearing an academic gown (Graduate School) over a civil servant uniform. The gown can also be worn with formal dresses. The academic dress (/wiki/Academic_dress) of Chulalongkorn University (/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University) ( Thai (/wiki/Thai_language) : ครุยวิทยฐานะของจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย ) in Thailand is a long-sleeved gown made from light mesh, faced and bordered with a specially designed felt (/wiki/Felt) strip. The same strip is also attached to elbows and wrists. The gown itself is adapted from the ceremonial attire called khrui , traditionally worn by government executives and peers to reflect their status. The gown and the academic badge were devised during Prajadhipok (/wiki/Prajadhipok) 's reign. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-badge-2) The gown is open-front and calf-length, resembling the dress used in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) , but without hood and cap. Yoke (/wiki/Yoke_(clothing)) is not gathered or pleated; and sleeves are not loose. Degree and status of the wearer are reflected by colour of the felt strip. The colour scheme is similar to one used in many universities in the United Kingdom, such as the University of Oxford (/wiki/University_of_Oxford) , [3] (#cite_note-oxford-3) University of Bristol (/wiki/University_of_Bristol) [4] (#cite_note-4) and University of Manchester (/wiki/University_of_Manchester) . [5] (#cite_note-manchester-5) To comply with regulations and due to its transparency, the gown must be worn over an official or formal dress. [6] (#cite_note-usage-6) Since its invention, many Thai universities adopted the similar gown but with different patterns for their graduates. History [ edit ] Since the establishment of Chulalongkorn Civil Service College in 1899, there was no symbol marking the graduation of students. In 1914, Vajiravudh (/wiki/Vajiravudh) ordered the academic badge to be designed. Graduates and school employees may pin the badge on the left chest, just like wearing the academic gown. [2] (#cite_note-badge-2) The gown, however, was not yet designed since Chulalongkorn's Civil Service College was unable to confer the bachelor's degree or beyond; only a diploma was issued to graduates. As the college gained the university status in 1917, its academics were rapidly enhanced to the extent that it began granting degrees in 1928. [7] (#cite_note-evol-7) The idea of a well-designed and respectable academic dress was raised. [8] (#cite_note-8) At that time, the use of khrui was strictly limited that it can only be worn by pre-ordained monks, royal family members and government ministers. [9] (#cite_note-khrui130-9) Due to the restriction, the university asked Prajadhipok (/wiki/Prajadhipok) for the permission to use the traditional gown. The university also discussed the most suitable pattern of dress and the corresponding regulation with the ministers for education and justice. Finally, the king asked that the discussion must be made among ministers and himself. This resulted in the introduction of the present design in 1930. [10] (#cite_note-degree-10) [11] (#cite_note-regulation1930-11) For bachelors and masters, the gowns are decorated with a black felt strip. These resemble black BA (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts) and MA (/wiki/Master_of_Arts) gowns used by Oxford, [3] (#cite_note-oxford-3) Cambridge [12] (#cite_note-cambridge-12) and many British universities. Black, according to the Thai astrology (/wiki/Colors_of_the_day_in_Thailand) , also symbolizes Saturday, Vajiravudh's birthday. Doctor's gown are faced with a scarlet strip, which is similar to the colour of Oxford's full-dress doctoral (/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy) gown. [3] (#cite_note-oxford-3) Scarlet also represents Chulalongkorn's birthday. [13] (#cite_note-13) Despite similar colour schemes, shapes of the British (/wiki/United_Kingdom) and Thai (/wiki/Thailand) gowns are completely different. Thai gown tends to be simpler. The sleeves are as long as wrist and cylindrical in shape for all degrees and statuses. The colours apply only to the strip, not to the whole gown. There is no special gown for graduates (/wiki/Honorary_degree) honoris causa . Doctorates, whether honorary or earned, wear the same gown. British gown, on the other hand, has more sophisticated features. These include a gathered or pleated yoke, a flap collar, different sleeve styles for different degrees, various types of hood, and headgear. British and commonwealth universities often have a distinctively designed gown for honorary graduates, which are often different from that for PhDs. Another distinctive design with a light yellow facing is reserved for King of Thailand, who is the university's official visitor. In 1980, another kind of academic dress for lecturers and university council members was designed in similar pattern to the graduates, but faced and bordered with pink felt. [14] (#cite_note-regulation1980-14) [15] (#cite_note-regulation2010-15) Specification [ edit ] Academic dress consists of a long-sleeved gown, faced and bordered with 10 cm-wide felt strip, decorated with golden brocade (/wiki/Brocade) . The elbow and wrist is wrapped with the same strip. For the king's gown, the yellow facing is used and 5 cm-wide brocade is attached centrally. Two more 1 cm brocade strips are added to both sides of the felt strip. Silver Phra Kiao badges are pinned to the breast portion of the felt strip. Prajadhipok's royal academic dress (as Visitor to the University) For those who are admitted to the doctoral degree, a gown with scarlet facing is used. Two 1 cm brocade strips are added to the outer edges of the felt strip. 0.75 cm blank, 0.5 cm tape, 0.75 cm blank and 1 cm tape are stitched in respective order from outer tapes to the centre. A felt coloured band is attached to the centre of the felt strip, corresponding to the faculty (not to the degree granted). If the degree is awarded in the name of the whole university rather than the faculty, the pink band is stitched. This also applies when the faculty does not have its colour. Similar to the king's gown, silver badges are pinned at the chest level. The master's gown is similar to the doctor's gown, but a red felt strip is replaced by the black one. For bachelors, the gown is similar to that for masters but the coloured band is replaced by yarn of the same colour. For academics, the gown is bordered and faced with a pink felt strip decorated and arranged in a similar manner to graduates, centred with a golden yarn. Noticeably, a BA/BSc/BEcon gown for the faculty of economics and a lecturer's gown are similar in pattern; the only difference is the facing colour. Members of the university council use the same gown as lecturers, but the gold badges are used instead of silver ones. In 2021, another gown was created for deputy vice-chancellor, assistants to the vice-chancellor, deans, directors and other executives of the university. The pattern is similar to that for members of the council but with smaller badges (about two-third of the original size). [16] (#cite_note-reg2021-16) Chancellor and chair of the university council, [note 1] (#cite_note-17) and president/vice-chancellor use the same gown as council members, but a gold chain of the specified pattern is hung between the two badges. [14] (#cite_note-regulation1980-14) [15] (#cite_note-regulation2010-15) Gowns of similar but different patterns have been adopted by other Thai universities. For example, King Mongkut's Universities of Technology, [17] (#cite_note-18) Mae Fah Luang University (/wiki/Mae_Fah_Luang_University) , [18] (#cite_note-mfu-19) Khon Kaen University (/wiki/Khon_Kaen_University) , [19] (#cite_note-20) Naresuan University (/wiki/Naresuan_University) , [20] (#cite_note-21) all Rajamangala Universities of Technology [21] (#cite_note-22) and some Rajabhat Universities. [22] (#cite_note-23) It is notable that almost all adaptations do not vary the colour of gown or its facing. Instead, three stripes are added to the arms or elbows of a PhD gown, just like three velvet chevrons on an American (/wiki/Academic_regalia_in_the_United_States) doctoral gown. As a deviation from the original traditions, two and one stripes are for master and bachelor respectively. Following figures depict few examples of felt strips used to face and bind the academic dress used by the university. Visitor [ edit ] Visitor's robe Officers [ edit ] Members of Council's robe. This robe is also used by chancellor and president of the university. Deputy president's robe. This robe is also worn by assistants to the president, deans and executives of the university. Full-time lecturer's robe. Part-time lecturers may also use this gown. Graduates [ edit ] Bachelors, Faculty of Law Masters, Faculty of Law Doctors, Faculty of Law Bachelors, Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy Masters, Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy Doctors, Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy Faculty colours and acronyms [ edit ] A coloured band or yarn is stitched longitudinally to the centre of the felt strip, corresponding to the degree granting faculty. If the faculty does not have its specific colour or the degree is centrally awarded by the university (e.g. Doctor of the University (/wiki/Doctor_of_the_University) ), the colour shall be pink, the university colour. As an example, an MRes/MSc graduate from engineering uses firebrick, while yellow is used to denote science. The faculty colours of the university are listed below. [15] (#cite_note-regulation2010-15) [23] (#cite_note-regulation2014-24) Faculty Acronym (in Thai) Colour University degrees จฬ Pink (/wiki/Pink_(color)) Allied Health Sciences สว Indigo (/wiki/Indigo_(color)) Architecture สถ Brown (/wiki/Brown) Arts อ Grey (/wiki/Grey) [note 2] (#cite_note-originalcolour-25) Commerce and Accountancy [note 3] (#cite_note-26) พศ Sky blue (/wiki/Celeste_(colour)) Communication Arts นศ Dark blue (/wiki/Dark_blue_(color)) Dentistry ท Amethyst (/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Amethyst) Economics ศ Gold (/wiki/Gold_(color)) Education ค Orange-red (/wiki/Orange-red) Engineering วศ Firebrick (/wiki/Scarlet_(color)#Fire_brick) [note 2] (#cite_note-originalcolour-25) Fine and Applied Arts ศป Red (/wiki/Red) Law น White (/wiki/White) Medicine พ Forest green (/wiki/Forest_green) [note 2] (#cite_note-originalcolour-25) Nursing [note 4] (#cite_note-27) [note 5] (#cite_note-28) พย Scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(color)) Pharmacy ภ Olive drab (/wiki/Olive_drab) Political Science ร Black (/wiki/Black) Psychology จ Navy blue (/wiki/Navy_blue) Science วท Yellow (/wiki/Yellow) [note 2] (#cite_note-originalcolour-25) Sport Science วก Orange (/wiki/Orange_(colour)) School of Agricultural Resources ทก Vermilion (/wiki/Vermilion) Veterinary Medicine สพ Blue-grey (/wiki/Blue-grey) College of Population Studies ปก Violet (/wiki/Violet_(color)) College of Public Health Sciences วส Tiffany Blue (/wiki/Tiffany_Blue) Petroleum and Petrochemistry College ปป Maize (/wiki/Maize_(color)) Graduate School บ Magenta (/wiki/Magenta) Academic badge [ edit ] Academic badge (Graduate School) The academic badge of the university was designed in 1914 as a silver (or chromium-plated brass) badge depicting Phra Kiao sitting on a round pillow, which is the personal emblem for Chulalongkorn and the university's emblem. The Thai acronym for the faculty is inscribed beneath the pillow. Graduate's name, programme and year of graduation may be etched on the back of the badge. Regardless of the degree level, there is only one style for a particular faculty. All degree holders (including honorary degrees) are eligible to pin this badge on the left breast of national dress, uniform, or polite attire, preferably over the ribbon bar (/wiki/Ribbon_bar) . For diploma graduates, the badge is switched to the right. [6] (#cite_note-usage-6) In the past, this badge can also be worn by university employees in the performance of his/her duties. [2] (#cite_note-badge-2) See also [ edit ] Chulalongkorn University (/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University) Khrui (/wiki/Khrui) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-17) In Thailand, chair of the university council is the ceremonial head of the university. He/she also leads the university council/board of trustees; approves or rejects ordinances; and gives advice to the university president/vice-chancellor. Being the ceremonial head, he/she is also the chancellor (/wiki/Chancellor_(education)) of the university. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Original colour proposed in 1930. ^ (#cite_ref-26) The same colour is also for Sasin (/wiki/Sasin_Graduate_Institute_of_Business_Administration_of_Chulalongkorn_University) , whose acronym is ศศ. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Also for graduates from the Royal Thai Police Nursing College, which is an independent institute associated with the university. The college and the university jointly organize teaching and training. At the graduation, however, the university admitted students into appropriate degrees. ^ (#cite_ref-28) The Thai Red Cross College of Nursing lost the status of associate institute with the university in 2016, as it gained the university status. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Royal Society of Thailand (/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Thailand) . '"Khrui"' in Thai Encyclopedia Vol 5. 1962 (in Thai) ^ Jump up to: a b c ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พระราชกำหนดเข็มโรงเรียนข้าราชการพลเรือน (https://web.archive.org/web/20090320140216/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2457/A/129.PDF) , เล่ม ๓๑, ตอน ๐ ก, ๑๗ พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. ๒๔๕๗, หน้า ๑๒๙ (Royal Decree on Academic Badge for Chulalongkorn Civil Service College, 1914) ^ Jump up to: a b c "Academic Dress" (http://www.ox.ac.uk/news-and-events/The-University-Year/Encaenia/academic-dress) . University of Oxford. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "REGULATIONS FOR ACADEMIC AND OFFICIAL COSTUME" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171006062002/http://www.burgon.org.uk/practice/regs/uk/Bristol.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.burgon.org.uk/practice/regs/uk/Bristol.pdf) (PDF) on 2017-10-06 . Retrieved 2017-10-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-manchester_5-0) "Schedule of General Regulations:XIII Academic Dress" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170721060735/http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=10970) . University of Manchester. Archived from the original (https://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=10970) on 2017-07-21 . Retrieved 2017-10-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b "ข้อบังคับจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัยว่าด้วยโอกาสและเงื่อนไขการใช้ครุยวิทยฐานะ เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่ง พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๓" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130224042609/http://www.council.chula.ac.th/sites/default/files/council_news/5302.pdf) (PDF) . 5 February 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.cca.chula.ac.th/edocuments/images/files/rules/2553/rules53_01.pdf) (PDF) on 2013-02-24 . Retrieved 2017-10-06 . (University Regulation on usage conditions for academic dress and badge, 2010) ^ (#cite_ref-evol_7-0) CU's Evolution (http://www.memocent.chula.ac.th/article/วิวัฒนาการ/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130410101212/http://www.memocent.chula.ac.th/article/) April 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Chulalongkorn University Memorial Hall (in Thai). ^ (#cite_ref-8) New Students' Manual, Chulalongkorn University, pp.29-31 ^ (#cite_ref-khrui130_9-0) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พระราชกำหนดเสื้อครุย ร.ศ.๑๓๐ (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061419/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2454/A/141.PDF) , เล่ม ๓๑, หน้า ๑๒๙-๑๓๑ (Suea Khrui Act 1911) ^ (#cite_ref-degree_10-0) First Graduation Ceremony in Thailand (http://www.memocent.chula.ac.th/article/พิธีพระราชทานปริญญาบัตรครั้งแรกแห่งกรุงสยาม/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130410101212/http://www.memocent.chula.ac.th/article/) April 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Chulalongkorn University Memorial Hall (in Thai) ^ (#cite_ref-regulation1930_11-0) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พระราชกำหนดเสื้อครุยบัณฑิตของจุฬาลงกรณมหาวิทยาลัย พ.ศ.๒๔๗๓ (https://web.archive.org/web/20070930163829/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2473/A/92.PDF) , เล่ม ๔๗ หน้า ๙๒-๙๖ (Academic dress act 1930) ^ (#cite_ref-cambridge_12-0) "Statues and Ordinances of The University of Cambridge, Chapter II" (https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/pdfs/2020/Cambridge-Statutes-and-Ordinances-2020.pdf) (PDF) . University of Cambridge . Retrieved 1 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "เสื้อครุยพระราชทาน (Royal Academic Dress)" (https://www.chula.ac.th/about/symbols/academic-gown/) . Chulalongkorn University . Retrieved 1 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พระราชกฤษฎีกาว่าด้วยปริญญาในสาขาวิชา อักษรย่อสำหรับสาขาวิชา ครุยประจำตำแหน่ง ครุยวิทยฐานะ และเข็มวิทยฐานะ ของจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย พ.ศ.๒๕๒๓ (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035802/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2523/A/105/1.PDF) , เล่ม ๙๗, ตอน ๑๐๕, ๙ กรกฎาคม ๒๕๒๓, หน้า ๑ - ๘ (Regulation on degree granted, degree acronyms, academic dress and badge, 1980) ^ Jump up to: a b c ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศจุฬาฯ ว่าด้วยการกำหนดปริญญาในสาขาวิชา อักษรย่อสำหรับสาขาวิชา ครุยวิทยฐานะ เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่ง พ.ศ.๒๕๕๓ (https://web.archive.org/web/20150502140116/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2553/E/052/20.PDF) , เล่ม ๑๒๗, ตอนพิเศษ ๕๒ ง, ๒๖ เมษายน ๒๕๕๓, หน้า ๒๐ - ๒๔ (Regulation on degree granted, degree acronyms, academic dress, academic badge and faculty dress, 2010) ^ (#cite_ref-reg2021_16-0) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศจุฬาฯ เรื่อง ลักษณะครุยวิทยฐานะ เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่ง พ.ศ.๒๕๖๔ (https://web.archive.org/web/20220109092914/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2565/E/005/T_0041.PDF) , เล่ม ๑๓๙ ตอนพิเศษ ๕ ง, ๘ มกราคม ๒๕๖๕ (University ordinance on academic dress, academic badge and official dress 2021) ^ (#cite_ref-18) "ประกาศ มจธ. เรื่อง ครุยประจำตำแหน่ง ครุยวิทยฐานะ และเข็มวิทยฐานะฯ พ.ศ.๒๕๔๔" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171006111917/http://law.longdo.com/law/437/sub31493) . 20 July 2001. Archived from the original (http://law.longdo.com/law/437/sub31493) on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ( KMUTT (/wiki/King_Mongkut%27s_University_of_Technology_Thonburi) 's ordinance on academic gowns and badges, 2001) ^ (#cite_ref-mfu_19-0) "ข้อกำหนด มฟล. ว่าด้วยครุยประจำตำแหน่ง ครุยวิทยฐานะ และเข็มวิทยฐานะฯ พ.ศ.๒๕๔๖" (http://registrar.mfu.ac.th//Devision_Register_Page/file_Re/doc_102.pdf) (PDF) . 28 February 2003 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . (Mae Fah Luang University's specification on officer's dress, academic dress and academic badge, 2003) ^ (#cite_ref-20) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศ มข. เรื่อง ครุย เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่ง ฯ พ.ศ.๒๕๖๐ (https://web.archive.org/web/20171006111845/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2560/E/134/39.PDF) , เล่ม ๑๓๔ ตอนพิเศษ ๑๓๔ ง, หน้า ๓๙-๔๐ (Khon Kaen University's regulation on academic gown and badge, 2017) ^ (#cite_ref-21) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พรฎ ว่าด้วยปริญญา อักษรย่อ ครุย เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่งฯ ของ มน. พ.ศ.๒๕๕๐ (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230626/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2550/A/102/12.PDF) , เล่ม ๑๒๔ ตอนที่ ๑๐๒ ก, หน้า ๑๒ (Naresuan University Phitsanulok's ordinance on academic degrees, gown and badge, 2007) ^ (#cite_ref-22) For example, see ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พรฎ.ว่าด้วยปริญญาฯ ของ มทร.ล้านนา พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๔ (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212903/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2554/A/048/26.PDF) , เล่ม ๑๒๘ ตอนที่ ๔๘ ก, หน้า ๒๖-๓๒ (Act on Academic Degrees and Gowns for Rajamangala University of Technology, Lanna at Chiang Mai, 2011) ^ (#cite_ref-23) For example, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University: "ชุดครุยบัณฑิต มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสกลนคร" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170516163614/http://academic.snru.ac.th/th/topics/1165) . 2 September 2015. Archived from the original (http://academic.snru.ac.th/th/topics/1165) on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-regulation2014_24-0) ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศจุฬาฯ ว่าด้วยการกำหนดปริญญาในสาขาวิชา อักษรย่อสำหรับสาขาวิชา ครุยวิทยฐานะ เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่ง (ฉบับที่ ๒) พ.ศ.๒๕๕๗ (https://web.archive.org/web/20140727103647/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2557/E/049/3.PDF) , เล่ม ๑๓๑, ตอนพิเศษ ๔๙ ง, ๑๘ มีนาคม ๒๕๕๗, หน้า ๓ (An amended regulation on degree and academic dress, 2014) v t e Academic dress (/wiki/Academic_dress) Components Terminology Groves classification system (/wiki/Groves_classification_system) Headwear Bishop Andrewes cap (/wiki/Bishop_Andrewes_cap) Biretta (/wiki/Biretta#Academic_biretta) Canterbury cap (/wiki/Canterbury_cap) Couleur (/wiki/Couleur) Doctoral hat (/wiki/Doctoral_hat) Faluche (/wiki/Faluche) Square academic cap (/wiki/Square_academic_cap) Student cap (/wiki/Student_cap) Tudor bonnet (/wiki/Tudor_bonnet) Hoods Cowl (/wiki/Cowl) Epitoge (/wiki/Epitoge) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Liripipe (/wiki/Liripipe) Stole (/wiki/Academic_stole) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Gowns Cope (/wiki/Cope) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Khrui (/wiki/Khrui) Miscellaneous Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Doctoral ring (/wiki/Doctoral_ring) Sub fusc (/wiki/Sub_fusc#Subfusc) People Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) John Burgon (/wiki/John_Burgon) Charles Franklyn (/wiki/Charles_Franklyn) Norman Hargreaves-Mawdsley (/wiki/Norman_Hargreaves-Mawdsley) George Shaw (/wiki/George_Shaw_(academic_dress_scholar)) Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) By country Australia Melbourne (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_University_of_Melbourne) Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology) Tasmania (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Tasmania) Canada McGill (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_McGill_University) Ireland Dublin (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Dublin) National (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_National_University_of_Ireland) Philippines Santo Tomas (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas) Thailand Chulalongkorn United Kingdom (/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) England and Wales Bristol (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Bristol) Cambridge (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Cambridge) Durham (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Durham_University) Exeter (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Exeter) Imperial (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Imperial_College_London) Kent (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Kent) Leeds (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Leeds) Liverpool John Moores (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Liverpool_John_Moores_University) London (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_London) King's (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_King%27s_College_London) Manchester (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Manchester) Nottingham (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Nottingham) Oxford (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Oxford) Wales (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Wales) Warwick (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Warwick) Scotland Edinburgh (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh) Glasgow (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Glasgow) Robert Gordon (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_Robert_Gordon_University) St Andrews (/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews) Undergraduate gowns (/wiki/Undergraduate_gowns_in_Scotland) United States (/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_States) Columbia (/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Columbia_University) Harvard (/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Harvard_University) Stanford (/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Stanford_University) Other countries China (/wiki/Chinese_academic_dress) France (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robe_universitaire_en_France) Spain (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentaria_universitaria_en_Espa%C3%B1a) See also The Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) Academic scarves (/wiki/Academic_scarf) Honor cords (/wiki/Honor_cords) Legal dress (/wiki/Legal_dress) Praxe (/wiki/Praxe) Category 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5cff68b999‐db8wn Cached time: 20240709033941 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76593878-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709033941 and revision id 1218498381. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. D Defunct women's fashion magazines published in France (/wiki/Category:Defunct_women%27s_fashion_magazines_published_in_France) ‎ (6 P) Pages in category "Women's fashion magazines published in France" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Crash Magazine (/wiki/Crash_Magazine) E Elle (magazine) (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) M Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) Mirage (magazine) (/wiki/Mirage_(magazine)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Women%27s_fashion_magazines_published_in_France&oldid=1218498381 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Women%27s_fashion_magazines_published_in_France&oldid=1218498381) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Women's fashion magazines (/wiki/Category:Women%27s_fashion_magazines) Women's magazines published in France (/wiki/Category:Women%27s_magazines_published_in_France)
Intimate apparel brand of American Eagle Outfitters Aerie Company type Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary) Industry Retail Founded 2006 ; 18 years ago ( 2006 ) Headquarters 77 Hot Metal Street Southside Works (/wiki/Southside_Works) , Pittsburgh (/wiki/Pittsburgh) , Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pennsylvania) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Number of locations 448 Key people Jay Schottenstein (/wiki/Jay_Schottenstein) (Chairman and interim CEO) Products Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) , Activewear (/wiki/Activewear) , Intimates (/wiki/Intimates) , Swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) American Eagle Outfitters (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) OFFLINE by Aerie Website www (http://www.aerie.com/) .aerie (http://www.aerie.com/) .com (http://www.aerie.com/) Aerie , stylized as aerie , is an intimate apparel (/wiki/Lingerie) and lifestyle retailer and sub-brand owned by American Eagle Outfitters (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) . [1] (#cite_note-Moin2006-1) In addition to lingerie such as a wide variety of bras (/wiki/Brassiere) and other undergarments (/wiki/Undergarment) , the aerie line also sells dormwear, active apparel, loungewear, accessories and sleepwear (/wiki/Pajamas) . The aerie brand operates as a section in American Eagle Outfitters stores, online through the American Eagle website, and in standalone aerie retail stores. History [ edit ] An aerie stand-alone store in Pittsburgh (/wiki/Pittsburgh) . In February 2006, American Eagle launched aerie lingerie, the company's first sub-brand. [2] (#cite_note-Inc.2006-2) The first stand-alone aerie store opened in August 2006 in Greenville, South Carolina (/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina) [3] (#cite_note-3) and was followed by two more test stores later that year. As of December 2010, there were 147 stand-alone aerie stores in the United States and in Canada. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2011, the company opened ten new aerie stores [5] (#cite_note-5) and had a 2% share of the lingerie market. [6] (#cite_note-forbes-6) Aerie now has a total of 448 stores in North America. Aerie outperformed American Eagle’s mainline brand during the second and third quarter in the 2013 fiscal year, despite a decline in store traffic. [6] (#cite_note-forbes-6) Campaigns [ edit ] Aerie Real [ edit ] "Aerie Real" is a body image campaign that was launched by aerie in spring 2014 [7] (#cite_note-7) in response to an announcement by American Eagle in January 2014. AEO released news that it was going to discontinue using supermodels (/wiki/Supermodel) and digitally retouching its models to encourage positive self-image and body positivity (/wiki/Body_positivity) . [8] (#cite_note-8) The Aerie REAL campaign features models of various sizes, shapes and skin colors, along with showing their beauty marks and tattoos. The Aerie Real movement includes an online bra guide that showcases cup sizes 30A through 40DD worn by models with similar body types. The personalized shopping experience further includes a “Real Girl Talk” hotline with style and fit experts. [9] (#cite_note-9) They have also teamed up with Emma Roberts (/wiki/Emma_Roberts) to further this campaign and provide a positive role model to younger girls. [10] (#cite_note-10) As part of this campaign, aerie became the first national retailer to sponsor the National Eating Disorders Association (/wiki/National_Eating_Disorders_Association) (NEDA). Aerie is the leading sponsor of their national walks awareness program known as "NEDA Walk". [11] (#cite_note-11) The initiative raises funds for educational programs and spreads awareness about eating disorders. NEDA holds 65 walks every year in cities across the United States. This campaign has also had success reaching young women under the Twitter name #aeriereal (https://twitter.com/hashtag/aeriereal) . [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Moin2006_1-0) Moin, David (26 Feb 2006). "American Eagle's Strategy for 'aerie' Intimates". WWD . ^ (#cite_ref-Inc.2006_2-0) Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 16 September 2006. pp. 14 (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BQ4EAAAAMBAJ/page/n45) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0006-2510 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "American Eagle Outfitters Introduces New Line of Dormwear and intimates" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090512173637/http://ae.online-pressroom.com/releases/index.cfm?view=896799&category=2&year=2006) (Press release). PRNewswire. 2006-08-17. Archived from the original (http://ae.online-pressroom.com/releases/index.cfm?view=896799&category=2&year=2006) on 2009-05-12 . Retrieved 2009-03-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "American Eagle Outfitters - Investor Relations - Press Release" (https://archive.today/20120712112416/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=81256&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1513555&highlight=) . Phx.corporate-ir.net. Archived from the original (http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=81256&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1513555&highlight=) on 2012-07-12 . Retrieved 2011-11-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Harlan, Deanie. "Company Shares of American Eagle Outfitters Rally 0.55%" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091324/http://www.ashburndaily.com/company-shares-of-american-eagle-outfitters-rally-0-55/332296/) . Ashburn Daily . Archived from the original (http://www.ashburndaily.com/company-shares-of-american-eagle-outfitters-rally-0-55/332296/) on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "American Eagle's Aerie Can Adopt Competitor Victoria's Secret's Ways" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/03/24/american-eagles-aerie-can-adopt-competitor-victorias-secrets-ways/) . Forbes . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Aerie Releases New Unretouched Campaign" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/aerie-releases-new-unretouched-campaign) . AEO-Inc . 2018-01-25 . Retrieved 2023-07-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Intimates Line aerie Gets Real, Unveils "aerie Real" Spring 2014 Campaign Featuring Unretouched Models, Challenging Supermodel Standards" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/intimates-line-aerie-gets-real-unveils-aerie-real-spring-2014-campaign-featuring-unretouched-models-challenging-supermodel-standards-240777281.html) . www.prnewswire.com (Press release). PR Newswire . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Prosper, Ivy. "Aerie Challenges Supermodel Standards with Unretouched Ad Campaign" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160319035924/http://www.canadapress.org/fashion/2014/01/24/aerie-challenges-supermodel-standards-unretouched-ad-campaign/) . www.canadapress.org . Canada Press. Archived from the original (http://www.canadapress.org/fashion/2014/01/24/aerie-challenges-supermodel-standards-unretouched-ad-campaign/) on 19 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Why Emma Roberts Is The Latest Celeb To Go Photoshop-Free" (https://social.refinery29.com/2015/08/90205/emma-roberts-aerie-real-campaign) . Refinery29 . Retrieved 2015-11-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Aerie Takes a Stance & Leads Fashion Industry by Supporting the National Eating Disorders Association" (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/aerie-takes-a-stance-leads-fashion-industry-by-supporting-the-national-eating-disorders-association-2015-02-19) . Market Watch . 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Let's Get Real: The #aerieReal Ad Campaign is a Game-Changer" (http://www.instyle.com/news/lets-get-real-aeriereal-ad-campaign-game-changer) . InStyle.com . Retrieved 2015-11-19 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.ae.com/aerie/) v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras (/wiki/Bra) History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong (/wiki/Thong) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies (/wiki/Falsies) Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) 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This is a container category (/wiki/Category:Container_categories) . Due to its scope, it should contain only subcategories (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Subcategorization) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐8wczb Cached time: 20240720130804 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.065 seconds Real time usage: 0.078 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 47/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1450/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 107/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2310/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.036/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 627862/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 65.751 1 Template:Container_category 100.00% 65.751 1 -total 89.54% 58.876 1 Template:Cmbox 6.97% 4.580 1 Template:Single_namespace 3.32% 2.185 1 Template:Category_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55838005-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720130804 and revision id 828364219. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has the following 27 subcategories, out of 27 total. A Female models from Andhra Pradesh (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Andhra_Pradesh) ‎ (1 C, 11 P) Female models from Arunachal Pradesh (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Arunachal_Pradesh) ‎ (1 P) Female models from Assam (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Assam) ‎ (10 P) B Female models from Bihar (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Bihar) ‎ (10 P) C Female models from Chandigarh (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Chandigarh) ‎ (11 P) Female models from Chhattisgarh (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Chhattisgarh) ‎ (3 P) D Female models from Delhi (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Delhi) ‎ (56 P) G Female models from Goa (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Goa) ‎ (5 P) Female models from Gujarat (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Gujarat) ‎ (9 P) H Female models from Haryana (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Haryana) ‎ (1 C, 8 P) Female models from Himachal Pradesh (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Himachal_Pradesh) ‎ (2 P) J Female models from Jammu and Kashmir (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Jammu_and_Kashmir) ‎ (7 P) Female models from Jharkhand (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Jharkhand) ‎ (5 P) K Female models from Karnataka (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Karnataka) ‎ (1 C, 18 P) Female models from Kerala (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Kerala) ‎ (1 C, 30 P) M Female models from Madhya Pradesh (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Madhya_Pradesh) ‎ (19 P) Female models from Maharashtra (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Maharashtra) ‎ (1 C, 22 P) Female models from Manipur (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Manipur) ‎ (2 P) O Female models from Odisha (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Odisha) ‎ (9 P) P Female models from Punjab, India (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Punjab,_India) ‎ (1 C, 10 P) R Female models from Rajasthan (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Rajasthan) ‎ (9 P) S Female models from Sikkim (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Sikkim) ‎ (1 P) T Female models from Tamil Nadu (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Tamil_Nadu) ‎ (1 C, 15 P) Female models from Telangana (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Telangana) ‎ (1 C) U Female models from Uttar Pradesh (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Uttar_Pradesh) ‎ (25 P) Female models from Uttarakhand (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Uttarakhand) ‎ (8 P) W Female models from West Bengal (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_West_Bengal) ‎ (1 C, 9 P) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indian_female_models_by_state_or_union_territory&oldid=828364219 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indian_female_models_by_state_or_union_territory&oldid=828364219) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Indian models by state or union territory (/wiki/Category:Indian_models_by_state_or_union_territory) Indian women by occupation by state or union territory (/wiki/Category:Indian_women_by_occupation_by_state_or_union_territory) Indian female models (/wiki/Category:Indian_female_models) Hidden category: Container categories (/wiki/Category:Container_categories)
High & Low – John Galliano is a 2023 documentary film which details the career of fashion designer John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) . It was directed by Kevin Macdonald (/wiki/Kevin_Macdonald_(director)) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Garelick, Rhonda (March 14, 2024). "The Conflict at the Heart of the Galliano Documentary" (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/14/style/john-galliano-documentary-high-low-review.html) – via NYTimes.com. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Taylor, Trey (March 13, 2024). "A new documentary wrestles with the highlights — and lowlights — of John Galliano's controversial career" (https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/12/style/john-galliano-high-low-documentary-fashion/index.html) . CNN . External links [ edit ] High & Low – John Galliano at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) This 2020s documentary film–related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_%26_Low_%E2%80%93_John_Galliano&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐7bb5b69c8f‐stw8t Cached time: 20240717155735 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.202 seconds Real time usage: 0.268 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 437/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7514/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 380/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12303/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.141/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3777934/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 254.413 1 -total 45.01% 114.518 1 Template:Reflist 37.69% 95.881 2 Template:Cite_web 29.00% 73.782 1 Template:Imdb_title 25.93% 65.960 1 Template:2020s-documentary-film-stub 25.26% 64.260 1 Template:Asbox 12.86% 32.727 5 Template:Wikidata 5.04% 12.828 3 Template:Trim 4.37% 11.107 1 Template:If_empty 2.08% 5.285 1 Template:WikidataCheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76376146-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717155735 and revision id 1231482802. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_%26_Low_–_John_Galliano&oldid=1231482802 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_%26_Low_–_John_Galliano&oldid=1231482802) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2023 documentary films (/wiki/Category:2023_documentary_films) Documentary films about fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Documentary_films_about_fashion_designers) British documentary films (/wiki/Category:British_documentary_films) American documentary films (/wiki/Category:American_documentary_films) French documentary films (/wiki/Category:French_documentary_films) 2020s British films (/wiki/Category:2020s_British_films) 2020s American films (/wiki/Category:2020s_American_films) 2020s French films (/wiki/Category:2020s_French_films) 2020s documentary film stubs (/wiki/Category:2020s_documentary_film_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Somali/American fashion model Halima Aden Aden at the Cannes Film Festival (/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) , 2023 Born ( 1997-09-19 ) September 19, 1997 (age 26) Kakuma (/wiki/Kakuma) , Kenya Nationality Somalia United States Alma mater St. Cloud State University (/wiki/St._Cloud_State_University) Occupation Model Years active 2016–present Modeling information Height 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) Eye color Dark brown Agency IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) (New York, Paris, Milan, London) [1] (#cite_note-1) Halima Aden ( Somali (/wiki/Somali_language) : Xaliima Aaden ; born September 19, 1997) is an American fashion model. She is noted for being the first woman to wear a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) in the Miss Minnesota USA 2016 (/wiki/Miss_Minnesota_USA) pageant, where she was a semi-finalist. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-StarTribune-3) Following her participation in the pageant, Halima received national attention and was signed to IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) . [4] (#cite_note-4) She was also the first model to wear a hijab (/wiki/Hijab) and burkini (/wiki/Burkini) in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) . [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2021 she was named as one of the BBC's 100 Women. (/wiki/100_Women_(BBC)) [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) Early life and education [ edit ] Aden was born in the Kakuma (/wiki/Kakuma) refugee camp (/wiki/Refugee_camp) in Kenya (/wiki/Kenya) on September 19, 1997 [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) and comes from a Somali (/wiki/Somali_people) family. At the age of six she moved to the United States, settling in St. Cloud, Minnesota (/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota) . She attended Apollo High School (/wiki/Apollo_High_School_(Minnesota)) where her classmates voted her as their school homecoming queen (/wiki/Homecoming#Homecoming_court) . She is a student at St. Cloud State University (/wiki/St._Cloud_State_University) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Career [ edit ] In 2016, Aden received national media attention after competing in the Miss Minnesota USA (/wiki/Miss_Minnesota_USA) pageant, she becoming the first contestant in the pageant to wear a burkini and a hijab. Some analysts saw this as a move towards diversification in the modeling industry. [9] (#cite_note-9) The following year, Aden signed a three-year contract with renewal with IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) . In February 2017, she made her debut at the New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) for Yeezy Season 5. [10] (#cite_note-10) She later served as a preliminary and telecast judge of the Miss USA 2017 (/wiki/Miss_USA_2017) pageant. [11] (#cite_note-11) She has since walked for numerous designers, including Maxmara and Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) . She has also participated in the 2016 Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) and London Modest Fashion (/wiki/Modest_Fashion) [12] (#cite_note-12) Week. Aden posed for American Eagle (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) and British Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , and has a CR Fashion Book (/wiki/CR_Fashion_Book) cover. [13] (#cite_note-13) Aden was the first hijab-wearing model to walk international runways and to be signed to a major agency. [14] (#cite_note-14) In June 2017, she became the first hijab-wearing model on the cover of Vogue Arabia (/wiki/Vogue_Arabia) , [15] (#cite_note-15) Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) , [16] (#cite_note-16) and British Vogue . [17] (#cite_note-17) Halima Aden at UNICEF on International Women’s Day In 2018, Aden became a UNICEF ambassador. Her work is focused around children's rights. [18] (#cite_note-18) In May 2019, Aden became the first model to wear the hijab and burkini in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit . [19] (#cite_note-:1-19) At Paris Fashion Week 2019 This was not the first time in her career that she broke boundaries, further diversifying the industry to be more inclusive of Muslims. [19] (#cite_note-:1-19) Aden stated on her Instagram that her appearance in Sports Illustrated sends a message to both her community and the world that "women of all different backgrounds, looks, upbringings...can stand together and be celebrated." [20] (#cite_note-20) Halima became the first black woman with hijab to be featured on the cover of Essence magazine (/wiki/Essence_magazine) , in 2020’s January/ February issue. [21] (#cite_note-21) In April 2019, Aden collaborated with modest clothing brand Modanisa to design her own turban and shawl collection called Halima x Modanisa. [22] (#cite_note-22) In an interview with Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) , Aden stated that her collection is for everyone, whether they wear the hijab or not. [23] (#cite_note-23) She released the collection at the Istanbul Modest Fashion Week on April 20, 2019. [24] (#cite_note-24) In November 2020, Aden announced in a series of Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) stories that she had quit runway modelling as it compromised her religious beliefs, [25] (#cite_note-25) though since then she has indicated that she would do modelling work as long as she could set the conditions. [26] (#cite_note-26) Aden received support for her decision from Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) , and Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) . [27] (#cite_note-27) Aden later announced that she had planned to become the first Somali woman to compete at Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) . [28] (#cite_note-28) In December 2021 she was named as one of the BBC's 100 Women. (/wiki/100_Women_(BBC)) [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) Personal choices in modeling [ edit ] Aden’s modelling contract includes her hijab, as she has made it a non-negotiable part of her work. [29] (#cite_note-29) Aden has spoken out about difficulties she faces in booking modeling jobs that are not accommodating to the fact that she wears the hijab. She described positive experiences as with Maxmara, where looks were specifically designed for her considering her clothing choices. Aden reaffirms that she does not need to conform to society’s standards in order to be a successful model. [30] (#cite_note-30) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Halima Aden - Model" (https://models.com/models/halima-aden) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "From refugee camp to runway, hijab-wearing model breaks barriers" (http://www.muslimglobal.com/2017/09/from-refugee-camp-to-runway-hijab.html) . Muslim Global . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-StarTribune_3-0) "Somali-American teen to be first fully covered Muslim contestant in Miss Minnesota USA" (http://www.startribune.com/somali-american-teen-to-be-first-fully-covered-muslim-contestant-in-miss-minnesota-usa/403051346/) . Star Tribune . Retrieved 2017-04-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Hijab-Wearing Muslim Model Halima Aden Just Scored a Major Contract With IMG" (https://www.glamour.com/story/hijab-wearing-muslim-model-halima-aden-contract-img) . Glamour . 15 February 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Emily Dixon (29 April 2019). "Halima Aden becomes first model to wear hijab and burkini in Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/halima-aden-sports-illustrated-hijab-burkini-style-scli-intl/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved 2020-10-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b "BBC 100 Women 2021: Who is on the list this year?" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-59514598) . BBC News . 2021-12-07 . Retrieved 2021-12-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_7-0) "Halima Aden becomes first model to wear hijab and burkini in Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/halima-aden-sports-illustrated-hijab-burkini-style-scli-intl/index.html) . CNN . 29 April 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Halima Aden Makes History as the First Miss Minnesota USA Contestant to Wear Hijab" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/lifestyle/a8370680/halima-aden-miss-minnesota-usa-pageant-hijab-burkini/) . Cosmopolitan . 2016-11-28 . Retrieved 2017-04-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Bateman, Kristen (28 November 2016). "Halima Aden Is the First to Wear a Burkini and Hijab in a Miss Minnesota USA Pageant" (http://www.allure.com/story/halima-aden-competes-in-hijab-and-burkini) . Allure. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Walano, Rose (16 February 2017). "8 Reasons Why Yeezy's Hijab-Wearing Model Halima Aden Is All We Can Talk About" (http://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/news/yeezys-hijab-wearing-model-halima-aden-why-were-obsessed-w467527) . Us Magazine. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Announcing Talent and Judges for the 2017 Miss USA Competition" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190501224819/https://www.missuniverse.com/missusa/post/2160) . missuniverse.com . Miss Universe Organization. Archived from the original (https://www.missuniverse.com/missusa/post/2160) on 1 May 2019 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "A Closer Look At The Fashion Industry's Embrace Of Muslim Culture | Miss Abaya" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180726233843/https://www.missabaya.com/a-closer-look-at-the-fashion-industrys-embrace-of-muslim-culture/) . Black Abayas | Luxury Abayas | Miss Abaya . 2018-07-22. Archived from the original (https://www.missabaya.com/a-closer-look-at-the-fashion-industrys-embrace-of-muslim-culture/) on 2018-07-26 . Retrieved 2018-07-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ray Siegel (February 15, 2017). "A Look Inside CR 10 Featuring Halima Aden" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220131075834/https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a9147627/halima-aden-iman-cr-10/) . CR Fashion Book . Archived from the original (https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a9147627/halima-aden-iman-cr-10/) on January 31, 2022 . Retrieved October 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Style Notes: Halima Aden's First Vogue Cover; Sofia Coppola Directs Cartier Video | Pret-a-Reporter" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/style-notes-halima-adens-first-vogue-cover-sofia-coppola-directs-cartier-video-1009630) . Hollywoodreporter.com. 2017-01-06 . Retrieved 2017-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Shakeri, Sima (June 6, 2017). "Halima Aden Makes History As First Hijab-Wearing Model On Vogue's Cover" (http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/06/06/halima-aden-vogue-cover-hijab_n_16972864.html) . Huffington Post Canada (/wiki/Huffington_Post) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Sarah Young (21 June 2017). "Hijab-wearing model Halima Aden makes history as Allure magazine cover girl" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/halima-aden-hijab-muslim-model-allure-magazine-cover-girl-fashion-beauty-a7800501.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 2017-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Pithers, Ellie. "Meet Halima Aden, The First Hijabi Model On The Cover Of Vogue" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/halima-aden-interview-2018) . Retrieved 2018-10-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Halima Aden" (https://www.unicefusa.org/supporters/celebrities/ambassadors/halima-aden) . UNICEF USA . Retrieved 2019-05-08 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dixon, Emily (2019-04-29). "Halima Aden becomes first model to wear hijab and burkini in Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/halima-aden-sports-illustrated-hijab-burkini-style-scli-intl/index.html) . CNN Style . Retrieved 2019-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Saunders, Nicole (2019-04-30). "Halima Aden is the First Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model to Wear a Burkini & Hijab" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a27312058/halima-aden-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-hijab-burkini/) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved 2019-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Essence features first black woman with hijab on cover" (https://www.msn.com/en-xl/northamerica/northamerica-life-arts/essence-features-first-black-woman-with-hijab-on-cover/ar-BBYk7jK?li=AAB4QbD&ocid=wispr) . www.msn.com . Retrieved 2019-12-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Hunt, Elle (2020-02-09). " (https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/feb/09/halima-aden-model-activist-hijab-refugee-fashion-we-all-deserve-representation) 'We all deserve representation': hijab-wearing model Halima Aden on the power of fashion" (https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/feb/09/halima-aden-model-activist-hijab-refugee-fashion-we-all-deserve-representation) . The Observer . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0029-7712 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712) . Retrieved 2020-10-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Lauren, Rearick (26 April 2019). "Halima Aden on Designing Her Modanisa Collection of Turbans and Scarves" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/halima-aden-modanisa-collection-turbans-and-scarves) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Zand, Delara (March 18, 2019). "Halima Aden Is Making Her Fashion Design Debut With A Headscarf Collection" (https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/people/news/halima-aden-headscarf-collection-modanisa) . Harper's Bazaar Arabia . Retrieved October 26, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Halima Aden quits runway modelling over religious views" (https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-55092692) . BBC News . November 25, 2020 . Retrieved November 25, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Model Halima Aden quits runway shows over religious beliefs" (https://www.helensburghadvertiser.co.uk/news/national-news/18901685.model-halima-aden-quits-runway-shows-religious-beliefs/) . 26 November 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Shiraz, Zarafshan (November 27, 2020). "Halima Aden quits fashion industry, Rihanna-Bella Hadid-Gigi Hadid support hijab-wearing American supermodel" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/halima-aden-quits-fashion-industry-rihanna-bella-hadid-gigi-hadid-support-hijab-wearing-american-supermodel/story-r3nms1d4z9Wxwqx5GocGhI.html) . Hindustan Times . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Morris, Olivia (November 29, 2020). "Halima Aden aims to become the first representative of Somalia at Miss Universe" (https://emirateswoman.com/halima-aden-wants-become-first-representative-somalia-miss-universe/) . Emirates Woman . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Ghanem, Khaola (2018-09-03). "Halima Aden Opens Up About Her "Deeply Personal" Decision to Wear the Hijab" (https://en.vogue.me/fashion/halima-aden-opens-up-about-her-deeply-personal-decision-to-wear-the-hijab/) . Vogue Arabia . Retrieved 2019-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Sauers, Jenna (2017-11-06). "Model Halima Aden Refuses to Remove Her Hijab for Fashion" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a13127587/halima-aden-hijab-model/) . Harper's BAZAAR . 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Russian fashion designer Olga Bulbenkova Born 1835 ( 1835 ) Nizhny Novgorod (/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod) Died 1918 (1918-00-00) (aged 82–83) Known for Fashion designer Olga Bulbenkova (1835-1918) was a Russian fashion designer. She founded the first Russian fashion house. Life [ edit ] She was born into a priest’s family in Nizhny Novgorod. [1] (#cite_note-1) At the age of nine, she became a fosterchild of her aunt, the wife of the merchant Butakov of St. Petersburg. Her aunt owned a haberdashery shop on Nevsky Prospect. [2] (#cite_note-2) After secondary school, Olga Bulbenkova studied at the fashionable tailor's workshop of Mme Watt. She eventually took over the workshop herself. She established what has been called the first Russian fashion house. Until the late 19th-century, Russia had not much of a fashion industry, since the upper classes simply followed and imported French fashion. In the second half of the 19th-century however, several Russian fashion houses were created, such as the Brisack/Brizak, the Andiyo fashion house and Anna Hindus. Alexandra Fedorovna's court dress (end 19-20 c, Olga Bulbenkova's workshop, Hermitage) by shakko 06 The Olga Bulbenkova fashion house was first located at 8 Monika Embankment, and later at 68 Ekaterinsky Canal. She swiftly became a very successful fashion designer. She competed with Charles Frederick Worth (/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Worth) for clients in the Russian aristocracy, and was a fashion designer of the Imperial court, with Empress Maria Feodorovna (/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)) and her daughters for her clients. [3] (#cite_note-Hall,_Coryne-3) She became the dressmaker of the women of the Imperial family. She specialized in making formal ceremonial costumes for members of the imperial family and the court aristocracy for coronations, weddings, and other festive occasions. [4] (#cite_note-4) She was known for her gold-sewn imperial gowns. She made the formal court dresses of the daughters of Tsar Nicholas II (/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia) . [5] (#cite_note-5) She made the 1894 wedding dress of Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia (/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Xenia_Alexandrovna_of_Russia) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 1910 she retired and left the management to her niece Adriadna Konstantinovna Willim (1890-1976). The fashion house made its last major commission for the imperial court in 1913, for the celebrations of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov. [7] (#cite_note-7) The fashion house was closed in after the Russian revolution in 1917. Many of the dresses she made for the Imperial family are kept at the Hermitage museum. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Nicholas & Alexandra: The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia : Exhibition Album. Robert Steven Bianchi. Booth-Clibborn Editions, 1999 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Nicholas & Alexandra: The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia : Exhibition Album. Robert Steven Bianchi. Booth-Clibborn Editions, 1999 ^ (#cite_ref-Hall,_Coryne_3-0) Hall, Coryne, Little Mother of Russia: A Biography of Empress Marie Feodorovna, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8419-1421-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-1421-6) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Nicholas & Alexandra: The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia : Exhibition Album. Robert Steven Bianchi. Booth-Clibborn Editions, 1999 ^ (#cite_ref-5) [1] (https://books.google.com/books?id=cJebAgAAQBAJ&dq=Olga+Bulbenkova&pg=PP157) ^ (#cite_ref-6) [2] (https://books.google.com/books?id=DPA7AwAAQBAJ&dq=Olga+Bulbenkova&pg=PT42) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Nicholas & Alexandra: The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia : Exhibition Album. Robert Steven Bianchi. 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Jackie Cruz Cruz at iHeartRadio Music Awards in 2019 Born Jacqueline Chavez ( 1986-08-08 ) August 8, 1986 (age 37) [1] (#cite_note-official_t-1) [2] (#cite_note-official_t2-2) Queens, New York (/wiki/Queens,_New_York) , U.S. Education Alexander Hamilton High School (/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_High_School_(Los_Angeles)) Occupations Actress singer model Years active 2007–present Height 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) [3] (#cite_note-mm-3) Spouse Fernando Garcia ​ ( m. 2020) ​ Children 2 Musical career Genres Pop (/wiki/Pop_music) Instruments Vocals Musical artist Jackie Cruz (born August 8, 1986) [1] (#cite_note-official_t-1) [2] (#cite_note-official_t2-2) is a Dominican–American (/wiki/Dominican_American_(Dominican_Republic)) [4] (#cite_note-thr-4) actress, singer and former model. She is known for her role as Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales on the Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) original series Orange Is the New Black (/wiki/Orange_Is_the_New_Black) . Early life [ edit ] Born Jacqueline Chavez [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) in Queens, New York (/wiki/Queens) on August 8, 1986, Cruz grew up between Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , and Santiago, Dominican Republic (/wiki/Dominican_Republic) . [7] (#cite_note-latintimes-7) [8] (#cite_note-remezcla-8) She was raised by a single mother, [9] (#cite_note-official-9) and she speaks fluent English and Spanish. [10] (#cite_note-latintimes2-10) [8] (#cite_note-remezcla-8) Cruz was inspired to become an entertainer at the age of seven after watching Whitney Houston (/wiki/Whitney_Houston) in The Bodyguard (/wiki/The_Bodyguard_(1992_film)) . [7] (#cite_note-latintimes-7) [8] (#cite_note-remezcla-8) She attended Alexander Hamilton High School (/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_High_School_(Los_Angeles)) in Los Angeles, where she was a member of the school's music academy. [7] (#cite_note-latintimes-7) At age 16, Cruz moved out of her mother's apartment and became homeless. [8] (#cite_note-remezcla-8) When she was 17, she was the victim of a car accident where she suffered a collapsed lung (/wiki/Pneumothorax) , fell into a coma and required brain surgery. [9] (#cite_note-official-9) [11] (#cite_note-bitchin-11) [7] (#cite_note-latintimes-7) [8] (#cite_note-remezcla-8) Her song "Sweet Sixteen" is based on the incident. [8] (#cite_note-remezcla-8) Music career [ edit ] When Cruz was in high school, she worked with will.i.am (/wiki/Will.i.am) 's producers [ who? ] in a girl group (/wiki/Girl_group) called Krush Velvet, although the group never signed (/wiki/Unsigned_artist) to a record label. [8] (#cite_note-remezcla-8) Her debut extended play (/wiki/Extended_play) , Hollywood Gypsy , was released independently in 2010. [12] (#cite_note-itunes-12) Cruz is a part of a band called "The Family Portrait". [13] (#cite_note-13) Acting career [ edit ] In 2009, Cruz began making appearances on the E! (/wiki/E!) television series Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami (/wiki/Kourtney_and_Kim_Take_Miami) . She and Kourtney Kardashian (/wiki/Kourtney_Kardashian) became friends after meeting in an art class, which led to further appearances on the series. [11] (#cite_note-bitchin-11) [14] (#cite_note-us-14) In one episode, Cruz and Kardashian were filmed kissing, an incident that Kardashian later stated she was "so embarrassed" by. [14] (#cite_note-us-14) Although Cruz initially stated that she and Kardashian remained friends following the incident, [11] (#cite_note-bitchin-11) Kardashian later stated that she "can never talk to [Cruz] again". [14] (#cite_note-us-14) Cruz cites Rita Moreno (/wiki/Rita_Moreno) as an acting influence. [8] (#cite_note-remezcla-8) Cruz was working as a model [3] (#cite_note-mm-3) and a waitress (/wiki/Waiting_staff) at New York City restaurant Lavo [ citation needed ] before she was cast as Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales on the Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) series Orange Is the New Black (/wiki/Orange_Is_the_New_Black) . Originally a recurring character for the first three seasons, it was announced in April 2015 that she would be promoted to series regular for the fourth season. [15] (#cite_note-deadline-15) In early 2022 she filmed a starring role in the romantic comedy, "Things Like This", directed by fellow Orange Is the New Black (/wiki/Orange_Is_the_New_Black) actor, Max Talisman (/wiki/Max_Talisman) . [16] (#cite_note-16) In May 2022, she wrapped filming on the horror-thriller History of Evil . Her recasting into the role wasn’t known until afterward. [17] (#cite_note-17) Personal life [ edit ] In 2016, Cruz told AfterEllen (/wiki/AfterEllen) : "I like the person whether it's a woman—we don't like to be labeled. I'm in a relationship with a man right now, but I've liked women in the past. So I guess we don't want to be labeled. We don't really talk about it, but the actions speak louder than words, am I right? So you're seeing it. You're living it." [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) In August 2020, Cruz married artist Fernando Garcia. [20] (#cite_note-20) In December 2021, Cruz and Garcia announced they're expecting twins. [21] (#cite_note-21) In March 2022, Cruz announced on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) that she had welcomed her twins. [22] (#cite_note-22) Discography [ edit ] Hollywood Gypsy (2010) Singles [ edit ] Year Title Album 2018 Don't Waste My Time (Ft. Feefa) TBA 2019 Melly 16 TBA 2019 La Hora Loca TBA Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2016 13 Steps Izar 2020 A Nice Girl Like You (/wiki/A_Nice_Girl_Like_You) Nessa Jennings 2020 Tremors: Shrieker Island (/wiki/Tremors:_Shrieker_Island) Freddie 2020 Faraway Eyes Susan a.k.a. Here After 2021 Lansky (/wiki/Lansky_(2021_film)) Dafne I Love Us (/wiki/I_Love_Us) Ruby Ellis Nuevo Rico Barbie [23] (#cite_note-23) short film; voice Midnight in the Switchgrass (/wiki/Midnight_in_the_Switchgrass) Suzanna All the World Is Sleeping (/wiki/All_the_World_Is_Sleeping) Toaster 2022 Panama (/wiki/Panama_(2022_film)) Cynthia Benitez Bumblebees Cyd short film BOYMOM Mom short film Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2007 The Shield (/wiki/The_Shield) Graciela Episode: "The New Guy" 2008 My Own Worst Enemy (/wiki/My_Own_Worst_Enemy_(TV_series)) Mendez's Girlfriend Episode: "Down Rio Way" 2009–2010 Kourtney & Khloé Take Miami (/wiki/Kourtney_%26_Kim_Take_Miami) Herself 2 episodes 2013–2019 Orange Is the New Black (/wiki/Orange_Is_the_New_Black) Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales (/wiki/List_of_Orange_Is_the_New_Black_characters#Marisol_"Flaca"_Gonzales) Recurring role (2013–2015) Series regular (2016–2019) [15] (#cite_note-deadline-15) 2014 Unforgettable (/wiki/Unforgettable_(U.S._TV_series)) Maria Torres Episode: "True Identity" 2016 Blue Bloods (/wiki/Blue_Bloods_(TV_series)) Rosa Alvarez Episode "Blast from the Past" 2020 Good Girls (/wiki/Good_Girls_(TV_series)) Rhea Recurring role (season 3) [24] (#cite_note-24) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Cruz, Jackie (August 8, 2014). "Ms. Jackie Cruz on Twitter: "Our birthdays are feathers in the broad wing of time." Jean Paul Richter #itsmybirthday #babycruz" (https://twitter.com/msjackiecruz/status/497737409644072960) . Twitter . Retrieved June 17, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cruz, Jackie (August 8, 2014). "Ms. Jackie Cruz on Twitter: Loving my birthday with my soul sisters @jsancheeezy #birthdaygirl" (https://twitter.com/msjackiecruz/status/497950822928351234) . Twitter . Retrieved June 17, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Jackie Cruz, model, Modelmayhem.com" (http://www.modelmayhem.com/2781217) . Model Mayhem . Internet Brands (/wiki/Internet_Brands) . Retrieved June 17, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thr_4-0) " (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/orange-is-new-blacks-latinas-658905) 'Orange Is the New Black's' Latinas – The Hollywood Reporter" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/orange-is-new-blacks-latinas-658905) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Prometheus Global Media (/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media) . November 22, 2013 . Retrieved June 17, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Transcript Of "Latina To Latina" Episode One With Jackie Cruz (https://www.bustle.com/p/transcript-of-latina-to-latina-episode-one-with-jackie-cruz-8744962) by Jenny Hollander, Apr 10 2018. Quote: "...my legal name is Jacqueline Chavez. I go by Jackie Cruz. I've changed my name 10 times throughout my career to fit in. Cruz stuck. It's a part of... deep in the family. But Chavez I never really liked." ^ (#cite_ref-6) interview with 'Orange Is The New Black' Stars Diane Guerrero And Jackie Cruz (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ur1qv42pM3Y&t=5m51s) AccessOnline.com (Published to YouTube on Aug 5, 2019). Quote: "A lot of people don't know my real last name is Chavez." ^ Jump up to: a b c d Valdez, Maria G. (October 24, 2013). "Latinos In The US: Jackie Cruz, 'Orange Is The New Black' Star, On Her Background, Work In NYC And Being Latina" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180441/https://www.latintimes.com/latinos-us-jackie-cruz-orange-new-black-star-her-background-work-nyc-and-being-latina-132271) . Latin Times (/wiki/Latin_Times) . Newsweek Media Group (/wiki/Newsweek_Media_Group) . Archived from the original (https://www.latintimes.com/latinos-us-jackie-cruz-orange-new-blac) on July 2, 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Erazo, Vanessa (June 24, 2014). "Jackie Cruz of 'Orange is the New Black' on Songwriting and Surviving a Crash | Film | Remezcla" (https://remezcla.com/features/jackie-cruz-of-orange-is-the-new-black-on-songwriting-surviving-a-car-crash-hollywood-stereotypes-film) . Remezcla . Retrieved June 20, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Jackie Cruz American Singer and Songwriter Bio" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225946/http://www.jackiecruz.com/bio.html) . JackieCruz.com . Archived from the original (http://www.jackiecruz.com/bio.html) on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved June 19, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-latintimes2_10-0) Roterman, Natalie (June 18, 2015). " (http://www.latintimes.com/oitnb-actress-jackie-cruz-opens-about-diversity-dating-hollywood-and-her-character-323552) 'OITNB' Actress Jackie Cruz Opens Up About Diversity, Dating in Hollywood And Her Character 'Flaca' [PHOTOS]" (http://www.latintimes.com/oitnb-actress-jackie-cruz-opens-about-diversity-dating-hollywood-and-her-character-323552) . Latin Times . IBT Media . Retrieved June 20, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Angelique (June 17, 2011). "Hollywood Gypsy: Jackie Cruz | Bitchin' Kitchen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190306114728/http://bitchinlifestyle.tv/hollywood-gypsy-jackie-cruz/) . Nadia G's Bitchin' Kitchen (/wiki/Nadia_G%27s_Bitchin%27_Kitchen) . Scripps Networks Interactive (/wiki/Scripps_Networks_Interactive) . Archived from the original (http://bitchinlifestyle.tv/hollywood-gypsy-jackie-cruz) on March 6, 2019 . Retrieved June 18, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-itunes_12-0) "iTunes – Music – Hollywood Gypsy EP by Jackie Cruz" (https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/hollywood-gypsy-ep/id372594177) . iTunes (/wiki/ITunes) . Apple Inc (/wiki/Apple_Inc.) . June 20, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "BYT Interviews: Jackie Cruz - Brightest Young Things" (https://brightestyoungthings.com/articles/byt-interviews-jackie-cruz) . January 19, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b c Webber, Stephanie (June 17, 2014). "Kourtney Kardashian Once Kissed Orange Is the New Black's Jackie Cruz" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/kourtney-kardashian-once-kissed-orange-is-the-new-blacks-jackie-cruz--2014176) . Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) . Wenner Media (/wiki/Jann_Wenner) . Retrieved June 18, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (April 24, 2015). "Jackie Cruz Upped To Regular as Flaca On (https://deadline.com/2015/04/jackie-cruz-promoted-regular-on-orange-is-the-new-black-1201414875) Orange Is the New Black " (https://deadline.com/2015/04/jackie-cruz-promoted-regular-on-orange-is-the-new-black-1201414875) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Penske Media Corporation (/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation) . Retrieved June 18, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) " (https://deadline.com/2024/01/repair-shop-ricochet-damon-pattison-1235791643/) 'Repair Shop' Outfit Ricochet Signs Damon Pattison; Netflix Australia Exit; CBC Boss; 'Things Like This' First Look; New Boss at Greek Pubcaster — Global Briefs" (https://deadline.com/2024/01/repair-shop-ricochet-damon-pattison-1235791643/) . January 15, 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Wiseman, Andreas (May 31, 2022). "Jackie Cruz Switches In As Co-Lead Opposite Paul Wesley In Horror 'History Of Evil' (https://deadline.com/2022/05/paul-wesley-campire-diaries-horror-movie-history-evil-jackie-cruz-stephanie-beatriz-1235035777/) " (https://deadline.com/2022/05/paul-wesley-campire-diaries-horror-movie-history-evil-jackie-cruz-stephanie-beatriz-1235035777/) . Deadline . Retrieved May 31, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Jackie Cruz on bisexuality on "Orange is the New Black" and her friendship with Ruby Rose - AfterEllen" (http://www.afterellen.com/celebs/471441-jackie-cruz-bisexuality-orange-new-black-friendship-ruby-rose) . January 27, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "These 9 Rad Queer Women of Color Prove Representation Matters" (http://www.pride.com/women/2016/7/21/these-9-rad-queer-women-color-prove-representation-matters#slide-5) . July 21, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-20) " 'Orange Is the New Black' Star Jackie Cruz Marries Fernando Garcia". Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) . August 30, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Dory Jackson (December 8, 2021). "OITNB Alum Jackie Cruz Is Pregnant, Expecting Twins with Husband Fernando Garcia" (https://people.com/parents/oitnb-alum-jackie-cruz-is-pregnant-with-twins-exclusive/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved December 8, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Georgia Slater (March 23, 2022). "OITNB Alum Jackie Cruz Welcomes Twins with Husband Fernando Garcia: 'My Babies Are Everything' (https://people.com/parents/jackie-cruz-welcomes-twins-husband-fernando-garcia/) " (https://people.com/parents/jackie-cruz-welcomes-twins-husband-fernando-garcia/) . People . Retrieved March 23, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Nuevo Rico: Cast + Crew" (https://nuevoricofilm.com/cast-n-crew) . Retrieved 19 March 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) " (https://deadline.com/2019/09/good-girls-jackie-cruz-recur-season-3-nbc-series-1202737523/) 'Good Girls': Jackie Cruz To Recur On Season 3 Of NBC Series" (https://deadline.com/2019/09/good-girls-jackie-cruz-recur-season-3-nbc-series-1202737523/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . 2019-09-17 . Retrieved 2019-12-24 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jackie Cruz (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jackie_Cruz) . Official website (http://www.jackiecruz.com) Jackie Cruz (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3117320/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/108147905007879090387) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016146647) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/220908710) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐6b76898595‐ptqqj Cached time: 20240720164919 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.624 seconds Real time usage: 0.814 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4210/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 61580/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6125/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 97459/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.383/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10957084/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 755.585 1 -total 46.72% 352.999 1 Template:Infobox_person 25.86% 195.391 1 Template:Reflist 21.83% 164.916 21 Template:Cite_web 14.46% 109.293 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 10.90% 82.336 1 Template:Infobox_musical_artist 8.44% 63.756 6 Template:Br_separated_entries 6.89% 52.071 1 Template:Authority_control 6.66% 50.315 1 Template:Commons_category 6.60% 49.862 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:47010161-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164919 and revision id 1234418481. 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American apparel and design company The neutrality (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) of this article is disputed (/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Lisa_Frank_Incorporated##) . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met (/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove) . ( June 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Lisa Frank Incorporated Company type Private Founded January 1979 ( 1979-01 ) Founder Lisa Frank (/wiki/Lisa_Frank) Headquarters Tucson, Arizona (/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Key people Lisa Frank (/wiki/Lisa_Frank) ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) James Green (former CEO) Website www (http://www.lisafrank.com) .lisafrank (http://www.lisafrank.com) .com (http://www.lisafrank.com) Lisa Frank Inc. is a private for-profit company formed in 1979, under its founder and CEO, Lisa Frank (/wiki/Lisa_Frank) . The company produces colorful designs featured on a variety of media, such as school supplies (/wiki/School_supplies) and stickers (/wiki/Sticker) . Company history [ edit ] After graduating from Cranbrook Kingswood School (/wiki/Cranbrook_Kingswood_School) in 1972 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan (/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan) , Lisa Frank attended the University of Arizona (/wiki/University_of_Arizona) to study art. She chose this field of study because art had been a large part of her life since childhood. Her father, an art collector, had influenced her. [1] (#cite_note-uo-1) Between her sophomore and junior years, she made a line of plastic jewelry called Sticky Fingers . The line specialized in colorful fruit and novelty character pendants, utilizing popular characters in their designs such as Betty Boop (/wiki/Betty_Boop) . It sold in stores such as Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) and Bloomingdales (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) . [2] (#cite_note-daily-2) This jewelry line inspired Frank to create her first set of colorful stickers, the same stickers that launched her brand. [2] (#cite_note-daily-2) She began Lisa Frank Incorporated in 1979, when she was only twenty-four years old. [3] (#cite_note-jane-3) That year, the company received its first million-dollar order from Spencer Gifts (/wiki/Spencer_Gifts) . [4] (#cite_note-technicolor-4) The company only produced stickers at first, featuring Frank's original characters and designs. [2] (#cite_note-daily-2) All of Frank's designs through 1989 were colored with an airbrush technique (/wiki/Airbrush_Technique) , the process taking nine to thirty-six hours to complete. According to a 1983 interview with Frank, the company's sticker process began with a concept, moved to pencil sketch, and then translated into an 18×24" painting before qualifying for approval. An individual sticker, on average, took a minimum of three months to approve. [5] (#cite_note-giggles-5) Lisa Frank Inc.'s success rocketed in 1987 when the company began producing school supplies featuring their original designs. These designs featured "classic" Lisa Frank characters such as Panda Painter. [6] (#cite_note-hello-6) The company believes the original characters continue to be their most popular, despite new additions over the years. [2] (#cite_note-daily-2) Lisa Frank's original commercial slogan, "You Gotta Have It", debuted in the late 1980s. [7] (#cite_note-nerd-7) Lisa Frank's line of products—folders, pencil cases, erasers, Trapper Keepers (/wiki/Trapper_Keeper) , and notebooks—were so popular, the company grossed over $60 million a year in sales during its peak in the 1990s. [4] (#cite_note-technicolor-4) In 1989, the company stopped using the time-consuming, hand-painted airbrushing technique and switched to using computer software. [2] (#cite_note-daily-2) The technological age not only changed the way the company produced products, it has also had an effect on the products they sell. According to Frank, current designs feature more complicated and intricate patterns due to the technology and the variety of products the company creates today as compared to Lisa Frank Inc.'s starting years. [2] (#cite_note-daily-2) In September, 2005, Lisa Frank filed for divorce from her husband since 1994, James A. Green, then president and CEO of Lisa Frank Inc. They were the company's only stockholders (/wiki/Stockholder) . That same month, she sued to remove Green from the company, and he resigned the following month. [8] (#cite_note-ArizonaStar_01-24-2006-8) Frank won a court settlement that year, stating Green must sell all his shares in the stock to her at a discount, according to a 1995 buy-sell agreement. [9] (#cite_note-court-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) This resulted in Frank resuming her position as CEO of the company. During the court trial, they found Lisa Frank Inc. grossed over $1 billion in sales since 1979. [2] (#cite_note-daily-2) In subsequent years, the company produced little stationery due to the dominance of electronic communication. [2] (#cite_note-daily-2) Lisa Frank Incorporated developed two iPhone apps (/wiki/IPhone_apps) : One customizes pictures with Lisa Frank clip art, while the other is a coloring app for Lisa Frank coloring pages. [2] (#cite_note-daily-2) In 2012, Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) began selling Lisa Frank vintage merchandise, such as 1990s stickers and Trapper Keepers, on the Urban Outfitters website. [11] (#cite_note-nostril-11) As of 2015, the base of Lisa Frank Inc. headquarters is still Tucson, Arizona (/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona) , encompassing a 320,000-square-foot (30,000 m 2 ) building. [12] (#cite_note-glo-12) The company earned an estimated $2.3 million in annual revenue in 2012. Its branded retail stores have since shuttered and its products, which once dominated back-to-school aisles in stores across the United States, are difficult to find today. The number of employees at the 320,000 square-foot building near the Tucson International Airport (/wiki/Tucson_International_Airport) dwindled from a peak of about 500 to just six. [4] (#cite_note-technicolor-4) A resurgence in popularity occurred in 2021 when Lisa Frank's 21-year-old son Forrest Green took over as Director of Business Development, starting by managing the company's Instagram account during the Pandemic as a student at UCLA (/wiki/UCLA) , with the marketing strategy of Lisa Frank as a lifestyle. Since gaining over 700,000 followers, the company has made strategic partnerships with popular brands such as Morphe (/wiki/Morphe) , Pillsbury (/wiki/Pillsbury_(brand)) , and Crocs (/wiki/Crocs) creating throwback products for nostalgic consumers. [13] (#cite_note-:0-13) In popular culture [ edit ] LFI's collaboration with Urban Outfitters in 2012 launched renewed interest in the company. The teen and young adult clothing retailer sells 1990s Lisa Frank merchandise on its website. [2] (#cite_note-daily-2) Frank said LFI saves ten copies of every product they have ever made, and Urban Outfitters sells many reproductions of their vintage products. [2] (#cite_note-daily-2) Urban Outfitters did a video interview with Lisa Frank to promote their collaboration with her brand. The interview video featured a brief clip from a 1993 Lisa Frank commercial featuring a ten-year-old Mila Kunis (/wiki/Mila_Kunis) . [14] (#cite_note-mila-14) Lisa Frank Inc. was featured in Jeremy Scott's (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) fall 2012 runway show in the form of a midriff corset covered in Lisa Frank stickers. [15] (#cite_note-fashion-15) Vaporwave (/wiki/Vaporwave) artist Macintosh Plus (/wiki/Vektroid) named a song after Frank, リサフランク420 / 現代のコンピュー (translating to Lisa Frank 420 / Modern Computing) was the leading single of her 2011 album Floral Shoppe (/wiki/Floral_Shoppe) . [16] (#cite_note-16) In November 2020, Lisa Frank partnered with Morphe to launch Morphe x Lisa Frank , an eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) palette decorated with Lisa Frank characters. [13] (#cite_note-:0-13) In December 2021, Pillsbury and Lisa Frank produced the limited edition Lisa Frank unicorn shape sugar cookie (/wiki/Sugar_cookie) dough, featuring the classic Unicorn, Markie. [17] (#cite_note-17) Critiques of characters [ edit ] A 2010 SF Weekly (/wiki/SF_Weekly) article criticized the sexualization of recent Lisa Frank characters. The article speculated LFI, following trends for a "sexy" appeal in children's toys, abandoned the "classic" Lisa Frank animal characters for sexual Bratz (/wiki/Bratz) doll imitations. [18] (#cite_note-eyes-18) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-uo_1-0) "We trekked out to the desert to meet the queen of the rainbow unicorns and magical bears. And yes, she is a real person!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130330213645/http://blog.urbanoutfitters.com/features/omg_lisa_frank) . Urban Outfitters. Archived from the original (http://blog.urbanoutfitters.com/features/omg_lisa_frank) on 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Ruiz, Michelle. "Tangerine Trees and Marmalade Skies: Lisa Frank on her Wild, Wonderful, Billion-Dollar School Supply Empire" (http://www.thedaily.com/page/2012/07/28/072812-wknd-style-lisa-frank-ruiz-1-4/) . The Daily . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-jane_3-0) Freer, Alison. "OF COURSE PANDA BEARS WEAR OVERALLS! Lisa Frank is Back! (She Actually Never Left)" (http://www.xojane.com/fun/of-course-panda-bears-wear-overalls) . xojane . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Heyward, Sarah (12 December 2013). "Inside The Rainbow Gulag: The Technicolor Rise and Fall of Lisa Frank" (http://jezebel.com/inside-the-rainbow-gulag-the-technicolor-rise-and-fall-1179495705) . Jezebele . Retrieved 2015-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-giggles_5-0) Heyward, Sarah. "From the Lost Filed of Lisa Frank" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130301112235/http://hellogiggles.com/from-the-lost-files-of-lisa-frank) . Hello Giggles. Archived from the original (http://hellogiggles.com/from-the-lost-files-of-lisa-frank) on 2013-03-01 . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-hello_6-0) Heyward, Sarah. "Behind the Rainbow Curtain: An Interview with Lisa Frank's Head Designer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130130032149/http://hellogiggles.com/behind-the-rainbow-curtain-an-interview-with-lisa-franks-head-designer) . Hello Giggles. Archived from the original (http://hellogiggles.com/behind-the-rainbow-curtain-an-interview-with-lisa-franks-head-designer) on 2013-01-30 . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-nerd_7-0) "Lisa Frank and UO" (https://archive.today/20130413195805/http://nerdorable.net/2012/lisa-frank-urban-outfitters/) . Raini. Archived from the original (http://nerdorable.net/2012/lisa-frank-urban-outfitters/) on 2013-04-13 . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-ArizonaStar_01-24-2006_8-0) Simonson, Scott (January 24, 2006). "Ruling due in lawsuit: Lisa Frank vs. spouse" (https://tucson.com/business/ruling-due-in-lawsuit-lisa-frank-vs-spouse/article_77624b33-f0a5-50e4-aba1-ad3bdf3de677.html) . Arizona Daily Star (/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star) . Tucson, Arizona. Archived (https://archive.today/20200507191109/https://tucson.com/business/ruling-due-in-lawsuit-lisa-frank-vs-spouse/article_77624b33-f0a5-50e4-aba1-ad3bdf3de677.html) from the original on May 7, 2020 . Retrieved May 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-court_9-0) Pittman, David. "Lisa Frank in Full Control of her Firm" (http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue2/2005/10/21/89042-lisa-frank-in-full-control-of-her-firm/) . Tucson Citizen . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Simonson, Scott (May 25, 2006). "Ex-Lisa Frank CEO given deadline to return 6 computers" (https://tucson.com/business/ex-lisa-frank-ceo-given-deadline-to-return-6-computers/article_b576c443-2dab-5cbe-80a6-625b3ed1ffc3.html) . Arizona Daily Star (/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star) . Tucson, Arizona. Archived (https://archive.today/20200507192206/https://tucson.com/business/ex-lisa-frank-ceo-given-deadline-to-return-6-computers/article_b576c443-2dab-5cbe-80a6-625b3ed1ffc3.html) from the original on May 7, 2020 . Retrieved May 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-nostril_11-0) Krupnick, Ellie (2012-10-15). "Lisa Frank At Urban Outfitters Is Giving Us Serious Bouts Of '90s Nostalgia" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/15/lisa-frank-urban-outfitters-photos_n_1968412.html) . Huffinton Post . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-glo_12-0) Marcus, Stephanie (2012-07-29). "Lisa Frank Speaks: The Woman Behind the DayGlo Dolphins" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/29/lisa-franks-billion-dollar-back-to-school-business_n_1717528.html) . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ Jump up to: a b Leach, Samantha (4 February 2021). "Inside The Fiercely Private, Celebrity-Filled World Of Lisa Frank And Her Son Forrest Green" (https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/lisa-frank-forrest-greens-fiercely-private-celebrity-filled-world) . Bustle . Retrieved 7 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-mila_14-0) Weingus, Leigh (2012-10-17). "Mila Kunis Lisa Frank Commercial From 1993" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/17/mila-kunis-lisa-frank-commercial_n_1974515.html) . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-fashion_15-0) Bobb, Brooke (2012-02-15). "New York Fashion Week Fall 2012: Jeremy Scott's Lisa Frank Corset" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/15/jeremy-scott-fall-2012_n_1280044.html) . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2013-02-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "FLORAL SHOPPE, by MACINTOSH PLUS" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131026035708/http://beerontherug.bandcamp.com/album/floral-shoppe) . BeerOnTheRug.com. Archived from the original (https://beerontherug.bandcamp.com/album/floral-shoppe) on 26 October 2013 . Retrieved April 29, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Our New Pillsbury™ Shape™ Lisa Frank™ Sugar Cookie Dough Is Here! And "You Gotta Have It!™" (https://www.pillsbury.com/everyday-eats/pillsbury-shape-lisa-frank-sugar-cookie-dough-is-here) " (https://www.pillsbury.com/everyday-eats/pillsbury-shape-lisa-frank-sugar-cookie-dough-is-here) . Pillsburry . 4 January 2022 . Retrieved 1 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-eyes_18-0) Wright, Andy. "Sexually Frank: The Rebranding of a Childhood Favorite" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210304014843/https://archives.sfweekly.com/shookdown/2010/06/04/sexually-frank-the-rebranding-of-a-childhood-favorite) . SF Weekly. Archived from the original (http://blogs.sfweekly.com/shookdown/2010/06/say_it_aint_so_lisa_frank_goes.php) on March 4, 2021 . Retrieved 2013-03-06 . External links [ edit ] Official Website (http://lisafrank.com/) Morrissey, Tracie Egan (2013-12-12). "Inside the Rainbow Gulag: The Technicolor Rise and Fall of Lisa Frank" (http://jezebel.com/inside-the-rainbow-gulag-the-technicolor-rise-and-fall-1179495705) . Jezebel (/wiki/Jezebel_(website)) . 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French-American fashion designer Max Azria Azria at the Spring 2009 Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week) Born ( 1949-01-01 ) January 1, 1949 Sfax (/wiki/Sfax) , French protectorate of Tunisia (/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia) (now in Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) ) Died May 6, 2019 (2019-05-06) (aged 70) Houston, Texas (/wiki/Houston) , U.S. Known for BCBGMAXAZRIA Runway Hervé Léger by Max Azria Max Azria BCBGeneration Miley Cyrus & Max Azria Spouse Lubov Azria (/wiki/Lubov_Azria) ​ ( m. 1992) ​ [ citation needed ] Children 6 Max Azria (January 1, 1949 – May 6, 2019) was a French-American fashion designer who founded the contemporary women's clothing brand BCBG MAX AZRIA. Azria was also the designer, chairman and CEO of the BCBG Max Azria Group, [1] (#cite_note-autogenerated2006-1) a global fashion house that encompassed over 20 brands. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) Azria left BCBG in 2016. BCBG Max Azria filed for bankruptcy in 2017 and was sold to Marquee Brands (/wiki/Marquee_Brands) and Global Brands Group. Later Azria served as the CEO of ZappLight. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Early life and education [ edit ] Max Azria was born in Sfax (/wiki/Sfax) , Tunisia (/wiki/Tunisia) [5] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-5) as the youngest of six children; to a family of both Sephardi Jewish (/wiki/Sephardi_Jewish) and Mizrahi Jewish (/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish) ( Tunisian-Jewish (/wiki/Tunisian_Jews) ) descent. As a child, Azria was educated in southeastern France before his family immigrated to Paris, France (/wiki/Paris,_France) in 1963. [ citation needed ] His brother is Serge Azria, [6] (#cite_note-6) the founder of the women's clothing lines Joie, Current/Elliott and Equipment (/wiki/Equipment_(clothing_brand)) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Career [ edit ] After 11 years of designing a line of women's apparel in Paris, Azria moved to Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) in 1981 [5] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-5) and launched Jess, a series of new-concept retail boutiques for women's apparel. In 1989, Azria launched BCBG Max Azria, [1] (#cite_note-autogenerated2006-1) named for the French (/wiki/French_language) phrase " bon chic, bon genre (/wiki/Bon_chic_bon_genre) ," a Parisian slang meaning "good style, good attitude". [1] (#cite_note-autogenerated2006-1) Azria was credited for offering designer fashion at affordable price points and, as a result, was inducted into the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) (CFDA) in 1998. [8] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-8) The BCBG Max Azria Runway collection was first presented at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) in 1996. [9] (#cite_note-9) Azria also maintained two eponymous designer collections, Max Azria Atelier and Max Azria. Launched in February 2004, Max Azria Atelier [1] (#cite_note-autogenerated2006-1) is a collection of couture gowns created for celebrity clients and red-carpet events. Sharon Stone (/wiki/Sharon_Stone) , [10] (#cite_note-10) Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , [11] (#cite_note-11) Fergie (/wiki/Fergie_(singer)) [12] (#cite_note-autogenerated5-12) and Alicia Keys (/wiki/Alicia_Keys) [12] (#cite_note-autogenerated5-12) have worn the label on the red carpet. In February 2006, Azria debuted Max Azria, a ready-to-wear collection with a directional aesthetic, on the runway at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [13] (#cite_note-13) During the 2009 awards season, Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) wore Max Azria to the 2009 Screen Actors Guild Awards [14] (#cite_note-14) and the 2009 Critics Choice Awards. [15] (#cite_note-15) The company bought out the bankrupt G+G Retail, which operated the G+G and Rave brands, in 2006. [16] (#cite_note-16) Azria acquired the Hervé Léger (/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_L%C3%A9ger) fashion house in 1998, [8] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-8) marking the first time in history that an American designer had acquired a French couturier. [17] (#cite_note-17) In early 2007, Azria relaunched the Hervé Léger (/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_L%C3%A9ger) label with his own designs, which were quickly embraced by celebrities and trendsetters worldwide. [8] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-8) In Fall 2008, Max Azria presented BCBG Max Azria Runway, Max Azria and Hervé Léger (/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_L%C3%A9ger) by Max Azria at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , marking the first time an American designer produced three major fashion shows during one New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Azria launched a young contemporary collection called BCBGeneration in 2008. [19] (#cite_note-19) In June 2009, Azria teamed up with Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) to create a line for Walmart called Miley Cyrus & Max Azria. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) Azria also designed clothing for Cyrus' 2009 American tour. [20] (#cite_note-20) Azria left BCBG in 2016 as the company foundered. BCBG Max Azria filed for bankruptcy in 2017 and was sold to Marquee Brands and Global Brands Group (/wiki/Global_Brands_Group) . [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) On May 31, 2017, ZappLight announced that Max Azria joined ZappLight and its parent co Clean Concept LLC as CEO and partner. [23] (#cite_note-23) "Though fashion and technology are inherently different, they increasingly intersect as both are centered on pushing the boundaries of great design and in inspiring and delighting consumers. I am thrilled to be part of this new and exciting venture to grow ZappLight into a global brand, adopted in homes everywhere to prevent virus-carrying insects," Max Azria said in a statement. [24] (#cite_note-24) Entrepreneurial at heart, it was only natural for the 68 year old to dive into a startup rather than retire. [25] (#cite_note-:0-25) ZappLight is a "2-in-1" LED light bulb and bug zapper. [26] (#cite_note-26) ZappLight is disrupting the bug zapper industry that has been around since the 80's. [25] (#cite_note-:0-25) The ZappLight's new spin is combining an LED light that attracts bugs and mosquitoes and functions as an actual light bulb, along with the zapping technology of old. [25] (#cite_note-:0-25) The ZappLight is a bulb and not an entire fixture, meaning that homeowners can install them in any of their open bulb light fixtures outside. [25] (#cite_note-:0-25) Max Azria's Collection. BCBG Max Azria Group is a global fashion house with a portfolio including more than 20 brands. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) Max Azria was the CEO, chairman and head designer and his widow, Lubov Azria (/wiki/Lubov_Azria) is the chief creative officer. [1] (#cite_note-autogenerated2006-1) As of 2006, there were over 550 BCBG Max Azria boutiques worldwide, including locations in London (/wiki/London) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Santiago (/wiki/Santiago) and Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) . [1] (#cite_note-autogenerated2006-1) Azria's collections are also sold in specialty stores and major department stores across the globe, including Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) , Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) , Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , Lord & Taylor (/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor) , Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) , Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) , Dillard's (/wiki/Dillard%27s) , the UK's Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) , Hong Kong's Lane Crawford (/wiki/Lane_Crawford) , Taiwan's Mitsukoshi (/wiki/Mitsukoshi) and Singapore's Takashimaya (/wiki/Takashimaya) stores. [1] (#cite_note-autogenerated2006-1) BCBG Max Azria Group campaigns regularly feature notable models, including Eva Herzigova (/wiki/Eva_Herzigova) , [27] (#cite_note-designscene1-27) Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) [28] (#cite_note-28) and Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) . [29] (#cite_note-29) The company frequently works with internationally renowned photographers such as Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) , [27] (#cite_note-designscene1-27) Paolo Roversi (/wiki/Paolo_Roversi) and David Sims. [30] (#cite_note-30) BCBG Max Azria Group clothing is frequently featured in major fashion publications such as Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) and Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) , [31] (#cite_note-31) and in online sites such as Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) and iFashion Network. Recent history [ edit ] BCBG Max Azria Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection (/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy_protection) on February 28, 2017; it was reported that in July 2017 the brand and its sister labels would be taken over by Marquee Brands and Global Brands Group (/wiki/Global_Brands_Group) , which bought the intellectual property (/wiki/Intellectual_property) rights and assets of the company. [32] (#cite_note-32) Personal life [ edit ] Azria was married twice. He was divorced from his first wife with whom he had three children: Michael John Azria (born 1974), Joyce Azria Nassir (born 1981), and Marine Azria (born 1984). [33] (#cite_note-PeopleFactor-33) Azria remarried to Ukrainian-born (/wiki/Ukrainian_people) Lubov Azria (/wiki/Lubov_Azria) , chief creative officer for BCBG Max Azria Group. [34] (#cite_note-34) They had three children together: Chloe (born 1993), Nushi (born 1996), and Agnes (born 1997). [33] (#cite_note-PeopleFactor-33) His daughter, Joyce Azria, was named creative director of BCBGeneration in 2009. [35] (#cite_note-35) He and his family resided in a house designed by Paul Williams (/wiki/Paul_Williams_(architect)) in Holmby Hills (/wiki/Holmby_Hills,_Los_Angeles) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , California (/wiki/California) . [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-wsjbinkley-37) It was formerly owned by the late Sidney Sheldon (/wiki/Sidney_Sheldon) . [37] (#cite_note-wsjbinkley-37) Death [ edit ] Azria died of lung cancer at a hospital in Houston (/wiki/Houston) on May 6, 2019, aged 70. [38] (#cite_note-38) See also [ edit ] Retail apocalypse (/wiki/Retail_apocalypse) List of retailers affected by the retail apocalypse (/wiki/List_of_retailers_affected_by_the_retail_apocalypse) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Mustafa, Nadia (Fall 2006). "Bon Business", Time Style & Design , 81. ^ Jump up to: a b c Edelson, Sharon (June 3, 2009). "Miley Cyrus, Max Azria Sign Deal To Launch Line", Women's Wear Daily , 12. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Chen, I-Chun (May 31, 2017). "Designer Max Azria aims to shine light on Zika virus as ZappLight's new CEO" (https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2017/05/31/designer-max-azria-aims-to-shine-light-on-zika.html) . Biz Journals . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Hamanaka, Kari (May 31, 2017). "Max Azria, BCBG Max Azria Group founder, named chief executive, partner of L.A. tech start-up" (http://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-max-azria-ceo-tech-startup-20170531-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles, CA, USA. ^ Jump up to: a b Mustafa, Nadia (Fall 2006). "Bon Business", Time Style & Design , 82. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Elle Magazine: "Sole Mate - Florence Azria's Louboutin and Manolo addictions benefit charity" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/a9398/sole-mate-261180/) July 31, 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Los Angeles Times: "Clothier Serge Azria expands operations at Vernon headquarters" By Roger Vincent (http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/21/business/la-fi-mo-serge-azria-headquarters-20140321) March 21, 2014 ^ Jump up to: a b c Baker, Ashley (February 17, 2009). "Loving Max More Than Ever", The Daily , 20. ^ (#cite_ref-9) [1] (http://www.cfda.com/the-council-of-fashion-designers-of-america-inducts-25-new-members/) , Cfda.com , Retrieved on August 2, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Rubenstein, Hal (May 2006). "The Look of Max Azria Atelier", InStyle , 152 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Souter, Ericka & Dowd, Kathy Ehrich (September 4, 2006). "Red Carpet Ready", People , 119. ^ Jump up to: a b Souter, Ericka & Dowd, Kathy Ehrich (September 4, 2006). "Red Carpet Ready", People , 120. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Decarlo, Lauren (February 2, 2006). "New Name for BCBG Max Azria Collection", Women's Wear Daily ,14. ^ (#cite_ref-14) [2] (http://www.usmagazine.com/news/why-angelina-jolie-wore-her-dress-backward) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090502033444/http://www.usmagazine.com/news/why-angelina-jolie-wore-her-dress-backward) May 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , usmagazine.com , Retrieved on June 3, 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Scharf, Lindzi.: [3] (http://www.instyle.com/instyle/package/general/photos/0,,20170110_20251116_20563388,00.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140711101927/http://www.instyle.com/instyle/package/general/photos/0,,20170110_20251116_20563388,00.html) July 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) instyle.com , Retrieved on June 3, 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-16) "BCBG Max Azria Group and Guggenheim Win G+G Bidding" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bcbg-max-azria-group-and-guggenheim-win-gg-bidding-55340067.html) . PR Newswire . February 15, 2006 . Retrieved October 22, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Avens, Mimi.: [4] (http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/11/news/ls-11927) , Latimes.com , Retrieved on August 2, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Garrett, Chanteau.: "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110716202146/http://www.teenchicmag.com/2009/01/fashion_in_the_mind/) . Archived from the original (http://www.teenchicmag.com/2009/01/fashion_in_the_mind/) on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved August 2, 2010 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) , Teenchicmag.com , Retrieved on August 2, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Medina, Marcy (January 7, 2008). "BCBG Merges Two Lines to Form BCBGeneration", Women's Wear Daily , 12. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Lester, Tracey Lomrantz. "Miley Cyrus, Max Azria, And Wal-Mart: A Match Made In Fashion Heaven?" (https://www.glamour.com/story/miley-cyrus-max-azria-and-walm) . Glamour . Retrieved September 29, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "BCBG Max Azria Files for Bankruptcy as Retail Glitz Fades" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-01/bcbg-max-azria-files-for-bankruptcy-as-retailer-seeks-turnaround) . Bloomberg News (/wiki/Bloomberg_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211120160353/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-01/bcbg-max-azria-files-for-bankruptcy-as-retailer-seeks-turnaround) from the original on November 20, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Bankruptcy Court Approves Stalking Horse Bid for BCBG Max Azria (https://www.apparelnews.net/news/2017/jun/27/bankruptcy-court-approves-stalking-horse-bid-bcbg-/) ^ (#cite_ref-23) "BRIEF-ZappLight says Max Azria joins Zapplight and its parent co Clean Concept LLC as CEO and partner" (https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-zapplight-says-max-azria-joins-zap-idUSFWN1IX0JB) . Reuters . May 31, 2017 . Retrieved June 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) WWD, Kari Hamanaka | (May 31, 2017). "Max Azria, BCBG Max Azria Group founder, named chief executive, partner of L.A. tech start-up" (http://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-max-azria-ceo-tech-startup-20170531-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0458-3035 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035) . Retrieved June 5, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Max Azria Joins Bug Zapper Of The Future Startup As CEO" (http://www.nibletz.com/usa/california/l-a/max-azria-joins-bug-zapper-future-startup-ceo) . Nibletz . Retrieved June 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "BCBG founder Max Azria ditches fashion for bug-zapping startup ZappLight" (http://www.retaildive.com/news/bcbg-founder-max-azria-ditches-fashion-for-bug-zapping-startup-zapplight/443975/) . Retail Dive . Retrieved June 5, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b [5] (http://www.designscene.net/2009/04/eva-herzigova-for-bcbg-max-azria-by.html) , Designscene.net , Retrieved on August 2, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-28) [6] (http://www.designscene.net/2008/09/karen-elson-for-bcbg-max-azria.html) , Designscene.net , Retrieved on August 2, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-29) [7] (http://nymag.com/fashion/models/jstam/jessicastam/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170701233731/http://nymag.com/fashion/models/jstam/jessicastam/) July 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Nymag.com , Retrieved on August 2, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-30) [8] (http://showstudio.com/contributors/338) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110408062458/http://showstudio.com/contributors/338) April 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Showstudio.com , Retrieved on August 2, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-31) [9] (http://www.bcbgmaxazriagroup.com/fall2009/index.php?p=cGFnZT1jYXRlZ29yeQ==&section=inthenews&cat=9&lnt=bmF2) , Bcbgmaxazriagroup.com , Retrieved on December 8, 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-32) Deborah Belgum, Hundreds Get Final Pink Slips at BCBG Max Azria (https://www.apparelnews.net/news/2017/jul/11/hundreds-get-final-pink-slips-bcbg-max-azria/) TLM Publishing Corp, July 11, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b People Magazine: "The Max Factor" by Julie K.L. Dam and Samantha Miller (http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20129832,00.html) November 22, 1999 ^ (#cite_ref-34) Zelevansky, Nora (August 2007). "Lubov Azria; On Schedule", C Magazine ,30. ^ (#cite_ref-35) [10] (http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/west-watch-joyce-azria-returns-2163598) , Wwd.com , Retrieved on July 27, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-36) Heyman, Marshall.: "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100523161958/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-articles/max-azria-interview-0609) . Archived from the original (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-articles/max-azria-interview-0609) on May 23, 2010 . Retrieved July 29, 2010 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) harpersbazaar.com , Retrieved on July 27, 2010 ^ Jump up to: a b Christina Binkley, Max Azria Faces Losing Control (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324463604579040881150168384) , The Wall Street Journal , August 28, 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-38) Moore, Booth (May 6, 2019). "Max Azria Dead at 70" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/max-azria-dead-1203124841/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved May 6, 2019 . External links [ edit ] Official BCBG Max Azria website (http://www.bcbg.com) Max Azria (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/max-azria/) at FMD (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/63790742) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB8wjjkV7cYm6vBKHmjmd) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007081097) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐9qxnq Cached time: 20240719220659 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.457 seconds Real time usage: 0.609 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3542/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39859/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5275/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 66032/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.267/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8186607/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 549.718 1 -total 38.79% 213.250 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 26.82% 147.439 1 Template:Reflist 17.60% 96.732 8 Template:Cite_news 16.68% 91.678 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 13.59% 74.707 1 Template:Authority_control 11.32% 62.216 1 Template:Short_description 8.47% 46.540 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.06% 44.321 1 Template:Marriage 7.36% 40.478 19 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25539912-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719220659 and revision id 1216355786. 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Boston Fashion Week Genre Fashion Frequency Annual Location(s) Boston, Massachusetts, United States Country United States Years active 1995–present Inaugurated 1995 Founder Jay Calderin Most recent May 2023 Website www (https://www.bostonfashionweek.com/) .bostonfashionweek (https://www.bostonfashionweek.com/) .com (https://www.bostonfashionweek.com/) Boston Fashion Week Boston Location of Boston, Massachusetts Coordinates (/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) 42°21′29″N 71°03′49″W  /  42.35806°N 71.06361°W  / 42.35806; -71.06361 Boston Fashion Week is a week-long luxury (/wiki/Luxury_goods) clothing event that takes place annually in Boston (/wiki/Boston) , United States. Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_Week) allows for international and local designers to showcase their creations to the general public, buyers, celebrities, and fashion experts. The event was established in the city by Jay Calderin in 1995. It faced a few setbacks in the early years, but is now increasing its popularity and importance, as Boston (/wiki/Boston) becomes a more fashion forward city. [1] (#cite_note-zimbio-1) Accessibility and diversity in programming allow the public to engage the week on many levels; experiencing a show, taking in an exhibit, participating in an educational program or joining in the festivities at a party. The week also contributes to a sense of civic pride about what the region has to offer and how it continues to evolve. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] The Boston Fashion Week was founded by Jay Calderin in 1995. Unlike other global fashion events such as the New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , Boston Fashion Week is a non-profit event with a low budget (/wiki/Budget) , that focuses on showcasing mainly local designers. [3] (#cite_note-3) However, the event was put on hiatus in 2004 because Jay Calderin felt that the show didn't match the quality of the clothes and was becoming very repetitive. Boston Fashion Week began again in September 2007. [4] (#cite_note-4) The event returned more powerful and with more attention of the media. It includes fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_shows) and networking events. The week also contributes to a sense of civic pride about what the region has to offer and how it continues to evolve. [5] (#cite_note-5) In the year of 2013 the Boston Fashion Week was held between September 27 and October 25 and it was specially dedicated to Alfred Fiandaca, [6] (#cite_note-6) who was a leading Bostonian fashion designer. [7] (#cite_note-7) Jay Calderin [ edit ] Jay Calderin is the founder of the Boston Fashion Week as well as the Executive Director. He was born and raised in New York City. He is a successful author of Fashion Design Essentials and Form, Fit & Fashion which the Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) called, "a new fashion bible for designers, aspirers and the just plain curious, this tome contains all the secrets." [8] (#cite_note-8) He has been involved with the charity of Big Brothers (/wiki/Big_Brothers_Big_Sisters_of_America) for over 10 years and states that it has been one of the most rewarding experiences. [9] (#cite_note-9) The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) refers to Jay Calderin as "a budding designer's best friend." Calderin founded Boston Fashion Week, and has served as the organization's Executive Director since 1995. In 2012 he was appointed Creative Director of the first Chengdu Fashion Week in China. His work as a fashion designer has graced the pages of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and Elle magazines. (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) He is an instructor and the Director of Creative Marketing at the School of Fashion Design in Boston. He also teaches at the Museum of Fine Arts (/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston) , Boston, and the Massachusetts College of Art and Design (/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art_and_Design) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Examples of events [ edit ] g.KIM – Boston Fashion Week 2012 Each year the Fashion Week returns for one week with all sorts of shows. This is an example of the 2009 Fashion Week [11] (#cite_note-11) Thursday : Bay State College (/wiki/Bay_State_College) Graduate Fashion Show took place in John Hancock Hall, Dorothy Quincy Suite Friday : • MassArt (/wiki/MassArt) Senior Collection Fashion Show took place in Boston Center for the Arts (/wiki/Boston_Center_for_the_Arts) • Lasell Undergraduate Fashion Show took place in Lasell College (/wiki/Lasell_College) Campus Saturday : • Lasell College (/wiki/Lasell_College) Graduate Fashion Show took place in Lasell College (/wiki/Lasell_College) Campus • Mount Ida Graduate Fashion Show took place in Back Bay (/wiki/Back_Bay) Events Center Saturday : School of Fashion Design 75th Anniversary Fashion Show took place in the Boston Park Plaza (/wiki/Boston_Park_Plaza) Imperial Ballroom. Saturday : RISD Collection 2009 – Show Veteran's Memorial Auditorium Avenue of the Arts (Francis & Park Streets.) In Providence, Rhode Island (/wiki/Rhode_Island) . Wednesday : MassArt Sophomore/Junior Fashion Show took place in MassArt (/wiki/MassArt) Auditorium. General pricing [ edit ] As the audience (/wiki/Audience) of Boston Fashion Week includes a wide range of different kind of people, such as celebrities, journalists, designers, and the general public (/wiki/General_public) , the pricing also shows huge variation. It varies according to the day and time of the event, the designer that is being showcased, the location, and the sitting arrangement. Tickets are available online, and there may be a difference of $100,00 USD in VIP (/wiki/VIP) front row tickets and general admission sitting. [12] (#cite_note-12) While some seats and runway shows (/wiki/Runway_show) are available through special invitation only, there also are days in which the event is freely open to the general public. [1] (#cite_note-zimbio-1) New designers' showcase [ edit ] The Tent, an event within Boston Fashion Week, was first launched in September 2011 with the purpose of improving the profile of Boston Fashion Week, as well to present the creations of local designers. [13] (#cite_note-13) It allows them to successfully show their talent, giving them an opportunity to sprout their business. Since the creation of Boston Fashion Week in 1995, the Tent only happened twice, in 2011 and 2012, although it was very well received by the general public. The Tent 2011 [ edit ] Sam Mendoza – Boston Fashion Week 2012 The first year of The Tent presented local well-known designers such as Emily Muller, Michael DePaulo (https://web.archive.org/web/20130821211918/http://www.michaeldepaulo.com/collection/fall-winter-2011/) , Daniel Faucher Couture (http://www.danielfauchercouture.com/index.html) amongst others. [14] (#cite_note-14) It took place from September 23 to 30, 2011. Access to The Tent was only under special invitation, which made this event front-page news. It consisted in a 3,000-square-foot tent containing 200 seats, established between the Prudential Center (/wiki/Prudential_Center) and the Mandarin Oriental Hotel (/wiki/Mandarin_Oriental_Hotel) . [15] (#cite_note-15) Around 20 designers were present and each one of them had 15 minutes to showcase their creations. [16] (#cite_note-16) The first year of The Tent presented local well-known designers such as Emily Muller, Michael DePaulo, Daniel Faucher Couture amongst others. [17] (#cite_note-17) It took place from September 23 to 30, 2011. Access to The Tent was only under special invitation, which made this event front-page news. It consisted in a 3,000-square-foot tent containing 200 seats, established between the Prudential Center (/wiki/Prudential_Center) and the Mandarin Oriental Hotel (/wiki/Mandarin_Oriental_Hotel) . [18] (#cite_note-18) Around 20 designers were present and each one of them had 15 minutes to showcase their creations. [19] (#cite_note-19) The Tent 2012 [ edit ] The second year of The Tent was presented with a twist. Unlike the previous year, a parade of well-known designers, including style guru Marilyn Riseman and the Fashion School of Design (http://www.schooloffashiondesign.org) recruiter Jane Conway Caspe, skimmed through 80 possible designer's and chose the best 10 (nine of which were local, while the other one was from California). Those selected few had their creations showcased at The Tent. According to Boston Fashion Week's founder, Jay Calderin, he was looking for diversity of styles on the runway (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)) , instead of 10 gown designers and 10 wedding dress designers, like the last year's event. [20] (#cite_note-20) This allowed for an edgier, original, and more varied edition of the Tent. Luke Aaron – Boston Fashion Week 2012 The end of the Tent [ edit ] When it first started in 2011, the tent at Boston Fashion Week was front-page news. In 2013, The Boston Fashion Week surprised its spectators with the cancellation of The Tent. Scheduled from September 27 until October 5, the fashion week in 2013 was not anchored by an official tent. The reason behind the cancellation of The Tent in 2013 was the lack of sponsorship to continue paying its expenses. According to Calderin, The Tent helped encourage up-coming designers to come forward, and show them a new level of production. It is uncertain if The Tent will return in 2014 [21] (#cite_note-21) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "A History of Boston Fashion" (http://www.zimbio.com/Boston,+Ma/articles/12/A+History+of+Boston+Fashion) . Zimbio . Livingly Media, Inc . Retrieved November 24, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Boston Fashion Week" (https://www.eventbrite.com/e/boston-fashion-week-2013-opening-night-reception-tickets-8243664021) . Retrieved November 12, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Muther, Christopher. "Back in fashion" (http://www.boston.com/yourlife/fashion/articles/2007/02/15/back_in_fashion/) . Boston.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 24, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Muther, Christopher. "Back in fashion" (http://www.boston.com/yourlife/fashion/articles/2007/02/15/back_in_fashion/) . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 10, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "A History of Boston Fashion" (http://www.zimbio.com/Boston,+Ma/articles/12/A+History+of+Boston+Fashion) . Retrieved October 10, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Boston Fashion Week" (http://www.bostonfashionweek.com) . BOSTON FASHION WEEK, LLC . Retrieved November 24, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Alfred Fiandaca" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234802/http://www.alfredfiandaca.com/about.htm) . Fiandaca Fashion Inc. Archived from the original (http://www.alfredfiandaca.com/about.htm) on December 2, 2013 . Retrieved November 24, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Calderin 3" (http://www.bostonfashionweek.com/jaycalderinbio11.htm) . Boston Fashion Week . Retrieved October 10, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Interviews with Entrepreneurs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120407045226/http://beyondsuccessonline.com/2011/10/jay-calderin-founder-executive-director-of-boston-fashion-week/) . Archived from the original (http://beyondsuccessonline.com/2011/10/jay-calderin-founder-executive-director-of-boston-fashion-week/) on April 7, 2012 . Retrieved November 13, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Jay Calderin" (http://www.bostonfashionweek.com) . Retrieved November 14, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Calderin, Jay. "Boston Fashion Week" (http://www.bostonfashionweek.com/indexwhite.htm) . Retrieved October 10, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "The Emerging Trends 2013 during Boston Fashion Week" (https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the-emerging-trends-2013-during-boston-fashion-week-tickets-7511981539) . Eventbrite . Retrieved November 24, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Muther, Christopher (September 21, 2011). "No more Tent at Boston Fashion Week" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2013/08/17/more-tent-boston-fashion-week/Jo3M0aeuCdr0HBdKI4XgFN/story.html) . The Boston Globe . Retrieved September 27, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Boston Fashion Week" (http://boldfacers.com/index.cfm?page=profile&profile_id=311) . Boldfacers . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Muther, Christopher (August 18, 2013). "Spotlight on Fashion Week" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/style/2011/09/21/spotlight-fashion-week/MpPQYTsy7tKIyyW0Btnl7N/story.html) . The Boston Globe . Retrieved September 27, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Bowen, Jared (September 30, 2011). "Boston Fashion Week Review" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025151/http://www.wgbh.org/articles/Boston-Fashion-Week-Review-4389) . WGBH . Archived from the original (http://www.wgbh.org/articles/Boston-Fashion-Week-Review-4389) on December 3, 2013 . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Boston Fashion Week" (http://boldfacers.com/index.cfm?page=profile&profile_id=311) . Boldfacers . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Muther, Christopher (August 18, 2013). "Spotlight on Fashion Week" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/style/2011/09/21/spotlight-fashion-week/MpPQYTsy7tKIyyW0Btnl7N/story.html) . The Boston Globe . Retrieved September 27, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Bowen, Jared (September 30, 2011). "Boston Fashion Week Review" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025151/http://www.wgbh.org/articles/Boston-Fashion-Week-Review-4389) . WGBH . Archived from the original (http://www.wgbh.org/articles/Boston-Fashion-Week-Review-4389) on December 3, 2013 . Retrieved September 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Muther, Christopher (September 26, 2012). "Where the fashion action is" (http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/fashion/2012/09/26/boston-fashion-week-returns/ams6uEYkC0JfJtKJhXjOJL/story.html) . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 10, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Shanahan, Mark and Goldstein, Meredith. "No More Tent at Boston Fashion Week". ' The Name Blog (http://www.boston.com/names/2013/08/16/more-tent-boston-fashion-week/3fpjR1SD1FWGZUQKbNiTLM/story.html) ' . Retrieved October 10, 2013. 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