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American-French model and actress This article is about the model and actress. For the Nebraska politician, see Nicole Fox (Nebraska politician) (/wiki/Nicole_Fox_(Nebraska_politician)) . Nicole Fox Born Nicole Arianna Fox ( 1991-03-06 ) March 6, 1991 (age 33) [1] (#cite_note-fmd-1) Louisville (/wiki/Louisville,_Colorado) , Colorado (/wiki/Colorado) , US Spouse Jacob Abuhamada Children 1 Modeling information Height 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) [1] (#cite_note-fmd-1) Hair color Red Eye color Green Agency Wilhelmina Models (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models) Nicole Arianna Abuhamada (née Fox , born March 6, 1991) is an American model and actress, best known as the winner of Cycle 13 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_13) of America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) . Biography [ edit ] Fox graduated from Monarch High School (/wiki/Monarch_High_School_(Colorado)) . [2] (#cite_note-HuffPost-2) As of 2009, she was a sophomore student at University of Colorado at Boulder (/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder) majoring in studio arts. She wanted to be an artist, journalist and model (/wiki/Model_(person)) . [3] (#cite_note-DailyCamera-3) America's Next Top Model [ edit ] Fox was the eleventh girl selected as one of the 14 finalists to compete in Tyra's Le Cycle 13, the "Petite Edition" (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_13) of America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) , a cycle that was specially created for models who are 5'7" and under. Fox stood at 5'7", the maximum height for the entry. [3] (#cite_note-DailyCamera-3) A couple of months before Fox tried out for the show, she met a photographer at an art gallery in Denver. He encouraged her to try out for the show because he knew Allison Harvard (/wiki/Allison_Harvard) the runner up in both Cycles 12 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_12) and 17 (the "All Stars Edition") (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_12) was also an artist like Fox. With his encouragement, she tried out for Tyra's Le Cycle 13. [4] (#cite_note-RegisAndKelly-4) Throughout the competition, Fox won two reward challenges and received three first call-outs. She never placed below fifth (just like Cycle 11 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_11) winner McKey Sullivan (/wiki/McKey_Sullivan) ) and was one of the strongest girls of her cycle. At the final judging, Fox was lauded for her high-fashion photographs and her successful mastery of her body proportion, in spite of her unconventional runway walk in the Maui (/wiki/Maui) fashion show. In the end, [3] (#cite_note-DailyCamera-3) she was chosen as the thirteenth winner of America's Next Top Model , beating runner-up Laura Kirkpatrick (/wiki/Laura_Kirkpatrick) , who was considered another favorite of the judges. Fox became the third winner to have never appeared in the bottom two during her time on Top Model. This record was preceded by winners Jaslene Gonzalez (/wiki/Jaslene_Gonzalez) and McKey Sullivan (/wiki/McKey_Sullivan) from Cycles 8 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_8) and 11 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_11) respectively, and was succeeded by Krista White (/wiki/Krista_White) , Sophie Sumner (/wiki/Sophie_Sumner) , Jourdan Miller (/wiki/Jourdan_Miller) and India Gants from Cycles 14 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_14) , 18 the "British Invasion" (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_18) , 20 "Guys & Girls" (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_20) and 23 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_23) respectively. Fox also became the first America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) winner to have also never even appeared in the bottom three. This was succeeded by Cycle 20 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_20) winner Jourdan Miller (/wiki/Jourdan_Miller) . Kirkpatrick said she believed Fox won because of the strength of her photos: "Every time with the judges, she could do no wrong in front of them. They really saw her as perfect." [5] (#cite_note-5) Fox said of her win: [6] (#cite_note-6) Sometimes I didn't think I was going to survive the journey, like I remember during casting week I went home and I cried because I was like "What have I got myself into? I can't deal with this!" And I didn't think it would be okay to be that dorky girl but I'm a dork and I'm America's Next Top Model! Fox received a $100,000 contract with CoverGirl (/wiki/CoverGirl) cosmetics, a representation contract with Wilhelmina Models (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models) and was featured on the cover of Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) , as well as a six-page spread in the magazine. [2] (#cite_note-HuffPost-2) Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) , retired supermodel and host of America's Next Top Model , said to Fox following her win, "You are a star. You have IT!" [2] (#cite_note-HuffPost-2) Her sister, Alexandra Fox, said of her sister: "She's definitely glad she did it, but she wouldn't repeat it. You're on camera 24 hours a day, and you can't have a single conversation without worrying about how it will be edited." [3] (#cite_note-DailyCamera-3) Print work [ edit ] Fox received a six-page spread in Seventeen magazine (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) as the winner of " America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) " and an ad for Cover Girl (/wiki/CoverGirl) Lash Blast Mascara. Fox has also modeled for Illiterate Magazine , in which she had a spread, and been featured on AOL.com (/wiki/AOL.com) , More Magazine and in OK! Magazine . Fox was featured in Wild Fox Couture's 2010 fall collection lookbook along with models Rachel Ballinger and Daria Plyushko (/w/index.php?title=Daria_Plyushko&action=edit&redlink=1) . Fox also appeared in online ads for Spirit Hoods and in a campaign for Heritage 1981's Spring 2010 collection—which is a sister brand of Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) , [7] (#cite_note-7) and ads for Steve Madden (/wiki/Steve_Madden) Spring Collection. She will be in the campaign for Nicole Richie (/wiki/Nicole_Richie) 's "House of Harlow 1960 Spring 2011" fashion line. In January 2010, a news story circulated reporting that Fox would be the face of Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) 's new spring/summer collection, but this rumor was revealed to be false and has been debunked by both McQueen and Fox. [8] (#cite_note-8) [ full citation needed ] Acting [ edit ] Fox starred as Ashley in the indie teen drama Ashley , directed by Dean Ronalds and produced by Trick Candle Productions and Ronalds Brothers Productions. The film was released in the US in 2013. Fox portrayed a model on the television soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful (/wiki/The_Bold_and_the_Beautiful) in December 2011. Fox can also be spotted in the Avengers (/wiki/Avengers_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)) Dr. Pepper (/wiki/Dr._Pepper) commercial (2012) as Stan Lee (/wiki/Stan_Lee) 's assistant. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2012, Fox was chosen by director Brett Leonard (/wiki/Brett_Leonard) for the PopFictionLife FragFilm The Other Country , starring Christian country band Burlap to Cashmere (/wiki/Burlap_to_Cashmere) . Fox plays Melanie, a concert-goer who catches the eye of Burlap's lead guitarist, Johnny. In 2014, Fox starred in Redlands which was favorably reviewed in The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) as "artfully evocative — of alienation, the constraints on ambition and the danger of unexpressed anger." [11] (#cite_note-11) Her performance as an aspiring model in Redlands was lauded in El Mundo as "a diamond in the rough: she knows how to communicate her emotions through her eyes, she has a suggestive voice, an impressive physique, and she isn’t afraid of taking risks." [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2014, Fox starred in Girl House (/wiki/Girl_House) as Mia, a beautiful young model who lives in a house that streams content to an X-rated website. Filmography [ edit ] Film and televisions Year Title Role Notes 2009-2010 America’s Next Top Model (/wiki/America%E2%80%99s_Next_Top_Model) Herself Contestant cycle 13; guest cycle 14 2011 Almighty Thor (/wiki/Almighty_Thor) Redhead Norn TV film 2011-12 The Bold and the Beautiful (/wiki/The_Bold_and_the_Beautiful) Forrester Model Recurring role 2012 The Unwritten Rules Miranda "Merry Christmas" 2012 The Other Country: Starring Burlap to Cashmere Melanie 2013 Players Stephanie Video short 2013 Ashley Ashley Collins 2014 Redlands Vienna 2014 The Last Survivors (/wiki/The_Last_Survivors) Brooke 2014 Girl House (/wiki/Girl_House) Mia 2015 Tag Prissy Girl 2015 Hero of the Underworld Holly 2015 Ideal Model Short film 2016 Paradise Club Tulsa 2016 Ouroboros Hannah Short film, post-production 2016 Neron Morgan 2017 Circus Kane Carrie References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Nicole Fox (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Nicole_Fox/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) ^ Jump up to: a b c Warren, Kathrine (2009-11-18). "Nicole Fox Of Louisville Wins America's Next Top Model" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/18/nicole-fox-of-louisville_n_362931.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Retrieved 2009-11-24 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Meltzer, Erica (2009-11-18). "CU-Boulder's Nicole Fox wins 'America's Next Top Model" (http://www.dailycamera.com/news/ci_13815948) . Daily Camera . Retrieved 2009-11-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-RegisAndKelly_4-0) "ANTM Cycle 13 Winner Nicole Fox on Regis & Kelly" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RK5u04d5amY) . Regis and Kelly Show. 2009-11-19 . Retrieved 2010-02-15 . [ dead YouTube link ] ^ (#cite_ref-5) Rocchio, Christopher (2009-11-20). "Exclusive: Laura Kirkpatrick talks about "America's Next Top Model" (http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/exclusive-laura-kirkpatrick-talks-about-america-next-top-model-9968.php) " (http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/exclusive-laura-kirkpatrick-talks-about-america-next-top-model-9968.php) . Reality TV World . Retrieved 2009-11-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Catlin, Roger (2009-11-19). "Nicole is "Top Model" (https://archive.today/20120707081042/http://blogs.courant.com/roger_catlin_tv_eye/2009/11/nicole-is-top-model.html) " (https://archive.today/20120707081042/http://blogs.courant.com/roger_catlin_tv_eye/2009/11/nicole-is-top-model.html) . The Hartford Courant (/wiki/The_Hartford_Courant) . Archived from the original (http://blogs.courant.com/roger_catlin_tv_eye/2009/11/nicole-is-top-model.html) on 2012-07-07 . Retrieved 2009-11-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Nicole Fox is Forever 21" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100410134032/http://www.tyra.com/view/NFOX_FOREVER_21) . www.tyra.com . Archived from the original (http://www.tyra.com/view/NFOX_FOREVER_21) on 2010-04-10. ^ (#cite_ref-8) AOL. "AOL Style News, Trends and Advice" (http://www.aol.com/style/) . AOL.com . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Nathan Barnatt (13 April 2012). "Nathan Barnatt Dr Pepper Commercial" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORGT_hf1Wrg#t=19s) . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/ORGT_hf1Wrg) from the original on 2021-12-20 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Brigador (2012-04-10). "Dr. Pepper x Stan Lee One of a Kind Avengers Soda Cans" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131111163552/http://moresay.com/2012/04/dr-peper-x-stan-lee-one-of-a-kind-avengers-soda-cans/) . Moresay Cartoon Entertainment News . Archived from the original (http://moresay.com/2012/04/dr-peper-x-stan-lee-one-of-a-kind-avengers-soda-cans/) on 2013-11-11. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Hornaday, Ann; O'Sullivan, Michael; Merry, Stephanie (24 January 2014). "Watch online: 'Artifact,' 'Redlands,' and 'Sun Don't Shine' (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/going-out-guide/wp/2014/01/24/watch-online-artifact-redlands-and-sun-dont-shine/) " (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/going-out-guide/wp/2014/01/24/watch-online-artifact-redlands-and-sun-dont-shine/) . Retrieved 8 August 2017 – via washingtonpost.com. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "REDLANDS - Redlands" (http://redlandsthemovie.com/REDLANDS) . redlandsthemovie.com . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . External links [ edit ] Nicole Fox (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2747803/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Q&A with Nicole Fox (http://blogs.westword.com/latestword/2009/11/nicole_fox_qa_with_the_top_mod.php?page=1) Preceded by Teyona Anderson America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) winner Cycle 13 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_13) (2009) Succeeded by Krista White (/wiki/Krista_White) v t e America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) Seasons (cycle) (/wiki/List_of_America%27s_Next_Top_Model_episodes) 1 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_1) 2 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_2) 3 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_3) 4 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_4) 5 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_5) 6 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_6) 7 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_7) 8 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_8) 9 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_9) 10 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_10) 11 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_11) 12 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_12) 13 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_13) 14 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_14) 15 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_15) 16 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_16) 17: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_17) All-Stars 18: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_18) British Invasion 19: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_19) College Edition 20: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_20) Guys & Girls 21: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_21) Guys & Girls 22: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_22) Guys & Girls 23 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_23) 24 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_24) Contestants (/wiki/List_of_America%27s_Next_Top_Model_contestants) Winners Adrianne Curry (/wiki/Adrianne_Curry) Yoanna House (/wiki/Yoanna_House) Eva Pigford (/wiki/Eva_Marcille) Naima Mora (/wiki/Naima_Mora) Nicole Linkletter (/wiki/Nicole_Linkletter) Danielle Evans (/wiki/Dani_Evans) CariDee English (/wiki/CariDee_English) Jaslene Gonzalez (/wiki/Jaslene_Gonzalez) Saleisha Stowers (/wiki/Sal_Stowers) Whitney Thompson (/wiki/Whitney_Thompson) McKey Sullivan (/wiki/McKey_Sullivan) Teyona Anderson Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward (/wiki/Ann_Ward) Brittani Kline (/wiki/Brittani_Kline) Lisa D'Amato (/wiki/Lisa_D%27Amato) Sophie Sumner (/wiki/Sophie_Sumner) Laura James (/wiki/Laura_James) Jourdan Miller (/wiki/Jourdan_Miller) Keith Carlos (/wiki/Keith_Carlos) Nyle DiMarco (/wiki/Nyle_DiMarco) India Gants (/wiki/India_Gants) Kyla Coleman Other alumni Elyse Sewell (/wiki/Elyse_Sewell) Mercedes Scelba-Shorte (/wiki/Mercedes_Scelba-Shorte) Yaya DaCosta (/wiki/Yaya_DaCosta) Toccara Jones (/wiki/Toccara_Jones) Bre Scullark (/wiki/Bre_Scullark) Kim Stolz (/wiki/Kim_Stolz) Cassandra Whitehead (/wiki/Cassandra_Jean) Jade Cole (/wiki/Jade_Cole) Eugena Washington (/wiki/Eugena_Washington) Anchal Joseph (/wiki/Anchal_Joseph) Renee DeWitt (/wiki/Renee_Alway) Heather Kuzmich (/wiki/Heather_Kuzmich) Fatima Siad (/wiki/Fatima_Siad) Lio Tipton (/wiki/Lio_Tipton) Marjorie Conrad (/wiki/Marjorie_Conrad) Isis King (/wiki/Isis_King) Allison Harvard (/wiki/Allison_Harvard) Natalie Pack (/wiki/Natalie_Pack) Laura Kirkpatrick (/wiki/Laura_Kirkpatrick) Jane Randall (/wiki/Jane_Randall) Eboni Davis (/wiki/Ebonee_Davis) AzMarie Livingston (/wiki/AzMarie_Livingston) Jasmia Robinson (/wiki/Jasmia_Robinson) Leila Goldkuhl (/wiki/Leila_Goldkuhl) Cory Wade Hindorff (/wiki/Cory_Wade_Hindorff) Chantelle Young (/wiki/Winnie_Harlow) Khrystyana Kazakova (/wiki/Khrystyana_Kazakova) Related series Modelville (/wiki/Modelville) (2008) Stylista (/wiki/Stylista) (2008) True Beauty (/wiki/True_Beauty_(American_TV_series)) (2009–2010) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐9bwn9 Cached time: 20240712174409 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.475 seconds Real time usage: 0.640 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3834/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 53548/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5610/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 54225/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.317/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10457197/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 596.474 1 -total 31.06% 185.291 1 Template:Infobox_model 25.20% 150.286 1 Template:Reflist 14.60% 87.058 4 Template:Cite_news 12.63% 75.348 1 Template:America's_Next_Top_Model 12.59% 75.090 2 Template:Navbox 11.42% 68.103 1 Template:Short_description 8.65% 51.619 27 Template:Main_other 6.73% 40.135 1 Template:Infobox 5.96% 35.575 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25128919-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712174409 and revision id 1220522609. 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American actor and model Luka Sabbat Born ( 1997-11-26 ) November 26, 1997 (age 26) [1] (#cite_note-1) Lower East Side (/wiki/Lower_East_Side) , New York City, United States Nationality American Occupations Model actor Years active 2015-present Known for Grown-ish (/wiki/Grown-ish) (2018–2022) Luka Sabbat (born November 26, 1997) is an American actor and model. He is known for his role as Luca Hall in the television series Grown-ish (/wiki/Grown-ish) , which he starred in from 2018 to 2022. Early life [ edit ] Luka was born in the Lower East Side (/wiki/Lower_East_Side) of Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) , New York City. [2] (#cite_note-complex-2) Sabbat's father was a designer and his mother was a stylist and model booker for John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) and Dior (/wiki/Dior) . [3] (#cite_note-Petrarca1-3) [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) His family moved to Paris (/wiki/Paris) when he was three, and stayed there through most of his teen years. [2] (#cite_note-complex-2) [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) Sabbat recalls sitting front row at fashion shows from the time he was three years old. [2] (#cite_note-complex-2) [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) Models, such as Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) , would look after him when he was backstage. [3] (#cite_note-Petrarca1-3) He began smoking cigarettes when he was twelve. [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) When he was fifteen, Sabbat was approached by a modeling scout on the streets of New York City. [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) He signed a contract with ReQuest Model Management and received his first campaign within a week. [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) gifted Sabbat a tuxedo, which he wore to his high school prom. [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) He graduated from Lower Manhattan Arts Academy in 2015. [3] (#cite_note-Petrarca1-3) [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) Following his high school graduation, he briefly attended college but dropped out before the end of the first semester. [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) Career [ edit ] In 2015, Sabbat walked in his first show, Yeezy Season One (/wiki/Yeezy_Season) , which was Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) 's debut collection with Adidas. [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) Sabbat had been introduced to West by Virgil Abloh (/wiki/Virgil_Abloh) only a few days prior to the show, when West was still looking for male models. [5] (#cite_note-Petrarca-5) In 2016, he walked in the Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) show alongside his girlfriend at the time, model Adriana Mora. [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) Sabbat and Mora also starred together in a Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) campaign. [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) In 2018, Sabbat made his acting debut in the television show Grown-ish (/wiki/Grown-ish) , playing the recurring role of Luca Hall. [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) The show's creator, Kenya Barris (/wiki/Kenya_Barris) , bumped into Sabbat at Soho House (/wiki/Soho_House) and created the character based on Sabbat. [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) After a strong fan response to Sabbat's character in the first season, his role was changed from a recurring one to a main one. [4] (#cite_note-Bricker-4) In August 2018, he was nominated for Choice Breakout TV Star for his role as Luca Hall at the 2018 Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/2018_Teen_Choice_Awards) . [6] (#cite_note-McDermott-6) In October 2018, Sabbat was sued by Snap Spectacles for his failure to promote their product on his Instagram account. [7] (#cite_note-Maddaus-7) The lawsuit claimed that in September 2018 Sabbat had agreed to post three Instagram stories and one post to his Instagram feed in which he was wearing the spectacles. They alleged Sabbat had made only one Instagram story and one post to his feed. The lawsuit further alleged that Sabbat was also supposed to be photographed wearing the spectacles during the Milan or Paris Fashion Weeks. The company requested a reimbursement of $45,000 and claimed an additional $45,000 in damages from Sabbat's failure to follow through with the campaign. [7] (#cite_note-Maddaus-7) By February 2019, Sabbat had over 377,000 followers on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) and over 1.6 million followers on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . [3] (#cite_note-Petrarca1-3) In August 2019, Sabbat was nominated for the category of Choice Summer TV Actor in the 2019 Teen Choice Awards (/wiki/2019_Teen_Choice_Awards) for his role in Grown-ish . [8] (#cite_note-Todisco-8) Filmography [ edit ] Film Year Title Role Notes 2019 The Dead Don't Die (/wiki/The_Dead_Don%27t_Die_(2019_film)) Zack [9] (#cite_note-Garden-9) 2022 Sharp Stick (/wiki/Sharp_Stick) Arvin [10] (#cite_note-Galuppo-10) TBA Father, Mother, Sister, Brother (/wiki/Father,_Mother,_Sister,_Brother) Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 2018–2022 Grown-ish (/wiki/Grown-ish) Luca Hall [11] (#cite_note-Ceron-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Luka Sabbat birthday" (https://nationaltoday.com/birthday/luka-sabbat/#:~:text=Luka%20Sabbat%20is%20an%20American,born%20on%20November%2026%2C%201997.) . Retrieved January 20, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Who Is Luka Sabbat? Meet the Internet's Coolest Teenager" (https://www.complex.com/style/a/barna331/luka-sabbat-interview-on-youth-kanye-west-and-fashion) . Complex. August 27, 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Petrarca, Emilia (February 1, 2019). "Gen Z's "It" Girl Is a Boy Luka Sabbat is 2019's Chloë Sevigny" (https://www.thecut.com/2019/02/luka-sabbat-gen-z-influencer.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 6 January 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Bricker, Tierney (October 9, 2018). "Who Is Luka Sabbat? Everything You Need to Know About Kourtney Kardashian's "Cool" Beau" (https://www.eonline.com/news/975222/who-the-eff-is-luka-sabbat-everything-you-need-to-know-about-kourtney-kardashian-s-cool-beau) . E! Online . Retrieved 6 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Petrarca_5-0) Petrarca, Emilia (November 3, 2015). "Luka Sabbat's Insta Stardom" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/luka-sabbat-instagram-model) . W Magazine . Retrieved 6 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-McDermott_6-0) McDermott, Maeve (August 13, 2018). "Who won the Teen Choice Awards? See the full winners' list" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2018/08/13/teen-choice-awards-2018-winners-list/974624002/) . USA Today . Retrieved 7 January 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b Maddaus, Gene (October 3, 2018). "Luka Sabbat Sued For Failure to Influence" (https://variety.com/2018/biz/news/luka-sabbat-snap-spectacles-1203015434/) . Variety . Retrieved 6 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Todisco_8-0) Todisco, Eric (August 11, 2019). "Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the Complete List of Winners" (https://people.com/tv/teen-choice-awards-2019-winners-list/) . People . Retrieved 7 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Garden_9-0) Gardner, Chris (May 17, 2019). "Luka Sabbat on (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/luka-sabbat-spends-18-minutes-a-day-instagram-1211801/) The Dead Don't Die , Why He Only Spends 18 Minutes a Day on Instagram" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/luka-sabbat-spends-18-minutes-a-day-instagram-1211801/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 7 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Galuppo_10-0) Galuppo, Mia (February 7, 2022). "Lena Dunham's (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sundance-lena-dunham-sharp-stick-utopia-1235088233/) Sharp Stick Goes to Utopia" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sundance-lena-dunham-sharp-stick-utopia-1235088233/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 7 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Ceron_11-0) Ceron, Ella (January 19, 2018). "Luka Sabbat on (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/luka-sabbat-interview-grownish) Grown-ish and Developing His On-Screen Alter Ego" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/luka-sabbat-interview-grownish) . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 7 January 2024 . External links [ edit ] Luka Sabbat (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9259095/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐b8bff7599‐b4wh6 Cached time: 20240717082257 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.420 seconds Real time usage: 0.581 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2230/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23485/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1546/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 48427/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.227/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6229739/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 551.985 1 -total 40.60% 224.123 1 Template:Infobox_person 27.89% 153.947 1 Template:Reflist 24.23% 133.739 1 Template:Short_description 16.46% 90.840 18 Template:Main_other 15.77% 87.056 1 Template:Cite_web 12.93% 71.391 1 Template:SDcat 12.61% 69.618 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 11.05% 61.021 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.22% 45.370 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:75740494-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717082257 and revision id 1231602251. 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1952 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1952) 1953 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1953) 1954 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1954) 1955 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1955) 1956 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1956) 1957 1958 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1958) 1959 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1959) 1960 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1960) 1961 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1961) 1962 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1962) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐bbb5c5448‐q499z Cached time: 20240718083536 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.075 seconds Real time usage: 0.207 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 38/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1906/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.055/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 933989/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 199.485 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 199.485 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:58692854-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718083536 and revision id 974955113. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1957" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Canada Goose (clothing) (/wiki/Canada_Goose_(clothing)) L Luigi Borrelli (/wiki/Luigi_Borrelli) Lux Industries (/wiki/Lux_Industries) S Sam's Tailor (/wiki/Sam%27s_Tailor) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1957&oldid=974955113 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1957&oldid=974955113) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1950s fashion (/wiki/Category:1950s_fashion) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Design companies established in 1957 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1957) Manufacturing companies established in 1957 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1957) Clothing companies established in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_20th_century)
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German interdisciplinary research project This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Silk_Road_Fashion&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Silk+Road+Fashion&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Silk+Road+Fashion) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Silk_Road_Fashion) for suggestions. ( June 2018 ) Silk Road Fashion is an interdisciplinary (/wiki/Interdisciplinarity) research project whose purpose is to investigate communication through clothing (/wiki/Clothing) during the 1st millennium BC in East Central Asia. Understanding is sought about technology and body understanding, social structures (/wiki/Social_structure) , resource availability, economic history, and trade routes (/wiki/Trade_route) in East Central Asia from ca. 1200 BC to 300 AD. [1] (#cite_note-node-1) The project is one component of the "Language of Objects" ( Sprache der Objekte ) priority funding category of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. [2] (#cite_note-Chinadiplo1-2) Interest in the project intensified with the discovery in 2014 of the world's oldest-known trousers (/wiki/Trousers#History) . [3] (#cite_note-scinexx-3) Project partners [ edit ] The German project partners are the German Archaeological Institute (/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute) , the Saxony-Anhalt Department of Historic Monument Preservation and Archaeology, the State Museum of Prehistory in Halle, several institutes of Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg) and of Free University of Berlin (/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin) , the Institute of Zoo and Wild Animal Research of the Leibniz Association (/wiki/Leibniz_Association) , and the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (/wiki/Berlin-Brandenburg_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities) . The Chinese project partners are the Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage and the Monument Preservation Office of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region) . The cooperation agreement was signed on 11 April 2013. Methodology [ edit ] Research and excavation (/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)) concentrates on two sites containing graves (/wiki/Grave) dating over several centuries. The excavations, typically lasting decades, are to be integrated into the current state of research with the help of an interdisciplinary team. [1] (#cite_note-node-1) Collaboration with different institutions makes multi-layered research possible by combining the methodologies of archaeology (/wiki/Archaeology) , textile (/wiki/Textile) and leather research, dye, weaving and style analysis, ornament research, paleopathology (/wiki/Paleopathology) , vegetation study, climate research (/wiki/Climatology) , and linguistics (/wiki/Linguistics) . [2] (#cite_note-Chinadiplo1-2) [4] (#cite_note-bmbf-4) Twenty complete outfits including about 100 individual artifacts and objects found in the Turpan (/wiki/Turpan) and Hami (/wiki/Hami_City#History) regions will be studied. The following questions are being addressed: When was this clothing worn? Who wore which clothing? When was it produced? Are there gender, age, or social-class-related characteristics? Were there specific fashions (/wiki/Fashion) for individual groups? What conclusions can be drawn from the clothing about the geoclimatic situation and the trade routes of the time? [2] (#cite_note-Chinadiplo1-2) [4] (#cite_note-bmbf-4) The analysis includes a comparison with neighboring regions, specifically with the Pazyryk culture (/wiki/Pazyryk_culture) in the Altai Mountains (/wiki/Altai_Mountains) , the graves of Xiongnu (/wiki/Xiongnu) nomads in Mongolia (/wiki/Mongolia) , Chinese textiles and style models, and Greco-Roman (/wiki/Greco-Roman_world) portrayals of clothing and accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) . [4] (#cite_note-bmbf-4) Research results [ edit ] Graves containing up to 3000 years old textiles have been found in the autonomous Uygur (/wiki/Uyghurs) region of Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) , located in the Turpan oasis in northwestern China. At that time, nomadic pastoral farming (/wiki/Pastoral_farming) was spreading out in Asia. Increasing extreme aridity ensured natural conservation. [1] (#cite_note-node-1) A pair of woven wool trousers some 3,200 years old, consisting of two legs and a stepped gusset, has since early 2014 been oldest known trousers. Researchers have determined that the material was not cut to size but woven custom fit for each individual. [3] (#cite_note-scinexx-3) Based on the other grave relics like typical weapons and bridles (/wiki/Bridle) , the assumption is that these trousers were worn by horseback riders (/wiki/Equestrianism) . This is also suggested by the wide crotch (/wiki/Crotch) gusset, which allows the rider to easily sit astride a horse (/wiki/Horse) . [3] (#cite_note-scinexx-3) Clothing artifacts from the 7th to 3rd century BC could be assigned to groups of herders who either dwelt there or had migrated into the area. Finds dating later, from the 3rd to 1st century BC, show the clear influence of migrants and travelers from China, the Greco-Roman world (/wiki/Greco-Roman_world) , Parthia (/wiki/Parthia) , Sogdia (/wiki/Sogdia) , and the Kushan Empire (/wiki/Kushan_Empire) in Saka (/wiki/Saka) city states (/wiki/City_states) at the southern border of the Tarim Basin (/wiki/Tarim_Basin) , confirming already-suspected contacts and trade routes. [5] (#cite_note-IDW-5) The Greeks (/wiki/Greeks) advanced eastward, the Chinese westward, trade (/wiki/Trade) prospered and assured frequent contact among these ethnic groups. The beginnings of these contacts and the mutual influence can be identified in their clothing. [1] (#cite_note-node-1) Analysis of the fibers (/wiki/Fiber) and dyes revealed the use of alizarin (/wiki/Alizarin) , purpurin (/wiki/Purpurin_(dye)) , rubiadin, quinizarin (/wiki/Quinizarin) , indigo (/wiki/Indigo) and indirubin (/wiki/Indirubin) . Locally grown madder (/wiki/Rubia_tinctorum) was primarily used for the red shades; indigo for the blue shades was probably imported. [6] (#cite_note-6) This is not only evidence of trade, but also of one of the oldest scientifically confirmed uses of madder and indigo to dye (/wiki/Dyeing) textiles in the Xinjiang region. Material analysis and documentation of finds help in the development of methodologies as well as conservation and restoration measures for the physical preservation of cultural heritage in Xinjiang and the improvement of its virtual availability worldwide. [1] (#cite_note-node-1) [5] (#cite_note-IDW-5) National history insights come not only from studying the burial grounds themselves, but also from the associated discovery of dwellings, Buddhist cloister and temple buildings, stupas (/wiki/Stupa) , streets, workshops, irrigation systems, city walls, and nearby gardens and fields. Primary data of unprecedented quality and quantity are being obtained from studying the outfits of individuals, their climatic environment, and texts in local languages. [1] (#cite_note-node-1) Starting in 2017, teaching material, six dissertations, [2] (#cite_note-Chinadiplo1-2) [5] (#cite_note-IDW-5) several museum exhibitions, and an international fashion show presenting the effect of the clothing on a moving body [2] (#cite_note-Chinadiplo1-2) will be produced. Literature [ edit ] Academia Turfanica Xinjiang, Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Excavation on the Yanghai Cemetery in Shanshan (Piqan) County, Xinjiang . Kaogu Xuebao 2011, 1: 99–150. Bunker E.C., "The cemetery at Shanpula, Xinjiang. Simple burials, complex textiles". In: Keller D., Schorta R. (ed.), Fabulous creatures from the desert sands. Central Asian woolen textiles from the second century BC to the second century AD (Riggisberger Berichte 10). Riggisberg: Abegg-Stiftung 2001: 15–45. Hulsewé A.F.P., "China in Central Asia: The early stage: 125 BC- AD 23". An annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han dynasty , with an introduction by M.A.N. Loewe. Leiden 1979. Liu J., Guo D., Zhou Y., Wu Z.Y., Li W.Y., Zhao F., Zheng X.M., "Identification of ancient textiles from Yingpan, Xinjiang, by multiple analytical techniques". In Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38: 1763–1770. Schorta R., "A group of Central Asian woolen textiles in the Abegg-Stiftung collection". In: Keller D., Schorta R. (ed.), Fabulous creatures from the desert sands. Central Asian woolen textiles from the second century BC to the second century AD (Riggisberger Berichte 10). Riggisberg: Abegg-Stiftung 2001: 79–114. Wagner M., Wang B., Tarasov P., Westh-Hansen S.M., Völling E., Heller J., "The ornamental trousers from Sampula (Xinjiang, China): their origins and biography". Antiquity 2009, 83: 1065–1075. Wang B.H., The ancient corpses of Xinjiang . Ürümqi 1999. Wang B., Xiao X.Y., "A general introduction to the ancient tombs at Shanpula, Xinjiang, China". In: Keller D., Schorta R. (ed.), Fabulous creatures from the desert sands. Central Asian woolen textiles from the second century BC to the second century AD (Riggisberger Berichte 10). Riggisberg: Abegg-Stiftung 2001: 47–78. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bridging Eurasia (http://bridging-eurasia.org/de/node/295) November 2014, retrieved 9 April 2015 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Entwicklung des Silk Road Fashion Projektes Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150414183524/http://www.china.diplo.de/Vertretung/china/de/06-ku/dai/020131022-dai-Silkroadfashion.html) 2015-04-14 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , retrieved 9 April 2015 ^ Jump up to: a b c Älteste Hose der Welt entdeckt , article at scinexx.de dated 4 June 2014 ^ Jump up to: a b c Das Projekt „Silk Road Fashion“ entschlüsselt die Sprache der Kleider Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150407042550/http://www.bmbf.de/de/25765.php) 2015-04-07 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) article dated 20 February 2015, retrieved 9 April 2015 ^ Jump up to: a b c e-Forschungsberichte des DAI 2014, Faszikel 1 (https://idw-online.de/de/attachmentdata36394.pdf) , retrieved 9 April 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Annemarie Kramell, Xiao Li u. a.: "Dyes of late Bronze Age textile clothes and accessories from the Yanghai archaeological site, Turfan, China: Determination of the fibers, color analysis and dating." In: Quaternary International. 348, 2014, S. 214, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.012 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.05.012) . This text contains information from the German Wikipedia article External links [ edit ] Ulrike Beck, Mayke Wagner u. a.: "The invention of trousers and its likely affiliation with horseback riding and mobility: A case study of late 2nd millennium BC finds from Turfan in eastern Central Asia." In: Quaternary International . 348, 2014, S. 224, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.04.056) . Annemarie Kramell, Xiao Li u. a.: "Dyes of late Bronze Age textile clothes and accessories from the Yanghai archaeological site, Turfan, China: Determination of the fibers, color analysis and dating". In: Quaternary International . 348, 2014, S. 214, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.012 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.05.012) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silk_Road_Fashion&oldid=1170153637 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silk_Road_Fashion&oldid=1170153637) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : History of Asian clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_Asian_clothing) History of Central Asia (/wiki/Category:History_of_Central_Asia) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Orphaned articles from June 2018 (/wiki/Category:Orphaned_articles_from_June_2018) All orphaned articles (/wiki/Category:All_orphaned_articles)
Athletic shoe by Puma This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) for suggestions. ( February 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Puma Suede Type Sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) Inventor Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Inception 1968 ; 56 years ago ( 1968 ) Manufacturer Puma Available Yes Website about.puma.com (https://about.puma.com/en/this-is-puma/archive-stories/history-of-suede) Puma Suede is a line of shoes produced by Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) , with the first model released in 1968. The shoe is notable for being the first sneakers to use suede (/wiki/Suede) which at the time of its release was still considered a luxury material. [1] (#cite_note-1) Overview [ edit ] The idea of the Puma Suede came from the fact that the majority of sneakers at the time were all made of canvas and all mainly looked the same with no real originality. It also wouldn't be until 1969 that the Adidas Superstar (/wiki/Adidas_Superstar) , the first sneaker made out of leather, would be released. Puma decided to create a shoe to change the idea of what a sneaker would look like. The sneaker was designed by Heiko Desens and was released as an alternative to the "Puma Basket". [2] (#cite_note-2) Tommie Smith (center) and John Carlos (/wiki/John_Carlos) (right) showing the raised fist (/wiki/Raised_fist) on the podium at the 1968 Summer Olympics (/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics) . The same year of its release, the sneaker gained notoriety after U.S. Olympian Tommie Smith (/wiki/Tommie_Smith) decided to take off his shoes and put them on the podium and raise his fist alongside John Carlos (/wiki/John_Carlos) to protest racism and injustice against African Americans in the United States. [3] (#cite_note-3) The Puma Suede would be used by Puma decided to collaborate with basketball player, Walt Frazier (/wiki/Walt_Frazier) , on a new show made specifically for him. The new shoe was called Puma Clyde (/wiki/Puma_Clyde) , which was named after Walt Frazier's nickname, Clyde. [4] (#cite_note-4) The 1980s saw the shoe become popular with the rise of breakdancing (/wiki/Breakdancing) and see many b-boy groups wear the shoes thanks to it built quality making it easy to dance in that style. [5] (#cite_note-5) Today, the shoe is still worn by many celebrities and athletes and continues to play a prominent role in modern fashion. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Flynn, Laura (2018-09-13). "Politics, Power, Rihanna: A Colourful History of the PUMA Suede" (https://www.acclaimmag.com/sponsored/a-colourful-history-of-the-puma-suede/) . Acclaim Magazine . Retrieved 2023-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Scrafton, Lewis. "We Spoke to the Designer of the PUMA Suede on Why It's One of the Most Influential Sneakers of All Time" (https://www.complex.com/sneakers/a/lewis-scrafton/puma-suede-designer-interview) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_Networks) . Retrieved 2023-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "History of suede" (https://about.puma.com/en/this-is-puma/archive-stories/history-of-suede) . Puma . Retrieved 2023-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "END.'s Puma Clyde OG Pack Celebrates 50 Years Of An Icon - Sneaker News" (https://www.soleretriever.com/news/articles/end-x-puma-clyde-og-pack-release-date-2023) . Sole Retriever . Retrieved 2023-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Soar, Kev (11 December 2020). "Why the Puma Suede Is a Sneaker for All Time" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/puma-suede-history-lookbook/) . Highsnobiety (/wiki/Highsnobiety) . Retrieved 2023-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "PUMA celebrates the return of Suede with the new Classic XXI" (https://www.nssmag.com/en/article/24042) . nss magazine . Retrieved 2023-10-19 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://us.puma.com/us/en/collections/lifestyle/suede-collection) v t e Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Subsidiaries Cobra Golf (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) Collaborations Fenty X Puma (/wiki/Fenty_X_Puma) Sneakers Puma Clyde (/wiki/Puma_Clyde) Puma Suede People Rudolf Dassler (/wiki/Rudolf_Dassler) Adolf Dassler (/wiki/Adolf_Dassler) Tommie Smith (/wiki/Tommie_Smith) John Carlos (/wiki/John_Carlos) Walt Frazier (/wiki/Walt_Frazier) Related topics Dassler brothers feud (/wiki/Dassler_brothers_feud) 1968 Olympics Black Power salute (/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute) Category (/wiki/Category:Puma_(brand)) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Puma_(brand)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐ff2rb Cached time: 20240716043322 Cache expiry: 1365999 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.350 seconds Real time usage: 0.716 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1260/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 28555/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1225/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33537/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.234/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5592873/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 428.044 1 -total 26.66% 114.110 1 Template:Reflist 23.22% 99.388 6 Template:Cite_web 21.96% 94.006 1 Template:Puma 21.44% 91.788 1 Template:Navbox 20.03% 85.735 1 Template:Infobox_product 18.92% 80.999 1 Template:Infobox 17.75% 75.980 1 Template:Short_description 11.08% 47.414 1 Template:Tone 10.21% 43.689 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:74537144-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716043322 and revision id 1217032097. 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(Redirected from Heat Rush (/w/index.php?title=Heat_Rush&redirect=no) ) Perfume endorsed by Beyoncé Heat Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released February 3, 2010 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Catch the fever Successor Heat Ultimate Elixir Website beyonceparfums (http://beyonceparfums.com/heat) .com (http://beyonceparfums.com/heat) /heat (http://beyonceparfums.com/heat) Heat is a perfume (/wiki/Perfume) endorsed by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) . It was created by her alongside Claude Dir and Olivier Gillotin of the company Givaudan (/wiki/Givaudan) . The product, which was released on February 3, 2010, uses the tagline (/wiki/Tagline) "catch the fever". The release was promoted with a cover version of " Fever (/wiki/Fever_(Little_Willie_John_song)) " recorded by Beyoncé and a limited edition extended play (/wiki/Extended_play) (EP) also titled Heat . She also appeared at Macy's Herald Square (/wiki/Macy%27s_Herald_Square) to launch the perfume and on The Today Show (/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)) where she discussed about Heat. The fragrance's commercial, directed by director (/wiki/Music_video_director) Jake Nava (/wiki/Jake_Nava) and released in December 2009, spawned controversy for its sexually explicit imagery, and was only allowed nighttime broadcast in the United Kingdom. Macy's sold US$ (/wiki/United_States_dollar) 3 million worth of Heat between early February and early March 2010. It received mixed reviews from critics, and it was nominated at several fragrance award ceremonies. Heat was followed by five additional releases: Heat Ultimate Elixir meant to capture a more private side of the entertainer, Heat Rush intended as a daytime fragrance, Midnight Heat, a night fragrance, Heat The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, a limited product dedicated to the tour of that name (/wiki/The_Mrs._Carter_Show_World_Tour) , Heat Wild Orchid, a floral update of the original, Heat Kissed, a romantic update of the original and Heat Seduction. Each scent was followed with its own Eau De Parfum release and multiple gift sets. In 2013, in addition to becoming the best-selling celebrity-branded fragrance line (/wiki/List_of_celebrity-branded_fragrances) , [1] (#cite_note-1) the perfumes went on to become the third best-selling fragrance worldwide with $400 million earned at retail globally. Conception [ edit ] Development [ edit ] Knowles performing during the I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)) , 2009. She said that the main inspiration for the title of Heat came from the live performances of her tours which utilized pyrotechnics. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) In December 2009, Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) announced that she would release her first fragrance, titled Heat, the following year. [3] (#cite_note-3) Prior to releasing the fragrance, she had collaborated with Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) on his perfume True Star (/wiki/True_Star_(perfume)) in 2004 and Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) 's Diamonds for which she also appeared in several promotional campaigns. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Beyoncé created the fragrance in 2009 with the testing of its smell done by Coty, Inc. (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) Beyoncé presented Heat to her fans during backstage meetings on her I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)) (2009–10). [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) It was released in the United States on February 3, 2010. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-nymag1-7) According to Beyoncé's official parfum website, Heat is a "captivating fragrance that unleashes a spirited fire within." [8] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums1-8) It was also described as "a unique expression of a woman's powerful sensuality: sexy, elegant yet feminine with an air of mystery", summing up that the fragrance reflects "a self-assured woman, who is not afraid to desire and to be desired." [8] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums1-8) Beyoncés' official perfume website also described Heat as an "alluring [and] modern fragrance... [which] embodies a compelling spirit". [9] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums2-9) In a behind the scenes video (/wiki/Making-of) , Beyoncé revealed the reason behind naming the fragrance Heat. According to her, it was because the scent comes off as "infectious", further elaborating: "It's like something you can't get enough of. It's hot, it's sexy, it definitely makes you feel like you caught the fever." [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) She additionally stated that her favorite fragrance notes are red vanilla orchid, due to its "sexy" and "spicy" smell, and honeysuckle, due to its "sensual" and "sweet" smell. [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) She concluded: "It was a lot of work but I was really really happy and I think it's something I'll be proud of 20 years from now." [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) During an interview with Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) , Beyoncé stated that she loved the perfume because it featured notes of orchid, her favorite flower. She further said that it was suitable for her alter ego (/wiki/Alter_ego) Sasha Fierce as it was "fiery". [11] (#cite_note-11) Packaging and scent [ edit ] Heat is packaged in a red triangular bottle. The top of the bottle is edged with a gold band and the words "Beyoncé" and "Heat" and the cap is etched with the letter B. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) The scent has been described as floral, fruity and woody, and it was marketed as both "feminine and irresistible" by the entertainer's official perfume website. [9] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums2-9) The fragrance is described as having top notes (/wiki/Note_(perfumery)) of vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) , magnolia (/wiki/Magnolia) , neroli (/wiki/Neroli) and peach (/wiki/Peach) ; middle notes of almond (/wiki/Almond) macaroon (/wiki/Macaroon) , honeysuckle (/wiki/Honeysuckle) and musk; and base notes with "a warm and sexy dry-down" of giant sequoia (/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum) milkwood (/wiki/Alstonia) , tonka bean (/wiki/Tonka_bean) and amber (/wiki/Amber) . [9] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums2-9) Reviewers particularly identified tonka bean, neroli and almond, along with woody and floral notes. [12] (#cite_note-Siegel1-12) Following the release of Heat, Beyoncé described its bottle design, scent and inspiration in depth, as follows: A lot of my performances have had fire involved, so we thought 'Heat.' Also, red is one of my favorite colors, as is gold. So then we thought of making the bottle look like it's on fire. I love antique bottles — my mother had a collection of them when I was growing up. I wanted something with an antique yet modern feeling. Even with my wardrobe, I always try to find things that have a little bit of something vintage, yet still timeless and classic. The bottle, I felt, was a great mixture of the two... Everything, from the bottle design to the name and the ideas for the commercials–that's me. When I commit to something, I do it 100 percent, and I've never had [creative control over a fragrance] until this project. I learned a lot of great things from the past — but I always asked myself, 'If I could have my own scent, what would it be?' I wasn't worried about deadlines. It could have taken me three, four, however many years — this was my first fragrance, and I wanted to make sure that it was something I would love forever. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) Products 100 ml/ 3.4 oz 50 ml/ 1.7 oz 30 ml/ 1.0 oz 15 ml/ 0.5 oz Body Lotion 200 ml/ 6.7 oz Shower Gel 200 ml/ 6.7 oz Sparkling Body Mist 125 ml/ 4.2 oz Promotion [ edit ] In November 2009, the print advertising for Heat was shot by Michael Thompson, who described Beyoncé as "sultry" on the poster. [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) Thompson said in a behind the scenes look at the shoot for the fragrance, that he wanted to capture Beyoncé "in her true essence", where she "generates heat" and is just "sensual and fun and full of energy." [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) A writer of Rap-Up praised her look, saying that she was "burning up" the print. [13] (#cite_note-13) The advertisement was published in fashion, beauty and lifestyle magazines in February 2010. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) On February 3, 2010, Beyoncé launched the scent at Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) Herald Square (/wiki/Herald_Square) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , where she posed for photos and signed autographs for fans. [14] (#cite_note-14) Heat was released in 2,000 department and specialty store doors in the United States. The collection was also released in Canada and Latin America in February 2010 with additional global distribution in Europe, Asia and Australia in August 2010. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) On February 9, 2010, Beyoncé appeared on The Today Show (/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)) where she talked about Heat. [15] (#cite_note-15) From January 15, 2011, to February 15, 2011, Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) magazine gave away 10,000 free samples of Heat. A sample of the fragrance was given for each copy of the February 2011 issue of the magazine bought. [16] (#cite_note-16) A sample of Heat was distributed alongside each copy of Beyoncé's live album, I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._World_Tour_(album)) (2010) and her fourth studio album, 4 (/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) (2011). [17] (#cite_note-onet-17) Industry sources estimated that Coty Beauty spent a total of $20 million on advertising and promotion of the perfume the first year after its release. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) Commercial [ edit ] The television commercial for Heat was directed by Jake Nava (/wiki/Jake_Nava) , who previously directed Beyoncé's videos for her singles " Crazy In Love (/wiki/Crazy_in_Love_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) ", " Baby Boy (/wiki/Baby_Boy_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)) ", " Beautiful Liar (/wiki/Beautiful_Liar) ", " If I Were a Boy (/wiki/If_I_Were_a_Boy) ", and " Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) (/wiki/Single_Ladies_(Put_a_Ring_on_It)) ". [18] (#cite_note-retu-18) Trey Laird was the executive creative director, while Hans Dorsinville was the creative director of the video. [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) Laird stated that the main theme of the commercial was that Beyoncé should appear "sexy and a little bit dangerous", but in a "sophisticated and elegant way". [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) Released on television channels in December 2009, the commercial is set to Beyoncé's cover version of "Fever" (/wiki/Fever_(Little_Willie_John_song)#Beyoncé_version) (2010) playing in the background. [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) It features her in the same red satin kimono (/wiki/Kimono) that she has worn on the print advertisement. Beyoncé is seen sweating profusely in a steamy bathroom while in one of the scenes, she is seen seemingly enjoying herself in a bath. [19] (#cite_note-wete-19) Nava praised Beyoncé's acting in the commercial, stating: "She's so scorchingly hot that even when she touches the floor with her dangerous high-heels, she kind of sets her world on fire." [10] (#cite_note-HeatMediaVideos-10) In an interview with Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , Beyoncé described the sexual tone of the video stating: "'It's called Heat, so we wanted the ads to be really steamy and dewy. My sexiest moments are when I'm just getting out of the tub or the shower and I'm clean, so I wanted to incorporate that in the ads. The dress was this liquid-y satin. The song Fever I did years ago and always loved it. [For the commercial] I got to sing it a bit more whispery, more natural." [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) "Fever" was re-recorded by Beyoncé on two different occasions. Knowles first recorded her version of "Fever" on September 9, 2003 for her film The Fighting Temptations (/wiki/The_Fighting_Temptations) . [20] (#cite_note-amazon1-20) Before the release of Heat, she recorded "Fever" again for the fragrance's television commercial. After the launch of Heat, the latter version of the song was officially released as a promotional single (/wiki/Promotional_recording) to the US iTunes Store (/wiki/ITunes_Store) through Columbia Records (/wiki/Columbia_Records) on February 8, 2010, to promote the fragrance. [21] (#cite_note-21) It was made available digitally in the United Kingdom the following day. [22] (#cite_note-22) The commercial for the fragrance found controversy in the United Kingdom with UK's Advertising Standards Authority. [23] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-23) It was banned from the country's daytime TV rotation due to its "sexy imagery" and was only shown after 7:30 in the afternoon. [23] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-23) The U.K.'s Advertising Standards Authority commented on the ban decision, stating "We considered that Beyoncé's body movements and the camera's prolonged focus on shots of her dress slipping away to partially expose her breasts created a sexually provocative ad that was unsuitable to be seen by young children." [23] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-23) Coty, Inc., the world's largest fragrance company, replied to the ban, stating that they do not think there is anything too explicit about the TV spot. [23] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-23) Coty continued that the commercial was "intended to reflect the singer Beyoncé's personal 'sexy chic' style," and while Beyoncé's cleavage is exposed at certain parts of the commercial, Coty stated that it is not "overtly graphic or explicitly sexual and at no point was Beyoncé naked." [23] (#cite_note-autogenerated2-23) Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) defended Beyoncé, saying that "[the advertisement] is sexy. It's suggestive and sultry. But it's certainly not X-rated (/wiki/X_rating) ." [19] (#cite_note-wete-19) Beyoncé's mother and collaborator Tina Knowles (/wiki/Tina_Knowles) called the commercial's ban "very good", as people purposely went to watch the video which further increased sales. [24] (#cite_note-autogenerated3-24) Reception [ edit ] A model holding a bottle of Heat during its release in Brazil Amy Odell (/wiki/Amy_Odell_(author)) of New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) magazine gave Heat's scent a negative review. She criticized the fragrance's packaging as being very similar to that of K-Y Jelly (/wiki/K-Y_Jelly) . [25] (#cite_note-nymag2-25) She stated: "Once on the skin, the scent transformed in a matter of just a few minutes from something floral-y and vaguely acceptable to an offensive mix of car fumes and that vanilla body spray Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) used to sell to 12-year-olds", [25] (#cite_note-nymag2-25) then adding that the perfume's logo and gold swirls "sway too similar to that of KY Jelly's", before concluding that "calling to mind sex is kind of Beyoncé's thing, which is why this fragrance could just be a smashing success." [25] (#cite_note-nymag2-25) Holly Siegel of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) complimented the fragrance's scent of "floral-fruity-woody blend and notes of neroli, almond and tonka bean." [12] (#cite_note-Siegel1-12) On October 25, 2010, the perfume won a gold status at the Design of the Times Awards by The Strive Group. [26] (#cite_note-26) At the 2011 CEW Beauty Awards, Heat won in the category for Best Fragrance of the Year: Mass. [27] (#cite_note-27) The same year, it also won in the category for Best Fragrance at the Dutch Drugstore Awards, [28] (#cite_note-28) and Best Fragrance in the Lifestyle at the Norwegian Cosmetic Awards. [29] (#cite_note-29) It also received a nomination in the category for Media Campaign of the Year at the 2011 FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) . [30] (#cite_note-30) It was revealed by Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) Chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) , Terry Lundgren, that his chain had sold US$3 million worth of Heat between early February 2010 and early March 2010. [31] (#cite_note-nymag3-31) Lundgren revealed that, during a one-hour period at the launch of the scent when Beyoncé was at the store signing autographs, 72,000 bottles were sold. [31] (#cite_note-nymag3-31) Within days of the fragrance's release, it was named as one of the best-selling scents in America. [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-irish-33) According to The Fragrance Shop in the UK, Heat also topped a poll of best-selling celebrity scents. [34] (#cite_note-34) Related products [ edit ] During an interview with Women's Wear Daily in December 2009, Stephen Mormoris announced that Beyoncé planned to release several other fragrances after Heat meant to explore the different sides of her personality. However, he added that Heat was meant to be "the enduring classic... this scent will re-energize the celebrity category". [2] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-2) Consequently, five additional fragrances were released from the Heat line: Heat Ultimate Elixir, Heat Rush, Midnight Heat, Heat: The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and Heat Wild Orchid. In 2013, it was revealed that with $400 million earned at retail globally, the line of perfumes was placed at number three on the list of best-selling fragrances. [35] (#cite_note-wear-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) The Heat releases further became the best-selling line of celebrity endorsed fragrances (/wiki/List_of_celebrity-branded_fragrances) . [37] (#cite_note-best-selling-37) Mormois discussed his collaboration with Beyoncé on the Heat line, saying: "Beyoncé has always chosen simple and strong concepts for her fragrances. She's very collaborative in that she know[s] what she wants and she has a very clear view of her fan base. There are just a few of that qualities that make her an excellent partner. She is excellent at making decisions and making them happen." [35] (#cite_note-wear-35) In September 2011, Beyoncé followed Heat with a new line of fragrances titled Beyoncé Pulse. [38] (#cite_note-38) Heat Ultimate Elixir [ edit ] Heat Ultimate Elixir Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released September 2010 [39] (#cite_note-mimifroufrou1-39) Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Catch the Fever Predecessor Heat Successor Heat Rush In August 2010, it was revealed that Beyoncé would be re-releasing her first fragrance as an "ultimate elixir", emphasizing elements intended to embody her private side. [40] (#cite_note-stylelist1-40) The scent was released in September 2010. [39] (#cite_note-mimifroufrou1-39) As its theme, the perfume offers a more intense and sensual version of the original Heat scent. Upon revealing the inspiration of Heat Ultimate Elixir, Beyoncé stated that the reason which motivated her to update the original scent was the idea of her mother's scent when she was a child: My first memory of fragrance is my mother, and as a very young girl, hearing her footsteps... Her stilettos click, click, clicking on the hardwood floor and she wore a beautiful fragrance and she would walk past me and it would just stay in the room. It left a warm feeling every time I thought about her scent. I think about the icons that I respect and they all have their own fragrance so I thought it was time for me to have my own. [40] (#cite_note-stylelist1-40) Ultimate Elixir mixes notes of vanilla orchid and osmanthus (/wiki/Osmanthus) top notes with cedarwood (/wiki/Cedarwood) and amber middle notes, then adds in vanilla (/wiki/Vanilla) and tonka bean (/wiki/Tonka_bean) base notes. [40] (#cite_note-stylelist1-40) Kelly Bryant of StyleList wrote that the base notes of Heat Ultimate Elixir "drive the point home that this is a bouquet meant for one sexy siren". [40] (#cite_note-stylelist1-40) Selling the scent's elixir, Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) described the fragrance as an "opulent and intoxicating twist on the original scent." [41] (#cite_note-macys1-41) Keeping with the scent's "sexy theme", the new scarlet jus is contained in the original bottle, updated with a black atomizer, which has been described as "boudoir-ready" by Katherine Kluznik Rentmeester of People magazine. [42] (#cite_note-42) Nathalie Atkinson of The National Post (/wiki/National_Post) held a sniff test for the Heat Ultimate Elixir perfume to assess the different scents picked up by people of the opposite sex. [43] (#cite_note-nationalpost1-43) Cosmetics editor Dave Lackie, who was asked to be the male participant of the scent, described the elixir as "stronger than the original", noting strong hints in scents such as "peach-flavoured candy paired with nondescript flowers" which offered "a nice drydown". [43] (#cite_note-nationalpost1-43) Atkinson, the female participant, noted Beyoncé's intense use of creamsicle (/wiki/Creamsicle) , adding that the scent holds strong enough "to get noticed above the hairspray fumes and thumping bass". [43] (#cite_note-nationalpost1-43) In a list of "Noseworthy Perfumes", Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) listed Heat Ultimate Elixir at number two, favoring the fragrance's "honeysuckle nectar, musk, and warm, sensual" sequoia scent. [44] (#cite_note-44) The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) described the scent as a "spicier flanker (/wiki/Flanker_(perfume)) " in comparison to the original release. [45] (#cite_note-45) New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) magazine found the fragrance's packaging "just as 'lubelike' as the original." [46] (#cite_note-46) Products 50 ml/ 1.7 oz Heat Rush [ edit ] New fragrance project working sessions for Heat Rush took place backstage in Newcastle upon Tyne (/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne) , England in November 2009 and the fragrance was released in February 2011. [47] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums6-47) During the new fragrance project working sessions, Beyoncé deciphered through different scents, later choosing a "Sunset Cocktail Mod 5" scent because it made her feel "as though a breeze were coming through the room" and seemed "like more of a risk". [47] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums6-47) Beyoncé's official perfume website described Heat Rush as a fruity, floral fragrance "that is luminous and vibrant with a dewy delicacy at the same time... It captures Beyoncé's bright sensuality; it's young, fresh, and joyful." [48] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums4-48) The same source listed the scent's top notes as passion fruit (/wiki/Passion_fruit) , orange (/wiki/Orange_(fruit)) and cherry (/wiki/Cherry) ; the middle notes meant to embody "Beyoncé's ultra-feminine side" with orchid (/wiki/Orchid) , mango (/wiki/Mango) and orange hibiscus (/wiki/Hibiscus) ; and the base notes contain teak (/wiki/Teak) , honey and a musk (/wiki/Musk) blend that was said to be inspired by sunsets in Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) . [48] (#cite_note-beyonceparfums4-48) Heat : Limited edition CD [ edit ] Heat EP (/wiki/Extended_play) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released February 2011 ( 2011-02 ) Recorded 2010–2011; Coty, Inc. (/wiki/Coty,_Inc.) (75002 Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) & New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) 10016) Genre (/wiki/Music_genre) R&B (/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) Length 29 : 46 Label (/wiki/Record_label) Columbia (/wiki/Columbia_Records) Music World (/wiki/Music_World_Entertainment) Coty, Inc. Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) chronology I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._World_Tour_(album)) (2010) Heat (2011) 4 (/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) (2011) A limited edition gift extended play (/wiki/Extended_play) (EP) also titled Heat was released in February 2011, almost a year after the promotional release of "Fever". Promotion in the United States for the perfume took place with a free tote bag (/wiki/Tote_bag) , [49] (#cite_note-49) while the limited edition gift EP was used as promotion for all United Kingdom releases of the perfume. [50] (#cite_note-cosmopolitan1-50) One compact disc (/wiki/Compact_disc) copy of the EP was included with every purchase of a 50 ml bottle of Heat. [50] (#cite_note-cosmopolitan1-50) The EP features a cover of " Fever (/wiki/Fever_(Little_Willie_John_song)#Beyoncé_version) ", which Beyoncé originally sang in The Fighting Temptations (/wiki/The_Fighting_Temptations) , and later released as a download in 2010. The EP contains remixes (/wiki/Remix) of other songs Beyoncé previously recorded; Karmatronic remixed " At Last (/wiki/At_Last) ", which she sang in Cadillac Records (/wiki/Cadillac_Records) , and "Satellites", a track from I Am... Sasha Fierce (/wiki/I_Am..._Sasha_Fierce) . Catalyst remixed " Broken-Hearted Girl (/wiki/Broken-Hearted_Girl) ", and Lost Daze remixed "Smash Into You", both of which are songs from I Am... Sasha Fierce . The Catalyst remix of "Broken-Hearted Girl" was previously made available on Beyoncé's 2009 remix album (/wiki/Remix_album) Above and Beyoncé: Video Collection & Dance Mixes (/wiki/Above_and_Beyonc%C3%A9:_Video_Collection_%26_Dance_Mixes) . [51] (#cite_note-51) Track listing [ edit ] No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length 1. " Fever (/wiki/Fever_(Little_Willie_John_song)#Beyoncé_version) " Eddie Cooley John Davenport (/wiki/Otis_Blackwell) Beyoncé Knowles (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Chink Santana 3:33 2. " At Last (/wiki/At_Last#Beyoncé_version) " (Karmatronic Remix) Mack Gordon (/wiki/Mack_Gordon) Harry Warren (/wiki/Harry_Warren) Moe Cohen (executive) Peter Krakczar Achillies Sparta 7:38 3. " Broken-Hearted Girl (/wiki/Broken-Hearted_Girl) " (Catalyst Remix) Kenneth Edmonds (/wiki/Babyface_(musician)) Mikkel Storleer Eriksen (/wiki/Stargate_(production_team)) Tor Erik Hermansen (/wiki/Stargate_(production_team)) Knowles Catalyst 4:55 4. "Satellites" (Karmatronic Remix) Ian Dench (/wiki/Ian_Dench) Amanda Ghost (/wiki/Amanda_Ghost) Knowles Dave McCracken Moe Cohen (exec.) Peter Krakczar Achillies Sparta 7:19 5. "Smash Into You" (Lost Daze Remix) Knowles Terius Nash (/wiki/The-Dream) Christopher Stewart (/wiki/Christopher_Stewart_(music_producer)) Peace Bisquit Frank DeMaria Anthony Saputo 6:21 Total length: 29:46 Personnel [ edit ] Credits for Heat , adapted from the CD liner notes (/wiki/Liner_notes) : [52] (#cite_note-booklet_heatep-52) Executive producer (/wiki/Executive_producer) – Beyoncé Knowles, Moe Cohen Vocals (/wiki/Singing) – Knowles Mastering (/wiki/Audio_mastering) – Tom Coyne Producers (/wiki/Record_producer) – Knowles, Chink Santana, Achillies Sparta, Peter Krakczar, Catalyst, Frank DeMaria, Anthony Saputo, Peace Bisquit Remix Coordination – Angelo "Pepe" Skordos, Bill Coleman Midnight Heat [ edit ] Midnight Heat Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released July 2012 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Heat up the Night Predecessor Heat Rush Successor Pulse Summer Edition (/wiki/Pulse_(perfume)#Pulse_Summer_Edition) Website Official website (http://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat-rush) Midnight Heat was released in July 2012 following Heat Rush. It is packaged in a purple bottle. [53] (#cite_note-huffpost-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) According to Beyoncé's official website, "For [her], fragrance is an essential accessory to highlight your inner radiance, confidence and sex appeal. Midnight Heat is the ultimate evening scent, sensual and enticing with just a hint of mystery." [55] (#cite_note-midnight-55) The perfume's top notes are described as dragonfruit (/wiki/Pitaya) , apricot (/wiki/Apricot) and starfruit (/wiki/Carambola) ; middle notes of orchid, tulip and peony; and base notes of sandalwood (/wiki/Sandalwood) , patchouli (/wiki/Patchouli) and amber. [55] (#cite_note-midnight-55) A poster for the fragrance was released on July 18, 2012, and shows Beyoncé wearing a purple mini-dress. [53] (#cite_note-huffpost-53) Idolator (/wiki/Idolator_(website)) 's writer X. Alexander wrote that she looked "appropriately regal in purple in her new fragrance art" [56] (#cite_note-56) while Julee Wilson of The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) wrote that the advertisement "definitely screams sensual". [53] (#cite_note-huffpost-53) Gaby Wilson of MTV commented that the photo appropriately sets the mood for the midnight perfume further praising Beyoncé's look. [57] (#cite_note-57) Ambika Mutto of VH1 (/wiki/VH1) gave a negative review for the poster, writing that she was "really disappointed" because the image was "boring and literal". She noted, "Sexy hair flying, sexy dress in a color reminiscent of midnight, on a rooftop against the midnight sky — we get it." [58] (#cite_note-58) A writer of the website Digital Spy (/wiki/Digital_Spy) praised the scent, writing that it empowers "your inner diva" and added that "there will be no Single Ladies (/wiki/Single_Ladies_(Put_a_Ring_on_It)) left if you wear this". [59] (#cite_note-59) At the 2013 StyleBistro Awards, Midnight Heat was nominated in the category for Best New Fragrance. [60] (#cite_note-60) Products 100 ml / 3.4 oz 50 ml / 1.7 oz 30 ml / 1.0 oz 15 ml / 0.5 oz Sensual Body Lotion 200ml / 6.7 oz Heat: The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour [ edit ] Heat: The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released June 10, 2013 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Introducing a new kind of fire Predecessor Midnight Heat (/wiki/Midnight_Heat) Successor Pulse NYC Website Official website (http://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat-rush) In April 2013, Beyoncé embarked her fourth concert tour (/wiki/Concert_tour) , The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (/wiki/The_Mrs._Carter_Show_World_Tour) . [61] (#cite_note-61) In June 2013, it was announced that a limited edition of Heat, titled Heat: The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, would be released the same month, inspired by the tour. Speaking about the fragrance, Beyoncé said: "I love my music, I love performing and most of all I love and appreciate my fans. I wanted to give them a special remembrance of this tour and I created this scent to reflect the power, passion and playfulness I put into my performances." [62] (#cite_note-nydaily-62) The fragrance opens with mangosteen (/wiki/Mangosteen) , black pepper (/wiki/Black_pepper) and Açaí palm (/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_palm) as its top notes and later continues with violet petals, Indian Sambac Jasmine (/wiki/Jasminum_sambac) and a Brassia Edua Loo orchid as its middle notes before finishing with bourbon vanilla (/wiki/Bourbon_vanilla) , Australian sandalwood (/wiki/Australian_sandalwood) and vetiver (/wiki/Vetiver) as its base notes. [62] (#cite_note-nydaily-62) [63] (#cite_note-carter-63) Gaby Wilson of MTV noted that the ingredients introduced a lighter scent than her previous releases. [64] (#cite_note-64) According to Beyoncé's official perfume website, the fragrance is "paying tribute to Beyoncé's amazing momentous journey" and further "transport[s] you into Beyoncé's world and the intensity of her shows. [It] will make you feel the power, passion and playfulness she gives to her fans." [63] (#cite_note-carter-63) It was also meant to celebrate Beyoncé's accomplishments and her "historic life journey". [63] (#cite_note-carter-63) Gregory DelliCarpini Jr. of Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) magazine described the scent of the fragrance as "strong and feminine". [65] (#cite_note-65) Holly Carter of People magazine noted that the scent was "the best-smelling alternative" for people who missed The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour. [37] (#cite_note-best-selling-37) Products 100 ml / 3.4 oz 30ml / 1.0 oz Heat Wild Orchid [ edit ] Heat Wild Orchid Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released June 18, 2014 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) You caught the fever, Now unleash your wild side. Predecessor Rise (/wiki/Rise_(perfume)) Successor Rise Sheer (/wiki/Rise_(perfume)) Website Official website (http://www.beyonceparfums.com) On June 18, 2014, it was announced by several publications that Beyoncé would be releasing a new fragrance in August 2014 titled Heat Wild Orchid. The promotional poster for the perfume was also revealed, showing Beyoncé wearing a black dress. [66] (#cite_note-glamour-66) [67] (#cite_note-caitlin-67) Caitlin Morton writing for MTV praised her new, mature and "classy" look. [67] (#cite_note-caitlin-67) Dorkys Ramos from BET echoed her statements stating that it featured a "classier Bey". [68] (#cite_note-68) The fragrance was released to stores in August 2014. It was described as an "enticing, mouth-watering fragrance that emits a fierce, feminine energy" in a press release. [67] (#cite_note-caitlin-67) According to Beyoncé's website it is a "spellbound scent that expresses the bold femininity of women": "This captivating and memorable fragrance invites and intoxicates those who encounter it". [69] (#cite_note-ORCHID-69) It was created in collaboration with Firmenich perfumer Honorine Blanc. The fragrance opens with pomegranate (/wiki/Pomegranate) , coconut water (/wiki/Coconut_water) and boysenberry (/wiki/Boysenberry) . In the middle notes, a floral scent consisting of honeysuckle (/wiki/Honeysuckle) and blooming magnolia was used. The base notes showcase blonde woods, skin musks and gilded amber. [69] (#cite_note-ORCHID-69) The top of the bottle is wrapped in a gold band inscribed with Beyoncé's name at the neck. The secondary packaging celebrates the "beauty and sensuality" of the fragrance intertwined with black organza and finished with a gold logo and an emblematic B standing for Beyoncé. [70] (#cite_note-70) MTV's Caitlin Morton praised Heat Orchid as a fresher and more floral update of the original scent while also deeming it more natural and "maternal". [67] (#cite_note-caitlin-67) Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) 's Leanne Bayley praised the fact that Beyoncé "bottled up her sexiness in one chic bottle" with the fragrance. [66] (#cite_note-glamour-66) Products 100 ml / 3.4 oz 50 ml / 1.7 oz 30 ml / 1.0 oz 15 ml / 0.5 oz Heat Kissed [ edit ] Heat Kissed Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released August 20, 2014 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Predecessor Rise Sheer (/wiki/Rise_(perfume)) Website Official website (http://www.beyonceparfums.com) Heat Kissed was released in August 2014, following Heat Wild Orchid. It is packaged in a dark red bottle. According to Beyoncé's official website, "When a moment of attraction becomes undeniable, it ignites a spark between two people that draws them closer. Their lips meet and the flicker becomes a flame. Beyoncé Heat Kissed captures this sensual intensity in a bottle." The perfume has top notes of ragonfruit, lychee and mango; middle notes of blazing Red Fury Orchid, Jasmine and Moroccan Rose Oil; and base notes of sandalwood, Vanilla, Patchouli. Products 100 ml / 3.4 oz 50 ml / 1.7 oz 30 ml / 1.0 oz 15 ml / 0.5 oz Heat Seduction [ edit ] Heat Seduction Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Released August 2016 Label Givaudan's Claude Dir & Olivier Gillotin Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) Gazing upon you with her sensuous eyes. Enticing you with her alluring beauty. Get ready to be seduced. Predecessor Heat Kissed Website Official website (http://www.beyonceparfums.com) Heat Seduction was released in August 2016, after Heat Kissed. It is packaged in a golden bottle. The top notes are of spices mandarin, dewberry. The middle notes are of ginger orchid, African jungle orchid, freesia. And the base notes are of amber, musk and labdanum. Products 100 ml / 3.4 oz 50 ml / 1.7 oz 30 ml / 1.0 oz 15 ml / 0.5 oz See also [ edit ] List of celebrity-branded fragrances (/wiki/List_of_celebrity-branded_fragrances) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Green, Treye (11 August 2013). "Beyonce Heat The Best-Selling Celebrity Fragrance Ever" (https://www.ibtimes.com/beyonce-heat-perfume-named-best-selling-celebrity-fragrance-all-time-1380445) . International Business Times . Retrieved 20 June 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Beyonce Discusses Launch of 'Heat' Fragrance – Beauty Industry and Products News" (http://www.wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/beyonce-discusses-launch-of-heat-fragrance-2398237?full=true) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Fairchild Fashion Group (/wiki/Fairchild_Fashion_Group) . 2009-12-18 . Retrieved 2010-08-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Simpson, Oli (2010-12-18). "Beyoncé 'readies debut perfume line' (http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a192048/beyonce-readies-debut-perfume-line.html) " (http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a192048/beyonce-readies-debut-perfume-line.html) . Digital Spy (/wiki/Digital_Spy) . Hachette Filipacchi Médias (/wiki/Hachette_Filipacchi_M%C3%A9dias) . Retrieved 2013-05-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Jessen, Monique; M. Silverman, Stephen (2004-06-22). "Beyoncé Launches New True Star Fragrance" (http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,656036,00.html) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Time Inc (/wiki/Time_Inc.) . Retrieved 2013-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Field, Adrien (2009-12-04). "V Style: Beyoncé Turns Up The Heat" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131024100749/http://www.vibe.com/article/v-style-beyonc%C3%A9-turns-heat) . Vibe (/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)) . Vibe Media Inc. Archived from the original (http://www.vibe.com/article/v-style-beyonc%C3%A9-turns-heat) on 2013-10-24 . Retrieved 2013-10-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Beyoncé Launches Her First Fragrance: Beyoncé Heat" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120205010724/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2009/12/18/beyonc-launches-her-first-fragrance-beyonc-heat/) . People (Style Watch) . Time Inc. 2009-12-18. Archived from the original (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2009/12/18/beyonc-launches-her-first-fragrance-beyonc-heat/) on 2012-02-05 . Retrieved 2011-09-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-nymag1_7-0) Akhtar, Amina (2009-12-18). "Beyoncé Unveils Her New Fragrance – The Cut" (http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2009/12/beyonce.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . New York Media, LLC . Retrieved 2010-08-12 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Heat \| Beyoncé Parfums" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184331/http://beyonceparfums.com/heat) . Beyonceparfums.com. Archived from the original (http://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat) on 2014-07-14 . Retrieved 2011-09-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Heat \| Beyoncé Parfums" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180719143051/https://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat/fragrance) . Beyonceparfums.com. Archived from the original (http://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat/fragrance) on 2018-07-19 . Retrieved 2011-09-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Beyoncé Heat: Media Videos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111014054331/http://beyonceparfums.com/heat/media/videos) . Beyonceparfums.com. Archived from the original (http://www.beyonceparfums.com/heat/media/videos) on 2011-10-14 . Retrieved 2011-09-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Picardi, Phillip (March 2011). "Beyoncé Knowles on Her New Fragrance, Body Image, and Her Upcoming Album" (http://www.teenvogue.com/beauty/celebrity-beauty/2011-03/beyonce-knowles-fragrance-interview?slide=8) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Condé Nast Publications (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications) . pp. 8, 9. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1540-2215 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1540-2215) . Retrieved May 30, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Siegel, Holly (2010-02-04). "Vain Glorious \| Beyoncé's Sweet Smell of Success" (http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/04/vain-glorious-beyonces-sweet-smell-of-success/#more-56319) . Tmagazine. The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . The New York Times Company (/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company) . Retrieved 2011-09-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Beyoncé Catches 'Heat' in Fragrance Ads" (http://www.rap-up.com/2009/12/29/beyonce-catches-heat-in-fragrance-ads/) . Rap-Up (/wiki/Rap-Up) . Devin Lazerine. 2009-12-29 . Retrieved 2010-08-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Beyoncé Brings the Heat to Macy's" (http://www.rap-up.com/2010/02/03/beyonce-brings-the-heat-to-macys/) . Rap-Up . Devin Lazerine. 2010-02-03 . Retrieved 2011-09-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Video: Beyoncé Heats Up 'Today' Show" (http://www.rap-up.com/2010/02/09/video-beyonce-heats-up-today-show/) . Rap-Up . Devin Lazerine. 2010-02-09 . Retrieved 2011-09-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Free sample of Beyoncé's Fragrance Heat Rush – Win Beyonce Perfume" (http://www.seventeen.com/fashion/blog/beyonce-heat-rush-sample-giveaway) . Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) . Hearst Corporation (/wiki/Hearst_Corporation) . 2011-01-11 . Retrieved 2011-09-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-onet_17-0) "Beyonce ma Złotą Płytę" (http://muzyka.onet.pl/0,2277877,newsy.html) (in Polish). Onet.pl (/wiki/Onet.pl) . 2011-06-28 . Retrieved 2011-06-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-retu_18-0) "Beyoncé Brings Back Sasha Fierce For Vizio Commercial" (http://www.rap-up.com/2010/11/20/video-beyonce-brings-back-sasha-fierce-for-vizio-commercial/) . Rap-Up . Devin Lazerine. 2010-11-10 . Retrieved 2011-03-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wete, Brad (2010-11-17). "Beyoncé's Heat ad too steamy for UK daytime TV" (http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/11/17/beyonce-heat-ad-banned-uk-tv/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Time Inc . Retrieved 2013-05-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-amazon1_20-0) "Fever: Beyoncé: MP3 Downloads" (https://www.amazon.com/Fever/dp/B00136JGT6) . Amazon Germany (/wiki/Amazon.com) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved 2011-03-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Music – Fever – Single by Beyoncé" (https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/fever-single/id353361561) . iTunes Store (/wiki/ITunes_Store) (US). Apple Inc (/wiki/Apple_Inc.) . 2010-02-08 . Retrieved 2010-08-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Fever: Beyonce Knowles" (https://www.amazon.co.uk/Fever/dp/B00379TDFY/ref=sr_shvl_album_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1301149933&sr=301-1) . Amazon UK. Amazon Inc . Retrieved 2011-03-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Vena, Jocelyn (2010-11-18). "Beyonce's Banned Perfume Ad Defended By Company" (https://archive.today/20130129045837/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1652556/beyonces-banned-perfume-ad-defended-by-company.jhtml) . MTV News (/wiki/MTV_News) . MTV Networks (/wiki/MTV_Networks) . 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Retrieved 2014-09-03 . v t e Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) Albums discography (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_albums_discography) Singles discography (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_singles_discography) Destiny's Child (/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child) Awards and nominations (/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Beyonc%C3%A9) Live performances (/wiki/List_of_Beyonc%C3%A9_live_performances) Songs (/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Beyonc%C3%A9) Videography (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_videography) Cultural impact (/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Beyonc%C3%A9) Studio albums Dangerously in Love (/wiki/Dangerously_in_Love) B'Day (/wiki/B%27Day) I Am... Sasha Fierce (/wiki/I_Am..._Sasha_Fierce) 4 (/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_(album)) Lemonade (/wiki/Lemonade_(album)) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) Cowboy Carter (/wiki/Cowboy_Carter) Collaborative albums Everything Is Love (/wiki/Everything_Is_Love) (with Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) , credited to The Carters (/wiki/The_Carters) ) Soundtrack albums Dreamgirls (/wiki/Cadillac_Records:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture) Cadillac Records The Lion King: The Gift (/wiki/The_Lion_King:_The_Gift) Live albums The Beyoncé Experience Live (/wiki/The_Beyonc%C3%A9_Experience_Live) I Am... Yours (/wiki/I_Am..._Yours:_An_Intimate_Performance_at_Wynn_Las_Vegas) I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._World_Tour_(album)) Homecoming (/wiki/Homecoming:_The_Live_Album) EPs and remix albums True Star (/wiki/True_Star_(perfume)) Irreemplazable (/wiki/Irreemplazable) Above and Beyoncé (/wiki/Above_and_Beyonc%C3%A9:_Video_Collection_%26_Dance_Mixes) Heat 4: The Remix (/wiki/4:_The_Remix) Concert films and documentaries Live at Wembley (/wiki/Live_at_Wembley_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) The Beyoncé Experience Live (/wiki/The_Beyonc%C3%A9_Experience_Live) I Am... Yours (/wiki/I_Am..._Yours:_An_Intimate_Performance_at_Wynn_Las_Vegas) I Am... World Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._World_Tour_(album)) Live at Roseland (/wiki/Live_at_Roseland:_Elements_of_4) Life Is But a Dream (/wiki/Life_Is_But_a_Dream_(film)) Live in Atlantic City (/wiki/Live_in_Atlantic_City_(Beyonc%C3%A9_video)) On the Run Tour (/wiki/On_the_Run_Tour:_Beyonc%C3%A9_and_Jay-Z_(TV_program)) Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé (/wiki/Homecoming:_A_Film_by_Beyonc%C3%A9) Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé (/wiki/Renaissance:_A_Film_by_Beyonc%C3%A9) Video releases and visual albums The Ultimate Performer (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9:_The_Ultimate_Performer) B'Day Anthology (/wiki/B%27Day_Anthology_Video_Album) Above and Beyoncé (/wiki/Above_and_Beyonc%C3%A9:_Video_Collection_%26_Dance_Mixes) Elements of 4 (/wiki/Live_at_Roseland:_Elements_of_4) Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_(album)) Lemonade (/wiki/Lemonade_(2016_film)) Black Is King (/wiki/Black_Is_King) Concert tours Dangerously in Love Tour (/wiki/Dangerously_in_Love_Tour) Verizon Ladies First Tour (/wiki/Verizon_Ladies_First_Tour) The Beyoncé Experience (/wiki/The_Beyonc%C3%A9_Experience) I Am... Tour (/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)) The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (/wiki/The_Mrs._Carter_Show_World_Tour) On the Run Tour (/wiki/On_the_Run_Tour_(Beyonc%C3%A9_and_Jay-Z)) The Formation World Tour (/wiki/The_Formation_World_Tour) On the Run II Tour (/wiki/On_the_Run_II_Tour) Renaissance World Tour (/wiki/Renaissance_World_Tour) Live performances I Am... Yours (/wiki/I_Am..._Yours) 2011 Glastonbury performance (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_2011_Glastonbury_performance) 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé (/wiki/4_Intimate_Nights_with_Beyonc%C3%A9) Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live (/wiki/Revel_Presents:_Beyonc%C3%A9_Live) Super Bowl XLVII halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII_halftime_show) Super Bowl 50 halftime show (/wiki/Super_Bowl_50_halftime_show) Beychella (/wiki/Homecoming:_A_Film_by_Beyonc%C3%A9) 2023 Dubai performance (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_2023_Dubai_performance) Retail products and brands True Star (/wiki/True_Star_(perfume)) House of Deréon (/wiki/House_of_Der%C3%A9on) Heat Rise (/wiki/Rise_(perfume)) Tidal (/wiki/Tidal_(service)) Ivy Park (/wiki/Ivy_Park) Cécred (/wiki/C%C3%A9cred) Family Angela Beyincé (/wiki/Angela_Beyinc%C3%A9) Blue Ivy Carter (/wiki/Blue_Ivy_Carter) Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) Mathew Knowles (/wiki/Mathew_Knowles) Solange Knowles (/wiki/Solange_Knowles) Tina Knowles (/wiki/Tina_Knowles) Related articles BeyGood (/wiki/BeyGood) EveryBODYisflawless (/wiki/EveryBODYisflawless) Let's Move! 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Season of television series The Face Season 2 Promotional poster No. of episodes 10 [1] (#cite_note-season2count-1) Release Original network Oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_channel)) Original release March 5 ( 2014-03-05 ) – May 7, 2014 ( 2014-05-07 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 (/wiki/The_Face_(American_TV_series)_season_1) List of episodes (/wiki/The_Face_(American_TV_series)#Seasons) The second season of The Face (/wiki/The_Face_(American_TV_series)) premiered on March 5, 2014 on Oxygen (/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_channel)) . [2] (#cite_note-season2premiere-2) The season followed three supermodel coaches as they competed with each other to find 'the face' of Frédéric Fekkai (/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fekkai) 's hair care brand by the same name. Model coaches Coco Rocha (/wiki/Coco_Rocha) and Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) both opted to leave the show for season two. They were replaced by Anne Vyalitsyna (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) and Lydia Hearst (/wiki/Lydia_Hearst) . Nigel Barker (/wiki/Nigel_Barker_(photographer)) also joined to serve as the host for season two. The winner of the competition was 20-year-old Tiana Zarlin from San Diego, California. Casting process [ edit ] For season two, contestants had to be aged 18 as of September 1, 2013. After pre-registering themselves online, applicants had to attend an open casting call at Chelsea Studios (/wiki/Chelsea_Studios) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) on July 21, 2013. They could also apply online by submitting a home video. The deadline for all applications was 22 July. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Contestants [ edit ] ( Ages stated are at the start of filming ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Model coach Finish Rank Isabelle Bianchi 19 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Geneva (/wiki/Geneva) , Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) Anne Episode 1 12 Nakisha Bromfield 20 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) The Bronx (/wiki/The_Bronx) Lydia Episode 2 11 Kira Dikhtyar (/wiki/Kira_Dikhtyar) 24 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) , Russia (/wiki/Russia) Naomi Episode 3 10 Alana Duval 22 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Brownsville (/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas) Naomi Episode 4 9 Allison Millar 19 1.79 m (5 ft 10 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Charleston (/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina) Lydia Episode 5 8 Khadisha Gaye 20 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Dakar (/wiki/Dakar) , Senegal (/wiki/Senegal) Anne Episode 6 7 Sharon Gallardo 24 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Santo Domingo (/wiki/Santo_Domingo) , Dominican Republic (/wiki/Dominican_Republic) Anne Episode 7 6 Amanda Gullickson 18 1.79 m (5 ft 10 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Charlotte (/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina) Lydia Episode 8 5 Felisa Wiley 19 1.79 m (5 ft 10 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Saint Thomas (/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands) Naomi Episode 9 4 (quit) Ray Clanton 18 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Miami Lakes (/wiki/Miami_Lakes,_Florida) Lydia Episode 10 2 Afiya Bennett 18 1.77 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) Naomi Tiana Zarlin 20 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) San Diego (/wiki/San_Diego) Anne 1 Contestants Episodes [ edit ] Episode 1: Let the Face Begin [ edit ] First aired March 5, 2014 The season kicks off as the twelve finalists meet their mentors Anne Vyalitsyna, Lydia Hearst, and Naomi Campbell in Bryant Park, where they are divided into three teams of four. Later, they must pose together behind a storefront window in a campaign for Juicy Couture. The winning team is revealed, and one of the model hopefuls has her dreams cut short. Winning coach and team: Naomi Campbell Bottom two: Isabelle Bianchi & Ray Clanton Eliminated: Isabelle Bianchi Special Guests: Matthew Ellenberger Episode 2: Bare Your New Look [ edit ] First aired March 12, 2014 The aspiring models receive make overs at the Frédéric Fekkai salon. For the campaign, the models must pose nude in a shoot for the brand's website. Drama escalates after Naomi calls out one of her models, throwing her into conflict with the rest of the girls. After her team is revealed to be the winner of the campaign, Naomi becomes critical of the two models the losing mentors have chosen to send into the elimination room. Winning coach and team: Naomi Campbell Bottom two: Khadisha Gaye & Nakisha Bromfield Eliminated: Nakisha Bromfield Episode 3: Runway Dinner Party [ edit ] First aired March 12, 2014 Naomi attacks Anne and Lydia for choosing their only black models to be put on the chopping block after the racial controversy in the previous episode. The girls later meet Tyson Beckford for a catwalk lesson challenge in preparation for an upcoming runway show. For the campaign, the models must walk on top of a banquet table catwalk in Pamella Roland gowns. The episode culminates in the emotional breakdown of one of the contestants, and for the first time ever, one of the coaches barges into the elimination room mid-ceremony. Winning coach and team: Anne Vyalitsyna Bottom two: Kira Dikhtyar & Ray Clanton Eliminated: Kira Dikhtyar Special Guests: Pamella Roland, Tyson Beckford (/wiki/Tyson_Beckford) Episode 4: Sell, Sell, Sell! [ edit ] First aired March 26, 2014 The test shoots are thrown out the window as the models are told that they will have to take on the rest of the campaigns unprepared. After the news are revealed the contestants are introduced to their client for the campaign, the CEO of lifestyle brand Alex and Ani, Giovanni Feroce. The goal for the shoot is to create a thirty-second commercial in just one take. Back in the loft, a feud takes place between two of the models. Winning coach and team: Anne Vyalitsyna Bottom two: Alana Duval & Allison Millar Eliminated: Alana Duval Special Guests: Giovanni Feroce (/wiki/Giovanni_Feroce) Episode 5: Going Viral [ edit ] First aired April 2, 2014 The teams must once again take part in a video campaign, much to the dismay of team Lydia's Allison. The goal is to create a thirty-second viral video with a dance routine that will generate buzz towards the featured brand, Libeskind Berlin. Karen Elson makes a guest appearance to help the models create the best commercial possible. Team Anne V snags their third consecutive win, and Anne must once again decide the fate of one of the hopefuls. Winning coach and team: Anne Vyalitsyna Bottom two: Allison Millar & Felisa Wiley Eliminated: Allison Millar Special Guests: Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) , Natalie Sears Episode 6: Just One of the Boys [ edit ] First aired April 9, 2014 Nigel Barker introduces the models to drag superstar RuPaul (/wiki/RuPaul) , who teaches the girls about gender role reversal. For the campaign, the mentors pose in front of the camera with their models for a photo shoot that will be featured on Elle.com's website. Team Anne's winning streak finally comes to a halt, and in the elimination room, one of the contestants wishes she could switch teams. Winning coach and team: Naomi Campbell Bottom two: Khadisha Gaye & Amanda Gullickson Eliminated: Khadisha Gaye Special Guests: Joe Zee (/wiki/Joe_Zee) , RuPaul Andre Charles (/wiki/RuPaul) Episode 7: Male Bonding [ edit ] First aired April 16, 2014 The models pose intimately with complete strangers, in a sexy lingerie campaign for Fleur du Mal. They'll need to find chemistry with their male models in order to stay in the competition. Lydia steps up her game with a more forceful technique. Winning coach and team: Lydia Hearst Bottom two: Felisa Wiley & Sharon Gallardo Eliminated: Sharon Gallardo Featured Photographer: Hao Zeng Special Guests: Jennifer Zuccarini Episode 8: Diamonds Are a Model's Best Friend [ edit ] First aired April 23, 2014 The models shoot a jewelry commercial for Chopard. They must remain composed while running in 10 inch heels and dressed in restrictive dresses made by Lady Gaga's favorite designer, Iris Van Herpen. Afiya and Naomi don't see eye to eye. Winning coach and team: Naomi Campbell Bottom two: Amanda Gullickson & Tiana Zarlin Eliminated: Amanda Gullickson Featured Director: Roberto Serrini Special Guests: Anne Slowey, Marc Hruschka Episode 9: Press Your Luck [ edit ] First aired April 30, 2014 The models' composure is tested when they deliver a speech in front of a room full of press. When something catches the models off guard, one loses face with her coach and has a hard time recovering. Winning coach and team: Anne Vyalitsyna Bottom two: Felisa Wiley & Ray Clanton Quit: Felisa Wiley Special Guests: Alyssa Montemurro, Chandra Coleman Harris, Denise Davila, Frédéric Fekkai (/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fekkai) , Jennifer Jackson (/wiki/Jennifer_Jackson_(model)) , Jennifer Peros, JP Kuehlwein, Leah Chernikoff, Perez Hilton (/wiki/Perez_Hilton) , Samantha Yanks Episode 10: Who Will Be the Face [ edit ] First aired May 7, 2014 The remaining models must dazzle Frederic Fekkai in three of the most difficult challenges yet. In the end, only one will become a spokesperson and ambassador for Frédéric Fekkai's 2014 national ad campaign and win a coveted spread in the July issue of Elle. Final three: Afiya Bennett , Ray Clanton & Tiana Zarlin The Face of Frédéric Fekkai: Tiana Zarlin Winning coach and team: Anne Vyalitsyna Featured Photographer: Gilles Bensimon (/wiki/Gilles_Bensimon) Special Guests: Anne Slowey, Frédéric Fekkai (/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fekkai) , Roberta Myers (/wiki/Roberta_Myers) , Tyson Beckford (/wiki/Tyson_Beckford) Summaries [ edit ] Elimination table [ edit ] Team Anne Team Lydia Team Naomi Place Contestant Episodes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Tiana IN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IN IN LOW WIN WINNER 2-3 Ray IN LOW IN LOW IN IN IN WIN IN LOW RUNNER-UP Afiya IN WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN WIN IN RUNNER-UP 4 Felisa IN WIN WIN IN IN LOW WIN LOW WIN QUIT 5 Amanda IN IN IN IN IN IN LOW WIN OUT 6 Sharon IN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IN OUT 7 Khadisha IN IN LOW WIN WIN WIN OUT 8 Allison IN IN IN IN LOW OUT 9 Alana IN WIN WIN IN OUT 10 Kira IN WIN WIN OUT 11 Nakisha IN IN OUT 12 Isabelle IN OUT The contestant was part of the winning team for the episode. The contestant was at risk of elimination. The contestant was eliminated from the competition. The contestant withdrew from the competition. The contestant was a Runner-Up. The contestant won The Face . During the first segment of episode 1, the final twelve contestants were divided into their respective teams. The first campaign and resulting elimination also took place this episode. In episode 5, team Anne won the campaign. Sharon won an individual prize for being the best performer of the campaign. In episode 9, Felisa quit while she was in the bottom two with Ray before Anne had made her decision. Campaigns [ edit ] Episode 1: Juicy Couture (/wiki/Juicy_Couture) in a storefront window Episode 2: Nude photo shoot for Frédéric Fekkai (/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fekkai) Episode 3: Pamella Roland runway show Episode 4: Alex and Ani (/wiki/Alex_and_Ani) commercials Episode 5: Viral videos (/wiki/Viral_video) for Liebeskind Berlin Episode 6: Gender reversal for Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) .com Episode 7: Fleur du Mal lingerie with male models Episode 8: Futuristic Chopard (/wiki/Chopard) diamonds adverts Episode 9: Press conference for Frédéric Fekkai's new Hair Fragrance Mist; Q&A with Perez Hilton (/wiki/Perez_Hilton) Episode 10: Go-sees with Frédéric Fekkai; beauty shots by Gilles Bensimon (/wiki/Gilles_Bensimon) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-season2count_1-0) "Oxygen Media Greenlights Second Season of Critically Acclaimed Modeling Competition Series "The Face" Produced by Shine America" (http://thefutoncritic.com/news/2013/04/08/oxygen-media-greenlights-second-season-of-critically-acclaimed-modeling-competition-series-the-face-produced-by-shine-america-982400/20130408oxygen01/) . The Futon Critic. April 8, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-season2premiere_2-0) Bibel, Sara (January 5, 2014). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20140106221933/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/06/the-face-season-2-to-premiere-wednesday-march-5-on-oxygen/226928/) 'The Face' Season 2 to Premiere Wednesday, 5 March on Oxygen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140106221933/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/06/the-face-season-2-to-premiere-wednesday-march-5-on-oxygen/226928/) . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/06/the-face-season-2-to-premiere-wednesday-march-5-on-oxygen/226928/) on January 6, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "THE FACE SEASON 2 Faqs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140427050520/http://thefacecasting.com/FAQS) . Archived from the original (http://www.thefacecasting.com/faqs) on April 27, 2014 . Retrieved March 5, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "THE FACE SEASON 2 How to apply" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233114/http://thefacecasting.com/how-to-apply) . Archived from the original (http://thefacecasting.com/how-to-apply/) on April 26, 2014 . Retrieved March 5, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "THE FACE SEASON 2 Pre-Register" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131210044650/http://thefacecasting.com/web/apply) . Archived from the original (http://thefacecasting.com/web/apply) on December 10, 2013 . Retrieved March 5, 2016 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://the-face.oxygen.com/) The Face (American TV series) season 2 at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) v t e The Face (/wiki/The_Face_(franchise)) The Face Australia (/wiki/The_Face_Australia) 1 (/wiki/The_Face_Australia_season_1) Thailand (/wiki/The_Face_Thailand) 1 (/wiki/The_Face_Thailand_season_1) 2 (/wiki/The_Face_Thailand_season_2) 3 (/wiki/The_Face_Thailand_season_3) 4 (/wiki/The_Face_Thailand_season_4) 5 (/wiki/The_Face_Thailand_season_5) United Kingdom (/wiki/The_Face_(British_TV_series)) 1 (/wiki/The_Face_(British_TV_series)_season_1) United States (/wiki/The_Face_(American_TV_series)) 1 (/wiki/The_Face_(American_TV_series)_season_1) 2 Vietnam (/wiki/The_Face_Vietnam) 1 (/wiki/The_Face_Vietnam_season_1) 2 (/wiki/The_Face_Vietnam_season_2) 3 (/wiki/The_Face_Vietnam_season_3) 4 (/wiki/The_Face_Vietnam_season_4) The Face Men Thailand (/wiki/The_Face_Men_Thailand) 1 (/wiki/The_Face_Men_Thailand_season_1) 2 (/wiki/The_Face_Men_Thailand_season_2) 3 (/wiki/The_Face_Men_Thailand_season_3) Category (/wiki/Category:The_Face_(franchise)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐895674c4f‐7rt65 Cached time: 20240717052656 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.494 seconds Real time usage: 0.786 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3513/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39289/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3880/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33449/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.291/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7805430/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 2/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 718.641 1 -total 37.32% 268.195 1 Template:Infobox_television_season 33.22% 238.743 24 Template:Main_other 17.27% 124.116 1 Template:Short_description 16.94% 121.749 1 Template:Reflist 14.44% 103.766 1 Template:Infobox 14.41% 103.528 1 Template:The_Face_(TV_series) 14.00% 100.619 5 Template:Cite_web 13.74% 98.742 1 Template:Navbox 11.46% 82.341 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:49651312-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717052656 and revision id 1228268095. 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South Korean beauty and cosmetics conglomerate Amorepacific Corporation Native name 주식회사 아모레퍼시픽 Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) KRX (/wiki/Korea_Exchange) : 090430 (https://finance.naver.com/item/main.nhn?code=090430) Industry Cosmetics Perfume Founded 5 September 1945 ; 78 years ago ( 1945-09-05 ) as Pacific Chemical Co. Ltd. Founder Suh Sung-whan Headquarters Yongsan-gu, Seoul (/wiki/Yongsan-gu,_Seoul) , South Korea Key people Suh Kyung-bae (Chairperson) Revenue KRW (/wiki/South_Korean_won) 4.78 trillion (2021) [1] (#cite_note-apgroup.com-1) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) KRW (/wiki/South_Korean_won) 379 billion (2021) [1] (#cite_note-apgroup.com-1) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) KRW (/wiki/South_Korean_won) 267 billion (2021) [1] (#cite_note-apgroup.com-1) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) KRW (/wiki/South_Korean_won) 5.88 trillion (2021) [1] (#cite_note-apgroup.com-1) Website www (https://www.apgroup.com) .apgroup (https://www.apgroup.com) .com (https://www.apgroup.com) Amorepacific Corporation ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 주식회사 아모레퍼시픽 ) is a South Korean beauty and cosmetics chaebol (/wiki/Chaebol) , operating more than 30 beauty, personal care (/wiki/Personal_care) , and health brands including Sulwhasoo, Laneige (/wiki/Laneige) , Mamonde (/wiki/Mamonde) , Etude House (/wiki/Etude_House) , AMOREPACIFIC and Innisfree (/wiki/Innisfree_(brand)) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The firm was founded in 1945 by Suh Sung-whan and currently managed by Suh Kyung-bae, the son of the founder. It is the second-largest cosmetics company in South Korea and one of the 10 largest cosmetics companies in the world. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] The company originated back in the 1930s, when Madame Yun Dok-jeong began selling camellia oil in the village of Kaesong (/wiki/Kaesong) . Her second son, Suh Sung-whan, took over the business in 1945 and transformed the firm into a cosmetics chaebol (/wiki/Chaebol) , naming it "taepyeongyang (meaning Pacific Ocean (/wiki/Pacific_Ocean) in Korean)". [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Suh Sung-whan handed the company over to his second son Suh Kyung-bae (/wiki/Suh_Kyung-bae) in 1997. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Suh rebranded the firm into Amorepacific to target the global market and turned the company into a chaebol giant that manages dozens of cosmetics brands. In 2000, the company established the Korea Breast Cancer Foundation. In 2002, the company was renamed AmorePacific. Four years later, the holding company AmorePacific Group was founded. In 2010, the company built a second R&D center. Forbes named AmorePacific one of the most innovative companies in the world. [5] (#cite_note-5) Brands [ edit ] Aestura [6] (#cite_note-6) Amorepacific Amos Professional Aritaum [7] (#cite_note-7) COSRX Dantrol Espoir Etude House (/wiki/Etude_House) Fresh Pop Goutal Paris Hanyul Happy Bath HERA ILLIYOON Innisfree (/wiki/Innisfree_(cosmetics_brand)) IOPE Laneige (/wiki/Laneige) LIRIKOS Makeon Mamonde (/wiki/Mamonde) Median MIRAEPA Mise-en-Scène Odyssey Osulloc Primera Ryo Songyeum Sulwhasoo Vital Beautie EASY PEASY Bro & Tips Be Ready See also [ edit ] Pacific Park Villart (/wiki/Pacific_Park_Villart) K-Beauty (/wiki/K-Beauty) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Amorepacific Corporation and Subsidiaries - Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2020 and 2019" (https://www.apgroup.com/int/en/investors/amorepacific-corporation/ir-reports/audit-reports/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2021/05/27/2020_AuditReport_ap_en.pdf) (PDF) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210924014644/https://www.apgroup.com/int/en/investors/amorepacific-corporation/ir-reports/audit-reports/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2021/05/27/2020_AuditReport_ap_en.pdf) (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Ming, Christine Tan,Cheang (May 26, 2017). "South Korean beauty brand Amorepacific looks to global expansion" (https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/26/south-korean-beauty-brand-amorepacific-looks-to-global-expansion.html) . CNBC . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191226053425/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/26/south-korean-beauty-brand-amorepacific-looks-to-global-expansion.html) from the original on December 26, 2019 . Retrieved April 30, 2020 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c Chung, Grace. "How South Korea's AmorePacific Became One Of The World's Most Innovative Companies" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracechung/2015/08/19/how-south-koreas-amorepacific-became-one-of-the-worlds-most-innovative-companies/#3374cd2e689c) . Forbes . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211222211803/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracechung/2015/08/19/how-south-koreas-amorepacific-became-one-of-the-worlds-most-innovative-companies/#3374cd2e689c) from the original on December 22, 2021 . Retrieved November 20, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Brands \| Amorepacific" (https://www.apgroup.com/int/en/brands/brands.html) . www.apgroup.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145019/https://www.apgroup.com/int/en/brands/brands.html) from the original on June 14, 2021 . Retrieved June 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Amorepacific Headquarters, Seoul, KR" (https://dx.doi.org/10.11129/9783955534677-004) , David Chipperfield Architects , DETAIL, pp. 26–41, December 31, 2019, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.11129/9783955534677-004 (https://doi.org/10.11129%2F9783955534677-004) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783955534677 , S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 242351683 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242351683) , archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230418182648/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.11129/9783955534677-004/html) from the original on April 18, 2023 , retrieved July 4, 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Brands \| Amorepacific" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161119070210/http://www.amorepacific.com/int/en/brands.html) . www.amorepacific.com . Archived from the original (http://www.amorepacific.com/int/en/brands.html) on November 19, 2016 . Retrieved November 20, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "A New 70-Store Korean Beauty Chain Is Here" (https://www.racked.com/2016/4/25/11499180/aritaum-korean-beauty-chain) . Racked . April 25, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104236/https://www.racked.com/2016/4/25/11499180/aritaum-korean-beauty-chain) from the original on May 21, 2018 . Retrieved May 20, 2018 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amorepacific (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amorepacific) . Official website (http://eng.skinnovation.com/) Business data for Amorepacific: Bloomberg (https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/090430:KS) Google (https://www.google.com/finance/quote/090430:KRX) Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/090430.KS) Yahoo! (https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/090430.KS) Business data for Amorepacific Group: Bloomberg (https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/002790:KS) Google (https://www.google.com/finance/quote/002790:KRX) Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/002790.KS) Yahoo! 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American cosmetics company Anastasia Beverly Hills Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) Founded 1997 ; 27 years ago ( 1997 ) Headquarters United States Area served Worldwide Key people Claudia Soare (president) Products Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Revenue $240 million [1] (#cite_note-1) (Year ending March 2022) Owner Anastasia Soare (/wiki/Anastasia_Soare) TPG Inc. (/wiki/TPG_Inc.) (minority stake) Website anastasiabeverlyhills (http://anastasiabeverlyhills.com) .com (http://anastasiabeverlyhills.com) Anastasia Beverly Hills , also known as ABH , is an American cosmetics company best known for its eyebrow products. The company was founded by Romanian (/wiki/Romania) -born Anastasia Soare (/wiki/Anastasia_Soare) in 1997, in Beverly Hills, California (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) . Soare's daughter Claudia Soare, also known as Norvina, is the president of the company. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2023, the company was reported to be worth approximately $500 million, with $240 million in annual revenue. [3] (#cite_note-3) History [ edit ] Anastasia Beverly Hills was founded in 1997 by Anastasia Soare when she opened her flagship salon in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills) . [4] (#cite_note-History-4) The company's first product line was released in 2000. [5] (#cite_note-5) The brand has become known for its eyebrow products and for introducing a new brow-shaping service to customers, the "Golden Ratio Eyebrow Shaping Method." The Method aims to finding balance, symmetry, and beauty through the creation of arches that perfectly frame any face shape. [4] (#cite_note-History-4) [6] (#cite_note-Forbes-6) Since its launch, Anastasia Beverly Hills has grown to sell over 485 products in over 2,000 stores worldwide, including Dillard’s (/wiki/Dillard%E2%80%99s) , Macy’s (/wiki/Macy%E2%80%99s) , Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) , Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) and ULTA (/wiki/ULTA) . Their products are also sold in over 25 countries. [4] (#cite_note-History-4) [6] (#cite_note-Forbes-6) Soare sold a minority stake in the business to a private equity firm in 2018. [7] (#cite_note-7) Controversy [ edit ] In July 2017, ABH released the Subculture eyeshadow palette. Online reviewers criticized the poor blendability and excessive fallout of the eyeshadows, leading the company to apologize on social media. [8] (#cite_note-8) Collaborations [ edit ] ABH has collaborated with a few social media beauty influencers to create and promote new products. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2016, ABH collaborated with "Makeup by Mario" to create a master eyeshadow palette. The palette was announced through Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) ’s Snapchat account, and Mario named two of the eyeshadows after her. Mario Dedivanovic has been Kardashian's make-up artist for many years. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2017, ABH collaborated with Nicole Guerriero to create a glow kit containing six highlighters. Guerriero and ABH both promoted the product on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2018, ABH collaborated with Amra Olevic, also known as AmRezy, to create an individual highlighter. The highlight/illuminator is sparkly, with a gold finish. It is suitable for all skin types. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2019, ABH collaborated with Jackie Aina to create an eyeshadow palette catering to darker skin tones, something ABH had neglected in the past. [13] (#cite_note-13) Later that year, the brand collaborated with YouTuber Carli Bybel to create an eyeshadow palette with 14 shades. [14] (#cite_note-14) Also in 2019, drag queen Alyssa Edwards (/wiki/Alyssa_Edwards) released a 14 pan eyeshadow palette with ABH including a loud and campy range of shades. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2020, ABH collaborated with AmRezy again to design a 16 shade eyeshadow palette. [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2022, ABH announced its collaboration with Los Angeles–based brand Dundas to launch its gender-neutral makeup collection. Called the Dundas Enhancers, this collection was set to launch in early 2023. [17] (#cite_note-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Anastasia Soare" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/anastasia-soare/?sh=34bac7d82fca) . Forbes . Retrieved 18 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Update: Anastasia Beverly Hills About Us Page" (https://www.anastasiabeverlyhills.com/about-us.html) . Anastasia Beverly Hills . Retrieved 4 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Anastasia Soare" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/anastasia-soare/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2024-02-13 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "About Anastasia Beverly Hills" (https://www.anastasiabeverlyhills.com/about-us.html) . Anastasia Beverly Hills . n.d . Retrieved 2 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Morris, Olivia (2021-06-17). "The real story behind Anastasia Soare's journey to becoming a beauty billionaire" (https://emirateswoman.com/interview-founder-of-anastasia-beverly-hills-anastasia-soare/) . Emirates Woman . Retrieved 2023-02-28 . ^ Jump up to: a b Berg, Madeline. "America's Newest Beauty Billionaire Built An Empire Targeting Women's Eyebrows" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2018/05/11/americas-newest-beauty-billionaire-built-an-empire-targeting-womens-eyebrows/#568045b060d9) . Forbes . Retrieved 12 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Hirsch, Lauren (8 May 2018). "TPG Capital nears stake in Anastasia Beverly Hills that could value company at $3 billion" (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/08/tpg-capital-nears-stake-in-anastasia-beverly-hills.html) . CNBC . NBCUniversal . Retrieved 2 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Stiegman, Kelsey (16 August 2017). "Anastasia Beverly Hills Apologizes After Subculture Backlash: 'We Have the Best Intentions" (http://www.seventeen.com/beauty/makeup-skincare/a12014627/anastasia-beverly-hills-apologizes-for-subculture-palette/) . Seventeen . Retrieved 12 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Ratnaparkhe, Tanmay (2023-01-25). "Anastasia Beverly Hills Instagram marketing strategy" (https://predis.ai/resources/anastasia-beverly-hills-instagram-marketing-strategy/) . Social Media Marketing \| Predis.ai . Retrieved 2023-02-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Jacques, Renee (27 July 2016). "Update: The Mario Dedivanovic x Anastasia Beverly Hills Master Palette Is Out Tomorrow" (http://www.allure.com/story/mario-dedivanovic-anastasia-beverly-hills-eyeshadow-palette?verso=true) . Allure . Allure Magazine . Retrieved 12 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Simmons, Shea (20 February 2017). "ABH x Nicole Guerriero Is Coming Soon" (http://www.bustle.com/p/when-does-the-anastasia-beverly-hills-x-nicole-guerriero-glow-kit-come-out-mark-your-calendars-fans-39296) . Bustle . Retrieved 12 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Messina, Victoria (16 February 2018). "Warning: Anastasia Beverly Hills's New Highlighter Is So Effing Shiny, It May Blind You" (http://www.popsugar.com/beauty/Anastasia-Beverly-Hills-AmRezy-Highlighter-44536026) . POPSUGAR Tech . Retrieved 12 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Prinzivalli, Leah (5 August 2019). "Jackie Aina Gave Us All the Details on Her Anastasia Beverly Hills Palette" (https://www.allure.com/story/jackie-aina-anastasia-beverly-hills-eye-shadow-palette-interview) . Allure . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Dall'Asen, Nicola (3 October 2019). "Carli Bybel Gave Us All the Details About Her New Anastasia Beverly Hills Eye Shadow Palette" (https://www.allure.com/story/carli-bybel-anastasia-beverly-hills-eye-shadow-palette-interview) . Allure . Retrieved 2020-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Alyssa Edwards Is Launching An Anastasia Beverly Hills Eyeshadow Palette" (https://www.elle.com/beauty/makeup-skin-care/a27526493/alyssa-edwards-anastasia-beverly-hills-eyeshadow-palette/) . 21 May 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Noble, Audrey (14 January 2020). "AmRezy Just Dropped a New Palette With Anastasia Beverly Hills" (https://www.allure.com/story/amrezy-anastasia-beverly-hills-eye-shadow-palette-interview) . Allure . Retrieved 2020-02-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) S, Conti (3 October 2022). "EXCLUSIVE: Dundas Creates Unisex Makeup With Anastasia Beverly Hills" (https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/exclusive-dundas-creates-gender-neutral-makeup-with-anastasia-beverly-hills-1235366107/) . WWD . Retrieved December 24, 2022 . 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Traditional dress of the Han Chinese people For other uses, see Hanfu (disambiguation) (/wiki/Hanfu_(disambiguation)) . Ming Aoqun (/wiki/Aoqun) stored by the House of Confucius (/wiki/Duke_Yansheng) a section of The Night Revels of Han Xizai (/wiki/The_Night_Revels_of_Han_Xizai) , 10th century CE. Court musicians in Qixiong Ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) ; decorative stone relief, Five dynasties (/wiki/Five_dynasties) . Wanli Emperor (/wiki/Wanli_Emperor) in Mianfu regalia Hanfu ( simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 汉服 ; traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 漢服 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Hànfú , lit. " Han (/wiki/Han_Chinese) clothing"), are the traditional styles of clothing worn by the Han Chinese (/wiki/Han_Chinese) since the 2nd millenium BCE. There are several representative styles of hanfu , such as the ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) (an upper-body garment with a long outer skirt), the aoqun (/wiki/Aoqun) (an upper-body garment with a long underskirt), the beizi (/wiki/Beizi) and the shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) and the shanku (/wiki/Shanku) (an upper-body garment with ku trousers (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) ). [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 24 Traditionally, hanfu consists of a paofu robe (/wiki/Paofu) , or a ru jacket (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) worn as the upper garment with a qun skirt (/wiki/Qun) commonly worn as the lower garment. In addition to clothing, hanfu also includes several forms of accessories, such as headwear (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu_headwear) , footwear (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) , belts (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories#Waist_Ornaments) , jewellery (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories#Jewellery) , yupei (/wiki/Yupei) and handheld fans (/wiki/Hand_fan) . [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) Nowadays, the hanfu is gaining recognition as the traditional clothing of the Han ethnic group, and has experienced a growing fashion revival among young Han Chinese people in China and in the overseas Chinese (/wiki/Overseas_Chinese) diaspora. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) After the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) , hanfu developed into a variety of styles using fabrics that encompassed a number of complex textile production techniques, particularly with rapid advancements in sericulture (/wiki/Sericulture) . [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) Hanfu has influenced the traditional clothing of many neighbouring cultures (/wiki/Chinese_cultural_sphere) , including the Korean Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) , [7] (#cite_note-7) the Japanese kimono (/wiki/Kimono) ( wafuku (/wiki/Wafuku) ), [8] (#cite_note-Benn-8) [9] (#cite_note-Dalby-9) the Ryukyuan ryusou (/wiki/Ryusou) , [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) and the Vietnamese áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) ( Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) ). [12] (#cite_note-《大南實錄・正編・第一紀・世祖實錄》，越南阮朝，國史館-12) [13] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-13) Elements of hanfu design have also influenced Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) , especially through Chinoiserie fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) , due to the popularity of Chinoiserie (/wiki/Chinoiserie) since the 17th century in Europe (/wiki/Europe) and in the United States (/wiki/United_States) . [14] (#cite_note-:132-14) History [ edit ] Han-era silk piece from the Mawangdui (/wiki/Mawangdui) tomb, 2nd century BCE Hanfu comprises all traditional clothing classifications of the Han Chinese with a recorded history of more than three millennia. [15] (#cite_note-Evenson-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Each succeeding dynasty produced their own distinctive dress codes, reflecting the socio-cultural environment of the times. [17] (#cite_note-:45-17) [18] (#cite_note-:76-18) Clothing made of silk was initially used for decorative and ceremonial purposes. The cultivation of silk, however, ushered the development of weaving (/wiki/Weaving) , and by the time of the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) , brocade (/wiki/Brocade) , damask (/wiki/Damask) , satin (/wiki/Satin) , and gauze (/wiki/Gauze) had been developed. [19] (#cite_note-:56-19) Han dynasty tomb wall carving depicting the legendary Yellow Emperor (/wiki/Yellow_Emperor) , who was said to have lived in the 3rd millennium BCE (/wiki/Longshan_culture) . From the beginning of its history, hanfu (especially in elite circles) was inseparable from silk and the art of sericulture (/wiki/Sericulture) , supposedly discovered by the Yellow Emperor (/wiki/Yellow_Emperor) 's consort Leizu (/wiki/Leizu) , who was also revered as the Goddess of sericulture. [20] (#cite_note-:118-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) There is even a saying in the Book of Change (/wiki/Book_of_Change) , which says that: [22] (#cite_note-22) "Huang Di, Yao, and Shun (simply) wore their upper and lower garments [衣裳; yī cháng (/wiki/Ruqun) ] (as patterns to the people), and good order was secured all under heaven". Hanfu had changed and evolved with the fashion of the days since its commonly assumed beginnings in the Shang dynasty (/wiki/Shang_dynasty) . Many of the earlier designs are more gender-neutral and simpler in cut than later examples. Later garments incorporate multiple pieces with men commonly wearing pants and women commonly wearing skirts. Clothing for women usually accentuates the body's natural curves through wrapping of upper garment lapels or binding with sashes at the waist. [ citation needed ] From ancient times, the ru upper garments (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) of hanfu were typically worn wrapped over the front, in a style known as jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) ; the left side covering the right side and extend to the wearer's right waist. Initially, the style was used because of the habit of the right-handed wearer to wrap the right side first. Later, the people of the Central Chinese Plain (/wiki/Zhongyuan) discouraged left-handedness, considering it unnatural, barbarian, uncivilized, and unfortunate. The youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Youren/_right_lapel) collar follows the yin and yang theory (/wiki/Yin_and_yang) , wherein the left lapel represents the yang (which symbolizes life) suppresses the yin (which symbolizes death); therefore, youren is the clothing of the living while if it is worn in the opposite way in a style called zuoren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Zuoren/_left_lapel) , the clothing then becomes burial clothing and is therefore considered a taboo. [18] (#cite_note-:76-18) Zuoren is also used by some minority ethnic groups in China. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) [24] (#cite_note-:80-24) Many factors have contributed to the fashion of ancient China (/wiki/History_of_China) : beliefs, religions, wars, and the emperor's personal liking. [25] (#cite_note-:54-25) Following the Qin dynasty (/wiki/Qin_dynasty) , colours used in the sumptuary laws (/wiki/Sumptuary_law) of the Han Chinese held symbolic meaning, based on the Taoist Five Elements Theory (/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)) and the yin and yang theory; each dynasty favoured certain colours. [26] (#cite_note-26) Some elements of Hanfu have also been influenced by neighbouring cultural clothing, especially by the nomadic peoples to the north, and Central Asian (/wiki/Central_Asia) cultures to the west by way of the Silk Road (/wiki/Silk_Road) . [note 1] (#cite_note-27) [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 44–46 [28] (#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-29) [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312 Shang dynasty, 2nd millenium BCE [ edit ] Hanfu in Shang dynasty A standing dignitary wearing yichang (/wiki/Ruqun) and bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) , 12th century BCE Jade figurine with sartorial details; Fu Hao (/wiki/Fu_Hao) mausoleum, 2nd millennium BC (/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC) In China, a systemic structure of clothing was first developed during the Shang dynasty (/wiki/Shang_dynasty) , where colours, designs, and rules governing use was implemented across the social strata. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) Only primary colours (i.e. red, blue, and yellow) and green were used due to the degree of technology at the time. [30] (#cite_note-:0-31) The rudiments of hanfu was developed in this period; the combination of upper and lower garments, called yichang (/wiki/Ruqun) , was usually worn with a bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) . [31] (#cite_note-:102-32) [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [30] (#cite_note-:0-31) The jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) yi (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) a style of upper garment, started to be worn during this period. [33] (#cite_note-34) In winter, padded jackets were worn. [30] (#cite_note-:0-31) The ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) or jingyi (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) , which were knee-high trousers tied onto the calves but left the thighs exposed, were worn under the chang (/wiki/Qun) . [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) During this period, this clothing style was unisex. [30] (#cite_note-:0-31) Only rich people wore silk; poor people continued to wear loose shirts and ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) made of hemp (/wiki/Hemp) or ramie (/wiki/Ramie) . [30] (#cite_note-:0-31) An example of a Shang dynasty attire can be seen on an anthropomorphic jade figurine excavated from the Tomb of Fu Hao (/wiki/Tomb_of_Fu_Hao) in Anyang (/wiki/Anyang) , which shows a person wearing a long narrow-sleeved yi with a wide band covering around waist, and a skirt underneath. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) [36] (#cite_note-37) [37] (#cite_note-38) This yichang attire appears to have been designed for the aristocratic class. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) Zhou dynasty, 1046 - 256 BCE [ edit ] Eastern Zhou silk painting featuring a man wearing (/wiki/Silk_painting_depicting_a_man_riding_a_dragon) shenyi and a (/wiki/Silk_painting_depicting_a_man_riding_a_dragon) guan with a dragon. (/wiki/Silk_painting_depicting_a_man_riding_a_dragon) Woman wearing a shenyi (side view), from the Silk painting with female figure, dragon and phoenix patterns Following the Shang dynasty, the Western Zhou dynasty (/wiki/Western_Zhou_dynasty) established new system of etiquette and rites on clothing, placing new ceremonial, political and cultural significance on clothing. This tied fashion to the rites and culture of its people, which became the basis for the Li (禮) orthodoxy (/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)) of Confucianism (/wiki/Confucianism) that dominated East Asian culture (/wiki/Sinosphere) for 2000 years. In reference to this, Ruist (/wiki/Ruist) writings such as Kong Yingda (/wiki/Kong_Yingda) 's "True Meaning of Chunqiu (/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals) - Zuo zhuan (/wiki/Zuo_zhuan) " suggest that the term huaxia (/wiki/Huaxia) (華夏) referred to both the ceremonial etiquettes of the central states and the clothing that those states' denizens wore. [38] (#cite_note-39) [39] (#cite_note-40) [40] (#cite_note-41) [41] (#cite_note-42) Principle of this practice was the standardization of a garment style called Shangyi Xiachang (上衣下裳, " upper top (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) , and lower garnment (/wiki/Qun) ", meaning separating the upper and lower garments into two items). [42] (#cite_note-43) [43] (#cite_note-44) Though the fashion gradually evolved and was replaced by styles such as shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , the Shangyi Xiachang still maintained as the basis for formal and ceremonial wear such as the mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) and chaofu (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D) . [44] (#cite_note-45) This created a strict hierarchical society that used clothing as a status meridian, and inevitably, the height of one's rank influenced the ornateness of a costume. Costumes would also be distinguished by their ceremonial usage. This became the antecedent for the complex system of clothing for all succeeding eras and dynasties. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 Importance were hence placed on items such as the guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) and mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) , as recorded in Rites of Zhou (/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou) and Book of Rites (/wiki/Book_of_Rites) . [46] (#cite_note-47) The guan was used to distinguish social ranks; the use of guan was one of the distinctive features of the Hanfu system, and men could only wear it after the Adulthood ceremony known as Guan Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) . [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 Other markers of status included the fabric materials, the shape, size, colour of the clothing, the decorative pattern, the length of a skirt, the wideness of a sleeve, and the degree of ornamentation. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 There were strict regulations on the clothing of the emperor, feudal dukes, senior officials, soldiers, ancestor worshippers, brides, and mourners. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 [47] (#cite_note-:94-48) 4th Century BCE silk gauze; the sericultural (/wiki/Sericulture) industry of the Zhou Dynasty was highly advanced. Western Zhou (c. 9th Century BCE) bronze chariot ornament of a man wearing a juling (矩领, "square collar") robe and an early type of guan . The mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) was the most distinguished type of formal dress, worn for worshipping and memorial ceremonies; it had a complex structure and there were various decorations which bore symbolic meaning; there were six ranked types of mianfu which were worn by emperors, princes and officials according to their titles. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The emperors also wore bianfu (/wiki/Pien_Fu) (only second to mianfu ) when meeting with officials or if they had to work on official business. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) When the emperor were not at court, they wore the xuanduan (/wiki/Xuanduan) . [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 [48] (#cite_note-:81-49) Xuanduan could also worn by princes during sacrificial occasions and by scholars who would go pay respect to their parents in the morning. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The mianfu , bianfu , and xuanduan all consisted of four separate parts: a skirt underneath, a robe in the middle, a bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) on top, and a long cloth belt dadai (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories#Belts,_girdles,_and_sashes) ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 大带 ). [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) Similarly to the Western Zhou dynasty, the dress code of the early Eastern Zhou dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Zhou_dynasty) was governed by strict rules which was used maintain social order and to distinguish social class. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) In addition to these class-oriented developments, the daily hanfu in this period became slightly looser while maintaining the basic form the Shang dynasty [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) in the wearing of yichang (/wiki/Ruqun) . [49] (#cite_note-:95-50) Broad and narrow sleeves both co-existed. The yi was closed with a sash which was tied around the waist; jade decorations were sometimes hung from the sash. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) The length of the skirts and ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) could vary from knee-length to ground-length. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) Common people in the Zhou dynasty, including the minority groups (/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China) in Southwest China, wore hemp (/wiki/Hemp) -based clothing. [19] (#cite_note-:56-19) The Zhou dynasty also formalized women's wearing of ji (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) with a coming-of-age ceremony called Ji Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) , which was performed after a girl was engaged and the wearing of ji showed a girl was already promised to a marriage. [51] (#cite_note-52) Men could also wear ji alone, however more commonly men wore ji with the guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) to fix the headwear. [52] (#cite_note-53) Spring and Autumn period, Warring States period [ edit ] See also: Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) , Shanku (/wiki/Shanku) , and Paofu (/wiki/Paofu) Charioteer figure wearing a short juling paofu (/wiki/Paofu) , Eastern Zhou dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Zhou) . During the Spring and Autumn period (/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period) and the Warring States period (/wiki/Warring_States_period) , numerous schools of thought emerged in China, including Confucianism (/wiki/Confucianism) ; those different schools of thoughts naturally influenced the development of the clothing. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) Moreover, due to the frequent wars occurring during the Warring States period, various etiquette were slowly revoked. [53] (#cite_note-chinastyle.cn-54) Eastern Zhou dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Zhou) dress code started to erode by the middle of Warring States period. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) Later, many regions decided not to follow the system of Zhou dynasty; the clothing during this period were differentiated among the seven major states (i.e. the states of Chu (/wiki/Chu_(state)) , Han (/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)) , Qin (/wiki/Qin_(state)) , Wei (/wiki/Wei_(state)) , Yan (/wiki/Yan_(state)) , Qi (/wiki/Qi_(state)) and Zhao (/wiki/Zhao_(state)) ). [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 [53] (#cite_note-chinastyle.cn-54) Moreover, the year 307 B.C. also marked an important year with the first reform of the military uniform implemented by King Wuling of Zhao (/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao) . This reform, commonly referred to as Hufuqishe (/wiki/Hufu#Hufuqishe) , required all Zhao soldiers to wear the Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) -style uniforms of the Donghu (/wiki/Donghu_people) , Linhu and Loufan people in battle to facilitate fighting capability. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 257 [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) The hedangku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) with a loose rise was then introduced. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) [55] (#cite_note-56) Ruqun A warrior wearing a quju youren shanqun, Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (/wiki/Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng) , Warring States Period, 6th century BC Shamans wearing jiaoling yoren ruqun, Chu culture, Warring States period, 4th-3rd century BC 8th century depiction of Confucius donning what was perceived as typical fashion of pre-imperial China Based on the archaeological artifacts dating from the Eastern Zhou dynasty, ordinary men, peasants and labourers, were wearing a long youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Youren/_right_lapel) yi (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) with narrow-sleeves, with a narrow silk band called sitao ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 丝套 ) being knotted at the waist over the top. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) [49] (#cite_note-:95-50) The youren yi was also worn with ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) (in a style generally referred as shanku (/wiki/Shanku) ) to allow greater ease of movement, but was made of plain cloth instead of silk cloth. [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) The shanku of this period also influenced the Hufu . [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) Aristocratic figures did not wear those kind of clothing however, they were wearing wider-sleeved long paofu (/wiki/Paofu) which was belted at the waist; one example can be seen from the wooden figures from a Xingyang (/wiki/Xingyang) Warring States period tomb. [note 2] (#cite_note-57) [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) [49] (#cite_note-:95-50) The youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Youren/_right_lapel) closures could be found in different shapes, such as jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) and quju youren . [35] (#cite_note-:1-36) Skirts also appear to have been worn during the Warring States period based on archaeological artifacts and sculpted bronze figures, [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) and was worn in the shanqun (/wiki/Ruqun) or ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) . [note 3] (#cite_note-59) [57] (#cite_note-:44-60) An archeological example of a bronze figure wearing shanqun is the bronze armed warrior holding up chime bells from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (/wiki/Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng) . [57] (#cite_note-:44-60) A dark yellow-skirt, dating from the late Warring States period, was also found in the Chu Tomb (M1) at the Mashan site in Jiangling County (/wiki/Jiangling_County) , Hubei province (/wiki/Hubei) . [58] (#cite_note-:83-61) [59] (#cite_note-:85-62) [60] (#cite_note-63) Shenyi Attendant wearing a qujupao shenyi, a typical clothing of its period, Warring States Period Women and men wearing shenyi, Jingmen Tomb of the State of Chu (1030 BC – 223 BC) A bronze oil lamp stand shaped like a man in shenyi, Warring States. During the Warring States period, the shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) was also developed. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 9–14 [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) The qujupao (/wiki/Shenyi#Qujupao) , a type of shenyi which wrapped in a spiral effect and had fuller sleeves, was found to be worn by tomb figurines of the same period. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 24 [62] (#cite_note-65) Unearthed clothing from tombs show that the shenyi was worn by aristocrats in the state of Chu. [63] (#cite_note-66) The increased popularity of the shenyi may have been partially due to the influence of Confucianism. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) The shenyi remained the dominant form of Hanfu from the Zhou dynasty to the Qin dynasty (/wiki/Qin_dynasty) and further to the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) . [64] (#cite_note-67) [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 Qin dynasty [ edit ] A kneeling figurine wearing shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) or jiaolingpao (/wiki/Paofu) , Qin dynasty. Although the Qin dynasty (/wiki/Qin_dynasty) was short-lived, it set up a series of systems that impacted the later generations greatly. Following the unification of the seven states, Emperor Qin Shihuang (/wiki/Qin_Shihuang) ordered his people, regardless of distance and class, to follow a series of regulations in all forms of cultural aspects, including clothing. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) The clothing style in Qin was therefore unitary. [65] (#cite_note-:23-68) The Qin dynasty adopted a coloured-clothing system, which stipulated people who held higher position (officials of the third rank and above) wore green shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) while common people wore normal white shenyi . [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 183 [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The Han Chinese wore the shenyi as a formal dress and was worn together with a guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) and shoes. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 The Qin dynasty also abolished Zhou dynasty's mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) ranking system, replaced with a uniform type of black shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) called junxuan (袀玄) [後漢書 1] (#cite_note-:1-70) and tongtianguan (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) instead of the mianguan for the emperor, [67] (#cite_note-71) [68] (#cite_note-72) with the officials following suit and wearing the same black robes. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 24 [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 183 In court, the officials wore hats, loose robes with carving knives hanging from the waist, holding hu (/wiki/Hu_(ritual_baton)) , and stuck ink brush (/wiki/Ink_brush) between head and ears. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 24 [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 183 There was an increase in the popularity of robes with large sleeves with cuff laces among men. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 24 [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 183 A kneeling Terracotta army archer wearing with a shirt, an armoured jacket, a short skirt with underneath trousers, and a shallow-mouth shoes, Qin dynasty Terracotta army soldiers in colours wearing shangru under their daru with ku trousers, Qin dynasty. In ordinary times, men wore ruku (/wiki/Shanku) whereas the women wore ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) . [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 Merchants (/wiki/Merchant) , regardless of their wealth, were never allowed to wear clothing made of silk (/wiki/Silk) . [69] (#cite_note-73) The commoners and labourers wore jiaolingpao (/wiki/Paofu) with narrow sleeves, trousers (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) , and skirts; they braided their hairs or simply wore skull caps and kerchiefs. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 23–33 [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 183 [58] (#cite_note-:83-61) The making of different kinds of qun (/wiki/Qun) ( 裙 ; 'skirt'; called xie ( 衺 ) in Qin dynasty), shangru ( 上襦 ; 'jacket'), daru ( 大襦 ; 'outwear') and ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) -trousers is recorded in a Qin dynasty's bamboo slip (/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips) called Zhiyi ( 制衣 ; 'Making clothes'). [58] (#cite_note-:83-61) [59] (#cite_note-:85-62) The Terracotta army (/wiki/Terracotta_army) also show the differences between soldiers and officers' clothing wherein the elites wore long gown while all the commoners wore shorter jackets; they also wore headgears which ranged from simple head cloths to formal official caps. [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) Cavalry riders were also depicted wearing long-sleeved, hip-length jackets and padded trousers. [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) Han dynasty [ edit ] Banqueting and dancing figurines in Han style Shenyi , the colouring has mostly decayed; 2nd century BCE Sericulture (/wiki/Sericulture) and silk embroidery reached a new high in the Han Silk with intricate hand drawn motif; Mawangdui (/wiki/Mawangdui) , 2nd century BCE By the time of Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) , the shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) remained popular and developed further into two types: qujupao (/wiki/Shenyi#Qujupao) and zhijupao . [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 9–14 The robes appeared to be similar, regardless of gender, in cut and construction: a wrap closure, held by a belt or a sash, with large sleeves gathered in a narrower cuff; however, the fabric, colours and ornaments of the robes were different between gender. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) However, later during the Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) , very few people wore shenyi . [71] (#cite_note-:4-75) Mawangdui Painted Figurines wearing qujupao shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , Han dynasty A female servant and a male advisor in Chinese shenyi , ceramic figurines from the Western Han period (/wiki/History_of_the_Han_dynasty) (202 BCE – 9 CE) Wooden figurine of a male servant wearing a changguan (长冠) and shenyi . Silk from the Mawangdui (/wiki/Mawangdui) tomb 2nd century BCE. Flower-patterned silk piece; 2nd century BCE, Mawangdui. Eastern Han mural of husband and wife. Fresco of two Men from a Western Han Dynasty Tomb in modern-day Xi'an (/wiki/Xi%27an) , Shaanxi Mural painting of a male figure wearing wuguan (武冠), discovered in a Western Han (/wiki/Western_Han) dynasty (206 B.C. – 8 A.D.) tomb in Jinxiang County (/wiki/Jinxiang_County) A man dressing in the Han dynasty style shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) An Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) carved stone tomb door showing a man wearing trousers underneath a long robe with a jinze hat, stored in Sichuan (/wiki/Sichuan) Provincial Museum in Chengdu (/wiki/Chengdu) An Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) carved stone tomb door showing a man carrying a shield, wearing a long robe with apron and a wuguan (武冠)/ wubian (武弁) on jieze (介帻), stored in Sichuan (/wiki/Sichuan) Provincial Museum in Chengdu (/wiki/Chengdu) . Tracing of stone-relief depicting scholar-officials on Wu Family Shrines (/wiki/Wu_Family_Shrines) . In the beginning of the Han dynasty, there was no restrictions on the clothing worn by common people. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) During the Western Han (/wiki/Western_Han) , the imperial edicts on the use of general clothing were not specific enough to be restrictive to the people, and were not enforced to a great degree. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) The clothing was simply differed accordingly to the seasons: blue or green for spring, red for summer, yellow for autumn and black for winter. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) [47] (#cite_note-:94-48) [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 4 It was the Emperor Ming of Han (/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han) formalized the dress code of Han dynasty in 59 AD, during the Eastern Han, restoring the ceremonial use of mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) system from the prior junxuan of the Qin dynasty. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 [後漢書 2] (#cite_note-:2-76) According to the new dress code, the emperor had to be dressed in a black-coloured upper garment and in an ocher yellow-coloured lower garment. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 The Shangshu (/wiki/Book_of_Documents) – Yiji 《尚书益稷》records the 12 ornaments (/wiki/Twelve_Ornaments) used on the sacrificial garments which were used to differentiate social ranks in the earlier times. [72] (#cite_note-:31-77) [73] (#cite_note-78) In addition, regulations on the ornaments used by emperors, councillors, dukes, princes, ministers and officials were specified. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 255–261 [72] (#cite_note-:31-77) There were distinct styles of clothing based on social ranks, these regulations were accompanied with Confucian rituals. [65] (#cite_note-:23-68) Different kind of headgear, weaving and fabric material, as well as ribbons attached to officials seals, were also used to distinguish the officials. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 [65] (#cite_note-:23-68) The official seal was then placed in a leather pouch, was put on its wearer's waist and the ribbon, which came in different colours, size, and texture to indicate ranking, would hang outside the pouch. [65] (#cite_note-:23-68) Throughout the years, Han dynasty women commonly also wore ruqun of various colours. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) The combination of upper and lower garments in women's wardrobe eventually became the clothing model of the Han ethnicity of the later generations. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 4 During the Qin and Han dynasties, women wore skirts which was composed of four pieces cloth sewn together; a belt was often attached to the skirt, but the use of a separate belt was sometimes used by women. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) : 36 A married couple drinks and dines, Eastern Han tomb. Mural from Dahuting Han Tomb (/wiki/Dahuting) of the late Eastern Han dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty) , in Henan (/wiki/Henan) , China A Chinese ceramic (/wiki/Chinese_ceramics) statue of a woman holding a bronze mirror (/wiki/Bronze_mirror) , Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) period (25-220 AD), Sichuan (/wiki/Sichuan) Museum, Chengdu (/wiki/Chengdu) A female dancer from Eastern Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) A Western Han (/wiki/Western_Han) skirt made of thin silk, composed of four pieces sewn together. Excavated from the Mawangdui Tomb No.1 (/wiki/Mawangdui#Tombs_1_and_2) . Now stored in the Hunan Museum (/wiki/Hunan_Museum) . The male farmers, workers, businessmen and scholars, were all dressed in similar fashion during the Han dynasty; jackets (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) , aprons, and dubikun (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) or leggings were worn by male labourers. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) [71] (#cite_note-:4-75) [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) The jackets worn by men who engaged in physical work is described as being a shorter version of zhijupao and it was worn with trousers. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) The jingyi (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) continued to be worn in the early period of Han dynasty; other forms of trousers in this period were the dakouku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) and dashao (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) ; both were developed from the hedangku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) loose rise introduced by King Wuling. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) Men in the Han dynasty also wore a kerchief or a guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) on their heads. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 The guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) was used as a symbol of higher status and could only be worn by people of distinguished background. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 The emperors wore tongtianguan (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) (通天冠) when meeting with their imperial subjects, yuanyouguan (遠遊冠) were worn by dukes and princes; jinxianguan (進賢冠) was worn by civil officials while military officials wore wuguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) (武冠). [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 16 The kerchief was a piece of clothing that wrapped around the head, and it symbolized the status of adulthood in men. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 One form of kerchief was ze (帻); it was a headband that keep the head warm during cold weather. Over time the ze was attached with a head covering scarf, or jin (巾), and developed into a full cap called jinze (巾帻). [後漢書 3] (#cite_note-:3-79) The jinze was adopted into widespread use and worn commonly by military personnel and commoners. Military jinze was red in color, also called chize (赤帻). Another variant with a roof-shaped top called jieze (介帻) is used by civil servants, usually greenish black in colour until summer seasons. [74] (#cite_note-80) [後漢書 4] (#cite_note-:4-81) Men and women also wore a lined, long robe called paofu (/wiki/Paofu) . [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 12–13 As Buddhism arrived in China during late period of Han dynasty, robes of Buddhist monks started to be produced. [25] (#cite_note-:54-25) [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) The attire worn in the Han dynasty laid the foundation for the clothing development in the succeeding dynasties. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) A male dancer wearing a black jiaolingpao (/wiki/Paofu) over a pair of red trousers, Dahuting tomb, Eastern Han dynasty A reconstruction of the Daoyin tu (an exercise chart showing "Guiding and Pulling Chart"), excavated from the Mawangdui Tomb 3 (sealed in 168BC) in the former kingdom of Changsha A Western Han (/wiki/Western_Han) warrior figure. An Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) male figure wearing a wubian (武弁), Shanghai Museum (/wiki/Shanghai_Museum) Funerary terracotta soldiers wearing wubian . A late Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) Chinese tomb mural showing lively scenes of a banquet, dance and music, acrobatics, and wrestling, from the Dahuting Han Tomb (/wiki/Dahuting) in Henan (/wiki/Henan) , China Military official depicted on Han dynasty stone relief found in Deng county, Henan. Wuguan hat with pheasant-tail decorations denominates martial status. [後漢書 5] (#cite_note-:5-82) [75] (#cite_note-83) Scholars depicted on Han dynasty pictorial brick, discovered in Chengdu. Scholars wore hats called Jinxian Guan (进贤冠) to denominate educational status. [後漢書 6] (#cite_note-:6-84) jieze (介帻), as worn by a ceramic xiao-flute player. Jieze worn by man (left) Ornaments and jewelries, such as rings, earrings, bracelets, necklace, and hairpins (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) , and hair sticks were common worn in China by the time of Han dynasty. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) The original hair sticks ji evolved to zanzi (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) with more decorations. [78] (#cite_note-87) And a new type of women hair ornament invented during Han dynasty was the buyao (/wiki/Buyao) , which was zanzi added with dangling decorations that would sway when the wearer walk and was unique to the Han Chinese women. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 [79] (#cite_note-88) [後漢書 7] (#cite_note-:7-89) Three Kingdoms, Jin dynasty [ edit ] The paofu (/wiki/Paofu) worn in the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) continued to evolve. During this period, 220–589 AD, the robe became loose on the wearer's body so a wide band functioned as belt was in use to organise the fitting, and the sleeves of the robe changed to "wide-open" instead of cinched at the wrist; this style is referred as bao yi bo dai (/wiki/Paofu) , and usually worn with inner shirt and trousers. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) In some instances, the upper part of the robe was loose and open with no inner garment worn; men wearing this style of robe was featured in the painting Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove (/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_the_Bamboo_Grove) . [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 The bao yi bo dai style appears to have been a northern Han Chinese style, and the popularity of the robe was a result of the widespread Taoism (/wiki/Taoism) . [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) In the Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) , in particular, while many clothing of the Han dynasty were maintained, scholars and adherents of Neo-Taoism (/wiki/Neo-Taoism) rejected the traditional court dress and retreated from the rigid Confucian system; this showed up in how they would dress themselves. [80] (#cite_note-:127-90) The style of men's paofu gradually changed into a more simple and casual style, while the style of women's paofu increased in complexity. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) During the Three Kingdoms (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) and Jin period, especially during the Eastern Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) period (317 – 420 AD), aristocratic women sought for a carefree life style after the collapse of the Eastern Han (/wiki/Eastern_Han) dynasty's ethical code; this kind of lifestyle influenced the development of women's clothing, which became more elaborate. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) Typical women attire during this period is the guiyi (/wiki/Swallow-tailed_Hems_and_Flying_Ribbons_clothing) , a wide-sleeved paofu (/wiki/Paofu) adorned with xian (髾; long swirling silk ribbons) and shao (襳; a type of triangular pieces of decorative embroidered-cloth) on the lower hem of the robe that hanged like banners and formed a "layered effect". [81] (#cite_note-91) [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) [82] (#cite_note-92) [83] (#cite_note-93) The robe continued to be worn in the Northern and Southern dynasties (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) by both men and women, as seen in the lacquered screen found in the Northern Wei tomb of Sima Jinlong (ca. 483 A.D) (https://www.comuseum.com/arts/beiwei-lacquer-screen/) ; however, there were some minor alterations to the robe, such as higher waistline and the sleeves are usually left open in a dramatic flare. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) A mural painting showing man and women wearing loose robes, from the Northern Liang (/wiki/Northern_Liang) 's Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5 (/wiki/Dingjiazha_Tomb_No._5) of the Sixteen Kingdoms (/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms) period Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove (/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_the_Bamboo_Grove) wearing bao yi bo dai , from rubbing of Eastern Jin (/wiki/Eastern_Jin) molded tomb bricks Duke Yi of Wey (/wiki/Wey_(state)) (衞懿公) wearing paofu , from Wise and Benevolent Women (列女仁智圖) by Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) 's Gu Kaizhi (/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi) A man wearing paofu. Back view of a man wearing paofu with trousers under his robe A man wearing paofu and a woman wearing guiyi (/wiki/Swallow-tailed_Hems_and_Flying_Ribbons_clothing) ; lacquer painting, Tomb of Sima Jinlong, Northern Wei (/wiki/Northern_Wei) , c.484 AD Court ladies wearing ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) and guiyi (/wiki/Swallow-tailed_Hems_and_Flying_Ribbons_clothing) , from Admonitions of the Instructress to the Palace Ladies (/wiki/Admonitions_Scroll) (女史箴图) by Gu Kaizhi (/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi) , c.380 Dunhuang (/wiki/Mogao_Caves) Fresco of a Woman dressing in guiyi (/wiki/Swallow-tailed_Hems_and_Flying_Ribbons_clothing) King Wu (/wiki/King_Wu_of_Chu) of Chu (/wiki/Chu_(state)) wearing paofu and tongtianguan , from Wise and Benevolent Women (列女仁智圖) by Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) 's Gu Kaizhi (/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi) Golden cicada-patterned dāng (珰), used to decorate official headwears such as longguan / wuguan and tongtianguan . [84] (#cite_note-94) Eastern Jin dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Jin_dynasty) cicada-patterned dāng (珰) plaque ornament, with embedded gemstones. Shoes worn during this period included lü (履; regular shoes for formal occasions), ji (屐; high, wooden clogs for informal wear), and shoes with tips which would curl upward. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) The shoes with tips curled upward would later become a very popular fashion in the Tang dynasty. [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) Leather boots (靴, xue ), quekua (缺胯; an open-collared robe with tight sleeves; it cannot cover the undershirt), hood and cape ensemble were introduced by northern nomads in China. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 Tomb inventories found during this period include: fangyi (方衣; square garment), shan (衫; shirt), qun (/wiki/Qun) , hanshan (汗衫; sweatshirt), ru (襦; lined jacket), ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) (裤), kun (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) (裈), liangdang (两裆; vest), ao (袄; multi-layered lined jacket), xi (褶; a type of jacket), bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) ; while women's clothing style were usually ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) (lined jacket with long skirt) and shanqun (/wiki/Ruqun) (衫裙; shirt with long skirt), men's clothing styles are robes, shanku (/wiki/Shanku) , and xiku (褶裤; jacket with trousers). [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 During this period, the black gauze hats with a flat top and an ear at either side appeared and were popular for both men and women. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) Although they had their own cultural identity, the Cao Wei (/wiki/Cao_Wei) (220–266 AD) and the Western Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) (266–316 AD) dynasties continued the cultural legacy of the Han dynasty. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 Clothing during the Three Kingdoms (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) era and the clothing in Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) (266–420 AD) roughly had the same basic forms as the Han dynasty with special characteristics in their styles; the main clothing worn during those times are: ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) (jacket and skirt), ku , and qiu (裘; a fur coat). [85] (#cite_note-Chinastyle-95) During this period, elites generally wore paofu (/wiki/Paofu) while peasants wore shanku consisting of short jackets and ku. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 23–33 Male commoners wore similar dress as Han dynasty male commoner did; archeological artefacts of this period depict male commoners wearing a full-sleeved, knee-length youren jacket; man's hairstyle is usually a topknot or a flat cap used for head covering. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 Female commoners dressed in similar fashion as their male counterpart but their jacket was sometimes depicted longer; they also wore long skirt or trousers. Attendants (not to be confused with servants) on the other hand are depicted wearing two layers of garment and wore a long skirt reaching the ground with long flowing sleeved jacket. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 The jacket is sometimes closed with a belt or a fastener. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 White colour was the colour worn by commoner people during the Three Kingdoms and Jin period. [85] (#cite_note-Chinastyle-95) Commoner-style clothing from this period can be seen on the Jiayuguan (/wiki/Jiayu_Pass) bricks painting (https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-attractions/weijin-tomb-murals.htm) . [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 Cao Zhi and attendants wearing a liangguan and longguan respectively, depicted on "Nymph of Luo River" by Gu Kaizhi (/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi) of Eastern Jin dynasty (/wiki/Eastern_Jin_dynasty) . Brick painting of a peasant wearing a full-sleeved youren jacket that reached to knees, Three Kingdoms (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) to Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) , found in Jiayuguan (/wiki/Jiayu_Pass) , Gansu (/wiki/Gansu) . Brick painting of a woman wearing ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) and a man wearing long robe, Three Kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) . Brick painting of two women wearing ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) and a female attendant wearing a jacket with skirt, Three Kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) . Brick painting of group of women wearing jacket and skirt, Three Kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) . Figure wearing a shanqun , and two male figures with upper garment and trousers, Cao Wei (/wiki/Cao_Wei) , Three Kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) . A dancer wearing ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) from Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5 (/wiki/Dingjiazha_Tomb_No._5) , Gansu (/wiki/Gansu) Province, China. Fresco of a Young Girl, Western Wei (/wiki/Western_Wei) . Mural painting of men wearing robes, Cao Wei (/wiki/Cao_Wei) , Three Kingdoms period (/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) . The dakouku remained popular. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) Dakouku that were bounded with strings at the knees were also called fuku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) , During the Western Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) , it was popular to use a felt cord to bind dakouku. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) It was worn with a knee-length tight cotton-padded robe as a set of attire called kuzhe (/wiki/Shanku) . [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) The kuzhe was a very popular style of clothing during the Northern and Southern dynasties and was a Hanfu created by assimilating non-Han Chinese cultures. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) New forms of belts with buckles, dubbed as "Jin style", were also designed during the Western Jin. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 The "Jin style" belts were later exported to several foreign ethnicities (including the Murong Xianbei (/wiki/Murong) , the Kingdom of Buyeo (/wiki/Buyeo) , the early Türks (/wiki/Turkic_peoples) and the Eurasian Avars (/wiki/Pannonian_Avars) ); these belts was later imitated by the Murong Xianbei and Buyeo before evolving into the golden parade belts with hanging metal straps of Goguryeo (/wiki/Goguryeo) and Silla (/wiki/Silla) . [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 Sixteen Kingdoms, Northern and Southern dynasties [ edit ] Ruqun, from a Former Qin (/wiki/Former_Qin) tomb Due to the frequent wars in this era, mass migration occurred and resulted in several ethnics living together with communication exchange; as such, this period marked an important time of cultural integration and cultural blending, including the cultural exchange of clothing. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 [86] (#cite_note-96) Han Chinese living in the south favoured the driving dress of the northern minorities, trousers and (/wiki/Shanku) xi (褶; a tight sleeved, close fitting long jacket, length reaching below crotch and above knees), while the rulers from northern minorities favoured the court dress of the Han Chinese. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) Near the areas of the Yellow River (/wiki/Yellow_River) , the popularity of the ethnic minorities' hufu was high, almost equal to the Han Chinese clothing, in the Sixteen Kingdoms (/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms) and the Northern and Southern dynasties (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) period. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) Liangdang ( 两裆 ; 兩襠 ) is a type of undershirt or waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) worn in Northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period; [87] (#cite_note-97) [88] (#cite_note-98) it is not to be confused with a type of doubled-faced cuirass armour (/wiki/Armour) , also named liangdang , which was worn during this period. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 333–334 During the Northern and Southern dynasties, the dressing style followed the style of the Three Kingdoms and Jin dynasty; robes, skirts, trousers, short jackets, sleeveless jackets were worn while fur coats, especially marten coats, were very rare. [89] (#cite_note-:12-99) Young people liked to be dressed in trousers; however, it was not well-perceived for women to wear trousers; women wore skirts. [89] (#cite_note-:12-99) Based on tomb figures dating from the Southern dynasties, it is known that the robes worn during those period continued the long, wide-sleeves, youren opening tradition. [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) The robes continued to be fastened with a girdle and was worn over a straight-neck undergarment. [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) Tomb figures depicted as servants in this period are also shown wearing skirts, aprons, trousers and upper garments with vertical opening or youren opening . [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) Servants wore narrow-sleeved upper garment whereas attendants had wider sleeves which could be knotted above the wrist. [77] (#cite_note-:90-86) The court dress was still xuanyi (玄衣; dark cloth); however, there were regulations in terms of fabric materials used. [89] (#cite_note-:12-99) Portrait of an official wearing shenyi and jinxianguan from Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5 (/wiki/Dingjiazha_Tomb_No._5) . Men wearing kuzhe with xi depicted on a Southern dynasty brick relief, unearthed in Dengxian, Henan, 1958. depicted on a Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) brick relief, unearthed in Dengxian (/wiki/Dengzhou) , Henan (/wiki/Henan) , 1958. Scholars (and maids) wearing xi with robes (and shirt with long skirt) underneath, depicted on a Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) brick relief. A candle stick holder depicting a man in a robe with a youren opening, Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) (420-589 AD). A female figure wearing a shanqun ; the upper garment has a vertical opening, Liang dynasty (/wiki/Liang_dynasty) , Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) . A male figure wearing a youren opening upper garment and trousers, Liang dynasty (/wiki/Liang_dynasty) , Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) . Earthenware Nanjing (/wiki/Nanjing) female figure wearing youren upper garment and a skirt with a straight-necked undergarment; d. Southern dynasty (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) . [90] (#cite_note-100) In the Northern dynasties (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) (386 - 581 AD), ordinary women always wore short jackets and coats. [89] (#cite_note-:12-99) The ethnic Xianbei (/wiki/Xianbei) founded the Northern Wei dynasty in 398 A.D. and continued to wear their traditional, tribal nomadic clothing to denote themselves as members of the ruling elite until c. 494 A.D. when Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei (/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei) decreed a prohibition of Xianbei clothing among many other prohibition on Xianbei culture (e.g. language, Xianbei surnames) as a form of sinicization policies and allowed the intermarriage between Xianbei and Chinese elites. [17] (#cite_note-:45-17) [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) [91] (#cite_note-101) [92] (#cite_note-:34-102) The Wei shu (/wiki/Wei_shu) even claimed that the Xianbei rulers were descendants of Yellow Emperor (/wiki/Yellow_Emperor) , just like the Han Chinese, despite being non-Chinese. [92] (#cite_note-:34-102) The Wei shu also records that Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei promoted Chinese-style long robes and official crowns in the court to display the wearer's rank and his hierarchical position in the court and ritual functions. [93] (#cite_note-103) For example, both male and female patrons appeared in Xianbei-style attire during the 5th century AD, this can be seen particular at the Yungang caves temples (/wiki/Yungang_Grottoes) near Datong (/wiki/Datong) and in the earliest carvings at Longmen (/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes) , whereas in the first third of the 6th century, the patrons tend to appear in Chinese-style clothing in the majority of Northern Wei caves at Longmen; this change in clothing style has been suggested to be the result of sinicization policies regarding the adoption of Chinese-style clothing in the Northern Wei court. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 Earliest images of nomadic Xianbei-style dress (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2012080911) in China tend to be depicted as a knee-length tunic with narrow sleeves, with a front opening, which can typically be collarless, round-collared, and sometimes be V-neck collared; men and women tend to wear that knee-length tunic over trousers for men and long, ground-length skirts for women. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [92] (#cite_note-:34-102) [94] (#cite_note-104) When their tunics had lapelled, the lapel opening was typically zuoren. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 [95] (#cite_note-105) Xianbei people also wore Xianbei-style cloaks and xianbei hat (鮮卑帽; xianbei mao). [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [92] (#cite_note-:34-102) Emperor Xiaowen (/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei) with his entourage, Central Bingyang cave, Longmen, Zhejiang; Northern Wei c.522-523. Procession of the Empress as Donor with Her Court, Chinese, from the Binyang Cave, Longmen, Henan Province, Northern Wei Dynasty, c. 522 AD. Procession of tomb occupant and his wives, mural painting from the tomb of General Cui Fen; Northern Qi. Procession, Gongyi, Henan Province, Northern Wei dynasty. A pottery figure wearing Han Chinese style attire, Northern Wei (471 - 499 AD). The garment has a youren opening. Male xianbei warrior wearing a cloak and xianbei hat, Northern Wei dynasty. Female xianbei warrior wearing a cloak and xianbei hat, Northern Wei dynasty. Example of a female attendant wearing an early Xianbei (/wiki/Xianbei) garb, the opening is zuoren, unearthed in Sima Jinlong tomb, Northern Wei, 484 AD. [96] (#cite_note-106) Despite the sinicization policies attempted by the Northern Wei (/wiki/Northern_Wei) court, the nomadic style clothing continued to exist in China until Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 312–330 [97] (#cite_note-:91-107) For example, narrow and tight sleeves, which was well adapted to nomadic life-style, started to be favoured and was adopted by Han Chinese. [29] (#cite_note-:3-30) : 424 In the Shuiyusi temple of Xiangtangshan Caves (/wiki/Xiangtangshan_Caves) dated back to Northern dynasties, male worshippers are usually dressed in Xianbei style attire while women are dressed in Han Chinese style attire wearing skirts and high-waisted, wrap-style robes with wide sleeves. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) Moreover, after the fall of the Northern Wei, tensions started to rise between the Western Wei (/wiki/Western_Wei) (which was more sinicized) and the Eastern Wei (/wiki/Eastern_Wei) (which was less sinicized and resented the sinicized court of Northern Wei). [97] (#cite_note-:91-107) Due to the shift in politics, Han and non-Han Chinese ethnic tensions arose between the successor states of Northern Wei; [97] (#cite_note-:91-107) and Xianbei-style clothing reappeared; however, their clothing had minor changes. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 At the end of the Northern and Southern dynasties, foreign immigrants started to settle in China; most of those foreign immigrants were traders and buddhists missionaries from Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) . [98] (#cite_note-108) Cultural diversity (/wiki/Cultural_diversity) was also the most striking feature in China in the sixth-century AD. [97] (#cite_note-:91-107) From the mural paintings found in the Tomb of Xu Xianxiu (/wiki/Tomb_of_Xu_Xianxiu) of the Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) , various types of attire are depicted which reflect the internationalism (/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)) and multiculturalism (/wiki/Multiculturalism) of the Northern Qi; many of the attire styles are derived from Central Asia or nomadic designs. [99] (#cite_note-:66-109) The wife of Xu Xianxiu is depicted with a flying-bird bun ; she is wearing a Han Chinese cross-collared, wide-sleeves attire which has the basic clothing design derived from the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) attire with some altered designs, such as a high waistline and wide standing collar. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [99] (#cite_note-:66-109) Xu Xianxiu is depicted wearing a Central Asian-style coat, Xianbei-style tunic, trousers, and boots. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [99] (#cite_note-:66-109) Some of the female servants depicted from the tomb murals of Xu Xianxiu are wearing what appears to be Sogdian dresses, which tend to be associated with dancing girls and low-status entertainers during this period, while the ladies-in-waiting (/wiki/Ladies-in-waiting) of Xu Xianxiu's wife are wearing narrow-sleeved clothing which look more closely related to Xianbei-style or Central Asian-style clothing; yet this Xianbei style of attire is different from the depictions of Xianbei-style attire worn before 500 AD. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [99] (#cite_note-:66-109) The men (i.e. soldiers, grooms and male attendants) in the mural paintings of Xu Xianxiu tomb are depicted wearing high black or brown boots, belts, headgears, and clothing which follows the Xianbei-style, i.e. V-neck, long tunic which is below knee-length, with the left lapel of the front covering the right; narrow-sleeved tunic which is worn on top of round-collared undergarment are also depicted. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [99] (#cite_note-:66-109) High-waisted skirt style, which likely came from Central Asia, was also introduced to Han Chinese during the Northern Wei dynasty. [100] (#cite_note-:37-110) A Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) dynasty mural of a gate guard from the tomb of Lou Rui (婁叡). Riders on Horseback; Tomb of Lou Rui, Northern Qi dynasty (/wiki/Northern_Qi) . The wife of Xu Xianxiu is wearing Han Chinese style clothing which derived from Han prototype with altered details such as high-waist and wide standing collar; Mural from Xu Xianxiu Tomb (/wiki/Tomb_of_Xu_Xianxiu) , Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) , 571 AD. The wife of the Xu Xianxiu in Han Chinese-style clothing, Mural painting from Xu Xianxiu Tomb (/wiki/Tomb_of_Xu_Xianxiu) , Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) , 571 AD. A warrior in Xianbei-style costume, Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) . The opening of the upper garment is zuoren . Northern dynasties attendant wearing pingshangze and liangdang (裲裆) Sogdian figures, wearing Sogdian clothing, Tomb of An Jia, 579 CE. Of note, significant changes occurred to the form of the garments which had been originally introduced by the Xianbei and other Turkic (/wiki/Turkic_peoples) people who had settled in northern China after the fall of the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) ; for example, in the arts and literature which dates from the 5th century, their male clothing appeared to represent the ethnicity of its wearer, but in the 6th century, the attire lost its ethnic significance and did not denote its wearer as Xianbei or non-Chinese. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) Instead, the nomadic dress had turned into a type of male ordinary dress in the Sui (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) and early Tang dynasties (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) regardless of ethnicity. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) [101] (#cite_note-:86-111) On the other hand, the Xianbei women gradually abandoned their ethnic Xianbei clothing and adopted Han Chinese-style and Central Asian-style clothing to the point that by the Sui dynasty, women in China were no longer wearing steppe (/wiki/Steppe) clothing. [101] (#cite_note-:86-111) Sui, Tang, Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms period [ edit ] Main articles: Qixiong ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) and Tanling ruqun (/wiki/Tanling_ruqun) See also: Popular fashion in ancient China (/wiki/Popular_fashion_in_ancient_China) The Sui (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) and the Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) dynasties developed the pinsefu (品色服), which was a colour grading clothing system to differentiate social ranking; this colour grading system for clothing then continued to be developed in the subsequent dynasties. [102] (#cite_note-112) [103] (#cite_note-113) Sui dynasty [ edit ] Following the unification of China under the Sui dynasty (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) , the Sui court abolished the Northern Zhou (/wiki/Northern_Zhou) rituals and adopted the rituals, practices and ideas of the Han (/wiki/Han_dynasty) and Cao Wei dynasties (/wiki/Cao_Wei) , and the clothing code of the Han dynasty was restored. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) [97] (#cite_note-:91-107) The Sui system was also based on the system of Western Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) and Northern Qi (/wiki/Northern_Qi) . [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) The first emperor of Sui, Emperor Gaozu (/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui) , would wear tongtianfu (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) on grand occasions, gunyi (衮衣; dragon robe ) on suburban rites and visits to ancestral temple. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) He also set the colour red as the authoritative colour of the court imperial robes; this included the clothing of emperors and the ceremonial clothing of the princes. [105] (#cite_note-:92-115) Crimson was the colour of martial clothing (i.e. chamber guards, martial guards, generals and duke generals) whereas servants would wear purple clothing, which consisted of hood and loose trousers. [105] (#cite_note-:92-115) During Emperor Gaozu's time, the court official garment was similar to the clothing attire of the commoners, except that it was yellow in colour. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) Court censors during Emperor Gaozu wore the quefeiguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) . [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) Emperor Yangdi (/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui) later reformed the dress code in accordance of the ancient customs and news sets of imperial clothing were made. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) In 605 AD, it was decreed that officials over the fifth-ranks had to dress in crimson or purple, and in 611 AD, any officials who would follow the emperor in expedition together had to wear martial clothing. [105] (#cite_note-:92-115) In 610 AD, the kuzhe (/wiki/Shanku) attire worn by attending officials worn during imperial expeditions was replaced by the rongyi (戎衣) attire. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) Emperor Yangdi also wore several kind of imperial headgears, such as wubian (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) , baishamao (白紗帽; white gauze cap ), and the wushamao (/wiki/Futou) . [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) Civil officials wore jinxianguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) , and the wushamao was popular and was worn from court officials to commoners. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) The quefeiguan was also replaced by the xiezhiguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) , which could also be used to denote the censor's rank based on the material used. [104] (#cite_note-:93-114) During the Sui dynasty, an imperial decree which regulated clothing colour stated that lower class could only wear muted blue or black clothing; upper class on the other hand were allowed to wear brighter colours, such as red and blue. [106] (#cite_note-116) Women wore ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) consisting of short jackets and long skirts. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) The women's skirts were characterized with high waistline which created a silhouette which looked similar to the Empire dresses (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) of Napoleonic France (/wiki/First_French_Empire) ; however, the construction of the assemble differed from the ones worn in Western countries as Han Chinese women assemble consisted of a separate skirt and upper garment which show low décolletage. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 23–33 In this period, ordinary men did not wear skirts anymore. [107] (#cite_note-117) Painted pottery of a female attendant, Sui dynasty (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) (581–618 AD) Painted pottery of a male attendant, Sui dynasty (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) (581–618 AD) Female figurines of musicians, Sui dynasty (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) from Zhang Sheng's Tomb Jinxianguan , from Five Stars and Twenty-Eight Mansions (五星二十八宿真形图) painting by Liang Lingzan. (/wiki/File:Yan_Liben._Thirteen_Emperors._Boston,_Museum_of_the_Fine_Arts.jpg) Thirteen Emperors Scroll (歷代帝王圖), depicting emperors in full regalia spanning several dynasties before and after the Sui Tang dynasty and Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms period [ edit ] Emperor Taizong of Tang (/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang) in Xianbei (/wiki/Xianbei) -influenced Tang fashion. Taizong himself was half Xianbei (/wiki/Xianbei) by blood. Many elements of the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) clothing traditions was inherited from the Sui dynasty. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 During the Tang dynasty, yellow-coloured robes and shirts was reserved for emperors; a tradition which was kept until the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) . [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 Moreover, the subjects of Tang dynasty was forbidden from using ochre (/wiki/Ochre) yellow colour as Emperor Gaozu (/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang) used this colour for his informal clothing. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 [105] (#cite_note-:92-115) The guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) as replaced by futou (/wiki/Futou) . [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) Scholars and officials wore the futou along with the panling lanshan (/wiki/Panling_Lanshan) . [108] (#cite_note-:11-118) Clothing colours and fabric materials continued to play a role in differentiating ranks; for example, officials of the three upper levels and princes had to wear purple robes; official above the fifth level had to wear red robes; officials of the sixth and seventh level had to wear green robes; and official of eighth and ninth levels had to wear cyan robes. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 Dragons-with-three-claws emblems also started to be depicted on the clothing of court officials above third ranks and on the clothing of princes; these dragon robes (/wiki/Dragon_robe) were first documented in 694 AD during the reign of Empress Wu Zetian (/wiki/Wu_Zetian) . [109] (#cite_note-:53-119) : 33 Common people wore white and soldiers wore black. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) (/wiki/File:Zhou_Fang._Court_Ladies_Wearing_Flowered_Headdresses._(46x180)_Liaoning_Provincial_Museum,_Shenyang..jpg) Court Ladies Wearing Flowered Headdresses, 7th Century Common women attire in the Tang dynasty included shan (衫; a long overcoat or long blouse), ru (襦; a short sweater), banbi (/wiki/Banbi) , pibo (/wiki/Pibo) (披帛), and qun (裙; usually wide, loose skirt which was almost ankle-length). The pibo (披帛), also known as pei (帔) in the Tang dynasty, is a long silk scarf; however it is not used to cover neck, sometimes it covers shoulders and other times just hangs from elbow. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [110] (#cite_note-120) [111] (#cite_note-121) [112] (#cite_note-:5-122) Regardless of social status, women in the Tang dynasty tend to be dressed in 3-parts clothing: the upper garment, the skirt, and the pibo (披帛). [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) During the Tang dynasty, there were 4 kind of waistline for women skirts: natural waistline; low waistline; high waistline which reached the bust; and, high waistline above the bust, which could create different kind of women's silhouettes and reflected the ideal images of women of this period. [113] (#cite_note-:35-123) This Tang dynasty-style ensemble would reappear several times even after the Tang dynasty, notably during Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) . [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) One of Tang dynasty's ensemble which consisted of a very short, tight-sleeved jackets and an empire-waisted skirt (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) tied just below the bust-line with ribbons also strongly influenced the Korean Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) . [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) The women's clothing in the early Tang dynasty was quite similar to the clothing in the Sui dynasty; the upper garment was a short-sleeved short jacket with a low-cut; the lower garment was a tight-fitting skirt which was tied generally above the waist, and sometimes even up to the armpits, and a scarf was wrapped around their shoulders. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 23–33 [114] (#cite_note-:16-124) [115] (#cite_note-125) The banbi was commonly worn on top of a plain top and was worn together with high-waisted, striped or one-colour A-line skirt (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) in the seventh century. [112] (#cite_note-:5-122) Red coloured skirts were very popular during the Tang dynasty. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 5 Early Tang embroidery, from Mogao caves (/wiki/Mogao_caves) . Female dancer wearing a tanling ruqun (/wiki/Tanling_ruqun) , early Tang, 7th century AD. A Group of Tang Dynasty Musicians from the Tomb of Li Shou (李壽) (577-630 AD), early Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . A Tang Dynasty Woman with Flower, dressed in ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) . Court ladies of the Tang from Li Xianhui's tomb, Qianling Mausoleum (/wiki/Qianling_Mausoleum) , dated 706. A Young Girl, Fresco from the Tomb of An Yüen-shou (安元壽) (607-683 A.D.), early Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . Wu Zetian depicted on Tang Empress' Travel -painting. (/wiki/File:Court_Ladies_Preparing_Newly_Woven_Silk_(cropped).jpg) 8th Century Court Ladies Preparing Silk In the middle of the Tang dynasty, women who had a plump appearance were favoured; and thus, the clothing became looser, the sleeves became longer and wider, the upper garment became strapless, and a silk unlined upper garment was worn; they wore "breast dresses" (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) . [116] (#cite_note-:14-126) This change in the ideal corporal shape of women body has been attributed to a beloved consort of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang) , called Yang Guifei (/wiki/Yang_Guifei) , although archeological evidence shows that this ideal form of female body had emerged before Yang Guifei's ascension to power in the imperial court. [117] (#cite_note-:9-127) A sancai figurine of a plump lady holding a Dog, Tang dynasty. Sancai glazed female figurine Tang dynasty 618–907. Tang Dynasty, sancai pottery, woman figurine. Anonymous-Astana Graves Courtesan, c. 744 , Tang dynasty. Women wearing qixiong ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) , Painting of "A palace concert" (/wiki/A_Palace_Concert) , Tang dynasty, c.836 - 907. (/wiki/File:Zhou_Fang._Lady_With_Servants_(or_Lady_With_Fan)._(33,7x204,8)_Beijing_Palace_Museum.jpg) Lady With Servants attributed to Zhou Fang, 8th century CE. Another form of popular fashion in women's attire during the Tang dynasty is the wearing of male clothing; it was fashionable for women to dress in male attire in public and in everyday live, especially during the Kaiyuan and Tianbao (742 -756 AD) periods; this fashion started among the members of the nobility and the court maids and gradually spread in the community. [118] (#cite_note-128) [116] (#cite_note-:14-126) Men's attire during the Tang dynasty usually included robes which was worn with trousers, yuanlingpao (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) , belt worn at the waist, futou , and dark leather boots. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) [119] (#cite_note-:6-129) The Tang dynasty inherited all the forms of belts which were worn in the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties (/wiki/Six_Dynasties) and adopted them in the official costumes of the military and civil officials. [76] (#cite_note-:89-85) : 384–417 In some instances, however, Han Chinese-style robe continued to be depicted in arts showing court officials. [54] (#cite_note-:39-55) In the Tang dynasty, the yuanlingpao was worn by both men and women. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) A group of eunuchs, Prince Zhanghuai (/wiki/Prince_Zhanghuai) 's tomb, Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , 706 AD. Figures in a cortege wearing round-collar robe, from a wall mural in the Tang Dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) Chinese tomb of Li Xian, 706 AD. Palace ladies; from Li Xian's tomb, Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , 706 AD. The girl in the middle is wearing a yuanlingpao . Female servant in Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) dressed in a yuanlingpao ; mid 8th century AD. Men wearing round collar gown with boots, belt, trousers; Mural painting from the Tomb of Wang Chuzhi (/wiki/Wang_Chuzhi) , Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms period (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period) . The shoes worn by Han Chinese were lü (履) , xi (shoes with thick soles), women's boots, and ji (屐; wooden clogs) with two spikes were worn when walking outside on muddy roads; in the South, xueji (靴屐; a type of boot-like clog) was developed. [119] (#cite_note-:6-129) Some shoes were commonly curved in the front and was phoenix-shaped. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 5 The Tang dynasty represents a golden age in China's history, where the arts, sciences and economy were thriving. Female dress and personal adornments in particular reflected the new visions of this era, which saw unprecedented trade and interaction with cultures and philosophies alien to Chinese borders. Although it still continues the clothing of its predecessors such as Han and Sui dynasties, fashion during the Tang dynasty was also influenced by its cosmopolitan culture and arts. Where previously Chinese women had been restricted by the old Confucian code to closely wrapped, concealing outfits, female dress in the Tang dynasty gradually became more relaxed, less constricting and even more revealing. [120] (#cite_note-130) The Tang dynasty also saw the ready acceptance and syncretisation with Chinese practice, of elements of foreign culture by the Han Chinese. The foreign influences prevalent during Tang China included cultures from Gandhara (/wiki/Gandhara) , Turkestan (/wiki/Turkestan) , Persia (/wiki/Persian_culture) and Greece (/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization) . The stylistic influences of these cultures were fused into Tang-style clothing without any one particular culture having especial prominence. [70] (#cite_note-:55-74) [121] (#cite_note-131) Woman wearing fanlingpao (/wiki/Fanlingpao) , Tang dynasty. Woman wearing kuapao-style (/wiki/Fanlingpao) hufu, Tang dynasty. An example of foreign influence on Tang women's clothing is the use of garments with a low-cut neckline. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) Women were also allowed to fashion themselves in hufu . [note 4] (#cite_note-132) [122] (#cite_note-:7-133) [123] (#cite_note-:10-134) [112] (#cite_note-:5-122) Popular menswear such as Persian-style round collared robes with tight sleeves and a central band decorated with flowers on the front was also popular among the Tang dynasty's women; [100] (#cite_note-:37-110) this Persian-style round collared robe is different from the local worn yuanlingpao . Long Persian trousers and knickers were also worn by women as a result of the cultural and economic exchanges which took place. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) Stripped trousers were also worn. [113] (#cite_note-:35-123) The Chinese trousers during this period were narrow compared to the dashao (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) and the dakouku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) which were worn in the preceding dynasties. [34] (#cite_note-dx.doi.org-35) In the 7th and 8th centuries, the kuapao (/wiki/Fanlingpao) , which originated from Central Asia (/wiki/Central_Asia) could be worn by men and were also used as main garment for cross-dressing attendants or could be draped across the shoulders like a cloak. [100] (#cite_note-:37-110) : 311 [124] (#cite_note-135) The headwear of the women in Tang dynasty also demonstrates evidence of foreign clothing inclusion in their attire. In Taizong's era, women wore a burqa-like mili (/wiki/Mili_(veil)) which concealed the entire body when horse back riding; the trend changed to the use of weimao (/wiki/Weimao_(hat)) during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang (/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang) and Wu Zetian; and after that, during the early reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang) , women started wearing a veil-less hat called humao (/wiki/Humao) ; women eventually stopped wearing hats when horse riding, and by the 750's, women dressing in men's garments became popular. [122] (#cite_note-:7-133) [119] (#cite_note-:6-129) [125] (#cite_note-:125-136) Noble women of the Tang dynasty wore the veil, and after the Yonghui reign (/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang#Yonghui_era_(650–656)) the veil with hat was worn. [126] (#cite_note-137) [127] (#cite_note-138) [128] (#cite_note-139) After the mid-seventh century, the social expectation that women had to hide their faces in public disappeared. [101] (#cite_note-:86-111) It was also fashionable for noble women to wear Huihuzhuang (/wiki/Fanlingpao#Huihuzuang) after the An Lushan Rebellion (/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion) . [129] (#cite_note-:8-140) [112] (#cite_note-:5-122) [117] (#cite_note-:9-127) [130] (#cite_note-中国传统服饰-141) Another trend which emerged after the An Lushan Rebellion is the sad and depressed-look while looking exquisite which reflected the instability of the political situation in this period. [131] (#cite_note-142) Of note, just like women in the Tang dynasty period incorporated Central Asian-styles in their clothing, Central Asian women were also wearing some Hanfu-style clothing from the Tang dynasty and/or would combine elements of the Han Chinese-style attire and ornament aesthetic in their ethnic attire. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 74 [133] (#cite_note-144) In 840 AD, the Uyghur empire (/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate) collapsed, the Uyghur refugees fled to Xinjiang (/wiki/Xinjiang) and to the Southeast of Tang frontier to seek refuge, and in 843 AD, all the Uighur living in China had to wear Chinese-style clothing. [134] (#cite_note-145) The influence of hufu eventually faded after the High Tang period (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , and women's clothing gradually regain a broad and loose fitting, and more traditional Han style clothing was restored. [123] (#cite_note-:10-134) [114] (#cite_note-:16-124) The sleeve width of women's garments for ordinary women was more than 1.3 meters. [123] (#cite_note-:10-134) The daxiushan (/wiki/Daxiushan) , for example, was made of an almost transparent, thin silk; it featured beauty design and pattern on it and its sleeves were so broad that it was more than 1.3 meters. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) Based on the painting, " Court ladies adorning their hair with flowers " (簪花仕女圖; Zanhua shinü tu ), a painting attributed to the painter Zhou Fang (/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_dynasty)) , women clothing was depicted as a sleeveless gown which was worn under a robe with wide sleeves, with the use of a shawl as an ornament; some of the women painted are fashioned with skirts while others are seen wearing an overskirt above on an underskirt; it is speculated that shawls and cloaks during this period were made from a silk-netted sheer gauze fabric material. [117] (#cite_note-:9-127) [112] (#cite_note-:5-122) Tang dynasty noblewoman A painting of Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) women playing with a dog, by artist Zhou Fang (/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_Dynasty)) , 8th century. Buddhist donors Buddhist donors of late Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . A noble lady from the painting Bodhisattva Who Leads the Way , Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms) . Buddhist donatress Chang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms) . Lady musicians in a raised-relief, Tomb of Wang Chuzhi (d. 923AD) from the Capital Museum in Beijing, dated to the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms Period (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_the_Ten_Kingdoms_Period) (907-960 AD). Mural of Wang Chuzhi (/wiki/Wang_Chuzhi) tomb, Southern Tang. Women of Southern Tang (/wiki/Southern_Tang) holding a baby, 10th century AD. Men and women in the Night Revels of Han Xizai (/wiki/The_Night_Revels_of_Han_Xizai) painting, copy after the original painting of Southern Tang (/wiki/Southern_Tang) painter, Gu Hongzhong (/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong) . Men and women in the Night Revels of Han Xizai (/wiki/The_Night_Revels_of_Han_Xizai) painting, copy after the original painting of Southern Tang (/wiki/Southern_Tang) painter, Gu Hongzhong (/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong) . A Buddhist donor from early Northern Song dynasty (/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty) . Song dynasty [ edit ] See also: Popular fashion in ancient China (/wiki/Popular_fashion_in_ancient_China) Emperor Zhezong (/wiki/Emperor_Zhezong) (1077-1100); in accordance with the Song's governing philosophy (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Song_dynasty) , its emperors (/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Song_dynasty) wore the same clothing as their ministers. The Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) clothing system was established at the beginning of the Northern Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127) . Clothes could be classified into two major types: officials garments (further differentiated between court clothing and daily wear), and the garment for ordinary people. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 Some features of Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) clothing were carried into the Song dynasty, such as court dress. [136] (#cite_note-:18-147) Song dynasty court dress often used red colour, with accessories made of different colours and materials, black leather shoes and hats. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [136] (#cite_note-:18-147) The officials had specific clothing for different occasions: (1) the sacrificial dress, a vermillion colour garment worn when attending ancestral temple or grand ceremonies, which they had to wear with the proper hats, i.e. jinxianguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) , diaochanguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) , and xiezhiguan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) ; (2) the court dress, which was worn when attending court meeting held by the Emperor and sometimes during sacrificial rituals; and (3) the official gown, worn daily by officials who held ranks. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The form of officials' daily dresses had the same design regardless of rank: yuanlingpao (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) with long and loose sleeves; however, the officials were bound to wear different colours according to ranks. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 As the Song dynasty followed the Tang dynasty's clothing system, officials of third ranks and above wore purple gown; fifth ranks officials wore vermillion gown; seventh ranks officials and above wore green gowns; and the ninth rank officials and above wore black gown. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 However, after the Yuanfeng period , changes were imposed on the colour system of the official gowns: officials of the fourth rank and above wore purple gown, the sixth rank and above wore crimson gown; and the ninth rank and above officials wore green gown; this noted the removal of black colour as a colour for the official dress. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 Officials also wore leather belts and kerchiefs as ornaments. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 If senior officials were allowed to wear purple or crimson official garments, they had to wear a silver or gold fish-shaped bag (/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Fish_tally/_yufu/_yudai) as ornament. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The official gown were worn with different styles of futou (/wiki/Futou) and guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) . For example, jinxianguan was worn by general officials; diaochanguan was worn by senior officials; and xiezhiguan was worn by enforcement officials. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 Flowers pinning was a well-liked custom in the Song dynasty; people regardless of their age, gender, and social ranks would pin flowers on themselves; these flowers could be either artificial flowers (i.e. made of silk, rice-paper plant flower, coloured glaze flower, etc.) or natural fresh flowers. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 645–648 Since the early Song dynasty, the Emperor would bestow valuable flowers to his officials. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 645–648 Court eunuchs would pin flowers on the futou of the Princes and the Grand councillors whereas other officials would also ornate their futou with flowers by themselves. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 645–648 This custom was developed and extended up until Southern Song, when regulations on the number of flowers which could be worn based on the official's rank were made. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 645–648 These rules on these flower ornaments on futou could not be broken without permission. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 645–648 The apparels for court gathering in the Song dynasty was tongtianguanfu (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) ; it was worn by the most senior officials who served the emperor directly; it was the most important clothing after the clothing worn by the emperor. [130] (#cite_note-中国传统服饰-141) Male Buddhist Donor, Northern Song dynasty (/wiki/Northern_Song_Dynasty) , 981 AD. Peasents returning from work, Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . Polo players, Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . Song dynasty imperial procession, Northern Song. Song dynasty ritual ceremony, with officials attending in ceremonial chaofu (朝服). The clothes worn by Song dynasty emperors are collectively called tianzi apparel (天子服饰; the emperor's apparel). [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The apparels worn when attending sacrificial and worshipping ceremonies were daqiumian (大裘冕; a type of mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) ), gunmian (衮冕; a type of mianfu), and lüpao (履袍). [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The emperor's daily wears were shanpao (衫袍) and zhaipao (窄袍). The yuyue fu (御阅服) was the formal military uniform worn by the Song dynasty Emperors and only came into existence in the Southern Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279) . [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The crown prince would wear the gunmian (衮冕) when he would accompanied the emperor to sacrificial ceremonies, and he would wear yuanyouguanfu (远游冠服) and zhumingfu (朱明衣) on less formal but important occasions such as nobility conferring and appointment, when paying visits to the founding ancestor's temple and when attending court meetings which are held by the Emperor. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 The Crown prince also wear purple official dress, gold and jade waistband, and wore a folding-up black muslin scarf on his head. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7 Although some of clothing in the Song dynasty have similarities with previous dynasties, some unique characteristics separate it from the rest. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 [136] (#cite_note-:18-147) While most of them following the Tang dynasty style, [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 the revival of Confucianism (/wiki/Confucianism) influenced the women clothing of the Song dynasty; Confucians in the Song dynasty revered antiquity and wanted to revive some old ideas and customs and encouraged women to reject the extravagance of the Tang dynasty fashion. [137] (#cite_note-:19-148) Due to the shift in philosophical thought, the aesthetics of the Song dynasty clothing showed simplicity and became more traditional in style. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) Palace ladies searched for guidance in the Rites of Zhou (/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou) on how to dress accordingly to ceremonial events and carefully chose ornaments which were graded for each occasion based on the classic rituals. [137] (#cite_note-:19-148) While women of the Tang dynasty liked clothing which emphasized on body curves and sometimes revealed décolletage, women in the Song dynasty perceived such styles as obscene and vulgar and preferred slender body figure. [137] (#cite_note-:19-148) Donning clothing which looked simple and humble instead of extravagant was interpreted as expressing sober virtue. [137] (#cite_note-:19-148) The Song dynasty clothing system also specified how women of the imperial court had to dress themselves and this included the Song empresses, the imperial concubines, and the titled gentlewomen; their clothing would also change depending on occasions. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7, 31 Song dynasty empresses wear the huiyi (/wiki/Diyi) ; [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) they often had three to five distinctive jewelry-like marks on their face (two side of the cheek, other two next to the eyebrows and one on the forehead). [138] (#cite_note-:32-149) The everyday clothing of the Empresses and Imperial concubines included: long skirts, loose-sleeves garments, tasselled capes and beizi (/wiki/Beizi) . [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 1–7, 31 Imperial concubines like the colour yellow and red; the pomegranate colour skirt was also popular in the Song dynasty. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 5 Collar edges and sleeve edges of all clothes that have been excavated were decorated with laces or embroidered patterns. Such clothes were decorated with patterns of peony (/wiki/Peony) , camellia (/wiki/Camellia) , plum blossom (/wiki/Plum_blossom) , and lily (/wiki/Lily) , etc. [136] (#cite_note-:18-147) Pleated skirts were introduced and became the characteristic skirts of the upper social class. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 5 Portrait of Song Taizu (/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Song) wearing a white round-collar gown and a zhanchi futou (展翅幞頭; lit. spread wings hat), c.1000 AD. Empress Cao (/wiki/Empress_Cao_(Song_dynasty)) wearing a huiyi (/wiki/Diyi) with two court ladies wearing a round-collar gown with red pleated skirts, Song dynasty. Emperor and empress, Fresco from the Temple of Enlightenment - Life of Buddha, Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . Official paying respects to emperor in tongtianguanfu (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) (通天冠服). A Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) period painting of Emperor Wen of Han (/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han) in casual wear, or bianfu . According to the Song dynasty's regulations, ordinary people were only allowed to wear white clothes; but at some point, the regulations changed and ordinary people, as well as administrative clerks and intellectuals, were able to wear black clothes. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) : 272, 275 However, in reality, the clothing worn by civilians were much more colourful than what was stipulated as many colours were used in the garments and skirts. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) Ordinary people also dressed differently accordingly to their social status and occupations. [50] (#cite_note-:57-51) One of the common clothing styles for woman during the Song dynasty was beizi , which were usually regarded as shirt or jacket and could be matched with ru (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) , which was a necessary clothing for daily life of commoners, a qun (裙; skirt) or ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) (袴; trousers). [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 There are two size of beizi : the short one is crown rump length and the long one extended to the knees. [138] (#cite_note-:32-149) According to the sacrificial and ceremonial apparel system drafted by Zhu Xi (/wiki/Zhu_Xi) , women should wear an overcoat, a long skirt, and the beizi . [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 Women also wore the liangpian qun (两片裙) (http://www.chinasilkmuseum.com/zggd/info_21.aspx?itemid=1840) , a wrap skirt which consist of two pieces of fabric sewn to a separate, single waistband with ties. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) [139] (#cite_note-150) Commoners as seen on Along the River During the Qingming Festival (/wiki/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival) . Commoners engaged in "tea fighting". A "Knickknack Peddler", by Su Hanchen (/wiki/Su_Hanchen) . Scholars (/wiki/Scholar-gentry) wearing zhiduo -robes and rujin (儒巾) headscarf. Various kinds of headscarves became fashionable among the commoners and the educated gentry. In the Song dynasty, the headscarf was also secured with a decorative ring. [140] (#cite_note-151) Song dynasty women wearing beizi ; Northern Song dynasty. Song Dynasty Tomb Painting Found in Tengfeng City 6. A painting, called Sericulture (https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1977.5) , by the painter Liang Kai (/wiki/Liang_Kai) in Southern Song dynasty depicts rural labourers in the process of making silk. [141] (#cite_note-152) Foot binding (/wiki/Foot_binding) also became popular in the Song dynasty at the end of the dynasty. [45] (#cite_note-Zhang_2015-46) [137] (#cite_note-:19-148) Man wearing shanku (/wiki/Shanku) , Weighing and sorting the cocoons, from the painting Sericulture (https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1977.5) , Southern Song dynasty, c.1200 AD. Women wearing ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) . Trousers could be worn under the skirt. Song dynasty painting, 12th century. A working woman who is wearing trousers, Song dynasty painting. Rural women wearing pleated skirts with a shan and ru, Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . Other casual forms of clothing included: the pao (袍; the gown which could be broad or narrow-sleeved), ao (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) (襖; a necessary coat for commoner in their daily lives), duanhe (/wiki/Shanku) (短褐; a short, coarse cloth jacket worn by people of low socioeconomic status), lanshan (/wiki/Panling_Lanshan) , and zhiduo (/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)) . [136] (#cite_note-:18-147) Children Playing in an Autumn Courtyard, 12th century AD, Song Dynasty. Playing Children, Painting from the mid-12th century; Song dynasty. "A Children's Puppet Show", a painting by the Song-dynasty era Chinese artist, Early 12th century AD. Su shi, also known as Su Dongpo, wearing the Confucian shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , Song dynasty. In addition, Neo-Confucian (/wiki/Neo-Confucianism) philosophies also determined the conduct code of the scholars. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 The Neo-Confucians re-constructed the meaning of the shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , restored, and re-invented it as the attire of the scholars. [142] (#cite_note-:68-153) Some Song dynasty scholars, such as Zhu Xi (/wiki/Zhu_Xi) and Shaoyong (/wiki/Shao_Yong) , made their own version of the scholar gown, shenyi , based on The book of Rites (/wiki/Book_of_Rites) , while scholars such as Jin Lüxiang promoted it among his peers. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 15 However, the shenyi used as a scholar gown was not popular in the Song dynasty and was even considered as "strange garment" despite some scholar-officials appreciated it. [142] (#cite_note-:68-153) [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 15 Zaju (/wiki/Zaju) actresses in theatrical clothing playing men, wearing headscarf with ring, Xiku and Waku trousers and leggings, Song dynasty. In the capital of Southern Song, clothing-style from Northern China were popular. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 5 The Song dynasty court repeatedly banned people (i.e. common people, literati, and women) from wearing clothing and ornaments worn by Khitan people (/wiki/Khitan_people) , such as felt hats, and from the wearing of exotic clothing. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 They also banned clothing with colours which was associated to Khitan clothing; such as aeruginous or yellowish-black. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 They also banned people, except for drama actors, from wearing Jurchen (/wiki/Jurchen_people) and Khitan diaodun (釣墩; a type of lower garment where the socks and trousers were connected to each other) due to its foreign ethnic nature. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) Song dynasty women also wore the Song-dynasty gaitou (/wiki/Weimao) , when they would ride animals, such as horses (/wiki/Horse) and donkeys (/wiki/Donkey) , in order to relieve embarrassment and to conceal their bodies. [125] (#cite_note-:125-136) These veils originated from the Tang dynasty women's weimao (/wiki/Weimao) which covered the head and upper body; they were revived in Song after they fell out of fashion in Tang dynasty and were worn despite its masculine and barbarian origin, probably because Song women were unaware of its origins. [125] (#cite_note-:125-136) Many of Song dynasty clothing was later adopted in the Yuan (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) and Ming (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) dynasties. Liao, Western Xia, and Jin dynasties [ edit ] Liao dynasty [ edit ] Main article: Fashion in Liao dynasty (/wiki/Fashion_in_Liao_dynasty) The rulers of the Liao dynasty (/wiki/Liao_dynasty) adopted a clothing system which allowed the coexistence of Han Chinese and Khitan (/wiki/Khitan_people) clothing. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 The Khitan court adopted both the guofu (國服; Khitan National garments) and hanfu, which the Khitan inherited from the Later Jin dynasty (/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)) and were actually clothing from the Tang dynasty. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 15 [144] (#cite_note-:462-155) The guofu of the Liao dynasty was also heavily influenced by the Hanfu system. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 57 The Han Chinese men living in the Liao dynasty were not required to wear the shaved Khitan hairstyle which Khitan men wore to distinguish their ethnicity, unlike the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) which mandated wearing of the Manchu hairstyle for men. [145] (#cite_note-:51-156) In Han Chinese tombs dating from Liao dynasty, there are tombs murals which depicts purely Chinese customs and Chinese clothing. [146] (#cite_note-:48-157) Tombs in haner families, for example the Zhang and Hann families, often depicts men dressed in Khitan clothing in corridors and antechambers while inner culture shows haner culture. [note 5] (#cite_note-158) [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) Some Han Chinese or Haner men adopted and/or combined Hanfu with Khitan clothing and boots, wore Hanfu or wore Khitan clothes. Han women on the other hand did not adopt Khitan dress and continued wearing Hanfu. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) : 48, 52–53 [148] (#cite_note-160) For example, the tomb of Hann Shixun (a man from distinguished haner families) who died in the early 12th century during the late Liao dynasty depict Khitan-style clothing in the antechamber whereas women in Hanfu-style clothing (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2006120182) is seen in the painting found in the inner chamber. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) : 44–45 Another example can be seen in a mural painting found in the tomb of Zhao Wenzao (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2005011759) , where children and servants are depicted wearing Khitan hairstyles and Khitan-style clothing, while the woman who is standing behind the table is depicted in Han Chinese clothing. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) : 46–47 Han Chinese women living in the Southern Division and Haner women were culture bearers, who generally preserved Han Chinese culture and continued to wear Hanfu which was worn prior to the conquest. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) Both Khitan women and Han Chinese women in the Liao wore Han style Tang-Song dress. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) Children and servants wear Khitan-style clothing and hairstyle; the standing women wears Song-style hanfu, Mural painting from the Tomb of Zhang Kuangzheng (M10), Liao dynasty, 1058-1093 AD. Women wearing Song-style clothing, consisting of shanqun (upper garment over skirt) and beizi (/wiki/Beizi) , inner chamber of the Tomb of Zhang Kuangzheng, Liao dynasty. Khitan women wearing Tang-style ruqun; Baoshan tomb No.2 wall-painting of Liao dynasty. Khitan women wearing Tang-style qixiong ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) , Baoshan tomb No.2 wall-painting of Liao dynasty. Jin dynasty [ edit ] Main article: Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Jurchen_Jin_dynasty) The Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)) rulers imitated the Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) and decided to establish their own carriages and apparel system. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 In the early period of the Jin dynasty, the Jin dynasty court first attempted to impose Jurchen hairstyle and clothes on the Han Chinese population in 1126 AD and in 1129 AD. [149] (#cite_note-:50-161) : 281 The Hanfu-style clothing was prohibited and the people had to wear a short scarf and left-lapelled clothing; if they did not obey, they were put to death. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 The Jurchen queue and shaving hairstyle was not enforced on the Han Chinese in the Jin after an initial attempt to do so which was a rebuke to Jurchen values. [145] (#cite_note-:51-156) [150] (#cite_note-162) However, the rules were not observed and the order was taken back under the Emperor Wanyan Liang (/wiki/Wanyan_Liang) who was Pro-Chinese allowing the Han Chinese to wear their Han clothing by lifting the ban in 1150 AD. [149] (#cite_note-:50-161) : 281 After the occupation of the Northern Song (/wiki/Northern_Song_Dynasty) territories by the Jurchens in 1127 AD, the Han Chinese who were living in Northern Song territories became the majority while the Jurchen became an ethnic minority; this led the Jurchens to make political concessions allowing the Han Chinese to practice Han Chinese culture. [151] (#cite_note-:82-163) [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) In 1138 AD, the Jin court adopted the Chinese robes for the emperor and the officials. [151] (#cite_note-:82-163) In 1161-1189 AD, many Jurchens appear to have begun adopting Han Chinese behavior and forgetting their own traditions and languages; therefore, the Emperor Shizong of Jin (/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin) prohibited the Jurchens from dressing like the Han Chinese in 1191 AD as he wanted to revitalize the old Jurchen culture. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) [149] (#cite_note-:50-161) : 281 [151] (#cite_note-:82-163) However, despite his efforts, the influence of the Han Chinese living in the Northern Song territories had a significant influence and by the mid-twelve century, the Jurchens were sinicized (/wiki/Sinicization) so much that they were almost indistinguishable from the Han Chinese in terms of dress, literacy and social customs. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) Based on Han Chinese tombs of the Jin dynasty, it appears that ordinary Jurchen clothing may have been a symbol of lower class status as servants and lower-class women tend to be portrayed as wearing modified Jurchen-style clothing whereas women from the upper class wear Hanfu-style clothing. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) Yet despite the Han Chinese influence on Jurchens, travellers from the Southern Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) who visited the former territories of the Song dynasty noted that there have been changes in the people's culture and that the Han Chinese's clothing style had also been influenced by the Jurchens in terms of adoption of items; they also noted that the only thing which had not changed much was the women's clothing style. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) However, the clothing-style of the Han Chinese women living the Jin dynasty was outdated compared to those living in the Southern Song territories. [147] (#cite_note-:47-159) The yunjian (/wiki/Cloud_collar) was worn in the Jin dynasty and was adopted in the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) as a signature pattern on men's and women's clothing. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 51 Standing official with tablet, China, possibly Handan, Hebei, Jin dynasty, early 1200s AD. Jin Dynasty Tomb of Zou Fu, 1199 AD. Jin Dynasty Tomb of Zou Fu, 1199 AD. Jin Dynasty Tomb of Zou Fu Western Xia [ edit ] Main article: Fashion in Western Xia (/wiki/Fashion_in_Western_Xia) Emperor Jingzong (/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Western_Xia) , the first emperor of Western Xia (/wiki/Western_Xia) , rejected Han Chinese silk clothing over the leather and wool clothing of the nomadic people from the Steppe; he argued that the Tanguts (/wiki/Tangut_people) had traditionally worn leather-based and wool clothing and since the Tanguts men were military, they also had no use for silk materials. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 15 Yet, silk clothing was still worn in Western Xia during his reign. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 15 The Hanfu-style and the Tangut-style clothing were distinguished from each other, but both were used in the Western Xia. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 15 The Hanfu-style clothing was worn by officials whereas the Tangut-style clothing was worn by the military. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 15 Civil officials wore futou (/wiki/Futou) , boots, purple or crimson gown. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 Emperor Jingzong also ordered that every people in Western Xia must be shaved in an attempt to restore old Xianbei (/wiki/Xianbei) customs, and disobedience was death penalty. [135] (#cite_note-:41-146) : 32–59 However, in 1061 AD, Emperor Yizong (/wiki/Emperor_Yizong_of_Western_Xia) , the son of Emperor Jingzong, decided to replace Tangut clothing with Hanfu in his court. [152] (#cite_note-:72-164) In his wish list to the Song dynasty court, Emperor Yizong asked permission to use Han Chinese rites and clothing to greet Song dynasty envoys and seek permission to buy Chinese official clothing; both of these requests were granted. [152] (#cite_note-:72-164) Sitting figures, Western Xia painting, 13th century. Mural depicting men; Western Xia. Yuan dynasty [ edit ] Main article: Fashion in Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Fashion_in_Yuan_dynasty) Textile with dragon design, 13th century. Dragon and phoenix (/wiki/Fenghuang) motifs were strictly reserved for the top members of the Imperial family throughout China's history. During the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) , Mongol dress was the clothing of elite for both genders. [153] (#cite_note-:21-165) The Mongol attire for both men and women worn in the 13th-14th century was completely different from the Hanfu which had been worn in the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) and Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) The Mongol attire was shared by people of different social ranking due to its practicality which contrasted with the dress code of the Han Chinese; as such, Mongol attire was popular. [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) The Mongols (/wiki/Mongols) never imposed Mongol customs on the Han Chinese (/wiki/Han_Chinese) . [17] (#cite_note-:45-17) Many Han Chinese and other ethnicities readily adopted Mongol clothing in Northern China to show their allegiance to the Mongols (/wiki/Mongols) ; however, in Southern China, Mongol clothing was rarely seen as both men and women continued to dress in Song-style garments. [153] (#cite_note-:21-165) [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) In the tomb of a woman from a Southern Song site, dating from the late-Yuan dynasty in Fuzhou (/wiki/Fuzhou) , Fujian (/wiki/Fujian) , the two-pieces system of Southern Song clothing (i.e., ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) ) has been found instead of the Mongol women's one-piece robe. [153] (#cite_note-:21-165) Burial clothing and tomb paintings in the southern territories of the Yuan dynasty also show that women wore the Song-style attire, which looked slimmer when compared to the Mongol court robe. The Song-style clothing is also depicted as consisting of jackets, which were open in the front and had long, narrow and thin sleeves, and sometimes women are depicted as wearing a sleeveless vest-type jackets with front openings. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) For example, in the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) mural paintings from Dongercun from 1269 AD (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2007031007) in Shaanxi (/wiki/Shaanxi) and in the mural painting in tomb M2 at Kangzhuangcun in Tunliu from 1276 AD (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2010050306) , maids and servants are seen wearing Song-style attire. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) Chinese tomb occupants wearing Mongol-style clothing. The female tomb occupant is depicted wearing the woman's red Mongol robe under a short overjacket (/wiki/Banbi) but does not wear the gugu hat (/wiki/Gugu_hat) , Shazishan Tomb Fresco, Yuan Dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) . People in Hanfu Yuan dynasty illustration of people wearing hanfu and playing Cuju (/wiki/Cuju) (from the Shilin Guangji (/wiki/Shilin_Guangji) by Chen Yuanjing (/wiki/Chen_Yuanjing) ) The type of clothing worn in the Yuan dynasty may have also served as a political statement; for example, despite not being the clothing of the ruling elite, the Tang-Song style clothing worn in multiple layers continued to be worn by families who showed that they were resisting the rule of the Mongols. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) A form of skirts worn in the Yuan dynasty is a skirt which consist of two parts sewn to a separate single waistband which may also be pleated. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) A female figure from Vimalakirti (/wiki/Vimalakirti) and the Doctrine of Nonduality , Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) . Fresco in the Hall of King Ming-ying, Hung-t'ung County, Yuan dynasty painting. Three Daoist Figures Playing the Game of Go by Zhushi Yuan Daoist Temple Mural Man Riding a Horse in a round-collared gown, Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) painting by Zhao Mengfu (/wiki/Zhao_Mengfu) , dated 1296 AD. Portrait of Yang Zhuxi, dated 1363, Yuan dynasty. Puppeteers draw a crowd, Yuan Dynasty, 14th century AD. Ming dynasty [ edit ] Ban of hufu, return to hanfu, and cultural integration [ edit ] A gathering of government officials in Changfu in front of the emperor. Ming tomb figurines Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) painting depicting Han Chinese clothing and Mongolian-style clothing, unknown author The Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) had many Mongol clothes and cultural aspects abolished and enforced Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) style Han Chinese clothing. [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) As soon as the Hongwu Emperor (/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor) conquered the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) , he decried the "barbarian customs" of the Yuan dynasty and how people imitated the Mongols for personal gains; and so, he called for the restoration of Han Chinese traditions, which included the proper forms of dress, hairstyles, and attires. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) [157] (#cite_note-169) According to the Veritable Records of Hongwu Emperor (太祖實錄) , a detailed official account of daily activities of Hongwu Emperor written by court historians, he restored the entire clothing system to the standard of the Tang dynasty shortly after the founding of Ming dynasty: "On the Renzi day in the second month of the first year of Hongwu era (Feb 29th, 1368 CE), Hongwu emperor decreed that all fashions of clothing and headwear shall be restored to the standard of Tang, all citizens shall gather their hairs on top of their heads, and officials shall wear the Wu Sha Mao (black-cloth hats), round-collar robes, belts, and black boots." ("洪武元年二月壬子...至是，悉命復衣冠如唐制，士民皆束髮於頂，官則烏紗帽，圓領袍，束帶，黑靴。") The attempt was to signified the Han Chinese cultural identity after defeating the Yuan dynasty. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 44–46 [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The new clothing system that the Hongwu Emperor formulated was based on the dress code of the previous dynasties, which included the dress codes of the Zhou (/wiki/Zhou_dynasty) , Han (/wiki/Han_dynasty) , Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , and Song (/wiki/Song_dynasty) dynasties. [66] (#cite_note-:46-69) : 181–203 He also promulgated several decrees to ban Mongol and nomadic clothing style. [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) However, fashionable Mongol attire, items and hats were still sometimes worn by early Ming royals, such as Hongwu Emperor himself and Zhengde Emperor (/wiki/Zhengde_Emperor) . [28] (#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-29) [158] (#cite_note-170) Thus, many Ming dynasty clothing styles absorbed elements of both Han Chinese and Mongol clothing. [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) The Jinyiwei, also known "Brocade-clad guards", dressed in their uniforms ( jisün (/wiki/Jis%C3%BCn) and feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) ) to guard the Emperor's treasures, Ming dynasty. Tianqi Emperor (/wiki/Tianqi_Emperor) in court dress Lady wearing a bijia (/wiki/Bijia) , which extends down the knees, Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty developed a new attire from Yuan dynasty's terlig : tieli (/wiki/Terlig) ; it is a cross-collared, long sleeved robe with dense and narrow pleats all around the lower hem. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) [160] (#cite_note-:242-172) The tieli was mainly worn by the upper class and rarely worn by the lower class. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) In the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty) , tieli were recorded as ch'obli (帖裡), bestowed as present by the Ming dynasty from the year 1424; however, the terlig-style attires found in both countries differed from each other in terms of form and historical development. [160] (#cite_note-:242-172) The jisün (/wiki/Zhisun_(clothing)) that had been popular in the Yuan dynasty was also worn by the court bodyguards, the xiaowei (校尉; guards of honour), the brocade guards (/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard) , and by court servants. [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) The yesa robe (/wiki/Yesa_robe) , which mixed Han and Mongol elements was worn as an informal attire by emperors, princes, ministers, and officials in early Ming dynasty; it was worn as a formal uniforms during the middle period of the Ming dynasty; it was worn as a casual dress worn by scholar-officials (/wiki/Scholar-officials) during the mid-to-late period of the Ming dynasty; and eventually it was worn by Ming court eunuchs, servants and commoners in the late Ming. [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) The boli hat (/wiki/Damao_(hat)#Yuan_dynasty) worn by the Mongols in the Yuan dynasty influenced the Han Chinese and continued to be used widely in the Ming dynasty in the form of the damao (/wiki/Damao_(hat)) , which was worn by the government clerks and family servants. The use of the damao by the family servants of the Ming officials and the imperial family contributed popularity spread of that hat which eventually become a symbol of low-ranking servants. [154] (#cite_note-:15-166) Other new Ming dynasty attires influenced by the Yuan dynasty include the small hat (小帽; xiaomao ) or liuheyitong mao (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B1%E5%B8%BD) (六合一統帽), the dahu (/wiki/Dahu_(clothing)) . [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Archeological evidence from the tombs of Ming dynasty princes show that the Mongol-style attire continued to exist well until the 16th century. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The Ming dynasty also adopted bijia (/wiki/Bijia) , humao (/wiki/Humao) , and a waistcoat with buttons at the front from Yuan dynasty. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 44–46 [161] (#cite_note-:22-173) : 31 [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Establishing new dress regulations [ edit ] Early Ming dynasty officials of the 1300-1400s, as painted by Xie Huan (/wiki/Xie_Huan) . The founder of the Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor (/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor) , saw the fundamentality of making a new dress code to consolidate his rule; he spent almost all his reigning years developing and institutionalizing dressing regulations, which were recorded in various compilation of texts, such as the Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty (/wiki/Collected_Statutes_of_the_Ming_Dynasty) . [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The dressing regulations were based on the dressing system of the Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) and Song (/wiki/Song_dynasty) dynasties. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Moreover, the Ming dynasty dressing regulations were strongly related to the ritual system; the Confucian codes and ideals that were popularized during the Ming dynasty also had a significant effect on those regulations. [162] (#cite_note-:28-174) The dressing regulations determined what attire and ornaments could be worn depending on one's social ranks. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) [162] (#cite_note-:28-174) For example, the Ming dynasty's basic dressing principles, announced in 1392, included the following: [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) "Officials’ robes should fit their bodies. The length of those worn by civil officials is one inch from the ground. The sleeves should be long enough to reach the elbows when they are folded back from the end of the hands; they should be one foot wide, with cuffs of nine inches wide. The sizes of nobles (gonghou), and imperial sons-in-law's robes are the same as civil officials’. So are the sizes of seniors and primary degree holders’ robe, except for the sleeves, which are three inches from the elbow when folded from the hands. A commoners’ robe is five inches from the ground. So is a military official's; their sleeves should be seven inches over their hands, with cuffs as broad as their fists. Soldiers’ clothes are seven inches from the ground, with sleeves five inches longer than their hands, and seven inches wide. Their cuffs are wide enough only for their fists to stretch out". In the Ming dynasty, the inner garment that people wore were called neidan (内单). [162] (#cite_note-:28-174) The fabric material of the outer garment are determined by one's social status. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The emperors tend to wear yellow satin gown with dragon designs, jade belts, and yishanguan (/wiki/Futou) (翼善冠; philanthropy crown, with wings folded upwards). [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The yishanguan were only worn by emperors and other members of the royal family on formal occasions. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) : 18 Officials wore different wore robes of various colours and patterns; they also wore gauze hats. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) Civil and military officials wore different types of guanfu (/w/index.php?title=Guanfu&action=edit&redlink=1) (官服), depending on occasions and events: chaofu ( 朝服; court dress), the jifu (祭服; sacrificial ceremony dress), the gongfu (公服; public service dress), the changfu (常服; everyday dress), and the yanfu (燕服; casual or leisure clothing). [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The officials' robes are usually patched with embroidered square pattern of animals on the back and the front; the patches are called the Mandarin square (/wiki/Mandarin_square) , and were differentiated between officials' ranks. Minor differences can be observed between the Mandarin squares decreed by the Hongwu Emperor (/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor) and the Jiajing Emperor (/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor) . [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) (/wiki/File:%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E5%8D%81%E5%90%8C%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%BE.jpg) Ten Officials Who Passed The Imperial Examination (/wiki/Imperial_Examination) In The Same Year of 1464 (甲申十同年圖), painted in 1503 during one of their reunions. The presence of yapai (牙牌; lit. 'Tusk Card'; the rectangular ornaments, that hanged from each official's left waist, are ivory plaques that engraved with the wearer's department, position, rank and instructions; Yapai were visitor's badge that granted passage into the Forbidden City (/wiki/Forbidden_City) for officials to have an audience with the emperor) implies that this scene was painted shortly after a court meeting. During the Ming dynasty, both civil and military officials were divided into nine Ranks (品), each Rank was further subdivided into Primary (正) and Secondary (從) so there were technically eighteen Ranks, with First Rank Primary (正一品) being the highest and the Ninth Rank Secondary (從九品) the lowest. Officials of the upper four Ranks (from First Rank Primary to Fourth Rank Secondary) were entitled to wear the red robes; mid-Ranks (Fifth Rank Primary to Seventh Rank Secondary) to wear blue robes and the lower Ranks (Eighth Rank Primary to Ninth Rank Secondary) to wear green robes. In addition, each exact Rank was indicated by a picture of unique animal (either real or legendary) sewn in a Mandarin square (/wiki/Mandarin_square) on both the front and back of the robe, so fellow officials could identify someone's Rank from afar. The Ming dynasty empresses appeared to be wearing similar dress as their Song dynasty counterparts. [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The queens wore crown with decorations of dragons and phoenixes, and wore a red large-sleeves upper garments also decorated with dragon and phoenixes. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The dressing of officials' wives and mothers who were bestowed the title of "appointed lady" ( mingfu (/wiki/Mingfu) ; 命妇) were also strictly regulated. [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The Emperors could bestow special types of robes to people that he favoured, such as the mangfu (/wiki/Mangfu) , the douniufu (/w/index.php?title=Douniufu&action=edit&redlink=1) (斗牛服; "fighting bull" robe; the "fighting bull" is a two-horned dragon-like creature), and the feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) . [72] (#cite_note-:31-77) [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The illegal use and production of those special robes were prohibited by imperial decree and could result to severe punishment or death. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The Jiajing Emperor (/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor) was the last ruler of the Ming dynasty; he made significant changes to the Ming dynasty dressing code in order to consolidate his imperial authority. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The Jiajing Emperor was very focused in reforming the yanfu (燕服; casual or leisure clothing), as he found his own yanfu too vulgar and too common to befit his imperial status. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) At the end of 1528 AD, yanfu's new statutes, adjusted from the ancient xuanduan (/wiki/Xuanduan) , were decreed. The yanbian guanfu (燕弁冠服; "Dress of the Casual Hat"), designed for the emperor, was in colour black bordered with a green trim and featured 143 dragons, with a dragon medallion on the front of the clothing. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The zhongjing guanfu (忠靜冠服 or 忠靖冠服; "Dress of Loyalty and Tranquility"), designed for the ranked officials, was dark green in colour; while cloud patterns were granted to the robe for third-rank and above officials, fourth-rank and below officials had to wear plain robes. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The baohe guanfu (保和冠服; "Dress of Preserving Harmony"), designed for the royal princes), was in colour green and bordered with a green trim, and had two rank badges that showed dragon designs. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) The shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) suddenly made a comeback among Han Chinese and became the formal scholar official robe when the Ming dynasty was founded in 1368 AD. [142] (#cite_note-:68-153) The scholar officials wore chengziyi (/w/index.php?title=Chengziyi&action=edit&redlink=1) (程子衣) as leisure clothing. [162] (#cite_note-:28-174) [163] (#cite_note-:79-175) Hats worn by the scholars and literati were: the sifang pingding jin (四方平定巾; flat-top square hat), the dongpo jin (/w/index.php?title=Dongpo_jin&action=edit&redlink=1) (東坡巾; "Dongpo hat"), and the fangjin (方巾). [163] (#cite_note-:79-175) [108] (#cite_note-:11-118) The daopao (/wiki/Daopao) was worn as a casual dress by all levels of society, including the External officials and eunuchs. [163] (#cite_note-:79-175) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The zhishen (/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)) was also worn by eunuchs sometimes to show their superiority. [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) Commoner men usually wore plain-coloured clothing while commoner women wore upper garments and skirts of light colours. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) Matteo Ricci (/wiki/Matteo_Ricci) in a Ming-style daopao (/wiki/Daopao) A scholar-bureaucrat in casual dress. Portrait of Koxinga (/wiki/Koxinga) in formal dress. Ming-era clerks of various positions Though the Ming dynasty restored Hanfu, the dynasty also brought many changes. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) For example, the formal robes of the early Ming emperors had close-fitting sleeves instead of the Song dynasty's voluminous sleeves. [153] (#cite_note-:21-165) The collar of the Ming dynasty clothing changed from the symmetrical type of the Song dynasty to the circular type. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Moreover, under the influence of the Yuan dynasty's court dress, the xiongbei (胸背; central badges) found on the official cloths became square in shape, different from Song dynasty's round shape. [132] (#cite_note-:30-143) : 51 Compared with the clothing of the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) , the proportion of the upper outer garment to lower skirt in the Ming dynasty was significantly inverted. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Since the upper garment was shorter and the lower garment was longer, the jacket gradually became longer to cover the exposed skirt. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) The Ming dynasty implemented the use of gold and silver interlocking buckles to close clothing and collars. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) [164] (#cite_note-:29-176) In the middle of the Ming dynasty, the interlocking buttons were often paired with the upper garment with standing collar; it was commonly used by women partially because they wanted to cover their bodies to show modesty and preserve their chastity and because of the cold climate period. [164] (#cite_note-:29-176) Skirts with pleats became very popular and the skirt colour tended to be light. [159] (#cite_note-Ming:15-171) Another form of skirt which was worn in the Ming dynasty is a skirt with two pieces which was deeply pleated and was sewn to a separate, single waistband. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) In the late Ming dynasty, Ming dynasty women wore the pifeng (/wiki/Beizi) daily, the ru (short jacket) with a skirt and a short over skirt (yaoqun), the ao (袄; a long jacket) which is worn with a skirt, and the bijia (/wiki/Bijia) . [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 48–51 The shuitiany (/wiki/Shuitianyi) i was also worn in the late Ming dynasty. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 48–51 Han Chinese women also wore dudou (/wiki/Dudou) as an underwear. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Old lady in banbi (/wiki/Banbi) accompanied by maid A female ghost in typical Ming-style Hanfu, adapted from a Buddhist allegory Painting of a Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) woman. Ming noble woman. While clothing regulation were strictly enforced in the early Ming dynasty; it started to weaken in the Mid-Ming dynasty (around the early 16th century) which has been attributed to the failing of ritual practice and the expansion of commercialization which has led to a weakened state control over the clothing system, and thus to an eventual dress code transgression. [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) In the late Ming, the dress code was widely transgressed by sons of officials and eunuchs who clothes which did not denote their real social status. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) Fashion changed quickly relatively to the earlier years during the late Ming which caused distress to the literati. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) The literati were also concerned about the wives of the elites who would parade and show off their clothing and ornaments without having anyone to reproach them. [155] (#cite_note-:25-167) [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) Despite the attempts of Confucians scholars to urge the ban of illegal and/or improper dress, the dressing code was not enforced by the imperial court. [156] (#cite_note-:26-168) When Han Chinese ruled the Vietnamese in the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam (/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam) due to the Ming dynasty's conquest during the Ming–Hồ War (/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93H%E1%BB%93_War) they imposed the Han Chinese style of men wearing long hair on short haired Vietnamese men (/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam#Hairstyle_and_teeth_blackening) . Vietnamese were ordered to stop cutting and instead grow their hair long and switch to Hanfu in only a month by a Ming official. Ming administrators said their mission was to civilized the unorthodox Vietnamese barbarians. [166] (#cite_note-178) The Ming dynasty only wanted the Vietnamese to wear long hair and to stop teeth blackening (/wiki/Ohaguro) so they could have white teeth and long hair like Chinese. [167] (#cite_note-179) A royal edict was issued by Vietnam in 1474 forbidding Vietnamese from adopting foreign languages, hairstyles and clothes like that of the Lao, Champa or the "Northerners" which referred to the Ming. The edict was recorded in the 1479 Complete Chronicle of Dai Viet (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0) of Ngô Sĩ Liên (/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_S%C4%A9_Li%C3%AAn) in the Later Lê dynasty (/wiki/Later_L%C3%AA_dynasty) . [168] (#cite_note-180) The Vietnamese had adopted the Chinese political system and culture during the 1,000 years of Chinese rule so they viewed their surrounding neighbours like Khmer Cambodians as barbarians and themselves as a small version of China (the Middle Kingdom). [169] (#cite_note-181) By the Nguyen dynasty (/wiki/Nguyen_dynasty) the Vietnamese themselves were ordering Cambodian Khmer to adopt Han Chinese culture by ceasing "barbarous" habits like cropping hair and ordering them to grow it long besides making them replace skirts with trousers. [170] (#cite_note-182) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) was influenced by the Hanfu of the Ming dynasty. The Joseon dynasty (/wiki/Joseon) monarchy looked to Ming China for cultural inspiration. The upper classes and the court of Joseon wore Ming-style clothing but also made a few modifications to make the clothing look distinctively Korean; this led to the formation of the women's hanbok style. [171] (#cite_note-:106-183) [172] (#cite_note-184) The lower class of Joseon imitated the clothing of the upper class. [171] (#cite_note-:106-183) Qing dynasty [ edit ] Development of Qing imperial court clothing [ edit ] Main article: Dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) In the Liao (/wiki/Liao_dynasty) , Jin (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)) , Yuan (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) , and Ming (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) dynasties, Jurchen people (/wiki/Jurchens_people) mainly wore Zuojun gowns. The robes and clothes of the Manchus before entering the customs are called "yijie" in Manchu. They are clothes worn by men, women and children throughout the year. Each gown is cut from a whole piece of clothing. The basic structure is a round neck, a large flap, a left gusset, four-sided slits, a waistband and horseshoe sleeves. [173] (#cite_note-Gu_Fanying-185) It was mistakenly thought that the hunting ancestors of the Manchus skin clothes became Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) clothing, due to the contrast between Ming dynasty clothes unshaped cloth's straight length contrasting to the odd-shaped pieces of Qing dynasty longpao (/wiki/Dragon_robe) and chaofu . [174] (#cite_note-:98-186) : 103 Scholars from the west initially wrongly thought these clothing were purely Manchu as the early Manchu rulers wrote several edicts stressing on maintaining their traditions and clothing. [174] (#cite_note-:98-186) : 103 However, there is evidence from excavated tombs which indicates that China had a long tradition of garments that led to the development of the Qing chaofu, and it was not invented or introduced by Manchus in the Qing dynasty or Mongols in the Yuan dynasty. In some cases, the Qing dynasty went further than the Ming dynasty in imitating ancient China to display legitimacy with resurrecting ancient Chinese rituals to claim the Mandate of Heaven (/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven) after studying Chinese classics. Qing sacrificial ritual vessels deliberately resemble ancient Chinese ones even more than Ming vessels. [174] (#cite_note-:98-186) : 106 Tungusic (/wiki/Tungusic_peoples) people on the Amur river (/wiki/Amur_river) like Udeghe (/wiki/Udege_people) , Ulchi (/wiki/Ulchi) and Nanai (/wiki/Nani_people) adopted Chinese influences in their religion and clothing with Chinese dragons on ceremonial robes, scroll and spiral bird and monster mask designs, Chinese New Year (/wiki/Chinese_New_Year) , using silk and cotton, iron cooking pots, and heated house from China during the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) . [175] (#cite_note-187) Moreover, the Manchus (/wiki/Manchu_people) originally did not have their own dragon robes or weave textiles and they had to obtain Ming dragon robes (/wiki/Dragon_robe#China) , Chaofu and cloth when they paid tribute to the Ming or traded with the Ming. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Therefore, Manchu clothes were modified the Hanfu of Ming China to form their court costume, making it easier to use while hunting. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The development of Manchu clothing in the late Ming Dynasty mainly imitated Mongolian clothing, and the arrow sleeves are obviously characteristics of Mongolian clothing. [176] (#cite_note-Liu_Fei-188) The Ming dragon robes were simply modified, cut, and tailored by Manchus at the sleeves and waist to make them narrow around the arms and waist instead of wide and added a new narrow cuff to the sleeves; [177] (#cite_note-:52-189) : 157 they also made slits in the skirt to make it suitable for falconry, horse riding and archery. [177] (#cite_note-:52-189) : 158 The new cuff was made out of fur. The robe's jacket waist had a new strip of scrap cloth put on the waist while the waist was made snug by pleating the top of the skirt on the robe. [177] (#cite_note-:52-189) : 159 The Manchus (/wiki/Manchu_people) added sable fur skirts, cuffs and collars to Ming dragon robes and trimming sable fur all over them before wearing them. [161] (#cite_note-:22-173) : 25 However, some denied that the popular Manchu jackets in the Qing Dynasty originated from the Hanfu in the Ming Dynasty. [178] (#cite_note-190) [179] (#cite_note-191) Han Chinese court costume ( chaofu ) was modified by the Manchu by adding a ceremonial big collar (daling) or shawl collar (pijianling); the clothing was also reduced in bulk, the sleeves made narrower, and the side-fastening changed from cross-collared to a curved overlapping right front. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) [180] (#cite_note-192) The clothing was fastened with loops and buttons. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The Manchu also decorated their early Qing robes with dragons similarly to the Ming chaofu. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Kangxi Emperor (/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor) in casual dress. Qianlong Emperor (/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor) in chaofu (court dress), Qing dynasty Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) Empress Robe, reign of Yongzheng Emperor (/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor) . The Spencer Museum of Art (/wiki/Spencer_Museum_of_Art) has six longpao (/wiki/Dragon_robe) robes that belonged to Han Chinese nobility of the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty) which shows the diversity of the late 18th and 19th century non-imperial dragon robes. [174] (#cite_note-:98-186) : 115 Ranked officials and Han Chinese nobles had two slits in the skirts while Manchu nobles and the Imperial family had 4 slits in skirts. All first, second and third rank officials as well as Han Chinese and Manchu nobles were entitled to wear 9 dragons by the Qing Illustrated Precedents. Qing sumptuary laws only allowed four clawed dragons for officials, Han Chinese nobles and Manchu nobles while the Qing Imperial family, emperor and princes up to the second degree and their female family members were entitled to wear five clawed dragons. However officials violated these laws all the time and wore 5 clawed dragons and the Spencer Museum's 6 long pao worn by Han Chinese nobles have 5 clawed dragons on them. [174] (#cite_note-:98-186) : 117 Lady in a red robe, with a xiapei (/wiki/Xiapei) on top of her robe, and a coronet (/wiki/Fengguan) , Qing dynasty. Wives of Han Chinese noblemen and high-ranking officials had to wear semi-official formal dresses on ceremonial events; their clothing consisted of a mang ao (a four-clawed dragon loose fitting jacket with wide sleeves), a xiapei (/wiki/Xiapei) , a mang chu (a dragon skirt which was embroidered with dragons and phoenixes on the front and back skirt panels), a jiao dai (a rigid hooped belt which was worn around the jacket) and a phoenix coronet. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The women mang ao was red in colour if the wearer was a man's principle wife; it was originally undecorated but started to be decorated with dragon by the 18th century. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The xiapei was developed from the xiapei worn in Ming dynasty; the xiapei in Qing was first worn when the wedding day of a woman; after the wedding, she would wear it for special important events which were connected with her husband's status. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Clothing reform by Qianlong [ edit ] The Qing dynasty court continued to reform and regulate the clothing of its subjects, but discussion on ethnic clothing was a sensitive topic even after the Qing dynasty had consolidated its rule. [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) By 1759 AD, the Qianlong Emperor (/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor) commissioned the Illustrated Precedents for the Ritual Paraphernalia of the Imperial Court ( Huangchao Liqi Tushi ) which was published and enforced by 1766; this publication covered several aspects including the dressing and accessories of the emperors, princes, noblemen and their consorts, Manchu officials, their wives and daughters, and the dress codes for Han Chinese men officials who had reached the rank of mandarin and were employed and their wives; as well as Han Chinese men who were waiting for an official appointment. [109] (#cite_note-:53-119) : 2–3 [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The aim of this edict was made to preserve the Manchu identity once again, but at the same time, it also attempted to align the image of the emperor with Confucian ideas and codes of behaviours and manners. [181] (#cite_note-193) The dress code designed in the Huangchao Liqi Tushi continued to be used as the standard for the court attire until the end of the Qing dynasty. [109] (#cite_note-:53-119) : 2–3 The Manchu continued to use the five colours symbolism in their clothing which was in line with the previous Han Chinese dynasties; however, they chose the colour blue as their dynasty colour and generally avoided the use of red colour in their clothing because red was the dynasty colour of Ming dynasty. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) On the other hand, Han Chinese continued to view red as a lucky colour because of its connection with rulers of Ming dynasty, and used it extensively in celebratory events and at weddings. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Ban of Chinese clothing and hairstyle [ edit ] See also: Tifayifu (/wiki/Tifayifu) and Qizhuang (/wiki/Qizhuang) Coexistence of Hanfu and Manchu clothing (/wiki/Qizhuang) , Qing dynasty Hanfu, early Qing dynasty When the Manchus established the Qing dynasty, the authorities issued decrees having Han Chinese men to adopt Manchu hairstyle by shaving their hair on the front of the head and braiding the hair on the back of the head into pigtails. The resistances against the hair shaving policy were suppressed. [182] (#cite_note-194) Han Chinese did not object to wearing the queue braid on the back of the head as they traditionally wore all their hair long, but fiercely objected to shaving the forehead so the Qing government exclusively focused on forcing people to shave the forehead rather than wear the braid. Han rebels in the first half of the Qing who objected to Qing hairstyle wore the braid but defied orders to shave the front of the head. One person was executed for refusing to shave the front but he had willingly braided the back of his hair. [183] (#cite_note-:42-195) Hanfu worn by men and women, from A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring painting, Qing dynasty, before 1772 The Qing imposed the shaved head hairstyle on men of all ethnicities under its rule even before 1644 like upon the Nanai people (/wiki/Nanai_people) in the 1630s who had to shave their foreheads. [184] (#cite_note-196) [185] (#cite_note-197) In 1645, tifayifu (/wiki/Tifayifu) edict was issued; [186] (#cite_note-198) however it was strongly opposed by the Han Chinese, in particular those who belonged to the late Ming dynasty scholars class and literati. [187] (#cite_note-:78-199) Qing Manchu prince Dorgon initially canceled the order for all men in Ming territories south of the Great wall (post 1644 additions to the Qing) to shave. It was a Han official from Shandong, Sun Zhixie and Li Ruolin who voluntarily shaved their foreheads and demanded Qing Prince Dorgon impose the queue hairstyle on the entire population which led to the queue order. [188] (#cite_note-200) [189] (#cite_note-201) Even after a decade following tifayifu policy implementation, Han Chinese still resisted against the order of shaving the hair and changing into Manchu clothing (/wiki/Qizhuang) frequently. [187] (#cite_note-:78-199) Even during emperor Kangxi (/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor) 's reign, a large number of ordinary people continued to wear Ming dynasty hairstyles and clothing; however, the Han Chinese officials and military generals had to wear the queue and Manchu clothing. [187] (#cite_note-:78-199) The men of certain ethnicities who came under Qing rule later like Salar people (/wiki/Salar_people) and Uyghur people (/wiki/Uyghur_people) already shaved all their heads bald so the shaving order was redundant. [190] (#cite_note-202) However, the shaving policy was not enforced in the Tusi (/wiki/Tusi) autonomous chiefdoms in Southwestern China where many minorities lived. There was one Han Chinese Tusi, the Chiefdom of Kokang (/wiki/Chiefdom_of_Kokang) populated by Han Kokang people (/wiki/Kokang_people) . Han Chinese general Zhang Zhiyuan wearing Manchu-style military outfit. [177] (#cite_note-:52-189) : 149 During the Qianlong reign (/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor) , Liu Zhenyu was executed for urging the return of presumably Ming dynasty clothing. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) However, during this period, Manchu style clothing was only required for scholar-official elite, such as the Eight Banners (/wiki/Eight_Banners) members and Han men serving as government officials, but not the entire male population; therefore, Han Chinese men were allowed to continue to dress in Ming dynasty clothing. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) But as time passed, Han civilian men eventually voluntarily adopted Manchu clothing like changshan (/wiki/Changshan) and the magua (/wiki/Magua_(clothing)) . [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [192] (#cite_note-Twitchett,_Denis_2008_p87-88-204) In the beginning of the Mid-Qing period, the discourses and resistance against the Manchu clothing regulations gradually disappeared. [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) By the late Qing dynasty, not only officials and scholars, but a great many commoners as well, started to wear Manchu attire. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [192] (#cite_note-Twitchett,_Denis_2008_p87-88-204) In the Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) , the Tokugawa Shogunate (/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate) of Japan passed orders for Japanese men to shave the pate on the front of their head (the chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) hairstyle) and shave their beards, facial hair and side whiskers. [193] (#cite_note-:24-205) : 217 This was similar to the Qing dynasty queue order imposed by Dorgon making men shave the pates on the front of their heads. [193] (#cite_note-:24-205) : 214 During the late Qing dynasty, the Vietnamese envoy to Qing were still wearing the official attire in Ming dynasty style. Some of the locals recognized their clothing, yet the envoy received both amusement and ridicule from those who did not. [194] (#cite_note-206) Tifayifu exemptions [ edit ] The implementation of tifayifu policy, the early Qing dynasty court also prohibited Han Chinese from wearing some specific Manchu items and prohibited banner-women from dressing as Han Chinese women in order to maintain ethnic distinction. [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) The early Qing dynasty policies also mainly applied to Han Chinese men. [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) Those who were exempted from such policies were women, children, Buddhist (/wiki/Buddhist_monks) and Taoist (/wiki/Daoshi) monks, and Qing dynasty rebels; moreover, men in their living had to wear Manchu-clothing, but they could be buried in Hanfu after their death. [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [196] (#cite_note-Doolittle1876-208) Rebellion and resistance to Qing [ edit ] Han Chinese rebels who went against the Qing dynasty, like the Taiping rebels (/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion) , even retained their queue braids on the back but the symbol of their rebellion against the Qing was the growing of hair on the front of the head, causing the Qing government to view shaving the front of the head as the primary sign of loyalty to the Qing rather than wearing the braid on the back which did not violate Han customs and which traditional Han did not object to. [196] (#cite_note-Doolittle1876-208) [197] (#cite_note-209) Koxinga (/wiki/Koxinga) insulted and criticized the Qing hairstyle by referring to the shaven pate looking like a fly. [198] (#cite_note-:38-210) : 77 Koxinga and his men objected to shaving when the Qing demanded they shave in exchange for recognizing Koxinga as a feudatory. [198] (#cite_note-:38-210) : 86 The Qing demanded that Zheng Jing (/wiki/Zheng_Jing) and his men on Taiwan shave in order to receive recognition as a fiefdom. His men and Ming prince Zhu Shugui (/wiki/Zhu_Shugui) fiercely objected to shaving. [198] (#cite_note-:38-210) : 187 His men and the last Ming dynasty prince, Zhu Shugui (1617 – 1683 AD), fiercely objected to the shaving decree. [198] (#cite_note-:38-210) : 187 Dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) , Taiping Kingdom In the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom) , the clothing system was based on the clothing of Qing dynasty, but they change the clothing by establishing their own clothing system. [199] (#cite_note-:123-211) The kings and princes of the Heavenly Kingdom were the only people allowed to wear yellow dragon robe (/wiki/Dragon_robe) . [199] (#cite_note-:123-211) As a result, Ming dynasty style clothing was even retained in some places in China during the Xinhai Revolution (/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution) in 1911 AD. [200] (#cite_note-212) During the Taiping rebellion (1850-1864 AD) (/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion) , the rebels let their hair grow while others kept their queues hidden under red turbans. [201] (#cite_note-:59-213) In the late Qing dynasty, some members of the White Lotus sect (/wiki/White_Lotus) cut down their queues in an act of defiance while most of them only remove a hair strand or unbraided their hair and let it loose. [201] (#cite_note-:59-213) After the Qing dynasty was toppled in the 1911 Xinhai revolution, the Taoist dress and topknot was adopted by the ordinary gentry and "Society for Restoring Ancient Ways" (Fuguhui) on the Sichuan (/wiki/Sichuan) and Hubei (/wiki/Hubei) border where the White Lotus and Gelaohui (/wiki/Gelaohui) operated. [202] (#cite_note-214) It was only later westernized revolutionaries, influenced by western hairstyle who began to view the braid as backward and advocated adopting short haired western hairstyles. [183] (#cite_note-:42-195) Taoist and buddhist priests/monks [ edit ] Main articles: Taoist clothing (/wiki/Taoist_clothing) , Daopao (/wiki/Daopao) , and Zhiduo (/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)) Portrait of a lama or a bonze, drawing by William Alexander, draughtsman of the Macartney Embassy to China in 1793. Wang Chanyue (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Changyue) (?－1680 AD), seventh patriarch of the Longmen branch of the taoist school Quanzhen Dao, Qing dynasty. Neither Taoist priests nor Buddhist monks were required to wear the queue by the Qing; they continued to wear their traditional hairstyles, completely shaved heads for Buddhist monks, and long hair in the traditional Chinese topknot for Taoist priests. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [203] (#cite_note-Gulik2010-215) [204] (#cite_note-216) [183] (#cite_note-:42-195) Taoist priests also continued to wear Taoist traditional dress and did not adopt Qing Manchu dress. Remains of the Ming dynasty subjects also invented various ways to preserve their hairstyle and their Han-style clothing (for example, in remote places). [143] (#cite_note-:40-154) To avoid wearing the queue and shaving the forehead, the Ming loyalist Fu Shan became a Daoist priest after the Qing took over Taiyuan (/wiki/Taiyuan) . [205] (#cite_note-217) Burial practices [ edit ] After death, their hair could also be combed into a topknot similar to the ones worn by the Han Chinese in Ming; a practice which was observed by the Europeans (/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe) ; [201] (#cite_note-:59-213) men who were wealthy but held no official rank were allowed to be buried in a deep-blue silk shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) which was edged with bright blue or white band. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Men who were in mourning were also exempted; [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) however, since the mourners were not allowed to wear topknot in accordance to the Confucian rites, the men simply untied their queues and left their loose hair dishevelled. [201] (#cite_note-:59-213) Women from wealthy families could also be buried in a variation of shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) called the bai shou yi (lit. "longevity jacket"), a deep blue or black ao with the character shou for longevity embroidered in gold all over the ao. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The bai shou yi was worn with a white pleated skirt which was edged with blue satin; the skirt was embroidered with the many blue shou character. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Chinese opera and drama performers [ edit ] Main article: Xifu (Costume) (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) The ban of Hanfu also did not apply to performers who wore and displayed Hanfu-style costumes when performing dramas. [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) Women's clothing [ edit ] For women's clothing, Manchu and Han fashions of clothing coexisted. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 7 The Han Chinese women carefully maintained their pure Han Chinese ethnicity and did not wear Manchu clothing. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Throughout the Qing dynasty, Han women continued to wear clothing from Ming dynasty; however, with time, the Ming dynasty customs started to be forgotten and influence from the Manchu started to influence the women's clothing. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) [206] (#cite_note-218) Yet, Manchu women and Han Chinese women never emulated each other's clothing; and as a result, by the end of the nineteenth century, Manchu and Han Chinese women had maintained distinctive clothing. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, Han Chinese women were expected to continue the Han Chinese clothing of the Ming dynasty. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Manchu women wore a long, one-piece robe with a curving robe whereas Han Chinese women continued to wear the combination upper and lower garment. [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 7 [207] (#cite_note-219) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 31 As Han Chinese women were not forced to change in to Manchu clothing, most of the clothing elements of the Han Chinese women in the Qing dynasty continued to follow the style of the Ming dynasty's ao coat (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) . [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) Following the Ming dynasty customs, Han Chinese women would wear ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) and aoqun (/wiki/Ruqun) , [191] (#cite_note-:49-203) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 31 which was a popular fashion in the Qing dynasty. [209] (#cite_note-221) Trousers were sometimes worn under the skirts if they were commoners or unmarried. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 31 Han Chinese women, who were unmarried or were peasants, would wear shanku (/wiki/Shanku) without any overskirt. [2] (#cite_note-:2-2) : 31 Wearing skirts were generally considered a symbol of maturity and was reserved for married women. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In the middle of the Qing dynasty, Manchu and Han Chinese women started to influence each other's clothing; however, they still maintain the uniqueness of their respective clothing styles. [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 7 The late Qing dynasty, Han Chinese women in the gentry and aristocratic classes started to imitate the clothing of the Manchu; similarly, the Manchu women started to imitate the clothing of the Han Chinese women; and thus, they influenced each other. [187] (#cite_note-:78-199) [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) : 7 In the late Qing dynasty, Han Chinese's ao continued to share some similarities with the ao worn in the Ming dynasty. [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) However, the clothing worn by the Han Chinese women was also influenced by Manchu culture to some degree; for example, in terms of clothing colour, embroidery and binding. [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) The late Qing dynasty ao had large sleeves, a slant opening (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Pipa-shaped_collars) and was waist-length. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) Elderly Chinese women wore an ao with round standing collar, which had a planket by the right, flat sleeves, sleeves which were wrist-length and had a wide cuff. [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) The collar of the Han Chinese ao may be standing collar or low collar stand, and there were slits on both sides of the ao . [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) The waist-length ao could also have narrow sleeves and a front opening. [208] (#cite_note-:61-220) Women clothing in the late Qing dynasty also had piped edges. [32] (#cite_note-:17-33) The silk skirts which are indigenous to Han Chinese women are a representative garment of the Qing dynasty clothing. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) A popular form of skirts during the Qing dynasty was the mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) , a skirt made of two separate pieces of fabric which are not sewn together from the waistline to the hemline; this skirt allowed women with bounded feet (/wiki/Foot_binding) to walk with greater ease. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) [210] (#cite_note-:64-222) The mamianqun had very subtle changes in both the cut and decorations throughout the Qing dynasty. [56] (#cite_note-:63-58) Other Han Chinese women skirts which were popular in the Qing dynasty were the baijianqun (百襇裙; hundred pleated skirt), the yuehuaqun (月華裙; moonlight skirt) (http://www.chinasilkmuseum.com/zggd/info_103.aspx?itemid=25856) which was popular in the early Qing, the phoenix tail skirt (http://www.chinasilkmuseum.com/zggd/info_103.aspx?itemid=25854) which was popular during the reign of Kangxi (/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor) and Qianlong (/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor) , [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 80–83 and the ‘fish-scale’ skirt (http://www.chinasilkmuseum.com/zggd/info_103.aspx?itemid=25862) . [210] (#cite_note-:64-222) At the end of the Qing dynasty, a skirt decorated with sword-shaped ribbons with bells (/wiki/Bell) hanging at the sharp corner appear. [61] (#cite_note-:36-64) : 80–83 Han Chinese women also wore dudou (/wiki/Dudou) , which was developed from the Ming dynasty dudou. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Outside China in 1911, the magazine Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) recommended shopping for a set of attire called "boudoir set" which consisted of the Qing dynasty aoqun with wide hems and wide sleeves, and shoes. [211] (#cite_note-:103-223) However, by the Xinhai revolution (/wiki/1911_Revolution) in 1911, the wide hemmed and wide sleeved Qing dynasty aoqun was no more popular among urban Han Chinese women in China; instead they started to make their clothing narrower. [211] (#cite_note-:103-223) Ready-to-wear Western clothing had little popularity among Chinese consumers as due to proportion misfit of Western clothing. [211] (#cite_note-:103-223) On the left, a Han Chinese (/wiki/Han_Chinese) woman wearing Han Chinese clothing composed of an ao and a skirt; on the right, a Manchu (/wiki/Manchu) woman wearing a one-piece long robe, which is the precursor of the qipao (/wiki/Qipao) . Qing dynasty aoqun worn in theatre for female role, 18th century. A woman dressed in an ao and a trousers, she is playing a small drum, from 1800. A woman wearing an ao with a long skirt, Playing a zheng, from 1800. A woman wearing an ao and trousers under an overskirt, she is playing a wind instrument with a curved bell, from 1800. Han Chinese embroidered silk lady's jacket and pleated skirt, c. 1900. The clothing of Han women during the 19th century. The top ao from Ming dynasty was changed into a variation of the Manchu qizhuang, while skirt, which inherited the Ming style, was also influenced by Qing-style patterns. Qing Dynasty pleated skirt; late 19th century Woman's two panels skirt, Qing dynasty (1644-1912), Late 19th Century-Early 20th Century. Children [ edit ] Infants would wear dudou (/wiki/Dudou) , which was embroidered with luck charms, as their only clothing in hot summer months until they reach the age of two to three years old. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Han Chinese children were spared from the tifayifu policy and could be dressed in Hanfu; [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) their clothing was fastened to the right side in the Ming dynasty-style. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Their daily clothing was made of silk, and they would wear satin and silk clothing for special occasions; the colours of the clothing were brights and the clothing were typically red and pink as these were auspicious colours. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) They also wore a baijiayi (/wiki/Baijiayi) in the Qing dynasty to wish a child good fortune and as an evil protection. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) They also wore different style of hats, such as the "rice bowl hat", the "tiger head hat", the "dog head hat", which aim to protect against evil spirit and later on to attract good fortunes when they have to take important examinations. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) [6] (#cite_note-:27-6) 20th century [ edit ] In 1912, the republic was established and government ministers were required to western-style clothing. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Official attire for both men and women were regulated and published in the government gazettes; the men had to wear western-style clothing on formal days and evening, and in informal time, they could Western suit or changshan (/wiki/Changshan) magua (/wiki/Magua_(clothing)) . Women had to wear Qing style aoqun (/wiki/Ruqun) [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Women started to wear more western-style clothing, Foot binding (/wiki/Foot_binding) was legally abolished. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In 1914 AD during the early years of the republic, cutting off the queue was a pre-requisite for provincial election votes, and in the 1914, policemen cut off the queue of any anyone arrested wearing queues. [201] (#cite_note-:59-213) After the fall of the Qing dynasty, Yuan Shikai (/wiki/Yuan_Shikai) revived the Sacrifice at the Temple of Heaven ceremony; he also proclaimed himself as Emperor Hongxian and the beginning of a new dynasty; the robe and hat which specially designed for him to wear on the day of this ceremony was based on the ceremonial dress worn by the Han and Ming dynasty emperors on sacrificial ceremonies. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) However, Yuan Shikai did not adhere to the Han dynasty and Ming dynasty fashion completely and these gowns showed differences in design, i.e. the use of roundels. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) A manual, called the Jisi guanfutu (祭祀冠服圖; The Illustrated Manual of Dress for Ritual Sacrifices ), was specially prepared and produced in 1914 AD by the Zhengshitang lizhiguan (政事堂禮制館; Bureau of Rites of the Executive Affairs department ); this manual provided a detailed description of the attire worn by Yuan Shikai and the participants of the ceremony on this 1914 public, ceremonial event. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) Yuan Shikai's ceremonial gown was jiaoling youren (i.e. fastened over the right side), made of black satin which was bordered with gold brocade and was decorated with twelve roundels which depicted the full twelve Imperial symbols ( shier zhang ; 十二章). [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Officials gowns were also designed for officials who had to participate in the ceremony; the officials gown were made of black satin and the edges were made with blue brocade. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Laws regarding the official dress were also decreed: (1) First-rank officials had to wear nine roundels with nine symbols on their gowns; (2) second-rank officials had to wear seven roundels with seven symbols; (3) Third-rank officials had to wear five roundels with five symbols; (4) fourth-rank officials had to wear three roundels with three symbols; and (5) fifth-rank officials and below had to wear a robe without any borders and without any roundels. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Those imperial emblems which were used in the roundels originated from the twelve emblems which were documented in the Shangshu (/wiki/Book_of_Documents) . [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) This ceremonial gown was worn over a purple satin apron skirt which would be edged with either blue or gold brocade; a belt of matching colour was also worn around the waist. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) They also wore flat hats, and some of them had string of pearls which hung over their faces just like the hats which were worn by the Han Chinese emperors of the earlier dynasties. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Yuan Shikai's deliberate way of dressing up to pay respect to Heaven was not only made in accordance to the old imperial traditions, but it can also be considered as a public declaration to the Chinese people and to the world that the old Chinese customs were still relevant in modern society. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) When Yuan Shikai died in 1916, he was buried in imperial gown which was decorated with nine golden dragons. [212] (#cite_note-:75-224) However, since his reign was short-lived, the attempts at restoring ancient Chinese ceremonial and official gowns failed and gradually disappeared. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Picture of Emperor Yuan Shikai. Third-rank Official at Yuan Shikai's visit to the sacrificial ceremony at the Temple of Heaven; he is wearing a robe with five roundels. Official wearing sacrificial clothing. Part of the participants of the 17th Confucius Conference wear Hanfu, 1910s. Sai Jinhua (/wiki/Sai_Jinhua) wearing a jiaoling youren clothing, 1920s. Eminence Taixu (/wiki/Taixu) , a buddhist monk, wearing a youren gown in the streets of London, 1929. Graduate of Yenching University (/wiki/Yenching_University) , 1930. Dr. Chen Huanzhang (1880-1933), founder of the Confucian Academy (/wiki/Confucian_Academy) , wearing shenyi. In 1919, women aoqun evolved; the ao became slimmer and longer until it reached below the narrow; the sleeves became narrower to the wrists, and the side slits were shortened; the collars became very high with some corners turning down sometimes and other collars reaching up to the ears. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The edges of the ao became narrow contrasting to the wide bands of embroidery which was popular in the past. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The ao was worn with a one-piece ankle length skirt. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In the early 1920s, the ao became more fitted and was shortened reaching only the top of the hip with a rounded hem, the sleeves were also shortened to three quarter of its length. The skirt became plainer, cut with a simple flared style, and wide waistband was replaced by narrow band in which a cord or elastic was threaded. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) The qipao, also known as cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) , was eventually created in the middle of 1920s. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In 1927, changshan (/wiki/Changshan) and magua (/wiki/Magua_(clothing)) was established as the formal, official wear for men, and they were worn for important ceremonies, such as weddings, temple and ancestral halls worship. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Women's formal wear was either a black ao and blue skirt with the same style as the earlier outfit or the cheongsam. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In the mid-1930s as men started to adopt more Western clothing. Under the Japanese occupation (/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War) , more men started to wear even more Western suits and ties, and the men traditional clothing was worn on informal occasions. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In 1932, the Nationalist government (/wiki/Nationalist_government) began to force Miao (/wiki/Miao_people) , Yao (/wiki/Yao_people) , and Kam people (/wiki/Kam_people) to wear hanfu. [213] (#cite_note-225) During the Cultural Revolution (/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) , traditional Chinese clothing, as a broad term, was considered as being part of one of the "four olds" and the Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) was popularized for both genders. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) Skirts also disappeared as they were considered being both impractical for manual work and ideologically inappropriate during this time period. [165] (#cite_note-:104-177) In 1974, Jiang Qing (/wiki/Jiang_Qing) , the fourth wife of Mao Zedong (/wiki/Mao_Zedong) , wanted to make an attire, known as the Jiang Qing dress (/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing_dress&action=edit&redlink=1) , as the national dress for the Chinese women. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 248–255 [214] (#cite_note-:88-226) The Jiang Qing dress , which she personally designed, consisted of pleated skirts instead of trousers, the sleeves were nearly elbow-length, there was a central opening, and the neckline was V-shaped and was delineated by a wide, white band; the skirt was based on the pleated skirts (i.e. the "one hundred pleats" skirt) worn by the court ladies worn in Tang dynasty paintings. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 248–255 [214] (#cite_note-:88-226) The earliest form of Jiang Qing dress is documented and appear in the 1974 Asian Games (/wiki/1974_Asian_Games) photos. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 248–255 Jiang Qing tried to popularize the dress in diverse ways through public and foreign avenues; however, her dress failed to win popularity and was disliked. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 248–255 Since the late 1970s, skirts and dresses reappeared and western-style clothing became popular in daily lives. [27] (#cite_note-:33-28) : 257–265 Hanfu in popular media and opera (20th century – present) [ edit ] Main articles: Guzhuang (costume) (/wiki/Guzhuang_(costume)) and Xifu (Costume) (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) Since the 20th century, hanfu and hanfu-style clothing has been used frequently as ancient costumes in Chinese and foreign television series, films and other forms of entertainment media, and was widely popularized since the late 1980s dramas. [23] (#cite_note-:13-23) [215] (#cite_note-227) [24] (#cite_note-:80-24) [216] (#cite_note-:124-228) One example of historically inaccurate hanfu-style costume is the costume worn by Disney's Mulan (/wiki/Mulan_(Disney_character)) , where the wide sleeves of the hanfu were reduced to narrow sleeves reflecting modern fashion and to reflect the character of Disney's Mulan. [216] (#cite_note-:124-228) A movie poster of Romance of the Western Chamber (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0ZeTiQHUzs) , a 1927 silent movie (/wiki/Silent_film) . A scene from the silent film (/wiki/Silent_film) , The Cave of the Silken Web (/wiki/The_Cave_of_the_Silken_Web_(1927_film)) (1927). Various forms of hanfu-style costumes are depicted in the movie (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQMGXw7-rvM) . 1954 film adaptation of the legend of the Butterfly Lovers (/wiki/Butterfly_Lovers) . Many elements and costumes styles worn in Chinese opera (/wiki/Chinese_opera) are derived from the Ming dynasty clothing and may be blended with the clothing style from the Tang to Qing dynasty. [217] (#cite_note-229) The opera costumes worn in Kunqu (/wiki/Kunqu) opera is primarily based on the clothing worn in Ming dynasty. [218] (#cite_note-230) And, most of the style of costumes depicted in Cantonese opera (/wiki/Cantonese_opera) are also derived from the clothing of the Ming dynasty, with a few exception being derived from the Qing dynasty clothing. [219] (#cite_note-231) [220] (#cite_note-232) Costumes of Cantonese opera uses the Ming-style clothing for opera which are set in all dynasties, except for the ones set in the Qing dynasty; those costumes follow the Qing-style. [221] (#cite_note-233) [222] (#cite_note-234) Hanfu in a Kunqu (/wiki/Kunqu) performance. Cantonese Opera Happy Valley (2008). Kunqu opera (/wiki/Kunqu) of the Ming-dynasty play The Peony Pavilion (/wiki/The_Peony_Pavilion) . Hanfu in modern Taoism (20th century – present) [ edit ] Main article: Daojiao fushi (/wiki/Daojiao_fushi) Modern Taoist monks (/wiki/Daoshi) and Taoism practitioners continue to style their long hair into a touji (#Style) (頭髻; a topknot hairstyle) and wear traditional clothing. [223] (#cite_note-235) [224] (#cite_note-236) [225] (#cite_note-237) [226] (#cite_note-238) Some modern taoist abbess and priests also wear cross-collared jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) robes and hats. [227] (#cite_note-239) [228] (#cite_note-240) A Taoist (/wiki/Taoist) soothsayer advising a woman; he has a topknot (#Style) hairstyle, a surviving male hairstyle of Han (/wiki/Han_Chinese) people. Photo taken in 2008 outside the Changchun Temple (長春觀) in Wuhan (/wiki/Wuhan) , China. A Taoist monk; he has a topknot hairstyle and wears a tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) -style upper garment. The upper garment is not considered as being hanfu; Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) , date unknown. A Taoist man with a topknot and cross-collared robe. Taoist ceremony at Xiao ancestral temple in Chaoyang, Shantou, Guangdong (daoshi), April 2010. 21st century [ edit ] Hanfu Movement [ edit ] Main article: Hanfu Movement (/wiki/Hanfu_Movement) The Hanfu Movement is an ongoing social movement which aims at popularizing hanfu and integrating traditional Chinese elements into the design of modern clothing, as a way to promote traditional Chinese culture. On 22 November 2003, a man named Wang Letian wore a DIY shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) in public; his hanfu story was published in Lianhe Zaobao newspaper (/wiki/Lianhe_Zaobao) and attracted the public attention. This is commonly perceived as the beginning of the modern Hanfu Movement. [142] (#cite_note-:68-153) [229] (#cite_note-241) Growing popularity and market trend [ edit ] Han Chinese wearing hanfu in streets Entering the 21st century, hanfu has become a fashion trend and lucrative business sector. In 2018, it was estimated that the hanfu market consisted of 2 million potential consumers. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) The estimated revenue sales for 2019 was 1.4 billion yuan (US$199.3 million). [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) According to the iiMedia 2018 survey, women make up 88.2% of the hanfu enthusiasts and 75.8% of the hanfu stores on Taobao (/wiki/Taobao) and Tmall platforms (/wiki/Tmall) only sell hanfu for women. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) In 2019, it was estimated that there were 1,188 online hanfu stores on Tmall and Taobao which shows an increase of 45.77% over the previous year. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) The hanfu stores Chong Hui Han Tang ranked third on Tmall in 2019 after the hanfu store Hanshang Hualian and Shisanyu . [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) In the 2019 edition of the Xitang Hanfu Culture Week , it was estimated that it attracted 40,000 Hanfu enthusiast participants. [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) A study done by Forward Industry Research Institute (a Chinese research institute) shows that by 2020, the number of hanfu enthusiasts in China has reached 5.163 million, creating a market size equivalent to 6.36 billion yuan (US$980 million), a proportional increase of over 40% compared to the previous year. Meanwhile, it is projected that by the end of 2021, the total number of hanfu enthusiasts across China will exceed 7 million, and that the market size of hanfu will exceed 9 billion yuan (US$1.39 billion). [230] (#cite_note-242) Modern hanfu [ edit ] The 21st century hanfu is still referred as hanfu within the Hanfu cultural community for ease of expression. [18] (#cite_note-:76-18) On March 8, 2021, the magazine Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) published an article on modern hanfu defining it as a "type of dress from any era when Han Chinese ruled" and reported that the styles based on the Tang, Song, Ming periods were the most popular. [231] (#cite_note-243) According to some contemporary scholars, modern day hanfu can be classified into three categories: These reproductions are made strictly following the styles depicted on ancient paintings, murals, and/or archaeological finds. "Contemporary Hanfu" (also known as modern hanfu , new hanfu , restored hanfu [18] (#cite_note-:76-18) and improved hanfu [232] (#cite_note-:20-244) ) which refers to those that are developed based on historical styles of hanfu, and largely retain the ancient styles (can still be classified into existing categories of historical hanfu, such as ruqun , beizi etc.), but with modern aesthetics and technologies introduced into their designs. [232] (#cite_note-:20-244) "Hanyuansu" (漢元素), or "Clothes with Hanfu Elements", refers to modern/everyday clothing with hanfu style features and/or elements in their design, but cannot be classified into existing categories of ancient hanfu . [233] (#cite_note-245) Characteristics and design [ edit ] Most modern hanfu are based on sculptures, paintings, art objects, historical records, and historical clothing. Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) Han Chinese robes given by the Ming Emperors to the Chinese noble Dukes Yansheng (/wiki/Duke_Yansheng) descended from Confucius (/wiki/Confucius) are still preserved in the Confucius Mansion (/wiki/Confucius_Mansion) after over five centuries. Robes from the Qing emperors are also preserved there. [234] (#cite_note-246) [235] (#cite_note-247) [236] (#cite_note-248) [237] (#cite_note-249) The Jurchens in the Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)) and Mongols in the Yuan dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) continued to patronize and support the Confucian Duke Yansheng. [238] (#cite_note-250) Around the year 2007 or 2008, a group of young people from Minghang district, Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) , started a project to restore Chinese clothing from ancient dynasties based on rigorous research, spending their days reading ancient documents and looking at paintings to find detailed information about the styles, materials, colours and patterns used in ancient times; this group is called the Ancient Chinese Clothing Restoration Team Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210415114631/https://www.zhuangshufuyuan.com/) 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . [239] (#cite_note-251) It is also worth noting that an important feature of the modern hanfu (regardless of the three categories it belongs to) is its jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Jiaoling_youren) characteristic. In fact, this design bear special cultural moral and ethical values. It is said the left collar covering the right represents the perfection of human culture on human nature and the overcoming of bodily forces by the spiritual power of ethical ritual teaching; the expansive cutting and board sleeve represents a moral, concordant relation between nature and human creative power; the use of the girdle to fasten the garment over the body represents the constraints of Han culture to limit human's desire that would incur amoral deed. [240] (#cite_note-252) As a result, jiaoling youren has become an inseparable part of modern hanfu design. The modern hanfu also changes to a style that can be worn daily, and these styles combined with western clothing or even clothing from other cultures. [241] (#cite_note-253) For example, the recent emergence of Christmas-theme hanfu trend (which occurred especially for Christmas season) on social media and online shops combines hanfu with Christmas elements and Christmas colour hues. [242] (#cite_note-254) [243] (#cite_note-{{Cite_news}}...-255) Another trend is the incorporation of (western-style) lace elements to the hanfu; however, those designs are not considered as authentic hanfu but are considered being clothing with Han elements (or hanyuansu ). [1] (#cite_note-search.proquest.com-1) Modern hanfu A woman wearing qujupao (/wiki/Shenyi) and a man wearing a zhiqupao (/wiki/Shenyi) , Chinese Cultural Festival in Guangzhou, 2008. Men wearing shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) , panling lanshan (/wiki/Panling_Lanshan) , and zhiduo (/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)) , date unknown. Men and women in xuanduan (/wiki/Xuanduan) , possibly during a Guan Li ceremony (/wiki/Guan_Li) , 2007. Two ruqun in a clothing store; on the left is a hanfu with a red ru and a white skirt; on the right, the hanfu is composed of a green ru and a green skirt; 2018. Some students wearing diverse forms of Hanfu during a spring outing. Garments [ edit ] See also: List of Hanfu (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu) The style of historical Han clothing can be summarized as containing garment elements that are arranged in distinctive and sometimes specific ways. A complete set of garment is assembled from several pieces of clothing into an attire: Component Romanization Hanzi Definition Upper Garment Yi 衣 Open cross-collar shirt. Ru 襦 Open cross-collar shirt, only worn by women. Lower Garment Ku 裤 Trousers or pants. Chang 裳 Skirt for men. Qun 裙 Skirt for women. Full-body Cloth Pao 袍 Closed full-body garment. Chang ru 长襦 Long skirt, only worn by women. Outer Garment Ao 袄 Multi-layer open cross-collar shirt or jacket. Shan 衫 Single-layer open cross-collar shirt or jacket. Banbi 半臂 A half-sleeved waistcoat. Bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) 蔽膝 A cloth attached from the waist, covering front of legs. Dou Peng 斗篷 Cape. Pifeng 披风 Cloak. Pibo 披帛 A long silk scarf, however not used to cover neck. Sometimes covering shoulders, other times just hanging from elbow. Zhao shan 罩衫 Cloaking coat. Usually open at the front. Inner Garment Dudou 肚兜 Belly Cover. Covers front upper body. Worn by women and children. Moxiong 抹胸 Tube top. Worn by women. Zhongyi 中衣 Inner garments, mostly white cotton or silk. Also called zhongdan (中单). There is differences between traditional garment of Han ethnic and other ethnic groups in China, most notably the Manchu (/wiki/Manchu_people) -influenced clothes, qipao (/wiki/Qipao) , which is popularly considered to be the de facto traditional Han Chinese garb. A general comparison of the two styles can be seen as the following provides: [244] (#cite_note-Cui_Rongrong-256) Component Han Manchu Collars Crossing diagonally. Loose lapels, front opened. Parallel vertical overlapping collars, with paralleled secured lapels, no front openings. Sleeves Long and loose Narrow and tight Buttons Sparingly used and concealed inside the garment Numerous and prominently displayed Fittings Belts and sashes are used to close, secure, and fit the garments around the waist Flat ornate buttoning systems are typically used to secure the collar and fit the garment around the neck and upper torso Footwear [ edit ] Main article: Hanfu footwear (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) There were many etiquettes which rule people's daily lives, and this included the use and etiquettes of shoes and socks wearing. [245] (#cite_note-:115-257) The rules of Zhou (/wiki/Zhou_dynasty) stipulated that shoes had to be removed before entering a house; shoes and socks had to be removed at banquets, and ministers who had to meet with the emperor had to remove both their shoes and socks. [245] (#cite_note-:115-257) Being barefoot (/wiki/Barefoot) was considered a taboo on ceremonial worship occasions. [245] (#cite_note-:115-257) Headwear and hairstyles [ edit ] See also: List of hanfu headwear (/wiki/List_of_hanfu_headwear) Ways of tying the topknot seen on Qin Terracotta soldiers (/wiki/Terracotta_soldiers) . Hairs were partially tied at the back of the head with braids, sometimes having no topknot at all. Han dynasty pottery figure showing topknot partially folded into a tail with braid behind the back of the head. On top of the garments, hats (for men) or hairpieces (for women) may be worn. One can often tell the profession or social rank of someone by what they wear on their heads. The typical types of male headwear are called jin (巾) for soft caps, mao (帽) for stiff hats and guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) for formal headdress. Officials and academics have a separate set of hats, typically the putou (/wiki/Futou) , the wushamao (/wiki/Futou) , the si-fang pingding jin (四方平定巾; or simply, fangjin : 方巾) and the Zhuangzi jin (莊子巾). A typical hairpiece for women is the hairpin called ji (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) (笄) that appeared since Neolithic time, and there are more elaborate hairpieces. In addition, managing hair was also a crucial part of ancient Han people's daily life. Commonly, males and females would stop cutting their hair once they reached adulthood. This was marked by the Chinese coming of age ceremony Guan Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) , usually performed between ages 15 to 20. They allowed their hair to grow long naturally until death, including facial hair. This was due to Confucius' teaching " Shenti fa fu, shou zhu fumu, bu gan huishang, xiaozhi shi ye (身體髮膚，受諸父母，不敢毀傷，孝之始也)" – which can be roughly translated as 'My body, hair and skin are bestowed by my father and mother, I dare not damage any of them, as this is the least I can do to honor and respect my parents'. In fact, cutting one's hair off in ancient China was considered a legal punishment called 'Kun (髡)', [195] (#cite_note-:43-207) designed to humiliate criminals, as well as applying a character as a facial tattoo to notify one's criminality, the punishment is referred to as 'Qing (黥)', since regular people wouldn't have tattoos on their skin attributed to the same philosophy. Mural of two women with Han hairstyles, Dahuting (/wiki/Dahuting) Tomb Children were exempt from the above commandment; they could cut their hair short, make different kinds of knots or braids, or simply just let them hang without any care, especially because such a decision was usually made by the parents rather than the children themselves; therefore, parental respect was not violated. However, once they entered adulthood, every male was obliged to tie his long hair into a bun called ji (髻) either on or behind his head and always cover the bun up with different kinds of headdresses (except Buddhist (/wiki/Buddhist) monks, who would always keep their heads completely shaved to show that they're "cut off from the earthly bonds of the mortal world"; and Taoist (/wiki/Taoist) monks, who would usually just use hair sticks called zan (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) to hold the buns in place without concealing them). Thus the 'disheveled hair', a common but erring depiction of ancient Chinese male figures seen in most modern Chinese period dramas or movies with hair (excluding facial hair) hanging down from both sides and/or in the back are historically inaccurate. [246] (#cite_note-258) Females on the other hand, had more choices in terms of decorating their hair as adults. They could still arrange their hair into as various kinds of hairstyles as they pleased. There were different fashions for women in various dynastic periods. Such strict "no-cutting" hair tradition was implemented all throughout Han Chinese history since Confucius' time up until the end of Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) (1644 CE), when the Qing Prince Dorgon (/wiki/Dorgon) forced the male Han people to adopt the hairstyle of Manchu men, which was shave their foreheads bald and gather the rest of the hair into the queue (/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)) to show that they submitted to Qing authority, the so-called "Queue Order" (薙髮令). Han children and females were spared from this order, also Taoist monks were allowed to keep their hair and Buddhist monks were allowed to keep all their hair shaven. Han defectors to the Qing (/wiki/Qing_conquest_of_the_Ming#Han_defectors) like Li Chengdong and Liu Liangzuo and their Han troops carried out the queue order to force it on the general population. Han Chinese soldiers in 1645 under Han General Hong Chengchou forced the queue on the people of Jiangnan while Han people were initially paid silver to wear the queue in Fuzhou (/wiki/Fuzhou) when it was first implemented. [183] (#cite_note-:42-195) Accessories [ edit ] Main article: Hanfu accessories (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories) Hanfu also consists of many forms of accessories, such as jewelry, waist ornaments, ribbons, shawls, scarves, and other hand-held items. Influences and derivatives [ edit ] Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) ( Korean (/wiki/Korea) traditional clothing) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) ( Wafuku (/wiki/Wafuku) – Japanese (/wiki/Japan) traditional clothing) Ryusou (/wiki/Ryusou) ( Okinawan (/wiki/Okinawa_Island) traditional clothing) Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_people) áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) ( Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) – Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnam) traditional clothing) Chinoiserie fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) , including wrap dress and top (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Qizhuang (/wiki/Qizhuang) (traditional clothing of the Manchu people (/wiki/Manchu_people) , especially the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) court dress) Gallery [ edit ] The Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) clothing, a form of Hanfu See also [ edit ] China portal (/wiki/Portal:China) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sub-categories of hanfu [ edit ] Chinese academic dress (/wiki/Chinese_academic_dress) Fengguan (/wiki/Fengguan) Guan Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) Hanfu accessories (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories) Hanfu footwear (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) List of hanfu (/wiki/List_of_hanfu) List of hanfu headwear (/wiki/List_of_hanfu_headwear) Mandarin square (/wiki/Mandarin_square) Qixiong Ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) Shanku (/wiki/Shanku) Yuanlingshan (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) Traditional Chinese clothing and culture [ edit ] Chinese Clothing (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Chinese Culture (/wiki/Chinese_culture) History of China (/wiki/History_of_China) Hanfu Movement (/wiki/Hanfu_Movement) Guzhuang (/wiki/Guzhuang_(costume)) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-27) see Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) . ^ (#cite_ref-57) For wooden figures from a Xingyang warring-state period tomb, see external links. ^ (#cite_ref-59) In this context, the shanqun refers to the upper garment covering the skirt, while ruqun refers to the covering of upper garment by the skirt. ^ (#cite_ref-132) Hufu in the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) included clothing styles from the Tartars or clothing of the people who lived in the Western Regions during this period. ^ (#cite_ref-158) The term 'haner' refers to Han Chinese of mixed origins or who have adopted some Khitan customs. References [ edit ] This References needs translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) from Chinese to English. This References is written in Chinese. If it is intended for readers from the Chinese language community, it should be contributed to the Chinese Wikipedia (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/) . See the list of Wikipedias (https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias) . Please see this article's entry (/wiki/Wikipedia:Pages_needing_translation_into_English#Hanfu) on Pages needing translation into English (/wiki/Wikipedia:Pages_needing_translation_into_English) for discussion. If the References is not rewritten in English (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanfu&action=edit) within the next two weeks it will be listed for deletion (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion) and/or moved to the Chinese Wikipedia (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/) . If you want to assess this article, you may want to check its Google translation (http://translate.google.com/translate?u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanfu&sl=zh&tl=en&hl=en) . However, please do not add an automated translation to the article , since these are generally of very poor quality. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Wang, Xinyi; Colbert, François; Legoux, Renaud (2020). "From Niche Interest to Fashion Trend: Hanfu Clothing as a Rising Industry in China" (https://www.proquest.com/openview/94841c5430526c8b27950e1e941835fe/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=26212) . International Journal of Arts Management . 23 (1) . Retrieved 1 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Steele, Valerie (1999). China chic : East meets West . John S. Major. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-300-07930-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 40135301 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40135301) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) China Daily (4 September 2019). "Hanfu market grows across China" (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201909/04/WS5d6f5184a310cf3e35569ac5_1.html) . China Daily . Retrieved 31 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Zhang, Tianwei (25 November 2020). "Putting China's Traditional Hanfu on the World Stage" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/china-traditional-hanfu-style-fashion-1234638369/) . Women's Wear Daily [WWD] . Retrieved 1 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Wright, Julia (17 August 2019). "Traditional Chinese clothing inspires a budding fashion in Saint John" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/chinese-unb-clothing-saint-john-hanfu-1.5246476) . CBC News . Retrieved 1 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Yang, Shaorong (2004). Traditional Chinese clothing : costumes, adornments & culture (1st ed.). San Francisco: Long River Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781592650194 . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "National Museum of Korea: Quarterly Magazine, vol.47 by National Museum of Korea - Issuu" (https://issuu.com/museumofkorea/docs/nmk_v47) . issuu.com . 20 May 2019 . Retrieved 2 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-Benn_8-0) Stevens, Rebecca (1996). The kimono inspiration: art and art-to-wear in America . Pomegranate. pp. 131–142. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-87654-598-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dalby_9-0) Dalby, Liza (/wiki/Liza_Dalby) (2001). Kimono: Fashioning Culture . Washington, USA: University of Washington Press. pp. 25–32. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-295-98155-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Traditional Costume that Represents Okinawa's Culture and National Features, the "Ryusou". \| Features \| Okinawa Travel Info" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210707174511/http://okinawatravelinfo.com/feature/201601ryuusou/) . okinawatravelinfo.com . Archived from the original (http://okinawatravelinfo.com/feature/201601ryuusou/) on 7 July 2021 . Retrieved 22 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Nordquist, Barbara K. (1 January 1978). "The Ryūkyū Islands: Some Notes on Dress" (https://doi.org/10.1179/036121178805298829) . Dress . 4 (1): 66–75. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/036121178805298829 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2F036121178805298829) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0361-2112 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-2112) . ^ (#cite_ref-《大南實錄・正編・第一紀・世祖實錄》，越南阮朝，國史館_12-0) 《大南實錄・正編・第一紀・世祖實錄》，越南阮朝，國史館 ^ (#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0) 《大南实录・正编・第一纪・卷五十四・嘉隆十五年七月条》，越南阮朝，國史館 ^ (#cite_ref-:132_14-0) Rovai, Serena (2016). Luxury the Chinese way : new competitive scenarios . Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-137-53775-1 . 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(2010), "Wearing Ethnic Identity: Power of Dress" (https://www.bloomsburyfashioncentral.com/products/berg-fashion-library/encyclopedia/berg-encyclopedia-of-world-dress-and-fashion-east-asia/wearing-ethnic-identity-power-of-dress) , East Asia , vol. 6, Oxford: Berg Publishers, pp. 75–80, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/bewdf/edch6014 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2Fbewdf%2Fedch6014) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847888556 , retrieved 28 February 2021 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Shi, Songge (2021). Travelling With Hanfu: A Social Media Analysis of Contemporary Chinese Travelling for Artistic Photographs (Master of International Tourism Management thesis). Auckland University of Technology. ^ Jump up to: a b Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2015). Notable women of China : Shang dynasty to the early twentieth century . London: Routledge (/wiki/Routledge) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781315702063 . Retrieved 3 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-:118_20-0) China National Silk Museum. 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Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018) . Vol. 233. Atlantis Press. pp. 639–643. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.143 (https://doi.org/10.2991%2Ficcessh-18.2018.143) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6252-528-3 . ^ Jump up to: a b Gardner, Eric; Lin, Shuning; Tan, Qiuye; Ma, Antonia. "Ancient China \| Chinese Culture: Communicating through Fashion" (https://you.stonybrook.edu/chinesefashion/ancient-china/) . you.stonybrook.edu . Retrieved 28 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Sim, Cheryl (2019). Wearing the cheongsam : dress and culture in a Chinese diaspora . London. p. 149. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-350-10987-2 . 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Retrieved 8 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Zuozhuan, "Duke Ding - 10th year - zhuan" (https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%9A%E5%85%AC#%E5%82%B3_10) ^ (#cite_ref-40) Chunqiu Zuozhuan Zhengyi , "vol. 56" quote: "夏，大也。中國有禮儀之大，故稱夏；有服章之美，謂之華。華、夏一也。" p. 70 (https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=80244&page=70#%E5%A4%8F%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%AE%E5%84%80%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%85%E7%A8%B1%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%8D%E7%AB%A0%E4%B9%8B%E7%BE%8E%E8%AC%82%E4%B9%8B%E8%8F%AF%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%8F%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9F) of 118 ^ (#cite_ref-41) Liu, Xuediao [劉學銚] (2005). 中國文化史講稿 (in Chinese). Taipei: 知書房出版集團. p. 9. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-986-7640-65-9 . 古時炎黃之胄常自稱,「華夏」有時又作「諸夏」《左傳》定公十年(西元前 500 年)有:裔不謀夏,夷不亂華。對於此句其疏曰:中國有禮儀之大,故稱夏;有服章之美,謂之華。 ^ (#cite_ref-42) Zhu, Ruixi; Zhang, Bangwei; Liu, Fusheng; Cai, Chongbang; Wang, Zengyu (2016). A Social History of Medieval China . Cambridge University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-107-16786-5 . To quote an ancient text, "there is grand ceremonial etiquette so it is called xia ( 夏 ), and there is the beauty of apparel which is called hua ( 华 )."[1] (And that's how China is also called huaxia [ 华夏 ].) [...] [1] 'The Tenth Year of Duke Ding of Lu' ( 定公十年 ), Zuo Qiuming's Commentary on Spring and Autumn Annals ( 左傳 ), explained by Yan Shigu ( 顏師古 , 581–645). ^ (#cite_ref-43) 阮衛萍 (1992). "從今话古談襦裙". 紫禁城 (5): 26–30. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1003-0328 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1003-0328) . ^ (#cite_ref-44) ( “所以称深衣者，以余服则，上衣下裳不相连，此深衣衣裳相连，被体深邃，故谓之深衣。” ) Liji Zhengyi (礼记正义·深衣) vol. 65, of Wujing Zhengyi (五经正义). ^ (#cite_ref-45) 故宮博物院《紫禁城》（1992年第05期），紫禁城雜誌編輯部，第28-32頁 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Zhang, Qizhi (2015). An introduction to Chinese history and culture . Heidelberg: Heidelberg Springer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-662-46482-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 909065833 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909065833) . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Book of Rites (/wiki/Book_of_Rites) , "vol. 43" 冠義 quote: "凡人之所以為人者，禮義也。禮義之始，在於正容體、齊顏色、順辭令。容體正，顏色齊，辭令順，而後禮義備。以正君臣、親父子、和長幼。君臣正，父子親，長幼和，而後禮義立。故冠而後服備，服備而後容體正、顏色齊、辭令順。故曰：冠者，禮之始也。是故古者聖王重冠。" 1 of 4 (https://ctext.org/liji/guan-yi) ^ Jump up to: a b Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion : an Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence . Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. pp. 121–122. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-317-45167-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 910448387 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910448387) . ^ (#cite_ref-:81_49-0) Milburn, Olivia; Yan, Ying (2015). The Spring and autumn annals of Master Yan . Leiden: Brill. p. 319. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-90-04-30966-1 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 933295487 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933295487) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Wang, Ningning (2019). A HISTORY OF ANCIENT CHINESE MUSIC AND DANCE . American Academic Press. p. 139. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781631816345 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Zang, Yingchun; 臧迎春. (2003). Zhongguo chuan tong fu shi . 李竹润., 王德华., 顾映晨. (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 7-5085-0279-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 55895164 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55895164) . Alt URL (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55895164) ^ (#cite_ref-52) "2". Li yi . 女子許嫁，笄而醴之，稱字。 ^ (#cite_ref-53) "2". Li yi . 皮弁笄，爵弁笄，緇組紘，纁邊，同篋。 ^ Jump up to: a b China Style. "Garments during the Spring & Autumn and Warring States Period – – China Style" (http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/spring-autumn-warring.htm) . www.chinastyle.cn . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q LINGLEY, KATE A. (2010). "NATURALIZING THE EXOTIC: On the Changing Meanings of Ethnic Dress in Medieval China" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/29550020) . Ars Orientalis . 38 : 50–80. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0571-1371 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0571-1371) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 29550020 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/29550020) . ^ (#cite_ref-56) Havliček, Christine M. (1 December 2015). "Innovation Transfer during the Warring States Period: Considering the Importance of Early China's Relationship with the Steppes" (https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/vjeas/7/1/article-p103.xml) . Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies . 7 (1): 103–128. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2478/vjeas-2015-0004 (https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fvjeas-2015-0004) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 134772057 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134772057) . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hays, Mary V (1989). "Chinese Skirts of the Qing dynasty" (http://www2.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/periodicals/nb_89.pdf) (PDF) . The Bulletin of the Needle and Bobbin Club . 72 : 4–42. ^ Jump up to: a b Wang, Yiwen; Luo, Ronglei (2020). "江陵马山一号楚墓襦裙形制及结构研究". Journal of Silk . 57 (6): 52–57. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2020.06.009 (https://doi.org/10.3969%2Fj.issn.1001-7003.2020.06.009) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hao Peng; Zhang Ling (2018). "On "Skirts" and "Trousers" in the Qin Dynasty Manuscript Making Clothes in the Collection of Peking University" (https://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/54663802) . Chinese Cultural Relics . 5 (1): 248–268. ^ Jump up to: a b Zhang Ling (2016). "A study on skirt construction in Qin dynasty" (http://iffti.org/downloads/papers-presented/XVIII-BIFT.pdf) (PDF) . The International Foundation of Fashion Technology Institutes . 18 : 198–205. ^ (#cite_ref-63) "湖北江陵马山一号墓出土的衣被（下）" (http://www.kaogu.cn/cn/kaoguyuandi/kaogubaike/2015/0731/51004.html) . 中国考古网. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hua, Mei; 华梅 (2004). Zhongguo fu shi (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 7-5085-0540-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 60568032 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60568032) . ^ (#cite_ref-65) HunanChangsha. "The great mount of Chen, the Grave of Chu's Late Zhou Silk Painting 陈家大山楚墓出土的《人物龙凤帛画》" (http://www.hnmuseum.com/sites/default/files/statics/zhuantijiangzuo/Lesson007/chapter3_2.html) . Retrieved 6 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) Dan, Zhou; Wang, Yunjiao (2021). "Research on Translation of Costume Terms in Chu Ci" (https://francis-press.com/uploads/papers/c6igvSOGR0kcSdsu1UHAj9ltrSAg6dv5wwD4J1w5.pdf) (PDF) . Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences . 4 (2). Francis Academic Press, UK: 83–88. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.25236/AJHSS.2021.040218 (https://doi.org/10.25236%2FAJHSS.2021.040218) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 233704568 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233704568) . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Hunan Museum. 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OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1030303372 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1030303372) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-71) "25". Book of Jin . "通天冠，本秦制。高九寸，正竖，顶少斜却，乃直下，铁为卷梁，前有展筒，冠前加金博山述，乘舆所常服也。 " ^ (#cite_ref-72) Feng, Ge (2015). Traditional Chinese rites and rituals . Zhengming Du. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 15–16. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4438-8783-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 935642485 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/935642485) . ^ (#cite_ref-73) van Someren, Taco C. R. van; Someren-Wang, Shuhua (2013). "Chinese Culture, Strategy, and Innovation". Innovative China : innovation race between East and West . Shuhua Someren-Wang. Berlin: Springer. pp. 27–56. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-642-36237-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 842903195 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842903195) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "China: History of Dress \| Encyclopedia.com" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/china-history-dress) . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 28 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Costume in the Han Dynasty – - China Style" (http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/han.htm) . www.chinastyle.cn . Retrieved 6 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Zhao, Feng (2015). Lu, Yongxiang (ed.). A History of Chinese Science and Technology . Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 391–392. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-3-662-44166-4 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-44166-4) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-662-44165-7 . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 106930105 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:106930105) . ^ (#cite_ref-78) "Shang Shu : Yu Shu : Yi and Ji – Chinese Text Project" (https://ctext.org/shang-shu/yi-and-ji) . ctext.org . Retrieved 17 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) "26". 晋书 . "介帻服文吏，平上帻服武官也" ^ (#cite_ref-83) 禽经 . "鹖，毅鸟也，毅不知死。状类鸡，首有冠，性敢于斗，死犹不置，是不知死也。《左传》：鹖冠，武土戴之，象其勇也。 " ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Müller, Shing (2019). The Cambridge history of China . Vol. 2. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-521-24327-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 2424772 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2424772) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kieser, Annette (2019). The Cambridge history of China . Vol. 2. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 418–442. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-521-24327-8 . 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[ dead link ] Alt URL (https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?docid=sichou201806016) ^ (#cite_ref-92) Lullo, Sheri A. (2019). "Trailing Locks and Flowing Robes: Dimensions of Beauty during China's Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220)" (https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cost.2019.0122) . Edinburgh University Press . 53 (2): 231–255. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3366/cost.2019.0122 (https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fcost.2019.0122) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0590-8876 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0590-8876) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 204710548 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204710548) . ^ (#cite_ref-93) Duong, Nancy. "Evolution of Chinese Clothing and Cheongsam" (https://nannaia.tumblr.com/post/42640184651/evolution-of-chinese-clothing-and-cheongsam-the) . Nancy Duong Art . Retrieved 11 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-94) "25". Book of Jin . "通天冠，本秦制。高九寸，正竖，顶少斜却，乃直下，铁为卷梁，前有展筒，冠前加金博山述，乘舆所常服也。 " "武冠，一名武弁，一名大冠，一名繁冠，一名建冠，一名笼冠，即古之惠文冠。或曰赵惠文王所造，因以为名。亦云，惠者蟪也，其冠文轻细如蝉翼，故名惠文。或云，齐人见千岁涸泽之神，名曰庆忌，冠大冠，乘小车，好疾驰，因象其冠而服焉。汉幸臣闳孺为侍中，皆服大冠。天子元服亦先加大冠，左右侍臣及诸将军武官通服之。侍中、常侍则加金珰，附蝉为饰，插以貂毛，黄金为竿，侍中插左，常侍插右。" ^ Jump up to: a b Chinastyle. "Costume of Wei and Jin Periods – - China Style" (http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/wei.htm) . www.chinastyle.cn . 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"Women Fashion of Tang Dynasty and Foreign Cultural Communication" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210707174526/https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZJWL200801011.htm) . Journal of Zhejiang Wanli University . Archived from the original (https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZJWL200801011.htm) on 7 July 2021 . Retrieved 9 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-121) Cao, Zhe (2006). "Women's Common Dress in Tang Dynasty and Its Features at Different Stages" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210215015832/https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-WFGB200611001.htm) . Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Engineering . Archived from the original (https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-WFGB200611001.htm) on 15 February 2021 . Retrieved 9 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Chen, BuYun (2017). "Material Girls: Silk and Self-Fashioning in Tang China (618–907)" (https://doi.org/10.1080/1362704X.2016.1138679) . Fashion Theory . 21 (1): 5–33. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1138679 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1362704X.2016.1138679) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1362-704X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-704X) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 155949571 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155949571) . ^ Jump up to: a b Bao, Mingxin (1991). "THE WAISTLINE OF WOMEN'S COSTUMES IN TANG DYNASTY AND ITS AESTHETIC EFFECTS--《中国纺织大学学报》1991年Z1期" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210514234803/https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DHDZ1991Z1000.htm) . en.cnki.com.cn . Archived from the original (https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DHDZ1991Z1000.htm) on 14 May 2021 . Retrieved 20 February 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wan, Li (2016). "The Implicit Beauty and Open Beauty of Tang Dynasty's Aesthetic Taste from Tang Dynasty Noble Women's Clothing Features" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-16.2016.90) . Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities . Paris, France: Atlantis Press. pp. 352–355. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2991/iccessh-16.2016.90 (https://doi.org/10.2991%2Ficcessh-16.2016.90) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6252-215-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-125) Lin, Lin (2018). "Design Comparison of Creative Tang Suit and European Imperial Costume" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cesses-18.2018.109) . Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2018) . Vol. 283. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. pp. 488–493. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2991/cesses-18.2018.109 (https://doi.org/10.2991%2Fcesses-18.2018.109) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6252-606-8 . ^ Jump up to: a b Deng, Qionghua (2016). "Research of Women Dresses in the Tang Dynasty and the Modern Dresses Under the Perspective of Postmodernism" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emcm-15.2016.100) . Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics, Mechanics, Culture and Medicine . Vol. 45. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. pp. 672–677. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2991/emcm-15.2016.100 (https://doi.org/10.2991%2Femcm-15.2016.100) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6252-163-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Chen, Buyun (2013). Toward a definition of "fashion" in Tang China (618–907 CE): BuYun Chen (PhD thesis). Columbia University. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.7916/D8KK9B6D (https://doi.org/10.7916%2FD8KK9B6D) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-631-60975-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-128) Xv, Zhaofang (2014). "An Attempt to Analyze the Implicitness of the Aesthetic Features of Chinese Art Taking the Aesthetic Features of Women's Clothing in the Flourishing Period of Tang Dynasty as an Example" (https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icelaic-14/12606) . Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Intercultural Communication . Vol. 3. Atlantis Press. pp. 628–631. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2991/icelaic-14.2014.158 (https://doi.org/10.2991%2Ficelaic-14.2014.158) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-94-6252-013-4 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hsu, Cho-yun (2012). China : A new cultural history . Columbia University Press. p. 220. 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Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae . 56 (2/4): 401–428. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1556/AOrient.56.2003.2-4.20 (https://doi.org/10.1556%2FAOrient.56.2003.2-4.20) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0001-6446 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6446) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 23659378 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23659378) . ^ (#cite_ref-145) Dardess, John W. (2010). Governing China, 150-1850 . Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. p. 31. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60384-447-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 669127176 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/669127176) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Zhu, Ruixi; 朱瑞熙 (2016). A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties . Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu (Updated ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-107-16786-5 . 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"The Scholar's Robe: Material Culture and Political Power in Early Modern China" (http://journal.hep.com.cn/fhc/EN/10.3868/s020-005-016-0020-4) . Frontiers of History in China . 11 (3): 339–375. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3868/s020-005-016-0020-4 (https://doi.org/10.3868%2Fs020-005-016-0020-4) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1673-3401 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1673-3401) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wang, Guojun (2020). Staging Personhood: Costuming in Early Qing Drama . Columbia University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0231549578 . ^ (#cite_ref-:462_155-0) Kuhn, Dieter (2000). " (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528851) "Liao Architecture": Qidan Innovations and Han-Chinese Traditions?" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528851) . T'oung Pao . 86 (4/5): 325–362. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/15685320051072744 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685320051072744) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0082-5433 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0082-5433) . 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ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8248-6024-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 794925381 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794925381) . ^ (#cite_ref-160) China Review International, Volume 19 . University of Hawaii at Manoa. Center for Chinese Studies. University of Hawaiʻi, Center for Chinese Studies and University of Hawaii Press. 2012. p. 101. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis C. (2008). Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-139-05474-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 317592785 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/317592785) . ^ (#cite_ref-162) Keay, John (2011). China: A History (reprint ed.). Basic Books. p. 335. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0465025183 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Khun, Dieter (2011). The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of Chin . Harvard University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780674244344 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dunnell, Ruth W. (1996). The great state of white and high : Buddhism and state formation in eleventh-century Xia . Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-585-34402-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 47010540 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47010540) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Watt, James C. Y. (2010). The world of Khubilai Khan : Chinese art in the Yuan Dynasty . Maxwell K. Hearn, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 82–83. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58839-402-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 606786260 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606786260) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wei, Luo (2 January 2018). "A Preliminary Study of Mongol Costumes in the Ming Dynasty" (https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2018.1414417) . 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"Dressing for power: Rite, costume, and state authority in Ming Dynasty China" (https://brill.com/view/journals/fhic/2/2/article-p181_4.xml) . Frontiers of History in China . 2 (2): 181–212. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11462-007-0012-x (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11462-007-0012-x) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1673-3401 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1673-3401) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 195069294 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195069294) . ^ (#cite_ref-169) Serruys, Henry (1 January 1957). "Remains of Mongol Customs in China During the Early Ming Period" (https://doi.org/10.1080/02549948.1957.11730961) . Monumenta Serica . 16 (1–2): 137–190. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/02549948.1957.11730961 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1957.11730961) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0254-9948 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0254-9948) . ^ (#cite_ref-170) Robinson, David (2008). "Culture, Courtiers, and Competition The Ming Court (1368-1644)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160611124056/http://www.history.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/readings/robinson_culture_courtiers_ch.8.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.history.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/readings/robinson_culture_courtiers_ch.8.pdf) (PDF) on 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Clothing in the Ming Dynasty (http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_28364.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015326/http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_28364.htm) 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) chinaculture.org retrieved 7 January 2010 ^ Jump up to: a b Cho, Woohyun; Yi, Jaeyoon; Kim, Jinyoung (2015). "The dress of the Mongol Empire: Genealogy and diaspora of the Terlig" (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/206512781.pdf) (PDF) . Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae . 68 (3): 22–29. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1556/062.2015.68.3.2 (https://doi.org/10.1556%2F062.2015.68.3.2) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0001-6446 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6446) . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b Schlesinger, Jonathan (2017). A world trimmed with fur : wild things, pristine places, and the natural fringes of Qing rule . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5036-0068-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 949669739 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949669739) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wang, Chen (1 September 2014). "Conservation study of Ming dynasty silk costumes excavated in Jiangsu region, China" (https://doi.org/10.1179/204705814X13975704319154) . Studies in Conservation . 59 (sup1): S177–S180. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/204705814X13975704319154 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2F204705814X13975704319154) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0039-3630 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3630) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 191384101 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191384101) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Weststeijn, Thijs; Gesterkamp, Lennert (22 October 2016). "A new identity for Rubens's 'Korean man': Portrait of the Chinese merchant Yppong" (https://brill.com/view/journals/nkjo/66/1/article-p142_7.xml) . Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art / Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek Online . 66 (1): 142–169. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/22145966-90000784 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22145966-90000784) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2214-5966 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2214-5966) . ^ Jump up to: a b Hao, Xiao’ang; Yin, Zhihong (7 September 2020). "Research on Design Aesthetics and Cultural Connotation of Gold and Silver Interlocking Buckle in the Ming Dynasty". Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2020) . 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OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1004424828 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004424828) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-184) Clark, Donald N. (2000). Culture and customs of Korea . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-00727-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 51432263 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51432263) . ^ (#cite_ref-Gu_Fanying_185-0) 顧凡穎 (2018). 歷史的衣櫥 . 北京日報出版社. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dusenbury, Mary M.; Bier, Carol (2004). Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art (ed.). Flowers, Dragons & Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art (illustrated ed.). Hudson Hills. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1555952380 . ^ (#cite_ref-187) Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0521477719 . ^ (#cite_ref-Liu_Fei_188-0) 劉菲 (2017). 清前期皇室及貴族服飾研究 . 山東大學出版社. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Keliher, Macabe (2020). The Board of Rites and the making of Qing China . Oakland, California. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-97176-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1090283580 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090283580) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-190) 梁啟超 (1989). 飲冰室合集·論不變法之害 . 中華書局. 上觀百世，下觀百世，經世大法，惟本朝為善變。入關之初，即下剃髮之令，頂戴翎枝，端罩馬褂，古無有也，則變服色矣。 ^ (#cite_ref-191) 章太炎 (1996). 中國現代學術經典．章太炎卷．訄書．訂礼俗第五十一 . 河北教育出版社. 滿洲之服，其筩袖鎧之緒也。軍容入國，以便趨走，亡咎。若其右方重衽，溫暖不均。於左削袂上起而合手者，如拼矣。嬰絡以效桑門，絳繩以被氈笠，比是觀之，將相驚以精鬽。物極而移，異服者眾，猶曰西服者，苟以隨時。諸解辮有常刑，幸其若是，胡漢猶彌以相惡。蒙古朝祭以冠幞，私燕以質孫，胡服隱也。滿洲遊學以短衣，常居以嬰絳，胡服箸也。 ^ (#cite_ref-192) Chung, Young Yang Chung (2005). Silken threads: a history of embroidery in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam (illustrated ed.). Harry N. 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S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 204374195 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204374195) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wang, Anita Xiaoming (2018). "The Idealised Lives of Women: Visions of Beauty in Chinese Popular Prints of the Qing Dynasty" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26585538) . Arts Asiatiques . 73 : 61–80. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3406/arasi.2018.1993 (https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farasi.2018.1993) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0004-3958 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3958) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 26585538 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26585538) . ^ (#cite_ref-200) Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Volume 1 . Vol. 2 of Great Enterprise (illustrated ed.). University of California Press, l. p. 868. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0520048040 . ^ (#cite_ref-201) Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1989). Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644-1660 . Faculty of Asian Studies monographs // The Australian National University (illustrated ed.). Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 37. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0731506545 . Dorgon did not want to see anything go wrong in a province and this might be the main reason why the government ... When the Chinese were ordered to wear the queue, Sun and Li took the initiative in changing their Ming hairstyle to ... ^ (#cite_ref-202) Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1 . Vol. 37 of Turcologica Series (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 22. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3447040914 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 . University of Washington Press. pp. 60–62. 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"The most traditional not always the most practical" (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201803/03/WS5a99f595a3106e7dcc13f48c.html) . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 18 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-246) Zhao, Ruixue (14 June 2013). "Dressed like nobility" (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201306/14/WS5a2a1a1da3101a51ddf8ea17.html) . China Daily. ^ (#cite_ref-247) "Confucius family's secret legacy comes to light" (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201811/28/WS5bfe5494a310eff30328b9ab.html) . Xinhua. 28 November 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-248) Wang, Guojun (December 2016). "The Inconvenient Imperial Visit: Writing Clothing and Ethnicity in 1684 Qufu" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210707174522/https://www.academia.edu/30978274) . Late Imperial China . 37 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 137–170. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/late.2016.0013 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flate.2016.0013) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 151370452 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151370452) . Archived from the original (https://www.academia.edu/30978274) on 7 July 2021 . Retrieved 15 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-249) Kile, S.E.; Kleutghen, Kristina (June 2017). "Seeing through Pictures and Poetry: A History of Lenses (1681)" (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flate.2017.0001) . Late Imperial China . 38 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 47–112. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/late.2017.0001 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flate.2017.0001) . ^ (#cite_ref-250) Sloane, Jesse D. (October 2014). "Rebuilding Confucian Ideology: Ethnicity and Biography in the Appropriation of Tradition" (https://www.academia.edu/11897175) . Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies . 14 (2): 235–255. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.21866/esjeas.2014.14.2.005 (https://doi.org/10.21866%2Fesjeas.2014.14.2.005) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1598-2661 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1598-2661) . ^ (#cite_ref-251) Li, Qing (14 May 2020). "Restoring period clothing helps people learn about Chinese history and culture-- Beijing Review" (http://www.bjreview.com/Lifestyle/202005/t20200514_800204417.html) . Beijing Review . Retrieved 13 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-252) "Top 5 Styles of Traditional Chinese Dress & Clothing" (https://www.newhanfu.com/1591.html) . Newhanfuz . 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-253) Hu, Shaoying (25 June 2014). "Hanfu Elements in Modern Fashion Design and Innovation" (https://www.newhanfu.com/2598.html) . Asian Social Science . 10 (13). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.5539/ass.v10n13p89 (https://doi.org/10.5539%2Fass.v10n13p89) . ^ (#cite_ref-254) Li, You (24 December 2020). "Ho-Ho-Ho or No? China's Fashionistas Defend Christmas 'Hanfu' (http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006615/ho-ho-ho-or-no-chinas-fashionistas-defend-christmas-hanfu) " (http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006615/ho-ho-ho-or-no-chinas-fashionistas-defend-christmas-hanfu) . Sixth Tone . Retrieved 8 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-{{Cite_news}}..._255-0) Zhang, Phoebe (25 December 2020). "Christmas colours and themes for traditional Chinese clothing" (https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/article/3115217/christmas-spin-put-chinese-traditional-clothing-festive) . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 8 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Cui_Rongrong_256-0) 崔榮榮、牛犁. 明代以來漢族民間服飾變革與社會變遷（1368–1949年） . 武漢理工大學出版社. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Ancient Chinese shoes: Etiquette" (https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2008-09/26/content_11569590_2.htm) . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 28 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-258) The Modern Hanfu – China Fashion Guide (https://www.newhanfu.com/2598.html) . Newhanfu . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_70-0) "120". Book of Later Han . "秦以戰國即天子位，滅去禮學，郊祀之服皆以袀玄。漢承秦故。" ^ (#cite_ref-:2_76-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 显宗遂就大业，初服旒冕，衣裳文章，赤舄絇屦，以祠天地，养三老五更于三雍，于时致治平矣。 "2". Book of Later Han . "二年春正月辛未，宗祀光武皇帝於明堂，帝及公卿列侯始服冠冕、衣裳、玉佩、絇屨以行事 ^ (#cite_ref-:3_79-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 古者有冠無幘，其戴也，加首有頍，所以安物。故詩曰「有頍者弁」，此之謂也。三代之世，法制滋彰，下至戰國，文武並用。秦雄諸侯，乃加其武將首飾為絳袙，以表貴賤，其後稍稍作顏題。漢興，續其顏，卻摞之，施巾連題，卻覆之，今喪幘是其制也。名之曰幘。幘者，賾也，頭首嚴賾也。至孝文乃高顏題，續之為耳，崇其巾為屋，合後施收，上下群臣貴賤皆服之。文者長耳，武者短耳，稱其冠也。尚書幘收，方三寸，名曰納言，示以忠正，顯近職也。迎氣五郊，各如其色，從章服也。 ^ (#cite_ref-:4_81-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 皁衣群吏春服青幘，立夏乃止，助微順氣，尊其方也。武吏常赤幘，成其威也。未冠童子幘無屋者，示未成人也。入學小童幘也句卷屋者，示尚幼少，未遠冒也。喪幘卻摞，反本禮也。升數如冠，與冠偕也。期喪起耳有收，素幘亦如之，禮輕重有制，變除從漸，文也。 ^ (#cite_ref-:5_82-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 武冠，俗谓之大冠，环缨无蕤，以青系为绲，加双鹖尾，竖左右，为鹖冠云" ^ (#cite_ref-:6_84-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 进贤冠，古缁布冠也，文儒者之服也。前高七寸，后高三寸，长八寸。公侯三梁，中二千石以下至博士两梁，自博士以下至小史私学弟子，皆一梁。宗室刘氏亦两梁冠，示加服也。 ^ (#cite_ref-:7_89-0) "120". Book of Later Han . 步摇以黄金为山题，贯白珠为桂枝相缪... Bibliography [ edit ] Hua, Mei (華梅) (2004). 【古代服飾】 [ Ancient Costume ]. Beijing: Wenmu Chubanshe. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-7-5010-1472-9 . Huang, Nengfu (黃能馥); Chen, Juanjuan (陳娟娟) (1999). 【中華歷代服飾藝術】 [ The Art of Chinese Clothing Through the Ages ]. Beijing. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) Shen, Congwen (/wiki/Shen_Congwen) (2006). Zhongguo gu dai fu shi yan jiu (https://archive.org/details/zhongguogudaifus0000shen) 【中國古代服飾研究】 [ Researches on Ancient Chinese Costumes ]. Shanghai: Shanghai Century Publishing Group. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-7-80678-329-0 . Xu, Jialu (許嘉璐) (1991). 【中國古代禮俗辭典】 [ Dictionary of Rituals and Customs of Ancient China ]. Zhang, Qizhi (2015). An introduction to Chinese history and culture . Heidelberg: Heidelberg Springer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-662-46482-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 909065833 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909065833) . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . Zhou, Xun; Gao, Chunming (1984). 5000 Years of Chinese Costume . The Chinese Costumes Research Group. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 962-07-5021-7 . Zhou, Xun; Gao, Chunming (1988). 5000 years of Chinese costumes . San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8351-1822-4 . Zhou, Xibao (1984). 【中國古代服飾史】 [ History of Ancient Chinese Costume ]. Beijing: Zhongguo Xiju. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hanfu (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hanfu) . Wooden figures from a Xingyang warring-state period tomb (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/fisher/n2007091889) Рубрикатор ханьфу. Китайский костюм, история, культура - самая полная база знаний о ханьфу (https://author.today/work/318371/) Рубрикатор ханьфу на ВК (https://vk.com/@chinesehanfu-rubrikator-hanfu) v t e Traditional Han Chinese clothing Characteristics Garment and neckline (list) (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu) Jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Cross-collars) Mandarin collar (/wiki/Mandarin_collar) Fastening Pankou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Chinese button knot (/wiki/Chinese_button_knot) Zimukou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Styles Baoyi bodai (/wiki/Paofu#Baoyi_bodai) Shangjian xiafeng (/wiki/Ruqun#Shangjian_xiafeng) Fuyao (/wiki/Fuyao_(fashion)) Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) List of hanfu (/wiki/List_of_hanfu) Textile decoration and craft Diancui (/wiki/Tian-tsui) Chinese knotting (/wiki/Chinese_knotting) Chinese embroidery (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list) (/wiki/Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing) Xiangyun 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(/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) 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(/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world) Prehistory of nakedness and clothing (/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing) China (/wiki/Popular_fashion_in_ancient_China) Han Chinese Shu (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Shu) Egyptian (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt) Inuit (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Biblical (/wiki/Biblical_clothing) Greek (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) Roman (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome) Thracian (/wiki/Thracian_clothing) Middle Ages Anglo-Saxon (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_dress) Byzantine (/wiki/Byzantine_dress) Chinese Liao (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Liao_dynasty) Jurchen Jin (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Jurchen_Jin_dynasty) Yuan (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Yuan_dynasty) Western Xia (/wiki/Fashion_in_Western_Xia) English (/wiki/English_medieval_clothing) Europe 400s–1000s (/wiki/Early_medieval_European_dress) 1100s (/wiki/1100%E2%80%931200_in_European_fashion) 1200s (/wiki/1200%E2%80%931300_in_European_fashion) 1300s (/wiki/1300%E2%80%931400_in_European_fashion) 1400s 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Rosemary "Rosie" Hughes, NDSF, AIFD, GCGI , was the royal florist of Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) , based in Hamilton, Leicester (/wiki/Hamilton,_Leicester) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Biography [ edit ] Having worked in the floral industry for over 40 years, she has represented the UK in various floral competitions, gaining her American Institute of Floral Designers (/wiki/American_Institute_of_Floral_Designers) qualification and also taking part in many Chelsea Flower Shows (/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Show) . She has also received a number of awards and worked in France, the United States, Germany and other countries. In 2011 she was co-organiser of the World Flower Council summit held in London, organising a floral team to produce exclusive designs for this event. [2] (#cite_note-2) Queen Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) (centre, in blue) and Prince Philip (/wiki/Prince_Philip) hold nosegays (/wiki/Nosegay) by Rosie Hughes as they leave Wakefield Cathedral (/wiki/Wakefield_Cathedral) after the Royal Maundy (/wiki/Royal_Maundy) (in 2005) She works as a freelance (/wiki/Freelance) designer and consultant. She has been granted a Royal Warrant of Appointment from the Queen as Nosegay (/wiki/Nosegay) maker for Royal Maundy (/wiki/Royal_Maundy) since 2008. [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Rosemary Hughes \| Royal Warrant Holders Association" (https://www.royalwarrant.org/company/rosemary-hughes) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "About" (http://www.flowersforeveryoccasion.co.uk/about) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) By Royal Appointment . ITV3 (/wiki/ITV3) . 2012. Event occurs at 8:00pm . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . External links [ edit ] Rosie Hughes's homepage (http://www.floraldesignsforeveryoccasion.com) Profile at UK School of Florists (http://www.ukschooloffloristry.com/tutors_bio_2010.php) This article related to British royalty (/wiki/British_Royal_Family) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Hughes&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐757b556fd4‐llvmb Cached time: 20240722133804 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.218 seconds Real time usage: 0.303 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 323/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7008/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 277/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14973/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.156/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3156102/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 268.946 1 -total 38.79% 104.321 1 Template:Reflist 35.03% 94.201 1 Template:UK-royal-stub 31.31% 84.197 1 Template:Asbox 29.68% 79.825 2 Template:Cite_web 14.52% 39.038 1 Template:Authority_control 10.66% 28.669 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 3.90% 10.498 1 Template:DMCA 3.50% 9.420 1 Template:Cite_video 2.93% 7.877 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36357519-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722133804 and revision id 1159352635. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Hughes&oldid=1159352635 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Hughes&oldid=1159352635) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : British royal warrant holders (/wiki/Category:British_royal_warrant_holders) Florists (/wiki/Category:Florists) People from Humberstone & Hamilton (/wiki/Category:People_from_Humberstone_%26_Hamilton) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) British royalty stubs (/wiki/Category:British_royalty_stubs) Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people)) Place of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_(living_people)) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Long and narrow band of color, often in alternating sets. Black and yellow stripes A stripe is a line or band that differs in color or tone from an adjacent area. Stripes are a group of such lines in a repeating pattern of similar regions. History [ edit ] The early history of stripe is unclear but according to the written histories, during the 13th century, Carmelites monk (/wiki/Carmelites) are thought to have worn brown and white stripes. For more than 25 years, the monks resisted orders from eleven successive popes to give up their cloaks, only succumbing to Pope Boniface VIII (/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII) 's ban of striped clothing from all religious orders. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) This marks the stripe patterns are not well accepted in the society back then. The stigma of wearing stripes persisted into the medieval era (as late as the 1700's), being associated with Europe's “ outcast ” population, such as prostitutes, clowns, hangmen, heretics, and lepers. Beginning in the 1800's, Europe began to embrace the Neo-classical style. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) In the United States during this time, the stripe's stigma was well entrenched. This led to prisoners wearing a Prison uniform (/wiki/Prison_uniform) of black and white stripes for both humiliation and to discourage escape attempts. This practice continued until the early 20th century, when striped uniforms were slowly phased out by the United States. [4] (#cite_note-4) However, once the roaring twenties (/wiki/Roaring_Twenties) era had arrived, stripe was being mainstream again as it represents privilege life. First, it can be seen in part of the male fashion and worn as school uniforms, first at public schools, then at universities. [5] (#cite_note-5) Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) was inspired by the French Navy workers’ uniform during a visit to the French Riviera (/wiki/French_Riviera) . The French Navy had been using their classic navy and white striped shirt (/wiki/Marini%C3%A8re) for a long time (since the 1850s) before Chanel saw it, but as Coco liked the pattern so much, she started to include the now famous striped colour combo into her designs. [1] (#cite_note-:1-1) Usage and appearance [ edit ] As a pattern (more than one stripe together), stripes are commonly seen in nature, food, emblems, clothing, and elsewhere. Two-toned stripes inherently draw one's attention, and as such are used to signal hazards. They are used in road signs, barricade tape (/wiki/Barricade_tape) , and thresholds. In nature, as with the zebra (/wiki/Zebra) , stripes may have developed through natural selection to produce motion dazzle (/wiki/Camouflage#Motion_dazzle) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [ failed verification ] Stripes may give appeal to certain sweets like the candy cane (/wiki/Candy_cane) . For hundreds of years, stripes have been used in clothing. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) Striped clothing has frequently had negative symbolism in Western cultures. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) Historian Michel Pastoureau (/wiki/Michel_Pastoureau) explores the cultural history of these design decisions in the book, The Devil's Cloth (/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Cloth) . [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) Gallery [ edit ] Striped blouse from 1800's French Navy sailor wearing classic marinière shirt which inspire Coco Chanel of the stripe design Painting of woman wearing striped clothing Group of men wearing striped shirt for cricket club photo group Row Boat clubs college student wearing striped shirt Striped shirt sold at market in China Caricatures of prisoner in stripe uniform Smiling girl wearing orange, black and white striped shirt Striped Barber's pole (/wiki/Barber%27s_pole) with red, white and blue stripes spiralling endlessly Red and white barricade tape See also [ edit ] Square tiling (/wiki/Square_tiling) Sussi cloth (/wiki/Sussi_cloth) The Devil's Cloth (/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Cloth) Argyle (pattern) (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) Racing flags (/wiki/Racing_flags) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Gingham (/wiki/Gingham) Madras (cloth) (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) Marinière (cloth) (/wiki/Marini%C3%A8re) Plaid (pattern) (/wiki/Plaid_(pattern)) Polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) Tattersall (cloth) (/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)) Diapering (/wiki/Diapering) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Manner (2019-03-27). "A brief history on the classic stripe" (https://www.mannermagazine.co.uk/single-post/2019/03/27/a-brief-history-on-the-classic-stripe) . Manner Magazine . Retrieved 2024-05-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Treasurie (2024-01-01). "Stripe Patterns - All About the Types of Stripes" (https://blog.treasurie.com/stripe-patterns/) . Treasurie . Retrieved 2024-05-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The secret history of spots, stripes and other everyday patterns" (https://qz.com/557690/the-secret-history-of-spots-stripes-and-other-everyday-patterns) . Quartz . 2015-11-25 . Retrieved 2024-05-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Deboer, Lesley (2019-03-15). "A Brief History of Stripes" (https://stylecircle.org/2019/03/a-brief-history-of-stripes/) . STYLECIRCLE . Retrieved 2024-05-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Classic Pattern Styles - Stripes" (https://www.historyrepeating.se/blog/historic-patterns-stripes) . www.historyrepeating.se . Retrieved 2024-05-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Thesaurus results for STRIPE" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/stripe) . www.merriam-webster.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161126132816/http://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/stripe) from the original on 2016-11-26 . Retrieved 2018-01-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Pastoureau, Michel (2001). The Devil's Cloth: A History of Stripes and Striped Fabric . Columbia University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780231123662 . 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Italian fashion designer (1906–2002) Fernanda Gattinoni Born ( 1906-12-02 ) 2 December 1906 Cocquio-Trevisago (/wiki/Cocquio-Trevisago) , Varese (/wiki/Varese) , Lombardy (/wiki/Lombardy) , Italy Died 27 November 2002 (2002-11-27) (aged 95) Rome (/wiki/Rome) , Italy Nationality Italian Citizenship Italy Occupation Fashion designer Years active 1924–2002 Children 1 Awards Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic) Fernanda Gattinoni (2 December 1906 – 27 November 2002) was an Italian fashion designer who was the founder of the Gattinoni (/wiki/Gattinoni) atelier. She left Italy at age 17 and worked as an apprentice for the London-based Molineaux fashion house (/wiki/Edward_Molyneux) . Gattinoni returned to Italy in 1930 to become head of the creative department for the Ventura atelier after declining an offer to work for Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) in Paris. In 1946, she established the Gattinoni atelier and designed costumes for Italian notability and notable foreign figures. Gattinoni earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) with her design of Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) 's attire in the 1956 film War and Peace (/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1956_film)) . She was appointed Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic) in July 1998. A biography on Gattinoni was published in 2010 and a garden in Rome was named after the fashion designer four years later. Biography [ edit ] On 2 December 1906, [1] (#cite_note-DWW25000Entry-1) Gattinoni was born in Cocquio Trevisago (/wiki/Cocquio-Trevisago) , in the province of Varese (/wiki/Varese) , [2] (#cite_note-LaRepubblicaObit-2) in Lombardy (/wiki/Lombardy) , [3] (#cite_note-DTObit-3) Northern Italy. [4] (#cite_note-ElPaisObit-4) She was educated at a school run by Swiss nuns in Besozzo (/wiki/Besozzo) . [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) At the age of 17 in 1924, [6] (#cite_note-THScotObit-6) she left Italy and moved to London, [7] (#cite_note-Variety2002-7) where she worked as an apprentice in the workshops of the Molineaux fashion house (/wiki/Edward_Molyneux) . [2] (#cite_note-LaRepubblicaObit-2) [4] (#cite_note-ElPaisObit-4) Gattinoni helped design Marie-José of Belgium (/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A9_of_Belgium) 's wedding dress for her 1930 marriage to Umberto of Savoy (/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy) , the future King of Italy (/wiki/King_of_Italy) . [8] (#cite_note-TimesObit-8) She declined an offer to work for the Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) fashion house in Paris in the late 1920s, [2] (#cite_note-LaRepubblicaObit-2) [6] (#cite_note-THScotObit-6) since she disliked the atmosphere of the city. [9] (#cite_note-MC2020-9) In 1930, Gattinoni moved back to Italy and began to creatively collaborate with the Milan-based Ventura atelier as the head of its creative department. Gattinoni was appointed Ventura's director of design department when the fashion house opened an office in Rome in 1934. [3] (#cite_note-DTObit-3) [6] (#cite_note-THScotObit-6) She continued to work for Ventura until the end of the Second World War (/wiki/World_War_II) in 1945. [3] (#cite_note-DTObit-3) The following year, [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) Gattinoni established her own self-named small atelier on the Via Marche. [3] (#cite_note-DTObit-3) [9] (#cite_note-MC2020-9) During her time running her atelier, she designed costumes for Italian notability and foreign individuals such as Jacqueline Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) , the American First Lady (/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States) , Eva Perón (/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n) of Argentina, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon) and American Ambassador Clare Boothe Luce (/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce) . [11] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-11) Gattinoni became notable in the 1950s and 1960s during the period of Hollywood on the Tiber (/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber) , [7] (#cite_note-Variety2002-7) where she had 25 embroiders working full-time on her gowns made of heavy taffetas and marocain and subsequently chiffon. [3] (#cite_note-DTObit-3) [6] (#cite_note-THScotObit-6) She was the designer of costumes worn on and off-camera by Ingrid Bergman (/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman) , Lucia Bosè (/wiki/Lucia_Bos%C3%A8) , Clara Calamai (/wiki/Clara_Calamai) , Angie Dickinson (/wiki/Angie_Dickinson) , Ava Gardner (/wiki/Ava_Gardner) , Gina Lollobrigida (/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida) , Anna Magnani (/wiki/Anna_Magnani) , Kim Novak (/wiki/Kim_Novak) , Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) and Lana Turner (/wiki/Lana_Turner) . [7] (#cite_note-Variety2002-7) [8] (#cite_note-TimesObit-8) [9] (#cite_note-MC2020-9) The sister of the Shah of Persia (/wiki/Iranian_monarchy) wore a dress designed for her own wedding by Gattinoni. [3] (#cite_note-DTObit-3) [6] (#cite_note-THScotObit-6) The attire she designed for Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) to wear playing the role of Natasha in the 1956 film War and Peace (/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1956_film)) earned Gattinoni a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) . [7] (#cite_note-Variety2002-7) [12] (#cite_note-Vogue2002-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Gattinoni's atelier was run by her son from 1985 until his early death in 1993, after which it was operated by the designer Guillermo Mariotto. She remained at the atelier holding an interest in Mariotto's affairs. She received an audience with the Pope (/wiki/Pope) in 1999, who asked her about the latest fashion trends and gave her advice. [3] (#cite_note-DTObit-3) Personal life [ edit ] Gattinoni had one son. [14] (#cite_note-:0-14) She was appointed Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic) by Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (/wiki/Oscar_Luigi_Scalfaro) , the Italian President (/wiki/President_of_Italy) , in July 1998. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) In December 2001, Gattinoni earned "La Lupa" recognition from the City of Rome. [10] (#cite_note-:2-10) On 25 November 2002, she was working at her headquarters in Rome when she became unwell and was transported to Policlinico Umberto I (/wiki/Policlinico_Umberto_I) hospital. [12] (#cite_note-Vogue2002-12) Gattinoni died of an unspecified illness two days later on the morning of 27 November 2002. [7] (#cite_note-Variety2002-7) [12] (#cite_note-Vogue2002-12) Approach and legacy [ edit ] She was a minimalist and worked her embroidery into her designs. [8] (#cite_note-TimesObit-8) Gattinoni referred to her designs as "elegant and sober" and disliked of gowns that revealed too much, saying "Nakedness is not stylish.” [7] (#cite_note-Variety2002-7) [11] (#cite_note-LATimesObit-11) In 2002, she commented what elegance meant to her and was critical of gimmicks to attract attention: "Rules exist: no extravagance and no nudity. I've struggled my whole life to teach women that transparent clothes are useless – they tantalise but don't seduce. What mystery is left for these poor men to unveil?" [6] (#cite_note-THScotObit-6) According to Lola Galán of El País (/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs) , Gattinoni "was always faithful to the criteria of orthodox elegance, and hated, for example, transparencies and excessive suits. 'The nude excites, but does not conquer,' she used to say to his clients." [4] (#cite_note-ElPaisObit-4) She frequently went to her headquarters until the final days of her life. [4] (#cite_note-ElPaisObit-4) The correspondent for The Times (/wiki/The_Times) noted "She rose at seven in the morning, and after coffee would be at mass at 9am. From church she would go straight to her shop, office, studio and workrooms, and not emerge again until well into the evening." [8] (#cite_note-TimesObit-8) A street in Rome was announced as being named for her. [4] (#cite_note-ElPaisObit-4) The Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche holds a collection of papers from the period between 1935 and 2009. They include her drawings, costume making materials and media materials. [14] (#cite_note-:0-14) In 2010, an biography of Gattinoni authored by Aldo D'Ambrosi and Nuovi Autori and called Cent’anni di stile, Vita di Fernanda Gattinoni creatrice di alta moda e di concrete utopie was published. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Four years later, a garden in Rome was named after her and a toponymic plaque bearing the inscription "Giardino Fernanda Gattinoni: Sarta e Creatrice di moda (1907–2002)" was inaugurated in January 2015. [17] (#cite_note-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-DWW25000Entry_1-0) "Gattinoni, Fernanda (1906–2002)" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/gattinoni-fernanda-1906-2002) . Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages (/wiki/Dictionary_of_Women_Worldwide) . 2006. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210713132137/https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/gattinoni-fernanda-1906-2002) from the original on 13 July 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 – via Encyclopedia.com (/wiki/Encyclopedia.com) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Laurenzi, Laura (27 November 2002). "Farewell to Fernanda Gattinoni, dean of Italian fashion" (https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2002/11/27/addio-fernanda-gattinoni-decana-della-moda-italiana.html) . la Repubblica (/wiki/La_Repubblica) (in Italian). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210713132137/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2002/11/27/addio-fernanda-gattinoni-decana-della-moda-italiana.html) from the original on 13 July 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Fernanda Gattinoni; Italian designer who revived the Empire style and dressed Audrey Hepburn, Princess Margaret and Jackie O" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1415011/Fernanda-Gattinoni.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . 3 December 2002. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210713132140/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1415011/Fernanda-Gattinoni.html) from the original on 13 July 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Galán, Lola (1 December 2002). "Fernanda Gattinoni,la última sastre de alta costura" (https://elpais.com/diario/2002/12/01/agenda/1038697202_850215.html) [Fernanda Gattinoni, the latest haute couture tailor]. El País (/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs) (in Spanish). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210713132137/https://elpais.com/diario/2002/12/01/agenda/1038697202_850215.html) from the original on 13 July 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Calzona, Marinella (19 January 2010). "Quasi un'autobiografia di Fernanda Gattinoni" (https://www.imore.it/rivista/quasi-unautobiografia-di-fernanda-gattinoni/) [Almost an autobiography of Fernanda Gattinoni] (in Italian). Imore. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210715091332/https://www.imore.it/rivista/quasi-unautobiografia-di-fernanda-gattinoni/) from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Fernanda Gattinoni" (https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A95340680/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=af94710b) . The Herald (/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)) . 27 November 2002. p. 22. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210827203733/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA95340680&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-GPS&asid=af94710b) from the original on 27 August 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 – via Gale OneFile: News. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Fernanda Gattinoni" (https://variety.com/2002/scene/people-news/fernanda-gattinoni-1117876707/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . 27 November 2002. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210713132137/https://variety.com/2002/scene/people-news/fernanda-gattinoni-1117876707/) from the original on 13 July 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Fernanda Gattinoni; Lives in Brief" (https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A95656656/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=83cfffed) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . 20 December 2002. p. 34. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210827203734/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA95656656&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-GPS&asid=83cfffed) from the original on 27 August 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 – via Gale Academic OneFile. ^ Jump up to: a b c Mancinelli, Antonio (20 December 2020). "Fernanda Gattinoni, un secolo in atelier" (https://www.marieclaire.com/it/moda/fashion-news/a34982169/fernanda-gattinoni-storia/) [Fernanda Gattinoni, a century in the atelier]. Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) (in Italian). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210713132151/https://www.marieclaire.com/it/moda/fashion-news/a34982169/fernanda-gattinoni-storia/) from the original on 13 July 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Fernanda Gattinoni; A woman with natural elegance" (https://www.gattinoni.com/en/content/23-madame-fernanda-gattinoni) . Gattinoni. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210715091331/https://www.gattinoni.com/en/content/23-madame-fernanda-gattinoni) from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Fernanda Gattinoni, 95; Dressed Actresses, Jackie Kennedy" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-nov-27-me-passings27.3-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . 27 November 2002. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210713132140/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-nov-27-me-passings27.3-story.html) from the original on 13 July 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Fernanda Gattitnoni Remembered" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/fernanda-gattinoni-remembered) . British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . 27 November 2002. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210713132139/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/fernanda-gattinoni-remembered) from the original on 13 July 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Fernanda Gattinoni torna a casa, ma la casa è piccola" (http://www.televideo.rai.it/televideo/pub/articolo.jsp?id=8300) [Fernanda Gattinoni returns home, but the house is small] (in Italian). Televideo (/wiki/Televideo_(teletext)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210715091330/http://www.televideo.rai.it/televideo/pub/articolo.jsp?id=8300) from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Fernanda e Raniero Gattinoni" (https://siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it/cgi-bin/pagina.pl?TipoPag=comparc&Chiave=332591&RicFrmRicSemplice=fernanda%20gattinoni&RicSez=complessi&RicVM=ricercasemplice) [Fernanda and Raniero Gattinoni] (in Italian). Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210713132143/https://siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it/cgi-bin/pagina.pl?TipoPag=comparc&Chiave=332591&RicFrmRicSemplice=fernanda%20gattinoni&RicSez=complessi&RicVM=ricercasemplice) from the original on 13 July 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Chi era Fernanda Gattinoni: curiosità e vita privata della stilista" (https://it.notizie.yahoo.com/chi-era-fernanda-gattinoni-curiosit%C3%A0-070050296.html?guccounter=1) [Who was Fernanda Gattinoni: curiosity and private life of the designer]. Donne Magazine (in Italian). 26 November 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210715091330/https://it.notizie.yahoo.com/chi-era-fernanda-gattinoni-curiosit%C3%A0-070050296.html?guccounter=1) from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2021 – via Yahoo! News (/wiki/Yahoo!_News) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Ordini Cavallereschi: Presidenza Della Repubblica: Cavaliere di gran croce" (https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/1999/09/10/099A4967/sg) [Knightly Orders: Presidency of the Republic: Knight of the Grand Cross]. Gazzetta Ufficiale (/wiki/Gazzetta_Ufficiale) (in Italian) (213). 9 September 1999. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210715091332/https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/1999/09/10/099A4967/sg) from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Moda, a Roma un giardino intitolato a Fernanda Gattinoni" (https://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2015/01/26/news/moda_a_roma_un_giardino_intitolato_a_fernanda_gattinoni-105841962/) [Fashion, in Rome a garden named after Fernanda Gattinoni]. la Repubblica (in Italian). 26 January 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210715091331/https://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2015/01/26/news/moda_a_roma_un_giardino_intitolato_a_fernanda_gattinoni-105841962/) from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2021 . External links [ edit ] Fernanda Gattinoni (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0309811/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1944171/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000116568942) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/62608499) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx8DMpPgPt4xJKb3bdxXd) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16220947w) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16220947w) Italy (https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMSV939194) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011041678) Artists RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/262548) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/146635175) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐ckbb4 Cached time: 20240712215434 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.522 seconds Real time usage: 0.668 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2970/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 51099/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1692/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 79664/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.343/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7242074/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 624.346 1 -total 31.92% 199.280 1 Template:Reflist 30.06% 187.673 1 Template:Infobox_person 18.19% 113.562 1 Template:Authority_control 15.09% 94.218 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia 12.85% 80.246 1 Template:Short_description 11.19% 69.851 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.27% 45.372 1 Template:Birth_date 6.98% 43.604 2 Template:Pagetype 6.54% 40.826 18 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:68241563-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712215434 and revision id 1122810945. 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British fashion model and actress This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chloe_Hayward) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Chloe_Hayward) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Chloe Hayward" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chloe+Hayward%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chloe+Hayward%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chloe+Hayward%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chloe+Hayward%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chloe+Hayward%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chloe+Hayward%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( March 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . 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Find sources: "Chloe Hayward" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chloe+Hayward%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chloe+Hayward%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chloe+Hayward%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chloe+Hayward%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chloe+Hayward%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chloe+Hayward%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( March 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Chloe Hayward Born Chloe Hayward Modeling information Agency Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) Chloe Hayward is an English fashion model (/wiki/Fashion_model) and actress from London. Early life and education [ edit ] Hayward attended Tiffin Girls' School (/wiki/Tiffin_Girls%27_School) . She studied English and Drama at the University of Birmingham (/wiki/University_of_Birmingham) . Breakthrough [ edit ] Hayward was discovered after being spotted by Sarah Leon, an agent of Next Model Management (/wiki/Next_Model_Management) . Whilst still at school, she appeared on the covers of such publications as Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , The Independent Magazine (/wiki/The_Independent#Format_changes) [1] (#cite_note-indep-1) and Tank Magazine (/wiki/Tank_Magazine) . In 2007, Hayward fronted the advertising campaign (/wiki/Advertising_campaign) of Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) , a chain of women's clothing shops. [1] (#cite_note-indep-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2009, she featured in a fashion campaign for Agent Provocateur (/wiki/Agent_Provocateur_(lingerie)) , an international lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) brand based in the United Kingdom. [3] (#cite_note-3) She has featured in editorial shoots for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , Dazed & Confused (/wiki/Dazed_%26_Confused_(magazine)) and Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . She has appeared on the cover of S Magazine (/w/index.php?title=S_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) , Suitcase Magazine (/w/index.php?title=Suitcase_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) and Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) . She has worked with British photographer Rankin (/wiki/Rankin_(photographer)) for Hunger Magazine (/w/index.php?title=Hunger_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) and worked with David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) , Ellen Von Unwerth (/wiki/Ellen_Von_Unwerth) and David Burton (/w/index.php?title=David_Burton_(photographer)&action=edit&redlink=1) . She has featured in campaigns for Clinique (/wiki/Clinique) . Hayward began her film career with the short film Shoot Me! directed by Kate Hardie (/wiki/Kate_Hardie) and featuring Claire Skinner (/wiki/Claire_Skinner) . [ citation needed ] She was in Stephen Frears (/wiki/Stephen_Frears) 's The Program 2015 as Lance Armstrong's wife Kristin, and had multiple roles in Sky Arts "Likely Stories" based on Neil Gaiman (/wiki/Neil_Gaiman) 's short stories of the same name. She lives in New York. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Talent issue - the model: Chloe Hayward (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/talent-issue--the-model-chloe-hayward-766032.html?action=Popup) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) ^ (#cite_ref-2) "From Topshop devotee to Topshop Model" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160201132415/http://fashionmagdaily.com/website/?p=777) . Archived from the original (http://fashionmagdaily.com/website/?p=777) on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lookbook: Agent Provocateur's new fall collection! (http://www.nylonmag.com/?parid=2097&section=article) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101008091658/http://www.nylonmag.com/?parid=2097&section=article) 2010-10-08 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . 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Indian fashion designer, model, and actress. Lucky Morani Morani in 2018 Born Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) , India Nationality Indian Education Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Alma mater Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics (/wiki/Narsee_Monjee_College_of_Commerce_and_Economics) SNDT Women's University (/wiki/SNDT_Women%27s_University) Occupation(s) Event manager, fashion designer, model, actress Spouse Mohammed Morani Relatives Karim Morani (/wiki/Karim_Morani) (brother-in-law) Aly Morani (/wiki/Aly_Morani) (brother-in-law) Zoa Morani (/wiki/Zoa_Morani) (niece) Lucky Morani is an Indian fashion designer, model, stage and film actress. [1] (#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-1) Morani is a noted fashion designer, and has designed, and modeled for several brands in India. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-ndtv.com-4) In 2014, she ventured into mainstream acting with the bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) crime thriller film Main Aur Charles (/wiki/Main_Aur_Charles) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Early career and cinema [ edit ] Morani was born in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) , India. She did her schooling at St. Joseph's Convent High School, Mumbai (/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Convent_High_School,_Mumbai) . She holds a Bachelor of Commerce (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Commerce) from Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics (/wiki/Narsee_Monjee_College_of_Commerce_and_Economics) , and Diploma in Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) from SNDT Women's University (/wiki/SNDT_Women%27s_University) . Morani was an apprentice to fashion designer Hemanth Trivedi. She subsequently worked as Creative and Event Planner for the Cineyug (/wiki/Cineyug) Group Of Companies. [4] (#cite_note-ndtv.com-4) She subsequently ventured into theater and stage acting through playwright and director Nadira Babbar (/wiki/Nadira_Babbar) 's works. [1] (#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-1) Lucky Morani received the 'I Am Woman' women empowerment award in 2016. [6] (#cite_note-6) Personal life [ edit ] Morani is the wife of Bollywood film producer Mohamed Morani, and sister in law of Karim Morani (/wiki/Karim_Morani) and Aly Morani (/wiki/Aly_Morani) , the owners of Cineyug (/wiki/Cineyug) Entertainment, one of India's event management companies. [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Lucky Morani plays a psychiatrist in 'Main Aur Charles' (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Lucky-Morani-plays-a-psychiatrist-in-Main-Aur-Charles/articleshow/49352318.cms) " (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Lucky-Morani-plays-a-psychiatrist-in-Main-Aur-Charles/articleshow/49352318.cms) . The Times of India . 15 October 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "lucky morani - High Heel Confidential" (http://www.highheelconfidential.com/tag/lucky-morani/) . www.highheelconfidential.com . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Lucky Morani: Working with Randeep Hooda was fascinating" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Lucky-Morani-Working-with-Randeep-Hooda-was-fascinating/articleshow/49539574.cms) . The Times of India . 26 October 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b "How Debutante Lucky Morani Was Cast in Main Aur Charles" (http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/how-debutante-lucky-morani-was-cast-in-main-aur-charles-1236751) . NDTVMovies.com . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Mohomed and Lucky Morani are the happy couple" (http://www.mid-day.com/photos/mohomed-and-lucky-moranis-25th-anniversary-bash/3462) . mid-day . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Lucky Morani, Jalpa Vithalani-'I Am Woman' Women Empowerment Awards Photo Gallery, 'I Am Woman' Women Empowerment Awards Stills, 'I Am Woman' Women Empowerment Awards Gallery, 'I Am Woman' Women Empowerment Awards Photos" (http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/photo_gallery_3-Hindi-Events-I_Am_Woman_Women_Empowerment_Awards-Photo-Galleries-1,8,34922,14.php) . Bharatstudent . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Who is Karim Morani? - Firstpost" (http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/who-is-karim-morani-18205.html) . Firstpost . 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( Update (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:HEBE_Beauty&action=purge) ) Submit the draft for review! HEBE Beauty Group Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetic_industry) Founded 2018 Area served Asia Products Cosmetics, skin care and personal care products Brands Dazzle Me, Glamfix, lavojoy, Y.O.U Beauty [1] (#cite_note-1) Website www (https://www.hebecompanies.com/) .hebecompanies (https://www.hebecompanies.com/) .com (https://www.hebecompanies.com/) HEBE Beauty (stylized in all caps), also known as HEBE Beauty Group , [2] (#cite_note-2) or simply as HEBE , [3] (#cite_note-3) is a cosmetics company founded in 2018. [4] (#cite_note-4) The company develops activities in the field of cosmetics, concentrating on makeup, [5] (#cite_note-5) personal care, beauty tools, and skin care (/wiki/Skin_care) . [6] (#cite_note-6) It owns several brands, including Y.O.U Beauty, [7] (#cite_note-7) Glamfix, [8] (#cite_note-8) Dazzle Me, [9] (#cite_note-9) and lavojoy. [10] (#cite_note-10) Its current operations mainly cover Southeast Asia (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) . [11] (#cite_note-11) HEBE Beauty has established presences in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , [12] (#cite_note-12) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , [13] (#cite_note-13) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) , [14] (#cite_note-14) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) , and the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) . [15] (#cite_note-15) The main branches of the company include HEBE Beauty Pte. Ltd., [16] (#cite_note-16) HEBE Beauty Cosmetics Inc., and HEBE Beauty Style. [17] (#cite_note-17) In February 2022, its brand Y.O.U raised $40 million in Series C funding. [18] (#cite_note-18) History [ edit ] HEBE Beauty was established in 2018. In the same year, it entered Indonesia, [19] (#cite_note-19) and launched the brand Y.O.U, [20] (#cite_note-20) which was financed by Gaorong Capital (/wiki/Gaorong_Capital) and ATM Capital. [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2019, it set up a supply chain management company in China. [22] (#cite_note-22) In 2020, HEBE Beauty rolled out another brand, Glamfix. [23] (#cite_note-HEBE_Beauty_Group_Further_Expands_into_the_Southeast_Asian_Market-23) In 2021, it introduced Y.O.U products to the Philippines. [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2022, HEBE Beauty released the personal care brand, lavojoy. [25] (#cite_note-25) In March 2023, the company attended the CosmoProf Exhibition (/wiki/CosmoProf) in Bologna (/wiki/Bologna) . [26] (#cite_note-26) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Technology Innovations are Transforming the Beauty Industry" (https://tribune.net.ph/2023/06/03/in-less-than-2-years-this-beauty-brand-is-making-a-statement-in-the-beauty-industry-2/) . Daily Tribune (/wiki/Daily_Tribune_(Philippines)) . June 3, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230622122239/https://tribune.net.ph/2023/06/03/in-less-than-2-years-this-beauty-brand-is-making-a-statement-in-the-beauty-industry-2/) from the original on June 22, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Iza Iglesias (September 3, 2021). "Y.O.U Beauty for the modern Filipina" (https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/09/03/the-lookbook/you-beauty-for-the-modern-filipina/1813416) . The Manila Times (/wiki/The_Manila_Times) . Archived (https://archive.today/20230426054042/https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/09/03/the-lookbook/you-beauty-for-the-modern-filipina/1813416) from the original on April 26, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Southeast Asia's Digital Economy Remains Resilient and Expected to Grow" (https://finance.yahoo.com/news/chinese-beauty-brands-woo-southeast-093000363.html) . South China Morning Post (/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) . March 5, 2022. Archived (https://archive.today/20230425151106/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/chinese-beauty-brands-woo-southeast-093000363.html) from the original on April 25, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Yaling Jiang (February 21, 2022). "Chinese beauty brands woo Southeast Asian customers on TikTok and Shopee as saturated home market stagnates" (https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3167681/chinese-beauty-brands-woo-southeast-asian-customers-tiktok-and) . South China Morning Post (/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) . Archived (https://archive.today/20230425022313/https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3167681/chinese-beauty-brands-woo-southeast-asian-customers-tiktok-and) from the original on April 25, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Therese Jamora-Garceau (September 1, 2021). "From Orange to Red to Pink" (https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2021/09/01/2123873/orange-red-pink) . The Philippine Star (/wiki/The_Philippine_Star) . Archived (https://archive.today/20230424145340/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2021/09/01/2123873/orange-red-pink) from the original on April 24, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Entertainment.ABS-CBN.com (September 8, 2021). "Y.O.U Beauty Inspires Women to Bloom in Long-Lasting Beauty" (https://ent.abs-cbn.com/articles-news/with-launch-in-the-philippines-you-beauty-inspires-women-to-bloom-in-long-lasting-beauty/y-o-u-beauty/advertorial-15619) . ABS-CBN.com (/wiki/ABS-CBN.com) . Archived (https://archive.today/20230624072823/https://ent.abs-cbn.com/articles-news/with-launch-in-the-philippines-you-beauty-inspires-women-to-bloom-in-long-lasting-beauty/y-o-u-beauty/advertorial-15619) from the original on June 24, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Manila Bulletin Entertainment (Jun 7, 2022). "Kim Soo Hyun officially joins as Y.O.U Beauty brand ambassador" (https://mb.com.ph/2022/06/07/kim-soo-hyun-officially-joins-as-y-o-u-beauty-brand-ambassador/) . Manila Bulletin (/wiki/Manila_Bulletin) . Archived (https://archive.today/20230424060517/https://mb.com.ph/2022/06/07/kim-soo-hyun-officially-joins-as-y-o-u-beauty-brand-ambassador/) from the original on April 24, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "The Philippines Updates Cosmetic Regulations" (https://verification.fda.gov.ph/cosmetic_product_notificationview.php?showdetail=&ACCOUNTCODE=NN-1000010669496) . FDA.gov.ph . Philippine FDA (/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(Philippines)) . January 17, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230622134621/https://verification.fda.gov.ph/cosmetic_product_notificationview.php?showdetail=&ACCOUNTCODE=NN-1000010669496) from the original on June 22, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Decoding the Southeast Asian beauty market" (https://finance.sina.com.cn/jjxw/2023-01-11/doc-imxzvqme2194930.shtml) . Sina (/wiki/Sina.com.cn) . January 11, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230625010737/https://finance.sina.com.cn/jjxw/2023-01-11/doc-imxzvqme2194930.shtml) from the original on June 25, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Philippine FDA Amends Cosmetic Regulations Based on Amendments of the ASEAN Cosmetic Directive" (https://verification.fda.gov.ph/cosmetic_product_notificationview.php?showdetail=&ACCOUNTCODE=NN-1000009843502) . FDA.gov.ph . Philippine FDA (/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(Philippines)) . September 29, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230622134629/https://verification.fda.gov.ph/cosmetic_product_notificationview.php?showdetail=&ACCOUNTCODE=NN-1000009843502) from the original on June 22, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "8+ Key Concepts and Trends from NYSCC Show 2023" (http://www.takungpao.com/special/239159/2023/0524/853694.html) . Ta Kung Pao (/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao) . May 24, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230621122648/http://www.takungpao.com/special/239159/2023/0524/853694.html) from the original on June 21, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Trying something new" (https://www.bworldonline.com/arts-and-leisure/2021/08/30/392207/trying-something-new/) . BusinessWorld (/wiki/BusinessWorld) . August 30, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230621045432/https://www.bworldonline.com/arts-and-leisure/2021/08/30/392207/trying-something-new/) from the original on June 21, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "HEBE Beauty Group Secures $10 Million in Funding" (https://www.legal500.com/c/china/private-equity-prc-firms/) . The Legal 500 (/wiki/The_Legal_500) . September 26, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230623114525/https://www.legal500.com/c/china/private-equity-prc-firms/) from the original on June 23, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "On The Radar: The Rise of Live Stream Shopping" (https://news.sina.com.cn/sx/2023-03-31/detail-imyntvph4362847.shtml) . Sina News (/wiki/Sina_News) . March 31, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230621131516/https://news.sina.com.cn/sx/2023-03-31/detail-imyntvph4362847.shtml) from the original on June 21, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Y.O.U Beauty makes a statement in the beauty industry" (https://www.msn.com/en-ph/news/other/you-beauty-makes-a-statement-in-the-beauty-industry/ar-AA1cuP2v) . The Manila Times (/wiki/The_Manila_Times) . June 14, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230623064937/https://www.msn.com/en-ph/news/other/you-beauty-makes-a-statement-in-the-beauty-industry/ar-AA1cuP2v) from the original on June 23, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "HEBE Beauty Turns 5" (http://www.takungpao.com/special/239159/2023/0705/868362.html) . Ta Kung Pao (/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao) . July 5, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230708140122/http://www.takungpao.com/special/239159/2023/0705/868362.html) from the original on July 8, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Xiaodan Xie (January 23, 2021). "Oppo Indonesia Former CEO Jet Lee Joins the Beauty Industry" (https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_10889517) . The Paper (/wiki/The_Paper_(newspaper)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230623043840/https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_10889517) from the original on June 23, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Liya Su (February 16, 2022). "HEBE Beauty's Y.O.U Raises $40 Million Series C" (https://www.dealstreetasia.com/stories/tcrcure-hidden-hill-y-o-u-beauty-281604) . DealStreetAsia (/wiki/DealStreetAsia) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "C-Beauty Brands Are Redefining Southeast Asia" (https://www.asiaone.com/digital/chinese-beauty-brands-woo-southeast-asian-customers-tiktok-and-shopee-saturated-home-market) . South China Morning Post (/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) . August 23, 2022. Archived (https://archive.today/20230425142955/https://www.asiaone.com/digital/chinese-beauty-brands-woo-southeast-asian-customers-tiktok-and-shopee-saturated-home-market) from the original on April 25, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Brightening Skincare and Makeup for Today's Modern Woman" (https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-philippine-star/20210901/282175064217370) . The Philippine Star (/wiki/The_Philippine_Star) . September 3, 2021. Archived (https://archive.today/20230621125503/https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-philippine-star/20210901/282175064217370) from the original on June 21, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Forbes China (February 16, 2022). "A Brand Under HEBE Beauty Raises $40 Million in Series C Funding from Gaorong Capital and Others" (https://www.forbeschina.com/investment/59528) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230623111416/https://www.forbeschina.com/investment/59528) from the original on June 23, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "HEBE Beauty Accelerates its Deployment in Southeast Asia" (http://www.takungpao.com/special/239159/2023/0703/867575.html) . Ta Kung Pao (/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao) . July 3, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230708111253/http://www.takungpao.com/special/239159/2023/0703/867575.html) from the original on July 8, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-HEBE_Beauty_Group_Further_Expands_into_the_Southeast_Asian_Market_23-0) "HEBE Beauty Group Plans to Enter the Middle East and Latin America Markets" (https://news.sina.com.cn/sx/2022-12-20/detail-imxxiihw4053222.shtml) . Sina News (/wiki/Sina_News) . December 20, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230623055612/https://news.sina.com.cn/sx/2022-12-20/detail-imxxiihw4053222.shtml) from the original on June 23, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Dinna Chan Vasquez (October 25, 2021). "HEBE Beauty established a foothold in Southeast Asia" (https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/10/25/beauty-thats-all-about-you/) . BusinessMirror (/wiki/BusinessMirror) . Archived (https://archive.today/20230425143140/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/10/25/beauty-thats-all-about-you/) from the original on April 25, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "HEBE Beauty Aims to Deepen Emerging Market Presence" (http://www.takungpao.com/special/239159/2023/0707/869149.html) . Ta Kung Pao (/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao) . July 7, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230708111227/http://www.takungpao.com/special/239159/2023/0707/869149.html) from the original on July 8, 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Five key trends spotted at CosmoProf Bologna 2023" (http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2023-06/07/c_1310725116.htm) . Xinhua News Agency (/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency) . June 7, 2023. Archived (https://archive.today/20230621042437/http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2023-06/07/c_1310725116.htm) from the original on June 21, 2023. This page will be placed in the following categories if it is moved to the article namespace (/wiki/Wikipedia:NS0) . 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Hatters and cap makers For other people named Herbert Johnson, see Herbert Johnson (disambiguation) (/wiki/Herbert_Johnson_(disambiguation)) . Herbert Johnson Industry Manufacturing Founded 1889, 45 New Bond Street (/wiki/Bond_Street) , London Founder Herbert Lewis Johnson (1856–1942) Fate Bought by Swaine Adeney Brigg (/wiki/Swaine_Adeney_Brigg) in 1996 Successor Swaine Adeney Brigg (/wiki/Swaine_Adeney_Brigg) Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Key people Herbert Lewis Johnson (1856–1942); Edward John Glazier (1846–1939); Geoffrey John Glazier (1899–1950); Maxwell Henry Glazier (1907–1984); Timothy Glazier (1934–2009); Robin Benson; Anthony Marangos Products Hat (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) Website herbertjohnson.co.uk (https://herbertjohnson.co.uk) Herbert Johnson is a London firm of hatters (/wiki/Hatmaking) and cap (/wiki/Cap) makers. Founded in 1889 at 45 New Bond Street (/wiki/Bond_Street) , the business was bought by the London firm of Swaine Adeney Brigg (/wiki/Swaine_Adeney_Brigg) in 1996. History [ edit ] The firm takes its name from Herbert Lewis Johnson, born in the parish of Westminster St James (/wiki/Westminster_St_James) , in 1856, the son of William Johnson, [1] (#cite_note-1) a hatter from Newcastle upon Tyne (/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne) who had moved to London, where he worked for the hat manufacturers Lincoln, Bennett & Co. of Piccadilly (/wiki/Piccadilly) . Herbert was apprenticed (/wiki/Apprenticeship) to Lincoln, Bennett & Co. in 1872. When his father died in 1889 he left £500 to Herbert, who likely put the money towards the setting up of his own hat shop that same year at 45 New Bond Street (/wiki/Bond_Street) . This was achieved with financial backing and practical help from Edward John Glazier (1864–1939). Herbert Johnson moved to 38 New Bond Street in 1895, where the firm traded until 1975. When Herbert retired in 1928 aged 72, he sold his interest to Edward Glazier, who turned the firm into a private limited company in 1929, registering the firm as Herbert Johnson (Bond Street) Limited. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 1975, the firm of Herbert Johnson was forced to leave its old premises at 38 New Bond Street, owing to a proposed rent increase from about £3,500 a year to almost £35,000. A new shop opened at 13 Old Burlington Street (/wiki/Old_Burlington_Street) , where the firm remained until 1988, when it moved back to New Bond Street (this time to no. 30). Robin Benson, whom the firm appointed as managing director in 1984, embarked on a programme of expansion based on the use of Herbert Johnson as a brand name. The range of branded products grew to include outerwear (/wiki/Outerwear) , ties, socks, and leather accessories. It was when the John Crowther Group bought Herbert Johnson (Bond Street) Limited and Herbert Johnson (Sales) Limited that the firm was relocated to 30 New Bond Street, as the first stage of an ambitious plan to open other shops at home and abroad and set up a network of concessions within department stores. These plans did not materialize; John Crowther Group was taken over by Coloroll (/wiki/Coloroll) , who sold off Herbert Johnson to a management buy-out team called the Response Group. In February 1990, as the Response Group went into receivership, Herbert Johnson was sold to its own management. The new company was headed by Anthony Marangos as chairman and managing director. He brought in new designers, notably Sylvia Fletcher, who gave the women's fashion side a new lease of life. Under his leadership the American milliner Prudence (/wiki/Prudence_Millinery) also began designing women's hats for Herbert Johnson. But Marangos' tenure turned out to be rather short-lived, for the firm was sold to Swaine Adeney Brigg (/wiki/Swaine_Adeney_Brigg) in 1996 and thereafter shared premises with its new owners, first at 10 Old Bond Street, then at 54 St James's Street (/wiki/St_James%27s_Street) , and now in Piccadilly Arcade (/wiki/Piccadilly_Arcade) . Decorative millinery for women was soon discontinued in favour of sporting and hunting hats for men and women and smart dress hats for gentlemen, as well as hats for the military and other uniformed professions. This shift fitted well with Swaine Adeney Brigg's own approach. Output [ edit ] As the United Kingdom Census 1901 (/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_1901) makes clear, Herbert Johnson's profession then was that of "Hatters' Shop Keeper". The firm's line of business was to design and commission headgear from hatters in London and the hatting workshops of Luton (/wiki/Luton) and Stockport (/wiki/Stockport) . The firm made a name for its silk- velvet (/wiki/Velvet) top hats (/wiki/Top_hat) . These hats had a "gossamer body", in other words one with a lightweight shell of fine muslin (/wiki/Muslin) or cambric (/wiki/Cambric) coated with shellac (/wiki/Shellac) . The hatters Lincoln and Bennett, for whom Herbert's father had worked and where he served his own apprenticeship, were credited with developing this technology. By the time of the World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) (1914–1918) much of the shop's business was taken up with hats for the military. Herbert Johnson devised a new cap with soft top that would be practical for field operations. This was adopted as the dress cap by many regiments (/wiki/Regiment) . Famous hats [ edit ] In spite of being underwater for almost a hundred years, one of Herbert Johnson's collapsible silk top hats was recovered from the wreckage of the RMS (/wiki/RMS_Titanic) Titanic , which sank in the north Atlantic (/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean) on the night of 14–15 April 1912. Surprisingly, the hat's label is still legible. [3] (#cite_note-3) The racing driver Lieutenant-Colonel Goldie Gardner (/wiki/A._T._Goldie_Gardner) commissioned Geoffrey Glazier to design a protective hat. Geoffrey did so, producing a lightweight but tough helmet (/wiki/Helmet) . Sir Stirling Moss (/wiki/Stirling_Moss) wore a white version of the Herbert Johnson racing helmet when he won the British Grand Prix (/wiki/British_Grand_Prix) at Aintree (/wiki/Aintree) on 20 July 1957. He later sold the helmet to British Oxygen (/wiki/The_BOC_Group) . This company had it covered in gold leaf and used as the Golden Helmet Trophy for the British Formula Ford Championships (/wiki/British_Formula_Ford_Championship) , which it sponsored in the 1970s. The helmet fetched £23,000 when it came up for auction at Bonhams (/wiki/Bonhams) in 2009. [4] (#cite_note-4) Other hats have been used in British television drama: Patrick Macnee (/wiki/Patrick_Macnee) 's John Steed (/wiki/John_Steed) sported a Herbert Johnson bowler hat (/wiki/Bowler_hat) in The Avengers (/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)) ; Arthur Lowe (/wiki/Arthur_Lowe) 's Captain Mainwaring (/wiki/Captain_Mainwaring) wore a floating-bevel peaked cap (/wiki/Peaked_cap) in the sitcom Dad's Army (/wiki/Dad%27s_Army) ; and Tom Baker (/wiki/Tom_Baker) 's Fourth Doctor (/wiki/Fourth_Doctor) in Doctor Who (/wiki/Doctor_Who) wore a Herbert Johnson felt (/wiki/Felt) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) . On the big screen, Peter Sellers (/wiki/Peter_Sellers) as Inspector Clouseau (/wiki/Inspector_Clouseau) wore a Herbert Johnson trilby (/wiki/Trilby) in Blake Edwards (/wiki/Blake_Edwards) 's A Shot in the Dark (/wiki/A_Shot_in_the_Dark_(1964_film)) (1964), the second of his Pink Panther (/wiki/The_Pink_Panther_(film_series)) series; the felt trilby gave way to a tweed (/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)) one in later films. Clint Eastwood (/wiki/Clint_Eastwood) wore a high-crowned cotton twill trilby in White Hunter Black Heart (/wiki/White_Hunter_Black_Heart) (1990); and Jack Nicholson (/wiki/Jack_Nicholson) as the Joker (/wiki/Joker_(character)) wore a purple felt fedora in Batman (/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)) (1989). Both these hats were by Herbert Johnson. There can be little doubt, however, that the most famous cinema exposure for Herbert Johnson was when Harrison Ford (/wiki/Harrison_Ford) as Indiana Jones (/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)) sported a broad-brimmed, high-crowned "Poet" felt hat in Steven Spielberg (/wiki/Steven_Spielberg) 's Raiders of the Lost Ark (/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark) (1981). [5] (#cite_note-5) The musicians Jimi Hendrix (/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix) and Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) both sported Johnson fedoras. [6] (#cite_note-6) Logo [ edit ] An antelope (/wiki/Antelope) sejant (/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)#Sejant) with the motto: Latin (/wiki/Latin_language) : " Numquam non paratus (/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(N)#nunquam_non_paratus) " (Never unprepared). [7] (#cite_note-7) The antelope sejant may represent a visual pun (/wiki/Visual_pun) , for it is in the crest (/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)) of the Capps family of Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk) and Kent (/wiki/Kent) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Warrants of appointment [ edit ] Appointed Hatter to HM King Edward VII (/wiki/Edward_VII) in 1901, other warrants of appointment followed from Nicholas II (/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia) , Tsar of Russia; George I, King of the Hellenes (/wiki/George_I_of_Greece) ; and Wilhelm II (/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor) , Emperor of Germany. In public collections [ edit ] Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) : Sir Roy Strong (/wiki/Roy_Strong) 's plush and silk broad-brimmed c. 1970 Herbert Johnson hat (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O139742/hat-herbert-johnson/) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Charles Pascoe in the sixth edition of London of to-day hailed him as "one of the best known and appreciated of leading West End tradesmen". ^ (#cite_ref-2) Prior, p. 128. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Prior, pp. 126–7 with illustration. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Prior, p. 129. Several racing helmets by Herbert Johnson have since been sold at auction, among them that worn by F. W. Carr, the MG racing driver at Brooklands in the 1930s and that worn by Major Tony Rolt (/wiki/Tony_Rolt) when he won the Le Mans 24-hour race in 1953. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Prior, pp. 131–2. Marcus Brittain and Timothy Clack, writing in their introduction to Archaeology and the Media (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press; ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59874-233-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-233-6) hardback; ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59874-234-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-234-3) paperback, 2016), averred: "Without much doubt, Indiana Jones's famous fedora is the single most significant dress element of the quintessential movie adventurer and archaeologist." ^ (#cite_ref-6) Prior, p. 131. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Nunquam [ sic ] non paratus" is the motto of the Clan Johnstone (/wiki/Clan_Johnstone) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Prior, p. 127. Further reading [ edit ] Prior, Katherine, with many photographs by James Austin (/wiki/James_Austin_(photographer)) (2012). In Good Hands: 250 Years of Craftsmanship at Swaine Adeney Brigg (http://www.johnadamsonbooks.com/ingoodhands.html) . Cambridge: John Adamson (/wiki/John_Adamson_(publisher)) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-898565-09-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898565-09-3) OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 815728722 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/815728722) , "Herbert Johnson: Hatters of New Bond Street", pp. 122–33 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐rj7px Cached time: 20240710202031 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.339 seconds Real time usage: 0.452 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2223/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15448/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2598/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15928/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.206/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16776229/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 414.378 1 -total 21.69% 89.898 1 Template:Lang-la 20.11% 83.327 1 Template:Infobox_company 19.54% 80.959 1 Template:Short_description 17.66% 73.180 1 Template:Infobox 15.52% 64.328 1 Template:Reflist 12.97% 53.745 3 Template:ISBN 12.41% 51.408 2 Template:Pagetype 10.59% 43.876 4 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 9.78% 40.544 11 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54655788-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710202031 and revision id 1228495106. 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1884 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1884) 1885 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1885) 1886 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1886) 1887 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1887) 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1892) 1893 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1893) 1894 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1894) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐bbb5c5448‐8j8gh Cached time: 20240718082952 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.115 seconds Real time usage: 0.470 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 41/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1948/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 18/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.091/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 932497/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 462.878 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 462.878 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55663844-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718082952 and revision id 974951079. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1889" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Carhartt (/wiki/Carhartt) J Herbert Johnson (hatters) (/wiki/Herbert_Johnson_(hatters)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1889&oldid=974951079 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1889&oldid=974951079) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1880s fashion (/wiki/Category:1880s_fashion) Design companies established in 1889 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1889) Manufacturing companies established in 1889 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1889) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Clothing companies established in the 19th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_19th_century)
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Indonesian fashion designer The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Anne Avantie" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anne+Avantie%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anne+Avantie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anne+Avantie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anne+Avantie%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anne+Avantie%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anne+Avantie%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Anne Avantie Born Sianne Avantie ( 1955-05-20 ) 20 May 1955 (age 69) Semarang (/wiki/Semarang) , Central Java (/wiki/Central_Java) , Indonesia Nationality Indonesian Occupations Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) businesswoman (/wiki/Businesswoman) Website anneavantie (http://anneavantie.com/) .com (http://anneavantie.com/) Sianne Avantie , (born May 20, 1955) better known as Anne Avantie is an Indonesian fashion designer and contemporary kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) pioneer. [1] (#cite_note-1) Her kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) has been known on an international scale and is often worn by Indonesian models and celebrities, also a number of beauty queens who have come to Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , one of which is Miss Universe (/wiki/Miss_Universe) . [2] (#cite_note-mu:0-2) [3] (#cite_note-mu:1-3) [4] (#cite_note-mu:2-4) Early life and career [ edit ] Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) designed by Anne Avantie was worn by Miss Universe 2019 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019) , Zozibini Tunzi (/wiki/Zozibini_Tunzi) while attending the Puteri Indonesia 2020 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2020) coronation. Born in Semarang (/wiki/Semarang) , 20 May 1955 and later spent his childhood (/wiki/Childhood) in the city of Surakarta (/wiki/Surakarta) , Central Java (/wiki/Central_Java) . She is the eldest of three children of Hary Alexander and Amie Indarti. Anne Avantie is married to Yoseph Henry Susilo (her 2nd husband) and is the mother of 3 children. First, Intan Avantie (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intan_Avantie) is married to Christinus and has one child, Matthew Archiello Keenant Wijasena. [5] (#cite_note-profile:0-5) [6] (#cite_note-profile:1-6) Anne's second and third children are all male, namely Ernest Christoga Susilo and Ian Tadio Christoga Susilo. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-profile:2-8) Since childhood (/wiki/Childhood) , Anne Avantie has shown an interest in the world of fashion. In 1989, Anne started her career as a fashion designer from a rented house with 2 sewing machines (/wiki/Sewing_machines) as capital. The first place of business was named "Griya Busana Permatasari". Until 2010, Anne had two boutiques (/wiki/Boutiques) at Mall Kelapa Gading (/wiki/Mall_Kelapa_Gading) and "Roémah Pengantén", in Grand Indonesia (/wiki/Grand_Indonesia) . In addition, Anne also has a shop called "Pendopo" which sells domestic art products made by small and medium enterprises (/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises) (SMEs). [ citation needed ] Anne Avantie also runs several non-profit communities (/wiki/Communities) for the ills and down syndrome (/wiki/Down_syndrome) kids. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Anne Avantie, Contemporary Kebaya Pioneer" (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/08/anne-avantie-contemporary-kebaya-pioneer.html) . The Jakarta Post (/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post) . 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-mu:0_2-0) Elmira, Putu (8 March 2020). "Anggunnya Miss Universe 2019 Kenakan Busana Rancangan Anne Avantie" (https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4196738/anggunnya-miss-universe-2019-kenakan-busana-rancangan-anne-avantie) . Liputan6 . Retrieved 22 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-mu:1_3-0) Sulistyowati, Asri (9 March 2019). "16 Tahun Rancang Kebaya Miss Universe dan Ratu Kecantikan Dunia Lainnya, Anne Avantie: Saya Tidak Mau Biasa Biasa Saja, Saya Harus Luar Biasa!" (https://www.grid.id/read/041660610/16-tahun-rancang-kebaya-miss-universe-dan-ratu-kecantikan-dunia-lainnya-anne-avantie-saya-tidak-mau-biasa-biasa-saja-saya-harus-luar-biasa?page=all) . Grid.id . Retrieved 22 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-mu:2_4-0) Kusuma, Ade Indra (8 March 2019). "Catriona Gray, Miss Universe 2018 Akui Bangga Pakai Kebaya Anne Avantie" (https://www.suara.com/lifestyle/2019/03/08/210447/catriona-gray-miss-universe-2018-akui-bangga-pakai-kebaya-anne-avantie?page=all) . Suara.com . Retrieved 22 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-profile:0_5-0) Permana, Adi (8 March 2019). "Anne Avantie Berbagi Kiat Sukses Menjadi Seorang Perancang Busana" (https://www.itb.ac.id/berita/detail/57056/anne-avantie-berbagi-kiat-sukses-menjadi-seorang-perancang-busana) . Bandung Institute of Technology (/wiki/Bandung_Institute_of_Technology) . Retrieved 22 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-profile:1_6-0) Zarawaki, Nisa (28 February 2023). "Profil Anne Avantie, Desainer Indonesia Fenomenal Berijazah SMP" (https://www.idntimes.com/life/inspiration/nisa-zarawaki/profil-anne-avantie) . IDN Times (/wiki/IDN_Times) . Retrieved 22 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Anne Avantie Marks 20 Years of Kebayas, Jakarta Globe" (http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/fashion/anne-avantie-marks-20-years-of-kebayas/441137) . thejakartaglobe.com . Retrieved 5 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-profile:2_8-0) "Hanya Tamatan SMP, Begini Kisah Jatuh Bangun Anne Avantie Jadi Desainer Kondang" (https://kumparan.com/profil-orang-sukses/hanya-tamatan-smp-begini-kisah-jatuh-bangun-anne-avantie-jadi-desainer-kondang-1vcwnUEE7CD) . Kumparan . 26 April 2021 . Retrieved 22 May 2024 . External links [ edit ] Anne Avantie (https://www.instagram.com/anneavantieheart/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Anne Avantie Mall (https://anneavantiemall.com) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210805084851/https://anneavantiemall.com/) 5 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1931477/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000071931073) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/101401562) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3HwqYjRjKDmYDVvbGHC) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009066440) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p329692925) This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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This is a container category (/wiki/Category:Container_categories) . Due to its scope, it should contain only subcategories (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Subcategorization) . Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐ftg4v Cached time: 20240720111148 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.073 seconds Real time usage: 0.100 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 63/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2536/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 107/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.044/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 912766/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 82.856 1 -total 66.25% 54.892 1 Template:Container 58.19% 48.213 1 Template:Cmbox 33.68% 27.907 1 Template:Portal 4.00% 3.315 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.78% 1.472 1 Template:Category_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52582298-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720111148 and revision id 1192878449. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. * Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) ‎ (149 C) C Clothing companies by century of disestablishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_century_of_disestablishment) ‎ (2 C) Clothing companies by century of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_century_of_establishment) ‎ (3 C) Y Clothing companies by year of disestablishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_disestablishment) ‎ (11 C) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_by_time&oldid=1192878449 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_by_time&oldid=1192878449) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies) Companies by period (/wiki/Category:Companies_by_period) Hidden category: Container categories (/wiki/Category:Container_categories)
Accessory or ornament worn to enhance the beauty or status of the wearer The principal adornment of these girls from the Bundu tribe in Sierra Leone (/wiki/Sierra_Leone) is the adornment of bodies and faces with markings produced by the smearing on by the fingers of a substance called "wojeh", composed of white clay and animal fat. Calabar adornments Bird Feather stalks An adornment is generally an accessory or ornament worn to enhance the beauty or status of the wearer. They are often worn to embellish, enhance, or distinguish the wearer, and to define cultural, social, or religious status within a specific community. When worn to show economic status, the items are often either rare or prohibitively expensive to others. Adornments are usually colourful, and worn to attract attention. They have a long history, around the world, from feathers or bone, to modern accessories, such as jewellery. [1] (#cite_note-1) Items of adornment are also used by warriors, and by other members of the military to show rank or achievement. [2] (#cite_note-2) Items of adornment [ edit ] These include cosmetics, jewellery, clothing accessories, facial hair, fingernail modification, piercing, lip plates, tattooing, braiding, and headgear. Cultures, subcultures, and institutions [ edit ] Groups who practice adornment include the yakuza (/wiki/Yakuza) , military, religious institutions, tribal (/wiki/Tribe) groups, and the punk culture (/wiki/Punk_culture) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Items of adornment can tell us about a person's rank, social status, gender role, area of origin, etc. An example would be the beaded jewelry worn by the Maasai (/wiki/Maasai_people) tribe, which is very specific to them and some related tribes. In Islamic culture (/wiki/Islamic_culture) , adornments have included caps such as the kufi (/wiki/Kufi) and taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) for men, [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-sunnewsonline-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) and the hijab (/wiki/Hijab) for women. [7] (#cite_note-7) Images [ edit ] A heavily adorned general A Shona (/wiki/Shona_people) witch doctor (/wiki/Witch_doctor) wearing skins and beads Pope Benedict XVI (/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI) Punk adornment A modern example of adornment: Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Maasai beaded jewelry Examples of social attire, a form of adornment, from the European Renaissance through the 19th Century See also [ edit ] Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Body modification (/wiki/Body_modification) Native American jewelry (/wiki/Native_American_jewelry) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Types and Forms of Ancient Jewelry from Central Asia - Neva - Transoxiana 10" (http://www.transoxiana.org/0110/neva-jewelry.html) . Transoxiana.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100721172044/http://www.transoxiana.org/0110/neva-jewelry.html) from the original on 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Adornments of the Samburu in Northern Kenya: A Comprehensive List 21COE" (http://areainfo.asafas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/english/areainfo/adornments_e.html) . Areainfo.asafas.kyoto-u.ac.jp . Retrieved 2010-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Demello, Margo (2007). Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0313336959 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Covington-Ward, Yolanda; Jouili, Jeanette S. (9 August 2021). Embodying Black Religions in Africa and Its Diasporas . Duke University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4780-1311-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-sunnewsonline_5-0) "Senior caps" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100326195403/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/fashionbeauty/2005/jan/14/fashion-beauty-14-01-2005-004.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/fashionbeauty/2005/jan/14/fashion-beauty-14-01-2005-004.htm) on 2010-03-26. ^ (#cite_ref-6) https://www.cureus.com/articles/186796-dermatological-implications-of-the-taqiyah-and-imamah-recommendations-for-delivering-culturally-conscious-care#!/ (https://www.cureus.com/articles/186796-dermatological-implications-of-the-taqiyah-and-imamah-recommendations-for-delivering-culturally-conscious-care#!/) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Nasir, Kamaludeen Mohamed (December 2020). Representing Islam: Hip-Hop of the September 11 Generation . Indiana University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-253-05305-3 . Further reading [ edit ] Kniel, N; Wright, T: Ribbon: The Art of Adornment , press, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4236-0346-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-0346-7) Boucher, François: 20,000 Years of Fashion (/wiki/20,000_Years_of_Fashion) : The History of Costume and Personal Adornment , H.N. Abrams, 1987. White, Carolyn L.: American Artifacts of Personal Adornment, 1680-1820:A Guide to Identification and Interpretation , Altamira Press, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7591-0589-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0589-8) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7591-0589-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0589-8) Bouchot, Henri: The Printed Book, Its History, Illustration, and Adornment, from the Days of Gutenberg to the Present Time , General Books, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-153-10013-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-153-10013-7) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-153-10013-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-153-10013-4) Gurel, Lois M., Beeson, Marianne S.: Dimensions of dress and adornment: a book of readings , Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1979. LaGamma, Alisa (1991). Metropolitan jewelry . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0870996169 . External links [ edit ] Examples of African adornment (http://204.39.0.101/smart/lesson_pdfs/11_DIA/11_dia_lssn_2.pdf) [ permanent dead link ] Adornment (https://curlie.org/Arts/Design/Adornment/) at Curlie (/wiki/Curlie) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar 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Physics (/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics) • Politics (/wiki/Political_philosophy) • Psychology (/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology) • Religion (/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion) • Science (/wiki/Philosophy_of_science) • Social science (/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science) • Technology (/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology) • War (/wiki/Philosophy_of_war) Schools of philosophy Eastern – Mīmāṃsā (/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81) • Nyaya (/wiki/Nyaya) • Samkhya (/wiki/Samkhya) • Vaisheshika (/wiki/Vaisheshika) • Vedanta (/wiki/Vedanta) • Yoga (/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)) Western – Analytic philosophy (/wiki/Analytic_philosophy) • Aristotelianism (/wiki/Aristotelianism) • Continental Philosophy (/wiki/Continental_Philosophy) • Critical theory (/wiki/Critical_theory_(Frankfurt_School)) • Deconstructivism (/wiki/Deconstruction) • Determinism (/wiki/Determinism) • Dialectical materialism (/wiki/Dialectical_materialism) • Empiricism (/wiki/Empiricism) • Existentialism (/wiki/Existentialism) • Hegelianism (/wiki/Hegelianism) • Hermeneutics (/wiki/Hermeneutics) • Humanism (/wiki/Humanism) • Idealism (/wiki/Idealism) • Kantianism (/wiki/Kantianism) • Logical Positivism (/wiki/Logical_positivism) • Materialism (/wiki/Materialism) • Neoplatonism (/wiki/Neoplatonism) • Nihilism (/wiki/Nihilism) • Objectivism (/wiki/Objectivism) • Ordinary Language (/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy) • Phenomenology (/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)) • Platonism (/wiki/Platonism) • Positivism (/wiki/Positivism) • Postmodernism (/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy) • Poststructuralism (/wiki/Poststructuralism) • Pragmatism (/wiki/Pragmatism) • Presocratic (/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy) • Rationalism (/wiki/Rationalism) • Reformational (/wiki/Reformational_philosophy) • Relativism (/wiki/Relativism) • Scholasticism (/wiki/Scholasticism) • Skepticism (/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism) • Stoicism (/wiki/Stoicism) • Structuralism (/wiki/Structuralism) • Thomism (/wiki/Thomism) • Transhumanism (/wiki/Transhumanism) • Utilitarianism (/wiki/Utilitarianism) Thinking (/wiki/Thought) – Awareness (/wiki/Awareness) • Creative processes (/wiki/Creativity) • Decision making (/wiki/Decision_making) • Heuristic (/wiki/Heuristic) • Learning (/wiki/Learning) • Memory (/wiki/Memory) • Problem solving (/wiki/Problem_solving) • Reason (/wiki/Reason) • Teaching (/wiki/Teaching) Qualities of thought – Accuracy (/wiki/Accuracy) • Effectiveness (/wiki/Effectiveness) • Efficacy (/wiki/Efficacy) • Efficiency (/wiki/Efficiency) • Frugality (/wiki/Frugality) • Prudence (/wiki/Prudence) • Right (/wiki/Right) • Soundness (/wiki/Soundness) • Validity (/wiki/Validity_(logic)) • Value theory (/wiki/Value_theory) Thinking errors – Cognitive bias (/wiki/Cognitive_bias) • Cognitive distortion (/wiki/Cognitive_distortion) • Error (/wiki/Error) • Fallacy (/wiki/Fallacy) • Fallacies of definition (/wiki/Fallacies_of_definition) • Logical fallacy (/wiki/Informal_fallacy) • Target fixation (/wiki/Target_fixation) Related – Genius (/wiki/Genius) • High IQ society (/wiki/High_IQ_society) • Mensa (/wiki/Mensa_International) • Nootropics (/wiki/Nootropic) • Philomath (/wiki/Philomath) • Polymath (/wiki/Polymath) Wikipedia:Contents/Overview/Religion and belief systems (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Overview/Religion_and_belief_systems) Main article: Religion (/wiki/Religion) See also: Relationship between religion and science (/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science) Allah (/wiki/Allah) Belief (/wiki/Belief) Biblical inspiration (/wiki/Biblical_inspiration) Buddha (/wiki/Buddha) Confucius (/wiki/Confucius) Deity (/wiki/Deity) Demon (/wiki/Demon) Devil (/wiki/Devil) Exorcism (/wiki/Exorcism) Heresy (/wiki/Heresy) Inspiration (/wiki/Biblical_inspiration) Faith (/wiki/Faith) God (/wiki/God) Jesus (/wiki/Jesus) Holy Spirit (/wiki/Holy_Spirit) Morality (/wiki/Morality) Mormon (/wiki/Mormon) Mythology (/wiki/Mythology) Occult (/wiki/Occult) Prayer (/wiki/Prayer) Prophecy (/wiki/Prophecy) Revelation (/wiki/Revelation) Ritual (/wiki/Ritual) Sin (/wiki/Sin) Supernatural (/wiki/Supernatural) Virtue (/wiki/Virtue) Belief Systems Acosmism (/wiki/Acosmism) Agnosticism (/wiki/Agnosticism) Animism (/wiki/Animism) Antitheism (/wiki/Antitheism) Atheism (/wiki/Atheism) Binitarianism (/wiki/Binitarianism) Deism (/wiki/Deism) Determinism (/wiki/Determinism) Duotheism (/wiki/Duotheism) Esotericism (/wiki/Esotericism) Eutheism and dystheism (/wiki/Eutheism_and_dystheism) Freethought (/wiki/Freethought) Gnosticism (/wiki/Gnosticism) Henotheism (/wiki/Henotheism) Humanism (/wiki/Humanism) Interfaith (/wiki/Interfaith) Ignosticism (/wiki/Ignosticism) Kathenotheism (/wiki/Kathenotheism) Monism (/wiki/Monism) Mormon (/wiki/Mormon) Monotheism (/wiki/Monotheism) Monolatrism (/wiki/Monolatrism) Mysticism (/wiki/Mysticism) Neopaganism (/wiki/Neopaganism) New Age (/wiki/New_Age) Nondualism (/wiki/Nondualism) Nontheism (/wiki/Nontheism) Objectivism (/wiki/Objectivism) Pandeism (/wiki/Pandeism) Panentheism (/wiki/Panentheism) Pantheism (/wiki/Pantheism) Pastafarianism (/wiki/Pastafarianism) Polydeism (/wiki/Polydeism) Polytheism (/wiki/Polytheism) Secular (/wiki/Secular) Skepticism (/wiki/Skepticism) Spiritualism (/wiki/Spiritualism) Spirituality (/wiki/Spirituality) Theism (/wiki/Theism) Theopanism (/wiki/Theopanism) Theosophy (/wiki/Theosophy_(disambiguation)) Transcendentalism (/wiki/Transcendentalism) Transtheism (/wiki/Transtheism) Trinitarianism (/wiki/Trinitarianism) Unitarianism (/wiki/Unitarianism) Major beliefs of the world (/wiki/Major_religious_groups) Antireligion (/wiki/Antireligion) Ayyavazhi (/wiki/Ayyavazhi) Baháʼí Faith (/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith) Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism) Cao Dai (/wiki/Cao_Dai) Chinese folk religion (/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion) Christianity (/wiki/Christianity) Confucianism (/wiki/Confucianism) Diasporic (/wiki/Diasporic) Falun Gong (/wiki/Falun_Gong) Hellenismos (/wiki/Hellenismos) Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism) Irreligious (/wiki/Irreligious) Islam (/wiki/Islam) Jainism (/wiki/Jainism) Judaism (/wiki/Judaism) Neopaganism (/wiki/Neopaganism) Polytheistic reconstructionism (/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism) Rastafari (/wiki/Rastafari_Movement) Scientology (/wiki/Scientology) Sikhism (/wiki/Sikhism) Spiritism (/wiki/Spiritism) Shinto (/wiki/Shinto) Taoism (/wiki/Taoism) Tenrikyo (/wiki/Tenrikyo) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints) Unitarian Universalism (/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism) Zoroastrianism (/wiki/Zoroastrianism) See also: Criticism of religion (/wiki/Criticism_of_religion) Wikipedia:Contents/Overview/Society and social sciences (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Overview/Society_and_social_sciences) Main articles: Social sciences (/wiki/Social_sciences) and Society (/wiki/Society) See also Science (/wiki/Science) and Scientific method (/wiki/Scientific_method) Social sciences (/wiki/Social_sciences) – Anthropology (/wiki/Anthropology) • Archaeology (/wiki/Archaeology) • Cognitive science (/wiki/Cognitive_science) • Communication studies (/wiki/Communication_studies) • Critical theory (/wiki/Critical_theory) • Cultural studies (/wiki/Cultural_studies) • Development studies (/wiki/Development_studies) • Economics (/wiki/Economics) ( Unsolved problems in economics (/wiki/Unsolved_problems_in_economics) ) • Education (/wiki/Education) • Geography (/wiki/Geography) • History (/wiki/History) • Linguistics (/wiki/Linguistics) • Law (/wiki/Law) • Political science (/wiki/Political_science) • Psychology (/wiki/Psychology) • Social policy (/wiki/Social_policy) • Sociology (/wiki/Sociology) Society (/wiki/Society) – Commons (/wiki/Commons) • Ethnic groups (/wiki/Ethnic_group) • Global commons (/wiki/Global_commons) • Global issue (/wiki/Global_issue) • Group (/wiki/Group_(sociology)) • Infrastructure (/wiki/Infrastructure) • People (/wiki/People) Community (/wiki/Community) – Communitarianism (/wiki/Communitarianism) • Community development (/wiki/Community_development) • International community (/wiki/International_community) • Local community (/wiki/Local_community) • Sense of community (/wiki/Sense_of_community) • Social capital (/wiki/Social_capital) • Socialization (/wiki/Socialization) • Structure and agency (/wiki/Structure_and_agency) • World community (/wiki/World_community) Social development (/wiki/Social_development) – Decadence (/wiki/Decadence) • Social progress (/wiki/Social_progress) • Technological evolution (/wiki/Technological_evolution) Sociocultural evolution (/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution) : Accelerating change (/wiki/Accelerating_change) → Hunter-gatherer (/wiki/Hunter-gatherer) bands (/wiki/Band_society) → Social rank (/wiki/Social_rank) → Tribes (/wiki/Tribe) → Social stratification (/wiki/Social_stratification) → Chiefdoms (/wiki/Chiefdom) → Neolithic Revolution (/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution) → Civilization (/wiki/Civilization) → Agrarian society (/wiki/Agrarian_society) → Pre-industrial society (/wiki/Pre-industrial_society) → Agrarian villages (/wiki/Village) → Towns (/wiki/Town) → Cities (/wiki/City) → City-states (/wiki/City-state) → Nation-states (/wiki/Nation-state) → Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) → ( Modern (/wiki/Modernity) ) Industrial society (/wiki/Industrial_society) → ( Postmodern (/wiki/Postmodernity) ) Post-industrial society (/wiki/Post-industrial_society) → Informational Revolution (/wiki/Informational_Revolution) → Information society (/wiki/Information_society) → Digital Revolution (/wiki/Digital_Revolution) → Global network (/wiki/Global_network) → Globalization (/wiki/Globalization) → World government (/wiki/World_government) ? → Space colonization (/wiki/Space_colonization) ? → Technological singularity (/wiki/Technological_singularity) ? Social institutions (/wiki/Social_organization) – Organization (/wiki/Organization) Family (/wiki/Family) – Daughter (/wiki/Daughter) • Extended family (/wiki/Extended_family) • Father (/wiki/Father) • Grandparent (/wiki/Grandparent) • Home (/wiki/Home) • Human bonding (/wiki/Human_bonding) • Mother (/wiki/Mother) • Nuclear family (/wiki/Nuclear_family) • Parent (/wiki/Parent) • Son (/wiki/Son) Religion (/wiki/Portal:Contents/Overviews#Religion_and_belief_systems) Infrastructure (/wiki/Infrastructure) Public infrastructure – Highways (/wiki/Highway) • Streets (/wiki/Street) • Roads (/wiki/Road) • Bridges (/wiki/Bridge) • Mass transit (/wiki/Public_transport) • Airports (/wiki/Airport) and Airways • Rail transport (/wiki/Rail_transport) • Water supply (/wiki/Water_supply) and Water resources (/wiki/Water_resources) • Wastewater (/wiki/Wastewater) management • Solid-waste treatment (/wiki/Waste_management) and disposal • Electric power (/wiki/Electric_power) Private infrastructure – Automobiles (/wiki/Automobile) • Homes (/wiki/Home) • Personal computers (/wiki/Personal_computer) • Personal property (/wiki/Personal_property) • Real estate (/wiki/Real_estate) Economy (/wiki/Economy) and Business (/wiki/Business) – Finance (/wiki/Finance) • Management (/wiki/Management) • Marketing (/wiki/Marketing) • Franchising (/wiki/Franchising) Education (/wiki/Education) – Academia (/wiki/Academia) • Academic misconduct (/wiki/Academic_misconduct) • Homework (/wiki/Homework) • Learning (/wiki/Learning) • Pedagogy (/wiki/Pedagogy) • School (/wiki/School) • Student (/wiki/Student) • Study skills (/wiki/Study_skills) • Teacher (/wiki/Teacher) Civil society (/wiki/Civil_society) Government (/wiki/Government) and Politics (/wiki/Politics) – Politics by country (/wiki/Politics_of_present-day_nations_and_states) • International relations (/wiki/International_relations) • Public affairs (/wiki/Public_administration) Law (/wiki/Law) – Criminal justice (/wiki/Criminal_justice) • Law enforcement (/wiki/Law_enforcement) • Legislation (/wiki/Legislation) • Prison (/wiki/Prison) Social network (/wiki/Social_network) – Communication (/wiki/Communication) • Journalism (/wiki/Journalism) • Social capital (/wiki/Social_capital) Wikipedia:Contents/Overview/Technology and applied sciences (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Overview/Technology_and_applied_sciences) Main articles: Technology (/wiki/Technology) and Applied science (/wiki/Applied_science) Technological (/wiki/Technology) concepts and issues – Accelerating change (/wiki/Accelerating_change) • Appropriate technology (/wiki/Appropriate_technology) • Diffusion of innovations in science (/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations) • Doomsday device (/wiki/Doomsday_device) • High technology (/wiki/High_technology) • History of science and technology (/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology) • History of technology (/wiki/History_of_technology) • Industry (/wiki/Industry) • Innovation (/wiki/Innovation) • Knowledge economy (/wiki/Knowledge_economy) • Persuasion technology (/wiki/Persuasion_technology) • Pollution (/wiki/Pollution) • Posthumanism (/wiki/Posthumanism) • Precautionary principle (/wiki/Precautionary_principle) • Research and development (/wiki/Research_and_development) • Strategy of technology (/wiki/Strategy_of_technology) • Superpowers (/wiki/Superpower) • Technocapitalism (/wiki/Technocapitalism) • Technocriticism (/wiki/Technocriticism) • Techno-progressivism (/wiki/Techno-progressivism) • Technological convergence (/wiki/Technological_convergence) • Technological evolution (/wiki/Technological_evolution) • Technological determinism (/wiki/Technological_determinism) • Technological diffusion (/wiki/Diffusion_(business)) • Technological singularity (/wiki/Technological_singularity) • Technology acceptance model (/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model) • Technology assessment (/wiki/Technology_assessment) • Technology lifecycle (/wiki/Technology_lifecycle) • Technology transfer (/wiki/Technology_transfer) • Technology tree (/wiki/Technology_tree) • Technorealism (/wiki/Technorealism) • Timeline of invention (/wiki/Timeline_of_invention) • Transhumanism (/wiki/Transhumanism) Technologies (/wiki/List_of_basic_technology_topics) and applied sciences (/wiki/Applied_sciences) – Aerospace (/wiki/Aerospace) • Agriculture (/wiki/Agriculture) , Agricultural science (/wiki/Agricultural_science) & Agronomy (/wiki/Agronomy) • Architecture (/wiki/Architecture) • Automation (/wiki/Automation) • Automobile (/wiki/Automobile) • Big science (/wiki/Big_science) • Biotechnology (/wiki/Biotechnology) • Cartography (/wiki/Cartography) • Communication (/wiki/Communication) • Construction (/wiki/Construction) • Design (/wiki/Design) • Electronics (/wiki/Electronics) • Energy development (/wiki/Energy_development) • Energy storage (/wiki/Energy_storage) • Engineering (/wiki/Engineering) ( Chemical engineering (/wiki/Chemical_engineering) , Civil engineering (/wiki/Civil_engineering) , Electrical engineering (/wiki/Electrical_engineering) , Mechanical engineering (/wiki/Mechanical_engineering) ) • Ergonomics (/wiki/Ergonomics) • Firefighting (/wiki/Firefighting) • Food science (/wiki/Food_science) • Forensics (/wiki/Forensics) • Forestry (/wiki/Forestry) • Free software (/wiki/Free_software) • Health sciences (/wiki/Health_sciences) • Health Informatics (/wiki/Health_Informatics) • Industry (/wiki/Industry) • Information science (/wiki/Information_science) ( Library and information science (/wiki/Library_and_information_science) ) • Internet (/wiki/Internet) • Machines (/wiki/Machine) • Management (/wiki/Management) • Manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing) • Mass communication (/wiki/Mass_communication) • Mass production (/wiki/Mass_production) • Medicine (/wiki/Medicine) ( Unsolved problems in neuroscience (/wiki/Unsolved_problems_in_neuroscience) ) • Military science (/wiki/Military_science) • Military technology and equipment (/wiki/Military_technology_and_equipment) • Mining (/wiki/Mining) • Nanotechnology (/wiki/Nanotechnology) • Nuclear technology (/wiki/Nuclear_technology) • Packaging and labeling (/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling) • Processes (/wiki/Process_(engineering)) • Robotics (/wiki/Robotics) • Space exploration (/wiki/Space_exploration) • Technology forecasting (/wiki/Technology_forecasting) • Telecommunications (/wiki/Telecommunications) • Tools (/wiki/Tool) • Weapons (/wiki/Weapon) Computing (/wiki/Computing) – Computer science (/wiki/Computer_science) ( Open problems in computer science (/wiki/List_of_open_problems_in_computer_science) ) • Information systems (/wiki/Information_systems) • Information technology (/wiki/Information_technology) • Programming (/wiki/Computer_programming) • Software engineering (/wiki/Software_engineering) • Computer engineering (/wiki/Computer_engineering) • Moore's law (/wiki/Moore%27s_law) Artificial intelligence (/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) – Automated reasoning (/wiki/Automated_reasoning) • Computer vision (/wiki/Computer_vision) • Ethics of AI (/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence) • History of AI (/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence) ( Timeline of AI (/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence) ) • Machine learning (/wiki/Machine_learning) ( Pattern recognition (/wiki/Pattern_recognition) ) • Natural language processing (/wiki/Natural_language_processing) • Progress in AI (/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence) • Self-driving vehicles (/wiki/Self-driving_vehicles) • Symbolic AI (/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence) • Synthetic intelligence (/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence) • Weak AI (/wiki/Weak_AI) Artificial general intelligence (/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence) – AI control problem (/wiki/AI_control_problem) → Existential risk from AGI (/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence) ( Technological singularity (/wiki/Technological_singularity) → Intelligence explosion (/wiki/Intelligence_explosion) → Superintelligence (/wiki/Superintelligence) → AI takeover (/wiki/AI_takeover) → Human extinction (/wiki/Human_extinction) ?) • AI complete (/wiki/AI_complete) • Artificial consciousness (/wiki/Artificial_consciousness) • Friendly AI (/wiki/Friendly_AI) • Instrumental convergence (/wiki/Instrumental_convergence) • Singularitarianism (/wiki/Singularitarianism) Emerging technologies (/wiki/Emerging_technologies) – 3D printing (/wiki/3D_printing) • Artificial intelligence (/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) (see above) • Augmented reality (/wiki/Augmented_reality) • Bioplastics (/wiki/Bioplastics) • Brain–computer interfacing (/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface) • Cancer vaccine (/wiki/Cancer_vaccine) • Cellular agriculture (/wiki/Cellular_agriculture) • Cryptocurrency (/wiki/Cryptocurrency) • Gene therapy (/wiki/Gene_therapy) • Nanotechnology (/wiki/Nanotechnology) • Reusable launch systems (/wiki/Reusable_launch_system) • Robotics (/wiki/Robotics) ( Autonomous robots (/wiki/Autonomous_robot) , Robot-assisted surgery (/wiki/Robot-assisted_surgery) ) • Stem-cell therapy (/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy) • Tissue engineering (/wiki/Tissue_engineering) Transport (/wiki/Transport) – Air transport (/wiki/Aviation) ( Aircraft (/wiki/Aircraft) , Airline (/wiki/Airline) , Airport (/wiki/Airport) ) • Maritime transport (/wiki/Maritime_transport) ( Harbors (/wiki/Harbor) , Ports (/wiki/Port) , Ships (/wiki/Ship) ) • Off-road transport (/wiki/Off-road_transport) • Rail transport (/wiki/Rail_transport) ( Trains (/wiki/Train) , Train track (/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)) ) • Road transport (/wiki/Road_transport) ( Roads (/wiki/Road) , Bridges (/wiki/Bridge) , Tunnels (/wiki/Tunnel) , Vehicles (/wiki/Vehicle) ) • Space transport (/wiki/Space_transport) Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Reference (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Reference) Books (/wiki/Outline_of_books) – a book is a set of written, printed, illustrated sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. Books are used to convey knowledge and other information. Great books listed in (/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book#Reading_list_(1972_edition)) How to Read a Book Great Books of the Western World (/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World#Volumes) Harvard Classics (/wiki/Harvard_Classics#Contents) General subject outlines (trees of knowledge) Taxonomies (trees) of knowledge included within larger works Figurative system of human knowledge (/wiki/Figurative_system_of_human_knowledge) (from the Encyclopédie ) Outline of academic disciplines (/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines) Outline of Knowledge (part of the Propædia of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica ) Outline of the knowledge of humanity (/wiki/Outline_of_knowledge#Knowledge_of_humanity) Subject classification systems Academic classification systems Fields of doctoral studies (United States) (/wiki/List_of_fields_of_doctoral_studies_in_the_United_States) Joint Academic Classification of Subjects (/wiki/Joint_Academic_Classification_of_Subjects#Codes) Library classification systems Bliss bibliographic classification (/wiki/Bliss_bibliographic_classification#_Classifications_(BC2)) Colon classification (/wiki/Colon_classification#Organization) Cutter Expansive Classification (/wiki/Cutter_Expansive_Classification#Summary_of_the_Expansive_Classification_Schedules) New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries (/wiki/New_Classification_Scheme_for_Chinese_Libraries#Outline_of_the_classification_tables) Dewey Decimal classes (/wiki/Outline_of_Dewey_Decimal_classes) Library of Congress Classification (/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification#Classification) Universal Decimal Classification (/wiki/Universal_Decimal_Classification#Organization_of_classes) Knowledge (/wiki/Outline_of_knowledge) – familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning. Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic. Wikipedia (/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia) – free-access, free content Internet encyclopedia, supported and hosted by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Anyone who can access the site can edit almost any of its articles. Wikipedia is the sixth-most visited website and constitutes the Internet's largest and most popular general reference work. Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Culture and the arts (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Culture_and_the_arts) Culture (/wiki/Outline_of_culture) – set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that define a group of people, such as the people of a particular region. Culture includes the elements that characterize a particular peoples' way of life. The arts (/wiki/The_arts) – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts. Literature (/wiki/Outline_of_literature) – the art of written works. Fiction (/wiki/Outline_of_fiction) – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Poetry (/wiki/Outline_of_poetry) – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Critical theory (/wiki/Outline_of_critical_theory) – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Visual arts (/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts) – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature. Architecture (/wiki/Outline_of_architecture) – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures. Classical architecture (/wiki/Outline_of_classical_architecture) – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. Crafts (/wiki/Outline_of_crafts) – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one's hands and skill. Drawing (/wiki/Outline_of_drawing_and_drawings) – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Design (/wiki/Outline_of_design) – the process for planning the overall look of an object. Film (/wiki/Outline_of_film) – motion pictures. Painting (/wiki/Outline_of_painting) – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object. History of painting (/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history) Photography (/wiki/Outline_of_photography) – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors. Sculpture (/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture) – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials – typically stone such as marble – or metal, glass, or wood. Performing arts (/wiki/Outline_of_performing_arts) – those forms of art that use the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium. Acting (/wiki/Outline_of_acting) – is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor who adopts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio, or any other medium that makes use of the mimetic mode. Dance (/wiki/Outline_of_dance) – art form of movement of the body. Film (/wiki/Outline_of_film) – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually. Theatre (/wiki/Outline_of_theatre) – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. Music (/wiki/Outline_of_music) – art form the medium of which is sound and silence. Music genres Classical music (/wiki/Outline_of_classical_music) – art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. Jazz (/wiki/Outline_of_jazz) – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. Opera (/wiki/Outline_of_opera) – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. Guitars (/wiki/Outline_of_guitars) – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Stagecraft (/wiki/Outline_of_stagecraft) – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound. Gastronomy – the art and science of good eating, including the study of food and culture. Food preparation (/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation) – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food. Includes but is not limited to cooking. Cuisines (/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines) – styles of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, each usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region. Meals (/wiki/Outline_of_meals) – eating occasions that take place at a certain time and includes specific prepared food. Food (/wiki/Food) and drink (/wiki/Drink) Chocolate (/wiki/Outline_of_chocolate) – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. Herbs (/wiki/Outline_of_herbs_and_spices) – leaves, flowers, or stems used for food, flavoring, medicine, or fragrances. Herbs are typically valued for their savory or aromatic properties. Spices (/wiki/Outline_of_herbs_and_spices) – seeds, fruits, roots, bark, or other plant substances primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Strawberries (/wiki/Outline_of_strawberries) – fruit widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. Wine (/wiki/Outline_of_wine) – alcoholic beverage made from fermented fruit juice (typically from grapes). Whisky (/wiki/Outline_of_whisky) – distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Recreation and Entertainment (/wiki/Outline_of_entertainment) – any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie. Festivals (/wiki/Outline_of_festivals) – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community. Fiction (/wiki/Outline_of_fiction) – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Spy fiction – genre of fiction concerning forms of espionage. James Bond (/wiki/Outline_of_James_Bond) – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. Fantasy (/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy) – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it. A Song of Ice and Fire franchise (/wiki/Outline_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_franchise) ( Game of Thrones ) – fantasy series and setting by writer George R. R. Martin, home to dragons, White Walkers, and feuding noble houses. Harry Potter (/wiki/Outline_of_Harry_Potter) – stories, setting, and media franchise revolving around the character Harry Potter, including books and movies. Marvel Cinematic Universe (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe) – fictional universe, the setting of movies and shows produced by Marvel Studios (/wiki/Marvel_Studios) . Middle-earth (/wiki/Outline_of_Middle-earth) – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. Narnia (/wiki/Outline_of_Narnia) – fantasy setting by C.S. Lewis, home to talking animals, centaurs, witches, and many other mythical creatures and characters. Science fiction (/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction) – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, giant monsters (Kaiju), and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas". Star Trek – sci-fi setting created by Gene Roddenberry, focused mostly upon the adventures of the personnel of Star Fleet of the United Federation of Planets and their exploration and interaction with the regions of space within and beyond their borders. Games (/wiki/Outline_of_games) – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Board games – tabletop games that involve counters or pieces moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or "board", according to a set of rules. Chess (/wiki/Outline_of_chess) – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Card games – game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. Poker (/wiki/Outline_of_poker) – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. Video games (/wiki/Outline_of_video_games) – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Sports (/wiki/Outline_of_sports) – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism. Ball games Association football (/wiki/Outline_of_association_football) (soccer) – sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch, to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Baseball (/wiki/Outline_of_baseball) – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each where the aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond. Basketball (/wiki/Outline_of_basketball) – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Golf (/wiki/Outline_of_golf) – club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Tennis (/wiki/Outline_of_tennis) – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court. Combat sports Fencing (/wiki/Outline_of_fencing) – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. Martial arts (/wiki/Outline_of_martial_arts) – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat practiced for a variety of reasons including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness as well as mental and spiritual development. Traveling / racing sports Auto racing (/wiki/Outline_of_auto_racing) – sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Boating Canoeing and kayaking (/wiki/Outline_of_canoeing_and_kayaking) – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. Sailing (/wiki/Outline_of_sailing) – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races. Cycling (/wiki/Outline_of_cycling) – use of bicycles or other non-motorized cycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Also called bicycling or biking. Motorcycling (/wiki/Outline_of_motorcycles_and_motorcycling) – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. Running (/wiki/Outline_of_running) – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. Skiing (/wiki/Outline_of_skiing) – mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS). Humanities (/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities) – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences. Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines. Sinology (/wiki/Outline_of_sinology) – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature. Classical studies (/wiki/Outline_of_classical_studies) – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Rome. Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Geography and places (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Geography_and_places) Geography (/wiki/Outline_of_geography) Continents and major geopolitical regions (non-continents are italicized ) Africa (/wiki/Outline_of_Africa) • Antarctica (/wiki/Antarctica) • Asia (/wiki/Outline_of_Asia) • Europe (/wiki/Outline_of_Europe) • North America (/wiki/Outline_of_North_America) • Oceania (/wiki/Outline_of_Oceania) (includes Australia (/wiki/Outline_of_Australia) ) • South America (/wiki/Outline_of_South_America) Political divisions of the World, arranged by continent or major geopolitical region Africa (/wiki/Outline_of_Africa) West Africa Benin (/wiki/Outline_of_Benin) • Burkina Faso (/wiki/Outline_of_Burkina_Faso) • Cape Verde (/wiki/Outline_of_Cape_Verde) • Gambia (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Gambia) • Ghana (/wiki/Outline_of_Ghana) • Guinea (/wiki/Outline_of_Guinea) • Guinea-Bissau (/wiki/Outline_of_Guinea-Bissau) • Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) (/wiki/Outline_of_Ivory_Coast) • Liberia (/wiki/Outline_of_Liberia) • Mali (/wiki/Outline_of_Mali) • Mauritania (/wiki/Outline_of_Mauritania) • Niger (/wiki/Outline_of_Niger) • Nigeria (/wiki/Outline_of_Nigeria) ( Rivers State (/wiki/Outline_of_Rivers_State) ) • Senegal (/wiki/Outline_of_Senegal) • Sierra Leone (/wiki/Outline_of_Sierra_Leone) • Togo (/wiki/Outline_of_Togo) North Africa Algeria (/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria) • Egypt (/wiki/Outline_of_Egypt) ( Cairo (/wiki/Outline_of_Cairo) ) • Libya (/wiki/Outline_of_Libya) • Mauritania (/wiki/Outline_of_Mauritania) • Morocco (/wiki/Outline_of_Morocco) • Sudan (/wiki/Outline_of_Sudan) • South Sudan (/wiki/Outline_of_South_Sudan) • Tunisia (/wiki/Outline_of_Tunisia) • Western Sahara (/wiki/Outline_of_Western_Sahara) Central Africa Angola (/wiki/Outline_of_Angola) • Burundi (/wiki/Outline_of_Burundi) • Cameroon (/wiki/Outline_of_Cameroon) • Central African Republic (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Central_African_Republic) • Chad (/wiki/Outline_of_Chad) 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(/wiki/Outline_of_Odisha) • Punjab (/wiki/Outline_of_Punjab,_India) • Rajasthan (/wiki/Outline_of_Rajasthan) • Sikkim (/wiki/Outline_of_Sikkim) • Tamil Nadu (/wiki/Outline_of_Tamil_Nadu) • Telangana (/wiki/Outline_of_Telangana) • Tripura (/wiki/Outline_of_Tripura) • Uttar Pradesh (/wiki/Outline_of_Uttar_Pradesh) • Uttarakhand (/wiki/Outline_of_Uttarakhand) • West Bengal (/wiki/Outline_of_West_Bengal) Union Territories of India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_the_Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1) • Chandigarh (/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Chandigarh&action=edit&redlink=1) • Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu&action=edit&redlink=1) • Delhi (/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Delhi&action=edit&redlink=1) • Jammu and Kashmir (/wiki/Outline_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir) • Ladakh (/wiki/Outline_of_Ladakh) • Lakshadweep (/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Lakshadweep&action=edit&redlink=1) • Pondicherry (/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Pondicherry&action=edit&redlink=1) West Asia Armenia (/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia) • Azerbaijan (/wiki/Outline_of_Azerbaijan) • Bahrain (/wiki/Outline_of_Bahrain) • Cyprus (/wiki/Outline_of_Cyprus) (including disputed Northern Cyprus (/wiki/Outline_of_Northern_Cyprus) ) • Georgia (/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)) • Iran (/wiki/Outline_of_Iran) • Iraq (/wiki/Outline_of_Iraq) • Israel (/wiki/Outline_of_Israel) • Jordan (/wiki/Outline_of_Jordan) • Kuwait (/wiki/Outline_of_Kuwait) • Lebanon (/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon) • Oman (/wiki/Outline_of_Oman) • State of Palestine (/wiki/Outline_of_the_State_of_Palestine) • Qatar (/wiki/Outline_of_Qatar) • Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Outline_of_Saudi_Arabia) • Syria (/wiki/Outline_of_Syria) • Turkey (/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey) ( Istanbul (/wiki/Outline_of_Istanbul) ) • United Arab Emirates (/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates) ( Dubai (/wiki/Outline_of_Dubai) ) • Yemen (/wiki/Outline_of_Yemen) Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them) North Caucasus Parts of Russia (/wiki/Outline_of_Russia) (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachai-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai) South Caucasus Georgia (/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)) (including disputed Abkhazia (/wiki/Outline_of_Abkhazia) , South Ossetia (/wiki/South_Ossetia) ) • Armenia (/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia) • Azerbaijan (/wiki/Outline_of_Azerbaijan) (including disputed Republic of Artsakh (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh) ) Europe (/wiki/Outline_of_Europe) Akrotiri and Dhekelia • Åland (/wiki/Outline_of_%C3%85land) • Albania (/wiki/Outline_of_Albania) • Andorra (/wiki/Outline_of_Andorra) • Armenia (/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia) • Austria (/wiki/Outline_of_Austria) ( Vienna (/wiki/Outline_of_Vienna) ) • Azerbaijan (/wiki/Outline_of_Azerbaijan) • Belarus (/wiki/Outline_of_Belarus) • Belgium (/wiki/Outline_of_Belgium) • Bosnia and Herzegovina (/wiki/Outline_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) ( Republika Srpska (/wiki/Outline_of_Republika_Srpska) ) • Bulgaria (/wiki/Outline_of_Bulgaria) • Croatia (/wiki/Outline_of_Croatia) • Cyprus (/wiki/Outline_of_Cyprus) • Czech Republic (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Czech_Republic) ( Prague (/wiki/Outline_of_Prague) ) • Denmark (/wiki/Outline_of_Denmark) • Estonia (/wiki/Outline_of_Estonia) • Faroe Islands (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Faroe_Islands) • Finland (/wiki/Outline_of_Finland) • France (/wiki/Outline_of_France) ( Paris (/wiki/Outline_of_Paris) ) • Georgia (/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)) • Germany (/wiki/Outline_of_Germany) ( Dresden (/wiki/Outline_of_Dresden) , Munich (/wiki/Outline_of_Munich) ) • Gibraltar (/wiki/Outline_of_Gibraltar) • Greece (/wiki/Outline_of_Greece) ( Athens (/wiki/Outline_of_Athens) ) • Guernsey (/wiki/Outline_of_Guernsey) • Hungary (/wiki/Outline_of_Hungary) • Iceland (/wiki/Outline_of_Iceland) • Ireland (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland) • Isle of Man (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Isle_of_Man) • Italy (/wiki/Outline_of_Italy) ( Milan (/wiki/Outline_of_Milan) , Naples (/wiki/Outline_of_Naples) , Palermo (/wiki/Outline_of_Palermo) , Rome (/wiki/Outline_of_Rome) , Turin (/wiki/Outline_of_Turin) , Venice (/wiki/Outline_of_Venice) ) • Jersey (/wiki/Outline_of_Jersey) • Kazakhstan (/wiki/Outline_of_Kazakhstan) • Kosovo (/wiki/Outline_of_Kosovo) • Latvia (/wiki/Outline_of_Latvia) • Liechtenstein (/wiki/Outline_of_Liechtenstein) • Lithuania (/wiki/Outline_of_Lithuania) • Luxembourg (/wiki/Outline_of_Luxembourg) • Malta (/wiki/Outline_of_Malta) • Moldova (/wiki/Outline_of_Moldova) (including disputed Transnistria (/wiki/Outline_of_Transnistria) ) • Monaco (/wiki/Outline_of_Monaco) • Montenegro (/wiki/Outline_of_Montenegro) • Netherlands (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Netherlands) • North Macedonia (/wiki/Outline_of_North_Macedonia) • Poland (/wiki/Outline_of_Poland) • Portugal (/wiki/Outline_of_Portugal) • Romania (/wiki/Outline_of_Romania) • Russia (/wiki/Outline_of_Russia) ( Saint Petersburg (/wiki/Outline_of_Saint_Petersburg) ) • San Marino (/wiki/Outline_of_San_Marino) • Serbia (/wiki/Outline_of_Serbia) • Slovakia (/wiki/Outline_of_Slovakia) • Slovenia (/wiki/Outline_of_Slovenia) • Norway (/wiki/Outline_of_Norway) Svalbard (/wiki/Outline_of_Svalbard) Spain (/wiki/Outline_of_Spain) Autonomous communities of Spain: Catalonia (/wiki/Outline_of_Catalonia) ( Barcelona (/wiki/Outline_of_Barcelona) ) Sweden (/wiki/Outline_of_Sweden) ( Stockholm (/wiki/Outline_of_Stockholm) ) • Switzerland (/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland) ( Geneva (/wiki/Outline_of_Geneva) ) • Turkey (/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey) • Ukraine (/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine) United Kingdom (/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom) England (/wiki/Outline_of_England) ( Cornwall (/wiki/Outline_of_Cornwall) , London (/wiki/Outline_of_London) ) • Northern Ireland (/wiki/Outline_of_Northern_Ireland) • Scotland (/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland) ( Edinburgh (/wiki/Outline_of_Edinburgh) ) • Wales (/wiki/Outline_of_Wales) Vatican City (/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City) European Union (/wiki/Outline_of_the_European_Union) North America (/wiki/Outline_of_North_America) Canada (/wiki/Outline_of_Canada) Provinces of Canada: • Alberta (/wiki/Outline_of_Alberta) • British Columbia (/wiki/Outline_of_British_Columbia) • Manitoba (/wiki/Outline_of_Manitoba) • New Brunswick (/wiki/Outline_of_New_Brunswick) • Newfoundland and Labrador (/wiki/Outline_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador) • Nova Scotia (/wiki/Outline_of_Nova_Scotia) • Ontario (/wiki/Outline_of_Ontario) ( Ottawa (/wiki/Outline_of_Ottawa) , Toronto (/wiki/Outline_of_Toronto) ) • Prince Edward Island (/wiki/Outline_of_Prince_Edward_Island) • Quebec (/wiki/Outline_of_Quebec) • Saskatchewan (/wiki/Outline_of_Saskatchewan) Territories of Canada: Northwest Territories (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Northwest_Territories) • Yukon (/wiki/Outline_of_Yukon) • Nunavut (/wiki/Outline_of_Nunavut) Greenland (/wiki/Outline_of_Greenland) • Saint Pierre and Miquelon (/wiki/Outline_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon) United States (/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States) Alabama (/wiki/Outline_of_Alabama) • Alaska (/wiki/Outline_of_Alaska) • Arizona (/wiki/Outline_of_Arizona) • Arkansas (/wiki/Outline_of_Arkansas) • California (/wiki/Outline_of_California) • Colorado (/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado) • Connecticut (/wiki/Outline_of_Connecticut) • Delaware (/wiki/Outline_of_Delaware) • Florida (/wiki/Outline_of_Florida) • Georgia (/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)) • Hawaii (/wiki/Outline_of_Hawaii) • Idaho (/wiki/Outline_of_Idaho) • Illinois (/wiki/Outline_of_Illinois) • Indiana (/wiki/Outline_of_Indiana) • Iowa (/wiki/Outline_of_Iowa) • Kansas (/wiki/Outline_of_Kansas) • Kentucky (/wiki/Outline_of_Kentucky) • Louisiana (/wiki/Outline_of_Louisiana) • Maine (/wiki/Outline_of_Maine) • Maryland (/wiki/Outline_of_Maryland) • Massachusetts (/wiki/Outline_of_Massachusetts) ( Boston (/wiki/Outline_of_Boston) ) • Michigan (/wiki/Outline_of_Michigan) • Minnesota (/wiki/Outline_of_Minnesota) • Mississippi (/wiki/Outline_of_Mississippi) • Missouri (/wiki/Outline_of_Missouri) • Montana (/wiki/Outline_of_Montana) • Nebraska (/wiki/Outline_of_Nebraska) • Nevada (/wiki/Outline_of_Nevada) • New Hampshire (/wiki/Outline_of_New_Hampshire) • New Jersey (/wiki/Outline_of_New_Jersey) • New Mexico (/wiki/Outline_of_New_Mexico) • New York (/wiki/Outline_of_New_York) ( New York City (/wiki/Outline_of_New_York_City) ) • North Carolina (/wiki/Outline_of_North_Carolina) • North Dakota (/wiki/Outline_of_North_Dakota) • Ohio (/wiki/Outline_of_Ohio) • Oklahoma (/wiki/Outline_of_Oklahoma) • Oregon (/wiki/Outline_of_Oregon) • Pennsylvania (/wiki/Outline_of_Pennsylvania) ( Philadelphia (/wiki/Outline_of_Philadelphia) ) • Rhode Island (/wiki/Outline_of_Rhode_Island) • South Carolina (/wiki/Outline_of_South_Carolina) • South Dakota (/wiki/Outline_of_South_Dakota) • Tennessee (/wiki/Outline_of_Tennessee) • Texas (/wiki/Outline_of_Texas) • Utah (/wiki/Outline_of_Utah) • Vermont (/wiki/Outline_of_Vermont) • Virginia (/wiki/Outline_of_Virginia) • Washington (/wiki/Outline_of_Washington) ( Infrastructure (/wiki/Outline_of_Washington_(state)_infrastructure) ) • West Virginia (/wiki/Outline_of_West_Virginia) • Wisconsin (/wiki/Outline_of_Wisconsin) • Wyoming (/wiki/Outline_of_Wyoming) Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Outline_of_Washington,_D.C.) 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This is a level of functional and (or) metabolic efficiency of a person in mind, body, and spirit; being free from illness, injury or pain (as in " good health " or " healthy "). The World Health Organization (/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Death (/wiki/Outline_of_death) – cessation of life. Exercise (/wiki/Outline_of_exercise) – any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons including strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, and mental health including the prevention of depression. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system and helps prevent the "diseases of affluence" such as heart disease (/wiki/Heart_disease) , cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Nutrition (/wiki/Outline_of_nutrition) – provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Life extension (/wiki/Outline_of_life_extension) – The study of slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan. Health sciences (/wiki/Outline_of_health_sciences) – applied sciences that address the use of science, technology, engineering, or mathematics in the delivery of healthcare to human beings. Medicine (/wiki/Outline_of_medicine) – science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Anesthesia (/wiki/Outline_of_anesthesia) – a way to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using a medicine called anesthetics. Cardiology (/wiki/Outline_of_cardiology) – the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the human heart. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, and electrophysiology. Clinical research (/wiki/Outline_of_clinical_research) – aspect of biomedical research that addresses the assessment of new pharmaceutical and biological drugs, medical devices, and vaccines in humans. Diabetes (/wiki/Outline_of_diabetes) – a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar) above 200mg/dl, either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin or both. Dentistry (/wiki/Outline_of_dentistry) – a branch of medicine that is involved in the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the mouth, maxillofacial area, and the adjacent and associated structures (teeth) and their impact on the human body. Emergency medicine (/wiki/Outline_of_emergency_medicine) – medical specialty involving care for undifferentiated, unscheduled patients with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate medical attention. Emergency physicians undertake acute investigations and interventions to resuscitate and stabilize patients. Obstetrics (/wiki/Outline_of_obstetrics) – medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy (prenatal period), childbirth, and the postnatal period. Trauma and Orthopedics (/wiki/Outline_of_trauma_and_orthopedics) – medical specialty dealing with bones, joints and operative management of trauma. Psychiatry (/wiki/Outline_of_psychiatry) – medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioral, cognitive, and perceptual abnormalities. Autism (/wiki/Outline_of_autism) – mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by great difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. Bipolar disorder (/wiki/Outline_of_bipolar_disorder) – mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood. Psychiatric survivors movement (/wiki/Outline_of_the_psychiatric_survivors_movement) – diverse association of individuals who either currently access mental health services (known as consumers or service users), or who are survivors of interventions by psychiatry, or who are ex-patients of mental health. Public health (/wiki/Outline_of_public_health) – preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". [1] (#cite_note-Gatseva-1) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/Outline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic) Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/History and events (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/History_and_events) History (/wiki/Outline_of_history) ( timelines (/wiki/Timelines_of_world_history) ) – records of past events and the way things were. It is also a field responsible for the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about the past. History, by period (/wiki/Outline_of_history#History_by_chronology) (See also Timeline of world history (/wiki/Timeline_of_world_history) ) Prehistory ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory) ) – events occurring before recorded history (that is, before written records). Colorado prehistory (/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado_prehistory) – Prehistoric technology (/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology) – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing). Ancient history (/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_history) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_history) ) – from ≈3350 BCE to ≈500 CE Ancient West Classical antiquity (/wiki/Outline_of_classical_studies) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_antiquity) ) – long period of cultural history in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Greece (/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece) ) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Rome (/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Rome) ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. Classical architecture (/wiki/Outline_of_classical_architecture) – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. Ancient East Ancient China (/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_China) – China from about 2070 to 221 BC, spanning the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasy, the Spring and Autumn period, to the end of the Warring States period. Ancient Egypt (/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Egypt) – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient India (/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_India) – India as it existed from pre-historic times (c. 7000 BCE or earlier) to the start of the Middle Ages (c. 500 CE). Post-classical history (/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history) Middle Ages (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages) (Medieval history) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Middle_Ages) ) – historical period following the Iron Age, fully underway by the 5th century and lasting to the 15th century and preceding the early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classic, Medieval, and Modern. Renaissance (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance) – cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. It encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Early modern history (/wiki/Timeline_of_early_modern_history) – from 1500 to 1899 Modern history (/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_history) – since 1900. Globalization (/wiki/Outline_of_globalization) – progression towards the development of an integrated world community, from ancient times to the present History, by region (/wiki/Outline_of_history#History_by_region) History of South Asia (/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history) ) History of Western civilization (/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_Western_civilization) History of the British Isles (/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles) History of existing states United States history (/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history) ) History of U.S. states History of Alabama (/wiki/Outline_of_Alabama#History_of_Alabama) • History of Alaska (/wiki/Outline_of_Alaska#History_of_Alaska) • History of Arizona (/wiki/Outline_of_Arizona#History_of_Arizona) • History of Arkansas (/wiki/Outline_of_Arkansas#History_of_Arkansas) • History of California (/wiki/Outline_of_California#History_of_California) ( History of Los Angeles (/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_Los_Angeles) ) • History of Colorado (/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado#History_of_Colorado) • History of Connecticut (/wiki/Outline_of_Connecticut#History_of_Connecticut) • History of Delaware (/wiki/Outline_of_Delaware#History_of_Delaware) • History of Florida (/wiki/Outline_of_Florida#History_of_Florida) • History of Georgia (/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#History_of_Georgia) • History of Hawaii (/wiki/Outline_of_Hawaii#History_of_Hawaii) • History of Idaho (/wiki/Outline_of_Idaho#History_of_Idaho) • History of Illinois (/wiki/Outline_of_Illinois#History_of_Illinois) • History of Indiana (/wiki/Outline_of_Indiana#History_of_Indiana) • History of Iowa (/wiki/Outline_of_Iowa#History_of_Iowa) • History of Kansas (/wiki/Outline_of_Kansas#History_of_Kansas) • History of Kentucky (/wiki/Outline_of_Kentucky#History_of_Kentucky) • History of Louisiana (/wiki/Outline_of_Louisiana#History_of_Louisiana) • History of Maine (/wiki/Outline_of_Maine#History_of_Maine) • History of Maryland (/wiki/Outline_of_Maryland#History_of_Maryland) • History of Massachusetts (/wiki/Outline_of_Massachusetts#History_of_Massachusetts) • History of Michigan (/wiki/Outline_of_Michigan#History_of_Michigan) • History of Minnesota (/wiki/Outline_of_Minnesota#History_of_Minnesota) • History of Mississippi (/wiki/Outline_of_Mississippi#History_of_Mississippi) • History of Missouri (/wiki/Outline_of_Missouri#History_of_Missouri) • History of Montana (/wiki/Outline_of_Montana#History_of_Montana) • History of Nebraska (/wiki/Outline_of_Nebraska#History_of_Nebraska) • History of Nevada (/wiki/Outline_of_Nevada#History_of_Nevada) • History of New Hampshire (/wiki/Outline_of_New_Hampshire#History_of_New_Hampshire) • History of New Jersey (/wiki/Outline_of_New_Jersey#History_of_New_Jersey) • History of New Mexico (/wiki/Outline_of_New_Mexico#History_of_New_Mexico) • History of New York (/wiki/Outline_of_New_York_(state)#History_of_New_York) • History of North Carolina (/wiki/Outline_of_North_Carolina#History_of_North_Carolina) • History of North Dakota (/wiki/Outline_of_North_Dakota#History_of_North_Dakota) ( Territorial evolution (/wiki/Outline_of_North_Dakota_territorial_evolution) ) • History of Ohio (/wiki/Outline_of_Ohio#History_of_Ohio) • History of Oklahoma (/wiki/Outline_of_Oklahoma#History_of_Oklahoma) • History of Oregon (/wiki/Outline_of_Oregon#History_of_Oregon) ( Territorial evolution (/wiki/Outline_of_Oregon_territorial_evolution) ) • History of Pennsylvania (/wiki/Outline_of_Pennsylvania#History_of_Pennsylvania) • History of Rhode Island (/wiki/Outline_of_Rhode_Island#History_of_Rhode_Island) • History of South Carolina (/wiki/Outline_of_South_Carolina#History_of_South_Carolina) • History of South Dakota (/wiki/Outline_of_South_Dakota#History_of_South_Dakota) • History of Tennessee (/wiki/Outline_of_Tennessee#History_of_Tennessee) • History of Texas (/wiki/Outline_of_Texas#History_of_Texas) • History of Utah (/wiki/Outline_of_Utah#History_of_Utah) • History of Vermont (/wiki/Outline_of_Vermont#History_of_Vermont) • History of Virginia (/wiki/Outline_of_Virginia#History_of_Virginia) • History of Washington (/wiki/Outline_of_Washington#History_of_Washington) • History of West Virginia (/wiki/Outline_of_West_Virginia#History_of_West_Virginia) • History of Wisconsin (/wiki/Outline_of_Wisconsin#History_of_Wisconsin) • History of Wyoming (/wiki/Outline_of_Wyoming#History_of_Wyoming) ( Territorial evolution (/wiki/Outline_of_Wyoming_territorial_evolution) ) Historical states Ancient Egypt (/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Egypt) – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient Rome (/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history) ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – six-volume work authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). Byzantine Empire (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire) ) – the Eastern Roman Empire that existed throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania by its inhabitants and neighbors, the empire was centered on the capital of Constantinople and was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State. Byzantium, however, was distinct from ancient Rome, in that it was Christian and predominantly Greek-speaking, being influenced by Greek, as opposed to Latin, culture. Ottoman Empire (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) ) – historical Muslim empire, also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey. At its zenith in the second half of the 16th century it controlled Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa. Soviet Union (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Soviet_Union) – socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. It was a major ally during World War II, a main participant in the Cold War, and it grew in power to become one of the world's two superpowers (the other being the United States). The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. History, by subject (see also, timelines (/wiki/Outline_of_timelines) ) History, by field (/wiki/Outline_of_history#History_by_field) History of art (/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts#History_of_visual_arts) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_art) ) History of painting (/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history) History of business (/wiki/Outline_of_business#History_of_business) History of geography (/wiki/Outline_of_geography#History_of_geography) Jewish history (/wiki/Outline_of_Jewish_history) History of mathematics (/wiki/List_of_topics_in_mathematics#History) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematics) ) Military history Military history by region Kazakh military history (/wiki/Outline_of_Kazakh_military_history) Pakistan military history (/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan_military_history) Military history of the People's Republic of China (/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China) History of terrorism Terrorism in the United States (/wiki/Outline_of_terrorism_in_the_United_States) September 11 attacks (/wiki/Outline_of_the_September_11_attacks) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_September_11_attacks) ) Wars (/wiki/Outline_of_war#History_of_war) Wars of Scottish Independence (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Wars_of_Scottish_Independence) - series of military campaigns fought from 1296–1357 by the Kingdom of Scotland to maintain their nation's independence from the Kingdom of England. Wars of the Three Kingdoms (/wiki/Outline_of_the_wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms) ) - series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland which took place from 1639-1651. American Revolutionary War (/wiki/Outline_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution) ) - war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation. American Civil War (/wiki/Outline_of_the_American_Civil_War) ( timeline (/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles) ) – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede. World War I (/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I) ) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). World War II (/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II) ) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history. Cold War (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Cold_War) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_events_in_the_Cold_War) ) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Vietnam War (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Vietnam_War) – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. Armed Forces at the end of the Cold War British Armed Forces (/wiki/Outline_of_the_British_Armed_Forces_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War) British Army (/wiki/Outline_of_the_British_Army_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War) • British Royal Air Force (/wiki/Outline_of_the_British_Royal_Air_Force_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War) • British Royal Navy (/wiki/Outline_of_the_British_Royal_Navy_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War) Bulgarian People's Army (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Bulgarian_People%27s_Army_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War) • Canadian Armed Forces (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War) • Czechoslovak People's Army (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Czechoslovak_People%27s_Army_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War) • Danish Armed Forces (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Danish_Armed_Forces_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War) • French Army (/wiki/Outline_of_the_French_Army_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War) • Italian Army (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Italian_Army_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War) • U.S. Air Force in Europe (/wiki/Outline_of_the_U.S._Air_Force_in_Europe_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War) The Troubles (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Troubles) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles) ) – historical ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted about 30 years, beginning in the late 1960s and ending with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "irregular war" or "low-level war". Iraq War (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Iraq_War) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War) )– Invasion by a United States-led coalition, followed by occupation. The invasion occurred as part of the George W. Bush administration's war on terror following the September 11 attacks. The war lasted from 2003 to 2011. Russo-Ukrainian War (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) ) — war of aggression by Russia upon Ukraine, including Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, the War in Donbas (2014-), and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-). 2023 Israel–Hamas war (/wiki/Outline_of_the_2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war) ) – armed conflict between Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups and Israeli military forces, starting with a Hamas attack on southern Israel, which triggered extensive strikes against Palestine's Gaza Strip by Israel and a subsequent invasion of Gaza. ^ (#cite_ref-Gatseva_1-0) Gatseva, Penka D.; Argirova, Mariana (1 June 2011). "Public health: the science of promoting health" (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10389-011-0412-8) . Journal of Public Health . 19 (3): 205–206. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s10389-011-0412-8 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10389-011-0412-8) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1613-2238 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1613-2238) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 1126351 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1126351) . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_2-0) Winslow, Charles-Edward Amory (/wiki/Charles-Edward_Amory_Winslow) (1920). "The Untilled Field of Public Health" (https://zenodo.org/record/1448241) . Modern Medicine . 2 (1306): 183–191. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 1920Sci....51...23W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920Sci....51...23W) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1126/science.51.1306.23 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.51.1306.23) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 17838891 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17838891) . History of political science (/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#History_of_political_science) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_politics) ) History of science (/wiki/Outline_of_science#History_of_science) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries) ) History of technology (/wiki/Outline_of_technology#History_of_technology) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions) ) Prehistoric technology (/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology) Historical sciences – fields dealing with history Archaeology (/wiki/Outline_of_archaeology) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_archaeology) ) Astronomy (/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomy) ) Environmental history (/wiki/Outline_of_environmental_history) Geology (/wiki/Outline_of_geology) ( timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_geology) ) Geological history (/wiki/Timeline_of_geological_history) Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Mathematics and logic (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Mathematics_and_logic) Formal science (/wiki/Outline_of_formal_science) – branches of knowledge that are concerned with formal systems. Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world, but instead with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules. Mathematics (/wiki/Outline_of_mathematics) – study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, and formulate new conjectures. (See also: Lists of mathematics topics (/wiki/Lists_of_mathematics_topics) ) Arithmetic (/wiki/Outline_of_arithmetic) – the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, involving the study of quantity, especially as the result of combining numbers. The simplest arithmetical operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Algebra (/wiki/Outline_of_algebra) – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and relations, and the constructions and concepts arising from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures. Linear algebra (/wiki/Outline_of_linear_algebra) – the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations and linear maps and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. Abstract algebra (/wiki/List_of_abstract_algebra_topics) – the branch of mathematics concerning algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. Commutative algebra (/wiki/List_of_commutative_algebra_topics) – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Algebraic coding theory (/wiki/List_of_algebraic_coding_theory_topics) – aka coding theory , is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Boolean algebra (/wiki/List_of_Boolean_algebra_topics) – branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, respectively. It is used for describing logical operations. Analysis/Calculus (/wiki/Outline_of_calculus) – the branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is the study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. Category theory (/wiki/Outline_of_category_theory) – the branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows Discrete mathematics (/wiki/Outline_of_discrete_mathematics) – the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. Combinatorics (/wiki/Outline_of_combinatorics) – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or countable discrete structures. Geometry (/wiki/Outline_of_geometry) – this is one of the oldest branches of mathematics, it is concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Algebraic geometry (/wiki/List_of_algebraic_geometry_topics) – study of zeros of multivariate polynomials. Convexity (/wiki/List_of_convexity_topics) – Circles (/wiki/List_of_circle_topics) – geometric shapes consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the center. Combinatorial computational geometry (/wiki/List_of_combinatorial_computational_geometry_topics) – states problems in terms of geometric objects as discrete entities and hence the methods of their solution are mostly theories and algorithms of combinatorial character. Computer graphics and descriptive geometry (/wiki/List_of_computer_graphics_and_descriptive_geometry_topics) – Differential geometry (/wiki/List_of_differential_geometry_topics) – geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. Topology (/wiki/List_of_topology_topics) – developed from geometry, it looks at those properties that do not change even when the figures are deformed by stretching and bending, like dimension. Algebraic topology (/wiki/List_of_algebraic_topology_topics) – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. General topology (/wiki/List_of_general_topology_topics) – also known as point-set topology, it deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation for most of the other branches of topology. Geometric topology (/wiki/List_of_geometric_topology_topics) – study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another. Mathematical logic (/wiki/List_of_mathematical_logic_topics) – study of formal logic within mathematics. Set theory (/wiki/List_of_set_theory_topics) – studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Algebraic structure (/wiki/Outline_of_algebraic_structures) – the sum total of all properties that arise from the inclusion of one or more operations on a set. Trigonometry (/wiki/Outline_of_trigonometry) – branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles between these sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves. Triangles (/wiki/List_of_triangle_topics) – type of polygon, with three edges and three vertices. The triangle is one of the basic shapes in geometry. Logic (/wiki/Outline_of_logic) – formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science. Other mathematical sciences – academic disciplines that are primarily mathematical in nature but may not be universally considered subfields of mathematics proper. Statistics (/wiki/Outline_of_statistics) – study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. Regression analysis (/wiki/Outline_of_regression_analysis) – techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. Probability (/wiki/Outline_of_probability) – way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur or has occurred. The concept has an exact mathematical meaning in probability theory, which is used extensively in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence/machine learning and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of complex systems. Theoretical computer science (/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science) – a division or subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on more abstract or mathematical aspects of computing and includes the theory of computation. Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Natural and physical sciences (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Natural_and_physical_sciences) Science (/wiki/Outline_of_science) – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. An older and closely related meaning still in use today is that of Aristotle, for whom scientific knowledge was a body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained. Basis of natural science (/wiki/Outline_of_natural_science) – natural science is a major branch of science, that tries to explain and predict nature's phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are amongst the criteria and methods used for this purpose. Scientific method (/wiki/Outline_of_scientific_method) – body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. Metric system (/wiki/Outline_of_the_metric_system) – decimal based system of measurement based on the metre and the kilogram, units of measure that were developed in France in 1799 and which is now used in most branches on international commerce, science and engineering. Branches of natural science (/wiki/Outline_of_natural_science) – also called "the natural sciences", which are: Biology (/wiki/Outline_of_biology) – study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Biological phenomena Death (/wiki/Outline_of_death) – cessation of life; end of life-cycle Branches of biology Anatomy (/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy) – study of the structure of living things. Human nervous system (/wiki/Outline_of_the_human_nervous_system) – part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. Human brain (/wiki/Outline_of_the_human_brain) – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull Biochemistry (/wiki/Outline_of_biochemistry) – interdisciplinary field at the nexus of biology and chemistry, elucidating the molecular processes that underpin life. Investigating the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules, biochemists explore the intricate mechanisms within cells and organisms. Central themes include enzymes catalyzing biochemical reactions, DNA's genetic information storage, and the synthesis of proteins. Understanding cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and molecular genetics, biochemistry plays a pivotal role in advancing medical research, biotechnology, and pharmacology. Analyzing the molecular intricacies of life, biochemistry not only unlocks the secrets of biological phenomena but also informs innovations in medicine and the development of novel therapies. Biophysics (/wiki/Outline_of_biophysics) – interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems. Studies included under the branches of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems. Botany (/wiki/Outline_of_botany) – a branch of biology, focuses on the study of plants, encompassing their structure, physiology, classification, and ecology. Botanists explore plant life at various levels, from cellular processes to entire ecosystems. This scientific discipline contributes crucial insights into plant evolution, growth patterns, and interactions with the environment. Understanding botany is essential for agricultural advancements, environmental conservation, and the development of sustainable practices. From microscopic algae to towering trees, botany unravels the mysteries of plant life, fostering appreciation for the diverse and vital role plants play in the world. Cell biology (/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology) – study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. Ecology (/wiki/Outline_of_ecology) – study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Environmental studies (/wiki/Outline_of_environmental_studies) – multidisciplinary academic field that systematically studies human interaction with the environment, bringing together principles of the physical sciences, commerce/economics and social sciences to solve today's complex contemporary environmental problems. Air pollution dispersion (/wiki/Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion) – distribution of air pollution, the study of which is used by many regulatory agencies to control air pollution Evolution (/wiki/Outline_of_evolution) – study of evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth. Genetics (/wiki/Outline_of_genetics) – study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Immunology (/wiki/Outline_of_immunology) – study of immune systems in all organisms. Neuroscience (/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience) – scientific study of the nervous system. Brain mapping (/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping) – neuroscience techniques for making spatial maps of the (human or non-human) brain. Paleontology – study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Dinosaurs (/wiki/Outline_of_dinosaurs) – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era. Pharmacology – broadly defined as the study of drug action and pharmacokinetics. Physiology (/wiki/Outline_of_physiology) – study of how living organisms function. Zoology (/wiki/Outline_of_zoology) – study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. Life forms (/wiki/Outline_of_life_forms) – living organisms Animals (/wiki/Outline_of_animals) – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance. Ants (/wiki/Outline_of_ants) – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants. Gastropods (/wiki/Outline_of_gastropods) – any member of the class Gastropoda, which includes slugs and snails. Reptiles (/wiki/Outline_of_reptiles) – group of tetrapods with an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development. Includes turtles, crocodilians, lizards and snakes, and tuatara. Birds (/wiki/Outline_of_birds) – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds. Fish (/wiki/Outline_of_fish) – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Sharks (/wiki/Outline_of_sharks) – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Fungi (/wiki/Outline_of_fungi) – group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. Lichens (/wiki/Outline_of_lichens) – composite organisms made up of one or more fungal partners and one or more photosynthetic partners (either algae or cyanobacteria) Extraterrestrial life (/wiki/Outline_of_extraterrestrial_life) – life that may occur outside Earth and which did not originate on Earth. Physical sciences (/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science) – encompasses the branches of science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena. Chemistry (/wiki/Outline_of_chemistry) – study of matter, especially its properties, structure, composition, behavior, reactions, interactions and the changes it undergoes. Organic chemistry (/wiki/Outline_of_organic_chemistry) – study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. Water (/wiki/Outline_of_water) – chemical substance with the chemical formula H 2 O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Alchemy (/wiki/Outline_of_alchemy) – protoscience considered a predecessor to chemistry Earth science (/wiki/Outline_of_Earth_sciences) – all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. Earth (/wiki/Outline_of_Earth) – planet you are on right now. Third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Geography (#Geography_and_places) – study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". Geology (/wiki/Outline_of_geology) – study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock, sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources. Plate tectonics (/wiki/Outline_of_plate_tectonics) – theory that describes the surface of the Earth as comprised of large tectonic plates Geophysics (/wiki/Outline_of_geophysics) – physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. Meteorology (/wiki/Outline_of_meteorology) – study of the atmosphere, including study and forecasting of the weather. Tropical cyclones (/wiki/Outline_of_tropical_cyclones) – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. Oceanography (/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography) – The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. Physics (/wiki/Outline_of_physics) – study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. Acoustics (/wiki/Outline_of_acoustics) – interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. Energy (/wiki/Outline_of_energy) – scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law. Fluid dynamics (/wiki/Outline_of_fluid_dynamics) – subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids (liquids and gases). Space science (/wiki/Outline_of_space_science) Astronomy (/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy) – study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). Solar System (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System) – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Where the Earth is located (the third planet orbiting the Sun). Mercury (/wiki/Outline_of_Mercury_(planet)) – closest planet to the sun. Venus (/wiki/Outline_of_Venus) – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet. Earth (/wiki/Outline_of_Earth) – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. Moon (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Moon) – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Mars (/wiki/Outline_of_Mars) – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun. Jupiter (/wiki/Outline_of_Jupiter) – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun. Saturn (/wiki/Outline_of_Saturn) – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun. Uranus (/wiki/Outline_of_Uranus) – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun. Neptune (/wiki/Outline_of_Neptune) – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun. Black holes (/wiki/Outline_of_black_holes) – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can escape from it. Galaxies (/wiki/Outline_of_galaxies) – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Earth is located in the Milky Way galaxy. Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/People and self (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/People_and_self) People Types of people Children (/wiki/Outline_of_childhood) Self (/wiki/Outline_of_self) Aspects of people Their bodies ( biology (/wiki/Outline_of_biology) ) Their minds ( psychology (/wiki/Outline_of_psychology) ) Thought (/wiki/Outline_of_thought) Their behavior ( sociology (/wiki/Outline_of_sociology) ) Human sexuality (/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality) BDSM (/wiki/Outline_of_BDSM) LGBT (/wiki/Outline_of_LGBT_topics) Relationships (/wiki/Outline_of_relationships) Adoption (/wiki/Outline_of_adoption) Specific people Abraham Lincoln (/wiki/Outline_of_Abraham_Lincoln) Albert Einstein (/wiki/Outline_of_Albert_Einstein) The Beatles (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Beatles) Bob Marley (/wiki/Outline_of_Bob_Marley) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (/wiki/Outline_of_Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz) Henry Ford (/wiki/Outline_of_Henry_Ford) Joseph Smith (/wiki/Outline_of_Joseph_Smith) Jesus (/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus) William Shakespeare (/wiki/Outline_of_William_Shakespeare) Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Philosophy and thinking (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Philosophy_and_thinking) Philosophy (/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy) – The study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Branches of philosophy Aesthetics (/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics) – The study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty. Epistemology (/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology) – The study of knowledge (/wiki/Outline_of_knowledge) and belief. Ethics (/wiki/Outline_of_ethics) – The study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics. Sexual ethics (/wiki/Outline_of_sexual_ethics) – The study of sexual relations rooted in particular behaviors and standards. Logic (/wiki/Outline_of_logic) – The study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting their fallacies. Metaphysics (/wiki/Outline_of_metaphysics) – traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined. Philosophies Atheism (/wiki/Outline_of_atheism) – the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Critical theory (/wiki/Outline_of_critical_theory) – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Humanism (/wiki/Outline_of_humanism) – approach in study, philosophy, worldview or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. Transhumanism (/wiki/Outline_of_transhumanism) – international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging (/wiki/Outline_of_life_extension) and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. It is often abbreviated as H+ or h+ . Political philosophies: Anarchism (/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism) – political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy. Libertarianism (/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism) – political philosophy that advocates minimization of the government and maximization of individual liberty and political freedom. Marxism (/wiki/Outline_of_Marxism) – method of socioeconomic analysis that applies historical materialism to understand class relations and social conflict, and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. Socialism (/wiki/Outline_of_socialism) – range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management as well as the political theories and movements associated with them. Philosophical debates: Creation–evolution controversy (/wiki/Outline_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy) Thought (/wiki/Outline_of_thought) – mental or intellectual activity involving an individual's subjective consciousness. It can refer either to the act of thinking or the resulting ideas or arrangements of ideas. Neuroscience (/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience) – scientific study of the nervous system. Psychology (/wiki/Outline_of_psychology) – science of behavior and mental processes. Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Religion and belief systems (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Religion_and_belief_systems) Religion (/wiki/Outline_of_religion) – collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and sometimes to moral values. World's religions: Abrahamic religions: Judaism (/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism) – "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people. Originating in the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Tanach) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, it is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel. Jewish law (/wiki/Outline_of_Jewish_law) – the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah. Christianity (/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity) – monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings. Jesus (/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus) – the founder of Christianity Bible (/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics) – the holy text of Christianity Catholicism (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church) – Catholicism is the largest denomination of Christianity. It holds that its Bishops are the successors of the Apostles of Jesus and its Pope the successor of St Peter, and Mary the mother of Jesus is venerated. The term Catholicism broadly denotes the varying body of traditions, nations, demographics and behaviours generally subscribed to the Faith. Catholic canon law (/wiki/Outline_of_Catholic_canon_law) Catholic ecumenical councils (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_ecumenical_councils) Protestantism (/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism) – Protestantism is a broad term, usually used for Christians who are not of the Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Churches. However, some consider Anglicanism to be Protestant, and some consider Radical Reformism not to be Protestant. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints) – The largest denomination of the Latter Day Saint movement, an American restorationist movement. Members are known as "Mormons". Book of Mormon (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Book_of_Mormon) – the earliest distinctive scripture of the Latter Day Saint movement. Joseph Smith (/wiki/Outline_of_Joseph_Smith) – the founding Prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement. Islam (/wiki/Outline_of_Islam) – monotheistic religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of one God, Allah (Arabic: الله Allāh), and by the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah and composed of Hadith) of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of Allah. Mandaeism (/wiki/Outline_of_Mandaeism) – a monotheistic ethnic religion practiced by the Mandaeans (/wiki/Mandaeans) of Iraq and Iran. Bábism (/wiki/Outline_of_B%C3%A1bism) – Predecessor of the Baháʼí Faith founded in 1844 by the Báb (b. ʻAli Muhammad), an Iranian merchant turned prophet who taught that there is one incomprehensible God who manifests his will in an unending series of Manifestations of God. Baháʼí Faith (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith) – a monotheistic religion founded by Baháʼu'lláh in the 19th century, proclaims Spiritual unity of mankind East Asian religions: Taoism (/wiki/Outline_of_Taoism) – a religious and philosophical tradition of Chinese origin with an emphasis on living in harmony with, and in accordance to the natural flow or cosmic structural order of the universe commonly referred to as the Tao . The Tao Te Ching, along with the Zhuangzi, is a fundamental text for both philosophical and religious Taoism. Laozi is traditionally regarded as one of the founders of Taoism and is closely associated in this context with "original" or "primordial" Taoism. Indian religions: Buddhism (/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism) – religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). Hinduism (/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism) – predominant and indigenous religious tradition), amongst many other expressions. Ayyavazhi (/wiki/Outline_of_Ayyavazhi) – Henotheistic belief that originated in South India. It is cited as an independent monistic religion by several newspapers, government reports and academic researchers. In Indian censuses, however, the majority of its followers declare themselves as Hindus. Therefore, Ayyavazhi is also considered a Hindu denomination. Sikhism (/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism) – monotheistic religion founded during the 15th century in the Punjab region, on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and ten successive Sikh Gurus (the last teaching being the holy scripture Guru Granth Sahib Ji). Contemporary Paganism (/wiki/Contemporary_Paganism) – a contemporary set of beliefs modelled on the ancient pagan religions (usually of Europe or the Near East). Religious debates: Creation–evolution controversy (/wiki/Outline_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy) – recurring theological and cultural-political dispute about the origins of the Earth, humanity, life, and the universe, between the proponents of various forms of abiogenesis, and proponents of the various forms of special creation. In both cases, there is limited scientific support for any origin of life hypothesis. The dispute particularly involves the field of evolutionary biology, but also the fields of geology, palaeontology, thermodynamics, nuclear physics and cosmology. Religious issues: Theology (/wiki/Outline_of_theology) – systematic and rational study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truths, or the learned profession acquired by completing specialized training in religious studies, usually at a university or school of divinity or seminary. Christian theology (/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology) – enterprise to construct a coherent system of Christian belief and practice based primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and the New Testament as well as the historic traditions of the faithful. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis, and argument to clarify, examine, understand, explicate, critique, defend or promote Christianity. Death (/wiki/Outline_of_death) – end of physical life Irreligion – absence of religious belief, or indifference or hostility to religion, or active rejection of religious traditions. Atheism (/wiki/Outline_of_atheism) – rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Most inclusively, atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists. Secular humanism (/wiki/Outline_of_humanism) – embraces human reason, ethics, and justice while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience or superstition as the basis of morality and decision-making. Spirituality (/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality) – can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality; an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of their being; or the "deepest values and meanings by which people live." Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Society and social sciences (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Society_and_social_sciences) Social science (/wiki/Outline_of_social_science) – study of the world and its cultures and civilizations. Social science has many branches, each called a "social science". Some of the major social sciences are: Anthropology (/wiki/Outline_of_anthropology) – study of how humans developed biologically and culturally. Archaeology (/wiki/Outline_of_archaeology) – study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation, and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. Economics (/wiki/Outline_of_economics) – study of how people satisfy their wants and needs. Economics is also the study of supply and demand. Futures studies (/wiki/Outline_of_futures_studies) – seeks to understand what is likely to continue and what could plausibly change Genocide studies (/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies) Greek genocide (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Greek_genocide) Geography (/wiki/Outline_of_geography) – study of physical environments and how people live in them. History (/wiki/Outline_of_history) – study of the past. Law (/wiki/Outline_of_law) – set of rules and principles by which a society is governed. (For branches, see Law under Society below). Civil law (/wiki/Outline_of_civil_law_(common_law)) – non-criminal law, in common law countries. It pertains to lawsuits, civil liability, etc. Linguistics (/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics) – study of natural languages. Esperanto (/wiki/Outline_of_Esperanto) – the international constructed language. German language (/wiki/Outline_of_German_language) – the German language. Korean language (/wiki/Outline_of_Korean_language) – the Korean language. Principles of interpretation (/wiki/Outline_of_principles_of_interpretation) – methods used to understand language and texts, primarily legal documents and sacred texts. Political science (/wiki/Outline_of_political_science) – study of different forms of government and the ways citizens relate to them. Psychology (/wiki/Outline_of_psychology) – study of the mind, mental processes and behavior. Abnormal psychology (/wiki/Outline_of_abnormal_psychology) – is the scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning. Human intelligence (/wiki/Outline_of_human_intelligence) – mental capacities of human beings to reason, plan, problem solve, think, comprehend ideas, use languages, and learn. Human sexuality (/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality) – impacts and is impacted upon by cultural, political, legal, philosophical, moral, ethical, and religious aspects of life. Sexual activity is a vital principle of human living that connects the desires, pleasures, and energy of the body with a knowledge of human intimacy. Semiotics (/wiki/Outline_of_semiotics) – study of symbols and how they relate to one another. Sociology (/wiki/Outline_of_sociology) – study of the formation of human societies and social organizations, their structure, and the interaction and behavior of people in organized groups. Society (/wiki/Outline_of_society) – group of people sharing the same geographical or virtual territory and therefore subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Such people share a distinctive culture and institutions, which characterize the patterns of social relations between them. Community (/wiki/Outline_of_community) – group of interacting people, possibly living in close proximity, and often refers to a group that shares some common values, and is attributed with social cohesion within a shared geographical location, generally in social units larger than a household. LGBT (/wiki/Outline_of_LGBT_topics) – lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community Transgender (/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics) Business (/wiki/Outline_of_business) – organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers for the purpose of making a profit. Accounting (/wiki/Outline_of_accounting) – measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities. Actuarial science (/wiki/Outline_of_actuarial_science) – discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries. Business administration (/wiki/Outline_of_business_management) – also called "business management", this comprises planning, organizing, staffing, and directing a company's operations in order to achieve its goals. Finance (/wiki/Outline_of_finance) – funds management, including raising capital to fund an enterprise. Corporate finance (/wiki/Outline_of_corporate_finance) – deals with the sources of funding, the capital structure of corporations, increasing the value of the firm to the shareholders, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. Marketing (/wiki/Outline_of_marketing) – process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. Production (/wiki/Outline_of_production) – creating 'use' value or 'utility' that can satisfy a want or need. Any effort directed toward the realization of a desired product or service is a "productive" effort and the performance of such an act is production. Project management (/wiki/Outline_of_project_management) – discipline of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria. A project is a temporary endeavor to produce a unique product, service or result with a defined beginning and end. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations). Economics (/wiki/Outline_of_economics) – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact. Industrial organization (/wiki/Outline_of_industrial_organization) – studies the structure of and boundaries between firms and markets and the strategic interactions of firms. Communication (/wiki/Outline_of_communication) – activity of conveying meaningful information, which requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient. Journalism (/wiki/Outline_of_journalism) – gathering, processing, and dissemination of news and information related to the news to an audience. It includes both the method of inquiring for news and the literary style which is used to disseminate it. Environmental journalism (/wiki/Outline_of_environmental_journalism) – collection, verification, production, distribution and exhibition of information regarding current events, trends, issues and people that are associated with the non-human world with which humans necessarily interact. Public relations (/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations) – practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public. Music (/wiki/Music) - Musical sound programming, Lyrics production (/wiki/Lyrics) , Remixing (/wiki/Remixing) , Dance Programming or Production. Education (/wiki/Outline_of_education) – any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another. Education can also be defined as the process of becoming an educated person. Academia (/wiki/Outline_of_academia) – nationally and internationally recognized establishment of professional scholars and students, usually centered around colleges and universities, who are engaged in higher education and research. Harvard University (/wiki/Outline_of_Harvard_University) – private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College ) chartered in that country. Open educational resources (/wiki/Outline_of_open_educational_resources) Second-language acquisition (/wiki/Outline_of_second-language_acquisition) – process by which people learn a second language. Educational aims (/wiki/Outline_of_educational_aims) Education in China (/wiki/Outline_of_education_in_China) Globalization (/wiki/Outline_of_globalization) – process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Politics (/wiki/Outline_of_politics) – process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the corporate, academic, and religious segments of society. Political ideologies: Environmentalism (/wiki/Outline_of_environmentalism) – broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements. Green politics (/wiki/Outline_of_green_politics) – political ideology that aims for the creation of an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, social liberalism, and grassroots democracy. Government types: Democracy (/wiki/Outline_of_democracy) – form of government in which all the people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. International organizations: United Nations (/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Nations) Political movements: Psychiatric survivors movement (/wiki/Outline_of_the_psychiatric_survivors_movement) Public affairs (/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs) – public policy and public administration. Public policy is a principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of a state with regard to issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. Public administration is "the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies." Politics, by region: American politics (/wiki/Outline_of_American_politics) – politics of the United States. Law (/wiki/Outline_of_law) – A set of rules and principles by which a society is governed. Commercial law (/wiki/Outline_of_commercial_law) – body of law that governs business and commercial transactions. Criminal justice (/wiki/Outline_of_criminal_justice) – system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Those accused of crime have protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers. Crime (/wiki/Crime) Domestic violence (/wiki/Outline_of_domestic_violence) – violence between partners in a close relationship (marriage, family, dating and so on). This form of violence can manifest itself in a variety of ways. Forgery (/wiki/Outline_of_forgery) – process of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents with the intent to deceive. Law enforcement (/wiki/Outline_of_law_enforcement) – any system by which some members of society act in an organized manner to promote adherence to the law by discovering and punishing persons who violate the rules and norms governing that society. The term usually refers to organizations that engage in patrols or surveillance to dissuade and discover criminal activity, and to those who investigate crimes and apprehend offenders. Intellectual property (/wiki/Outline_of_intellectual_property) – distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized—and the corresponding fields of law. Patents (/wiki/Outline_of_patents) – set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property. Tort law (/wiki/Outline_of_tort_law) – laws and legal procedures dealing with torts. In common law jurisdictions, a tort is a civil wrong that involves a breach of a civil duty (other than a contractual duty) owed to someone else. A tort is differentiated from a crime, which involves a breach of a duty owed to society in general. Though many acts are both torts and crimes, prosecutions for crime are mostly the responsibility of the state; whereas any party who has been injured may bring a lawsuit for tort. Law of the United States Evidence law in the United States (/wiki/Outline_of_evidence_law_in_the_United_States) – United States federal Indian law and policy (/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_federal_Indian_law_and_policy) – Rights (/wiki/Outline_of_rights) – legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Urban planning (/wiki/Outline_of_urban_planning) – technical and political process that is focused on the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks and their accessibility. Transportation planning (/wiki/Outline_of_transportation_planning) – process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations. Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Technology and applied sciences (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines/Technology_and_applied_sciences) Applied Science (/wiki/Outline_of_applied_science) – The application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. Examples include testing a theoretical model through the use of formal science or solving a practical problem through the use of natural science. Technology (/wiki/Outline_of_technology) – The making, usage, knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function is referred as technology. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. Technologies and applied sciences Aerospace (/wiki/Outline_of_aerospace) – flight or transport above the surface of the Earth. Space exploration (/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration) – the physical investigation of the space more than 100 km above the Earth by either manned or unmanned spacecraft. Applied physics (/wiki/Outline_of_applied_physics) – physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use. It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between "pure" physics and engineering. Meteorology (/wiki/Outline_of_meteorology) – forecasts the weather Agriculture (/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture) – cultivation of plants, animals, and other living organisms. Fishing (/wiki/Outline_of_fishing) – activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. Fisheries (/wiki/Outline_of_fisheries) – A fishery is an entity which is engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". Fishing industry (/wiki/Outline_of_the_fishing_industry) – industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. Forestry (/wiki/Outline_of_forestry) – art and science of tree resources, including plantations and natural stands. The main goal of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow forests to continue a sustainable provision of environmental supplies and services. Organic gardening and farming (/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming) – a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones. Sustainable agriculture (/wiki/Outline_of_sustainable_agriculture) – farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem services, and the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. Communication (/wiki/Outline_of_communication) – the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. Books (/wiki/Outline_of_books) – A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side Telecommunication (/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication) – the transfer of information at a distance, including signaling, telegraphy, telephony, telemetry, radio, television, and data communications. Radio (/wiki/Outline_of_radio) – Aural or encoded telecommunications. Internet (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet) – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Television broadcasting (/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting) – Visual and aural telecommunications. Computing (/wiki/Outline_of_computing) – any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; and more. Computer engineering (/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering) – discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer systems, from designing individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. Computers (/wiki/Outline_of_computers) – general purpose devices that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, computers can solve more than one kind of problem. Computer science (/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science) – the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. Artificial intelligence (/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligence) – intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Computer vision (/wiki/Outline_of_computer_vision) – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do. Object recognition (/wiki/Outline_of_object_recognition) – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Natural language processing (/wiki/Outline_of_natural_language_processing) – computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on. Cryptography (/wiki/Outline_of_cryptography) – the technology to secure communications in the presence of third parties. Human-computer interaction (/wiki/Outline_of_human%E2%80%93computer_interaction) – the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. Information technology (/wiki/Outline_of_information_technology) – the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications. Software engineering (/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering) – the systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software. Programming (/wiki/Outline_of_computer_programming) – the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. Software development (/wiki/Outline_of_software_development) – development of a software product, which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation. Web design and web development (/wiki/Outline_of_web_design_and_web_development) – web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites, while web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). C++ (/wiki/Outline_of_C%2B%2B) – one of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. Perl (/wiki/Outline_of_Perl) – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more. Software (/wiki/Outline_of_software) – one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for one or more purposes. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. Application software – is program or a group of programs designed for end users. Databases (/wiki/Outline_of_databases) – is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated. MySQL (/wiki/Outline_of_MySQL) ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. Search engines (/wiki/Outline_of_search_engines) – information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system. Free software (/wiki/Outline_of_free_software) – software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction. Operating systems iOS (/wiki/Outline_of_iOS) – mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV. Ubuntu (/wiki/Outline_of_Ubuntu) – multi-platform Debian Linux-based operating system. Internet (/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet) – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Wikipedia (/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia) – a multilingual free internet encyclopedia created by volunteers using a wiki-based editing system Computer industry Apple Inc. (/wiki/Outline_of_Apple_Inc.) – manufacturer and retailer of computers, hand-held computing devices, and related products and services. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Google (/wiki/Outline_of_Google) – Google Inc. and its Internet services including Google Search. Microsoft (/wiki/Outline_of_Microsoft) – American multinational technology corporation producing computer software and hardware. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Computer security (/wiki/Outline_of_computer_security) – Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. Construction (/wiki/Outline_of_construction) – building or assembly of any physical structure. Design (/wiki/Outline_of_design) – the art and science of creating the abstract form and function for an object or environment. Architecture (/wiki/Outline_of_architecture) – the art and science of designing buildings. Electronics (/wiki/Outline_of_electronics) – the branch of physics and technology concerned with the design of circuits using transistors and microchips, and with the behavior and movement of electrons in a semiconductor, conductor, vacuum, or gas. Industry (/wiki/Outline_of_industry) – production of an economic good or service. Automation (/wiki/Outline_of_automation) – use of machinery to replace human labor. Industrial machinery (/wiki/Outline_of_industrial_machinery) – Machines (/wiki/Outline_of_machines) – devices that perform or assist in performing useful work. Manufacturing (/wiki/Outline_of_manufacturing) – use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Metalworking (/wiki/Outline_of_metalworking) – the science, art, industry, and craft of shaping metal. Robotics (/wiki/Outline_of_robotics) – deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots. Object recognition (/wiki/Outline_of_object_recognition) Energy (/wiki/Outline_of_energy) – is an indirectly observed quantity often understood as the ability of a physical system (/wiki/Physical_system) to do work (/wiki/Work_(physics)) on other physical systems. Energy development (/wiki/Outline_of_energy_development) – ongoing effort to provide abundant, efficient, and accessible energy resources through knowledge, skills, and construction. Energy storage (/wiki/Outline_of_energy_storage) – the storage of a form of energy that can then be used later. Nuclear technology (/wiki/Outline_of_nuclear_technology) – the technology and application of the spontaneous and induced reactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclear power (/wiki/Outline_of_nuclear_power) – use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Wind energy (/wiki/Outline_of_wind_energy) – is the kinetic energy of air in motion, also called wind. Solar energy (/wiki/Outline_of_solar_energy) – radiant light (/wiki/Light) and heat (/wiki/Heat) from the sun (/wiki/Sun) . Engineering (/wiki/Outline_of_engineering) – the application of science, mathematics, and technology to produce useful goods and systems. Chemical engineering (/wiki/Outline_of_chemical_engineering) – the technology and application of chemical processes to produce useful materials. Computer engineering (/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering) – a discipline (/wiki/Discipline_(academia)) that integrates several fields of electrical engineering (/wiki/Electrical_engineering) and computer science (/wiki/Computer_science) required to develop computer hardware (/wiki/Computer_hardware) and software Control engineering (/wiki/Outline_of_control_engineering) –a discipline (/wiki/Discipline_(academia)) that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can be used to give feedback to devices that can make corrections toward desired performance. Electrical engineering (/wiki/Outline_of_electrical_engineering) – the technology and application of electromagnetism, including electricity, electronics, telecommunications, computers, electric power, magnetics, and optics. Mechanical engineering (/wiki/Mechanical_engineering) – applies the principles of engineering (/wiki/Engineering) , physics (/wiki/Branches_of_physics) , and materials science (/wiki/Materials_science) for the design (/wiki/Design) , analysis, manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing) , and maintenance of mechanical systems (/wiki/Mechanical_system) . Software engineering (/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering) – the technology and application of a systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software. Firefighting (/wiki/Outline_of_firefighting) – act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter fights fires to prevent destruction of life, property and the environment. Firefighting is a professional technical skill. Forensic science (/wiki/Outline_of_forensic_science) – application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or a civil action. Futures studies (/wiki/Outline_of_futures_studies) – includes identification and forecasting of possible futures and future events, and analysis of their ramifications Health (#Health_and_fitness) Biotechnology (/wiki/Outline_of_biotechnology) – applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Ergonomics (/wiki/Outline_of_ergonomics) – the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities. Medicine (/wiki/Outline_of_medicine) – applied science of diagnosing and treating illness and disease. Hydrology (/wiki/Outline_of_hydrology) – The study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. Information science (/wiki/Outline_of_information_science) – interdisciplinary (/wiki/Interdisciplinarity) field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification (/wiki/Categorization) , manipulation, storage, retrieval (/wiki/Information_retrieval) and dissemination of information (/wiki/Information) . [1] (#cite_note-3) Cartography (/wiki/Outline_of_cartography) – the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. Library science (/wiki/Outline_of_library_and_information_science) – technology related to libraries and the information fields. Military science (/wiki/Outline_of_military_science_and_technology) – the study of the technique, psychology, practice and other phenomena which constitute war and armed conflict. Mining (/wiki/Outline_of_mining) – extraction of mineral resources from the earth. Nanotechnology (/wiki/Outline_of_nanotechnology) – The study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometre in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within that size. Prehistoric technology (/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology) – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing). Rocketry (/wiki/Outline_of_rocketry) – the design and construction of rockets. Sustainability (/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability) – capacity to endure. In ecology, the word describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems. For humans, sustainability is the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Transport (/wiki/Outline_of_transport) – the transfer of people or things from one place to another. Transport, by type (/wiki/Outline_of_transport#Types_of_transport) : Transport, by mode: Land transport (/wiki/Outline_of_land_transport) Rail transport (/wiki/Outline_of_rail_transport) – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast. Transport, by power source: Animal-powered transport (/wiki/Outline_of_animal-powered_transport) – human use of non-human working animals for the movement of people and goods, via riding, having them carry packs or pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Transportation planning (/wiki/Outline_of_transportation_planning) – process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations. Transportation Systems Bridges (/wiki/Outline_of_bridges) – a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath. Public transport (/wiki/Outline_of_public_transport) – transport of passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip. Vehicles (/wiki/Outline_of_vehicles) – mechanical devices for transporting people or things. Vehicles, by type (/wiki/Outline_of_vehicles#Types_of_vehicles) : Land vehicles Automobiles (/wiki/Outline_of_automobiles) – human-guided powered land-vehicles. Bicycles (/wiki/Outline_of_bicycles) – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels. Motorcycles (/wiki/Outline_of_motorcycling) – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles. 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Figures include Nakhchivan (/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic) , an autonomous exclave (/wiki/Exclave) of Azerbaijan bordered by Armenia (/wiki/Armenia) , Iran (/wiki/Iran) , and Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) The island of Cyprus (/wiki/Cyprus) is sometimes considered a transcontinental territory: in the Eastern Basin of Mediterranean Sea (/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) south of Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , it has historical and socio-political connections with Europe. However, the U.N. (/wiki/U.N.) considers Cyprus to be in Western Asia, while the C.I.A. 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cruise_collection) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Cruise_collection) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) for suggestions. ( March 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may require cleanup (/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup) to meet Wikipedia's quality standards (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style) . The specific problem is: most of it is just name-dropping brands and locations, many unsupported claims, at times reads like a fashion magazine. Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cruise_collection) if you can. ( March 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A cruise collection or resort collection or resort wear sometimes also holiday or travel collection ( collection croisière , in French (/wiki/French_language) ), is an inter-season or pre-season line of ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) clothing (/wiki/Clothing) produced by a fashion (/wiki/Fashion) house (/wiki/Company) or fashion (/wiki/Fashion) brand (/wiki/Brand) in addition to the recurrent biannual seasonal collections — spring (/wiki/Spring_(season)) / summer (/wiki/Summer) and autumn (/wiki/Autumn) (or fall)/ winter (/wiki/Winter) — heralded at the fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_week) in New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , London (/wiki/London) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , and Milan (/wiki/Milan) . Originally meant for wealthy customers or "more seasoned jet-setters going on cruises (/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)) (e.g. North Americans (/wiki/North_Americans) ) or vacationing in the warm Mediterranean (/wiki/Mediterranean) area (e.g. Europeans (/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe) ) during the winter (/wiki/Winter) months, cruise collections offer light spring (/wiki/Spring_(season)) or summer (/wiki/Summer) clothing (/wiki/Clothing) when the weather (/wiki/Weather) at the points of sale (/wiki/Point_of_sale) actually calls for winter (/wiki/Winter) apparel (/wiki/Apparel) . [1] (#cite_note-sun-sentinel.com-1) These days, they are targeted at customers who have "finished buying their fall wardrobes and are looking ahead to vacations". [2] (#cite_note-2) These "warm-weather designs [...] arrive in the shops in the US (/wiki/United_States) in November", [3] (#cite_note-3) after the autumn/winter collections and before the spring (/wiki/Spring_(season)) / summer (/wiki/Summer) collections, or generally between November/December and February in the Northern hemisphere (/wiki/Northern_hemisphere) . In the high fashion retail landscape, often resort and cruise collections are more commercial expressions of ideas developed in Fall/Winter and Spring/Summer collections. High fashion houses (/wiki/Company) like Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , [4] (#cite_note-4) Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , and Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) offer cruise/resort collections. Although originally intended for women, lately many high fashion brands such as Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) produce cruise and resort collections for men and women. [1] (#cite_note-sun-sentinel.com-1) Yves Saint-Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint-Laurent_(brand)) presented its first men's cruise collection in 2006 and has offered it every year since. [5] (#cite_note-5) Across the fashion industry, "Resortwear" has been embraced as a specific product category. Several upstarts like Devereux have created entire brands around relaxed, resort-style athletic motifs. [6] (#cite_note-6) Resort wear is growing in popularity across the globe, especially in tourist destinations like Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) , Costa Rica and the Greek Islands. It has become a cross-cultural style that signifies relaxation, affluence, and appreciation of nature which displays a sense of style to the wearer. [7] (#cite_note-7) From walking shorts, caftans (/wiki/Caftan) and sandals (/wiki/Sandals) , to full-length evening dresses (/wiki/Evening_gown) for women and light dinner jackets (/wiki/Dinner_jacket) for men, resort wear is unique in its design and function. [ citation needed ] Resort wear is generally constructed with materials are easy to pack, lightweight, and breathable, such as cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , silk (/wiki/Silk) , denim (/wiki/Denim) , linen, rayon, and poplin (/wiki/Poplin) . It is often inspired by sailor and yachting (/wiki/Yacht) themes, tropical motifs, mediterranean motifs, and classic Hawaiian prints of palm trees and hula girls. Often, the ensembles are accessorized with open toed shoes, large sunglasses, and wide brim hats. Resort wear also encompasses swimsuits and bathing suit cover ups, with brands like KIINI [8] (#cite_note-patton-8) specializing in this segment. Sometimes, brands such as RockyB Republik from Penang, Malaysia (/wiki/Penang,_Malaysia) , BIASA from Bali (/wiki/Bali) , Psylo from Ko Samui (/wiki/Ko_Samui) , and Villebrequin (/wiki/Vilebrequin) from Saint Tropez (/wiki/Saint-Tropez) will emerge from the very locations that resort wear is designed for and is worn year-round. See also [ edit ] List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) List of grands couturiers (/wiki/List_of_grands_couturiers) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_Week) Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Get your vacation wardrobe shipshape (http://www.sun-sentinel.com/features/lifestyle/sfl-602fashion,0,6974718.story) , Rod Stafford Hagwood, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, June 2, 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Fashion: The Shorts and Longs of Resort Wear (https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/27/style/fashion-the-shorts-and-longs-of-resort-wear.html?pagewanted=print) , Bernadine Morris, The New York Times, June 27, 1989 ^ (#cite_ref-3) No winter in fashion climate (http://www.smh.com.au/news/fashion/woollies-cleared-for-cruise-collections/2008/06/26/1214073412223.html) , Edward Helmore, The Sydney Morning Herald, June 26, 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "CHANEL CRUISE 2023/24" (https://thefashionenthusiast.uk/stories/chanel-cruise-202324) . The Fashion Enthusiast. 11 May 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-5) First resort (http://men.style.com/news/style/111606) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080617153403/http://men.style.com/news/style/111606) 2008-06-17 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Staff, men.style.com, November 16, 2006 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Devereux (https://www.dvrxthreads.com/) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "What Is Resort Wear? (with pictures)" (http://www.beautyanswered.com/what-is-resort-wear.htm) . Beauty Answered . Retrieved 2022-12-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-patton_8-0) Banerji, Malini (June 17, 2015). "5 resort wear labels to know now" (https://elle.in/article/5-resort-wear-labels-to-know-now/) . Elle India . 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fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by 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(Redirected from Nicky Rothschild (/w/index.php?title=Nicky_Rothschild&redirect=no) ) American socialite, fashion designer, and model (born 1983) Nicky Hilton Hilton in 2019 Born Nicholai Olivia Hilton ( 1983-10-05 ) October 5, 1983 (age 40) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , U.S. Education Convent of the Sacred Heart (/wiki/Convent_of_the_Sacred_Heart_(New_York_City)) Occupations Socialite fashion designer model Years active 1992–present Spouses Todd Meister ( m. 2004; ann. 2004) James Rothschild ( m. 2015) Children 3 Parents Richard Hilton (/wiki/Richard_Hilton) (father) Kathy Hilton (/wiki/Kathy_Hilton) (mother) Relatives Hilton family (/wiki/Hilton_family) Rothschild family (/wiki/Rothschild_family) (by marriage) Website nickyhilton (http://nickyhilton.com) .com (http://nickyhilton.com) Nicholai Olivia " Nicky " Rothschild ( née (/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names) Hilton ; born October 5, 1983) [1] (#cite_note-officialbio-1) [2] (#cite_note-glamourbio-2) is an American socialite, fashion designer and model. She is a member of the Hilton family (/wiki/Hilton_family) by birth, and a member of the Rothschild family (/wiki/Rothschild_family) through her marriage to James Rothschild, a grandson of Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild (/wiki/Victor_Rothschild,_3rd_Baron_Rothschild) , in 2015. She is the younger sister of Paris Hilton (/wiki/Paris_Hilton) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Early life [ edit ] Hilton was born on October 5, 1983 in New York City and was raised in Los Angeles [1] (#cite_note-officialbio-1) to Richard Hilton (/wiki/Richard_Hilton) and Kathy Hilton (/wiki/Kathy_Hilton) (née Avanzino). Hilton was named for her granduncle, Conrad "Nicky" Hilton Jr. (/wiki/Conrad_Hilton_Jr.) [4] (#cite_note-4) Her siblings are Paris Hilton (/wiki/Paris_Hilton) (born 1981), Barron Hilton II (born 1989) and Conrad Hughes Hilton (born 1994). [1] (#cite_note-officialbio-1) Hilton was raised Catholic. [5] (#cite_note-youtube-5) She has Norwegian, German, Italian, English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. Hilton graduated from Convent of the Sacred Heart (/wiki/Convent_of_the_Sacred_Heart_(New_York)) , an all-girls Catholic school on the Upper East Side (/wiki/Upper_East_Side) , in 2001. She took courses at Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) and Parsons The New School for Design (/wiki/Parsons_The_New_School_for_Design) but does not have a degree. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Career [ edit ] Fashion design [ edit ] In 2004, Hilton launched her own clothing line. [8] (#cite_note-8) She also designed a line of handbags for Japanese company Samantha Thavasa. [5] (#cite_note-youtube-5) In 2007, she started her second line, Nicholai, at a higher price point. [9] (#cite_note-9) Nicholai held its fashion show for the spring/summer 2008 season on September 9, 2007, in New York City during Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week. In 2014, Hilton launched a 10-piece collection with eLuxe. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2010, Hilton launched a line of jewelry. The pieces are fashion jewelry and in an Art Deco style, averaging around $200 per piece. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2015, she launched a capsule collection of handbags as part of a collaboration with Linea Pelle. Hilton said she was approached by Linea Pelle "to make a capsule collection and I really wanted to have it be classic. As in I didn't want to make these super trendy bags that would be out of style next season." [12] (#cite_note-12) In August 2017, Hilton announced her collaboration with Tolani for a Mommy and Me capsule collection. The collection launched in stores in spring 2018. [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2019 Hilton launched a second collection with Tolani inspired by her travels. [14] (#cite_note-14) In February 2019, Hilton announced her first footwear collection in partnership with French Sole. [15] (#cite_note-frenchsolepartnership-15) The line, known as Nicky Hilton x French Sole, officially launched in September 2019. [16] (#cite_note-16) Modeling [ edit ] In 2005, Hilton was the face of Australian underwear line Antz Pantz alongside Kimberly Stewart (/wiki/Kimberly_Stewart) . [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Stewart remains contracted, but Hilton has been replaced by Australian model Megan Maitland. [19] (#cite_note-19) Around this time, Hilton modeled for the cover of Lucire (/wiki/Lucire) for its New Zealand and Romanian editions. [20] (#cite_note-20) Other ventures [ edit ] Hilton in September 2010 In 2006, Hilton entered a partnership to open two Nicky O Hotels, the first in Miami and the second in Chicago. That same year, she sued her partner in Federal Court in Los Angeles for damages and to seek an injunction against his use of the name. [21] (#cite_note-21) On February 12, 2007, Hilton was sued for breach of contract by her partners. [22] (#cite_note-22) In 2014, she published her first book, 365 Style , published by Harlequin (/wiki/Harlequin_Enterprises) , a subsidiary of HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . In 2015, Hilton collaborated with Smashbox, the cosmetic brand owned by Estée Lauder Companies (/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) , to create a cosmetic line consisting of three limited-edition cat-inspired makeup kits. [23] (#cite_note-23) Personal life [ edit ] At 2:30 a.m. on August 15, 2004, Hilton married childhood friend and businessman Todd Meister at the Vegas Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, Nevada. [24] (#cite_note-24) The marriage was annulled less than three months later, with Hilton and Meister explaining they traveled apart often and had married "on a whim". [25] (#cite_note-25) In 2011, Hilton began dating financier James Rothschild (born 1985), [26] (#cite_note-26) a member of the Rothschild family (/wiki/Rothschild_family) and only son of Amschel Rothschild (/wiki/Amschel_Rothschild) . On August 12, 2014, Hilton became engaged to Rothschild. [27] (#cite_note-27) They were married on July 10, 2015, in London, England. [28] (#cite_note-28) They have three children. [29] (#cite_note-29) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Meet Nicky" (http://nickyhilton.com/meet-nicky/) . Nicky Hilton official site. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151205124930/http://nickyhilton.com/meet-nicky/) from the original on December 5, 2015 . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-glamourbio_2-0) "Nicky Hilton" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160127032358/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/nicky-hilton) . UK: Glamourmagazine.co.uk (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/nicky-hilton) on January 27, 2016 . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Nicky Hilton Changes Her Name on Instagram, Meets Monkey on Honeymoon!" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/nicky-hilton-changes-name-instagram-meets-monkey-honeymoon-2015167) . Us Weekly . July 16, 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150717174756/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/nicky-hilton-changes-name-instagram-meets-monkey-honeymoon-2015167) from the original on July 17, 2015 . Retrieved April 22, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Elizabeth , J. Randy Taraborrelli. Page 94. August 2006. ^ Jump up to: a b "Paris & Nicky Hilton – [Jan-2003] – interview" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120705050017/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_ZTfPgIBp0) . YouTube . Archived from the original (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_ZTfPgIBp0) on July 5, 2012 . Retrieved December 29, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Nicky Hilton Plans Fashion Jewelry Line" (http://www.accessoriesmagazine.com/3591/nicky-hilton-plans-fashion-jewelry-line) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160605001101/http://www.accessoriesmagazine.com/3591/nicky-hilton-plans-fashion-jewelry-line) June 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . Accessories Magazine . July 20, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "PARSONS GALA FULL OF PROMISE" (http://www.elle.com/news/fashion-style/parsons-gala-full-of-promise-41763) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140908045135/http://www.elle.com/news/fashion-style/parsons-gala-full-of-promise-41763) September 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . Elle . May 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Celebrity Fashion Lines – Nicky Hilton" (http://www.kidzworld.com/article/6178-celebrity-fashion-lines-nicky-hilton) . Kidzworld.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140520010238/http://www.kidzworld.com/article/6178-celebrity-fashion-lines-nicky-hilton) from the original on May 20, 2014 . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Paris Hilton's Sis Shows Her Sexy Side" (http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-207_162-3929213.html) . CBS. February 11, 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Nicky Hilton to Roll Out eLuxe Line" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140924140432/http://www.wwd.com/markets-news/ready-to-wear-sportswear/hilton-to-roll-out-eluxe-line-7934160) . Women's Wear Daily . September 22, 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.wwd.com/markets-news/ready-to-wear-sportswear/hilton-to-roll-out-eluxe-line-7934160) on September 24, 2014 . Retrieved September 22, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Accessories News: Nicky Hilton to Launch Jewelry Line" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/accessories/news/a4560/accessories-news-nicky-hilton-to-launch-jewelry-line-192/) . ELLE . August 16, 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151125105626/http://www.elle.com/fashion/accessories/news/a4560/accessories-news-nicky-hilton-to-launch-jewelry-line-192/) from the original on November 25, 2015 . Retrieved November 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Nicky Hilton Debuts Fall 2015 Capsule Collection with Linea Pelle: Designer Talks Handbags, Wedding Plans and More in EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041835/http://www.fashiontimes.com/articles/18900/20150226/nicky-hilton-fall-2015-collection-linea-pelle-handbags-wedding-exclusive-interview.htm) . Fashion Times . February 26, 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.fashiontimes.com/articles/18900/20150226/nicky-hilton-fall-2015-collection-linea-pelle-handbags-wedding-exclusive-interview.htm) on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Pregnant Nicky Hilton Rothschild Announces New 'Mommy + Me' Clothing Line with Tolani" (http://people.com/babies/nicky-hilton-rothschild-mommy-and-me-collection-tolani/) . People . August 14, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205414/http://people.com/babies/nicky-hilton-rothschild-mommy-and-me-collection-tolani/) from the original on August 23, 2017 . Retrieved August 23, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Nicky Hilton Shows Off New Summer-Inspired Clothing Collection at Fashion Week" (https://www.eonline.com/news/1013111/nicky-hilton-shows-off-new-summer-inspired-clothing-collection-at-fashion-week/) . E News . February 8, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091855/https://www.eonline.com/news/1013111/nicky-hilton-shows-off-new-summer-inspired-clothing-collection-at-fashion-week/) from the original on March 27, 2019 . Retrieved March 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-frenchsolepartnership_15-0) "Nicky Hilton Collaborates With French Sole on a Line of Comfortable Classic Shoes" (https://footwearnews.com/2019/fashion/celebrity-style/nicky-hilton-french-sole-shoes-fall-2019-release-info-1202738407/) . FootwearNews . February 4, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200114231313/https://footwearnews.com/2019/fashion/celebrity-style/nicky-hilton-french-sole-shoes-fall-2019-release-info-1202738407/) from the original on January 14, 2020 . Retrieved January 14, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Nicky Hilton hosts fashion launch in her incredible New York penthouse" (https://www.hellomagazine.com/homes/2019090977471/inside-nicky-hilton-new-york-penthouse/) . HelloMagazine . September 9, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200114230221/https://www.hellomagazine.com/homes/2019090977471/inside-nicky-hilton-new-york-penthouse/) from the original on January 14, 2020 . Retrieved January 14, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Holeproof Antz Pantz" (https://web.archive.org/web/20051127005657/http://www.antzpantz.com.au/Our-Products/Holeproof-Antz-Pantz.asp) . Antz Pantz. November 27, 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.antzpantz.com.au/Our-Products/Holeproof-Antz-Pantz.asp) on November 27, 2005 . Retrieved January 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Nicky Hilton, Kimberly Stewart, Nathan Sapsford – Antz Pantz IT Girl Search – Photo" (http://www.life.com/celebrity-pictures/55814692/antz-pantz-it-girl-search) . Life . September 28, 2005 . Retrieved January 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Holeproof Antz Pantz" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060619071510/http://www.antzpantz.com.au/Our-Products/Holeproof-Antz-Pantz.asp) . Antz Pantz. June 19, 2006. Archived from the original (http://www.antzpantz.com.au/Our-Products/Holeproof-Antz-Pantz.asp) on June 19, 2006 . Retrieved January 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Brad Batory. "Lucire Fashion: Making of a heiress: Lucire's cover girl, Nicky Hilton, as produced by Brad Batory of Indashio – The global fashion magazine" (http://lucire.com/2005a/0906fe0.shtml) . Lucire.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110916053704/http://lucire.com/2005a/0906fe0.shtml) from the original on September 16, 2011 . Retrieved January 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Nicky Hilton Sues Over Hotel" (http://www.contactmusic.com/nicky-hilton/news/nicky-hilton-sues-over-hotel_1013752) . Contactmusic.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021621/http://www.contactmusic.com/nicky-hilton/news/nicky-hilton-sues-over-hotel_1013752) from the original on November 17, 2015 . Retrieved November 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Hotel Developer Robert Falor Suing Nicky Hilton; Alleges Breach of Contract and Deceptive Business Practices / February 2007" (http://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2007_1st/Feb07_FalorNicky.html) . Hotel-online.com. February 13, 2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110719051614/http://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2007_1st/Feb07_FalorNicky.html) from the original on July 19, 2011 . Retrieved May 19, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Nicky Hilton Has a Seriously Cute New Project (Cat Lovers, Prepare to Freak!)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151127055044/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2015/06/05/nicky-hilton-smashbox-cosmetics-collaboraton-wedding-details/) . PEOPLE.com . Archived from the original (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2015/06/05/nicky-hilton-smashbox-cosmetics-collaboraton-wedding-details/) on November 27, 2015 . Retrieved November 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Nicky's Vegas Surprise (https://people.com/premium/nickys-vegas-surprise/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221227080139/https://people.com/premium/nickys-vegas-surprise/) December 27, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , People , August 19, 2004. Retrieved December 17, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-25) Lehner, Marla. Nicky Hilton Gets Marriage Annulled (https://people.com/celebrity/nicky-hilton-gets-marriage-annulled/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221227080143/https://people.com/celebrity/nicky-hilton-gets-marriage-annulled/) December 27, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , People , November 9, 2004. Retrieved December 17, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "The Rothschild Archive: James Amschel Victor Rothschild (1985–)" (https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/181-james-amschel-victor-rothschild-1985) . The Rothschild Archive. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Lee, Esther; Brown, Brody (August 12, 2014). "Nicky Hilton Is Engaged to Banking Heir James Rothschild!" (https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/nicky-hilton-engaged-to-james-rothschild-hotel-heiress-to-marry-heir-2014128/) . Us Weekly . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140813044445/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/nicky-hilton-engaged-to-james-rothschild-hotel-heiress-to-marry-heir-2014128/) from the original on August 13, 2014 . Retrieved December 17, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Susannah Butter and Phoebe Luckhurst (July 10, 2015). "Nicky Hilton and James Rothschild's trillion dollar wedding at Kensington Palace: the guests, the flowers and Lionel's star turn" (https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/nicky-hilton-and-james-rothschilds-trillion-dollar-wedding-at-kensington-palace-the-guests-the-flowers-and-lionels-star-turn-10380233.html) . London Evening Standard. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150713221801/http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/nicky-hilton-and-james-rothschilds-trillion-dollar-wedding-at-kensington-palace-the-guests-the-flowers-and-lionels-star-turn-10380233.html) from the original on July 13, 2015 . Retrieved September 29, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Angela Andaloro (July 5, 2022). "Nicky Hilton Welcomes a Baby Boy with Husband James Rothschild: 'Officially a Party of Five!' (https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/nicky-hilton-welcomes-baby-boy-164131306.html) " (https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/nicky-hilton-welcomes-baby-boy-164131306.html) . Yahoo.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220705194529/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/nicky-hilton-welcomes-baby-boy-164131306.html) from the original on July 5, 2022 . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nicky Hilton (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nicky_Hilton) . 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Fashion Show Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003 Status Active Genre Fashion show Date(s) November 13, 2003 ( 2003-11-13 ) Frequency Annually Venue 69th Regiment Armory (/wiki/69th_Regiment_Armory) Location(s) New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Inaugurated August 1, 1995 ( 1995-08-01 ) Previous event 2002 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2002) Next event 2005 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2005) Member Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) Website Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (https://www.victoriassecret.com/fashion-show) The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) , Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) , Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) , and Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) . The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003 was recorded in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , United States (/wiki/United_States) at the 69th Regiment Armory (/wiki/69th_Regiment_Armory) . The show featured musical performances by Sting (/wiki/Sting_(musician)) , Mary J. Blige (/wiki/Mary_J._Blige) , and Eve (/wiki/Eve_(rapper)) . Angel Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : Very Sexy Fantasy Bra worth $11,000,000. Dates Locations Broadcaster Viewers (millions) Performers November 13, 2003 (taped); November 19, 2003 New York, United States (/wiki/New_York_City) CBS 9.4 Sting (/wiki/Sting_(musician)) , Mary J. Blige (/wiki/Mary_J._Blige) , and Eve (/wiki/Eve_(rapper)) Fashion show segments [ edit ] Segment 1: Sexy Super Heroines [ edit ] Performer Song Status Danny Elfman (/wiki/Danny_Elfman) The Batman Theme Remixed Recording Jaydee (/wiki/Jaydee) Plastic Dreams Remixed Recording Peaches (/wiki/Peaches_(musician)) AA XXX Remixed Recording Nationality Model(s) Wings Runway shows Notes Brazilians (/wiki/Brazilians) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) W 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) 1999–2003 • 2005–2006 2 Angel (2000–2007) Czech (/wiki/Czech_people) Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) 2000–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Michelle Alves (/wiki/Michelle_Alves) W 2002–2003 American (/wiki/Americans) Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) 1996–2003 • 2005 1 Angel (1997–2005) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2000–2003 • 2005–2017 Fitting Model Estonian (/wiki/Estonian_people) Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) 1999–2000 • 2002–2003 • 2008 Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Dewi Driegen (/wiki/Dewi_Driegen) W 2002–2003 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) 2003 • 2005 • 2007–2010 • 2012 • 2014 Newcomer British (/wiki/British_people) Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) 1996–1998 • 2002–2003 • 2005 Segment 2: Razor Sharp Latex Ladies [ edit ] Performer Song Status Shaggy (/wiki/Shaggy_(musician)) Hey Sexy Lady Remixed Recording Peggy Lee (/wiki/Peggy_Lee) Fever Remixed Recording Nationality Model(s) Wings Runway shows Notes German (/wiki/Germans) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) 1997–2003 • 2005 • 2007–2009 1 Special Angel (1999–2010) Wearing "Very Sexy Fantasy Bra" (Value: $11,000,000) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Ana Beatriz Barros (/wiki/Ana_Beatriz_Barros) 2002–2003 • 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 Americans (/wiki/Americans) Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) 2000 • 2003 • 2005–2008 Frankie Rayder (/wiki/Frankie_Rayder) 1999–2000 • 2002–2003 Swedish (/wiki/Swedes) Mini Andén (/wiki/Mini_And%C3%A9n) 2000–2001 • 2003 Comeback Russian (/wiki/Russians) Eugenia Volodina (/wiki/Eugenia_Volodina) 2002–2003 • 2005 • 2007 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Marcelle Bittar (/wiki/Marcelle_Bittar) W 2003 Newcomers British (/wiki/British_people) Jacquetta Wheeler (/wiki/Jacquetta_Wheeler) Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian_people) Oluchi Onweagba (/wiki/Oluchi_Onweagba) 2000 • 2002–2003 • 2005–2007 Ethiopian (/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia) Liya Kebede (/wiki/Liya_Kebede) 2002–2003 American (/wiki/Americans) Lindsay Frimodt (/wiki/Lindsay_Frimodt) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Fernanda Tavares (/wiki/Fernanda_Tavares) 2000–2003 • 2005 Special Performance [ edit ] Performer Song Status Sting (/wiki/Sting_(musician)) Englishman In New York / Send Your Love Live Performance Segment 3 : Rock Chicks Rockin' Out [ edit ] Performer Song Status Chi-Lites (/wiki/Chi-Lites) Are You My Woman Remixed Recording N.E.R.D (/wiki/N.E.R.D) Rock Star Remixed Recording • Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) Slow (The Chemical Brothers Remix) Remixed Recording Nationality Model(s) Wings Runway shows Notes Brazilians (/wiki/Brazilians) Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) 1999–2003 • 2005–2006 2 Angel (2000–2007) Letícia Birkheuer (/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia_Birkheuer) 2002–2003 Lithuanian (/wiki/Lithuanians) Margarita Svegzdaite (/w/index.php?title=Margarita_Svegzdaite&action=edit&redlink=1) 2003 Newcomer Indian (/wiki/Indian_people) Ujjwala Raut (/wiki/Ujjwala_Raut) 2002–2003 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) 2000–2003 • 2005–2017 Fitting Model Americans (/wiki/Americans) Deanna Miller (/w/index.php?title=Deanna_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1) 2003 Newcomer Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) 1996–2003 • 2005 1 Angel (1997–2005) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) Americans (/wiki/Americans) Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) W 2000 • 2003 • 2005–2008 Comeback Frankie Rayder (/wiki/Frankie_Rayder) 1999–2000 • 2002–2003 Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Dewi Driegen (/wiki/Dewi_Driegen) 2002–2003 German (/wiki/Germans) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) 1997–2003 • 2005 • 2007–2009 1 Angel (1999–2010) Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Marcelle Bittar (/wiki/Marcelle_Bittar) 2003 Newcomer British (/wiki/British_people) Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) W 1996–1998 • 2002–2003 • 2005 Special Performance [ edit ] Performer Song Status Mary J. Blige (/wiki/Mary_J._Blige) and Eve (/wiki/Eve_(rapper)) Not Today Live Performance Segment 4 : Sexy Kittens [ edit ] Performer Song Status Francis Lai (/wiki/Francis_Lai) Bilitis Remixed Recording Overseer Slayed Remixed Recording Sean Paul (/wiki/Sean_Paul) Gimme the light Remixed Recording Nationality Model(s) Wings Runway shows Notes Czech (/wiki/Czech_people) Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) 2000–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) 2003 • 2005 • 2007–2010 • 2012 • 2014 Newcomer Russian (/wiki/Russians) Eugenia Volodina (/wiki/Eugenia_Volodina) 2002–2003 • 2005 • 2007 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Ana Beatriz Barros (/wiki/Ana_Beatriz_Barros) 2002–2003 • 2005–2006 • 2008–2009 Estonian (/wiki/Estonian_people) Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) 1999–2000 • 2002–2003 • 2008 American (/wiki/Americans) Lindsay Frimodt (/wiki/Lindsay_Frimodt) 2002–2003 Lithuanian (/wiki/Lithuanians) Margarita Svegzdaite (/w/index.php?title=Margarita_Svegzdaite&action=edit&redlink=1) 2003 Newcomers American (/wiki/Americans) Deanna Miller (/w/index.php?title=Deanna_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1) W Swedish (/wiki/Swedes) Mini Andén (/wiki/Mini_And%C3%A9n) 2000–2001 • 2003 Ethiopian (/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia) Liya Kebede (/wiki/Liya_Kebede) 2002–2003 British (/wiki/British_people) Jacquetta Wheeler (/wiki/Jacquetta_Wheeler) 2003 Newcomer Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian_people) Oluchi Onweagba (/wiki/Oluchi_Onweagba) 2000 • 2002–2003 • 2005–2007 Special Performance [ edit ] Performer Song Status Mary J. Blige (/wiki/Mary_J._Blige) and Sting (/wiki/Sting_(musician)) Whenever I Say Your Name Live Performance Segment 5 : Glaaaaamaaazons [ edit ] Performer Song Status Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) Dirt Off Your Shoulder Remixed Recording Basement Jaxx (/wiki/Basement_Jaxx) Good Luck Remixed Recording Evanescence (/wiki/Evanescence) Bring Me To Life Remixed Recording Nationality Model(s) Wings Runway shows Notes British (/wiki/British_people) Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) 1996–1998 • 2002–2003 • 2005 Brazilian (/wiki/Brazilians) Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) W 1999–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010–2018 2 Angel (2000–2018) American (/wiki/Americans) Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) 2000 • 2003 • 2005–2008 Brazilians (/wiki/Brazilians) Fernanda Tavares (/wiki/Fernanda_Tavares) 2000–2003 • 2005 Letícia Birkheuer (/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia_Birkheuer) 2002–2003 Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_people) Dewi Driegen (/wiki/Dewi_Driegen) Indian (/wiki/Indian_people) Ujjwala Raut (/wiki/Ujjwala_Raut) W American (/wiki/Americans) Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) 1996–2003 • 2005 1 Angel (1997–2005) Brazilians (/wiki/Brazilians) Michelle Alves (/wiki/Michelle_Alves) 2002–2003 Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) 1999–2003 • 2005–2006 2 Angel (2000–2007) Czech (/wiki/Czech_people) Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) W 2000–2003 • 2005–2008 • 2010 Estonian (/wiki/Estonian_people) Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) 1999–2000 • 2002–2003 • 2008 German (/wiki/Germans) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) W 1997–2003 • 2005 • 2007–2009 1 Angel (1999–2010) Index [ edit ] Symbol Meaning 1 1st Generation Angels 2 2nd Generation Angels W Wings Finale [ edit ] Performer Song Status Danny Elfman (/wiki/Danny_Elfman) The Batman Theme Remixed Recording Shaggy (/wiki/Shaggy_(musician)) Hey Sexy Lady Remixed Recording Chi-Lites (/wiki/Chi-Lites) Are You My Woman Remixed Recording N.E.R.D (/wiki/N.E.R.D) Rock Star Remixed Recording Basement Jaxx (/wiki/Basement_Jaxx) Good Luck Remixed Recording Angels : Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) , Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) , Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) , Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) . Returning Models : Michelle Alves (/wiki/Michelle_Alves) , Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) , Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) , Dewi Driegen (/wiki/Dewi_Driegen) , Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , Ana Beatriz Barros (/wiki/Ana_Beatriz_Barros) , Angela Lindvall (/wiki/Angela_Lindvall) , Frankie Rayder (/wiki/Frankie_Rayder) , Mini Andén (/wiki/Mini_And%C3%A9n) , Eugenia Volodina (/wiki/Eugenia_Volodina) , Oluchi Onweagba (/wiki/Oluchi_Onweagba) , Liya Kebede (/wiki/Liya_Kebede) , Lindsay Frimodt (/wiki/Lindsay_Frimodt) , Fernanda Tavares (/wiki/Fernanda_Tavares) , Letícia Birkheuer (/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia_Birkheuer) , Ujjwala Raut (/wiki/Ujjwala_Raut) , Karolina Kurkova (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) . Newcomers : Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) , Marcelle Bittar (/wiki/Marcelle_Bittar) , Jacquetta Wheeler (/wiki/Jacquetta_Wheeler) , Margarita Svegzdaite (/w/index.php?title=Margarita_Svegzdaite&action=edit&redlink=1) , Deanna Miller (/w/index.php?title=Deanna_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1) . External links [ edit ] VSFS 2003 Gallery (https://www.supermodel.pictures/victorias-secret-fashion-shows-archive/victorias-secret-fashion-show-2003/) v t e Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) 2001 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2001) 2002 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2002) 2003 2005 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2005) 2006 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2006) 2007 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2007) 2008 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2008) 2009 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2009) 2010 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2010) 2011 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2011) 2012 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2012) 2013 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2013) 2014 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2014) 2015 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2015) 2016 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2016) 2017 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2017) 2018 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2018) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐9fpwt Cached time: 20240712220601 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.668 seconds Real time usage: 0.827 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 12473/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 77154/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 17247/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9750/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.239/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2694287/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 636.327 1 -total 46.90% 298.428 74 Template:Flagicon 20.36% 129.574 1 Template:Victoria's_Secret_Fashion_Shows 19.91% 126.696 1 Template:Navbox 14.37% 91.409 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 13.84% 88.059 1 Template:Short_description 13.40% 85.256 1 Template:Infobox 8.71% 55.405 2 Template:Pagetype 7.26% 46.215 74 Template:Flag_icon/core 5.56% 35.384 78 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44527238-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712220601 and revision id 1216005554. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2003&oldid=1216005554 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2003&oldid=1216005554) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Category:Victoria%27s_Secret) 2003 in fashion (/wiki/Category:2003_in_fashion) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
German hairdresser (1944–2020) Udo Walz Walz at the Berlinale (/wiki/Berlinale) in 2008 Born ( 1944-06-28 ) 28 June 1944 Died 20 November 2020 (2020-11-20) (aged 76) Partner Carsten Thamm-Walz (1993–) Udo Walz (28 July 1944 – 20 November 2020) was a German celebrity hairdresser (/wiki/Hairdresser) . Considered the first German celebrity hairdresser, [1] (#cite_note-Ur-Prominente-1) [2] (#cite_note-FAZWiebking-2) his clientele included politicians Gerhard Schröder (/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der) and Angela Merkel (/wiki/Angela_Merkel) , Red Army Faction (/wiki/Red_Army_Faction) cofounder Ulrike Meinhof (/wiki/Ulrike_Meinhof) , and international celebrities such as Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) . Walz promoted discretion with his celebrity clients, once saying "my motto has always been not to ask anyone who they are and what they do for a living." [3] (#cite_note-FAZThomann-3) Career [ edit ] Beginnings [ edit ] Walz was born in Waiblingen (/wiki/Waiblingen) , Baden-Württemberg (/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg) . His parents divorced when he was young, and his father, a truck driver, moved in with another woman when he was six years old. [4] (#cite_note-StuttgarterZeitung-4) Walz initially wanted to enter a hotel management school, but his mother didn't have the financial means, and so at 14 years old he began a hairdressing apprenticeship (/wiki/Apprenticeship) instead. [4] (#cite_note-StuttgarterZeitung-4) Three years later, despite finishing with the third worst rating out of 600 candidates in the certification exam, Walz moved to St. Moritz (/wiki/St._Moritz) . There he began his hairdressing job and first met celebrities such as Marlene Dietrich (/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich) . [5] (#cite_note-MenschZurMarke-5) Rise [ edit ] In 1963, Walz moved to West Berlin (/wiki/West_Berlin) due to the absence of conscription (/wiki/Conscription) in the enclave, as opposed to the rest of the country. [5] (#cite_note-MenschZurMarke-5) [6] (#cite_note-CapitalDunkel-6) Originally intending for the stay in Berlin to be temporary before moving to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Walz was pleased by the city and decided to remain. [1] (#cite_note-Ur-Prominente-1) Due to his relation with Dietrich, he was hired by popular hairdresser Ina Sailer to work in her beauty salon (/wiki/Beauty_salon) , but was eventually fired for tardiness. [5] (#cite_note-MenschZurMarke-5) In 1968, Walz began a partnership with Heinz Schlicht in a salon in Charlottenburg (/wiki/Charlottenburg) . [7] (#cite_note-7) His lucky break came when Walz covered for a colleague who was meant to style a famous model's hair but fell ill. The photographer of the model's photoshoot, F. C. Gundlach (/wiki/F._C._Gundlach) , was fond of the model's hair and wanted to work with Walz, increasing his reputation. Walz styled the hair shown in multiple magazines, including Brigitte (/wiki/Brigitte_(magazine)) and Otto (/wiki/Otto_GmbH) , as well as accompanying the aforementioned F. C. Gundlach internationally. [5] (#cite_note-MenschZurMarke-5) [1] (#cite_note-Ur-Prominente-1) In 1970, Walz bleached and styled the hair of Red Army Faction (/wiki/Red_Army_Faction) founding member Ulrike Meinhof (/wiki/Ulrike_Meinhof) , who desired to separate the organisation from the "sloppy APO (/wiki/Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition) look", which began to arouse suspicion, and instead adopt an innocent middle-class appearance. [8] (#cite_note-WeltRöhl-8) [3] (#cite_note-FAZThomann-3) According to Walz, he did not know the identity of Meinhof and that it occurred prior to her participation in breaking Andreas Baader (/wiki/Andreas_Baader) out of prison, which included a librarian being shot in the process. Bettina Röhl (/wiki/Bettina_R%C3%B6hl) disputes this, claiming the styling occurred in October and that Walz performed it knowing Meinhof was hiding from the attempted murder conviction. [8] (#cite_note-WeltRöhl-8) Walz's social standing elevated in the mid-1980s due to his friendship with Richard R. Burt (/wiki/Richard_R._Burt) , United States ambassador to Germany (/wiki/United_States_ambassador_to_Germany) at the time, and his wife, whose role heavily influenced the high society (/wiki/High_society) of West Berlin. [9] (#cite_note-9) Celebrity hairdresser [ edit ] In 1985, Walz opened his own salon on Kurfürstendamm (/wiki/Kurf%C3%BCrstendamm) , a popular shopping street in Berlin. [4] (#cite_note-StuttgarterZeitung-4) At the time of his death, Walz owned four other salons—two in Berlin, one in Potsdam (/wiki/Potsdam) and one in Mallorca (/wiki/Mallorca) . [4] (#cite_note-StuttgarterZeitung-4) Udo Walz salons in Berlin The flagship salon on Kurfürstendamm 29 Kurfürstendamm 32 Hohenzollerndamm 92 Singer Jeanette Biedermann (/wiki/Jeanette_Biedermann) began an apprenticeship with him before dropping out after winning a pop song competition in 1999. [10] (#cite_note-10) In April 2002, Gerhard Schröder (/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der) filed an injunction against the ddp (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Depeschendienst) press agency for publishing an opinion saying that he "would be more credible if he didn't dye his gray hair". On ddp's contestation, Walz, due to being Schröder's hairstylist, took the stand. He stated Schröder's hair "has never been coloured or tinted, but [is] always in a natural state." [11] (#cite_note-11) Walz claimed to have transformed Angela Merkel (/wiki/Angela_Merkel) 's haircut in the run-up to the 2005 German federal election (/wiki/2005_German_federal_election) , which hairdresser Martina Acht contests. Walz replied, "Martina Acht might have used a blow-dryer on my client's hair, but she did not cut it... There are always people around who want to jump on the bandwagon." [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Other ventures [ edit ] Walz was an ambassador for Dianiño, a childhood diabetes foundation. [14] (#cite_note-14) [ non-primary source needed ] In 2005, he joined the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany) , with the hope that "the CDU would clear out the bureaucracy." [15] (#cite_note-15) Walz starred in a five-part docusoap (/wiki/Docusoap) named "Typisch Udo" (Typical Udo), which premiered in 2004 on RTL (/wiki/RTL_(German_TV_channel)) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Personal life [ edit ] In July 2008, Walz entered a civil union (/wiki/Civil_union) with Carsten Thamm-Walz, his partner since 1993. After same-sex marriage in Germany (/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Germany) was legalised in 2017, Walz stated his opposition to converting his civil union to a marriage and reiterated his position on same-sex marriage in general, saying "I think only a man and a woman should get married, if they want to start a family." [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Walz lived in Schmargendorf (/wiki/Schmargendorf) , an Ortsteil of Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) . [6] (#cite_note-CapitalDunkel-6) Walz suffered from severe diabetes (/wiki/Diabetes) , and was wheelchair (/wiki/Wheelchair) -bound for months before his death. [2] (#cite_note-FAZWiebking-2) He died on 20 November 2020, two weeks after suffering diabetic shock and falling into a coma (/wiki/Diabetic_coma) , and was buried at Waldfriedhof Dahlem (/wiki/Waldfriedhof_Dahlem) . [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Bibliography [ edit ] Walz, Udo (1997). Haargenau. Mein Leben für die Schönheit [ Meticulous Hair: My Life for Beauty ] (in German). Berlin: Quintessenz Verlag. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3861243335 . Walz, Udo (2014). Udo Walz, Coiffeur (in German). Berlin: Bastei Lübbe (Quadriga). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3869950730 . References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Rützel, Anja (21 November 2020). "Zum Tod von Udo Walz: Der Ur-Prominente" (https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/tod-von-udo-walz-der-ur-prominente-nachruf-a-74416462-2c5a-46a5-9753-3dc1c3cda92d) [On the death of Udo Walz: The proto-celebrity]. Der Spiegel (/wiki/Der_Spiegel) (in German). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2195-1349 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1349) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wiebking, Jennifer (21 November 2020). "Zum Tod von Udo Walz: Ein gelungenes Leben" (https://www.faz.net/aktuell/stil/mode-design/nachruf-auf-udo-walz-17063972.html) [Obituary for Udo Walz: A successful life]. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung) (in German). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0174-4909 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Thomann, Jörg (4 September 2003). "Die Terroristin und der Figaro" (https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/enthuellungen-die-terroristin-und-der-figaro-1115166.html) [The terrorist and the Figaro]. FAZ.NET (/wiki/FAZ.NET) (in German). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0174-4909 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Szuttor, Robin; Höhn, Simone; Hartmann, Bettina (20 November 2020). "Udo Walz ist tot: Der Star-Friseur ist friedlich eingeschlafen" (https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.im-alter-von-76-jahren-star-friseur-udo-walz-ist-tot.612a32fc-8f37-45ed-a556-2ab003f95371.html) [Udo Walz is dead: The star hairdresser has passed away peacefully]. Stuttgarter Zeitung (/wiki/Stuttgarter_Zeitung) (in German). Agence France-Presse . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Pfaffenzeller, Martin (4 January 2019). "Der Aufstieg des Udo Walz: Wie der Mensch zur Marke wird" (https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/wie-der-mensch-zur-marke-wird-5539600.html) [The Rise of Udo Walz: How a person becomes a brand]. Der Tagesspiegel Online (/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel_Online) (in German). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1865-2263 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1865-2263) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dunkel, Monika (7 June 2018). "Udo Walz über sein Berlin" (https://www.capital.de/immobilien/berlin-zum-entspannen-in-den-dom) [Udo Walz about his Berlin]. capital.de (/wiki/Capital.de) (in German) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Karriere im Friseur-Salon" (https://www.welt.de/print-wams/article114748/Karriere-im-Friseur-Salon.html) [Career in the hair salon]. welt.de (/wiki/Welt.de) (in German). 22 August 2004 . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Röhl, Bettina (/wiki/Bettina_R%C3%B6hl) (3 September 2003). "Blond und kurz und ungeheuer bürgerlich" (https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article257294/Blond-und-kurz-und-ungeheuer-buergerlich.html) [Blond and short and immensely bourgeois]. Die Welt (/wiki/Die_Welt) (in German) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Binder, Elisabeth (25 July 2004). "Berlin: An der Schnittstelle" (https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/an-der-schnittstelle-1139614.html) . Der Tagesspiegel Online (/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel_Online) (in German). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1865-2263 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1865-2263) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Diese Stars ließen sich von Udo Walz frisieren" (https://www.brigitte.de/aktuell/udo-walz--diese-stars-liessen-sich-von-udo-walz-frisieren-12226234.html) [These stars had their hair done by Udo Walz]. brigitte.de (/wiki/Brigitte.de) (in German). 21 November 2020 . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Des Kanzlers Haarpracht vor Gericht" (https://www.stern.de/lifestyle/leute/klage-des-kanzlers-haarpracht-vor-gericht-3608134.html) [The Chancellor's Magnificent Head of Hair on Trial]. stern.de (/wiki/Stern.de) (in German). 12 April 2002 . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Stylists Battle to Claim Merkel Makeover" (https://www.dw.com/en/stylists-battle-to-claim-merkel-makeover/a-1726676) . dw.com (/wiki/Dw.com) . 30 September 2005 . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Rabimov, Stephan; Binar, Natasha (17 November 2020). "How Chancellor Angela Merkel Changed Fashion Politics" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/stephanrabimov/2020/11/17/how-chancellor-angela-merkel-changed-fashion-politics/) . Forbes.com (/wiki/Forbes.com) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Frank-Walter Steinmeier wird Schirmherr der Stiftung Dianiño" (https://www.diabetes-kids.de/artikel/frank-walter-steinmeier-wird-schirmherr-der-stiftung-dianino-3592) [Frank-Walter Steinmeier becomes patron of the Dianiño Foundation] (Press release) (in German). 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Lang, Susanne (21 November 2020). "Nachruf auf Udo Walz: Von Dietrich bis Merkel" (https://taz.de/!5730286/) [Obituary for Udo Walz: From Dietrich to Merkel]. Die Tageszeitung (/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung) (in German). ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0931-9085 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0931-9085) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Lückerath, Thomas (15 August 2004). "Starfriseur Udo Walz bekommt eigene DokuSoap bei RTL" (https://www.dwdl.de/nachrichten/3036/starfriseur_udo_walz_bekommt_eigene_dokusoap_bei_rtl/) [Star hairdresser Udo Walz gets his own docu-soap on RTL]. DWDL.de (/w/index.php?title=DWDL.de&action=edit&redlink=1) (in German) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Rosendahl, Iris (11 January 2019). "Udo Walz: »Darum bin ich gegen Homo-Ehe" (https://www.bild.de/bild-plus/regional/berlin/berlin-leute/udo-walz-ich-finde-nur-ein-mann-und-eine-frau-sollten-heiraten-59469244.bild.html) [Udo Walz: That's why I'm against same-sex marriage]. bild.de (/wiki/Bild.de) (in German) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Udo Walz gegen Homo-Ehe" (https://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=1718) [Udo Walz against gay marriage]. queer.de (in German). 1 October 2004 . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Udo Walz ist tot: Starfriseur mit 76 Jahren gestorben" (https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/leute/star-friseur-udo-walz-gestorben-a-cad7993a-434b-4686-ba31-4a5560a46f30) [Udo Walz is dead: Star hairdresser died aged 76]. Der Spiegel (/wiki/Der_Spiegel) (in German). 20 November 2020. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2195-1349 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1349) . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Blumengeschmücktes Grab: Hier fand der Star-Friseur seine letzte Ruhe" (https://www.bunte.de/stars/star-news/trauerfaelle/udo-walz-76-blumengeschmuecktes-grab-hier-fand-der-star-friseur-seine-letzte-ruhe.html) [Grave decorated with flowers: this is where the star hairdresser found his final resting place]. BUNTE.de (/wiki/BUNTE.de) (in German). 23 December 2020 . Retrieved 5 December 2023 . 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American clothing brand Opening Ceremony Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded September 2002 ; 21 years ago ( 2002-09 ) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Founders Carol Lim (/wiki/Carol_Lim) Humberto Leon (/wiki/Humberto_Leon) Headquarters New York City , United States Area served United States Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Website openingceremony (http://openingceremony.com) .com (http://openingceremony.com) Opening Ceremony is a fashion brand founded in 2002 by Carol Lim (/wiki/Carol_Lim) and Humberto Leon (/wiki/Humberto_Leon) . The brand designs and creates its own products and also retails other emerging fashion labels. [1] (#cite_note-1) During the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) the company announced it would close all its physical stores (/wiki/Retail_apocalypse) . Opening Ceremony was one of the first retail shops to carry Havaianas (/wiki/Havaianas) and Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) products, [2] (#cite_note-:73-2) and has carried Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) , Comme Des Garcons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) , Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) and Rodarte (/wiki/Rodarte) . [2] (#cite_note-:73-2) The cofounders believed that a person willing to buy luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) would also be willing to buy cheap t-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) , socks and random art pieces in the same retail space. [2] (#cite_note-:73-2) History [ edit ] Carol Lim (/wiki/Carol_Lim) began her own fashion line Opening Ceremony in New York in September 2002. The Tokyo store, located in Shibuya (/wiki/Shibuya) , was ranked by American magazine Complex (/wiki/Complex_(magazine)) as the 4th best store in the world in 2013. Opening Ceremony has collaborated with Spike Jonze (/wiki/Spike_Jonze) , Terence Koh (/wiki/Terence_Koh) , Yoko Ono (/wiki/Yoko_Ono) , Justin Peck (/wiki/Justin_Peck) , Chloë Sevigny (/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Sevigny) and the New York City Ballet (/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet) . On January 13, 2020, the company was acquired by New Guards Group (/wiki/New_Guards_Group) , a cartel that owns Off-White (/wiki/Off-White_(company)) and other well-known streetwear brands. On January 14, Lim and Leon announced that the company's retail stores would be closing at some point in the year. Ready-to-wear Spring 2016 collection [ edit ] The New York City Ballet logo In 2015, Opening Ceremony held its Ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Spring 2016 fashion show in a live garden to showcase their upcoming assortment of outfits. [3] (#cite_note-:022-3) Instead of models walking down the runway as usual, they purposely collapsed to the ground and rose up into a contemporary dance choreographed by Justin Peck (/wiki/Justin_Peck) , resident choreographer for the New York City Ballet (/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet) . [3] (#cite_note-:022-3) With an overarching theme of ballet (/wiki/Ballet) , architecture and exotic travel away from home, the collection included Asian Bonsai tree (/wiki/Bonsai) embroidery, African textiles, khaki cargo pants and dresses, and Moorish (/wiki/Moorish_architecture) arches inspired structural silhouettes. [3] (#cite_note-:022-3) Ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) collections, as the name suggests, encompass clothes that are immediately ready to be sold in a store. Unlike bespoke (/wiki/Bespoke) clothing, these clothes are produced in standard sizes that fit most people and require little to no alterations. Fall 2017 collection [ edit ] For their Fall 2017 collection, the runway show incorporated an original dance piece that outlined the timeline of couples’ romantic relationships. The artistic vision was directed by Humberto Leon (/wiki/Humberto_Leon) ’s close friend Spike Jonze (/wiki/Spike_Jonze) and choreographed by Ryan Heffington (/wiki/Ryan_Heffington) . [4] (#cite_note-:122-4) Actors and actresses dressed in Opening Ceremony’s Fall collection, guided the audience through the ups and downs of monogamy (/wiki/Monogamy) . The collection progresses throughout the dance piece, with the timeline of the couple’s journey. A formal black and white dress for when the couple first starts dating to, conservative and baggy clothes when there is emotional mishap between the couple. [4] (#cite_note-:122-4) Fall collections are showcased during February and March internationally. [5] (#cite_note-:5222-5) They persist of clothes that are suitable for the Autumn and Winter seasons- coats, knits, etc. Spring 2018 collection [ edit ] The collection was presented after-hours at Disneyland (/wiki/Disneyland) ’s Toontown (/wiki/Mickey%27s_Toontown) . [6] (#cite_note-:222-6) In honour of Mickey Mouse (/wiki/Mickey_Mouse) ’s 90th birthday, Lim (/wiki/Carol_Lim) and Leon (/wiki/Humberto_Leon) collaborated with Disney (/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) products to showcase a festive and vibrant collection, featuring a marching band and runway walks by Mickey and Minnie Mouse (/wiki/Minnie_Mouse) . [6] (#cite_note-:222-6) Disneyland Toontown (/wiki/Mickey%27s_Toontown) Drawing from all the latest trends, the designers presented a range of crafty knitwear, sporty graphics, prairie dresses and carpenter pants infused with enlarged and repeated prints of Mickey. [7] (#cite_note-7) Spring 2019 collection [ edit ] Le Poisson Rouge Held at Le Poisson Rouge (/wiki/(Le)_Poisson_Rouge) was one of Opening Ceremony’s most eccentric shows, ‘The Gift of Showz’. [8] (#cite_note-:322-8) A drag spectacle featuring renowned drag queens: Sasha Velour (/wiki/Sasha_Velour) , Shea Couleé (/wiki/Shea_Coule%C3%A9) , West Dakota, Lypsinka (/wiki/John_Epperson) and 40 others. [8] (#cite_note-:322-8) The show finale was opened by Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) accompanied by other drag queens and a festive atmosphere. The brand hosted a fashion show uncommon in the fashion industry in hopes to represent different genders and sexual preferences. [8] (#cite_note-:322-8) Leon (/wiki/Humberto_Leon) and Lim (/wiki/Carol_Lim) merged their own experience on vacations, to imitate a fantastical journey for their Spring 2019 clothing. A repetition of flowy summer frocks and funky floral prints, toned down with all-black outfits are observed. [9] (#cite_note-:422-9) Spring collections are showcased in September and consist of clothes like dresses, skirts and shorts. [5] (#cite_note-:5222-5) 2020 onwards [ edit ] In 2020, online retailer Farfetch (/wiki/Farfetch) ’s New Guards Group (/wiki/New_Guards_Group) purchased Opening Ceremony and will be taking over the brand. [10] (#cite_note-10) With 18 years of history in the retail market, the brand has decided to close all their physical stores around the world. A huge factor that played into this decision was the rapid change in consumer behaviour (/wiki/Consumer_behaviour) and shopping habits. [11] (#cite_note-:83-11) Asian culture [ edit ] For their 2019 February fashion look-book, the co-founders recognised their Asian heritage and culture, by recruiting Asian-American pioneers as their muses. Leon and Lim, both of Asian descent, were inspired by their own and others' journeys of succeeding in an environment where Asians (/wiki/Asian_people) are a minority. The look-book features different Asian pioneers from a range of industries, like the music and culinary industry (/wiki/Culinary_industry) . Musician and composer Ryuichi Sakamoto (/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto) , chef Angela Dimayuga (/wiki/Angela_Dimayuga) , and designer Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) were of the few featured. [12] (#cite_note-honor-12) Collaborations [ edit ] In 2010, the brand collaborated with Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) , a French luxury fashion house. [13] (#cite_note-:53-13) This collaboration was Maison Margiela's first co-branded project in its history. The product outcome was a white Bic pen (/wiki/Bic_pen) with the classic Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) labelling and a plume. [13] (#cite_note-:53-13) The two brands decided to further collaborate in 2011 and designed a whole womenswear line for Margiela's MM6 label (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) . [13] (#cite_note-:53-13) In 2017, Opening Ceremony teamed up with the New York City Ballet (/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet) . Dressed in the brand's casual attire, ballerinas (/wiki/Ballet_dancer) performed their new ballet ‘The Times Are Racing’. [14] (#cite_note-:63-14) The collaboration between the two companies was to portray the juxtaposition between the collectedness of ballet (/wiki/Ballet) and free-lived expression of people on the streets. Also in 2017, Esprit (/wiki/Esprit_Holdings) ] and Opening Ceremony created a collection of clothes that advocated for both brands’ values towards family and unity. [15] (#cite_note-15) For their model line-up, the brand cast sons and daughters of famous figures like Kim Gordon (/wiki/Kim_Gordon) and Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) . An unexpected collaboration was in 2018 with Crosby studios, a Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) -based design studio. [16] (#cite_note-16) In lieu of New York Design week (https://www.nycxdesign.com/) , Opening Ceremony and the design studio merged contemporary with playful aesthetics to create a collection of tables, chairs and other small furniture pieces in a monochromatic (/wiki/Monochrome) royal purple colour. [13] (#cite_note-:53-13) Creative directors for Kenzo [ edit ] Kenzo logo In 2011, Lim became the creative director of the brand Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) , owned by the multinational corporation, LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) . After collaborations with multiple brands, the two designers wanted to work further with individual brands, as they thought they could "affect the bigger business." [17] (#cite_note-17) Everyone turned them down except brand Kenzo. The designers prepared and presented a pitch in a short amount of time. Their pitch focused on specific alternations of the brand if the two had authoritative power. From the Kenzo experience, aesthetics, interior design of stores to marketing strategies, the duo's attention to detail and long-term vision gave them their new position as the creative directors of Kenzo. In 2019, Leon and Lim were removed from their positions as co-creative directors at Kenzo. Their last show was on June 23 for Kenzo's 2020 Spring collection. [18] (#cite_note-18) In popular culture [ edit ] American actor Jonah Hill (/wiki/Jonah_Hill) wrote the one-act play (/wiki/One-act_play) Lost Cotton for Opening Ceremony's Spring 2015 Collection. [19] (#cite_note-19) In 2017, Spike Jonze (/wiki/Spike_Jonze) wrote and directed "Changers", a dance performance that starred Lakeith Stanfield (/wiki/Lakeith_Stanfield) and Mia Wasikowska (/wiki/Mia_Wasikowska) at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club (/wiki/La_MaMa_Experimental_Theatre_Club) . [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2016, Drake (/wiki/Drake_(musician)) wore the bright orange hoodie and sweatpants from the Opening Ceremony x Esprit (/wiki/Esprit_Holdings) collection. [21] (#cite_note-21) Troye Sivan (/wiki/Troye_Sivan) and Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) along with other LGBTQIA+ (/wiki/LGBT) models were in attendance at the brand's Spring 2019 drag inspired fashion show. [22] (#cite_note-:43-22) Barbadian singer Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) wears Opening Ceremony on the cover of her album Talk That Talk (/wiki/Talk_That_Talk) (2011). American singer Omarion (/wiki/Omarion) wears an Opening Ceremony extra long varsity jacket (/wiki/Letterman_(sports)) in the music video for the 2014 song " Post to Be (/wiki/Post_to_Be) ". [23] (#cite_note-23) All-girl American rock group The Linda Lindas (/wiki/The_Linda_Lindas) wore Opening Ceremony on the back cover of their album Growing Up (/wiki/Growing_Up_(The_Linda_Lindas_album)) (2022). See also [ edit ] Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Opening Ceremony's Carol Lim on Finding Politics in Fashion" (https://time.com/4592837/opening-ceremony-carol-lim/) . Time . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Levy, Ariel (2010-08-18). "The Success of Opening Ceremony's Carol Lim and Humberto Leon" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/spotlight/the-success-of-opening-ceremony-470082) . ELLE . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Garced, Kristi (2015-09-14). "Opening Ceremony RTW Spring 2016" (https://wwd.com/runway/spring-ready-to-wear-2016/new-york/opening-ceremony/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ Jump up to: a b Foley, Bridget (2017-09-11). "Opening Ceremony Fall 2017" (https://wwd.com/runway/spring-ready-to-wear-2018/new-york/opening-ceremony/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wong, Zara (2013-06-28). "What is resort and why is it important - pre-collections explained" (https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/what-is-resort-and-why-is-it-important-precollections-explained/news-story/2cfc8b69a857a5a1776ae44e5075950f) . Vogue Australia . Retrieved 2020-06-02 . ^ Jump up to: a b "This Fashion Brand Staged a Full Runway Show at Disneyland" (https://time.com/5191338/opening-ceremony-fashion-show-disneyland/) . Time . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Opening Ceremony Spring 2018 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2018-ready-to-wear/opening-ceremony) . Vogue . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Schneier, Matthew (2018-09-10). "Fashion Week's a Drag at Opening Ceremony" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/10/fashion/opening-ceremony-new-york-fashion-week.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-:422_9-0) "Opening Ceremony Spring 2019 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2019-ready-to-wear/opening-ceremony) . Vogue . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Lockwood, Lisa (2020-01-13). "Opening Ceremony Sold to New Guards Group" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/opening-ceremony-sold-new-guards-group-1203425225/) . WWD . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-:83_11-0) Davis, Dominic-Madori (2020-01-16). "Opening Ceremony, the high-end retailer beloved by millennials, is shuttering all its stores in 2020 — and it's just the latest victim of the retail apocalypse" (https://www.businessinsider.com.au/opening-ceremony-set-to-close-its-doors-after-18-years-2020-1) . Business Insider Australia . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-honor_12-0) Yam, Kimberly (2019-02-16). "Opening Ceremony Designers Honor Asian Pioneers In Fashion Week Lookbook" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/opening-ceremony-designers-honor-asian-pioneers-in-fashion-week-lookbook_n_5c64432ae4b08da0ec813da1) . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2020-06-05 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "A Look Back at Opening Ceremony's 20 Most Notable Collaborations" (https://hypebeast.com/2020/1/best-opening-ceremony-collaborations-store-closing-kaws-vans) . HYPEBEAST . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-:63_14-0) Iredale, Jessica (2017-01-29). "Opening Ceremony Choreographs an Evening of Ballet, Fashion and Politics" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/opening-ceremony-new-york-city-ballet-10770139/) . WWD . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Iredale, Jessica (2017-04-26). "Esprit x Opening Ceremony Campaign Casts Famous Daughters and Sons" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/opening-ceremony-x-esprit-campaign-casts-famous-daughters-sons-10875709/) . WWD . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Crosby Studios news and design" (http://www.dezeen.com/tag/crosby-studios) . Dezeen . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Suhrawardi, Rebecca. "Kenzo: How Carol Lim and Humberto Leon Are Setting The Mark for LVMH Brands" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccasuhrawardi/2018/03/29/kenzo-how-carol-lim-and-humberto-leon-are-setting-the-mark-for-lvmh-brands/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2020-06-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Yotka, Steff. "Humberto Leon and Carol Lim Leave Kenzo After Eight Years" (https://www.vogue.com/article/humberto-leon-and-carol-lim-leave-kenzo-after-eight-years) . Vogue . Retrieved 2020-06-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Spike Jonze and Jonah Hill Turn the Fashion World Inside Out" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2014/09/opening-ceremony-new-york-fashion-week-jonah-hill) . Vanity Fair . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Tauer, Kristen (September 11, 2017). "Opening Ceremony's Front Row at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club" (https://wwd.com/eye/parties/opening-ceremony-front-row-la-mama-experimental-theatre-club-10980945/) . WWD . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Fisher, Lauren Alexis (2016-10-28). "Drake Wearing An ESPRIT Tracksuit Is Exactly What Your Friday Needs" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/news/a18460/drake-esprit-opening-ceremony/) . Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-:43_22-0) "Opening Ceremony Spring 2019 Ready-to-Wear Fashion Show" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2019-ready-to-wear/opening-ceremony) . Vogue . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Omarion Ft. Chris Brown & Jhene Aiko – Post To Be (Official Video) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPxVSCfoYnU) YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) Published: February 17, 2015 External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.openingceremony.com) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/323145857115822922515) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5486b6fcc7‐qqfr2 Cached time: 20240701000926 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.500 seconds Real time usage: 0.624 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2498/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 49798/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1895/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 89780/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.307/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6470535/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 512.230 1 -total 38.96% 199.541 1 Template:Reflist 31.30% 160.327 20 Template:Cite_web 23.32% 119.446 1 Template:Infobox_company 21.27% 108.931 1 Template:Infobox 19.72% 101.006 1 Template:Authority_control 13.90% 71.221 1 Template:Short_description 7.91% 40.541 2 Template:Pagetype 3.75% 19.193 8 Template:Main_other 3.11% 15.915 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54883126-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701000926 and revision id 1221580786. 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Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Extended-confirmed-protected_edit_request_on_25_November_2021-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z","replies":["c-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z-Extended-confirmed-protected_edit_request_on_25_November_2021"],"text":"Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 November 2021","linkableTitle":"Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 November 2021"} Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 November 2021 [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Extended-confirmed-protected_edit_request_on_25_November_2021-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z","replies":["c-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z-Extended-confirmed-protected_edit_request_on_25_November_2021"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Melecie-2021-11-25T02:02:00.000Z-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z","timestamp":"2021-11-25T02:02:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__2__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__2__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Extended-confirmed-protected_edit_request_on_25_November_2021-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z","replies":["c-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z-Extended-confirmed-protected_edit_request_on_25_November_2021"],"text":"Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 November 2021","linkableTitle":"Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 November 2021"} This edit request (/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_requests) has been answered. 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Lavanya Sivaji (/wiki/Lavanya_Sivaji) Melia Naseer (/w/index.php?title=User:Melia_Naseer&action=edit&redlink=1) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Melia_Naseer) ) 00:30, 25 November 2021 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Miss_World_2021_delegates#c-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z-Extended-confirmed-protected_edit_request_on_25_November_2021) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z","author":"Melia Naseer","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z-Extended-confirmed-protected_edit_request_on_25_November_2021","replies":["c-Melecie-2021-11-25T02:02:00.000Z-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z"]}} Done m elecie t - 02:02, 25 November 2021 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Miss_World_2021_delegates#c-Melecie-2021-11-25T02:02:00.000Z-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2021-11-25T02:02:00.000Z","author":"Melecie","type":"comment","level":2,"id":"c-Melecie-2021-11-25T02:02:00.000Z-Melia_Naseer-2021-11-25T00:30:00.000Z","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Aboubacarkhoraa-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-More-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z","replies":["c-Aboubacarkhoraa-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z-More"],"text":"More","linkableTitle":"More"} More [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Aboubacarkhoraa-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-More-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z","replies":["c-Aboubacarkhoraa-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z-More"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-Aboubacarkhoraa-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z-More","timestamp":"2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-Aboubacarkhoraa-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-More-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z","replies":["c-Aboubacarkhoraa-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z-More"],"text":"More","linkableTitle":"More"} I created the article on Miss Guinea Nene Bah (/w/index.php?title=Nene_Bah&action=edit&redlink=1) . Thank you for adding. -- Aboubacarkhoraa (/wiki/User:Aboubacarkhoraa) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Aboubacarkhoraa) ) 14:06, 29 November 2021 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Miss_World_2021_delegates#c-Aboubacarkhoraa-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z-More) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z","author":"Aboubacarkhoraa","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Aboubacarkhoraa-2021-11-29T14:06:00.000Z-More","replies":[]}} NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐nlzlx Cached time: 20240714161856 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.013 seconds CPU time usage: 0.201 seconds Real time usage: 0.279 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 493/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22128/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 106/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16714/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.119/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1945966/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 213.382 1 -total 86.97% 185.577 1 Template:WPBS 35.20% 75.105 1 Template:WikiProject_Beauty_pageants 16.14% 34.432 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 7.91% 16.885 1 Template:Flagicon 5.88% 12.553 1 Template:WikiProject_Women 4.16% 8.874 1 Template:Edit_extended-protected 2.72% 5.806 1 Template:Country_data_MAS 1.80% 3.836 1 Template:Yesno-no 1.65% 3.524 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63507767-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714161856 and revision id 1057758491. 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Decorative weave Swivel weaving The swivel weave is a weaving (/wiki/Weaving) technique that incorporates a decorative element into the fabric (/wiki/Textile#Fabric) by using small shuttles that insert additional weft (/wiki/Warp_and_weft) thread around selected warp (/wiki/Warp_and_weft) threads, while the main weft thread forms the fabric's structure. This method differs from the plain weave (/wiki/Plain_weave) , which lacks this decorative aspect. Origins [ edit ] According to sinologist Dieter Kuhn, during the Han dynasty in China, a swivel weaving method was used as part of zhicheng tapestry weaving. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) During the Ming dynasty, weavers from Nanjing (/wiki/Nanjing) , particularly those specializing in cloud brocade (/wiki/Yunjin) , honed the art of zhuanghua swivel weaving, using colored wefts to form patterns. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In Europe, Dutch and British weavers and inventors started experimenting with swivel weaving looms in the early eighteenth century. [2] (#cite_note-:6-2) By the mid-twentieth century, their use had declined significantly, because similar effects could be produced more efficiently on Jacquard looms (/wiki/Jacquard_machine) . [2] (#cite_note-:6-2) Technique [ edit ] Swivel weaving is a decorative technique that involves producing intricate designs on other weaves, such as a basic plain weave structure [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) or satin. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In swivel weaving, the weft yarns are used to create patterns on the fabric. The weft threads are interlaced with the warp threads in a specific order to produce the desired pattern on the fabric. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) This technique is aided by the use of small auxiliary shuttles that hold and transport the colorful (/wiki/Color_of_clothing) threads (/wiki/Yarn) , in addition to the main fabric looming fly shuttle (/wiki/Loom) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) These swivel shuttles are responsible for forming the designs, while the regular shuttle creates the base structure. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Swivel weaving is characterized by minimal waste. [6] (#cite_note-6) Typically, contrasting colors were utilized for the designs. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) The Dotted Swiss (/wiki/Dotted_Swiss_(fabric)) is an example of a swivel weave, where dots may be formed on a sheer fabric. [7] (#cite_note-:5-7) [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) Swivel weaving was superseded by more cost-effective methods for producing patterns on the surface of fabrics. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) Lappet weave [ edit ] In contrast to swivel weaving, which produces figures with extra weft yarns, lappet weaving employs additional warp yarns. [7] (#cite_note-:5-7) Lappet weaving creates a similar type of weave design on one side, while swivel weaving differs by producing the design on both sides. Additionally, the method of fastening the design yarns in lappet weaving results in the production of more robust fabrics compared to those produced through swivel weaving. [8] (#cite_note-:4-8) See also [ edit ] Yunjin (/wiki/Yunjin) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Kuhn, Dieter (31 July 1997). Selin, Helaine (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 959. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7923-4066-9 . ^ Jump up to: a b Linton, George E. (1966). Applied Basic Textiles . New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. p. 168. LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 65023017 (https://lccn.loc.gov/65023017) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Nielson, Karla J. (10 July 2007). Interior Textiles: Fabrics, Application, and Historic Style . John Wiley & Sons. p. 75. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-471-60640-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sarkar, Ajoy K.; Tortora, Phyllis G.; Johnson, Ingrid (4 November 2021). The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles . Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 466. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5013-6508-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_5-0) Grosicki, Z. (14 March 2014). Watson's Advanced Textile Design: Compound Woven Structures . Woodhead Publishing. p. 411. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84569-852-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Holmes (Weaver), James (1904). Cotton Cloth Designing . Lupton Bros. p. 149. ^ Jump up to: a b Operath, Larry (2006). Textile . Lotus Press. pp. 66, 172. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-81-89093-62-4 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mendelson, Cheryl (17 May 2005). Home Comforts: The Art and Science of Keeping House . Simon and Schuster. p. 199. 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Macedonian_national_costume) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "empty string" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22empty+string%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22empty+string%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22empty+string%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22empty+string%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22empty+string%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22empty+string%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Women from Smilevo (/wiki/Smilevo) wearing national costumes in 1913 Macedonian national costumes are part of the material culture of the Macedonian people (/wiki/Macedonian_people) and they are an important branch of the Macedonian folk art. Types [ edit ] Macedonians wore 70 different types of national costumes, depending on the region where people lived, such as: Skopska Blatija, Skopska Crna Gora (/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora) , Upper Polog, Lower Polog, Prilep (/wiki/Prilep) - Bitola (/wiki/Bitola) Plain, Upper Prespa, Lower Prespa, Ohrid (/wiki/Ohrid) Plain, Struga Plain, Drimkol, Malesija, Mariovo (/wiki/Mariovo) , Ovče Pole (/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole) , Malesevo and many others. Every type of folk costume has its own characteristics, but common for all is the presence of the red, black and the white colour and the geometrical shapes on it. [1] (#cite_note-1) Gallery [ edit ] Folk costumes from Galicnik (/wiki/Galicnik) , Mala i Dolna Reka Folk costumes from Prilep (/wiki/Prilep) Plain Folk costumes from Kuceviste, Skopska Crna Gora Folk costume from Yankovec, Upper Prespa Folk costume from Gostivar (/wiki/Gostivar) , Upper Polog Folk costumes from Kalista, Struga Drimkol Traditional dance oro in Romanovce, Zegligovo See also [ edit ] Serbian national costume (/wiki/Serbian_national_costume) Croatian national costume (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "MACEDONIAN FOLK COSTUMES" (https://www.macedoniancuisine.com/2016/05/macedonian-folk-costumes.html) . Retrieved 2023-04-13 . 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Menswear as designed in and around Naples. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65db8bd6d7‐hbgk6 Cached time: 20240709141015 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76539719-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709141015 and revision id 1228000629. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Neapolitan tailoring" The following 6 pages are in this category, out of 6 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Neapolitan tailoring (/wiki/Neapolitan_tailoring) C Cesare Attolini (/wiki/Cesare_Attolini) E E. Marinella (/wiki/E._Marinella) I Isaia (/wiki/Isaia) K Kiton (/wiki/Kiton) R Rubinacci (/wiki/Rubinacci) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Neapolitan_tailoring&oldid=1228000629 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Neapolitan_tailoring&oldid=1228000629) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Textile arts of Italy (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Italy) Naples (/wiki/Category:Naples)
See also: Category:Actresses from Karnataka (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Karnataka) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐r8s9t Cached time: 20240710174159 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.026 seconds Real time usage: 0.039 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 24/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 362/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.011/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 626401/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 33.349 1 -total 100.00% 33.349 1 Template:See_also_cat 15.10% 5.035 1 Template:Category_see_also/Category_pair_check Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55837914-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710174159 and revision id 1228303569. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. B Female models from Bangalore (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Bangalore) ‎ (37 P) Pages in category "Female models from Karnataka" The following 18 pages are in this category, out of 18 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Shamata Anchan (/wiki/Shamata_Anchan) B Malathi Basappa (/wiki/Malathi_Basappa) Asha Bhat (/wiki/Asha_Bhat) D Sarah-Jane Dias (/wiki/Sarah-Jane_Dias) G Pooja Gandhi (/wiki/Pooja_Gandhi) Bhavya Gowda (/wiki/Bhavya_Gowda) I Roopa Iyer (/wiki/Roopa_Iyer) P Shubha Poonja (/wiki/Shubha_Poonja) R Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai_Bachchan) Ruchita Prasad (/wiki/Ruchita_Prasad) S Kavya Shetty (/wiki/Kavya_Shetty) Shilpa Shetty (/wiki/Shilpa_Shetty) Srinidhi Shetty (/wiki/Srinidhi_Shetty) Ohanna Shivanand (/wiki/Ohanna_Shivanand) Nidhi Subbaiah (/wiki/Nidhi_Subbaiah) Subhashri (/wiki/Subhashri) T Krishi Thapanda (/wiki/Krishi_Thapanda) Lhakpa Tsamchoe (/wiki/Lhakpa_Tsamchoe) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Female_models_from_Karnataka&oldid=1228303569 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Female_models_from_Karnataka&oldid=1228303569) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Indian female models by state or union territory (/wiki/Category:Indian_female_models_by_state_or_union_territory) Models from Karnataka (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Karnataka) Women from Karnataka by occupation (/wiki/Category:Women_from_Karnataka_by_occupation)
Articles relating to veils (/wiki/Veil) , articles of clothing or hanging cloths (/wiki/Cloths) that are intended to cover some part of the head (/wiki/Human_head) or face (/wiki/Face) , or objects of some significance. Veiling has a long history in European, Asian, and African societies. The practice has been prominent in different forms in Judaism (/wiki/Judaism) , Christianity (/wiki/Christianity) , and Islam (/wiki/Islam) . The practice of veiling is especially associated with women and sacred objects, though in some cultures, it is men, rather than women, who are expected to wear a veil. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Veils (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Veils) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐l8bqz Cached time: 20240720181127 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.051 seconds Real time usage: 0.086 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2365/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 230/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.027/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946100/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 76.188 1 Template:Commons_cat 100.00% 76.188 1 -total 95.42% 72.698 1 Template:Sister_project 92.88% 70.763 1 Template:Side_box 6.83% 5.205 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:751134-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720181127 and revision id 1216108493. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. H Hijab (/wiki/Category:Hijab) ‎ (1 C, 41 P) S Veiled sculptures (/wiki/Category:Veiled_sculptures) ‎ (7 P) V Veil of Veronica (/wiki/Category:Veil_of_Veronica) ‎ (14 P) Pages in category "Veils" The following 25 pages are in this category, out of 25 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Veil (/wiki/Veil) B The Blue Cloak (/wiki/The_Blue_Cloak) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) C Chador (/wiki/Chador) Covering of the eyes (/wiki/Covering_of_the_eyes) E Ekpatta (/wiki/Ekpatta) H Hanging veil (/wiki/Hanging_veil) Haredi burqa sect (/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect) Head covering for Christian women (/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women) J Jang-ot (/wiki/Jang-ot) L Litham (/wiki/Litham) M Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) N Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) P Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) S Shayla (/wiki/Shayla) Sseugaechima (/wiki/Sseugaechima) T Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Types of hijab (/wiki/Types_of_hijab) V Veil of Isis (/wiki/Veil_of_Isis) Veil of Veronica (/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica) W World Hijab Day (/wiki/World_Hijab_Day) Y Yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Veils&oldid=1216108493 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Veils&oldid=1216108493) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Catholic religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Catholic_religious_clothing) Ceremonial clothing (/wiki/Category:Ceremonial_clothing) Christian clothing (/wiki/Category:Christian_clothing) Eastern Christian vestments (/wiki/Category:Eastern_Christian_vestments) Eucharistic objects (/wiki/Category:Eucharistic_objects) Headgear (/wiki/Category:Headgear) History of clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) Islamic female clothing (/wiki/Category:Islamic_female_clothing) Medieval European costume (/wiki/Category:Medieval_European_costume) Modesty (/wiki/Category:Modesty) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
Thai-American artist and jewelry designer (c.1968–2020) Yupadee Kobkulboonsiri Born 1968 Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) Died 27 April 2020 Nationality Thai-American Occupation(s) Artist and jewelry designer Yupadee Kobkulboonsiri ( c. 1968 – 27 April 2020) was a Thai-American artist and jewelry designer. [1] (#cite_note-1) Life and education [ edit ] She was born and raised in Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) She got a B.F.A. in decorative and visual communication design from Silpakorn University (/wiki/Silpakorn_University) in Bangkok in 1986. She then worked as art director at Grey/Thailand, the international agency's Bangkok headquarters. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) In 1999, Kobkulboonsiri earned an associate of applied science degree in jewelry design when she graduated from the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) . [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) For nearly a decade she lived in a women's home run by the Sisters of Divine Providence of Kentucky, in order to save money to send to her family. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) She began her career when she was recommended by FIT's professors to the owner of Grunberger Jewelry as the school's most promising alumnus. She worked at the company for 20 years, and while there became the first American winner of the World Gold Council's Gold Virtuosi Award. [5] (#cite_note-5) Kobkulboonsiri was a finalist or winner in every competition she entered. [6] (#cite_note-6) In her last years, she produced furniture together with her husband. [7] (#cite_note-:2-7) [8] (#cite_note-:3-8) Kobkulboonsiri was a devout Buddhist. [8] (#cite_note-:3-8) She was married to Steven Fishman, an artist. She died from COVID-19 (/wiki/COVID-19) on 27 April 2020, at the age of 51. [9] (#cite_note-9) [8] (#cite_note-:3-8) [10] (#cite_note-10) Awards [ edit ] Her awards include: [8] (#cite_note-:3-8) [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Bridal Design Category, JCK Jewelers Choice Awards, USA Rising Star Awards, The Fashion Group International, USA (2012) The International Pearl Design Contest, Japan Gold Virtuosi Award 2, World Gold Council Design Competition, Italy The North American Tahitian Pearl Trophy Awards, USA Evocative Gold: A Renaissance, World Gold Council. UK The First Jewelers Choice Awards, USA NICHE Awards, USA The International South Sea Pearl Design Competition, Hong Kong Gold Virtuosi Award 1, World Gold Council Design Competition, Italy The International Tahitian Pearl Trophy Awards, France The North American Tahitian Pearl Trophy Awards, USA References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Jewelry Designer Yupadee Kobkul Boonsiri Dies at 51" (https://nationaljeweler.com/articles/1704-jewelry-designer-yupadee-kobkul-boonsiri-dies-at-51) . nationaljeweler.com . Retrieved 15 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Jewelry Designer Yupadee Kobkulboonsiri Dies at 51 of Coronavirus" (https://instoremag.com/jewelry-designer-yupadee-kobkulboonsiri-dies-at-51-of-coronavirus/) . INSTOREMAG.COM . 1 June 2020 . Retrieved 5 July 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Jewelry Designer Yupadee Kobkul Boonsiri Dies at 51" (https://www.nationaljeweler.com/independents/retail-profiles/8750-jewelry-designer-yupadee-kobkul-boonsiri-dies-at-51) . National Jeweler . Retrieved 5 July 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Green, Penelope (1 June 2020). "Yupadee Kobkulboonsiri, Designer of Otherworldly Jewelry, Dies at 51" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/obituaries/yupadee-kobkulboonsiri-dead-coronavirus.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 5 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "About Us — Grunberger Jewelers" (http://grunbergerjewelers.com/about-us/) . grunbergerjewelers.com . Retrieved 5 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Yupadee Kobkul-Boonsiri – Fashion Designer \| Designers \| The FMD" (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/yupadee-kobkulboonsiri/) . Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) . Retrieved 5 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_7-0) "Jewellery designer Yupadee, dead of Covid at 51, remembered" (https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1937024/jewellery-designer-yupadee-dead-of-covid-at-51-remembered) . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 5 July 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Jewelry Designer Yupadee Kobkulboonsiri Dies From COVID-19" (https://www.jckonline.com/editorial-article/kobkulboonsiri-dies-covid-19/) . JCK . 18 June 2020 . Retrieved 5 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Yupadee Kobkulboonsiri, Designer of Otherworldly Jewelry, Dies at 51" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200705123053/https://legacyobituary.com/yupadee-kobkulboonsiri-designer-of-otherworldly-jewelry-dies-at-51/) . Legacy Obituary . 1 June 2020. Archived from the original (https://legacyobituary.com/yupadee-kobkulboonsiri-designer-of-otherworldly-jewelry-dies-at-51/) on 5 July 2020 . Retrieved 5 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Green, Penelope (17 June 2020). "Yupadee Kobkulboonsiri, Designer of Otherworldly Jewelry, Dies at 51" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/obituaries/yupadee-kobkulboonsiri-dead-coronavirus.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 15 March 2024 . 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Scottish fashion designer Jonathan Saunders Born 1977 (age 46–47) Glasgow (/wiki/Glasgow) [1] (#cite_note-Scotsman-1) Nationality British Education Stonelaw High School (/wiki/Stonelaw_High_School) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Glasgow School of Art (/wiki/Glasgow_School_of_Art) Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design) Occupation Fashion designer Awards Elle Style Awards (/wiki/Elle_Style_Awards) British Designer of the Year 2008 British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) / Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Designer Fashion Fund Award 2012 Website www.jonathan-saunders.com (http://www.jonathan-saunders.com/) Jonathan Saunders (born 1977) [4] (#cite_note-4) is a Scottish (/wiki/Scottish_people) fashion designer, known for his work with prints (/wiki/Textile_printing) and use of traditional silk screening (/wiki/Screen-printing) techniques. [5] (#cite_note-guardian-5) [6] (#cite_note-Vogue-6) Celebrities who have worn his designs include Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) , [7] (#cite_note-7) Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) , [8] (#cite_note-8) Sienna Miller (/wiki/Sienna_Miller) [9] (#cite_note-9) and Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) . [10] (#cite_note-LFW-10) Career [ edit ] Saunders graduated from Glasgow School of Art (/wiki/Glasgow_School_of_Art) in 1999 with a BA in printed textiles, and went on to gain an MA in the subject at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design) in 2002. [1] (#cite_note-Scotsman-1) His graduate collection, which featured a series of brightly printed chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) kaftans (/wiki/Kaftan) inspired by the Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) ' Yellow Submarine (/wiki/Yellow_Submarine_(album)) album cover, [5] (#cite_note-guardian-5) won him the 2002 Lancome Colour Award. [11] (#cite_note-11) Within two days of his graduation show Saunders was commissioned to design prints for Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) [5] (#cite_note-guardian-5) and produced a bird-of-paradise (/wiki/Bird-of-paradise) print for McQueen's 2003 collection. [12] (#cite_note-12) Saunders was also enlisted as a consultant for fashion houses Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) , and Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci#Pucci_label) under the direction of Christian Lacroix (/wiki/Christian_Lacroix) . [6] (#cite_note-Vogue-6) Saunders made his debut at London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) in September 2003. [13] (#cite_note-13) British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) featured one of Saunders' designs on the cover of the January 2004 issue, [14] (#cite_note-14) and Harrods (/wiki/Harrods) and Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) placed orders for his designs. [15] (#cite_note-15) Saunders continued to show regularly at London Fashion Week until 2008, when he decided to take his collection to New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) in a move he described as "a natural progression". [16] (#cite_note-16) He returned to London Fashion Week in 2010. [10] (#cite_note-LFW-10) Saunders was previously creative director of Milan-based fashion house Pollini, [17] (#cite_note-Pollini-17) for whom he designed ranges for retail chains Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) [18] (#cite_note-18) and Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) . [19] (#cite_note-19) He was succeeded by Nicholas Kirkwood (/wiki/Nicholas_Kirkwood) . [20] (#cite_note-20) On 8 December 2015 Saunders announced the closure of his eponymous label, citing 'personal reasons'. [21] (#cite_note-21) Accolades [ edit ] 2005 Scottish Fashion Designer of the Year - Scottish Style Awards [22] (#cite_note-22) 2006 Designer of the Year - Scottish Fashion Awards (/wiki/Scottish_Fashion_Awards) [23] (#cite_note-23) 2008 British Designer of the Year - Elle Style Awards (/wiki/Elle_Style_Awards) [24] (#cite_note-24) References [ edit ] ^ a b Wyllie, Alice (12 September 2009). "Interview: Fashion designer Jonathan Saunders" (http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/interviews/Interview-Fashion-designer-Jonathan-Saunders.5640846.jp) . The Scotsman (/wiki/The_Scotsman) . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) He's got his work cut out \| Just four weeks before his London show, his computer was stolen. But Glasgow fashion designer Jonathan Saunders has turned disaster into a dream. By Cate Devine (https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12529549.hes-got-his-work-cut-out-just-four-weeks-before-his-london-show-his-computer-was-stolen-but-glasgow-fashion-designer-jonathan-saunders-has-turned-disaster-into-a-dream-by-cate-devine/) , The Herald, 26 September 2003 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Style \| Glasgow Gurus (https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/12799283.style-glasgow-gurus/) , Evening Times, 15 February 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Jonathan Saunders" (http://models.com/people/jonathan-saunders) . models.com . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ a b c Cartner-Morley, Jess (19 February 2004). "Saunders launches kaleidoscope of colour" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/feb/19/jesscartnermorleyonfashion.expertopinions) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ a b "Jonathan Saunders – Biography" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110102043948/http://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/designers/jonathan+saunders,249?display=bio) . Vogue (Australia) . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/designers/jonathan+saunders,249?display=bio) on 2 January 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Gilbert, Laurelle (14 September 2009). "Madonna Headlines MTV Music Awards 2009" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710185011/http://www.elleuk.com/news/star-style-news/madonna-headlines-mtv-music-awards-2009/(gid)/418491) . Elle.com . Archived from the original (http://www.elleuk.com/news/Star-style-News/madonna-headlines-mtv-music-awards-2009/%28gid%29/418491) on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) MacDonald, Stuart (4 May 2008). "Scottish Fashion Awards face funding cuts" (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article3868100.ece) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Clements, Erin (3 April 2009). "Red Carpet Buzz: Sienna Miller" (https://archive.today/20120728121845/http://www.elle.com/Fashion/Celebrity-Style/Red-Carpet-Buzz-Sienna-Miller) . Elle.com . Archived from the original (http://www.elle.com/Fashion/Celebrity-Style/Red-Carpet-Buzz-Sienna-Miller) on 28 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . ^ a b Alexander, Hilary (24 June 2009). "Jonathan Saunders returns to London Fashion Week" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090628090945/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/fashionnews/5622115/Jonathan-Saunders-returns-to-London-Fashion-Week.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/fashionnews/5622115/Jonathan-Saunders-returns-to-London-Fashion-Week.html) on 28 June 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Hewitt, Lucy (26 November 2008). "Best Scottish designer" (http://living.scotsman.com/fashion/Best-Scottish-designer.4730441.jp) . The Scotsman (/wiki/The_Scotsman) . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Jonathan Saunders" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110711162558/http://fashionweek.hellomagazine.com/london-2010-spring-summer/designer/20090909239/jonathan/saunders/profile/1/) . hellomagazine.com (/wiki/Hellomagazine.com) . Archived from the original (http://fashionweek.hellomagazine.com/london-2010-spring-summer/designer/20090909239/jonathan/saunders/profile/1/) on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Groom, Avril (24 September 2003). "Scots designer fashions debut triumph" (http://news.scotsman.com/londonfashionweek/Scots-designer-fashions-debut-triumph.2464270.jp) . The Scotsman (/wiki/The_Scotsman) . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Northern Star" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110611121618/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/2006-05/060501-northern-star.aspx) . Vogue.com . 1 May 2006. Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/2006-05/060501-northern-star.aspx) on 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Who's who in London Fashion Week" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110615161411/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/fashion/article6835813.ece) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . 16 September 2009. Archived from the original (http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/fashion/article6835813.ece) on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Cartner-Morley, Jess (2 February 2008). "Saunders joins British fashion's New York exodus" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/feb/02/fashion.lifeandhealth) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-Pollini_17-0) Cowan, Natasha (15 May 2008). "Pollini appoints Jonathan Saunders as new creative director" (https://archive.today/20130421072422/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/beauty/3364903/Pollini-appoints-Jonathan-Saunders-as-new-creative-director.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/beauty/3364903/Pollini-appoints-Jonathan-Saunders-as-new-creative-director.html) on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Jana, Reena (1 October 2008). "Ducking the Price War, Target Highlights Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081005054311/http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/oct2008/id2008101_402322.htm) . Business Week (/wiki/Business_Week) . Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/oct2008/id2008101_402322.htm) on 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Sells, Emma (22 January 2010). "Jonathan Saunders for Topshop hits stores today" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710184919/http://www.elleuk.com/news/fashion-news/jonathan-saunders-for-topshop-hits-stores-today/(gid)/462551) . Elle.com . Archived from the original (http://www.elleuk.com/news/Fashion-News/jonathan-saunders-for-topshop-hits-stores-today/%28gid%29/462551) on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Nicholas Kirkwood Has Been Replaced at Pollini" (http://fashionista.com/2014/12/kirkwoods-pollini-replacement) . fashionista.com . 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Milligan, Lauren (8 December 2015). "Why Jonathan Saunders Is Closing His Label" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2015/12/08/jonathan-saunders-resigns-creative-director-of-label) . vogue.co.uk . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Biography of Jonathan Saunders" (http://www.scottishstyleawards.co.uk/scottishstyleawards.html) . Scottish Style Awards . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Scottish Fashion Awards 2006 Winners" (http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/lifestyle-fashion/stylebeauty/Scottish+Fashion+Awards+2006-1999.html#ixzz3iSY40RpZ) . Female First. 12 May 2006 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Alexander, Hilary (13 February 2008). "Elle Style Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090826102446/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/hilaryalexander/3364401/Elle-Style-Awards.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/hilaryalexander/3364401/Elle-Style-Awards.html) on 26 August 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . 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Dutch model The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Marjan Jonkman" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marjan+Jonkman%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marjan+Jonkman%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marjan+Jonkman%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marjan+Jonkman%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marjan+Jonkman%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marjan+Jonkman%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Marjan Jonkman Born Sint Nicolaasga (/wiki/Sint_Nicolaasga) , Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) Modeling information Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Hair color Blonde Eye color Blue Agency Two Management (Barcelona) www.twomanagement.com Two Management (Copenhagen) Two Management (Los Angeles) Two Management (Berlin) Women Management (/wiki/Women_Management) (New York, Paris) MP Management (/wiki/MP_Management) (Milan, Miami, Stockholm) [1] (#cite_note-1) Premier Model Management (London)* Visage Management (Zurich) [2] (#cite_note-2) Marjan Jonkman is a Dutch fashion model. In February 2018, models.com ranked her as one of the Top 50 models in the world. [3] (#cite_note-3) Career [ edit ] Jonkman was scouted on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) . [4] (#cite_note-4) She started her career as a Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) exclusive; she modeled in campaigns for Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) , Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(company)) , Sephora (/wiki/Sephora) , and Dsquared2 (/wiki/Dsquared2) , among others. [5] (#cite_note-5) She walked in 60 shows during the A/W 2016 fashion week, including Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) , Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) , Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , J.W. Anderson (/wiki/J.W._Anderson) and Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Personal life [ edit ] Jonkman formerly lived in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and currently lives in Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) . [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Marjan Jonkman - Portfolio - MP Management" (https://www.mpmanagement.com/miami/women/image/marjan) . www.mpmanagement.com . Retrieved 2018-11-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Marjan Jonkman - Model" (https://models.com/models/marjan-jonkman) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "MODELS.com's Top 50 Models" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/18791#18791) . models.com . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Marjan - Vogue.it" (http://www.vogue.it/en/shows/focus-on-models/2014/12/marjan?refresh_ce=) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Marjan Jonkman - Interview Magazine" (https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/marjan-jonkman) . 8 December 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Laskaris, Ria (16 March 2016). "Meet the hardest-working models of the AW16 catwalks" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/pavlova-twins-lineisy-montero-marjan-jonkman-hardest-working-mod/) . The Telegraph – via www.telegraph.co.uk. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The 10 Most In-Demand Models Of A/W16" (https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/fashion/the-news/the-ten-most-in-demand-models-of-aw16) . Harper's Bazaar Arabia. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "3 Faces Who Have Just Graduated To Supermodel Status" (https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/celebrity-style/articles/a31063/graduated-to-the-super-model-status/) . 10 July 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Marjan Jonkman is een van onze gewildste modellen, maar wat vindt ze zelf van mode?" (https://www.elle.com/nl/mode/a568470/vestiaire-marjan-jonkman-mode-girl-of-the-moment/) . 11 August 2017. This biographical article about a model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marjan_Jonkman&action=edit) . v t e This article about a person from the Netherlands (/wiki/Netherlands) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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French fashion stylist and model Baba d'Erlanger Princess Jean-Louis de Faucigny-Lucinge Born Marie Liliane Matilde d'Erlanger 1901 Died 1945 Spouse Prince Jean-Louis de Faucigny-Lucinge Issue (/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)) Princess Catherine Emilie Ratisbonne De Ravenel Princess Ariel Marie Roberte de Faucigny-Lucinge House (/wiki/Dynasty) Faucigny Father Baron Emile Beaumont d'Erlanger (/wiki/Baron_Emile_Beaumont_d%27Erlanger) Mother Marie-Rose Antoinette Catherine de Robert d'Acquéria de Rochegude (/wiki/Catherine,_Baroness_d%27Erlanger) Baroness Marie Liliane Matilda d'Erlanger , later Princess Jean-Louis de Faucigny-Lucinge (1901–1945), nicknamed "Baba" , together with Paula Gellibrand (/wiki/Paula_Gellibrand) , "the Gellibrand", were known as "The Twins" and became Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) 's models. Baba was also the Gellibrand's fashion stylist and she is considered a style icon of the 1920s. [1] (#cite_note-1) Biography [ edit ] Marie Liliane Matilda, Baroness d'Erlanger, was born in 1901, the daughter of Baron Emile Beaumont d'Erlanger (/wiki/Baron_Emile_Beaumont_d%27Erlanger) and Marie-Rose Antoinette Catherine de Robert d'Acquéria de Rochegude (/wiki/Catherine,_Baroness_d%27Erlanger) . Her siblings were: Robert "Robin" Emile Frédéric d'Erlanger Regis; Sir Gerard John Regis Leo d´Erlanger; and Bianca d'Erlanger. Born in France, she was educated in England. [2] (#cite_note-Richard_Green_Fine_Paintings-2) She became a lifelong friend of Paula Gellibrand (/wiki/Paula_Gellibrand) , "the Gellibrand", who became Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) 's favorite model. Baba became her fashion stylist and they were so inseparable that became known as "The Twins". [3] (#cite_note-Grazia-3) In 1919 Augustus John (/wiki/Augustus_John) painted the portrait Portrait of Baronne Baba d’Erlanger (1901–1945) and Miss Paula Gellibrand (1898–1964) . It was commissioned by Freddie Guest (/wiki/Freddie_Guest) , Winston Churchill's cousin, who, at the time, had an affair with Gellibrand. [4] (#cite_note-4) [2] (#cite_note-Richard_Green_Fine_Paintings-2) In March 1923 she was the bridesmaid to Gellibrand when she married the Marques de Casa Maury. [2] (#cite_note-Richard_Green_Fine_Paintings-2) On 14 November 1923 Baba married Prince Jean-Louis de Faucigny-Lucinge, a French aristocrat, descendant of Louis IX of France (/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France) . She is the mother of Isabel Catherine Emilie Ratisbonne De Ravenel (b. 1925); Ariel Marie Roberte de Faucigny-Lucinge (b. 1926); Prince de Faucigny-Lucinge. Baba, Princesse de Faucigny-Lucinge, and her husband were patrons of José Maria Sert (/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Sert) , Salvador Dalí (/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD) and Man Ray (/wiki/Man_Ray) . Baba's friend of this time was Natalie Paley (/wiki/Natalie_Paley) , cousin of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia) and wife of the couturier Lucien Lelong (/wiki/Lucien_Lelong) , and Baba became a model for him. About Baba, Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) said "Baba d’Erlanger-Lucinge was the first to bring into fashion the exotic, simian grace of the jungle and thereby created an astonishing effect of originality". [2] (#cite_note-Richard_Green_Fine_Paintings-2) [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Taylor, Kerry (2017). Vintage Fashion & Couture: From Poiret to McQueen . Hachette UK. p. 7. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781845338565 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Portrait of Baronne Baba d'Erlanger (1901-1945) and Miss Paula Gellibrand (1898-1964)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180119175457/https://www.richardgreen.com/artwork/bk144-augustus-john-portrait-of-baronne-baba-derlanger-1901-1945-and-miss-paula-gellibrand-1898-1964/) . Richard Green Fine Paintings . Archived from the original (https://www.richardgreen.com/artwork/bk144-augustus-john-portrait-of-baronne-baba-derlanger-1901-1945-and-miss-paula-gellibrand-1898-1964/) on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Grazia_3-0) "Paula Gellibrand" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120151/http://www.rockandfiocc.com/2011/archive/senza-categoria/paula-gellibrand) . Grazia . Archived from the original (http://www.rockandfiocc.com/2011/archive/senza-categoria/paula-gellibrand) on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Lovell, Mary S. (2012). The Churchills: In Love and War . W. W. Norton & Company. p. 337 (https://archive.org/details/churchillsinlove00love/page/337) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780393062304 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Self-portrait with Friends: The Selected Diaries of Cecil Beaton 1926-1974, ed. Richard Buckle, London 1979, p.151. Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/316441599) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148046717) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148046717) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6457fbf49b‐vrbck Cached time: 20240705130319 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.256 seconds Real time usage: 0.333 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1281/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17515/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1015/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23544/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.179/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4211664/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 306.882 1 -total 33.87% 103.933 1 Template:Reflist 28.48% 87.386 1 Template:Authority_control 25.93% 79.585 2 Template:Cite_book 18.28% 56.083 1 Template:Short_description 18.13% 55.647 1 Template:Infobox_royalty 14.10% 43.280 1 Template:Infobox 10.95% 33.610 2 Template:Pagetype 4.15% 12.737 4 Template:Main_other 3.53% 10.840 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56342758-0!canonical and timestamp 20240705130319 and revision id 1176390669. 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French film maker and designer Juliana Sorelli Born 1988 or 1989 Paris, France Occupations Designer filmmaker curator Years active 2012-present Website sorellipresents (https://sorellipresents.com) .com (https://sorellipresents.com) Juliana "Juju" Sorelli is a Los Angeles-based French filmmaker, designer and curator. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) Sorelli moved to Los Angeles in 2008. Her first film, Strange Strangers, was released in 2012. It featured Riley Keough (/wiki/Riley_Keough) , [2] (#cite_note-2) who also starred in Sorelli's short, Madame Le Chat , which premiered at the Marfa Film Festival in 2014. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2013 she founded a production company, Sorelli Presents, and opened a gallery and boutique in Hollywood. It became known as The Evil Rock N Roll Cat based on a drawing of an electrified cat that appeared on the building's exterior. [4] (#cite_note-Paris_Match-4) LA's "most cultishly cool store", [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) it appeared on the GQ (/wiki/GQ) list of the Coolest Off-the-Beaten-Path stores in America. [5] (#cite_note-5) Sorelli curated art installations at The Evil Rock N Roll Cat, including After the Boom, a collection of Donna Santisi's photos of women in the 1970s LA rock scene, [6] (#cite_note-6) and The Runaways , an exhibit of Runaways (/wiki/The_Runaways) memorabilia and Brad Elterman's (/wiki/Brad_Elterman) original photos of the band. The Runaways was also shown at the Poppington Gallery in New York in 2015. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2014 Sorelli founded Hollywood Savage Society, a unisex clothing line inspired by punk and 1970s rock and roll. [9] (#cite_note-9) She said in a 2017 interview that she started Hollywood Savage Society because she couldn't find clothing she wanted to wear. [10] (#cite_note-Puss_Puss-10) [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Anderson, Kristen (May 17, 2016). "Meet the French Filmmaker Behind L.A.'s Most Cultishly-Cool Store" (https://www.vogue.com/article/evil-rock-n-roll-cat-juju-sorelli-clothes) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "SHORT FILM: THE STRANGE STRANGERS" (https://www.nylon.com/articles/short-film-the-strange-strangers-7541) . Nylon . Retrieved 2023-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Sabas, Carole (June 16, 2014). "Director Juliana Sorelli Debuts 'Runaways' Photo Exhibit at Hollywood Boutique" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/director-juliana-sorelli-debuts-runaways-709405/) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . ^ (#cite_ref-Paris_Match_4-0) "Los Angeles La nouvelle vague 2/2" (https://www.parismatch.com/Vivre/Voyage/La-nouvelle-vague-2-2-921413) . parismatch.com (in French) . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Carroll, Jay (November 23, 2015). "The GQ 100: The Coolest, Off-the-Beaten-Path Shops In America" (https://www.gq.com/story/off-the-beaten-path-mens-stores-gq-100) . GQ . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Donna Santisi "After The Boom" Exhibition Opening at The Evil Rock N Roll Cat, Los Angeles - purple ART" (https://purple.fr/diary/donna-santsi-after-the-boom-exhibition-opening-at-the-evil-rock-n-roll-cat-los-angeles/) . Purple (in French). 2015-12-09 . Retrieved 2023-01-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Brad Elterman's Photos of Famous Teen Heartthrob from the 1970s" (https://www.vice.com/da/article/ppmj8k/hot-guys-at-brads-place) . www.vice.com (in Danish) . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Don't Miss: Jett Pack" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/joan-jett-the-runaways-exhibit-brad-elterman) . W Magazine . Retrieved 2023-01-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Five Most Exciting Brands In Denim Right Now" (https://www.racked.com/2015/8/5/9020285/denim-new-brands) . Racked . 2015-08-05 . Retrieved 2023-01-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-Puss_Puss_10-0) "Juliana Sorlli – The Evil Rock 'n Roll Cat" (https://www.pusspussmagazine.com/the-evil-rock-n-roll-cat/) . PUSS PUSS Magazine . 2017-04-30 . Retrieved 2023-01-10 . 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(/wiki/Francisco_Ayala) François de La Rochefoucauld (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld) James Jones (/wiki/James_Jones) James White (/wiki/James_White) John Hewitt (/wiki/John_Hewitt) Jorge Camacho (/wiki/Jorge_Camacho) Matthew Lewis (/wiki/Matthew_Lewis) Nomenclator (/wiki/Nomenclator) Otto Ludwig (/wiki/Otto_Ludwig) Piet Hein (/wiki/Piet_Hein) Robert Herrick (/wiki/Robert_Herrick) Ruth Hale (/wiki/Ruth_Hale) Samuel Butler (/wiki/Samuel_Butler) Thomas Wyatt (/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt) Vyacheslav Ivanov (/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov) William Henley (/wiki/William_Henley) William Nicholson (/wiki/William_Nicholson) William Stafford (/wiki/William_Stafford) Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/October (/wiki/Portal:Catholicism/Patron_Archive/October) : 25 pages Alcalá (/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1) Aschach (/wiki/Aschach) Burren (/wiki/Burren) Carlisle (/wiki/Carlisle) Casimir IV (/wiki/Casimir_IV) Ciborium (/wiki/Ciborium) Conversion (/wiki/Conversion) Cripple (/wiki/Cripple) Głogowiec 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pages Ahi (/wiki/Ahi) Azriel (/wiki/Azriel) Bela (/wiki/Bela) Bow (/wiki/Bow) Buz (/wiki/Buz) Gad (/wiki/Gad) Gog (/wiki/Gog) Gozan (/wiki/Gozan) Hanoch (/wiki/Hanoch) Hara (/wiki/Hara) Heber (/wiki/Heber) Joel (/wiki/Joel) Jotham (/wiki/Jotham) Judah (/wiki/Judah) Kingdom of Israel (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel) Micah (/wiki/Micah) Nebo (/wiki/Nebo) Pallu (/wiki/Pallu) Pul (/wiki/Pul) Reuben (/wiki/Reuben) Sharon (/wiki/Sharon) Zechariah (/wiki/Zechariah) Zia (/wiki/Zia) Portal:Bible/Featured chapter/Exodus (/wiki/Portal:Bible/Featured_chapter/Exodus) : 22 pages Book of the Covenant (/wiki/Book_of_the_Covenant) Canaanite (/wiki/Canaanite) Chrysolite (/wiki/Chrysolite) Dan (/wiki/Dan) Elkanah (/wiki/Elkanah) Horeb (/wiki/Horeb) Hur (/wiki/Hur) Jachin (/wiki/Jachin) Judah (/wiki/Judah) King James (/wiki/King_James) Laver (/wiki/Laver) Liberation (/wiki/Liberation) Ligure (/wiki/Ligure) Lying (/wiki/Lying) Menorah (/wiki/Menorah) Nadab (/wiki/Nadab) Offering (/wiki/Offering) Ramesses (/wiki/Ramesses) Reuben (/wiki/Reuben) Saul (disambiguation) (/wiki/Saul_(disambiguation)) Simeon (/wiki/Simeon) Simeon (Bible) (/wiki/Simeon_(Bible)) Portal:Cricket/Anniversaries (/wiki/Portal:Cricket/Anniversaries) : 22 pages Beausejour (/wiki/Beausejour) Bhadravati (/wiki/Bhadravati) Eric Freeman (/wiki/Eric_Freeman) Fordington (/wiki/Fordington) Halifax, Nova Scotia (/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia) Jack Ryder (/wiki/Jack_Ryder) James Franklin (/wiki/James_Franklin) Kangaroo Point (/wiki/Kangaroo_Point) Kingsmead (/wiki/Kingsmead) Matara (/wiki/Matara) Matthew Horne (/wiki/Matthew_Horne) Merton (/wiki/Merton) Natal (/wiki/Natal) Neil Johnson (/wiki/Neil_Johnson) Newlands (/wiki/Newlands) Richard Austin (/wiki/Richard_Austin) Sharjah (/wiki/Sharjah) Stuart Williams (/wiki/Stuart_Williams) Subiaco (/wiki/Subiaco) Supertest (/wiki/Supertest) Test match (/wiki/Test_match) Transvaal (/wiki/Transvaal) Portal:Literature/Did you know (/wiki/Portal:Literature/Did_you_know) : 22 pages Daniel 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(/wiki/Elah) Elkanah (/wiki/Elkanah) Gibeon (/wiki/Gibeon) Hanan (/wiki/Hanan) Jachin (/wiki/Jachin) Jonathan (/wiki/Jonathan) Judah (/wiki/Judah) Kish (/wiki/Kish) Kore (/wiki/Kore) Micah (/wiki/Micah) Moza (/wiki/Moza) Nadab (/wiki/Nadab) Samuel (/wiki/Samuel) Uzzi (/wiki/Uzzi) Zechariah (/wiki/Zechariah) Zimri (/wiki/Zimri) Portal:Bible/Featured chapter/1 Samuel (/wiki/Portal:Bible/Featured_chapter/1_Samuel) : 21 pages Abishai (/wiki/Abishai) Coulter (/wiki/Coulter) Eli (/wiki/Eli) Engedi (/wiki/Engedi) Eshtemoa (/wiki/Eshtemoa) Gath (/wiki/Gath) Gilboa (/wiki/Gilboa) Hareth (/wiki/Hareth) Hazor (/wiki/Hazor) Jonathan (/wiki/Jonathan) Kish (/wiki/Kish) Laish (/wiki/Laish) Maon (/wiki/Maon) Migron (/wiki/Migron) Rachal (/wiki/Rachal) Ramah (/wiki/Ramah) Ramoth (/wiki/Ramoth) Samuel (/wiki/Samuel) Shen (/wiki/Shen) Zeboim (/wiki/Zeboim) Ziph (/wiki/Ziph) Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/August (/wiki/Portal:Catholicism/Patron_Archive/August) : 21 pages Artemisia (/wiki/Artemisia) Ascension (/wiki/Ascension) Brewers (/wiki/Brewers) Burial vault (/wiki/Burial_vault) Chaplet (/wiki/Chaplet) Ciborium (/wiki/Ciborium) Clairvaux (/wiki/Clairvaux) Eli (/wiki/Eli) Flavia (/wiki/Flavia) Germanus (/wiki/Germanus) Gerona (/wiki/Gerona) Gilder (/wiki/Gilder) Immolation (/wiki/Immolation) Inter (/wiki/Inter) Marist (/wiki/Marist) Patricius (/wiki/Patricius) Procurator (/wiki/Procurator) Riese (/wiki/Riese) San Damiano (/wiki/San_Damiano) Society of Mary (/wiki/Society_of_Mary) Tanner (/wiki/Tanner) Portal:Bible/Featured chapter/2 Samuel (/wiki/Portal:Bible/Featured_chapter/2_Samuel) : 20 pages Abishai (/wiki/Abishai) Dan (/wiki/Dan) Elhanan (/wiki/Elhanan) Eliphalet (/wiki/Eliphalet) Elishama (/wiki/Elishama) Gaash (/wiki/Gaash) Gad (/wiki/Gad) Gath (/wiki/Gath) Gibeon (/wiki/Gibeon) Gilboa (/wiki/Gilboa) Gob (/wiki/Gob) Hanun (/wiki/Hanun) Jonathan (/wiki/Jonathan) Joram (/wiki/Joram) Kish (/wiki/Kish) Laish (/wiki/Laish) Nathan (/wiki/Nathan) Tamar (/wiki/Tamar) Toi (/wiki/Toi) Tyre (/wiki/Tyre) Portal:New France/Content (/w/index.php?title=Portal:New_France/Content&action=edit&redlink=1) : 20 pages Bécancour (/wiki/B%C3%A9cancour) Charles Lawrence (/wiki/Charles_Lawrence) Charles Le Moyne (/wiki/Charles_Le_Moyne) Cinema (/wiki/Cinema) Cris (/wiki/Cris) Fort Pitt (/wiki/Fort_Pitt) Fort Rouge (/wiki/Fort_Rouge) Gaspé (/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9) George Townshend (/wiki/George_Townshend) Guy Carleton (/wiki/Guy_Carleton) Hochelaga (/wiki/Hochelaga) John Campbell (/wiki/John_Campbell) Laviolette (/wiki/Laviolette) Montagnais (/wiki/Montagnais) Natchez (/wiki/Natchez) Natchitoches (/wiki/Natchitoches) Peter Warren (/wiki/Peter_Warren) Richelieu (/wiki/Richelieu) Wendake (/wiki/Wendake) William Amherst (/wiki/William_Amherst) Portal:Bible/Featured chapter/1 Chronicles 4 (/wiki/Portal:Bible/Featured_chapter/1_Chronicles_4) : 19 pages Allon (/wiki/Allon) Ashan (/wiki/Ashan) Coz (/wiki/Coz) Elah (/wiki/Elah) Eshtemoa (/wiki/Eshtemoa) Etam (/wiki/Etam) Harum (/wiki/Harum) Heber (/wiki/Heber) Hur (/wiki/Hur) Iru (/wiki/Iru) Jalon (/wiki/Jalon) Jephunneh (/wiki/Jephunneh) Joel (/wiki/Joel) Judah (/wiki/Judah) Shelah (/wiki/Shelah) Shimon (/wiki/Shimon) Simeon (/wiki/Simeon) Tekoa (/wiki/Tekoa) Ziph (/wiki/Ziph) Portal:Bible/Featured chapter/1 Chronicles 6 (/wiki/Portal:Bible/Featured_chapter/1_Chronicles_6) : 19 pages Abdon (/wiki/Abdon) Asaph (/wiki/Asaph) Ashan (/wiki/Ashan) Azariah (/wiki/Azariah) Elkanah (/wiki/Elkanah) Eshtemoa (/wiki/Eshtemoa) Ethan (/wiki/Ethan) Hammon (/wiki/Hammon) Heman (/wiki/Heman) Jephunneh (/wiki/Jephunneh) Joel (/wiki/Joel) Kishi (/wiki/Kishi) Mahli (/wiki/Mahli) Mushi (/wiki/Mushi) Nadab (/wiki/Nadab) Ramoth (/wiki/Ramoth) Samuel (/wiki/Samuel) Tabor (/wiki/Tabor) Uzzi (/wiki/Uzzi) Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/January (/wiki/Portal:Catholicism/Patron_Archive/January) : 19 pages Agali (/wiki/Agali) Caprasius (/wiki/Caprasius) Diocese of Limerick (/wiki/Diocese_of_Limerick) Down (/wiki/Down) Gerona 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Find sources: "Joe Blasco" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Joe+Blasco%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Joe+Blasco%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Joe+Blasco%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Joe+Blasco%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Joe+Blasco%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Joe+Blasco%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Joe Blasco Born ( 1947-04-30 ) April 30, 1947 (age 77) Jeannette, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Jeannette,_Pennsylvania) Website www (http://www.joeblasco.com/) .joeblasco (http://www.joeblasco.com/) .com (http://www.joeblasco.com/) Joe Blasco (born April 30, 1947, in Jeannette, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Jeannette,_Pennsylvania) ) is an American makeup artist. [1] (#cite_note-1) Career [ edit ] Blasco has worked in Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) for 50 years and founded his own cosmetics company in 1983. In 1973, he founded the Joe Blasco Make-up Training Center in Hollywood and later opened a second location in Orlando, Florida (/wiki/Orlando,_Florida) in 1991. During the 1970s and 1980s, he worked on a variety of television shows, including The Red Skelton Show (/wiki/The_Red_Skelton_Show) , The Dating Game (/wiki/The_Dating_Game) , The Newlywed Game (/wiki/The_Newlywed_Game) , General Hospital (/wiki/General_Hospital) , Good Morning America (/wiki/Good_Morning_America) , and The Carol Burnett Show (/wiki/The_Carol_Burnett_Show) . He directed makeup for films such as Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS (/wiki/Ilsa,_She_Wolf_of_the_SS) , Albert Einstein – The Man Behind the Genius , The Werewolf of Woodstock (/wiki/The_Werewolf_of_Woodstock) , and Shivers (/wiki/Shivers_(1975_film)) and was the personal makeup artist for actors such as Orson Welles (/wiki/Orson_Welles) , Olivia Newton-John (/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John) , Marlene Dietrich (/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich) , Lauren Bacall (/wiki/Lauren_Bacall) , and Bette Midler (/wiki/Bette_Midler) . He has been credited with inventing the bladder technique found in horror movies as well as special effects (/wiki/Special-effects_makeup) such as blisters and skin rashes. In 2004, he was given a distinguished achievement award in the makeup category from the United States Institute for Theatre Technology (/wiki/United_States_Institute_for_Theatre_Technology) . [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Buttsworth, Sara (2010). Monsters in the Mirror: Representations of Nazism in Post-war Popular . p. 105. I hired this young make-up guy named Joe Blasco, and he got into it. He came up with some of the greatest effects I've ever seen. Later on he became head of make-up at ABC and runs a series of schools on make-up. External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to Joe Blasco (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Joe_Blasco) . Joe Blasco (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0087673/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/31420750) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk96jrD44kgYCGMYdk4bd) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006017088) This biographical article related to cinema of the United States is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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A lipico or lipiko (plural : mapico or mapiko ) is a mask or helmet of the Makonde (/wiki/Makonde_people) of Mozambique (/wiki/Mozambique) . Lipico mask from Mozambique Uses [ edit ] Mapico masks are worn for ceremonial dances during the rites of passage (/wiki/Rites_of_passage) of circumcised boys called mapico dances. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) These masks are carved by master craftsmen, [3] (#cite_note-3) they are made of soft wood and often feature human hair. They represent faces of men or women with labrets or scarifications. [4] (#cite_note-4) Gallery [ edit ] Lipico with scarifications, British Museum (/wiki/British_Museum) Lipico mask, UBC Museum of Anthropology (/wiki/UBC_Museum_of_Anthropology) ( Vancouver / Canada ) Lipico from the Makonde of Tanzania Mapico dancing References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Le Musée des arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie , 1999, p.89 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kristian Fenzl, Peter Baum, Makonde: "mapiko" , Neue Galerie der Stadt Linz, Wolfgang-Gurlitt-Museum, 1997, p. 178 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Arts d'Afrique noire , 1990, p.42 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Revue du Louvre: la revue des musées de France , 1998, p.106 v t e Culture of Africa (/wiki/Culture_of_Africa) Sovereign states Algeria (/wiki/Culture_of_Algeria) Angola (/wiki/Culture_of_Angola) Benin (/wiki/Culture_of_Benin) Botswana (/wiki/Culture_of_Botswana) Burkina Faso (/wiki/Culture_of_Burkina_Faso) Burundi (/wiki/Culture_of_Burundi) Cameroon (/wiki/Culture_of_Cameroon) Cape Verde (/wiki/Culture_of_Cape_Verde) Central African Republic (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Central_African_Republic) Chad (/wiki/Culture_of_Chad) Comoros (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Comoros) Democratic Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) Republic of the Congo (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo) Djibouti (/wiki/Culture_of_Djibouti) Egypt (/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt) Equatorial Guinea (/wiki/Culture_of_Equatorial_Guinea) Eritrea (/wiki/Culture_of_Eritrea) Eswatini (/wiki/Culture_of_Eswatini) Ethiopia (/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia) Gabon (/wiki/Culture_of_Gabon) The Gambia (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Gambia) Ghana (/wiki/Culture_of_Ghana) Guinea (/wiki/Culture_of_Guinea) Guinea-Bissau (/wiki/Culture_of_Guinea-Bissau) Ivory Coast (/wiki/Culture_of_Ivory_Coast) Kenya (/wiki/Culture_of_Kenya) Lesotho (/wiki/Culture_of_Lesotho) Liberia (/wiki/Culture_of_Liberia) Libya (/wiki/Culture_of_Libya) Madagascar (/wiki/Culture_of_Madagascar) Malawi (/wiki/Culture_of_Malawi) Mali (/wiki/Culture_of_Mali) Mauritania (/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritania) Mauritius (/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritius) Morocco (/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco) Mozambique (/wiki/Culture_of_Mozambique) Namibia (/wiki/Culture_of_Namibia) Niger (/wiki/Culture_of_Niger) Nigeria (/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria) Rwanda (/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda) São Tomé and Príncipe (/wiki/Culture_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe) Senegal (/wiki/Culture_of_Senegal) Seychelles (/wiki/Culture_of_Seychelles) Sierra Leone (/wiki/Culture_of_Sierra_Leone) Somalia (/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia) South Africa (/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa) South Sudan (/wiki/Culture_of_South_Sudan) Sudan (/wiki/Culture_of_Sudan) Tanzania (/wiki/Culture_of_Tanzania) Togo (/wiki/Culture_of_Togo) Tunisia (/wiki/Culture_of_Tunisia) Uganda (/wiki/Culture_of_Uganda) Zambia (/wiki/Culture_of_Zambia) Zimbabwe (/wiki/Culture_of_Zimbabwe) States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) Somaliland (/wiki/Culture_of_Somaliland) Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Canary_Islands) / Ceuta (/wiki/Culture_of_Ceuta) / Melilla (/wiki/Culture_of_Melilla) (Spain) Madeira (/wiki/Culture_of_Madeira) (Portugal) Mayotte (/wiki/Culture_of_Mayotte) / Réunion (/wiki/Culture_of_R%C3%A9union) (France) Saint Helena (/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Helena) / Ascension Island (/wiki/Culture_of_Ascension_Island) / Tristan da Cunha (/wiki/Culture_of_Tristan_da_Cunha) (United Kingdom) Western Sahara (/wiki/Culture_of_Western_Sahara) This Mozambique (/wiki/Mozambique) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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American fashion designer (1941–2006) Jay Jaxon Born ( 1941-08-30 ) August 30, 1941 Died July 19, 2006 (2006-07-19) (aged 64) Occupation(s) Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) , costumer (/wiki/Costume_designer) , couturier (/wiki/Couturier) Years active 1966–2006 Eugene Jackson (August 30, 1941 – July 19, 2006), [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) known professionally as Jay Jaxon , was an American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) , costumer (/wiki/Costume_designer) , and couturier (/wiki/Couturier) . He was the first American and the first Black person to work as a couturier for a fashion atelier (/wiki/Atelier) in Paris. [2] (#cite_note-WNS-2) He worked for the fashion houses Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_(fashion_house)) , and Jean-Louis Scherrer (/wiki/Jean-Louis_Scherrer) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) [3] (#cite_note-VOGUEGERMANY-3) Jaxon became creative director of the house of Jean-Louis Scherrer at the age of 24 and released his first haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) collection as head designer in 1970. [2] (#cite_note-WNS-2) [3] (#cite_note-VOGUEGERMANY-3) After returning to the United States he designed clothing for film, television, and various performers. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Early life [ edit ] Born in Jamaica, Queens (/wiki/Jamaica,_Queens) to father Sidney Jackson and mother Ethel Rena-Jackson, he was the youngest of four children. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) His mother worked as a housekeeper and his father worked for the Long Island Rail Road (/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) While in high school, Jaxon moved in with a nearby family to assist with childcare. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) The family frequently made their own clothes and it was there that Jaxon first learned about clothesmaking. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Jaxon earned a bachelor's degree (/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree) from Hunter College (/wiki/Hunter_College) in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) and attended the New York University School of Law (/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law) for about a year before changing paths. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) [2] (#cite_note-WNS-2) Jaxon told the Women's News Service in 1970 that he was inspired to work in fashion design after helping a girlfriend design a dress for a party. [2] (#cite_note-WNS-2) He then dropped out of law school, took a job as a bank teller to support himself and enrolled at the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) (FIT). [2] (#cite_note-WNS-2) While at FIT he met his boyfriend Kenneth Battelle, a hairstylist better known as Mr. Kenneth (/wiki/Mr._Kenneth) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Some of Battelle's high-profile clientele became Jaxon's first customers as a fashion designer. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Jaxon graduated from FIT in 1966. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) He changed his name to Jay Jaxon at the suggestion of fashion publicist Eleanor Lambert (/wiki/Eleanor_Lambert) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Career [ edit ] Two years after graduation, Jaxon created ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) designs for New York City department stores such as Henri Bendel (/wiki/Henri_Bendel) and Bonwit Teller (/wiki/Bonwit_Teller) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) [2] (#cite_note-WNS-2) By the end of the 1960s he moved to Paris, France. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) In Paris Jaxon worked for Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) , as well as under Marc Bohan (/wiki/Marc_Bohan) at Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_(fashion_house)) before being hired by Jean-Louis Scherrer (/wiki/Jean-Louis_Scherrer) in 1969, becoming creative director of the Scherrer atelier at the age of 28. [3] (#cite_note-VOGUEGERMANY-3) Jaxon returned to New York City in the mid-1970s and started his own clothing brand, with a focus on high-end sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) He also designed sportswear for other fashion designers, such as John Kloss (/wiki/John_Kloss) and Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) , for his American collection. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) In the mid-1980s Jaxon moved to Los Angeles, designing clothing for the vocalist Annie Lennox (/wiki/Annie_Lennox) , including a menswear-inspired suit that she wore during a drag (/wiki/Drag_king) performance at the 1984 Grammy Awards (/wiki/26th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Other clients included Sammy Davis Jr. (/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr.) , Liza Minnelli (/wiki/Liza_Minnelli) , and Thelma Houston (/wiki/Thelma_Houston) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) [4] (#cite_note-WWD-4) Jaxon designed outfits worn by dancers who performed during a 1983 television tribute to Motown Records (/wiki/Motown_Records) and designed clothing for such television shows as The Division (/wiki/The_Division) , Angel (/wiki/Angel_(1999_TV_series)) , Sabrina The Teenage Witch (/wiki/Sabrina_the_Teenage_Witch_(1996_TV_series)) , Ally McBeal (/wiki/Ally_McBeal) , and American Dreams (/wiki/American_Dreams) , as well as the films The Men's Club (/wiki/The_Men%27s_Club) and Mr. & Mrs. Smith (/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Smith_(2005_film)) . [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) [5] (#cite_note-QUEENSHISTORICAL-5) Jaxon's life's work was not well documented until 2018 when Rachel Fenderson, a Jamaican American fashion historian, designer, curator, and the lead authority on Jay Jaxon centered her master's (/wiki/Master%27s_degree) thesis “JAY JAXON: A Biographical Study and Media Discourse Analysis Reinstating a Designer into Fashion History” on Jaxon while attending the Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) . [4] (#cite_note-WWD-4) [5] (#cite_note-QUEENSHISTORICAL-5) Fenderson was able to find over fifty newspaper articles mentioning Jaxon found in many of his designs in magazines but noted that, in some instances, he was not being tracked in the metadata (/wiki/Metadata) of the archival databases of those publications. [4] (#cite_note-WWD-4) As a part of her research, Fenderson curated an exhibition about the designer, which was on display at such venues as the Mona Bismarck American Center (/wiki/Mona_Bismarck_American_Center) in Paris in 2018 and at the Queens Historical Society (/wiki/Queens_Historical_Society) in Queens, New York in 2020. [5] (#cite_note-QUEENSHISTORICAL-5) In a 2021 article in The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) , it was reported that Fenderson was writing a book about Jaxon. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Personal life [ edit ] Jaxon lived for two decades in the Windsor Hills (/wiki/View_Park%E2%80%93Windsor_Hills,_California) neighborhood of Los Angeles with his partner, Lloyd Hardy. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) Jaxon died of complications of prostate cancer (/wiki/Prostate_cancer) on July 19, 2006. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) He was 64. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) At the time of his death he was making plans to release a line of plus-size (/wiki/Plus-size_clothing) dresses. [1] (#cite_note-NYT-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Felder, Rachel (February 1, 2021). "Overlooked No More: Jay Jaxon, Pioneering Black Designer of French Couture" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/28/obituaries/jay-jaxon-overlooked.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved March 1, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f De La Fontaine, Yvette (January 23, 1970). "American (Designer) in Paris -- A Real First -- He's Black" (https://www.newspapers.com/image/291169522) . Orlando Evening Star (/wiki/Orlando_Evening_Star) . Women's News Service. p. 17 . Retrieved March 1, 2023 – via Newspapers.com (/wiki/Newspapers.com) . The first American to be honored with the job of designer for a French couture house is black. Jay Jaxon, only 24 years old, has been called in to save the house of Jean Louis Scherrer, a house which has been in serious trouble for over a year. . . Surprised, but not annoyed that the French press, instead of hailing him as an American, stresses "Le premier couturier noir de Paris," (the first black couturier in Paris,) Mr. Jaxon has decided to play it up. . . "I was attending New York University and working part time as a law librarian in a office of 30 attorneys. I liked law because I like order. But a girl I was dating, who sewed for herself, needed a new dress for a Saturday party, and she wasn't getting along with it well." Jaxon cut the dress for her and she wore it to the party with great success. Then he cut himself some pants. "I liked it. So I decided to take a course in costume design. I dropped out and became a bank teller for a year to earn money and continue my design study." Two years later, out of design school...he worked briefly designing ready-to-wear in the New York Garment Center. ^ Jump up to: a b c Schneider, Hella (February 7, 2023). "Black History Month: Diese Designer:innen haben Geschichte geschrieben" (https://www.vogue.de/mode/artikel/black-history-month-schwarze-designer) [Black History Month: These designers made history]. Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) (in German) . Retrieved March 1, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Donaldson, Tara (February 8, 2022). "Who Was Designer Jay Jaxon?" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/who-was-designer-jay-jaxon-fashion-history-black-history-1235061777/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved March 1, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Jay Jaxon: 40 Years Of Fashion Design Brilliance" (https://queenshistoricalsociety.org/past-exhibitions/jay-jaxon-exhibition/) . queenshistoricalsociety.org . Queens Historical Society (/wiki/Queens_Historical_Society) . 2020 . Retrieved March 1, 2023 . 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Scottish tailor who served Margaret Tudor Robert Spittell or Spittall or Spittale (died 1558) was a Scottish tailor who served Margaret Tudor (/wiki/Margaret_Tudor) , queen consort of James IV of Scotland (/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Margaret Tudor (/wiki/Margaret_Tudor) , by Daniël Mijtens (/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_Mijtens) Robert Spittal's House, Stirling (/wiki/Stirling) The "Brig o'Teith" with an inscription to Robert Spittell Clothes for a queen [ edit ] When Margaret Tudor first arrived in Scotland, she brought an English tailor with her. [2] (#cite_note-2) In March 1504 the English tailor altered two gowns for her, and mended two kirtles. [3] (#cite_note-3) A tailor called William Welsch seems to have been the maker of an important gown for Margaret Tudor in March 1507. The expensive fabrics included velvet and cloth of gold supplied by Jerome Frescobaldi (/wiki/Jerome_Frescobaldi) , an Italian merchant who imported textiles from Bruges (/wiki/Bruges) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The historian Michelle Beer argues that this gown was probably made for Margaret's "churching" after her first pregnancy, a ceremony which marked her return to full participation in court life. [5] (#cite_note-5) Spittell and court fashion [ edit ] Spittell's annual salary as the queen's tailor, recorded in 1509, was £10 Scots (/wiki/Pound_Scots) . [6] (#cite_note-6) He was listed among the queen's male servants in December 1511 when he was given a yule-tide livery gown of brown "Rissillis", a russet cloth from Rijsel or Lille (/wiki/Lille) , with black velvet to edge his doublet. Male and female servants, including the African servant Ellen More (/wiki/Ellen_More) were given livery clothes made from these fabrics at this time. [7] (#cite_note-7) He was given lands at Easter Coldoch near Doune (/wiki/Doune_Castle) in 1513. Spittell made clothes for Eleanor Musgrave, an English courtier who features in William Dunbar's (/wiki/William_Dunbar) poem, Of a Dance in the Quenis Chamber (/wiki/Ane_Dance_in_the_Quenis_Chalmer) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In 1511 he made her gowns, "shaffrons" or head dresses, a French hood (/wiki/French_hood) , altered and mended her clothing, and supplied ribbons, cuffs, and collar bands. [9] (#cite_note-9) Spittell recycled or "translated" an old white satin gown into a kirtle with a new lining of "Scottish black" for Margaret Tudor in 1511. [10] (#cite_note-10) In May 1512 he lined a pair of sleeves for the queen with velvet for one of her gowns of cloth of gold. [11] (#cite_note-11) He made clothes in 1512 and 1513 for Prince James (/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland) . [12] (#cite_note-12) After the battle of Flodden (/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden) another tailor, Andrew Edgar (/wiki/Andrew_Edgar) , made clothes for the infant king. [13] (#cite_note-13) In May 1514 Margaret Tudor was Governor or Regent of Scotland, and she granted Robert Spittell an income from the lands of Easter Leckie near Gargunnock (/wiki/Gargunnock) . [14] (#cite_note-14) After Margaret Tudor left Scotland, in 1516, Spittell delivered some of her belongings to the priest William Husband, including fur trimmings for gowns, cuffs, and sleeves. [15] (#cite_note-15) The treasurer's accounts (/wiki/Treasurer_of_Scotland) mention that Spittell sewed fur on her stomachers (/wiki/Stomacher) . [16] (#cite_note-16) Spittal's Bridge over the Bannock Burn (/wiki/Bannock_Burn) Records of the burgh of Stirling (/wiki/Stirling) call him a servant of the queen in 1521. [17] (#cite_note-17) He bought several houses in Stirling. During a property dispute in Stirling in 1527, over an encroachment on adjacent lands, he claimed that Gilbert Johnston had declared on his deathbed that Spittel was a good neighbour. [18] (#cite_note-18) Spittel paid for bridges built over the Bannockburn (/wiki/Bannock_Burn) stream and the Teith (/wiki/River_Teith) at Doune (/wiki/Doune) , [19] (#cite_note-19) and founded an almshouse in Stirling in 1530, known as Spittel's Hospital. He died in 1558. The inscription on his bridge over Teith was, "In God is all my trust. Quod. The X day of September in the Yeir of God MVXXXV Yeirs, Fundit wes this Brig Be Robert Spittel, Tailyer to the Maist Noble Princes Margaret, Queen of James the Feird", with a coat of arms including an eagle and tailor's scissors. [20] (#cite_note-20) He is also said to have paid for a bridge at Tullibody (/wiki/Tullibody) over the Devon (/wiki/River_Devon,_Clackmannanshire) . During the Reformation Crisis (/wiki/Scottish_Reformation) , in January 1560, William Kirkcaldy of Grange (/wiki/William_Kirkcaldy_of_Grange) demolished part of Tullibody bridge (/wiki/Tullibody_Old_Bridge) to delay French troops returning to Stirling Castle (/wiki/Stirling_Castle) . The French commander Henri Cleutin (/wiki/Henri_Cleutin) took down the roof of the Tullibody Auld Kirk to repair the bridge. [21] (#cite_note-21) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) John G. Harrison, 'The Royal Court and the Community of Stirling', Forth Naturalist and Historian , 30 (2007), p. 41: Exchequer Rolls of Scotland , vol. 13, pp. lxxxii-lxxxiii. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Michelle Beer, 'Translating a Queen: Material Culture and the Creation of Margaret Tudor as Queen of Scots', Robin Netherton and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, Medieval Clothing and Textiles , volume 10 (2014), p. 151-164. ^ (#cite_ref-3) James Balfour Paul (/wiki/James_Balfour_Paul) , Accounts of the Treasurer , vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 225. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Accounts of the Treasurer, 1506-1507 , vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1901), p. 269. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Michelle Beer, Queenship at the Renaissance Courts of Britain (Woodbridge, 2018), p. 54. ^ (#cite_ref-6) George Burnett & Aeneas Mackay (/wiki/Aeneas_James_George_Mackay) , Exchequer Rolls , vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1891), p. 259. ^ (#cite_ref-7) James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer , vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 232, 265. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Antony Hasler, 'Wlliam Dunbar: The Elusive Subject', J. Derrick McClure & Michael R. G. Spiller, Bryght Lanternis: Essays on the Language and Literature of Medieval and Renaissance Scotland (Aberdeen, 1989), p. 229. ^ (#cite_ref-9) James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer , vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 231. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Michelle Beer, 'Translating a Queen: Material Culture and the Creation of Margaret Tudor as Queen of Scots', Robin Netherton and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, Medieval Clothing and Textiles , volume 10 (2014), p. 163. ^ (#cite_ref-11) James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer , vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 213. ^ (#cite_ref-12) James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer , vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 423-4. ^ (#cite_ref-13) James Balfour Paul, Accounts of Treasurer , vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1903), p. 147. ^ (#cite_ref-14) M. Livingstone, Register of the Privy Seal, 1488-1529 (Edinburgh, 1908), pp. 388 no. 2657, 472 no. 3025. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Agnes Strickland (/wiki/Agnes_Strickland) , Lives of the Queens of Scotland , vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1840), p. 138: Thomas Thomson, Collection of Inventories (Edinburgh, 1815), p. 28. ^ (#cite_ref-16) James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer , vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 211. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Extracts from the Records of the Royal Burgh of Stirling, 1519-1666 (Glasgow, 1887), p. 10. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Extracts from the Records of the Royal Burgh of Stirling, 1519-1666 (Glasgow, 1887), p. 29. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Louis Stott, 'Bridges of the Forth', Forth Naturalist and Historian , vol. 22 (1999), p. 143. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Charles Rogers (/wiki/Charles_Rogers_(author)) , A Week at the Bridge of Allan (Edinburgh, 1853), p. 276. ^ (#cite_ref-21) David Laing, Works of John Knox , vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1846), p. 14 (https://archive.org/details/worksofjohnkn02knox/page/14/mode/2up) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐vwsll Cached time: 20240622232205 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.126 seconds Real time usage: 0.487 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 560/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2050/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 752/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8257/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.025/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1265197/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 137.268 1 -total 68.19% 93.604 1 Template:Short_description 42.43% 58.237 2 Template:Pagetype 17.08% 23.447 4 Template:Main_other 15.41% 21.155 1 Template:SDcat 13.50% 18.532 1 Template:Reflist 11.25% 15.442 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 7.48% 10.267 1 Template:DMCA 5.76% 7.903 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 3.98% 5.469 1 Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67893622-0!canonical and timestamp 20240622232205 and revision id 1229569287. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Spittell&oldid=1229569287 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Spittell&oldid=1229569287) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1558 deaths (/wiki/Category:1558_deaths) 16th-century Scottish businesspeople (/wiki/Category:16th-century_Scottish_businesspeople) 16th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:16th-century_fashion) British tailors (/wiki/Category:British_tailors) Court of James IV of Scotland (/wiki/Category:Court_of_James_IV_of_Scotland) Household of Margaret Tudor (/wiki/Category:Household_of_Margaret_Tudor) People from Stirling (/wiki/Category:People_from_Stirling) Material culture of royal courts (/wiki/Category:Material_culture_of_royal_courts) 16th-century Scottish tailors (/wiki/Category:16th-century_Scottish_tailors) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022)
Yoruba rulers An Oba (/wiki/Oba_(ruler)) 's crown represents the highest level of authority vested in Yoruba (/wiki/Yoruba_people) rulers. Referred to as an Adé , the bead-embroidered crown is the foremost attribute of the ruler and the greatest mark of honour and sanction of divine authority. An Oba's crown may also be referred to as an Adé ńlá, literally: Big Crown . Ade in Yorubaland (/wiki/Yorubaland) are elaborate conical head gears that feature a heavily beaded veil and fringes that shields or obscure the face. Below the Ade are the Akoro which are smaller coronets worn by regional rulers under the suzerainty or authority of a more powerful provincial or regional Oba, or Obas who were essentially vassals under the Emperor of an empire. [1] (#cite_note-1) The titles of Oloja and Baale are two titles that are known to wear Akoro in Yorubaland rather than an Ade which they do not possess the right to wear. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) In his article on the topic, Robert F. Thompson writes, "The crown incarnates the intuition of royal ancestral force, the revelation of great moral insight in the person of the king, and the glitter of aesthetic experience." [4] (#cite_note-Thompson-4) Usage [ edit ] After being consecrated as leader, a Yoruba Oba must not reveal his face to the public. Instead, he wears an Ade/Ade nla. Oba crowns always possess two universal feature. The first being birds atop the crown and optionally on the sides as well. The second is at least one stylized face depicted in applied beadwork on the crown and designed to identify the king when appearing in public. Many crowns have more than one face on them. Although their significance is unknown, depictions are frequently associated with Odùduwà (/wiki/Od%C3%B9duw%C3%A0) , and suggest a shared destiny between a leader and his predecessors. The Akoro (coronets) on the other hand often replace the birds with bird feathers rather than the whole. Crowns embody the continuity of office, regardless of who may hold it at a particular point in time. Faces may also be depicted on other forms of royal regalia, which indicates the omnipotent, all-seeing power of the monarch and his capacity to provide good leadership. Beaded Crown ( Ade ) of Onijagbo Obasoro Alowolodu; late 19th century (1890); basketry frame covered by a stiffened cloth base which is embroidered with glass beads: white, blue, green, pink, red-orange, ochre, and violet; Brooklyn Museum (/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum) (New York City) Beaded Crown ( Ade ) of Onijagbo Obasoro Alowolodu, Ogoga of Ikere; 1890; basketry frame, covered with beaded cloth; Brooklyn Museum An example of a beaded royal coronet, ( Akoro ), Indianapolis Museum of Art. The Akoro was usually smaller than an Adé, fringeless and was usually worn by lesser ranking kings, nobles and community leaders under powerful regional Obas. Yoruba 19th century copper alloy (brass) crown from Iperu (/wiki/Iperu,_Ogun_State) following the typical Yoruba stem on cone ancestral crown designs. These crowns are used in the veneration of the paternal ancestors of Iperu (Ijebu) kings. The four staring faces represent the all-seeing gods or ancestors. Their protruding eyes signify when the spiritual eye replaces ordinary vision. The two figures with mudfish legs refer to supernatural powers in two realms, land and water, or reality and spirit. Royal headdress called Orikogbofo were much lighter versions of ancestral crowns, which were often heavy and cumbersome. The orikogbofo fulfilled the function of keeping the Oba's head always covered, for it was taboo for an Oba to be seen bare headed. This style is now popular across southern Nigeria worn by various royals in the region. Remnant tassels of a beaded veil that should completely shield the Oba's face has been extensively reduced to a few convenient strings. Yoruba ancestral royal crown (Ade Nla) with a front facing stylized face, longed veiled beaded fringes and a bird perched on its top as well as on the sides. Some crowns (called oríkògbófo) reflect the personal taste of a king (/wiki/King) . These include a mask referred to as the “dog-eared-one” (abetíajá), which is worn in such a way that the faces are oriented sideways, and smaller hats shaped like pillboxes, European crowns, and coronets. Babatunde Lawal (/wiki/Babatunde_Lawal) writes: "Other crowns were influenced by European style lawyers' wigs (/wiki/Court_dress#Commonwealth_countries) , reflecting the radical changes that occurred in Yorubaland between the late nineteenth century and 1960, when the kings lost much of their political power to French and British colonial administrations. Although their position is largely ceremonial today, kings are still consulted by the state government before certain decisions are made. A wig-like crown presents a king as an effective advocate for his subjects." [5] (#cite_note-Lawal-5) Robert F. Thompson describes the impressive visual effect of the beaded veil in ritual context: [4] (#cite_note-Thompson-4) The vaguely perceived outlines of the face of the ruler match, in a sense, the generalized qualities of the frontal faces on the crown. Veiling diminishes the wearer's individuality so that he, too, becomes a generalized entity. Balance between the present and past emerges. No longer an individual, the king becomes the dynasty. According to the Orangun-Ila, the ade is an orisa (/wiki/Orisha) . When the ade is placed upon the king's head, his ori uni (inner head) becomes one with those who have reigned before him, who are also considered orisa . [6] (#cite_note-Drewal-6) Bird Motif [ edit ] The bird motif on most crowns has layers of meaning. It recalls how Odùduwà (/wiki/Od%C3%B9duw%C3%A0) , assisted by a mythical bird, created habitable land on the primordial waters at Ilé Ifè (/wiki/Ile_Ife) , where he eventually became the first king. It is also emblematic of the role of the king as an intermediary between his subjects and the òrìsà (/wiki/Orisa) , in the same way that a bird mediates between heaven and earth. Finally, it alludes to a mystical power (àse) that Olòdúmarè (/wiki/Olorun) reportedly gave to the first female (in the form of a bird enclosed in a calabash), thus allowing her to counterbalance the muscular advantage of men. This mystical power is said to be responsible not only for her ability to procreate but also for her capacity to turn into a bird at night to do good or evil. Thus, by having a symbol of archetypal female power on his crown, a king is expected to manipulate that power for the good of all. This explains why the Ìyá Oba (Official Mother of the King) crowns a new monarch in some towns — to underscore the fact that he has the support of the women. [6] (#cite_note-Drewal-6) Bird motifs are also present on other sacred or otherwise important objects such as Osanyin staffs (/wiki/Osanyin_staff) . History [ edit ] There are a variety of differing stories that speak to the history of the ade, or the Oba's crown. What most of these stories have in common is that they acknowledge the primacy of Ile-Ife (/wiki/Ile-Ife) as the first "crowned town" from which all Yoruba kings can trace their descent. One of these ancient stories states that before he died, Oduduwa (/wiki/Oduduwa) , the founder and first king of the Yoruba people, gave a beaded crown to each of his sons and sent them forth to establish their own kingdoms. Another story states that when Oduduwa (/wiki/Oduduwa) was old and almost blind, his sons stole their father's ades and with the authority of the ade established their own kingdoms. This story parallels the breakup of the Oyo Empire (/wiki/Oyo_Empire) into multiple, smaller kingdoms. Since the mid-nineteenth century, the authority of the oba has been established through an identification with Oduduwa (/wiki/Oduduwa) and Ile-Ife (/wiki/Ile-Ife) . [6] (#cite_note-Drewal-6) Beads and their significance [ edit ] Religious text and legend dictate that Yoruba gods chose beaded strands as their emblems. Yoruba crowns, embellished with beaded embroidery, connote power by divine sanction. In fact, only a select few in Yoruba society are permitted to wear or use beaded objects, including kings, chiefs (/wiki/Tribal_chief) , princes (/wiki/Prince) , priests (/wiki/Priest) , diviners (/wiki/Diviner) and native doctors (/wiki/Witch_doctor) . [4] (#cite_note-Thompson-4) Today, crowns are embellished with imported colored beads from England (/wiki/England) . Formerly, red jasper beads were imported from Litingo in Upper Volta (/wiki/French_Upper_Volta) and fashioned and polished at Oyo-Ile (/wiki/Oyo-Ile) (Old Oyo). In antiquity, beads were made in Ile-Ife (/wiki/Ile-Ife) . [7] (#cite_note-Ojo-7) Bead embroidery is practiced by extremely skilled men in a number of Nigerian centers, especially at Efon-Alaye, Ile-Ife (/wiki/Ile-Ife) , Oyo (/wiki/Oyo_Empire) , Ilesha (/wiki/Ilesha) , Abeokuta (/wiki/Abeokuta) , and Iperu-Remo (/wiki/Iperu,_Remo) . Beads and the process of using them in art and ritual are endowed with multiple layers of meaning and significance. Beads and covering oneself in them is healing: Colorful beads are considered to be charms ( oogun ) that act upon malevolent forces. To wear neck beads ( kele ) in contrasting shades of red ( pupa ) and white ( funfun ) signifies both the punitive and the healing presence of Shango (/wiki/Shango) , the Yoruba god of thunder. [8] (#cite_note-Drewal_1998-8) The art of beading, or stringing, follows the serial process and seriate composition of Yoruba art, an extension of the fundamental principle of ase (/wiki/Ase_(Yoruba)) . One bead in a step-by-step ( leseese ) or one-by-one ( leto-lto ) manner. Just as the wrapped bundle of wooden sticks (atoori) on an ancestral altar (/wiki/Benin_ancestral_altars) symbolizes the continuity of a family legacy, beads symbolize consistent continuity from generation to generation. When threaded together, beads represent solidarity and unity. [8] (#cite_note-Drewal_1998-8) As they encircle and adorn parts of the body, beads conceal and protect a person's ase (/wiki/Ase_(Yoruba)) and, through their symbolic meaning, may also reveal essential characteristics of that person. [8] (#cite_note-Drewal_1998-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Johnson, Samuel (1966). The History of the Yorubas: From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the British Protectorate . Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-108-02099-2 . Retrieved 28 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Fraser, Douglas; Cole, Herbert M. (1972). African Art and Leadership . Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 210. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-299-05824-1 . Retrieved 28 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "King Chronicles: Not All Crowns Are Created Equal" (https://www.obafemio.com/blog/king-chronicles-not-all-crowns-are-created-equal) . Obafemio.com . Retrieved 28 August 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Thompson, Robert F. (/w/index.php?title=The_Sign_of_the_Divine_King:_Yoruba_Bead-Embroidered_Crowns_with_Veil_and_Bird_Decorations&action=edit&redlink=1) (1972). Douglas Fraser and Herbert M. Cole (ed.). African art & leadership . Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 227–260. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0299058204 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lawal_5-0) Lawal, Babatunde (2007). Embodying the sacred in Yoruba art : featuring the Bernard and Patricia Wagner Collection . Atlanta, Ga.: High Museum of Art. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1932543209 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Drewal, Henry John; John Pemberton 3rd; Rowland Abiodun (1989). Allen Wardwell (ed.). Yoruba : nine centuries of African art and thought (2nd print ed.). New York: Center for African Art in Association with H.N. Abrams. pp. 33–39. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0810917947 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-Ojo_7-0) Ojo, G. J. Afolabi (1966). Yoruba Culture . London. p. 260. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c Drewal, Henry John (Winter 1998). "Yorùbá Beadwork in Africa". African Arts . 31 (1). UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center: 18–94. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/3337620 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3337620) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 3337620 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3337620) . 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Kuhn & Komor Kuhn & Komor shop at the Shanghai Palace Hotel (/wiki/Shanghai_Palace_Hotel) Industry Jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) and retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1869 ; 155 years ago ( 1869 ) in Yokohama (/wiki/Yokohama) , Japan Founder Moritz Montague Kuhn Headquarters Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) , China Products Sterling silver (/wiki/Sterling_silver) , china (/wiki/Porcelain) , crystal (/wiki/Crystal) , stationery (/wiki/Stationery) , and personal accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Interior of the shop in Yokohama Kuhn & Komor ( 康茂洋行 ), also known colloquially as K&K , was a Hungarian multinational luxury jeweler and specialty retailer headquartered in Shanghai, China. K&K produced jewelry, sterling silver, china, crystal, stationery, and personal accessories. K&K was renowned in East Asia for its luxury goods, also being called the " Asprey (/wiki/Asprey) of Asia." [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] The Komor family was Jewish and originally came from Hungary. [2] (#cite_note-2) Moritz Montague Kuhn founded Kuhn & Co in Yokohama in 1869, a shop filled with Curios , curiosities from the Far East (or souvenir shop). Siegfried Komo, the nephew of Kuhn, came to Japan in 1887 to work for his uncle, followed by the son ok Kuhn, Arthur, who arrived in Japan in 1890. In 1894, Siegfried Komo and Arthur Kuhn founded Kuhn & Komor in Yokohama. [3] (#cite_note-3) The company opened a shop in the Shanghai Palace Hotel (/wiki/Shanghai_Palace_Hotel) in Shanghai. They later opened a shop on No. 37 Water Street (水町通り) in Yokohama (/wiki/Yokohama) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The company existed roughly until the 1930s, when the outbreak of World War II brought it to an end. [5] (#cite_note-5) Items by Kuhn & Komor receive high prices on auctions. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Kuhn and Komor of Naturalistic Spoon" (http://naturalisticspoon.com/Kuhn_And_Komor.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Photo Archives" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121210182731/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1131191) . digitalassets.ushmm.org . Archived from the original (http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1131191) on 2012-12-10. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "KUHN & KOMOR 康茂洋行 (1869-1930)" (http://www.smokingsamurai.com/KUHN_KOMOR.html) . Smokingsamurai.com . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Antique Japan Travel Guide for Westerners" (http://www.inherited-values.com/2011/10/antique-japan-travel-guide-for-westerners/) . 25 October 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Kuhn & Co. és Kuhn & Komor cég" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181013132927/http://www.mjgk.com/1/gazdasagikapcsolat/148-kuhnandkomor) . www.mjgk.com . Archived from the original (http://www.mjgk.com/1/gazdasagikapcsolat/148-kuhnandkomor) on 2018-10-13. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Bonhams : An inlaid ivory and carved wood rectangular plaque Meiji Period" (http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/21861/lot/383/) . External links [ edit ] Media related to Kuhn & Komor at Wikimedia Commons This Chinese corporation or company article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuhn_%26_Komor&action=edit) . v t e This Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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( October 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Petr Rykov Пётр Рыков Born Petr Sergeevich Rykov ( 1981-12-30 ) December 30, 1981 (age 42) Novgorod (/wiki/Novgorod) , RSFSR (/wiki/Russian_SFSR) , USSR (/wiki/Soviet_Union) Nationality Russian Alma mater Moscow Pushkin Drama Theatre (/wiki/Moscow_Pushkin_Drama_Theatre) Occupation Actor Years active 2010–present Petr (also Pyotr ) Sergeevich Rykov ( Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : Пётр Серге́евич Рыков ; born December 30, 1981) is a Russian actor (/wiki/Actor) , television host (/wiki/Television_host) , musical performer and model (/wiki/Model_(person)) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Biography [ edit ] Petr Rykov was born in Novgorod (/wiki/Novgorod) , Russian SFSR (/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic) , Soviet Union (/wiki/Soviet_Union) (now Veliky Novgorod (/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod) , Russia (/wiki/Russia) ). Soon after his birth, Rykov's family moved to Smolensk (/wiki/Smolensk) , where he spent his childhood. After graduating from high school, he attended the Mikhail Glinka (/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka) School of Music for three years (1998-2001) and specialized in classical guitar (/wiki/Classical_guitar) . In 2001, Rykov changed his field of study to foreign languages at the Smolensk University of Liberal Arts. Later he moved to Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) and continued his studies at the Moscow Humanities Institute named E.R Dashkova . He completed his career in 2006 with a diploma of a certified translator for English and German. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Between 2006 and 2010 Rykov has worked as a model for such fashion houses as Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Armani (/wiki/Armani) , Neil Barrett, Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) , Maison Bohemique [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) and Henderson. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2007 Rykov was a co-host of the talent contest STS sazhigaet superzwesdu (STS is looking for the superstar) at the Russian television channel STS. From 2009 to 2010 Rykov completed a basic course at the Hermann Sidakov Drama School in Moscow. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Afterwards he started studying acting at the Russian State Institute of Cinema (/wiki/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography) ( VGIK (/wiki/VGIK) ) and completed it successfully in 2014 as a professional actor (master class of Igor Nikolaevich Yasulovich). [8] (#cite_note-8) Rykov is working at the Moscow Pushkin Drama Theatre (/wiki/Moscow_Pushkin_Drama_Theatre) as well as at the Moscow Tabakov (/wiki/Oleg_Tabakov) Theatre. Currently he is involved in different films and television series produced in Russia and Ukraine (/wiki/Ukraine) . In 2019 Rykov founded his own music band called Stone . [9] (#cite_note-9) Theatre [ edit ] Hermann Sidakov Drama School [ edit ] A. Chekhov (/wiki/Anton_Chekhov) " The Seagull (/wiki/The_Seagull) ", drama (directed by N. Konykova) - Boris Alekseevitsh Trigor, author F. M. Dostoevsky (/wiki/F._M._Dostoevsky) " The Idiot (/wiki/The_Idiot) " (monologue, directed by V. Lobacheva) - Rogozhin M. Bulgakov (/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov) " The Days of the Turbins (/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins) ", drama play (directed by A. Nosatova and D. Barin) - Nikolai Turbin A. Chekhov (/wiki/Anton_Chekhov) "Ivanov", play (directed by S. Igolkina) - Yevgeny Konstantinovich Lvov, young country doctor Moscow Pushkin Theatre [ edit ] 2012 - "La grande magia", play by Eduardo De Filippo, directed by E. Pisarev - supporting role 2013 - " The Lady of the Camellias (/wiki/The_Lady_of_the_Camellias) " Alexandre Dumas the Younger, direction and choreography by S. Zemlyansky - Baron de Varville Junior 2013 - " Measure for Measure (/wiki/Measure_for_Measure) ", comedy by W. Shakespeare (/wiki/W._Shakespeare) , directed by Declan Donnellan (/wiki/Declan_Donnellan) - young nobleman Claudi o 2014 - "O. Henry Christmas stories", musical by P. Extroma, translation and direction by A. Frandetti - Jim 2016 - " The House That Swift Built (/wiki/The_House_That_Swift_Built) " by G. Gorin, directed by E. Pisarev - savant Moscow Tabakov Theatre [ edit ] 2017 - " Stage Beauty (/wiki/Stage_Beauty) ", play by Jeffrey Hatcher (/wiki/Jeffrey_Hatcher) (Complete Female Stage Beauty), directed by E. Pisarev - George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham Selected filmography [ edit ] 2013: The Destroyers (Истребители Istrebiteli , TV series) - Vasilev [10] (#cite_note-10) 2013: The Fate (Рок Rok , short film) - Shmon 2014: The ship (Корабль Korabel , TV series) — Andrej 2015: I remember - I don't remember! (Помню - не помню Pomnju - ne pomnju! ) — Nikita 2015: Quest (Квест, TV series) — Grek (Greek) 2015: A look from the past (Взгляд из прошлого Vzglyad iz proschlogo , mini TV series) — Marc Sosnovsky 2015: The Mothers (Мамочки Momotshki , TV series, 1st season) — Sveta's ex-husband 2015: The roof of the world (Крыша мира Krysha mira , TV series, 2nd season) — Marc 2015: The winged ones (Окрыленные Okrylennye ) — Dieter 2016: Lie to be saved (Ложь во спасение Lozh vo spasenie , mini-series) — journalist Andrej Zabrodin 2016: The Jackal (Шакал Shakal , TV series) — Clyde Barrow 2016: The Hunters (Охотники Okhotniki , historical series) — iillegal seller Ilya [11] (#cite_note-11) 2017: Maximum Impact (/wiki/Maximum_Impact) - supporting role 2017: Nothing happens twice (Ничто не случается дважды Nichto ne sluchaetsya dwazhdy , series) — Jury Potechin 2017: The Optimists (Оптимисты Optimisty , television series) [12] (#cite_note-12) — musician Ilya 2017: The Road to Calvary (/wiki/The_Road_to_Calvary) (TV series) — Officer Zhukov [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) 2018: The lost place (Проигранное место Proigrannoe mesto ) – a guy [15] (#cite_note-15) 2018: The Birch (Берёзка Beryozka , TV series) [16] (#cite_note-16) — Aleksej Pokrovsky, superstar of the dance ensemble "The Birch". [17] (#cite_note-17) 2018: The bloody lady (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F) (Кровавая барыня Krovavaya Barinya ) [18] (#cite_note-18) — Sergej Saltykov, lover of Darya Saltykova 2019: Godunov. The continuation. (Годунов. Продолжeние. Godunov. Prodolshenie. , television series) [19] (#cite_note-19) — Wassili Wassiljewitsch Golizyn, Russian nobleman 2019: The defendant (Подсудимый Podsudumiy ) — Aleksej Nesterov and his twin brother Dimitrij Nesterov [20] (#cite_note-20) 2019: Hide and Seek (Прятки Pryatki ) — Maxim Shumov [21] (#cite_note-21) 2019: Dr. Baby Dust 4 (Женский доктор Zhenskiy doktor , television series, 4th season) — Alexander Radionov, doctor [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) 2020: Rikoshet (Рикошет)— Pavel Belov, policeman [24] (#cite_note-24) 2020: Before It's Too Late (Успеть всё исправить Uspet vse ispravit , mini series) — businessman Egor Kormilzev [25] (#cite_note-25) 2021: Together forever (Вместе навсегда, mini series) — businessman Roman Gordeev [26] (#cite_note-26) Music videos [ edit ] 2010 - "Unsuccessful surrender (Явка провалилась Yawka prowalilas )" by Mikhail Kharlamov (Studio GS) [27] (#cite_note-27) 2013 - "Don't be born beautiful (Не родись красивой Ne rodis krasiwoy )" by music band "The Factory" [28] (#cite_note-28) 2013 - "Zolla" commercial [29] (#cite_note-29) 2014 - "Maison Bohemique" video lookbook of the spring collection [30] (#cite_note-30) 2014 - "Superhero" by Basta (soundtrack to the movie The Amazing Spider-Man 2: Rise of Electro (/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_2:_Rise_of_Electro) ) [31] (#cite_note-31) 2015 - "With golden fish (Золотыми рыбками Zolotymi rybkami )" by MaxSim (/wiki/MakSim) [32] (#cite_note-32) 2017 - "The bridges (Mосты Mosty )" by Anna Ryapsova [33] (#cite_note-33) 2017 - "I am alone (Я одна Ya odna )" by Kristina Orsa [34] (#cite_note-34) 2017 - "An extreme journey through Russia (Экстремальная поездочка по России Ekstremalnaya poesdochka po rossii )" TV commercial by Tinkoff Bank [35] (#cite_note-35) Awards and nominations [ edit ] 2011 - laureate of the festival "Saint Anna" for his performance in the short film Without words by I. Shakhnazarov. [36] (#cite_note-36) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Petr Rykov (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5700138/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) ^ Jump up to: a b c "Кто там...Эфир от 21.12.2014. Петр Рыков на телеканале «Россия – Культура»" (https://tvkultura.ru/video/show/brand_id/20897/episode_id/1154191/video_id/1115125/) (in Russian). tvkultura.ru. 2014-12-21 . Retrieved 2019-03-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Видео визитка. Петр Рыков" (https://vk.com/video-73272964_456239022) (in Russian). VK . Retrieved 2019-03-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Музыку громче. Аня Чиповская и Петр Рыков в видеолукбуке весенней коллекции Maison Bohemique" (https://www.vogue.ru/fashion/news/music_louder/) . 2014-03-11. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Лукбук Maison Bohemique SS 14-15" (http://sproduction.org/lookbook_maison_bohemique_ss14-15) . sproduction.org . Retrieved 2019-03-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Рыков Пётр \| Модельное агентство RF Models" (http://rf-models.ru/models/rykov-petr/) (in Russian) . Retrieved 2019-03-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Backstage съёмка Петра Рыкова и Волги (Mарины Метелкиной)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHmj5VuYVks) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Наблюдатель. Игорь Ясулович, Петр Рыков, Андрей Эшпай и Альфия Хабибуллина. Эфир от 10.12.2014" (https://tvkultura.ru/video/show/brand_id/20918/episode_id/1154807/video_id/1110475/) (in Russian). tvkultura.ru . Retrieved 2019-03-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "КАМЕНЬ (@stoned.81) • Фото и видео в Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/stoned.81/) (in Russian). www.instagram.com . Retrieved 2019-09-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Istrebiteli at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) ^ (#cite_ref-11) The Hunters at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Оптимисты / Телеканал "Россия 1" (https://russia.tv/brand/show/brand_id/60724/) " (https://russia.tv/brand/show/brand_id/60724/) (in Russian). russia.tv . Retrieved 2019-03-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Khozhdenie po mukam at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) ^ (#cite_ref-14) "The Road to Calvary \| Netflix" (https://www.netflix.com/title/81004162) . Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) . Retrieved 2020-07-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Proigrannoe mesto at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) ^ (#cite_ref-16) "ВИДЕО. Многосерийный художественный фильм «Берёзка» (Россия, 2018 год). О проекте, анонсы, фотографии, новости. / Телеканал «Россия 1»" (https://russia.tv/brand/show/brand_id/62719/) (in Russian). russia.tv . Retrieved 2019-03-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Beryozka at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) ^ (#cite_ref-18) " (https://russia.tv/article/show/article_id/40452/) "Кровавая барыня": история легендарной Салтычихи" (https://russia.tv/article/show/article_id/40452/) (in Russian). russia.tv . Retrieved 2019-03-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Сериал "Годунов". Страница сериала на сайте телеканала "Россия-1" (https://godunov.russia.tv/) " (https://godunov.russia.tv/) . godunov.russia.tv . Retrieved 2019-03-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Премьера. Остросюжетный сериал "Подсудимый" (https://www.ntv.ru/peredacha/Podsudimiy/last25939961/) " (https://www.ntv.ru/peredacha/Podsudimiy/last25939961/) (in Russian). www.ntv.ru . Retrieved 2019-04-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Pryatki at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Женский доктор 4 сезон: дата выхода сериала, трейлер, фото, видео" (http://kp.ru/putevoditel/serialy/zhenskiy-doktor-4-sezon/) . kp.ru . Retrieved 2019-06-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Dr.Baby Dust 4" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10944854/) . IMDb (/wiki/IMDb) . Retrieved 2020-07-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Rikoshet at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) ^ (#cite_ref-25) Uspet vse ispravit at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Together Forever" (https://en.youtebem.com/vmeste-navsegda-serial-2021-smotret-onlajn-besplatno-melodrama-rossija-11) . Retrieved 2021-12-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Unseccessful surrender ny Mikhail Kharlamov" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFPKfP9NjXU) . YouTube . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Don't be born beautiful by Fabrika" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuSf1UcFRq0) . YouTube, Marvey Music . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Zolla commercial" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZNG2zXeHbQ&feature=youtu.be) . YouTube . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Anya Chipovskaya & Petr Rykov for Maison Bohemique" (https://vimeo.com/88596361) . Vimeo . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Soundtrack by Basta" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFurXppCABU) . YouTube . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "With golden fish" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BobNpsLaNl0) . YouTube, ELLO . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "The bridges by Anna Ryapsova" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABp67hA22sI) . YouTube . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "I'm allone by Kristina Orsa" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8bKk8P6aWM) . YouTube, StarPro . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "An extreme journey through Russia by Tinkoff Bank" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYQslcGDcF8) . YouTube, Tinkoff Bank . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "XVIII Открытый Фестиваль студенческих и дебютных фильмов на соискание премии "Святая Анна" (http://www.centerfest.ru/svanna/history/2011/) " (http://www.centerfest.ru/svanna/history/2011/) . www.centerfest.ru . Retrieved 2019-03-29 . External links [ edit ] Petr Rykov (https://www.instagram.com/stoned.81/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Petr Rykov (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5700138/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Petr Rykov (https://teatrpushkin.ru/people/rykov-petr-sergeevich) on Moscow Pushkin Theatre (/wiki/Moscow_Pushkin_Drama_Theatre) Petr Rykov (http://www.tabakov.ru/artists/p_rikov) on Moscow Tabakov Theatre NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5fd5d84b48‐hkmrh Cached time: 20240717111035 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.765 seconds Real time usage: 0.971 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5414/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 111054/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 26610/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 107817/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.519/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 23032901/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 916.737 1 -total 21.20% 194.370 27 Template:Cite_web 18.34% 168.148 3 Template:Ambox 16.72% 153.251 1 Template:Infobox_person 15.34% 140.618 8 Template:Imdb_title 13.37% 122.545 1 Template:Lang-ru 11.22% 102.816 1 Template:Multiple_issues 9.51% 87.151 1 Template:Short_description 7.81% 71.569 1 Template:Notability 5.63% 51.576 40 Template:Wikidata Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:64462632-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717111035 and revision id 1224841365. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petr_Rykov&oldid=1224841365 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petr_Rykov&oldid=1224841365) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1981 births (/wiki/Category:1981_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) People from Veliky Novgorod (/wiki/Category:People_from_Veliky_Novgorod) Russian male stage actors (/wiki/Category:Russian_male_stage_actors) Russian male film actors (/wiki/Category:Russian_male_film_actors) Russian male television actors (/wiki/Category:Russian_male_television_actors) Hidden categories: CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)) IMDb title ID different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:IMDb_title_ID_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with topics of unclear notability from October 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability_from_October_2020) All articles with topics of unclear notability (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability) Biography articles with topics of unclear notability (/wiki/Category:Biography_articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability) Articles with a promotional tone from October 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_a_promotional_tone_from_October_2020) All articles with a promotional tone (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_a_promotional_tone) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Russian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text)
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐cf698d9cf‐gp6df Cached time: 20240717224359 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:66159597-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717224359 and revision id 1154982777. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Fashion designers from Milan" The following 38 pages are in this category, out of 38 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Claudio Antonioli (/wiki/Claudio_Antonioli) Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) B Sara Battaglia (/wiki/Sara_Battaglia) Elvira Leonardi Bouyeure (/wiki/Elvira_Leonardi_Bouyeure) C Ennio Capasa (/wiki/Ennio_Capasa) Ugo Correani (/wiki/Ugo_Correani) D Antonio D'Amico (/wiki/Antonio_D%27Amico) F Gianfranco Ferré (/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9) Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) Marta Ferri (/wiki/Marta_Ferri) Elio Fiorucci (/wiki/Elio_Fiorucci) G Stefano Gabbana (/wiki/Stefano_Gabbana) Rosa Genoni (/wiki/Rosa_Genoni) Romeo Gigli (/wiki/Romeo_Gigli) Adriano Goldschmied (/wiki/Adriano_Goldschmied) Olga di Grésy (/wiki/Olga_di_Gr%C3%A9sy) J Rossella Jardini (/wiki/Rossella_Jardini) L Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) M Mariuccia Mandelli (/wiki/Mariuccia_Mandelli) Alviero Martini (/wiki/Alviero_Martini) Germana Marucelli (/wiki/Germana_Marucelli) Paola Marzotto (/wiki/Paola_Marzotto) Angela Missoni (/wiki/Angela_Missoni) Margherita Missoni (/wiki/Margherita_Missoni) Franco Moschino (/wiki/Franco_Moschino) P Mario Prada (/wiki/Mario_Prada) Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) R Rose Repetto (/wiki/Rose_Repetto) S Mila Schön (/wiki/Mila_Sch%C3%B6n) Luciano Soprani (/wiki/Luciano_Soprani) Nanni Strada (/wiki/Nanni_Strada) T Nicola Trussardi (/wiki/Nicola_Trussardi) V Jole Veneziani (/wiki/Jole_Veneziani) Allegra Versace (/wiki/Allegra_Versace) Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) Gianni Versace (/wiki/Gianni_Versace) Fabrizio Viti (/wiki/Fabrizio_Viti) Z Marco Zanini (/wiki/Marco_Zanini) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_designers_from_Milan&oldid=1154982777 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_designers_from_Milan&oldid=1154982777) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Italian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Italian_fashion_designers) Businesspeople from Milan (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Milan) Artists from Milan (/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Milan)
Spanish women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Spain portal (/wiki/Portal:Spain) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Spanish fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Spanish_fashion_designers) . It includes Spanish fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐ctvl2 Cached time: 20240719231519 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.073 seconds Real time usage: 0.109 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3968/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 304/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.042/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 934338/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 94.102 1 -total 48.37% 45.520 1 Template:Portal 38.23% 35.972 1 Template:Non-diffusing 31.13% 29.297 1 Template:Cmbox 13.21% 12.434 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 10.01% 9.423 2 Template:Category_other 7.84% 7.379 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 3.90% 3.672 1 Template:Single_namespace 2.10% 1.979 1 Template:Template_other 1.66% 1.564 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72299387-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719231519 and revision id 1177799231. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Spanish women fashion designers" The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Sita Abellán (/wiki/Sita_Abell%C3%A1n) Estrella Archs (/wiki/Estrella_Archs) Amaya Arzuaga (/wiki/Amaya_Arzuaga) B Maria Barros (fashion designer) (/wiki/Maria_Barros_(fashion_designer)) Elena Benarroch (/wiki/Elena_Benarroch) C Mónica Cruz (/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Cruz) D Tiziana Domínguez (/wiki/Tiziana_Dom%C3%ADnguez) G Gala Gonzalez (/wiki/Gala_Gonzalez) L Ana Locking (/wiki/Ana_Locking) Pura Lopez (/wiki/Pura_Lopez) M Vicky Martín Berrocal (/wiki/Vicky_Mart%C3%ADn_Berrocal) Caroline Montagne Roux (/wiki/Caroline_Montagne_Roux) Sita Murt (/wiki/Sita_Murt) P Elisa Palomino (/wiki/Elisa_Palomino) Paloma Picasso (/wiki/Paloma_Picasso) R Ágatha Ruiz de la Prada (/wiki/%C3%81gatha_Ruiz_de_la_Prada) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Spanish_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177799231 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Spanish_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177799231) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Spanish fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Spanish_fashion_designers) Spanish women artists (/wiki/Category:Spanish_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion designers from Malaysia (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_from_Malaysia) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Malaysia portal (/wiki/Portal:Malaysia) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐dckvq Cached time: 20240720164438 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.069 seconds Real time usage: 0.103 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 146/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4237/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 464/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2243/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.041/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1247363/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 89.741 1 -total 67.60% 60.661 1 Template:Commons_category 65.38% 58.676 1 Template:Sister_project 63.41% 56.903 1 Template:Side_box 32.29% 28.978 1 Template:Portal 6.05% 5.426 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10134796-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164438 and revision id 921935859. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. + Malaysian women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Malaysian_women_fashion_designers) ‎ (5 P) Pages in category "Malaysian fashion designers" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Bernard Chandran (/wiki/Bernard_Chandran) Jimmy Choo (/wiki/Jimmy_Choo) R Richard Rivalee (/wiki/Richard_Rivalee) S Rupert Sanderson (/wiki/Rupert_Sanderson) Edmund Ser (/wiki/Edmund_Ser) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Malaysian_fashion_designers&oldid=921935859 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Malaysian_fashion_designers&oldid=921935859) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_by_nationality) Malaysian designers (/wiki/Category:Malaysian_designers) Malaysian fashion (/wiki/Category:Malaysian_fashion) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
This is a container category (/wiki/Category:Container_categories) . Due to its scope, it should contain only subcategories (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Subcategorization) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐k7lwr Cached time: 20240722163417 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.048 seconds Real time usage: 0.061 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 47/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1450/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 107/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2310/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.029/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 627856/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 52.873 1 Template:Container 100.00% 52.873 1 -total 87.18% 46.096 1 Template:Cmbox 6.28% 3.319 1 Template:Single_namespace 2.63% 1.392 1 Template:Category_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52582292-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722163417 and revision id 849269269. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. 0–9 Clothing companies established in the 19th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_19th_century) ‎ (30 C, 1 P) Clothing companies established in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_20th_century) ‎ (99 C) Clothing companies established in the 21st century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_21st_century) ‎ (19 C) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_by_century_of_establishment&oldid=849269269 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_by_century_of_establishment&oldid=849269269) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies by time (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_time) Companies by century of establishment (/wiki/Category:Companies_by_century_of_establishment) Design companies by century of establishment (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_by_century_of_establishment) Manufacturing companies by century of establishment (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_by_century_of_establishment) Hidden category: Container categories (/wiki/Category:Container_categories)
French grand couturier (1904 -1988) Ginette Spanier Born Jenny Yvonne Spanier ( 1904-03-07 ) 7 March 1904 Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) Died April 1988 (1988-04-00) (aged 84) London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) Nationality French (/wiki/French_people) Occupation Director of a fashion-house (/wiki/Fashion-house) Years active 1947–1976 Employer House of Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) Spouse Paul-Emile Seidmann (/w/index.php?title=Paul-Emile_Seidmann&action=edit&redlink=1) Jenny Yvonne " Ginette " Spanier (7 March 1904 – April 1988) was director of the House of Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , a Paris fashion-house (/wiki/Fashion-house) , and was decorated for her wartime work. Early life [ edit ] Spanier, who was Jewish, was born in Paris on 7 March 1904 and raised in Hampstead (/wiki/Hampstead) , London, England and attended Frognal School (/w/index.php?title=Frognal_School&action=edit&redlink=1) there. [1] (#cite_note-RubinsteinJolles2011-1) War years [ edit ] While in Paris as a buyer (/wiki/Buyer) for Fortnum & Mason (/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason) , she met Paul-Emile Seidmann (/w/index.php?title=Paul-Emile_Seidmann&action=edit&redlink=1) , a doctor. In 1939, they married. [1] (#cite_note-RubinsteinJolles2011-1) Shortly afterwards, during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , they fled Nazi-occupied (/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II) Paris by bicycle. She was subsequently awarded the Medal of Freedom (/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)) for assisting the American Army of Liberation. [1] (#cite_note-RubinsteinJolles2011-1) [2] (#cite_note-Bradford-2) Seidmann was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (/wiki/Chevalier_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur) for his work with concentration camp survivors. [1] (#cite_note-RubinsteinJolles2011-1) Balmain [ edit ] Spanier (left) with model Marie Teresa and Pierre Balmain (/wiki/Pierre_Balmain) at Balmain's Croissy (/wiki/Croissy-sur-Seine) home After the war, the couple lived for many years on Paris' Avenue Maurice, and she became directrice (director) at Balmain from 1947 to 1976. [1] (#cite_note-RubinsteinJolles2011-1) The first of her two volumes of autobiography, It isn't All Mink (1959), had a foreword by Noël Coward (/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward) , [3] (#cite_note-3) the second volume, And Now It's Sables (1970), had one by Maurice Chevalier (/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier) . Spanier appeared as a castaway on the BBC Radio (/wiki/BBC_Radio) programme Desert Island Discs (/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs) on 21 June 1965. [4] (#cite_note-4) The programme was not archived by the BBC, but an unofficial tape copy was among a collection of over 90 episodes discovered by an amateur researcher and placed online in 2022. [5] (#cite_note-5) She was also the guest on This Is Your Life (/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_(British_TV_series)) on 9 February 1972. [ citation needed ] Death [ edit ] She retired, a widow, to London, and died there in April 1988. [1] (#cite_note-RubinsteinJolles2011-1) Bibliography [ edit ] It isn't All Mink . 1959. And Now it's Sables . Robert Hale. 1970. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0709135067 . Road to Freedom The story of her life under the German Occupation . Robert Hale. 1976. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0709155928 . References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rubinstein, William D. (/wiki/William_Rubinstein) ; Jolles, Michael; Rubinstein, Hilary L. (/wiki/Hilary_L._Rubinstein) (2011-03-15). The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 942. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781403939104 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bradford_2-0) Bradford, Barbara (3 February 1973). "Fashion designer at home in Paris salon to famous" (http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1973/02/03/page/108/article/fashion-designer-at-home-in-paris-salon-to-famous) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Spanier, Ginette (1959). It isn't All Mink . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Desert Island Discs - Castaway : Ginette Spanier" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/120cb87b#p009y43f) . BBC Online (/wiki/BBC_Online) . BBC . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs - A full list of the rescued episodes of Desert Island Discs" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/MdQtwz2d88J9TV2mMqWx84/a-full-list-of-the-rescued-episodes-of-desert-island-discs) . BBC . Retrieved 13 October 2022 . External links [ edit ] Newspaper article with photograph (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48530796) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/17941/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000116196536) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/35701744) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtrQJdbBGgcV8yKrCYF8C) National Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277669005171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50053796) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072623810) People Trove (https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/980913) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐wptv5 Cached time: 20240714171713 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.556 seconds Real time usage: 0.717 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2240/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25956/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2044/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33618/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.404/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 21668398/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 671.063 1 -total 23.39% 156.980 1 Template:Infobox_person 18.11% 121.542 2 Template:Lang 18.01% 120.831 1 Template:Authority_control 14.83% 99.494 5 Template:Cite_book 12.80% 85.888 1 Template:Short_description 7.92% 53.161 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.26% 48.728 1 Template:Reflist 6.76% 45.376 2 Template:Pagetype 6.50% 43.619 17 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43415999-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714171713 and revision id 1233483921. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginette_Spanier&oldid=1233483921 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginette_Spanier&oldid=1233483921) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1904 births (/wiki/Category:1904_births) 1988 deaths (/wiki/Category:1988_deaths) People from Hampstead (/wiki/Category:People_from_Hampstead) Businesspeople from Paris (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Paris) French expatriates in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:French_expatriates_in_the_United_Kingdom) French fashion designers (/wiki/Category:French_fashion_designers) French women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:French_women_fashion_designers) French autobiographers (/wiki/Category:French_autobiographers) Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism (/wiki/Category:Jews_who_immigrated_to_the_United_Kingdom_to_escape_Nazism) 20th-century French Jews (/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_Jews) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) No local image but image on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:No_local_image_but_image_on_Wikidata) Articles containing French-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021) Articles with FAST identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NTA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers) Articles with Trove identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Trove_identifiers)
Corsetmaker (born 1962) Mr. Pearl (born Mark Erskine-Pullin , 1962) is a noted corsetmaker (/wiki/Corsetmaker) of the late 20th and early 21st century. Pearl is known for his work with designers such as Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) , and has designed corsets for celebrities such as Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) and Dita Von Teese (/wiki/Dita_Von_Teese) . Early life and career [ edit ] Mark Erskine-Pullin was born in South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) to a working-class family in 1962. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-worn-2) The young Erskine-Pullin was fascinated by corsets (/wiki/Corset) from a young age, particularly after his parents divorced and he was sent to live with his grandmother, who allowed him to help her lace up her corsets. [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) He undertook two years of military service, and, for a period of time, was married to the actress Terry Norton. [2] (#cite_note-worn-2) [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) After his marriage failed, and finding life in South Africa stifling, Erskine-Pullin moved to London (/wiki/London) . [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) He became a dresser and costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) for the Royal Opera House (/wiki/Royal_Opera_House) in Covent Garden (/wiki/Covent_Garden) . [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) While there, he collaborated with Leigh Bowery (/wiki/Leigh_Bowery) on costumes for Michael Clark (/wiki/Michael_Clark_(dancer)) 's ballet Because We Must , first staged at Sadler's Wells Theatre (/wiki/Sadler%27s_Wells_Theatre) in 1987. [4] (#cite_note-4) Erskine-Pullin became Bowery's assistant and made costumes for his nightclub performances, also becoming a regular nightclub attendee under the alter ego "Pearl". [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) Isabella Blow (/wiki/Isabella_Blow) would later rename him "Mr. Pearl", the name by which he has been known ever since. [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) Corsets [ edit ] As a corset maker [ edit ] While attending the 1989 Love Ball in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) as a human bustle (/wiki/Bustle) to Bowery's costume, Pearl was introduced to the designer Thierry Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) . [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) This led to a productive friendship and working relationship with Mugler and Pearl working together on the designer's fashion collections, and Pearl moving to Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) Pearl subsequently went on to collaborate with others, including regularly returning to London to work with John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) , Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) , and Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) . [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) Pearl met McQueen in 1995, and was asked to walk in the designer's 1995 Spring-Summer collection, The Birds , his only catwalk modelling role. [5] (#cite_note-dazed-5) He ended up creating only one corset for McQueen, a purple silk and black lace corset worn by Honor Fraser (/wiki/Honor_Fraser) in the designer's Autumn-Winter 1996 show. This piece was subsequently exhibited in the McQueen retrospective Savage Beauty at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . [5] (#cite_note-dazed-5) In 1997, Blow included a Mr. Pearl corset as part of the group of garments she chose to represent fashions of 1997 in the Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) 's Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) collection. [6] (#cite_note-lester-6) One of Pearl's most widely publicised creations was the Galliano-designed corset worn by Kylie Minogue (/wiki/Kylie_Minogue) in her 2006 tour, Showgirl (/wiki/Showgirl:_The_Homecoming_Tour) . The jewelled corset was widely reported in the UK tabloid media at the time as having a 16-inch (410 mm) waist, although these claims were exaggerated and Minogue herself disclaimed them. [7] (#cite_note-7) A full-length corset dress made for Jean-Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier) in 2001 is now in the collection of the Metropolitan. [8] (#cite_note-8) By the 2000s, Mr. Pearl was regularly described as a corsetière (/wiki/Corseti%C3%A8re) . [9] (#cite_note-velda-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) He had earlier stated in a 1993 interview that he did not yet consider himself a corsetière, but a designer who used corsetry and lacing in his work, and aspired to become good enough to rank alongside the handful of true corsetières remaining in the world. [11] (#cite_note-11) Pearl eventually settled in Paris full-time, where he works on a made-to-order basis for private clients such as Dita Von Teese (/wiki/Dita_Von_Teese) . [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) [5] (#cite_note-dazed-5) Von Teese is one of his most famous wearers, regularly wearing his corsets in her burlesque (/wiki/Burlesque) performances; [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) for her 2005 marriage to Marilyn Manson (/wiki/Marilyn_Manson) , Von Teese wore a Mr. Pearl corset under her Vivienne Westwood gown. [12] (#cite_note-12) As a corset wearer [ edit ] In addition to designing and making corsets, Mr. Pearl is notable for wearing corsets himself. At the age of 30, he was inspired to start doing so after seeing an image of Fakir Musafar (/wiki/Fakir_Musafar) with a tightly corseted waist. [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) The designer subsequently became a dedicated wearer of waist-training corsets, removing them only for bathing. Over 22 years he gradually reduced his waist measurement to 18 inches (460 mm). [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) In 2013, Pearl noted that he enjoyed the physical experience of wearing corsets, particularly the effects on his breathing, circulation and the pressure on his organs, and that these had an effect on both his physical and mental awareness. [3] (#cite_note-delia-3) Other commentators have noted that Pearl, as a highly private, publicity-shy individual, uses corsets and tight-lacing to embody his true self and personal identity, rather than imposing his theories and appearance on others for publicity and self-promotion purposes. [2] (#cite_note-worn-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Tavares-Teles, Alexandra (21 October 2014). "O artesão de espartilhos" (http://www.noticiasmagazine.pt/2014/o-artesao-de-espartilhos/) . Notícias Magazine (in Portuguese) . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sklar, Monica; Santandrea, Lisa (20 January 2012). "Anarchists of Style: Mr. Pearl" (http://www.wornthrough.com/2012/01/anarchists-of-style-mr-pearl/) . Worn Through . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n von Neuschatz, Delia (12 December 2013). "Mr. Pearl: Couturier Nonpareil" (http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/guest-diary/2013/mr-pearl-couturier-nonpareil) . New York Social Diary . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Staff writer (9 March 1987). "Ballet costume for (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1160531/male-ensemble-for-because-we-dance-costume-bowery-leigh/) Because We Must by Leigh Bowery and Mr Pearl" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1160531/male-ensemble-for-because-we-dance-costume-bowery-leigh/) . collections.vam.ac.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Allwood, Emma Hope (15 April 2016). "Meeting Mr Pearl, the corset-maker who walked for McQueen" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/30768/1/meeting-mr-pearl-fashion-s-most-notorious-corset-maker) . Dazed . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-lester_6-0) Lester, Richard (2013). Dress of the year . Antique Collectors' Club. pp. 141–143. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781851497256 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) O'Carroll, Lisa; Robson, Michael (22 March 2005). "Corset's not true" (https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/mar/22/pressandpublishing.marketingandpr) . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Jean Paul Gaultier evening ensemble made by Mr Pearl. French, spring-summer 2001" (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/82659?) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-velda_9-0) Lauder, Velda (2010). Corsets: A Modern Guide . A. & C. Black. p. 157. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781408127551 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Koda, Harold (2004). Extreme Beauty: The Body Transformed . Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 99. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780300103120 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Stern, Mistress Angel (1993). "A Corset Moment With Pearl" (http://www.mothernyc.com/verbal/pearl.html) . Verbal Abuse (3: New Religions) . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Dita Von Teese's wedding dress, 2005" (http://museum.wa.gov.au/whats-on/unveiled/highlights/dita-von-teese-s-wedding-dress-2005) . Western Australian Museum . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . 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American diamond importer and manufacturer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_Jewelry_Exchange) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:The_Jewelry_Exchange) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "The Jewelry Exchange" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Jewelry+Exchange%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Jewelry+Exchange%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Jewelry+Exchange%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Jewelry+Exchange%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Jewelry+Exchange%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Jewelry+Exchange%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection (/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest) with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please discuss further on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:The_Jewelry_Exchange) . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Goldenwest Diamond Corporation (d/b/a The Jewelry Exchange) Company type Private Industry Jewelry retailer Founded 1977 Headquarters Tustin, California (/wiki/Tustin,_California) , United States Key people Bill Doddridge, President & CEO Products Jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) Website jewelryexchange.com (http://www.jewelryexchange.com/) The Goldenwest Diamond Corporation , which does business as The Jewelry Exchange , is a diamond (/wiki/Diamond) importer (/wiki/Importer) and manufacturer in the United States. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) It has 15 locations across the United States, [2] (#cite_note-2) with its headquarters located in Tustin (/wiki/Tustin) , California. History [ edit ] The business was founded in 1977 by Bill Doddridge when he purchased Buena Park (/wiki/Buena_Park,_California) Loans & Jewelry, a pawnshop. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 1988, the company discontinued the pawnshop side of its business in order to focus on jewelry. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "The Jewelry Exchange" (https://www.ocregister.com/2013/01/08/the-jewelry-exchange/) . Orange County Register . 2013-01-08 . Retrieved 2019-03-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Jewelry Exchange store locator" (https://www.jewelryexchange.com/Location/Index) . Retrieved September 30, 2018 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.jewelryexchange.com/) This United States manufacturing company–related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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1922 riot in New York City The Straw Hat Riot of 1922 was a riot that occurred in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) at the end of summer as a result of unwritten rules in men's fashions at the time, and a tradition of taunting people who had failed to stop wearing straw hats after autumn began. Originating as a series of minor riots, it spread due to men wearing straw hats (/wiki/Straw_hat) past the unofficial date that was deemed socially acceptable, September 15. It lasted eight days, leading to many arrests and some injuries. Background [ edit ] Newspaper advertisement, 1919 Straw hats (/wiki/Straw_hat) had appeared in the 19th century as summertime wear, usually in connection to summer sporting events such as boating (hence the name boater (/wiki/Boater) ). Soft Panama hats (/wiki/Panama_hat) were likewise derived from tropical attire but began to be worn as informal summer attire. Initially it was not considered good form for men to wear these in big cities even at the height of summer (women's hats were different). By the early 20th century, straw boaters were considered acceptable day attire in North American cities at the height of summer even for businessmen, but there was an unwritten rule that one was not supposed to wear a straw hat past September 15 (which was known as "Felt Hat Day"). [1] (#cite_note-nyt_coolidge-1) This date was arbitrary; earlier it had been September 1, but it eventually shifted to mid-month. It was socially acceptable for stockbrokers to destroy each other's hats, due to the fact that they were “companions”, [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) but it was not acceptable for total strangers. If any man was seen wearing a straw hat, he was, at minimum, subjecting himself to ridicule, and it was a tradition for youths to knock straw hats off wearers' heads and stomp on them. [3] (#cite_note-steinberg-3) This tradition became well established, and newspapers of the day would often warn people of the impending approach of the fifteenth, when men would have to switch to felt or silk hats. [4] (#cite_note-nyt_byehats-4) Hat bashing was only socially acceptable after September 15, but there were multiple occasions leading up to this date where the police had to intervene and stop teenagers. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Riot [ edit ] The riot itself began on September 13, 1922, two days before the supposed unspoken date, when a group of youths decided to get an early jump on the tradition. This group began in the former " Mulberry Bend (/wiki/Mulberry_Bend) " area of Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) by removing and stomping hats worn by factory workers who were employed in the area. The more innocuous stomping turned into a brawl when the youths tried to stomp a group of dock workers' hats, and the dock workers fought back. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) The brawl soon stopped traffic on the Manhattan Bridge (/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge) and was eventually broken up by police, leading to some arrests. [3] (#cite_note-steinberg-3) Although the initial brawl was broken up by police, the fights continued to escalate the next evening. Gangs of teenagers prowled the streets wielding large sticks, sometimes with a nail driven through the top for hooking hats, looking for pedestrians wearing straw hats and beating those who resisted. One man claimed that his hat was taken and the group who had taken his hat joined a mob of about 1,000 that was snatching hats all along Amsterdam Avenue (/wiki/Tenth_Avenue_(Manhattan)) . [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Several men were hospitalized from the beatings they received after resisting having their hats taken, and many arrests were made. Police were slow to respond to the riots, although several off-duty police officers found themselves caught up in the brawl when rioters attempted to snatch their hats. Two or three boys were accosted by pedestrians who said that their straw hats had been smashed; the boys were arrested. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Aftermath [ edit ] Many of those taken to court following arrests related to the hat-snatching frenzy opted to be fined rather than serve time in jail. The longest recorded time one of the teens was sent to jail was three days served by an "A. Silverman", who was sentenced by Magistrate Peter A. Hatting during night court. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) In one incident, a group of boys armed with sticks attacked people near 109th Street. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) Seven youths brought to the East 104th Street police station were under 15 and were not arrested. Their parents were summoned to administer corporal punishment. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) After the station dealt with the original riot, all stations were told to keep an eye out for hat-snatching teenagers. E.C. Jones claimed to have seen around 1,000 teenagers in a mob roaming around Amsterdam Avenue. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) One victim, Harry Gerber, was kicked so badly he had to be hospitalized. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) The tradition of hat smashing continued for some time after the riots of 1922. In 1924, a man was murdered for wearing a straw hat. [3] (#cite_note-steinberg-3) That the activity died out is probably connected with the disappearance of the tradition of the seasonal switch from straw to felt hats. While Panama hats remained in fashion during the 1930s, the straw boater became less fashionable. [ citation needed ] Straw hats for men continued to be manufactured but they were more similar to hats such as the Panama, trilby (/wiki/Trilby) or fedora (/wiki/Fedora) in shape. By the 1950s the classic straw boater was virtually extinct as a garment, except in specialized circumstances such as the uniform of certain English public schools or university and college sportswear. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Zoot Suit Riot (/wiki/Zoot_Suit_Riot) Hard Hat Riot (/wiki/Hard_Hat_Riot) List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City (/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_New_York_City) List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States (/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-nyt_coolidge_1-0) "Discard Date for Straw Hats Ignored by President Coolidge" (https://www.nytimes.com/1925/09/20/archives/discard-date-for-straw-hats-ignored-by-president-coolidge.html) . The New York Times . September 20, 1925. p. 1. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Straw Hat Riots" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sg0bAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4EgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1666,3136231&dq=straw-hat+riot&hl=en) . The Pittsburgh Press . September 15, 1910. p. 10 . Retrieved 2019-10-17 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Steinberg, Neil (2004). Hatless Jack . New York: Plume. pp. 226–227. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-452-28523-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-nyt_byehats_4-0) "Good-bye to the Straw Hat" (https://www.nytimes.com/1925/09/13/archives/goodbye-to-the-straw-hat.html) . Magazine section. The New York Times . September 13, 1925. p. 20. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Straw Hat Smashing Orgy Bares Heads from Battery to Bronx" (http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1922-09-16/ed-1/seq-3/) . New York Tribune (/wiki/New_York_Tribune) . September 16, 1922. p. 3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "City Has Wild Night of Straw Hat Riots" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/09/16/99070942.pdf) (PDF) . The New York Times . September 16, 1922. External links [ edit ] Archived New York Times article (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/09/14/99069530.pdf) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐ckbb4 Cached time: 20240713183225 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.193 seconds Real time usage: 0.443 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 901/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14176/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1634/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23695/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.112/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4288528/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 355.213 1 -total 49.05% 174.246 1 Template:Short_description 36.39% 129.252 1 Template:Reflist 35.32% 125.473 5 Template:Main_other 34.66% 123.112 1 Template:SDcat 26.56% 94.336 3 Template:Cite_news 12.64% 44.906 2 Template:Cn 10.51% 37.329 2 Template:Pagetype 10.39% 36.893 2 Template:Fix 6.49% 23.064 4 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31894619-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713183225 and revision id 1233814178. 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American apparel and e-commerce company TeePublic Type of site E-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) Founded 2013 ( 2013 ) Headquarters New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) Founder(s) (/wiki/Organizational_founder) Josh Abramson (/wiki/Josh_Abramson) , Adam Schwartz Revenue (/wiki/Revenue) A$176.8 million (FY23) [1] (#cite_note-FY23_AR-1) Parent (/wiki/Holding_company) Articore (/w/index.php?title=Articore&action=edit&redlink=1) ( ASX (/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange) : ATG (https://www2.asx.com.au/markets/company/ATG) ) URL teepublic.com (http://teepublic.com) TeePublic is a platform for custom apparel and designs owned by Articore (/w/index.php?title=Articore&action=edit&redlink=1) . The company was founded by Adam Schwartz and Josh Abramson (/wiki/Josh_Abramson) , who had previously co-founded Vimeo (/wiki/Vimeo) and CollegeHumor (/wiki/CollegeHumor) . [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] In 2011, Abramson bought back BustedTees, an online T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) company he had previously sold to IAC (/wiki/IAC_(company)) . He and Schwartz launched TeePublic in 2013 as an e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) crowdsourcing (/wiki/Crowdsourcing) site where artists could upload and sell their designs. The original business model required at least thirty people to commit to buying a shirt before a design went into production, [3] (#cite_note-3) but today, designs are immediately manufactured and sold. [4] (#cite_note-4) The company has also expanded into other products such as smartphone cases, notebooks, mugs, and canvas prints. In 2016, TeePublic shipped more than one million products. [5] (#cite_note-5) In August 2016, the company took down a controversial T-shirt mocking the USC (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) football team. [6] (#cite_note-6) The shirt said "Our OJ only killed Clemson", in reference to O. J. Simpson (/wiki/O._J._Simpson) , who played football at USC and was famously tried and acquitted for murder (/wiki/O._J._Simpson_murder_case) , and Alabama senior tight end O. J. Howard (/wiki/O._J._Howard) . [7] (#cite_note-7) In October 2018, Australia-based Articore (/w/index.php?title=Articore&action=edit&redlink=1) acquired TeePublic for US$41 million. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) See also [ edit ] Cafe Press (/wiki/Cafe_Press) CustomInk (/wiki/CustomInk) Redbubble (/wiki/Redbubble) RushOrderTees (/wiki/RushOrderTees) Shopify (/wiki/Shopify) Shutterfly (/wiki/Shutterfly) Spreadshirt (/wiki/Spreadshirt) Teespring (/wiki/Teespring) Vistaprint (/wiki/Vistaprint) Zazzle (/wiki/Zazzle) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FY23_AR_1-0) Redbubble Group FY23 Annual Report (https://shareholders.redbubble.com/site/pdf/5cb41ecc-e3d2-45e2-a4b4-5c8fa0b6c42e/FY2023-Annual-Report.pdf) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Ha, Anthony. "T-Shirt Crowdfunding Site TeePublic Funds 22 Designs In Its First Week" (https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/22/teepublic-week-one/) . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2017-10-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Grigoriadis, Vanessa. "A Message Tee for Every Mood" (https://www.thecut.com/2013/03/message-tee-for-every-mood.html) . The Cut (New York Magazine) . Retrieved 2017-10-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Cooney, Samantha. "The co-founder of College Humor has quietly found success with his newest website" (http://www.businessinsider.com/josh-abramson-college-humor-co-founder-on-teepublic-2016-6) . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017-10-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Clarke, Willie (6 May 2017). "Hanging by a thread: How the online nerdy T-shirt economy exists in an IP world" (https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/05/hanging-by-a-thread-how-the-online-nerdy-t-shirt-economy-exists-in-an-ip-world/) . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2017-10-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Helfand, Zach (2 September 2016). "USC, Alabama reach apparent cease-fire in T-shirt war" (http://www.latimes.com/sports/usc/la-sp-usc-alabama-tshirts-20160901-snap-htmlstory.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017-10-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Heim, Mark (29 August 2016). "Alabama-USC: The story behind 'Our OJ only killed Clemson' T-shirt" (http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2016/08/our_oj_only_killed_clemson_t-s.html) . AL.com . Retrieved 2017-10-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Redrup, Yolanda (24 October 2018). "Redbubble buys US competitor TeePublic for $57 million" (https://www.afr.com/technology/redbubble-buys-us-competitor-teepublic-for-57-million-20181024-h171bb) . The Australian Financial Review . Retrieved 2018-10-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Chowdhury, Reza. "TeePublic Acquired by RedBubble for $41M in Cash" (https://www.alleywatch.com/2018/10/teepublic-acquired-by-redbubble-for-41m-in-cash/) . AlleyWatch . Retrieved 2018-10-30 . 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American fashion editor (born 1978) Aya Kanai Born 1978 (age 45–46) New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) Nationality American Alma mater Oberlin College (/wiki/Oberlin_College) Occupation Fashion editor Known for Chief Fashion Director for Hearst Publications (/wiki/Hearst_Communications) Aya Kanai (born 1978) is the current Head of Editorial and Creative at Google Shopping (/wiki/Google_Shopping) . [1] (#cite_note-1) She is also an American fashion editor who formerly served as the Editor in Chief of Marie Claire [2] (#cite_note-2) and the Chief Fashion Director for Hearst Publications (/wiki/Hearst_Communications) , and supervised the magazines Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) , Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) , Redbook (/wiki/Redbook) , Good Housekeeping (/wiki/Good_Housekeeping) , and Woman's Day (/wiki/Woman%27s_Day) . [3] (#cite_note-3) She also serves as one of the judges on the Lifetime (/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)) reality TV series Project Runway: Junior (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Junior) . [ citation needed ] Kanai is a former Head of Content and Creator Partnerships at Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Biography [ edit ] Early life and work [ edit ] Kanai was born in 1978 [5] (#cite_note-40andpregnant-5) to parents with artistic backgrounds, [6] (#cite_note-pr-6) her father being a graphic designer (/wiki/Graphic_design) and her mother working for the Japanese fashion designer Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) . [7] (#cite_note-getthat-7) She was born and raised in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [8] (#cite_note-8) She has stated that "Art was always a very normal part of my upbringing." [7] (#cite_note-getthat-7) As she grew up, Kanai considered careers in fine art (/wiki/Fine_art) and puppetry (/wiki/Puppetry) , and enjoyed fashion and performance art. [7] (#cite_note-getthat-7) As a high-school student, she considered becoming an actress. [9] (#cite_note-9) She attended Oberlin College (/wiki/Oberlin_College) in Ohio, focusing in art and East Asian studies (/wiki/East_Asian_studies) , and also studying religion. During her junior year, she interned for the fashion department at New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) magazine. Graduating from Oberlin with a degree in visual art, she won a Thomas J. Watson Fellowship (/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Fellowship) to study puppet theater, conducting research in countries including Poland, the Czech Republic, France, and Japan. Upon returning to the United States, Kanai worked at a vegan (/wiki/Veganism) restaurant in the East Village, Manhattan (/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan) neighborhood of New York City , also performing at puppet theater venues such as La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club (/wiki/La_MaMa_Experimental_Theatre_Club) and St. Ann's Warehouse (/wiki/St._Ann%27s_Warehouse) . After being cast in Ping Chong (/wiki/Ping_Chong) 's Obon , a puppet performance piece, Kanai traveled internationally for a year and a half before deciding on a career change, remarking retrospectively in an interview that she realized: "Wait a minute: This is not my path. I was at the top of my game, performing in the show everyone wants to be in, but I couldn't imagine doing it forever. And if you're 23 and you've hit the wall, you've got to figure out something else to do." [7] (#cite_note-getthat-7) Career in fashion [ edit ] At 23, Kanai applied to work for the new magazine Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) , where she was hired as a fashion assistant. Because of the magazine's small staff size, she worked closely with the editor-in-chief and oversaw her own photo shoots and features. Kanai eventually became an accessories editor before she left Teen Vogue after three years to work for the magazine Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) , where she became the fashion director. Working there for three years, she then returned to Teen Vogue as their West Coast editor, leaving after a year to do freelance (/wiki/Freelancer) work; she served as a stylist for ad campaigns and editorials in New York. She became the head stylist for the Amazon subsidiary Shopbop. At a friend's baby shower, Kanai reconnected with the executive director of Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) magazine, whom she had known during her previous work in New York. She was introduced to Joanna Coles (/wiki/Joanna_Coles) , editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan , and shortly afterwards Kanai was hired as Cosmopolitan ' s fashion director, also becoming the fashion editor for Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) magazine a year later. [7] (#cite_note-getthat-7) Throughout her career, Kanai has styled celebrities including Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) , Cameron Diaz (/wiki/Cameron_Diaz) , Gwen Stefani (/wiki/Gwen_Stefani) , Jennifer Lawrence (/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence) , Rita Ora (/wiki/Rita_Ora) , Bella Thorne (/wiki/Bella_Thorne) , Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , Miranda Kerr (/wiki/Miranda_Kerr) , Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , Ashley Olsen (/wiki/Ashley_Olsen) , and Sienna Miller (/wiki/Sienna_Miller) . Kanai has also served as a stylist for Cole Haan (/wiki/Cole_Haan) , Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , and Virgin Mobile (/wiki/Virgin_Mobile) magazine advertisements. She is currently the Executive Fashion Director for both Cosmopolitan and Seventeen , [6] (#cite_note-pr-6) and the Chief Fashion Director at Hearst Publications (/wiki/Hearst_Publications) , overseeing the magazines Good Housekeeping (/wiki/Good_Housekeeping) , Redbook (/wiki/Redbook) , and Woman's Day (/wiki/Woman%27s_Day) . [10] (#cite_note-10) She left Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) and joined Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) as the head of content and editorial partnerships in September 2020. [11] (#cite_note-11) She also serves as one of the three judges for Lifetime (/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)) reality TV series Project Runway: Junior (/wiki/Project_Runway:_Junior) . [6] (#cite_note-pr-6) Kanai lives in Brooklyn (/wiki/Brooklyn) , in New York City. [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivack2017-12) She gave birth to her first child via in vitro fertilisation (/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation) in 2018. [5] (#cite_note-40andpregnant-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Steiner, Ina (2022-07-28). "Google Search Trend - a Good Sign for Vintage Sellers?" (https://www.ecommercebytes.com/2022/07/28/google-search-trend-a-good-sign-for-vintage-sellers/) . EcommerceBytes . Retrieved 2022-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Petrarca, Emilia (2020-08-31). "How I Get It Done: Marie Claire Editor-in-Chief Aya Kanai" (https://www.thecut.com/2020/08/marie-claire-editor-in-chief-aya-kanai-daily-routine.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2022-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Morning Routine: Aya Kanai, Chief Fashion Director at Hearst" (https://thenewsette.com/2019/06/24/morning-routine-aya-kanai/) . The Newsette . 2019-06-24 . Retrieved 2022-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Diane, Kaci (2022-02-10). "Aya Kanai On How To Build An Audience On Pinterest" (https://www.thewiesuite.com/post/aya-kanai-on-how-to-build-an-audience-on-pinterest) . The WIE Suite . Retrieved 2022-09-08 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hartman, Eviana (March 8, 2018). "This Is 40—And Pregnant" (https://www.vogue.com/projects/13541581/american-women-pregnancy-40s-portfolio-fertility-bella-newman/) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) . Retrieved June 5, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Bios: Aya Kanai" (http://www.mylifetime.com/shows/project-runway-junior/cast/aya-kanai) . Project Runway: Junior . Lifetime (/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)) . 2018 . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rudolph, Heather Wood (November 9, 2015). "Get That Life: How I Became a Judge on Project Runway Junior" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/career/interviews/a48880/get-that-life-aya-kanai-project-runway-junior/) . Cosmopolitan . Hearst Communications . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Cardellino, Carly (April 5, 2013). "Meet Our New Fashion Director: Aya Kanai" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/fashion/news/a12338/cosmopolitan-new-fashion-director-aya-kanai/) . Cosmopolitan . Hearst Communications (/wiki/Hearst_Communications) . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Kanai, Aya (January 6, 2017). "17 Things I Wish I Knew When I Was 17" (https://www.seventeen.com/life/a35825/17-things-i-wish-i-knew-when-i-was-17/) . Seventeen . Hearst Corporation (/wiki/Hearst_Corporation) . Retrieved June 8, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Aya Kanai: About" (http://www.ayakanai.com/about) . Kanai, Aya . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Marie Claire's Editor-in-Chief Announces Departure" (https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/marie-claire-editor-aya-kanai-steps-down.html) . The Cut . Vox Media. 15 September 2020 . Retrieved 11 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpivack2017_12-0) Spivack 2017 (#CITEREFSpivack2017) . Sources [ edit ] Spivack, E. (2017). Worn in New York: 68 Sartorial Memoirs of the City . Abrams. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1419727078 . 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐5448cdbcb7‐rzmvc Cached time: 20240718090608 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:59576681-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718090608 and revision id 1005233873. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total. A Best Makeup Academy Award winners (/wiki/Category:Best_Makeup_Academy_Award_winners) ‎ (1 C, 80 P) Best Makeup Africa Movie Academy Award winners (/wiki/Category:Best_Makeup_Africa_Movie_Academy_Award_winners) ‎ (4 P) B Best Makeup BAFTA Award winners (/wiki/Category:Best_Makeup_BAFTA_Award_winners) ‎ (57 P) G Best Makeup Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners (/wiki/Category:Best_Makeup_Genie_and_Canadian_Screen_Award_winners) ‎ (15 P) Best Makeup and Hair Guldbagge Award winners (/wiki/Category:Best_Makeup_and_Hair_Guldbagge_Award_winners) ‎ (3 P) M Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards (/wiki/Category:Make-Up_Artists_and_Hair_Stylists_Guild_Awards) ‎ (22 P) N Best Makeup National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners (/wiki/Category:Best_Makeup_National_Film_Award_(Bangladesh)_winners) ‎ (2 P) Pages in category "Film awards for makeup and hairstyling" The following 23 pages are in this category, out of 23 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hairstyling) Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Makeup (/wiki/Africa_Movie_Academy_Award_for_Best_Makeup) ARY Film Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling (/wiki/ARY_Film_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hairstyling) B BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair (/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hair) Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Makeup (/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Makeup) C Canadian Screen Award for Best Hair (/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award_for_Best_Hair) Canadian Screen Award for Best Makeup (/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award_for_Best_Makeup) Czech Lion Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling (/wiki/Czech_Lion_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hairstyling) E European Film Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling (/wiki/European_Film_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hairstyling) G Gaumee Film Award for Best Makeup (/wiki/Gaumee_Film_Award_for_Best_Makeup) Guldbagge Award for Best Makeup and Hair (/wiki/Guldbagge_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hair) I IIFA Award for Best Makeup (/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Best_Makeup) K Kerala State Film Award for Best Makeup Artist (/wiki/Kerala_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Makeup_Artist) M Metro Manila Film Festival Award for Best Make-up Artist (/wiki/Metro_Manila_Film_Festival_Award_for_Best_Make-up_Artist) N Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist (/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Makeup_Artist) National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist (/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Make-up_Artist) P Prix Iris for Best Hair (/wiki/Prix_Iris_for_Best_Hair) Prix Iris for Best Makeup (/wiki/Prix_Iris_for_Best_Makeup) R Raigam Tele'es Best Teledrama Makeup Artist Award (/wiki/Raigam_Tele%27es_Best_Teledrama_Makeup_Artist_Award) Robert Award for Best Makeup (/wiki/Robert_Award_for_Best_Makeup) S Saturn Award for Best Make-up (/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Make-up) T Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Make-up Artist (/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Make-up_Artist) V Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes (/wiki/Vijay_Award_for_Best_Make_Up_Artistes) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Film_awards_for_makeup_and_hairstyling&oldid=1005233873 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Film_awards_for_makeup_and_hairstyling&oldid=1005233873) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Film awards by category (/wiki/Category:Film_awards_by_category) Makeup awards (/wiki/Category:Makeup_awards) Hairdressing (/wiki/Category:Hairdressing)
Bra paddings to create larger breasts This article does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Falsies) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Falsies" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Falsies%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Falsies%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Falsies%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Falsies%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Falsies%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Falsies%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Bosom pad 1888 Not to be confused with false eyelashes (/wiki/Eyelash_extensions#Temporary_false_lashes) . Not to be confused with pasties (/wiki/Pasties) . In fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , falsies are paddings (/wiki/Padding) for use in a bra (/wiki/Bra) to create the appearance of larger breasts (/wiki/Breast) . The term has also, more rarely, been used for pads which create the appearance of larger buttocks (/wiki/Buttocks) . In both cases, there is a note of (more or less) amusement conveyed by the term. In a specifically humorous (/wiki/Humor) context, the term refers to moulded plastic (/wiki/Plastic) replicas (/wiki/Replica) of female breasts that may be worn (covered or uncovered) by males (/wiki/Male) for comedic (/wiki/Comedy) effect. Falsies are typically held onto the chest by elastic (/wiki/Elastomer) straps or forming the top part of an apron (/wiki/Apron) . More recently, the term is also a short for false lashes . See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bosom pads (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bosom_pads) . Brassiere (/wiki/Brassiere) Padding (/wiki/Padding) Cleavage enhancement (/wiki/Cleavage_enhancement) v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras (/wiki/Bra) History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong (/wiki/Thong) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) Related Corset controversy (/wiki/Corset_controversy) Bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) Lingerie party (/wiki/Lingerie_party) UK Lingerie Awards (/wiki/UK_Lingerie_Awards) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Crown of the Bahadur Shah II, ca 1850 painting The Crown of the Bahadur Shah II is the head dress of last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II (/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II) (r. 1837 – 1857). History [ edit ] It was created in the second quarter 19th century, most probably in Delhi (/wiki/Delhi) or the surrounding areas by goldsmiths and jewellers. It is strictly speaking not a crown, but an article of head dress. The materials used are gold, turquoises, rubies, diamonds, pearls, emeralds, feathers and velvet. Its dimensions are 28.5 x 23.5 x 23.5 cm. [ citation needed ] It is part of the Royal Collection (/wiki/Royal_Collection) with the inventory number RCIN 67236. Further reading [ edit ] Jonathan Marsden. Victoria & Albert: Art & Love . The Royal Collection, London, 2010. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1905686216 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905686216) Harriet Tytler. An Englishwoman in India: The Memoirs of Harriet Tytler, 1828-58 . Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford, 1988. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0192821003 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192821003) External links [ edit ] "Crown of the Emperor Bahadur Shah II" (https://www.rct.uk/collection/67236) . Royal Collection Trust (/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust) . Inventory no. 67236. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐48rpt Cached time: 20240714141339 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.163 seconds Real time usage: 0.237 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 891/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7480/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1515/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7476/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.090/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3122583/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 211.546 1 -total 31.05% 65.685 1 Template:Royal_Collection 29.86% 63.167 1 Template:Cite_web 27.13% 57.392 2 Template:ISBN 23.28% 49.250 1 Template:Fact 21.83% 46.188 2 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 21.21% 44.871 1 Template:Fix 15.74% 33.306 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 14.71% 31.109 2 Template:Category_handler 7.56% 15.989 2 Template:DMCA Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41608087-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714141339 and revision id 1234464259. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Bahadur_Shah_II&oldid=1234464259 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Bahadur_Shah_II&oldid=1234464259) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Individual crowns (/wiki/Category:Individual_crowns) Mughal court (/wiki/Category:Mughal_court) Mughal art (/wiki/Category:Mughal_art) Red Fort (/wiki/Category:Red_Fort) Jewellery in the Royal Collection of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_in_the_Royal_Collection_of_the_United_Kingdom) History of Delhi (/wiki/Category:History_of_Delhi) Islamic metal art (/wiki/Category:Islamic_metal_art) Individual items of jewellery (/wiki/Category:Individual_items_of_jewellery) Jewellery industry in India (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_industry_in_India) Crown jewels (/wiki/Category:Crown_jewels) Royal attire (/wiki/Category:Royal_attire) Jewels of the Mughal Empire (/wiki/Category:Jewels_of_the_Mughal_Empire) Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from February 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2023) Use Indian English from February 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_February_2023) All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023)
Administrators: Please do not delete this category as empty! This category may be empty occasionally or even most of the time. FA (/wiki/Category:FA-Class_fashion_articles) A GA (/wiki/Category:GA-Class_fashion_articles) B (/wiki/Category:B-Class_fashion_articles) C (/wiki/Category:C-Class_fashion_articles) Start (/wiki/Category:Start-Class_fashion_articles) Stub (/wiki/Category:Stub-Class_fashion_articles) FL (/wiki/Category:FL-Class_fashion_articles) List (/wiki/Category:List-Class_fashion_articles) Category (/wiki/Category:Category-Class_fashion_articles) Disambig (/wiki/Category:Disambig-Class_fashion_articles) Draft (/wiki/Category:Draft-Class_fashion_articles) File (/wiki/Category:File-Class_fashion_articles) Portal (/wiki/Category:Portal-Class_fashion_articles) Project (/wiki/Category:Project-Class_fashion_articles) Template (/wiki/Category:Template-Class_fashion_articles) NA (/wiki/Category:NA-Class_fashion_articles) ??? (/wiki/Category:Unassessed_fashion_articles) 27 0 96 452 1,359 4,785 2,498 2 125 1,295 18 149 75 2 31 124 518 591 This category is for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles that are rated as A-class on the Wikipedia 1.0 Assessment Scale (/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Assessment) . Place articles in this category by typing this on the article's Talk page: {{WikiProject Fashion\|importance=XXX\|class=A}} See also Category:Fashion articles by importance (/wiki/Category:Fashion_articles_by_importance) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐hw985 Cached time: 20240719214430 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.209 seconds Real time usage: 0.255 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2568/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21951/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5193/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 56/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39688/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.083/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1443872/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 229.653 1 -total 93.60% 214.951 1 Template:Category_class 46.52% 106.827 27 Template:Category_class/column 36.65% 84.171 4 Template:Category_other 29.92% 68.711 1 Template:Possibly_empty_category 27.98% 64.249 1 Template:Cmbox 25.36% 58.234 55 Template:Cat_in_use 22.21% 51.015 18 Template:Class 9.71% 22.289 28 Template:Category_class/second_row_column 6.33% 14.531 1 Template:CatAutoTOC Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10104106-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719214430 and revision id 952009567. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse There are no pages or files in this category. This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) ). esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:A-Class_fashion_articles&oldid=952009567 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:A-Class_fashion_articles&oldid=952009567) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion articles by quality (/wiki/Category:Fashion_articles_by_quality) A-Class articles (/wiki/Category:A-Class_articles) Hidden categories: Template Category class with class parameter matching title (/wiki/Category:Template_Category_class_with_class_parameter_matching_title) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) Automatic category TOC on pages where PAGESINCATEGORY returns zero (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_on_pages_where_PAGESINCATEGORY_returns_zero)
This article is about the shoe brand. For the unit of area, see Square inch (/wiki/Square_inch) . Latvian shoe brand Inch2 The Inch2 logo Product type Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) footwear (/wiki/Footwear) handbags (/wiki/Handbags) accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Country Latvia (/wiki/Latvia) Introduced 21 December 2014 ; 9 years ago ( 2014-12-21 ) Markets Worldwide Website www (https://www.inch2.com/) .inch2 (https://www.inch2.com/) .com (https://www.inch2.com/) Company Company type Limited (/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) Founded September 2014 ( 2014-09 ) Founders Olga Peterson (/wiki/Olga_Peterson) Eduards Petersons Headquarters Riga (/wiki/Riga) , Latvia Number of employees 20 Footnotes / references [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-exim-2) Inch2 (stylized as I N C H 2 and pronounced as Inch two ) is a shoe (/wiki/Shoe) brand (/wiki/Brand) founded in 2014 by Olga and Edward Peterson, based in Riga (/wiki/Riga) , Latvia. Inch2 specializes in handcrafted (/wiki/Handcrafted) masculine-style women's and men's footwear (/wiki/Footwear) . History [ edit ] Background [ edit ] The Inch2 founders are Olga and Edward Peterson, a Latvian couple. [3] (#cite_note-notorious-mag-3) Olga Peterson (born in Riga, Latvia) is an architect (/wiki/Architect) who earned her bachelor's degree in architecture from the Middlesex University (/wiki/Middlesex_University) in London (/wiki/London) . Olga used to write about design and fashion ideas for her fashion blog Zrivnutro , as well as for the Latvian fashion magazine Pastaiga . [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Edward Peterson is an online marketing (/wiki/Online_marketing) specialist. In September 2014, the Petersons started a company named Animo Forti ltd., which has been running operations for the brand from the start. [2] (#cite_note-exim-2) Brand creation and growth [ edit ] Although the brand launched in 2014, the idea of handcrafted shoes occurred much before. The Petersons, using their existing experience, decided to combine the benefits of e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) technology and the unusual shoe design to launch their brand. The duo began the brand with five shoe styles. Shoe production started at a small shoemaker (/wiki/Shoemaker) workshop in Riga (/wiki/Riga) , which handcrafted a few pairs per day. [6] (#cite_note-6) In March 2015, the Inch2 founder, Olga Peterson, became a winner of Debut of the Year in Fashion nomination by the Baltic Fashion Federation, within the Riga Fashion Week event. [2] (#cite_note-exim-2) [7] (#cite_note-7) Due to the high demand for shoes and the necessity to improve the shoe quality, as well as to increase volume, they moved shoe production out of Latvia. Shortly, new production partners found in Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) . With the help of the new partners, the brand began to develop several women and men’s lines, as well as handbags (/wiki/Handbags) . [3] (#cite_note-notorious-mag-3) The same shoemakers produce for some of the most well-known luxury brands. [ citation needed ] In January 2018, the brand had a collaboration with a Georgian singer Keti Topuria (/wiki/Keti_Topuria) and her fashion brand KETIone at the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Russia. In 2018, the brand reached over one million euros (/wiki/Euro) in online sales (/wiki/Online_shopping) during the Black Friday (/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)) . [3] (#cite_note-notorious-mag-3) In June 2019, the brand collaborated with Pauline Ducruet (/wiki/Pauline_Ducruet) , the eldest daughter of Princess Stéphanie of Monaco (/wiki/Princess_St%C3%A9phanie_of_Monaco) , and her fashion brand Alter at the Men's Fashion Week (/wiki/Men%27s_Fashion_Week) Spring/Summer 2020 in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Design and products [ edit ] Inch2 footwear is a blend of masculine allure and feminine elegance for women who prefer the masculine style and for men who don't forget about style in detail. [9] (#cite_note-9) There are three principles for which the brand stands for: style, comfort, and quality. Their shoes are classic in material and production but modern in style, with details and colors that make them unique and on-point. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) The brand footwear is made of leather from Italy (/wiki/Italy) and Portugal (/wiki/Portugal) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Awards and honors [ edit ] The winner of the Debut of the Year in Fashion nomination by Riga Fashion Week (March 2015) [2] (#cite_note-exim-2) [13] (#cite_note-13) 2× Best Digital Marketing (/wiki/Digital_marketing) nomination by Riga Fashion Week (March 2018 and March 2019) [14] (#cite_note-14) Controversy [ edit ] The Consumer Rights Protection Center (CRPC) fined the Latvian company Animo Forti, which runs the www.inch2.com online store, 10 thousand euros [15] (#cite_note-Baltic_News-15) for violating the rights of more than a hundred consumers. The firm has been ordered to stop dishonest commercial practices, according to the CPPC Latvia. [16] (#cite_note-КУДРЯВЦЕВ_2020-16) As of 2019, CRPC had received a total of 118 consumer complaints, including from consumers in other EU member states, regarding the company's commercial practices, the amount of unpaid money to consumers in the amount of approximately EUR 21,000 for unfulfilled orders and returned goods to the public in case of right of withdrawal. [17] (#cite_note-Bizness_2020-17) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Animo Forti, Sabiedrība ar ierobežotu atbildību" (https://company.lursoft.lv/animo-forti/40103824574) . company.lursoft.lv . Retrieved 17 July 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "ANIMO FORTI LTD" (http://www.exim.lv/inch2) . exim.lv . Retrieved 17 July 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "The new shoe brand you must get to know: INCH2" (https://www.notorious-mag.com/article/new-shoe-brand-you-must-get-know-inch2) . notorious-mag.com . Retrieved 17 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Zrivnutro Blog" (http://www.zrivnutro.com/) . zrivnutro.com . Retrieved 17 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "INCH2 design & quality" (https://www.inch2.com/blogs/news/design-quality) . inch2.com . Retrieved 18 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Cool online brend cipela koji trenutno ima i sniženje" (http://www.journal.hr/moda/modni-trendovi/inch2-cool-online-brend-cipela-koji-trenutno-ima-i-snizenje/) . journal.hr (in Croatian) . Retrieved 18 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Handcraft extinction at Riga Fashion Week" (https://www.swomag.com/handcraft-extinction-at-riga-fashion-week/) . swomag.com . Retrieved 18 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Pašmāju apavu zīmols Inch2 sadarbojas ar Monako karalisko ģimeni" (https://www.db.lv/zinas/pasmaju-apavu-zimols-inch2-sadarbojas-ar-monako-karalisko-gimeni-488417) . db.lv (in Latvian) . Retrieved 17 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Riga Fashion Week SS16 Atklāšanas diena: INCH2" (http://www.sieviesuklubs.lv/skaistums-un-mode/riga-fashion-week-ss16-atklasanas-diena-inch2-261643/) . sieviesuklubs.lv . Retrieved 17 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "INCH2 profile at FOLD" (https://www.fold.lv/profile/inch2/) . fold.lv . Retrieved 17 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "INCH2 at Riga Fashion Week" (https://www.rfw.lv/en/designers/inch2) . rfw.lv . Retrieved 17 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "INCH2 at Not Just a Label" (https://www.notjustalabel.com/inch-2) . notjustalabel.com . Retrieved 17 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Noskaidroti Latvijas stila un modes karaļi un karalienes" (https://jauns.lv/raksts/sievietem/56346-noskaidroti-latvijas-stila-un-modes-karali-un-karalienes-foto) . jauns.lv (in Latvian) . Retrieved 19 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Noskaidroti "Latvijas modes gada balvas 2018" ieguvēji; izcilnieku vidū arī "Pastaiga.ru" un "Honeymoon High" (https://jauns.lv/raksts/pastaiga/324609-noskaidroti-latvijas-modes-gada-balvas-2018-ieguveji-izcilnieku-vidu-ari-pastaigaru-un-honeymoon-high) " (https://jauns.lv/raksts/pastaiga/324609-noskaidroti-latvijas-modes-gada-balvas-2018-ieguveji-izcilnieku-vidu-ari-pastaigaru-un-honeymoon-high) . jauns.lv (in Latvian) . Retrieved 19 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Baltic_News_15-0) Baltic News, LATVIA (17 Dec 2020). "The online store Inch2 is fined 10,000 euros and banned from selling non-existent goods" (https://baltics.news/2020/12/17/the-online-store-inch2-is-fined-10000-euros-and-banned-from-selling-non-existent-goods) . Baltic News . ^ (#cite_ref-КУДРЯВЦЕВ_2020_16-0) КУДРЯВЦЕВ, Николай (15 December 2020). "Магазин сумок и обуви inch2.com оштрафован на 10 000 за "кидки" покупателей" (https://kriminal.lv/news/internet-magazin-inch2-com-oshtrafovan-na-10-000) . Новости (in Russian). ^ (#cite_ref-Bizness_2020_17-0) Bizness, DELFI (17 Dec 2020). "PTAC piemēro 10 000 eiro sodu 'inch2.com' un 'inch2.online' īpašniekam par pircēju maldināšanu un preču nepiegādāšanu" (https://www.delfi.lv/a/52766399) . delfi.lv (in Latvian). https://www.ptac.gov.lv/en/article/ptac-and-ecc-latvia-warns-risks-when-shopping-wwwinch2com-website (https://www.ptac.gov.lv/en/article/ptac-and-ecc-latvia-warns-risks-when-shopping-wwwinch2com-website) External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.inch2.com/) Article about the INCH2 Office in Riga (https://www.city24.lv/lv/nekustama-ipasuma-zinas/11973/ieskaties-dizaina-telpas-ko-par-majam-saucis-slavenais-latviesu-apavu-zimols-inch2) at city24.lv https://baltics.news/2022/01/05/consumer-guards-warn-of-shopping-risks-at-inch2-com/ (https://baltics.news/2022/01/05/consumer-guards-warn-of-shopping-risks-at-inch2-com/) https://au.trustpilot.com/review/www.inch2.com (https://au.trustpilot.com/review/www.inch2.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐zdrn4 Cached time: 20240722163434 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.567 seconds Real time usage: 0.736 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2609/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 45112/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3926/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 67769/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.377/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6996672/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 690.210 1 -total 62.99% 434.770 2 Template:Infobox 41.73% 288.034 1 Template:Infobox_brand 33.90% 233.984 1 Template:Reflist 29.36% 202.617 17 Template:Cite_web 25.57% 176.499 1 Template:Infobox_company 9.34% 64.490 1 Template:About 8.50% 58.686 1 Template:Hlist 6.75% 46.571 1 Template:Citation_needed 5.85% 40.344 1 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16435027-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722163434 and revision id 1153160408. 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Puttapaka Saree is a saree (/wiki/Saree) made in Puttapaka village, Samsthan Narayanpuram mandal in Nalgonda district (/wiki/Nalgonda_district) , India (/wiki/India) . It is known for its unique Puttapaka tie and dye (/wiki/Tie_and_dye) style of sarees. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The Weave [ edit ] The ikat (/wiki/Ikat) is warp-based unlike most other ikats designed predominantly on weft. The labour-intensive double ikat [warp and weft] is their strength. The warp design requires linear tying of the silk yarn strands. The unique design focus is on symmetry without undermining aesthetics. It closely resembles Sambalpuri saree (/wiki/Sambalpuri_saree) . Tehliya Rumal [ edit ] Tehliya Rumal an oily handkerchief (/wiki/Handkerchief) made in Puttapaka which was awarded with GI tag. [4] (#cite_note-4) Telia Rumal is a unique tie and dye technique that uses oil for the treatment of the yarn that helps it retain softness and has a distinct smell of gingelly oil. Cottage industry [ edit ] The community of weavers involved are Puttapaka Padmashalis (/wiki/Padmashali) . The weavers sell their sarees for Rs.2000 locally. Noted handloom designer, Gajam Anjaiah (/wiki/Gajam_Anjaiah) is known for the Puttapaka designs. But the Puttapaka sarees are marketed as Pochampally sarees (/wiki/Pochampally_Saree) and often sold under their name and not as Puttapaka saree. Fourth highest civilian award (Padma Shree Award) [ edit ] Gajam Anjaiah (/wiki/Gajam_Anjaiah) received Padma Shri (/wiki/Padma_Shri) award in 2013 for Art-Handloom Weaving category. Gajam Govardhana (/wiki/Gajam_Govardhana) received Padma Shri (/wiki/Padma_Shri) award in 2011 for Art-Handloom Weaving category. See also [ edit ] Khadi (/wiki/Khadi) Khādī Development and Village Industries Commission (/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB_Development_and_Village_Industries_Commission) ( Khadi Gramodyog (/wiki/Khadi_Gramodyog) ) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Somasekhar, M (27 March 2001). "New depot to help Pochampally weavers" (https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/article29020035.ece) . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 19 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Weaving a Puttapaka tradition" (https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Weaving-a-Puttapaka-tradition/article15364033.ece) . Thehindu.com . 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "APCO begins discount sale" (https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/APCO-begins-discount-sale/article14900299.ece) . Thehindu.com . 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) " (https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/puttapaka-telia-rumal-gets-gi-tag/article31577526.ece) 'Puttapaka Telia Rumal' gets GI tag" (https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/puttapaka-telia-rumal-gets-gi-tag/article31577526.ece) . The Hindu . 13 May 2020 . Retrieved 29 June 2020 . External links [ edit ] Weaving a Puttapaka tradition (https://web.archive.org/web/20090203182812/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/19/stories/2008121953352000.htm) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6c4c59bc4‐gh2jc Cached time: 20240626051016 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.110 seconds Real time usage: 0.142 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 437/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8181/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 570/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15237/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.064/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2847536/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 129.209 1 -total 74.98% 96.883 1 Template:Reflist 56.26% 72.697 1 Template:Cite_news 20.69% 26.733 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 8.49% 10.973 2 Template:DMCA 8.12% 10.494 3 Template:Cite_web 6.55% 8.460 2 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 4.34% 5.602 2 Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME 3.25% 4.203 2 Template:Ns_has_subpages 2.51% 3.242 1 Template:Use_Indian_English Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38344802-0!canonical and timestamp 20240626051016 and revision id 1189072632. 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La Carmina Born Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) , British Columbia, Canada Nationality Canadian (/wiki/Canadians) Education Columbia University (/wiki/Columbia_University) (BA) Yale Law School (/wiki/Yale_Law_School) (JD) Occupation(s) Author, journalist, writer, blogger, TV host Website www (http://www.lacarmina.com) .lacarmina (http://www.lacarmina.com) .com (http://www.lacarmina.com) La Carmina is a Canadian blogger, author, journalist, and TV host. She specializes in Goth (/wiki/Goth_subculture) and Harajuku (/wiki/Harajuku) fashion and Japanese pop culture. She has been described by Qantas (/wiki/Qantas) as "one of the best-known names in the blogging world, having authored three books and hosting travel segments for international television networks." [1] (#cite_note-1) She also appeared in one of the segments on the Tokyo episode of Bizarre Foods (/wiki/Bizarre_Foods) on Travel Channel (/wiki/Travel_Channel) . [2] (#cite_note-Zimmern-2) Early years [ edit ] La Carmina was born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia (/wiki/Vancouver) , Canada. Her parents are from Hong Kong. [3] (#cite_note-canadiantraveller-3) She attended Columbia University (/wiki/Columbia_University) and then proceeded to Yale Law School (/wiki/Yale_Law_School) , graduating with a JD. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-where.ca-7) Career [ edit ] Fashion and travel blogging [ edit ] In September 2007, she began her La Carmina blog about alternative and Gothic fashion, travel and subcultures in Japan and worldwide. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-mochimag.com-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [7] (#cite_note-where.ca-7) [12] (#cite_note-listforlife.net-12) She is a professional blogger, and her blog has been quoted in Boing Boing (/wiki/Boing_Boing) , [13] (#cite_note-13) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , [14] (#cite_note-14) and the New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . [15] (#cite_note-nytimes-15) It won Auxiliary Magazine's Best Blog of 2016 award. [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-auxiliarymagazine.com-17) She is a writer for publications including The New York Times, National Geographic, Travel + Leisure, Time Magazine, [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) and Business Insider, [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Previously, she was a journalist for CNNGo (/wiki/CNNGo) , where she contributed articles about Asian pop culture, [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) and also wrote for AOL/ Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) Travel, [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-Liveweb.archive.org-25) Fodor's (/wiki/Fodor%27s) Travel, [26] (#cite_note-fodors-26) Roadtrippers (/wiki/Roadtrippers) , [27] (#cite_note-roadtrippers-27) as well as The Sunday Times (/wiki/The_Sunday_Times) and Hong Kong Express Magazine. [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-aworldtotravel.com-29) In 2020, she won a Lowell Thomas (/wiki/Lowell_Thomas) travel journalism award from the Society of American Travel Writers. [30] (#cite_note-satwf1-30) [31] (#cite_note-satwf2-31) She was selected as one of the world's top fashion bloggers (/wiki/Fashion_blog) to attend Luisa Via Roma (/wiki/Luisa_Via_Roma) 's Firenze4Ever 2011 and 2012 events in Italy. [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) She has given speeches at IFB Conference at New York Fashion Week, [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) Social Media Week in Hong Kong, [9] (#cite_note-mochimag.com-9) [38] (#cite_note-38) PRSA Travel & Tourism Conference, [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) and PechaKucha Tokyo. [41] (#cite_note-41) In 2020, she gave the first TEDx (/wiki/TEDx) talk about goths (/wiki/Goth_subculture) . [42] (#cite_note-darkbeautymag-42) [43] (#cite_note-tedx-43) In 2016, she was invited to the World Tourism Forum in Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) as one of the top travel influencers. [44] (#cite_note-44) Television [ edit ] La Carmina appeared in one of several segments on the Tokyo episode of Bizarre Foods (/wiki/Bizarre_Foods) , in which she and her friends dined with host Andrew Zimmern (/wiki/Andrew_Zimmern) in a theme restaurant. According to Zimmern, the footage showcased the "exotic alternative lifestyles" of Tokyo and was originally intended for an episode of Bizarre World (/wiki/Bizarre_World) , but was later edited for inclusion in a Bizarre Foods (/wiki/Bizarre_Foods) episode instead, a process which refocused the segment onto the restaurant itself rather than the diners. [2] (#cite_note-Zimmern-2) La Carmina's work as a travel and pop culture TV host on international networks includes Norway TV (/wiki/Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation) , [45] (#cite_note-heartifb1-45) CNNGo (/wiki/CNNGo) TV [46] (#cite_note-46) and a Canal+ (/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)) France documentary about Japanese subcultures alongside Antoine de Caunes (/wiki/Antoine_de_Caunes) . [47] (#cite_note-47) [48] (#cite_note-48) Among her other hosting work includes shows for Food Network (/wiki/Food_Network) and Discovery Channel (/wiki/Discovery_Channel) . [49] (#cite_note-asiancemagazine.com-49) She filmed with Discovery TV's Oddities (/wiki/Oddities_(TV_series)) , and did press trips to Maui (/wiki/Maui) , Berlin, Leipzig (/wiki/Leipzig) , and Prague (/wiki/Prague) to make travel videos. [12] (#cite_note-listforlife.net-12) [50] (#cite_note-50) She has also hosted travel videos for the Mexico Tourism Board [51] (#cite_note-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) In 2011, she hosted, scripted, arranged, and field produced the show Coolhunting Weird Wisconsin for Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) Travel TV. In the first episode, she gave a tour of Dodgeville (/wiki/Dodgeville,_Wisconsin) theme hotel The Don Q Inn. [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) [7] (#cite_note-where.ca-7) Japanese broadcaster NHK (/wiki/NHK) filmed a 20-minute documentary about her work in blogging and cooking. [55] (#cite_note-55) She was also the subject of an episode of NHK (/wiki/NHK) Kawaii TV. [49] (#cite_note-asiancemagazine.com-49) She has been interviewed about Japanese and American theme cafes by ABC Nightline (/wiki/ABC_Nightline) . [56] (#cite_note-56) She has a travel video series published by Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Locations include Maldives (/wiki/Maldives) , Israel (/wiki/Israel) , Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok) , Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) , Abu Dhabi (/wiki/Abu_Dhabi) , and more. [29] (#cite_note-aworldtotravel.com-29) Alongside Henry Winkler (/wiki/Henry_Winkler) and William Shatner (/wiki/William_Shatner) , she appeared on an episode of NBC (/wiki/NBC) 's Better Late Than Never (/wiki/Better_Late_Than_Never_(TV_series)) . [57] (#cite_note-57) [17] (#cite_note-auxiliarymagazine.com-17) La Carmina and the Pirates [ edit ] La Carmina has a coolhunting (/wiki/Coolhunting) , TV production, and promotion company that provides film fixing services to broadcasters worldwide. [58] (#cite_note-heartifb2-58) She was interviewed and featured in the Spanish book Coolhunting Digital . [59] (#cite_note-59) La Carmina and the Pirates did the legwork for National Geographic Channel (/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel) 's Taboo (/wiki/Taboo_(2002_TV_series)) episode documenting the body modification known as the bagel head (/wiki/Bagel_head) – which she also hosted. [60] (#cite_note-60) [61] (#cite_note-61) [62] (#cite_note-62) She also hosted, translated, and arranged a show in Tokyo for National Geographic (/wiki/National_Geographic_Society) and Fuel TV (/wiki/Fox_Sports_2) . [25] (#cite_note-Liveweb.archive.org-25) [63] (#cite_note-63) She appeared on CBS (/wiki/CBS) ' The Doctors (/wiki/The_Doctors_(2008_TV_series)) to speak about extreme body mods. [64] (#cite_note-scmp-64) Books [ edit ] In 2009, Perigee (a division of Penguin Books (/wiki/Penguin_Books) ) published La Carmina's Cute Yummy Time , a cookbook based on Japanese " charaben (/wiki/Charaben) " ("character bento"), a style of bento (/wiki/Bento) in which food is decorated to resemble animals, cartoon characters, and other such figures. [65] (#cite_note-65) She took all the photos and drew illustrations for the book. [66] (#cite_note-66) La Carmina's promotional tour included book signings in US cities [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) and an appearance on The Today Show (/wiki/The_Today_Show) . [69] (#cite_note-cnngo1-69) The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) named Cute Yummy Time as one of the oddest book titles of the year, [70] (#cite_note-70) and the Washington Post (/wiki/Washington_Post) recommended it in Gift Guide. [71] (#cite_note-71) Sarah DiGregorio of The Village Voice (/wiki/The_Village_Voice) 's "Fork in the Road" food blog wrote of Cute Yummy Time that "this kind of cute food (or kawaii (/wiki/Kawaii) food) seems less about eating and more about, well, looking cute and feminine while cutting food into elaborate shapes and not eating". [72] (#cite_note-72) Mark Batty Publisher (/wiki/Mark_Batty_Publisher) released Crazy, Wacky Theme Restaurants: Tokyo in 2009, a hardcover book with full color photos. [73] (#cite_note-73) [74] (#cite_note-74) In a review, The Vancouver Sun (/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun) wrote, "Think of it less as a guidebook and more as a ghost train ride (/wiki/Ghost_train_ride) where whimsical, madcap and absurd images of some 30 theme restaurants materialize at every turn [...] Her tales flow effortlessly, with erudite explanations of what she sees in Tokyo's many subcultures [...] Brace yourself for a kitsch (/wiki/Kitsch) fix." [75] (#cite_note-vancouversun1-75) [7] (#cite_note-where.ca-7) Released on October 25, 2022, she has written The Little Book of Satanism (/wiki/The_Little_Book_of_Satanism) , published by Ulysses Press and Simon & Schuster (/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster) . [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) It is said to "[examine] the history and culture of Satanism (/wiki/Satanism) , including “lurid conspiracy theories about serial killers and ritual abuse", and showing "why many Satanists today stand up for free inquiry and personal liberty,” according to the publisher. [78] (#cite_note-78) [79] (#cite_note-79) [80] (#cite_note-80) According to Fodor's (/wiki/Fodor%27s) , "With the open-minded curiosity of any good traveler, La Carmina explores the history, culture, and practices of greatly misunderstood modern-day Satanists [...] the little volume packs a mighty punch, examining Satan’s mighty and often affirmative influence throughout the ages and across the world." [81] (#cite_note-81) La Carmina with her Scottish Fold (/wiki/Scottish_Fold) cat, Basil Farrow Personal life [ edit ] Part of La Carmina's branding includes incorporating her Scottish Fold (/wiki/Scottish_Fold) cat, Basil Farrow, into her promotion and media appearances. [82] (#cite_note-82) Works [ edit ] Crazy, Wacky Theme Restaurants: Tokyo (2009) ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-9820754-1-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9820754-1-3) Cute Yummy Time (2009) ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-399-53532-2 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-53532-2) The Little Book of Satanism (2022) ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1646044223 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1646044223) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Trending" (https://www.qantas.com/travelinsider/en/trending.html) . www.qantas.com . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Zimmern, Andrew. "Tokyo: It's All About the Food « Bizarre Foods" (http://bizarre-blog.travelchannel.com/read/tokyo-its-all-about-the-food) . Bizarre-blog.travelchannel.com . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-canadiantraveller_3-0) "La Carmina: An Interview with a Canadian Travel Blogger" (https://www.canadiantraveller.com/La_Carmina_An_Interview_with_a_Canadian_Travel_Blogger) . Canadian Traveller . Retrieved February 22, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The Pacifist's Guide to Satanism" (https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/pacifists-guide-satanism) . Columbia Magazine . Retrieved October 22, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Bookshelf \| Columbia College Today" (https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/may_jun10/bookshelf) . www.college.columbia.edu . Retrieved October 22, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Walker, Andrea (January 7, 2009). "The Book Bench: Dept. of Unusual Things" (https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2009/07/surprises.html#ixzz0tcjHo2kY) . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d http://www.where.ca/british-columbia/vancouver/globetrotting-with-la-carmina/ (http://www.where.ca/british-columbia/vancouver/globetrotting-with-la-carmina/) [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Meet the Fashion Bloggers: La Carmina \| MyStyle Giglio EN" (https://www.giglio.com/eng/mystyle/meet-the-fashion-bloggers-la-carmina.html) . Giglio.com . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Where in the World is la Carmina? \| Mochi Magazine" (https://archive.today/20130129043832/http://mochimag.com/2012/10/where-in-the-world-is-la-carmina/) . Archived from the original (http://mochimag.com/2012/10/where-in-the-world-is-la-carmina/) on January 29, 2013 . Retrieved October 29, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "La Carmina" (http://www.mookychick.co.uk/interviews/la-carmina.php) . Mookychick.co.uk . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Our Gothic Lolita Is La Carmina: A Famous Harajuku Girl" (http://www.tokyotopia.com/gothic-lolita.html) . Tokyotopia.com . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b "La Carmina: My blog led to a TV presenter job - List for Life" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123232624/http://www.listforlife.net/people/la-carmina-how-my-fashion-blog-led-to-a-book-deal-and-a-tv-presenter-job-6400) . Archived from the original (http://www.listforlife.net/people/la-carmina-how-my-fashion-blog-led-to-a-book-deal-and-a-tv-presenter-job-6400) on November 23, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Katayama, Lisa (December 14, 2009). "Why it's time to lighten up about "weird" Japan – Boing Boing" (https://www.boingboing.net/2009/12/14/why-weird-japan-sell.html) . Boingboing.net . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Fall '09 Japanese Goth Trend: Good Mourning – Trends – Fashion" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fall-09-goth-fashion-trend-good-mourning-2124078?module=today#/article/fashion-news/fall-09-goth-fashion-trend-good-mourning-2124078?full=true) . WWD.com. May 6, 2009 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-nytimes_15-0) "The Best White Sneakers" (https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-white-sneakers/) . The New York Times . August 10, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "The Best of Alternative and Subculture of 2016" (http://auxiliarymagazine.com/2017/02/10/best-alternative-subculture-2016-winners/) . February 11, 2017 . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Magazine, Auxiliary (March 18, 2017). "La Carmina winner of Best Blog of 2016" (http://auxiliarymagazine.com/2017/03/18/la-carmina-winner-best-blog-2016/) . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "What's in Your Fridge: La Carmina" (https://www.straight.com/music/whats-in-your-fridge-la-carmina) . November 25, 2023 . Retrieved March 21, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Sleeping in a Historic Japanese Farmhouse in Shirakawa-gō" (https://www.going.com/guides/shirakawa-go-japan) . February 1, 2024 . Retrieved March 21, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Anime Evolution » Guest Announcement: La Carmina" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130824034231/http://www.animeevolution.com/?p=5522) . Archived from the original (http://www.animeevolution.com/?p=5522) on August 24, 2013 . Retrieved August 7, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "INTERVIEW: La Carmina, TV host, blogger, author and journalist" (https://jumpforjournalism.wordpress.com/2013/07/21/interview-la-carmina-tv-host-blogger-author-and-journalist/) . July 21, 2013 . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "La Carmina" (http://www.cnngo.com/node/43620) . CNNGo.com. August 31, 2011 . Retrieved September 5, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Interview with LaCarmina - MyFatPocket - Because You're Smart & Beautiful. From Top to Toe. \| MyFatPocket - Because You're" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100717135931/http://www.myfatpocket.com/fashion/interview-with-lacarmina.html) . July 17, 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.myfatpocket.com/fashion/interview-with-lacarmina.html) on July 17, 2010 . Retrieved September 5, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Travel Writers: La Carmina" (http://www.rolfpotts.com/writers/index.php?writer=La+Carmina) . Rolfpotts.com . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b "AArisings – Alternative Fashion Blogger La Carmina A-Profiled" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110905014712/http://www.aarising.com/content.php?121-Alternative-Fashion-Blogger-La-Carmina-A-Profiled) . Archived from the original (http://www.aarising.com/content.php?121-Alternative-Fashion-Blogger-La-Carmina-A-Profiled) on September 5, 2011 . Retrieved September 5, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-fodors_26-0) "Salem's Satanic Temple Has a Satanic Chef. And We Talked to Him" (https://www.fodors.com/news/author/lacarmina) . March 21, 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-roadtrippers_27-0) "La Carmina" (https://roadtrippers.com/magazine/author/la-carmina/) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Niseko Accommodation" (https://www.nisekocentral.com/) . Niseko Central . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "La Carmina Interview" (https://www.aworldtotravel.com/interview-with-la-carmina/) . A World to Travel . May 29, 2014 . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-satwf1_30-0) "2019-2020 List of Winners" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201025055920/http://www.satwf.com/2019-2020-satwf-lowell-thomas-travel-journalism-wi/2019-2020-list-of-winners-(1)) . Archived from the original (http://www.satwf.com/2019-2020-satwf-lowell-thomas-travel-journalism-wi/2019-2020-list-of-winners-(1)) on October 25, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-satwf2_31-0) "BetterBNC" (http://2020.satwf.com/LT.WinnerGallery_new2/114_Personal_Comment_114_114_Personal_Comment_102103a103b121a121b.html#heading15) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) vogue.it (November 15, 2010). "Firenze4Ever Chapter III" (http://www.vogue.it/en/shows/oddities/2011/06/firenze-4ever-luisa-via-roma) . Vogue.it . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Luxury Shopping Worldwide Shipping" (http://www.luisaviaroma.com/landing.aspx?page=carminia) . Luisaviaroma . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) modaonline.it (2011). "Luisa Via Roma. Torna lo Style Lab di Firenze4Ever" (http://www.modaonline.it/marchi/l/luisa-via-roma/2011/luisa-via-roma-torna-lo-style-lab-di-firenze4ever.aspx) . modaonline.it . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "LUISAVIAROMA - LUXURY SHOPPING WORLDWIDE SHIPPING" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120108123027/http://www.luisaviaroma.com/landing.aspx?page=firenze4ever-4edition) . Archived from the original (http://www.luisaviaroma.com/landing.aspx?page=firenze4ever-4edition) on January 8, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-36) www.girafficthemes.com, Giraffic Themes. "Back in the Day: A Special Collaboration with La Carmina" (https://thefashionpoet.com/post/42505291590/back-in-the-day-a-special-collaboration-with-la) . THE FASHION POET . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "IFB - Independent Fashion Bloggers" (http://heartifb.com/2012/02/13/2012-ifb-con-wrap-up/) . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "La Carmina » Social Media Week" (https://archive.today/20130415202731/http://socialmediaweek.org/blog/smw_speaker/la-carmina/) . Archived from the original (http://socialmediaweek.org/blog/smw_speaker/la-carmina/) on April 15, 2013 . Retrieved October 29, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "404 \| Prsa" (http://www.prsa.org/Conferences/TravelTourism/Archive/2012/Presentations/index.html) . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : Cite uses generic title ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Frequency" (http://www.frequency.com/video/pr-newswire-mutivu-at-prsa-travel/50239336/-/5-185741) . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "PechaKucha 20x20 - La Carmina's Underworld Trips and Offbeat Travels" (https://www.pechakucha.com/presentations/la-carminas-underworld-trips-and-offbeat-travels) . PechaKucha 20x20 . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-darkbeautymag_42-0) Meikee, Magnetic (February 16, 2021). "La Carmina" (https://www.darkbeautymag.com/2021/02/la-carmina/) . Retrieved February 22, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-tedx_43-0) "Theme: Unravel" (https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/39457) . Retrieved February 22, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Unusual Travel Jobs: Travel blogger and TV host \| Travel Jobs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170216215053/https://www.traveljobs.com/article/unusual-travel-jobs-travel-blogger-and-tv-host-/) . Archived from the original (https://www.traveljobs.com/article/unusual-travel-jobs-travel-blogger-and-tv-host-/) on February 16, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-heartifb1_45-0) "Professional Blogger Spotlight: La Carmina \| Independent Fashion Bloggers" (http://heartifb.com/2010/11/30/professional-blogger-spotlight-la-carmina/) . Heartifb.com. November 30, 2010 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "CNNGo TV: Tokyo part 2" (http://www.cnngo.com/tokyo/cnngo-tv-tokyo-part-2-907366) . CNNGo.com. June 15, 2010 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "ANTOINE DE CAUNES, FRENCH TV HOST OF EUROTRASH & CANAL PLUS DOCUMENTARY. ODAIBA DINNER BOAT CRUISE & KARAOKE, TOKYO BAY. \| LA CARMINA. Gothic Lolita Punk † Cute Girls Japanese fashion † Tokyo Japan street style † Visual Kei Jrock bands" (http://www.lacarmina.com/blog/2010/06/antoine-de-caunes-french-tv-host-of-eurotrash-canal-plus-documentary-odaiba-dinner-boat-cruise-karaoke-tokyo-bay/) . Lacarmina.com. June 18, 2010 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "Deathrayweekly.Com" (http://deathrayweekly.com/2010/04/19/la-carmina-2.aspx) . Deathrayweekly.Com. July 11, 2011 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Host & blogger La Carmina \| Asiance Magazine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111019003017/http://www.asiancemagazine.com/2011/10/17/host-blogger-la-carmina) . Archived from the original (http://www.asiancemagazine.com/2011/10/17/host-blogger-la-carmina) on October 19, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-50) "A travel blogger interview with @lacarmina" (http://www.backpacksandbunkbeds.co.uk/travel-blogger-interviews/lacarmina/) . September 2, 2012 . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Carmina, La (March 5, 2012). "WATCH: Mazatlan's Day Of The Dead" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/la-carmina/gothic-mexico-mazatlans-d_b_1319192.html) . Huffington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "The Fabulous La Carmina: Adventurer, Alt. Style Queen, Coolhunter & Philanthropist – conversations with bianca" (http://conversationswithbianca.com/2012/01/31/la-carmina/) . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "La Carmina's Super Cute Birthday @ Mr. Black LA – Los Angeles – Slideshows" (http://www.laweekly.com/slideshow/la-carminas-super-cute-birthday-mr-black-la-34250276/) . Laweekly.com . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Anderson, Chris C. (August 21, 2011). "Coolhunting Weird Wisconsin Ep 1: Bondage Beds at the Don Q Inn" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/21/coolhunting-weird-wisconsin_n_931728.html?ref=tw#s334103) . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "Interview with La Carmina" (http://thewhiskeydregs.com/2010/04/14/interview-with-gothic-lolita-la-carmina/) . the Whiskey Dregs . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "What It's Like Inside Tokyo's Bizarre-Themed Cafes" (https://abcnews.go.com/Travel/inside-tokyos-wildly-popular-bizarre-themed-cafes/story?id=28117543) . ABC News . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) "I'm La Carmina, And This Is My Dharma" (https://blog.sivanaspirit.com/la-carmina/) . Sivana East . December 13, 2016 . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-heartifb2_58-0) "Professional Blogger Spotlight: La Carmina \| Independent Fashion Bloggers" (http://heartifb.com/2010/11/30/professional-blogger-spotlight-la-carmina/) . Heartifb.com. November 30, 2010 . Retrieved September 5, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Anna María López López (2011). Coolhunting digital, a la caza de las últimas tendencias . Spain: ANAYA Multimedia. pp. 29–32. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-84-415-2934-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Milner, Rebecca (September 29, 2012). "Bagel head trend is a big distortion" (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/09/29/lifestyle/bagel-head-trend-is-a-big-distortion/) . Retrieved July 28, 2019 – via Japan Times Online. ^ (#cite_ref-61) "Bagel Head Trend: Japanese Claim Western Media 'Distorts' and 'Glorifies' a Nonexistent Fashion Fad" (http://mstarsnews.musictimes.com/articles/5300/20120929/bagel-head-trend-japanese-claim-western-media-distorts-and-glorifies-a-nonexistent-fashion-fad.htm) . MStarsNews . September 29, 2012 . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Ke Alaka'i – BYU-Hawaii Student News Lab – "Bagel Heads" become Japanese beauty trend" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121015145317/http://kealakai.byuh.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5308&Itemid=195) . Kealakai.byuh.edu. October 12, 2012. Archived from the original (http://kealakai.byuh.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5308&Itemid=195) on October 15, 2012 . Retrieved November 10, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) "Blogger Inspiration: La Carmina – College Fashion" (http://www.collegefashion.net/inspiration/blogger-inspiration-la-carmina/) . Collegefashion.net. August 6, 2011 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-scmp_64-0) Furniss, Tracey (March 12, 2013). "Goth Queen" (http://www.scmp.com/article/1176753/goth-queen) . South China Morning Post . Retrieved April 3, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) "Metro – It's as cute as a button mushroom" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091024035712/http://www.metro.us/us/article/2009/10/23/03/3025-82/index.xml) . Archived from the original (http://www.metro.us/us/article/2009/10/23/03/3025-82/index.xml) on October 24, 2009 . Retrieved September 5, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) Penguin Blog (USA) – Penguin Group (USA) (February 22, 1999). "Cute Yummy Time, La Carmina \| Penguin Blog (USA) – Penguin Group (USA)" (http://us.penguingroup.com/static/html/blogs/guest-author/cute-yummy-time-la-carmina) . Us.penguingroup.com . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) "Cute Yummy Time: Go ahead, play with your food - latimes.com" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dailydish/2009/11/cute-yummy-time-go-ahead-play-with-your-food.html) . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. November 27, 2009 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) "Photos from La Carmina's L.A. Book Signings at Giant Robot & Kinokuniya!" (http://markbattypublisher.com/blog/news/photos-from-la-carminas-l-a-book-signings-at-giant-robot-kinokuniya/) . Mark Batty Publisher. December 3, 2009 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-cnngo1_69-0) "La Carmina" (http://www.cnngo.com/node/43620) . CNNGo.com. August 31, 2011 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) Alison Flood (February 5, 2010). "Bondage for Beginners vies with Origin of Faeces as contenders line up for oddest title prize \| Books \| guardian.co.uk" (https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/feb/05/diagram-prize-oddest-title) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . London . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) "Holiday Guide 2009: Gifts – Cookbooks for 2009" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/artsandliving/features/2009/holiday-guide/gifts/cookbooks/index.html) . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) Sarah DiGregorio (September 18, 2011). "The Cute Food Movement: Cute Yummy Time" (http://blogs.villagevoice.com/forkintheroad/2009/09/the_cute_food_m.php) . blogs.villagefoice.com/forkintheroad/ . Retrieved September 8, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-73) "Crazy Wacky Theme Restaurants Tokyo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111002002117/http://weirdnews.about.com/od/globalmadness/ig/Japanese-Theme-Restaurants/) . Weirdnews.about.com. May 27, 2011. Archived from the original (http://weirdnews.about.com/od/globalmadness/ig/Japanese-Theme-Restaurants/) on October 2, 2011 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) "La Carmina Tours Astonishing Japanese Eateries in "Crazy, Wacky Theme Restaurants: Tokyo" (http://markbattypublisher.com/press-releases/la-carmina-tours-astonishing-japanese-eateries-in-crazy-wacky-theme-restaurants-tokyo/) " (http://markbattypublisher.com/press-releases/la-carmina-tours-astonishing-japanese-eateries-in-crazy-wacky-theme-restaurants-tokyo/) . Mark Batty Publisher. August 13, 2009 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-vancouversun1_75-0) Hyslop, Lucy (August 1, 2009). "Tour the bizarre eateries of Tokyo with La Carmina" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100718011952/http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Tour%2Bbizarre%2Beateries%2BTokyo%2Bwith%2BCarmina/1851923/story.html) . Archived from the original (https://vancouversun.com/news/Tour+bizarre+eateries+Tokyo+with+Carmina/1851923/story.html) on July 18, 2010 . Retrieved September 5, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) Carmina, La (October 25, 2022). The Little Book of Satanism . Ulysses Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1646044221 . ^ (#cite_ref-77) "Religion Book Deals: February 9, 2022" (https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/religion/article/88497-religion-book-deals-february-9-2022.html) . Publishers Weekly. February 9, 2022 . Retrieved July 27, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-78) The Little Book of Satanism \| Book by La Carmina \| Official Publisher Page . Simon & Schuster. October 25, 2022. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-64604-422-1 . Retrieved July 27, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-79) "Book Deal Announcement: "The Little Book of Satanism" by La Carmina! Ulysses / Simon & Schuster, Oct 2022, Lucien Greaves foreword" (https://www.lacarmina.com/blog/2022/07/satanism-book-deal-la-carmina-books-satanic-history/) . La Carmina. July 25, 2022 . Retrieved July 27, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) "La Carmina - Blogger, Author, Journalist and TV Host - Dave's Travel Corner" (http://www.davestravelcorner.com/interviews/la-carmina-blogger-author-journalist-and-tv-host/) . ^ (#cite_ref-81) "Fodor's Holiday Gift Guide 2022: The Best Travel Gifts for Everyone on Your List" (https://www.fodors.com/news/photos/the-best-travel-gifts-for-the-2022-holidays) . December 8, 2022 . Retrieved April 14, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) "Cute Yummy Time: Go ahead, play with your food" (https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dailydish/2009/11/cute-yummy-time-go-ahead-play-with-your-food.html) . November 27, 2009 . Retrieved July 28, 2019 . External links [ edit ] Media related to La Carmina (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:La_Carmina) at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000047741712) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/1895419) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXfGPKFXPw67MThkPbBP) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006035556) Korea (https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200710955) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐ssgt8 Cached time: 20240719075432 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.877 seconds Real time usage: 1.029 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5315/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 133311/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2276/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 304723/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.554/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6587843/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 925.786 1 -total 53.58% 496.072 1 Template:Reflist 37.59% 348.044 71 Template:Cite_web 16.41% 151.910 1 Template:Infobox_person 11.81% 109.301 1 Template:Authority_control 6.57% 60.869 3 Template:ISBN 5.40% 49.994 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates 4.99% 46.224 3 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 4.17% 38.596 1 Template:Dead_link 3.81% 35.243 1 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28038237-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719075432 and revision id 1229224719. 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Indian shoe company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Liberty_Shoes) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Liberty_Shoes) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Shoes&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( June 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Liberty_Shoes) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Liberty Shoes" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Liberty+Shoes%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Liberty+Shoes%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Liberty+Shoes%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Liberty+Shoes%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Liberty+Shoes%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Liberty+Shoes%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Liberty Shoes Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) , ( BSE (/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange) 526596 (http://www.bseindia.com/stockreach/stockreach.htm?scripcd=526596) , NSE (/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India) LIBERTSHOE (http://www.nse-india.com/marketinfo/companyinfo/companysearch.jsp?cons=LIBERTSHOE&section=7) ) Industry Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Founded 1954 Headquarters Karnal (/wiki/Karnal) , Haryana (/wiki/Haryana) [1] (#cite_note-1) Key people Adesh Gupta (CEO) Products Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Revenue ~ ₹ 600 crore (2015) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Liberty Group Website libertyshoes.com (https://www.libertyshoesonline.com) Liberty Shoes Limited (LSL) is an Indian shoe company, based in Karnal (/wiki/Karnal) , Haryana (/wiki/Haryana) . Established in 1954, the company produces 60,000 pairs of footwear (/wiki/Footwear) a day through its six manufacturing units. The shoes are sold through its multi-brand outlets and showrooms. The company has a presence in 25 countries, with 50 showrooms outside India (/wiki/India) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Adesh Gupta became the CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) of LSL on 16 July 2001. History [ edit ] Liberty Shoes was founded by Dharam Pal Gupta, Purshotam Das Gupta and, Rajkumar Bansal as Pal Boot House in 1954. Liberty Shoes first organized its distribution and exclusive showrooms in 1983, working with Balbir Singh & sons. The company was incorporated in September 1986 as a public limited company; it obtained the Certificate of Commencement of Business in March 1988. It also set up a joint venture in Russia (/wiki/Russia) to manufacture shoes in 1991, working under the name of M/S Liberty & Go . The company markets its product nationally and internationally under the brand name "LIBERTY." Manufacturing [ edit ] Liberty's manufacturing base includes six facilities spread across multiple states, two in Gharaunda (/wiki/Gharaunda) and Liberty Puram (Haryana) where its primary and the largest manufacturing units are situated, Paonta Sahib (/wiki/Paonta_Sahib) , ( Himachal Pradesh (/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh) ) with two units and Roorkee (/wiki/Roorkee) ( Uttarakhand (/wiki/Uttarakhand) ). [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Liberty Shoes reports 144 pc rise in Q1 net, to issue 1:1 bonus" (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/07/19/stories/2005071901990200.htm) . Business Line (/wiki/Business_Line) . 19 July 2005. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "For life 'n Liberty" (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/2008/06/19/stories/2008061950110300.htm) . Business Line (/wiki/Business_Line) . 19 June 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Liberty Shoes to set up three units" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071228070441/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/28/stories/2006032809861600.htm) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . 28 March 2006. Archived from the original (http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/28/stories/2006032809861600.htm) on 28 December 2007. Liberty Shoes (https://www.google.com/finance/quote/526596:BOM) Google Finance (/wiki/Google_Finance) Liberty Shoes (http://www.business-standard.com/stockpage/stock_details.php?stk_id=526596) Business Standard (/wiki/Business_Standard) Liberty Shoes News and BSE, NSE listing (http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-article/liberty-shoes/news/LS02) at CNBC-TV18 (/wiki/CNBC-TV18) External links [ edit ] Liberty Shoes Limited, Official website (http://www.libertyshoes.com/) The Liberty Group, website (http://www.liberty.in/) Liberty Shoes at BSE (http://money.rediff.com/companies/liberty-shoes-li/16510008) Rediff (/wiki/Rediff) Money Liberty Shoes Online Store (http://www.libertyshoesonline.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐2sfgh Cached time: 20240715103030 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.344 seconds Real time usage: 0.508 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1646/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 49626/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10421/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18973/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.216/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4470258/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 472.844 1 -total 35.55% 168.104 3 Template:Ambox 26.43% 124.969 1 Template:Short_description 24.62% 116.429 1 Template:Reflist 22.76% 107.643 1 Template:Infobox_company 22.07% 104.374 1 Template:Multiple_issues 20.44% 96.636 1 Template:Infobox 19.69% 93.107 2 Template:Cite_web 15.52% 73.380 8 Template:Main_other 14.84% 70.161 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25393895-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715103030 and revision id 1228232691. 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Brazilian model and actress Nathalia Kaur Kaur at Radio City FM in April 2012 Born Nathalia Pinheiro Felipe Martins Niterói (/wiki/Niter%C3%B3i) , Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_state) , Brazil Alma mater Universidade Candido Mendes (/wiki/Universidade_Candido_Mendes) (dropped out) Occupations Actress model Years active 2012–present Nathalia Pinheiro Felipe Martins , known professionally as Nathalia Kaur , [1] (#cite_note-Times_of_India-1) is a Brazilian model and actress who works in Indian cinema (/wiki/Indian_cinema) . Early life [ edit ] Kaur was born as Nathalia Pinheiro Felipe Martins in Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro) , Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) . Her mother has Portuguese ancestry, while the exact ancestry of her father is little known; in an interview, Kaur said that she is "half Punjabi (/wiki/Punjabi_people) ", and that her father is half Indian, being her paternal grandfather of the Punjabi and her paternal grandmother of Portuguese (/wiki/Portuguese_people) . [1] (#cite_note-Times_of_India-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Career [ edit ] Kaur modelled in Brazil and other countries until moving to India upon receiving an offer. There she won the Kingfisher Calendar Model Hunt in 2012 and appeared in the Kingfisher Swimsuit Calendar (/wiki/Kingfisher_Calendar) that year. [3] (#cite_note-3) Kaur made her film debut in the Kannada film Dev Son of Mudde Gowda (/wiki/Dev_Son_of_Mudde_Gowda) directed by Indrajit Lankesh (/wiki/Indrajit_Lankesh) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Before its release she was cast by Ram Gopal Varma (/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma) to perform an item number in his next film Department (/wiki/Department_(film)) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Earlier Varma had wanted to cast Sunny Leone (/wiki/Sunny_Leone) , but due to her contractual obligations for Jism 2 (/wiki/Jism_2) , Varma replaced her with Kaur. [6] (#cite_note-namechanged-6) Filmography [ edit ] Year Film Language Role Notes 2012 Dev Son of Mudde Gowda (/wiki/Dev_Son_of_Mudde_Gowda) Kannada (/wiki/Kannada) Debut film; Item number 2012 Department (/wiki/Department_(film)) Hindi (/wiki/Hindi_language) Item song Dan Dan [7] (#cite_note-7) 2013 Commando-A One Man Army (/wiki/Commando-A_One_Man_Army) Hindi Special appearance [8] (#cite_note-8) 2013 Dalam (/wiki/Dalam) / Koottam Telugu (/wiki/Telugu_language) / Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_cinema) Special appearance 2013 Bhai (/wiki/Bhai_(2013_film)) Telugu Herself Special appearance 2016 Rocky Handsome (/wiki/Rocky_Handsome) Hindi Anna 2020 Guns of Banaras (/wiki/Guns_of_Banaras) Hindi Hema Jism 3 Hindi Meghna Adult Feature Film Television 2014 - Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 6 (/wiki/Fear_Factor:_Khatron_Ke_Khiladi_6) (Contestant) [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Only Indians worship their actors: Nathalia Kaur" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130223032113/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-23/news-interviews/32369955_1_india-modelling-brazil) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 23 June 2012. Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-23/news-interviews/32369955_1_india-modelling-brazil) on 23 February 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "From Pinheiro to Kaur: Nathalia cashes in on the exotic" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/From-Pinheiro-to-Kaur-Nathalia-cashes-in-on-the-exotic/articleshow/12110449.cms) . The Times of India . 23 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Nathalia Pinheiro crowned Kingfisher Calendar Girl 2012 : What's Hot News" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nathalia-pinheiro-crowned-kingfisher-calendar-girl-2012/1/164324.html) . India Today . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Nathalia used me and I used her: Indrajit Lankesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131104041848/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-08/news-interviews/31132583_1_films-b-town-anant-nag) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 8 March 2012. Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-08/news-interviews/31132583_1_films-b-town-anant-nag) on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Brazilian model Nathalia Kaur shakes her booty in RGV's 'Department' : EYECATCHERS News" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/brazilian-indian-model-nathalia-kaur-item-song-in-department/1/176139.html) . India Today . 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-namechanged_6-0) "From Pinheiro to Kaur: Nathalia cashes in on the exotic" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/From-Pinheiro-to-Kaur-Nathalia-cashes-in-on-the-exotic/articleshow/12110449.cms) . The Times of India . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Nathalia Kaur: Ram Gopal Verma's new item girl — Movies News — HitList — ibnlive" (https://archive.today/20120709094538/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nathalia-kaur-ram-gopal-vermas-new-item-girl/234743-8-113.html) . Ibnlive.in.com. Archived from the original (http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nathalia-kaur-ram-gopal-vermas-new-item-girl/234743-8-113.html) on 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Subhash K Jha speaks about Commando" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130424004112/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4852) . Bollywood Hungama (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama) . Archived from the original (http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4852) on 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "WOW! Bollywood diva Nathalia Kaur to be the hottest contestant on Khatron Ke Khiladi?" (http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/CEL-bollywood-diva-nathalia-kaur-to-be-hottest-contestant-on-khatron-ke-khiladi-4811073-PHO.html) . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nathalia Kaur (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nathalia_Kaur) . Nathalia Kaur (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5045936/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Official website (http://www.nathaliakaur.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐x9z49 Cached time: 20240720164551 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.308 seconds Real time usage: 0.400 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2354/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26737/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2432/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39970/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.189/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6238184/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 373.071 1 -total 33.08% 123.397 1 Template:Infobox_person 28.71% 107.110 1 Template:Reflist 24.72% 92.228 9 Template:Cite_web 14.04% 52.390 1 Template:Short_description 13.55% 50.567 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 8.76% 32.663 1 Template:Hlist 8.61% 32.114 1 Template:Commons_category 8.32% 31.058 2 Template:Pagetype 8.21% 30.627 1 Template:Sister_project Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35250123-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164551 and revision id 1233556949. 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(Redirected from Wedding dress of Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/w/index.php?title=Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Alice_Montagu_Douglas_Scott&redirect=no) ) 1935 British royal wedding Wedding of Prince Henry and Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott Date 6 November 1935 ; 88 years ago ( 6 November 1935 ) Venue Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) Location London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Participants Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester) Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Duchess_of_Gloucester) The wedding of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester) , and Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Duchess_of_Gloucester) took place on Wednesday, 6 November 1935, in the private chapel at Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) . A larger public ceremony had been planned for Westminster Abbey (/wiki/Westminster_Abbey) , but plans were scaled back after the bride's father, the 7th Duke of Buccleuch (/wiki/John_Montagu_Douglas_Scott,_7th_Duke_of_Buccleuch) , died of cancer on 19 October. Engagement [ edit ] The couple being sculpted at Madame Tussauds (/wiki/Madame_Tussauds) , October 1936 The engagement between Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester) , third son of King George V (/wiki/George_V) and Queen Mary (/wiki/Mary_of_Teck) , and Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Duchess_of_Gloucester) , third daughter of the 7th Duke (/wiki/John_Montagu_Douglas_Scott,_7th_Duke_of_Buccleuch) and Duchess of Buccleuch, was announced on 2 September 1935 at Balmoral Castle (/wiki/Balmoral_Castle) . [ citation needed ] Alice later recalled there was no formal proposal and the Duke had "mumbled it as we were on a walk one day." [1] (#cite_note-Bowles-1) The wedding date was set for 6 November 1935 and plans were in place for a lavish public celebration at Westminster Abbey (/wiki/Westminster_Abbey) like the weddings of the Duke's siblings. However, mere weeks before the wedding, the bride's father died of cancer on 19 October 1935. This, in combination with the consideration of the king's ill health, led to the wedding being moved to the more modest venue of the private chapel at Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) . [1] (#cite_note-Bowles-1) Wedding [ edit ] The wedding took place on 6 November 1935 in the private chapel at Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) . That morning, the Duke had breakfast with his parents, the King and Queen, at Buckingham Palace. Lady Alice left her family's home in Grosvenor Place (/wiki/Grosvenor_Place) in the Glass Coach (/wiki/Glass_coach) with her brother, the 8th Duke of Buccleuch (/wiki/Walter_Montagu_Douglas_Scott,_8th_Duke_of_Buccleuch) . They made the short journey to Buckingham Palace by way of Constitution Hill (/wiki/Constitution_Hill,_London) through Wellington Arch (/wiki/Wellington_Arch) . At the palace, they joined the bridesmaids and proceeded into the chapel. [ citation needed ] Cosmo Gordon Lang (/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang) , Archbishop of Canterbury (/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury) , presided over the traditional Anglican (/wiki/Church_of_England) ceremony, assisted by Arthur Winnington-Ingram (/wiki/Arthur_Winnington-Ingram) , Bishop of London (/wiki/Bishop_of_London) , and Arthur Maclean (/wiki/Arthur_Maclean) , Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church (/wiki/Primus_of_the_Scottish_Episcopal_Church) . [2] (#cite_note-Pathé-2) Music [ edit ] The hymn " Praise, my soul, the King of heaven (/wiki/Praise,_my_soul,_the_King_of_heaven) " was sung and the recessional music was " Wedding March (/wiki/Wedding_March_(Mendelssohn)) " from A Midsummer Night's Dream (/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_(Mendelssohn)) by Felix Mendelssohn (/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn) . [ citation needed ] Attendants [ edit ] The Duke was supported by his two elder brothers, the Prince of Wales (/wiki/Edward_VIII) and the Duke of York (/wiki/George_VI) . Lady Alice was attended by eight bridesmaids: Princess Elizabeth of York (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) and Princess Margaret Rose of York (/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon) , the daughters of the Duke and Duchess of York (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) ; Lady Mary Cambridge (/wiki/Lady_Mary_Whitley) ; Lady Angela Montagu Douglas Scott, the bride's sister; Lady Elizabeth Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Elizabeth_Percy,_Duchess_of_Northumberland_(1922%E2%80%932012)) ; Anne Hawkins and Claire Phillips, nieces of the bride; and Moyra Scott, the bride's cousin. [3] (#cite_note-Argus-3) Attire [ edit ] Lady Alice wore a blush pink satin gown designed by Norman Hartnell (/wiki/Norman_Hartnell) . This choice of colour was unusual for a royal bride; however, due to her age, Lady Alice wished to have a "less maiden tone". [1] (#cite_note-Bowles-1) The dress was "of modest simplicity, with long, narrow sleeves and a high neckline draped into a nosegay of artificial orange-blossom". [1] (#cite_note-Bowles-1) The veil was made from "a drifting cloud of crisp modern tulle". [1] (#cite_note-Bowles-1) On her way to the private chapel at Buckingham Palace, Alice wore "an ermine blanket stole" due to the cold weather. [1] (#cite_note-Bowles-1) The gown was the first of many important gowns designed by Hartnell for the British royal family. He would later go on to design Princess Elizabeth's wedding gown (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom) and later her coronation gown (/wiki/Coronation_gown_of_Elizabeth_II) , as well as Princess Margaret's wedding gown (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_the_United_Kingdom) . [1] (#cite_note-Bowles-1) The Duke wore the uniform of the 10th Royal Hussars (/wiki/10th_Royal_Hussars) with the riband and star of the Order of the Garter (/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter) , star of the Order of the Thistle (/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle) and the Royal Victorian Chain (/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain) . [ citation needed ] Gifts [ edit ] The couple received a large number of gifts from individuals, organizations and members of their families. The gifts were publicly displayed at St James's Palace (/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace) . [4] (#cite_note-Gifts-4) The groom gave his bride a diamond tiara and diamond knot brooch. The King and Queen presented their new daughter-in-law with a pearl, emerald and diamond suite containing gems that had originally belonged to Queen Alexandra (/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark) , and a diamond and pearl suite featuring a large baroque pearl (/wiki/Baroque_pearl) brooch. The Queen gave her a turquoise and diamond parure which she herself had received as a wedding gift from her own parents, the Duke (/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Teck) and Duchess of Teck (/wiki/Princess_Mary_Adelaide_of_Cambridge) , in 1893, and a diamond tiara. [ citation needed ] The groom's nieces and nephews, Princess Elizabeth, Princess Margaret Rose, Viscount Lascelles and the Hon. Gerald Lascelles gave two grenade-shaped cigarette lighters. [4] (#cite_note-Gifts-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) The groom's aunt and uncle, Queen Maud (/wiki/Maud_of_Wales) and King Haakon VII of Norway (/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway) , and cousin and cousin-in-law, Crown Prince Olav (/wiki/Olav_V_of_Norway) and Crown Princess Märtha (/wiki/Princess_M%C3%A4rtha_of_Sweden) , sent a silver and enamel desk set. [6] (#cite_note-6) Before his death, the bride's father presented her with a single string of pearls which was exhibited with the other presents. The Dowager Duchess of Buccleuch gave her daughter a portrait of herself and a diamond and turquoise needlework box. [4] (#cite_note-Gifts-4) Other gifts included: a pair of silver porringers and covers from City of York (/wiki/City_of_York) ; [7] (#cite_note-7) a gold cigarette case from Lord Howard de Walden (/wiki/Thomas_Scott-Ellis,_8th_Baron_Howard_de_Walden) ; [8] (#cite_note-8) a pair of silver quaiches from Admiral (/wiki/Mark_Kerr_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1864)) and Mrs Mark Kerr (/wiki/Rose_Kerr_(Girl_Guiding)) ; [9] (#cite_note-9) and three Steuben (/wiki/Steuben_Glass_Works) glass fish from Mrs Roxana Wentworth van Rensselaer. [4] (#cite_note-Gifts-4) [10] (#cite_note-10) Guests [ edit ] Owing to the scaled-back celebrations and the small size of the private chapel, the wedding was attended by just over 100 guests, mostly close family and friends. [2] (#cite_note-Pathé-2) Relatives of the groom [ edit ] The King (/wiki/George_V) and Queen (/wiki/Mary_of_Teck) , the groom's parents The Prince of Wales (/wiki/Edward_VIII) , the groom's brother The Duke (/wiki/George_VI) and Duchess of York (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) , the groom's brother and sister-in-law Princess Elizabeth of York (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) , the groom's niece Princess Margaret Rose of York (/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon) , the groom's niece The Princess Royal (/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood) and the Earl of Harewood (/wiki/Henry_Lascelles,_6th_Earl_of_Harewood) , the groom's sister and brother-in-law Viscount Lascelles (/wiki/George_Lascelles,_7th_Earl_of_Harewood) , the groom's nephew The Hon. Gerald Lascelles (/wiki/Gerald_David_Lascelles) , the groom's nephew The Duke (/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent) and Duchess of Kent (/wiki/Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) , the groom's brother and sister-in-law Louise, Princess Royal (/wiki/Louise,_Princess_Royal) 's family: Princess (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife) and Prince Arthur of Connaught (/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught) , the groom's paternal first cousin and the groom's paternal first cousin once removed Lady Maud (/wiki/Maud_Carnegie,_Countess_of_Southesk) and Lord Carnegie (/wiki/Charles_Carnegie,_11th_Earl_of_Southesk) , the groom's paternal first cousin and her husband The Queen of Norway (/wiki/Maud_of_Wales) , the groom's paternal aunt Helena, Princess Christian (/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom) 's family: Princess Helena Victoria (/wiki/Princess_Helena_Victoria_of_Schleswig-Holstein) , the groom's paternal first cousin once removed Princess Marie Louise (/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Schleswig-Holstein) , the groom's paternal first cousin once removed The Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll) , the groom's paternal great-aunt The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn) , the groom's paternal great-uncle Lady Patricia (/wiki/Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught) and The Hon. Sir Alexander Ramsay (/wiki/Alexander_Ramsay_(Royal_Navy_officer)) , the groom's paternal first cousin once removed and her husband Alexander Ramsay (/wiki/Alexander_Ramsay_of_Mar) , the groom's paternal second cousin The Earl of Athlone (/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone) and Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone) , the groom's maternal uncle and aunt (also first cousin once removed) The Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) , the groom's paternal great-aunt Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge (/wiki/Adolphus_Cambridge,_1st_Marquess_of_Cambridge) 's family: The Marquess (/wiki/George_Cambridge,_2nd_Marquess_of_Cambridge) and Marchioness of Cambridge, the groom's maternal first cousin and his wife Lady Mary Cambridge (/wiki/Lady_Mary_Whitley) , the groom's maternal first cousin once removed King George II of the Hellenes (/wiki/George_II_of_Greece) , the groom's paternal second cousin The Crown Prince of Sweden (/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf) , husband of the groom's paternal second cousin (/wiki/Louise_Mountbatten) Relatives of the bride [ edit ] The Dowager Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry, the bride's mother Lady Margaret and Commander Geoffrey Hawkins (/wiki/Geoffrey_Hawkins) , the bride's sister and brother-in-law Miss Anne Hawkins, the bride's niece The Duke (/wiki/Walter_Montagu_Douglas_Scott,_8th_Duke_of_Buccleuch) and Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry (/wiki/Mary_Montagu_Douglas_Scott,_Duchess_of_Buccleuch) , the bride's brother and sister-in-law Lady Elizabeth Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Elizabeth_Percy,_Duchess_of_Northumberland_(1922%E2%80%932012)) , the bride's niece Earl of Dalkeith (/wiki/John_Scott,_9th_Duke_of_Buccleuch) , the bride's nephew Lady Caroline Montagu Douglas Scott, the bride's niece Lord William Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Lord_William_Montagu_Douglas_Scott) , the bride's brother Lady Sybil and Mr Charles Phipps, the bride's sister and brother-in-law Miss Clare Phipps, the bride's niece Lady and Lord Burghley (/wiki/David_Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Exeter) , the bride's sister and brother-in-law Lady Angela Montagu Douglas Scott, the bride's sister Lord George Montagu Douglas Scott, the bride's brother Lord George Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Lord_George_Scott) , the bride's paternal uncle Miss Moyra Montagu Douglas Scott, the bride's paternal first cousin Aftermath [ edit ] After the ceremony, the newlyweds proceeded from the chapel to an adjoining drawing room to sign the register. Afterward, they appeared with their families on the palace balcony. The crowds were especially delighted by the appearance of Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret Rose. They returned inside for a short wedding breakfast. [2] (#cite_note-Pathé-2) After the wedding breakfast, the couple departed Buckingham Palace in the 1902 State Landau (/wiki/1902_State_Landau) for St Pancras Station (/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station) . From St Pancras, they took the Silver Jubilee (/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_(train)) to Kettering (/wiki/Kettering) for a honeymoon at nearby Boughton House (/wiki/Boughton_House) , one of the bride's family homes. [2] (#cite_note-Pathé-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Bowles, Hamish (18 May 2018). "The Royal Bride Who Wore Pink" (https://www.vogue.com/article/the-royal-bride-who-wore-pink-princess-alice-duchess-of-gloucester) . Vogue . Retrieved 13 December 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Royal Wedding AKA Duke and Duchess of Gloucester's Wedding 1935" (https://www.britishpathe.com/video/the-royal-wedding-aka-duke-and-duchess-of-gloucest/query/The+Royal+Wedding) . British Pathé . Retrieved 15 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Argus_3-0) "Royal Wedding" (https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11852400) . The Argus . Melbourne, Victoria. 7 November 1935 . Retrieved 28 May 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Royal Wedding Gifts News in a Nutshell 1935" (https://www.britishpathe.com/video/royal-wedding-gifts-news-in-a-nutshell) . British Pathé . Retrieved 15 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "A George V Silver Grenade Table Lighter" (https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6249565?ldp_breadcrumb=back&intobjectid=6249565&from=salessummary&lid=1) . Christie's . Retrieved 15 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "A Norwegian Silver and Enamelled Desk Set" (https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6249601?ldp_breadcrumb=back&intobjectid=6249601&from=salessummary&lid=1) . Christie's . Retrieved 15 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "A Pair of George V Silver Porringers and Cover" (https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6249555?ldp_breadcrumb=back&intobjectid=6249555&from=salessummary&lid=1) . Christie's . Retrieved 13 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "A George V 9 Carat Gold Cigarette-Case" (https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6249541?ldp_breadcrumb=back&intObjectID=6249541&from=salessummary&lid=1) . Christie's . Retrieved 13 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "A Pair of George V Silver Quaiches" (https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6249554?ldp_breadcrumb=back&intobjectid=6249554&from=salessummary&lid=1) . Christie's . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Three Glass Fish" (https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6249586?ldp_breadcrumb=back&intobjectid=6249586&from=salessummary&lid=1) . Christie's . 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(/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Louise_and_John_Campbell,_Marquess_of_Lorne) (1871) Prince Arthur and Princess Louise Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn,_and_Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia) (1879) Princess Frederica and Alphons von Pawel-Rammingen (/wiki/Princess_Frederica_of_Hanover#Marriage) (1880) Prince Leopold and Princess Helen (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany,_and_Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) (1882) Princess Beatrice and Prince Henry (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_Prince_Henry_of_Battenberg) (1885) Princess Louise and Alexander Duff (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Louise_and_Alexander_Duff,_Earl_of_Fife) (1889) Prince George and Princess Victoria Mary (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_George_and_Princess_Victoria_Mary) (1893) Princess Maud and Prince Carl (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Maud_of_Wales_and_Prince_Carl_of_Denmark) (1896) 20th century Princess Alice and Prince Alexander (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Alice_and_Prince_Alexander) (1904) Princess Margaret and Prince Gustaf Adolf (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_and_Princess_Margaret) (1905) Prince Arthur and Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Arthur_and_Princess_Alexandra) (1913) Princess Patricia and Alexander Ramsay (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Patricia_and_Alexander_Ramsay) (1919) Princess Mary and Henry Lascelles (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Mary_and_Henry_Lascelles) (1922) Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Albert_and_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon) (1923) Princess Maud and Charles Carnegie (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Maud_and_Charles_Carnegie) (1923) Prince George and Princess Marina (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_George_and_Princess_Marina) (1934) Prince Henry and Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (1935) Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten) (1947) Princess Margaret and Antony Armstrong-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Margaret_and_Antony_Armstrong-Jones) (1960) Prince Edward and Katharine Worsley (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Edward_and_Katharine_Worsley) (1961) Princess Alexandra and Angus Ogilvy (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Alexandra_and_Angus_Ogilvy) (1963) Prince Richard and Birgitte van Deurs (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Richard_and_Birgitte_van_Deurs) (1972) Princess Anne and Mark Phillips (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Anne_and_Mark_Phillips) (1973) Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer) (1981) Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Andrew_and_Sarah_Ferguson) (1986) Princess Anne and Timothy Laurence (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Anne_and_Timothy_Laurence) (1992) Prince Edward and Sophie Rhys-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Edward_and_Sophie_Rhys-Jones) (1999) 21st century Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Camilla_Parker_Bowles) (2005) Prince William and Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) (2011) Prince Harry and Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle) (2018) Princess Eugenie and Jack Brooksbank (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Eugenie_and_Jack_Brooksbank) (2018) Princess Beatrice and Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi (/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Beatrice_and_Edoardo_Mapelli_Mozzi) (2020) Category (/wiki/Category:British_royal_weddings) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐zpdpd Cached time: 20240722163443 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.430 seconds Real time usage: 0.553 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2693/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 52223/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4674/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 48423/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.270/10.000 seconds Lua memory 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Baltimore Fashion Week Status Active Genre Fashion Frequency Annual Location(s) Baltimore, Maryland Country United States Founded 2008 Founders Sharan Nixon Most recent 2022 Next event 2023 Baltimore Fashion Week ( BFW ) also called "the Shows at BFW", is an annual fashion event (/wiki/Fashion_week) held in Baltimore, Maryland (/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) The event was established in 2006. It hosted for the first time in 2008 featuring fashion shows, networking events, and virtual discussions. The 15th BFW was held August 13–21, 2022. [3] (#cite_note-3) The next BFW will be August 12–19, 2023. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) See also [ edit ] List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) List of fashion events in the United States (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events_in_the_United_States) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Baltimore Fashion Week - USA, North America" (https://europaregina.eu/fashion-weeks/fashion-weeks-north-america/baltimore-fashion-week/) . Europa Regina . Retrieved 2023-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Orman, Shelley (2020-10-28). "Longtime Pikesville Restaurant Burns Down Early Wednesday Morning" (https://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/longtime-pikesville-restaurant-burns-down-early-wednesday-morning) . WBFF . Retrieved 2023-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Barry, Liv (2022-08-12). "Baltimore Fashion Week returns for 15th season on Aug. 13-21" (http://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimore-fashion-week-returns-for-15th-season-on-aug-13-21/) . Baltimore Fishbowl . Retrieved 2023-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Baltimore Fashion Week" (https://fashionunited.com/events/Baltimore-Fashion-Week) . FashionUnited . Retrieved 2023-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Wilson, Eric (2008-09-08). "The Sun Never Sets on the Runway" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/08/fashion/shows/08WEEKS-1.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-03-09 . External links [ edit ] Official Website (https://www.baltimorefw.com/) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Fashion_Week&action=edit) . v t e This Maryland (/wiki/Maryland) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Fashion_Week&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐hp9wn Cached time: 20240715092753 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.218 seconds Real time usage: 0.276 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 752/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17643/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 378/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28713/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.145/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3677372/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 233.009 1 -total 44.18% 102.942 1 Template:Reflist 35.58% 82.909 4 Template:Cite_web 26.86% 62.590 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 25.90% 60.351 1 Template:Fashion-stub 25.83% 60.175 2 Template:Asbox 23.66% 55.134 1 Template:Infobox 3.76% 8.753 1 Template:Br_separated_entries 2.66% 6.194 1 Template:Cite_news 1.74% 4.044 1 Template:Maryland-stub Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73239826-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715092753 and revision id 1218301900. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Fashion_Week&oldid=1218301900 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Fashion_Week&oldid=1218301900) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Annual events in Maryland (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Maryland) Events in Baltimore (/wiki/Category:Events_in_Baltimore) Fashion weeks in the United States (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks_in_the_United_States) Culture of Baltimore (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Baltimore) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Maryland stubs (/wiki/Category:Maryland_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Karl-Heinz Müller, initiator of B&B, at Berlin Tempelhof Airport (/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport) , the location of the fashion show from 2009 to 2015 Bread & Butter was an annual Berlin-based event and a year-round online shopping hub by Zalando (/wiki/Zalando) . The company offers access to pre-launches and rare items, with a particular focus on streetwear and sneakers. Brands including Vans (/wiki/Vans) , Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Eastpak (/wiki/Eastpak) , Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , and others have created unique products specifically for release at Bread&&Butter. The last Bread & Butter weekend took place at Arena Berlin (/wiki/Arena_Berlin) from August 31- September 2, 2018, with the tagline, “The Pop-Up of Style and Culture” and a “see now, buy now” concept. The three-day weekend showcased fashion, culture, and music, and attracted around 35,000 [1] (#cite_note-1) visitors. International music artists performed live each evening at the venue, as well as DJ sets scheduled on different stages throughout the day. The weekend drew influencers and celebrities from around the world to Berlin to take part in various activities as well as in live panel discussions on current cultural topics. Pop-up fashion shows were a key highlight during the weekend, showing new season collections and limited edition products from a selection of brands. A variety of food stalls were set up across Arena and the surrounding areas, offering popular street food dishes and drinks to guests. History [ edit ] The original “Bread & Butter” tradeshow was founded by German entrepreneur Karl-Heinz Müller together with Christian Geyr and Wolfgang Ahlers and premiered in July 2001 in Cologne (/wiki/Cologne) - Deutz (/wiki/Deutz,_Cologne) . It was initially conceived of as a bi-annual fashion industry trade show "for the progressive, contemporary clothing culture". It had a spin-off in Barcelona from 2005 and completely relocated there in 2007. The tradeshow came back to Berlin in the summer of 2009 and relocated to the historical hangars of Tempelhof Airport (/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport) . In June 2015, the trade fair was acquired by Berlin-based fashion and tech company Zalando (/wiki/Zalando) . The e-commerce platform relaunched it in 2016, turning the fashion industry event into a weekend open to the public. It hosts pop-up stands from the brands available on zalando.com, with the aim to ‘democratize fashion’. Past music lineups have included various international headliners such as A$AP Rocky (/wiki/ASAP_Rocky) , M.I.A (/wiki/M.I.A._(rapper)) and FKA twigs (/wiki/FKA_Twigs) , as well as supporting local DJs from Berlin. Each day of the event culminates in an after-party at the venue. The 2017 fashion shows included collections from HUGO (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) , Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) and G-Star (/wiki/G-Star_Raw) , as well as a retrospective show by couture designers Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) . The same year, Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) opened an onsite exhibition dedicated to her work, as well as hosting an inspirational talk on stage at Festsaal. 2017 also saw several panel discussions with a variety of topics. Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) hosted an empowering Girl's Talk session and Wyclef Jean (/wiki/Wyclef_Jean) told his life story during an intimate live discussion. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) 2018 edition focused on fashion accessories, music, and other consumer electronics. [5] (#cite_note-5) After the 2018 event, Zalando announced that they will discontinue the event, because “It doesn’t fit into our long-term strategy”. [6] (#cite_note-6) List of B&B shows [ edit ] Schedule of Bread & Butter shows, their locations and mottos: [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Date Location Motto July 13–15, 2001 Cologne (/wiki/Cologne) – January 31 – February 2, 2002 Cologne – August 0 1 – 0 3 2002 Cologne – January 17–19, 2003 Berlin-Spandau (/wiki/Berlin-Spandau) – July 18–20, 2003 Berlin-Spandau Berlinlove January 16–18, 2004 Berlin-Spandau Next Move July 16–18, 2004 Berlin-Spandau Berlingold January 21–23, 2005 Berlin-Spandau Selected July 0 8-10 2005 Barcelona Eurovision July 22–24, 2005 Berlin-Spandau Eurovision January 18–20, 2006 Barcelona Eurovision January 27–29, 2006 Berlin-Spandau Eurovision July 0 5-7 2006 Barcelona COMMUNITY July 14–16, 2006 Berlin-Spandau COMMUNITY January 17–19, 2007 Barcelona Active January 26–27, 2007 Berlin-Spandau Active July 0 4– 0 6 2007 Barcelona Fly BBB January 16–18, 2008 Barcelona King Size July 0 2– 0 4 2008 Barcelona New Order January 21–23, 2009 Barcelona United Nations July 0 1– 0 3 2009 Berlin-Tempelhof (/wiki/Tempelhof) Berlin, Berlin January 20–22, 2010 Berlin-Tempelhof The Original July 0 7– 0 9 2010 Berlin-Tempelhof Premier League January 19–21, 2011 Berlin-Tempelhof Absolute July 0 6– 0 8 2011 Berlin-Tempelhof Supershow January 18–20, 2012 Berlin-Tempelhof High Fidelity July 0 4– 0 6 2012 Berlin-Tempelhof The Rock January 15–17, 2013 Berlin-Tempelhof Big Time July 0 2- 0 4 2013 Berlin-Tempelhof Connect January 14–16, 2014 Berlin-Tempelhof Ich bin ein Berliner. July 0 8-10 2014 Berlin-Tempelhof Carnaval do Brasil January 19–21, 2015 Berlin-Tempelhof July 0 7- 0 9 2015 Berlin-Tempelhof September 3–5, 2015 Seoul September 2–4, 2016 Arena Berlin NOW September 1–3, 2017 Arena Berlin Bold August 31 - September 2, 2018 Arena Berlin References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Drier, Melissa (2018-11-28). "Zalando Not Going Forward With Bread & Butter in 2019" (https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/zalando-not-going-forward-with-bread-butter-in-1202915347/) . WWD . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Bread&&Butter by Zalando – The Pop-Up of Style and Culture Reveals This Year's Line-Up" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/bread-and-butter-by-zalando-2018/) . High Snobiety . 2018-07-06 . Retrieved 2018-08-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "In sync mit dem Streetwear-Hype: So wird die Bread&&Butter dieses Jahr" (http://www.vogue.de/mode/artikel/bread-and-butter-2018) . Vogue.de . 2018-07-02 . Retrieved 2018-08-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Zalando setzt bei der Bread & Butter auf Mode zum Mitnehmen" (https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/handel-konsumgueter/modemesse-in-berlin-zalando-setzt-bei-der-bread-und-butter-auf-mode-zum-mitnehmen/22740252.html?ticket=ST-24086-SJkiI2ENaI2KdygwX1Kq-ap1) . Handelsblatt.de . 2018-06-28 . Retrieved 2018-08-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "BREAD & BUTTER BERLIN 2018" (https://www.eworldtrade.com/events/bread-butter-berlin/) . eWorldTrade . Retrieved 27 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Drier, Melissa (2018-11-28). "Zalando Not Going Forward With Bread & Butter in 2019" (https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/zalando-not-going-forward-with-bread-butter-in-1202915347/) . WWD . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bread & Butter History (http://www.breadandbutter.com/winter2015/about/bb-history/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141027210232/http://www.breadandbutter.com/winter2015/about/bb-history/) October 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , including all show posters ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Bread&&Butter 2018 - Bread&&Butter by Zalando, Berlin" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180731221635/https://www.zalando.de/breadandbutter/) . Zalando . Archived from the original (https://www.zalando.de/breadandbutter/) on 31 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2020 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Bread & Butter (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bread_%26_Butter) at Wikimedia Commons Official Bread and Butter website (https://web.archive.org/web/20120730155209/http://www.breadandbutter.com/summer2012-therock/home) Official Bread and Butter website (https://www.zalando.de/breadandbutter/festival/) Bread and Butter at Tempelhof website (https://web.archive.org/web/20141109163327/http://www.thf-berlin.de/en/organize-events-rent-invest/event-location/references/bread-butter-fashion-fair/) Trade fair stands at B&B (https://web.archive.org/web/20140704024635/http://www.twotimestwentyfeet.com/p/bread-and-butter-berlin-dock-container-architecture) , gallery (2012) Bread and Butter at (http://www.creative-germany.travel/en/fashion-en/bread-butter-berlin-2/) Creative Germany Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/7850345-0) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐dvtwd Cached time: 20240719073321 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.273 seconds Real time usage: 0.345 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 576/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16000/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 227/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31318/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.187/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3755948/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 296.791 1 -total 57.70% 171.258 1 Template:Reflist 45.16% 134.032 7 Template:Cite_web 29.87% 88.661 1 Template:Authority_control 11.45% 33.983 1 Template:Commons_category-inline 10.99% 32.619 1 Template:Sister-inline 4.78% 14.178 1 Template:Webarchive 1.51% 4.476 1 Template:If_empty 0.60% 1.789 21 Template:0 0.53% 1.562 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:42853296-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719073321 and revision id 1232191984. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Greek helmets (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_helmets) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐w42v8 Cached time: 20240720182055 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.048 seconds Real time usage: 0.191 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2589/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 374/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.027/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946178/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 184.586 1 Template:Commons_cat 100.00% 184.586 1 -total 98.38% 181.593 1 Template:Sister_project 97.52% 180.009 1 Template:Side_box 2.73% 5.041 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24512032-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720182055 and revision id 716256204. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Ancient Greek helmets" The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Attic helmet (/wiki/Attic_helmet) B Boar's tusk helmet (/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet) Boeotian helmet (/wiki/Boeotian_helmet) C Chalcidian helmet (/wiki/Chalcidian_helmet) Corinthian helmet (/wiki/Corinthian_helmet) I Illyrian type helmet (/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet) K Kegelhelm (/wiki/Kegelhelm) Konos (/wiki/Konos) P Phrygian helmet (/wiki/Phrygian_helmet) Pileus (hat) (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Ancient_Greek_helmets&oldid=716256204 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Ancient_Greek_helmets&oldid=716256204) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Ancient Greek military equipment (/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_military_equipment) Ancient Greek military art (/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_military_art) Ancient helmets (/wiki/Category:Ancient_helmets) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐6bfdd77f6c‐8p57p Cached time: 20240624073433 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38667432-0!canonical and timestamp 20240624073433 and revision id 693036516. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. M Miss Asia Pacific World (/wiki/Category:Miss_Asia_Pacific_World) ‎ (1 P) Pages in category "Fashion events in South Korea" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . M Miss Supertalent (/wiki/Miss_Supertalent) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_events_in_South_Korea&oldid=693036516 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_events_in_South_Korea&oldid=693036516) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Beauty pageants in South Korea (/wiki/Category:Beauty_pageants_in_South_Korea)
Perfume by Dominique Ropion for Givenchy Amarige Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) Released 1991 Label Parfums Givenchy (/wiki/Parfums_Givenchy) Amarige is a perfume (/wiki/Perfume) produced by French fashion house Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) . Amarige was introduced in 1991, [1] (#cite_note-Wiley_-_1994_-_Perfumery:_Practice_and_Principles_-_page_140-1) created by perfumer (/wiki/Perfumer) Dominique Ropion (/wiki/Dominique_Ropion) . [2] (#cite_note-New_York_Times_-_23_July_2009_-_Scent_Notes_-_Play_by_Givenchy-2) Its bottle was designed by Pierre Dinand, taking as its inspiration the ruffled sleeves of the Bettina blouse (/wiki/Simone_Micheline_Bodin) . [3] (#cite_note-Le_Figaro_-_31_May_2007_-_Givenchy,_un_parfum_d‘élégance-3) The name Amerige is an anagram of the word Mariage (marriage), and in fact, according to Givenchy's philosophy, the perfume is supposed to evoke "the happiness of a summer evening on the edge of the Mediterranean," or, according to what is written on the fashion house's official website, "...the symbol of femininity, radiant and full of happiness, joie de vivre and generosity." [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Wiley_-_1994_-_Perfumery:_Practice_and_Principles_-_page_140_1-0) Calkin, Robert R. (1994). "Selected Great Perfumes" (https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9w2xR2HjsC&dq=%22Amarige%22+Givenchy+1991&pg=PA140) . Perfumery: Practice and Principles . John Wiley & Sons (/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons) . p. 140. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780471589341 . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-New_York_Times_-_23_July_2009_-_Scent_Notes_-_Play_by_Givenchy_2-0) Chandler Burr (/wiki/Chandler_Burr) (23 July 2009). "Scent Notes - Play by Givenchy" (http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/scent-notes-play-by-givenchy/) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Le_Figaro_-_31_May_2007_-_Givenchy,_un_parfum_d‘élégance_3-0) Saint-Jean, Catherine (31 May 2007). "Givenchy, un parfum d'élégance" (http://madame.lefigaro.fr/beaute/givenchy-parfum-elegance-310507-8948) . Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) . Dassault Group (/wiki/Dassault_Group) . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "GIVENCHY BEAUTY ∷ Official Store" (https://www.givenchybeauty.com/on/demandware.store/Sites-givenchy-beauty-us-Site/en_US/Home-Show) . www.givenchybeauty.com . Retrieved 2022-11-01 . External links [ edit ] Amarige (https://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Givenchy/Amarige-3.html) on Fragrantica.com (/w/index.php?title=Fragrantica&action=edit&redlink=1) Amarige (http://www.basenotes.net/ID10211538.html) on Basenotes.com (/wiki/Basenotes) v t e Parfums Givenchy (/wiki/Parfums_Givenchy) pour femme L'Interdit (/wiki/L%27Interdit) (1957) Le De (/w/index.php?title=Le_De&action=edit&redlink=1) (1957) Givenchy III (/w/index.php?title=Givenchy_III&action=edit&redlink=1) (1970) Eau de Givenchy (/w/index.php?title=Eau_de_Givenchy&action=edit&redlink=1) (1980) Ysatis (/wiki/Ysatis_(perfume)) (1984) Amarige (1991) Organza (/w/index.php?title=Organza_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (1996) Hot Couture (/w/index.php?title=Hot_Couture_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (2000) My Couture (/w/index.php?title=My_Couture_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (2002) Very Irrésistible (/w/index.php?title=Very_Irr%C3%A9sistible&action=edit&redlink=1) (2003) pour homme Monsieur de Givenchy (/w/index.php?title=Monsieur_de_Givenchy&action=edit&redlink=1) (1959) Vetyver (/w/index.php?title=Vetyver_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (1959) Givenchy Gentleman (/w/index.php?title=Givenchy_Gentleman&action=edit&redlink=1) (1974) Xeryus (/wiki/Xeryus) (1986) Insensé (/w/index.php?title=Insens%C3%A9_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (1993) Pi (/w/index.php?title=Pi_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (1999) Givenchy Pour Homme (/wiki/Givenchy_Pour_Homme) (2002) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amarige&action=edit) . v t e This product (/wiki/Product_(business)) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Modern driving gloves Peccary (/wiki/Peccary) driving gloves A driving glove is a hand covering (/wiki/Glove) , typically constructed of very thin, soft leather (/wiki/Leather) . It is used to give a driver better control of the vehicle by enhancing grip of the steering wheel (/wiki/Steering_wheel) and gear stick (/wiki/Gear_stick) . History [ edit ] The driving glove made its appearance during the 1890s. Steering wheels at the time were generally made from uncovered metal or wood. Internal heating in cars was not available since all cars were convertibles (/wiki/Convertible) , and an uncovered metal steering wheel would be cold on the hands during winter and potentially slick with sweat in summer. For wooden steering wheels, gloves could protect the driver's hands from splinters. [1] (#cite_note-1) The used gloves looked like gauntlet gloves and were usually lined, meaning they had an inner layer of wool, fur, or lambskin. It was not that important in the early days to have great sensitivity and contact with the steering wheel, but rather a firm grip to drive in a straight line due to the lack of power steering (/wiki/Power_steering) . Early racing cars used steering wheels taken directly from road cars. These wheels were normally made from wood, necessitating the use and development of driving gloves. [2] (#cite_note-2) Racing driving gloves have developed over time, from Silver Arrows (/wiki/Silver_Arrows) through to Grand Prix (/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing) and modern gloves. Current use [ edit ] Driving gloves fulfill at least two functions: grip and protection. Although maximum tactility (/wiki/Touch) is an obvious starting point for driving gloves, any glove can be marked as a driver's glove, and can improve the grip on the steering wheel. Some owners of classic cars still wear driving gloves in order to protect the vintage wooden or ivory steering wheel. Design [ edit ] True driving gloves can be identified by the fact that they offer tactile (/wiki/Touch) advantages to drivers handling a car near the limits of adhesion. Made of soft leather, drivers gloves are unlined with external seams, which makes them seamless inside so as not to interfere with the sensitivity of the drivers touch on the steering wheel, and subsequently information from where the tire contacts the road. Driving gloves feature open knuckles and back for maximum flexibility; ventilation to reduce stress on the soft, thin leather; holes punched in fingers and palms for ventilation; short cuffs so as not to restrict movement; and a stud fastener closure on the back for proper fit around the wrist and unobstructed view of the drivers chronograph (/wiki/Chronograph) . Racing driver's gloves [ edit ] Racing gloves are specifically designed for increased grip and performance and protection against heat (/wiki/Heat) and flame (/wiki/Flame) for drivers in automobile competitions. [3] (#cite_note-3) Racing gloves must have cuffs to provide thermal shielding in conjunction with racing driver's suits (/wiki/Racing_suit) . They are made of Nomex (/wiki/Nomex) . Because leather shrinks considerably when exposed to flame, the glove's leather is usually limited only to the tactile areas of the hand. There is usually no leather on the cuff, on the back of the hand, or between the fingers (also called fourchettes ). The racing glove is supposed to be tight either at the wrist or at the extremity of the cuff. [4] (#cite_note-4) The leather is meant to be used as an additional layer of material. The seams for attaching the leather have to be separate from the structural seams of the glove. The thickness of the leather is preferably as thin as possible. [5] (#cite_note-5) Drivers of single-seater cars in races with standing starts must wear gloves in a high-visibility color, which contrasts with the predominant color of the car, so that the driver can clearly draw the attention of the race starter in case of difficulties. [6] (#cite_note-6) Styles [ edit ] Unlined - The philosophy behind unlined designs is to allow greater tactility that may not be present with full fingered gloves. Lined - Lined driver's gloves are frequently used to keep the hands warm, a function that is particularly necessary during top down operation in cold weather. Full fingered - Gloves that protect the entire hand from wrist to finger. Fingerless - Fingerless gloves have the fingers cut off. See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Baseball glove (/wiki/Baseball_glove) Batting glove (/wiki/Batting_glove) Boxing glove (/wiki/Boxing_glove) Cycling glove (/wiki/Cycling_glove) Goalkeeper glove (/wiki/Goalkeeper_glove) Golf gloves (/wiki/Golf_gloves) Lacrosse glove (/wiki/Lacrosse_glove) MMA gloves (/wiki/MMA_gloves) Wicket-keeper's gloves (/wiki/Wicket-keeper%27s_gloves) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The driving gloves history" (https://opinari-drivers.com/pages/driving-gloves-history) . OPINARI - Driver's Essentials . Retrieved 25 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Official Formula 1 website" (http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5287.html) . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "FIA Standard 8856-200 Protective clothing for automobile drivers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710235857/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) . p. 2. Archived from the original (http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "FIA Standard 8856-200 Protective clothing for automobile drivers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710235857/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) . p. 9. Archived from the original (http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "FIA Standard 8856-200 Protective clothing for automobile drivers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710235857/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) . p. 10. Archived from the original (http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Appendix L to the International sporting code" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110711000028/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/48F2FE30C329E49AC1257817003DC563/$FILE/11.01.06_Annexe%20L_2011.pdf/) . 6 January 2011. p. 14. Archived from the original (http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/48F2FE30C329E49AC1257817003DC563/$FILE/11.01.06_Annexe%20L_2011.pdf/) on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . 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Male models wearing underpants (/wiki/Underpants) The following is a list of male underwear models . This is not a complete list and includes men who have modeled underwear (/wiki/Underwear) as well as fashion apparel from all over the world. This list excludes models dedicated to pornographic (/wiki/Pornography) and erotic photography (/wiki/Erotic_photography) , who may pose in underwear, but the final purpose is to see them naked (/wiki/Nudity) . This is a dynamic list (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists) and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items (/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_male_underwear_models) with reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contents A–F (#A–F) G–L (#G–L) M–R (#M–R) S–Z (#S–Z) List of male underwear models [ edit ] A–F [ edit ] Tyson Ballou (/wiki/Tyson_Ballou) [1] (#cite_note-1) Nick Bateman (/wiki/Nick_Bateman_(model)) [2] (#cite_note-2) Eugen Bauder (/wiki/Eugen_Bauder) [3] (#cite_note-3) Tyson Beckford (/wiki/Tyson_Beckford) [4] (#cite_note-4) David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Michael Bergin (/wiki/Michael_Bergin) [8] (#cite_note-8) Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) Andre Birleanu (/wiki/Andre_Birleanu) [9] (#cite_note-9) Pietro Boselli (/wiki/Pietro_Boselli) [10] (#cite_note-10) Nick Bracks (/wiki/Nick_Bracks) [11] (#cite_note-11) Mehcad Brooks (/wiki/Mehcad_Brooks) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Lars Burmeister (/wiki/Lars_Burmeister) [14] (#cite_note-14) Cody Calafiore (/wiki/Cody_Calafiore) [15] (#cite_note-15) Dan Carter (/wiki/Dan_Carter) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Anthony Catanzaro (/wiki/Anthony_Catanzaro) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Will Chalker (/wiki/Will_Chalker) [20] (#cite_note-20) Alex Cheesman (/wiki/Alex_Cheesman) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Oliver Cheshire (/wiki/Oliver_Cheshire) Michael Clarke (/wiki/Michael_Clarke_(cricketer)) [21] (#cite_note-21) Ben Cohen (/wiki/Ben_Cohen_(rugby_union)) [22] (#cite_note-22) Didier Cohen (/wiki/Didier_Cohen) Jai Courtney (/wiki/Jai_Courtney) [23] (#cite_note-23) Francesco Cura (/wiki/Francesco_Cura) [24] (#cite_note-24) Alberto de la Bella (/wiki/Alberto_de_la_Bella) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Justin Deeley (/wiki/Justin_Deeley) [25] (#cite_note-25) Varun Dhawan (/wiki/Varun_Dhawan) [26] (#cite_note-26) Nyle DiMarco (/wiki/Nyle_DiMarco) [27] (#cite_note-27) Jamie Dornan (/wiki/Jamie_Dornan) Luca Dotto (/wiki/Luca_Dotto) [28] (#cite_note-28) Sandor Earl (/wiki/Sandor_Earl) [29] (#cite_note-29) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Oscar Emboaba (/wiki/Oscar_Emboaba) [30] (#cite_note-30) Thom Evans (/wiki/Thom_Evans) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Travis Fimmel (/wiki/Travis_Fimmel) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) Ben Foden (/wiki/Ben_Foden) Mark Foster (/wiki/Mark_Foster_(swimmer)) [33] (#cite_note-33) Nolan Gerard Funk (/wiki/Nolan_Gerard_Funk) [34] (#cite_note-34) G–L [ edit ] David Gandy (/wiki/David_Gandy) [35] (#cite_note-35) Angelo Garcia (/wiki/Angelo_Garcia) [36] (#cite_note-36) Justin Gaston (/wiki/Justin_Gaston) [37] (#cite_note-37) Robert Grabarz (/wiki/Robert_Grabarz) Calvin Harris (/wiki/Calvin_Harris) James Haskell (/wiki/James_Haskell) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Djimon Hounsou (/wiki/Djimon_Hounsou) [38] (#cite_note-38) Christof Innerhofer (/wiki/Christof_Innerhofer) [39] (#cite_note-39) Ben Patrick Johnson (/wiki/Ben_Patrick_Johnson) [40] (#cite_note-40) Mitchell Johnson (/wiki/Mitchell_Johnson_(cricketer)) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Rusty Joiner (/wiki/Rusty_Joiner) [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) Nick Jonas (/wiki/Nick_Jonas) Daren Kagasoff (/wiki/Daren_Kagasoff) [43] (#cite_note-43) Brian Kehoe (/wiki/Brian_Kehoe) [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) Salman Khan (/wiki/Salman_Khan) [46] (#cite_note-46) Jon Kortajarena (/wiki/Jon_Kortajarena) [47] (#cite_note-47) Arthur Kulkov (/wiki/Arthur_Kulkov) [48] (#cite_note-48) Akshay Kumar (/wiki/Akshay_Kumar) Camille Lacourt (/wiki/Camille_Lacourt) [49] (#cite_note-49) Francisco Lachowski (/wiki/Francisco_Lachowski) [50] (#cite_note-50) Todd Lasance (/wiki/Todd_Lasance) [51] (#cite_note-51) Kayne Lawton (/wiki/Kayne_Lawton) [52] (#cite_note-52) Marios Lekkas (/wiki/Marios_Lekkas) [53] (#cite_note-53) William Levy (/wiki/William_Levy_(actor)) [54] (#cite_note-54) Freddie Ljungberg (/wiki/Freddie_Ljungberg) [55] (#cite_note-55) [56] (#cite_note-56) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Ryan Lochte (/wiki/Ryan_Lochte) [57] (#cite_note-57) Mario Lopez (/wiki/Mario_Lopez) [58] (#cite_note-58) Alex Lundqvist (/wiki/Alex_Lundqvist) [59] (#cite_note-59) Kellan Lutz (/wiki/Kellan_Lutz) [60] (#cite_note-60) M–R [ edit ] Filippo Magnini (/wiki/Filippo_Magnini) [61] (#cite_note-61) James Magnussen (/wiki/James_Magnussen) [62] (#cite_note-62) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Fabio Mancini (/wiki/Fabio_Mancini) [63] (#cite_note-63) Javi Martínez (/wiki/Javi_Mart%C3%ADnez) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Mariano Martínez (/wiki/Mariano_Mart%C3%ADnez_(actor)) [64] (#cite_note-64) Shawn Mendes (/wiki/Shawn_Mendes) [65] (#cite_note-65) Lionel Messi (/wiki/Lionel_Messi) [66] (#cite_note-66) Scott McGregor (/wiki/Scott_McGregor_(actor)) [67] (#cite_note-67) Noah Mills (/wiki/Noah_Mills) [68] (#cite_note-68) Matthew Mitcham (/wiki/Matthew_Mitcham) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Christian Monzon (/wiki/Christian_Monzon) [69] (#cite_note-69) [70] (#cite_note-70) Miro Moreira (/wiki/Miro_Moreira) [71] (#cite_note-71) Rafael Nadal (/wiki/Rafael_Nadal) [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Hidetoshi Nakata (/wiki/Hidetoshi_Nakata) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Garrett Neff (/wiki/Garrett_Neff) [74] (#cite_note-74) Simon Nessman (/wiki/Simon_Nessman) [75] (#cite_note-75) Felix Neureuther (/wiki/Felix_Neureuther) [76] (#cite_note-76) Brett Novek (/wiki/Brett_Novek) [77] (#cite_note-77) [78] (#cite_note-78) Aitor Ocio (/wiki/Aitor_Ocio) [79] (#cite_note-79) Jim Palmer (/wiki/Jim_Palmer) [80] (#cite_note-80) Horacio Pancheri (/wiki/Horacio_Pancheri) [81] (#cite_note-81) Lance Parker (/wiki/Lance_Parker) [82] (#cite_note-82) Lukas Podolski (/wiki/Lukas_Podolski) [83] (#cite_note-83) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) John Quinlan (/wiki/John_Quinlan_(wrestler)) [84] (#cite_note-84) [85] (#cite_note-85) Patrick Rafter (/wiki/Patrick_Rafter) [86] (#cite_note-86) Stuart Reardon (/wiki/Stuart_Reardon) [87] (#cite_note-87) Adam Rickitt (/wiki/Adam_Rickitt) [88] (#cite_note-88) [89] (#cite_note-89) Alan Ritchson (/wiki/Alan_Ritchson) [90] (#cite_note-90) [91] (#cite_note-91) James Rodríguez (/wiki/James_Rodr%C3%ADguez) Cristiano Ronaldo (/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Massimiliano Rosolino (/wiki/Massimiliano_Rosolino) [92] (#cite_note-92) S–Z [ edit ] Antonio Sabàto Jr (/wiki/Antonio_Sab%C3%A0to_Jr) [93] (#cite_note-93) [94] (#cite_note-94) Chris Salvatore (/wiki/Chris_Salvatore) [95] (#cite_note-95) Danny Schwarz (/wiki/Danny_Schwarz_(model)) [96] (#cite_note-96) Adam Senn (/wiki/Adam_Senn) [97] (#cite_note-97) Tomas Skoloudik (/wiki/Tomas_Skoloudik) [98] (#cite_note-98) Christian Sprenger (/wiki/Christian_Sprenger) [99] (#cite_note-99) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Eamon Sullivan (/wiki/Eamon_Sullivan) [100] (#cite_note-100) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Marlon Teixeira (/wiki/Marlon_Teixeira) [101] (#cite_note-101) Ian Thorpe (/wiki/Ian_Thorpe) [102] (#cite_note-102) [103] (#cite_note-103) Janko Tipsarević (/wiki/Janko_Tipsarevi%C4%87) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Andrés Velencoso (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Velencoso) [104] (#cite_note-104) Fernando Verdasco (/wiki/Fernando_Verdasco) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Mark Wahlberg (/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg) [105] (#cite_note-105) [106] (#cite_note-106) Tony Ward (/wiki/Tony_Ward_(entertainer)) [107] (#cite_note-107) [108] (#cite_note-108) Joel West (/wiki/Joel_West) [109] (#cite_note-109) David Williams (/wiki/David_Williams_(rugby_league)) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) Robert Scott Wilson (/wiki/Robert_Scott_Wilson) [110] (#cite_note-110) David Witts (/wiki/David_Witts) [111] (#cite_note-111) Nick Youngquest (/wiki/Nick_Youngquest) [7] (#cite_note-buzzfeed-7) David Zepeda (/wiki/David_Zepeda) [112] (#cite_note-112) [113] (#cite_note-113) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Tyson Ballou Hits the Beach in H&M Swimwear" (http://www.underwearexpert.com/2013/04/tyson-ballou-hits-the-beach-in-hm-swimwear/) . The Underwear Expert . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Nick Bateman models underwear for Simons" (http://covermenmag.com/nick-bateman-models-underwear-for-simons/) . Covermen Mag . Retrieved June 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Eugen Bauder for XTG Underwear" (http://www.malemodelscene.net/models/eugen-bauder/eugen-bauder-for-xtg-underwear/) . Male Model Scene . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Best Men's Underwear Advertising Campaigns" (http://www.thefashionisto.com/best-mens-underwear-advertising-campaigns/2/) . The Fashionisto . Retrieved December 20, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "David Beckham To Design And Model His Own Underwear Line" (http://997now.radio.com/2011/05/20/david-beckham-to-design-and-model-his-own-underwear-line/) . 997nowradio.com . Retrieved December 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "David Beckham: Football Player or Fashion Model?" (http://sportandbeauty.blogspot.com/2007/08/david-beckham-football-player-or.html) . Sportandbeauty.com . Retrieved December 16, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "A Totally Scientific Ranking Of 24 Male Athletes Turned Underwear Models" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/mattbellassai/a-totally-scientific-ranking-of-24-male-athletes-turned-unde#.aeMKOjW1A) . BuzzFeed (/wiki/BuzzFeed) . Retrieved June 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Actor Claims Affair With Carolyn Bessette" (https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=127935&page=1/) . Good Morning America (/wiki/Good_Morning_America) . Retrieved August 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "America's Smartest Model Profile – Andre Birleanu" (http://www.buddytv.com/articles/americas-most-smartest-model/profile/andre-birleanu.aspx) . BuddyTV (/wiki/BuddyTV) . Retrieved December 16, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Pietro Boselli models underwear & longwear for Simons" (http://www.thefashionisto.com/pietro-boselli-2016-simons-underwear-shoot/) . The Fashionisto . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Galleries: Nick Bracks modelling in Federation Square" (http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/photos/photos-e6frf94x-1225837644323?page=1) . Herald Sun (/wiki/Herald_Sun) . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Calvin Klein Underwear Model Mehcad Brooks" (http://livelyindepthmusicent.com/tag/calvin-klein-underwear-model-mehcad-brooks/) . Livelyindepthmusicent.com . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Hottie Mehcad Brooks Actor and Fashion Model" (https://camillereads.tumblr.com/post/359861395/hottie-mehcad-brooks-actor-and-fashion-model-i) . Camillereads.tumblr.com . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Lars Burmeister for Hugo Boss Black Underwear" (http://www.malemodelscene.net/agencies/ford-models/lars-burmeister-hugo-boss-black-underwear/) . Male Model Scene . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Big Brother's Cody Calafiore poses in Calvin Klein for Winq March/April 2015 cover shoot" (http://www.thefashionisto.com/big-brothers-cody-calafiore-poses-calvin-klein-underwear-winq-marchapril-2015-cover-shoot/) . The Fashionisto . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Dan Carter Models New Line In Jockey Undies After Groin Injury Picture!" (http://brianedwardsmedia.co.nz/2011/10/dan-carter-models-new-line-in-jockey-undies-after-groin-injury-picture/) . Brianedwardsmedia.co.nz . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Dan Carter Closes Two More Fashion Stores" (http://www.odt.co.nz/news/business/111660/carter-closes-two-more-fashion-stores) . odt.co.nz . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "10 Things You Need To Know About Fitness Model No. 1" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111006034129/http://malefitnessmodels.net/anthony-catanzaro.html) . malefitnessmodels.net . Archived from the original (http://malefitnessmodels.net/anthony-catanzaro.html) on October 6, 2011 . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "New York Cool – Interview – Anthony Catanzaro" (http://newyorkcool.com/archives/2006/June/interview_1.html) . newyorkcool.com . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Will Chalker for Gant Fall 2011 Underwear Campaign" (http://www.thefashionisto.com/will-chalker-for-gant-fall-2011-underwear-campaign/) . The Fashionisto . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "The rehabilitation of Michael Clarke" (http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/the-rehabilitation-of-michael-clarke-20120228-1u14l.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald) . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Ben Cohen's Charity Underwear Line" (http://www.underwearexpert.com/2012/06/rugby-star-ben-cohen-launch-bluebuck-charity-line/) . The Underwear Expert . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Aussie actor Jai Courtney y-fronts up for Bonds underwear" (http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/aussie-actor-jai-courtney-yfronts-up-for-bonds-underwear/story-fni0cx12-1226969939168) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved October 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Collection of Underwear Images of Francis J Cura/Francis Cura/Francesco Cura" (https://plus.google.com/photos/116238360562943033155/albums/5647072022825874449) . The Underwear Hunks . Retrieved August 31, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) " (http://www.celebuzz.com/photos/90210-hottie-justin-deeley-in-his-underwear/) '90210' Hottie Justin Deeley in His Underwear" (http://www.celebuzz.com/photos/90210-hottie-justin-deeley-in-his-underwear/) . Celebuzz! . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Varun Dhawan shows off his Lux Cozi undergarments" (https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/varun-dhawan-shows-off-his-lux-cozi-undergarments-180205?amp) . Indian Television (/wiki/Indian_Television) . Retrieved July 24, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Photographer Tate Tullier Shoots Nyle DiMarco for 2xist" (http://popculturegay.com/2015/09/25/photographer-tate-tullier-shoots-nyle-dimarco-for-2xist/) . Pop Culture Gay . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Lucca Dotto Is Handsome In Emporio Armani's 2014 Campaign" (http://www.listprive.com/lucca-dotto-is-handsome-in-emporio-armanis-2014-campaign/) . ListPrivé . Retrieved September 26, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Panther 'Princess' Sandor Earl The New NRL Heartthrob" (http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/nrl/panther-princess-sandor-earl-the-new-nrl-heartthrob/story-e6frexnr-1225907479667) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)) . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Oscar Emboaba stars in Calvin Klein's first Brazilian jeans + underwear campaign" (http://www.thefashionisto.com/oscar-emboaba-stars-calvin-kleins-first-brazilian-jeans-underwear-campaign/) . The Fashionisto . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Calvin Klein's New Pony-Boy Underwear Model – Travis Fimmel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062721/http://store.soliscompany.com/caklnewpounm.html) . Soliscompany.com . Archived from the original (http://store.soliscompany.com/caklnewpounm.html) on April 26, 2012 . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Tavis Fimmel Biography" (http://www.buddytv.com/info/travis-fimmel-info.aspx) . BuddyTV (/wiki/BuddyTV) . Retrieved December 17, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Mark Foster Takes His Clothes Off Again" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010212/http://www.famemagazine.co.uk/2010/02/16/mark-foster-takes-his-clothes-off-again/) . Fame Magazine . Archived from the original (http://www.famemagazine.co.uk/2010/02/16/mark-foster-takes-his-clothes-off-again/) on September 24, 2015 . 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Retrieved December 18, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Model Justin Gaston" (http://www.internationaljock.com/articles/model-justin-gaston.html) . Internationaljock.com . Retrieved December 18, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Djimon Housou To Model Calvin Klein Underwear" (http://annansi.com/blog/2007/02/djimon-housou-to-model-calvin-klein-underwear/) . Annansi.com . Retrieved December 18, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Intimissimi vi invita a conoscere i grandi campioni dello sport!" (http://www.fashiontimes.it/2014/10/intimissimi-vi-invita-a-conoscere-i-grandi-campioni-dello-sport/) . FashionTimes . Retrieved April 30, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Ben Patrick Johnson in Wax Brand Briefs" (http://www.boxers-or-briefs.com/2010/11/ben-patrick-johnson-in-wax-brand-briefs/) . Boxersorbriefs.com . Retrieved December 18, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Men's Fitness Model Rusty Joiner" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062721/http://bf-1.com/fit-hindi/uncategorized/mens-fitness-model-rusty-joiner) . Bf-1.com . 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Retrieved December 18, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-86) "Pat Rafter Reveals Men's Habits" (http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/story/2010/10/15/shock-jocks-reveal-secret-mens-habits/) . Sunshinecoastdaily.com . Retrieved December 18, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-87) "Beefcake of the Week: Stuart Reardon" (http://www.underwearexpert.com/2013/05/beefcake-of-the-week-stuart-reardon/) . The Underwear Expert . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-88) "Adam Rickitt: True Blue Hunk – Profiles – People" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/adam-rickitt-true-blue-hunk-478088.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . May 14, 2006 . Retrieved January 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-89) "Ming is old enough to know better" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3625602/Ming-is-old-enough-to-know-better.html#4) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved January 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-90) "International Jock Underwear Model Alan Ritchson to Heat Up 90210" (http://www.boxers-or-briefs.com/2011/04/international-jock-underwear-model-alan-ritchson-to-heat-up-90210/) . Boxersorbriefs.com . Retrieved December 18, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-91) "Alan Ritchson: From Underwear to Aquaman to Thad Castle on 'Blue Mountain State' (http://www.afterelton.com/people/2011/10/alan-ritchson-interview-blue-mountain-state) " (http://www.afterelton.com/people/2011/10/alan-ritchson-interview-blue-mountain-state) . AfterElton.com (/wiki/AfterElton.com) . Retrieved December 18, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-92) "New Underwear Line by Cagi with Olympic swimmer, Massimiliano Rosolino" (http://uomo-moderno.com/new-underwear-line-by-cagi-with-olympic-swimmer-massimiliano-rosolino/) . Uomo Moderno . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-93) "Antonio Sabato Jr. Passes Calvin Klein Torch to Kellan Lutz" (http://www.zimbio.com/Blu+Cantrell/articles/icZOCnzwLMG/Antonio+Sabato+Jr+Passes+Calvin+Klein+Torch) . Zimbio.com via ETonline . Retrieved December 19, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-94) "Antonio Sabato Jr. Biography" (http://www.biography.com/people/antonio-sabato-jr-16717539) . Biography.com . Retrieved December 19, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-95) "Chris Salvatore's Underwear Line Is Here!" (http://www.underwearexpert.com/2014/02/chris-salvatores-underwear-line/) . The Underwear Expert . Retrieved December 20, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-96) "Danny Schwarz for Calvin Klein Underwear" (http://www.malemodelscene.net/agencies/vny-models/danny-schwarz-for-calvin-klein-underwear/) . Male Model Scene . 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Retrieved May 20, 2014 . External links [ edit ] The Calvin Klein Underwear Model (http://video.nytimes.com/video/2010/05/12/fashion/1247467831357/the-calvin-klein-underwear-model.html) Male Underwear Models Listing (http://www.underwearexpert.com/underwear-model-listing/) – The Underwear Expert (/wiki/The_Underwear_Expert) Underwear Model Pics (http://www.underwearexpert.com/underwear-model-photos/) – The Underwear Expert NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐7898f8bbbb‐dj48g Cached time: 20240710215332 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, no‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.202 seconds Real time usage: 1.465 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4702/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 176302/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 914/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 408592/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.737/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5192796/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1181.668 1 -total 72.07% 851.574 1 Template:Reflist 61.24% 723.707 112 Template:Cite_web 14.56% 172.000 1 Template:Short_description 7.13% 84.301 8 Template:Main_other 6.73% 79.522 1 Template:SDcat 5.81% 68.631 2 Template:Pagetype 2.09% 24.753 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates 2.01% 23.712 4 Template:Div_col 1.85% 21.894 1 Template:Dynamic_list Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34081582-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710215332 and revision id 1217954304. 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Finnish art duo This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Nutty Tarts" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nutty+Tarts%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nutty+Tarts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nutty+Tarts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nutty+Tarts%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nutty+Tarts%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nutty+Tarts%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( April 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The Nutty Tarts (Tärähtäneet ämmät FIN) is an art duo formed by two Finnish (/wiki/Finland) artists, Katriina Haikala (born 1977) and Vilma Metter (born 1977). Background [ edit ] The Nutty Tarts was formed in Helsinki (/wiki/Helsinki) in 2007, with the mission of provoking public conversations that challenge the prevailing power dynamics in contemporary societies. In their creative work, Haikala and Metteri use various forms of art, such as photography (/wiki/Photography) , video installation (/wiki/Video_installation) and live performance, to name just a few. Their motto “Shaken not blurred” relates not only to the variety and diversity of their artistic projects but to their mission of being artistic trouble makers who want to challenge oppressive norms. The Nutty Tarts’ most noted social art projects are Monokini 2.0 (2013-), Dystopia/Utopia (2013-) and Hairy Underwear (2014-). Their provocative and humorous artwork has received worldwide attention from the international media, including from media outlets like The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) , El Pais (/wiki/El_Pais) , Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) , Il Fotografo, Daily News (New York) (/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)) , Libération (/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration) and Upworthy (/wiki/Upworthy) . Projects [ edit ] Monokini 2.0 - Who says you need two [ edit ] This section of a biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) does not include (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any references or sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources: "Nutty Tarts" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nutty+Tarts%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nutty+Tarts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nutty+Tarts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nutty+Tarts%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nutty+Tarts%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nutty+Tarts%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( March 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Monokini 2.0 is a social art project launched in 2013. Ten Finnish fashion designers, such as Mert Otsamo (/wiki/Mert_Otsamo) , Tyra Therman, Outi Pyy, participated in the Monokini 2.0 project and together designed a swimwear collection. This swimwear is targeted for women who have experienced breast cancer (/wiki/Breast_cancer) and mastectomies (/wiki/Mastectomy) . The collection was photographed by Finnish photographer Pinja Valja ]in collaboration with Haikala and Metteri and is modeled by 10 breast cancer survivors. The photographs form a collection that has been exhibited in various galleries in and outside of Finland (/wiki/Finland) . Monokini 2.0 charity Catwalk Show was held in the Yrjönkatu Swimming Hall (/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6nkatu_Swimming_Hall) on 30 August 2014. The show was the first time that the swimwear collection was publicly showcased. Dystopia/utopia [ edit ] Dystopia/utopia is a social art project (/wiki/Social_practice_(art)) based on photography and scenario work. The project is created together with 12-17 year-olds who are at risk of becoming marginalized. Working together with Nutty tarts and American photographer Gabriel Mellan, the youngsters used photography to visualize their outlook on life through the concepts of dystopia (/wiki/Dystopia) and utopia (/wiki/Utopia) . Together with a picture representing the present of each young participant, the dystopian and utopian images formulate a triptych (/wiki/Triptych) . The Dystopia/Utopia project was carried out in 2013 and 2014 with the support of Kone Foundation [1] (#cite_note-1) at the Saari Residence [2] (#cite_note-2) in Mynämäki, Finland. The project is continuing in September and October 2015 in Helsinki with funding from the Myrsky project. [3] (#cite_note-3) Hairy Underwear [ edit ] Hairy Underwear is an undergarment (/wiki/Undergarment) collection designed by the Nutty Tarts including underpants, undershirts and leggings. The collection is sold in the Hairy Underwear online webstore [4] (#cite_note-4) and shipped globally. The collection is designed to provoke discussion about suppressive norms, gender issues and the narrow idea about ideal beauty. Exhibitions 2013 - 2015 [ edit ] 2015 ”Dystopia / Utopia”, Photographic Gallery Hippolyte (http://www.hippolyte.fi) , Helsinki, Finland 2015 ”Monokini 2.0”, Finnish institute in Stockholm (http://instituutit.fi/en/institutes/finnish-institute-in-stockholm/) , Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) , Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) 2015 ”Monokini 2.0”, Kunstplass10 (http://www.kunstplass5.no) , Oslo (/wiki/Oslo) , Norway (/wiki/Norway) 2014 ”Dresscode”, Spiral Art center (http://www.spiral.co.jp) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Japan (/wiki/Japan) 2014 ”Monokini 2.0”, Museum Anna Nordlander (http://konstmuseet.com) , Skellefteå (/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5) , Sweden 2014 ”Monokini 2.0”, Finnish Museum of Photography (http://www.valokuvataiteenmuseo.fi/fi/tulossa-en) , Helsinki, Finland 2013 ”Dresscode”, The Parsons New School Gallery (http://www.newschool.edu/parsons/galleries-exhibition-centers/) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , United States (/wiki/United_States) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Koneen SĂ¤Ă¤tiĂś" (http://www.koneensaatio.fi/en/) . Koneensaatio.fi. 2015-05-29 . Retrieved 2015-11-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Koneen SĂ¤Ă¤tiĂś" (http://www.koneensaatio.fi/en/#) . Koneensaatio.fi. 2015-05-29 . Retrieved 2015-11-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Myrsky \| In English" (http://www.myrsky.info/in-english/) . Myrsky.info . Retrieved 2015-11-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "A place where hair is an issue. – Hairy Underwear Store" (http://hairyunderwear.com) . Hairyunderwear.com . Retrieved 2015-11-17 . External links [ edit ] Shaken-not-blurred.com (http://www.shaken-not-blurred.com) Monokin12.com (http://www.monokini2.com) Dystopia/autopia website (http://www.dystopiautopia.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐7f7f7686b4‐82bgs Cached time: 20240716181913 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.225 seconds Real time usage: 0.395 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 611/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29388/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2229/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17736/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.144/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4201906/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 365.474 1 -total 30.10% 109.993 1 Template:Short_description 28.69% 104.838 1 Template:Reflist 25.11% 91.785 4 Template:Cite_web 20.96% 76.595 1 Template:BLP_sources 20.31% 74.213 2 Template:Ambox 15.45% 56.479 1 Template:Authority_control_(arts) 13.64% 49.851 4 Template:Main_other 13.04% 47.667 1 Template:SDcat 12.99% 47.458 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:48532579-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716181913 and revision id 1132203416. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nutty_Tarts&oldid=1132203416 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nutty_Tarts&oldid=1132203416) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Art duos (/wiki/Category:Art_duos) Finnish fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Finnish_fashion_designers) Finnish women artists (/wiki/Category:Finnish_women_artists) Finnish women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Finnish_women_fashion_designers) 1977 births (/wiki/Category:1977_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) BLP articles lacking sources from April 2020 (/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_April_2020) All BLP articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_BLP_articles_lacking_sources) BLP articles lacking sources from March 2020 (/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_March_2020)
Cosmetic applied to the eyelids Eyelid glue Eyelid glue , commonly called eye putti ( アイプチ , ai puchi ) , [1] (#cite_note-1) is a type of eye make-up (/wiki/Cosmetics) used in East Asia (/wiki/East_Asia) designed to change the monolid (/wiki/Epicanthic_fold) (eyelid without a crease). Eyelid glue is a water-soluble adhesive that is easy to remove. History [ edit ] Eyelid glue became available in Japan in the late 1970s. [2] (#cite_note-2) Use [ edit ] Double eyelids are considered a sign of feminine beauty in East Asia. [3] (#cite_note-3) Some women opt for a temporary solution by wearing eyelid glue. The glue is painted on the upper eyelid, which is then pushed upward with a plastic prong and held in place by the adhesive. The glue needs to dry for a minute before holding the fold. This method creates or enhances a fold in the eyelid ("double eyelid") that opens up the eye exposing the eyelashes. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) The use of eyelid glue also exists amongst men. The glue does not last and must be reapplied after a few hours. Eyelid glue may also cause irritation. Variant [ edit ] A variant called eyelid tape or crease tape comes in a fibrous elastic strip that is trimmed to shape and placed on the eyelid. The tape creates a crease that stays on the eyelid. The tape does not last and must be reapplied after a few hours. See also [ edit ] Circle contact lens (/wiki/Circle_contact_lens) East Asian blepharoplasty (/wiki/East_Asian_blepharoplasty) , a form of plastic surgery that has the same visual effect but is permanent Epicanthic fold (/wiki/Epicanthic_fold) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) The spelling "Eye Putti" is a Japanese brand name ^ (#cite_ref-2) Miller, Laura (July 2006). Beauty up: Exploring Contemporary Japanese Body Aesthetics . Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. pp. 116 (https://archive.org/details/beautyupexplorin00mill_0/page/116) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-24508-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The Business of Race" (http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2013/12/11/the-business-of-race/) . Ideas (/wiki/Ideas_(radio_show)) . CBC Radio (/wiki/CBC_Radio) . December 11, 2013 . Retrieved 2013-12-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Microblading" (https://permanent-make-up-expert.berlin/67-microblading-berlin.html) (in German) . Retrieved 18 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Asian Eyes" (http://www.salon.com/health/feature/2000/02/16/asian_eyes) . Salon.com . February 16, 2000 . Retrieved October 26, 2010 . v t e Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Face Anti-aging cream (/wiki/Anti-aging_cream) BB cream (/wiki/BB_cream) Botulinum toxin (Botox) (/wiki/Botulinum_toxin) CC cream (/wiki/CC_cream) Concealer (/wiki/Concealer) Cotton pad (/wiki/Cotton_pad) Cleanser (/wiki/Cleanser) DD cream (/wiki/DD_cream) Facial (/wiki/Facial) Facial toning (/wiki/Facial_toning) Foundation (/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)) Highlighter (/wiki/Highlighter_(cosmetics)) Moist towelette (/wiki/Moist_towelette) Moisturizer (/wiki/Moisturizer) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Primer (/wiki/Primer_(cosmetics)) Powder (/wiki/Face_powder) Rouge (/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)) Toner (/wiki/Toner_(skin_care)) Venetian ceruse (/wiki/Venetian_ceruse) Lips Lipstick (/wiki/Lipstick) Balm (/wiki/Lip_balm) Gloss (/wiki/Lip_gloss) Liner (/wiki/Lip_liner) Stain (/wiki/Lip_stain) Eyes Blepharoplasty (/wiki/Blepharoplasty) Circle contact lens (/wiki/Circle_contact_lens) Eyelash extensions (/wiki/Eyelash_extensions) Eyelid glue Eye liner (/wiki/Eye_liner) Eye shadow (/wiki/Eye_shadow) Kohl (/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)) Mascara (/wiki/Mascara) Hair Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Hair coloring and bleaching (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) shaving (/wiki/Shaving) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Sindoor (/wiki/Sindoor) Styling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) pomade (/wiki/Pomade) spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Nails Artificial nails (/wiki/Artificial_nails) Buffing (/wiki/Nail_buffing) Manicure (/wiki/Manicure) Nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) Pedicure (/wiki/Pedicure) Body Cold cream (/wiki/Cold_cream) Lotion (/wiki/Lotion) Peeling (/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)) Plastic surgery (/wiki/Plastic_surgery) Skin whitening (/wiki/Skin_whitening) Sunless tanning (/wiki/Sunless_tanning) Related Cosmetic electrotherapy (/wiki/Electrotherapy_(cosmetic)) Cosmetic ingredients (/wiki/Ingredients_of_cosmetics) Cosmetics advertising (/wiki/Cosmetics_advertising) Cosmetic packaging (/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging) Cosmetology (/wiki/Cosmetology) History of cosmetics (/wiki/History_of_cosmetics) Cosmetic industry (/wiki/Cosmetic_industry) Male cosmetics (/wiki/Male_cosmetics) Major cosmetic brands Ahava (/wiki/Ahava) Almay (/wiki/Almay) Amorepacific (/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation) Anastasia Beverly Hills (/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills) Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) Aqua Net (/wiki/Aqua_Net) Artistry (/wiki/Artistry_(cosmetics)) Aveda (/wiki/Aveda) Avon (/wiki/Avon_Products) Bath & Body Works (/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works) Benefit (/wiki/Benefit_Cosmetics) Biotherm (/wiki/Biotherm) Bite Beauty (/wiki/BITE_Beauty) Bobbi Brown (/wiki/Bobbi_Brown) Bonne Bell (/wiki/Bonne_Bell) Bumble and bumble (/wiki/Bumble_and_bumble) Burt's Bees (/wiki/Burt%27s_Bees) Carol's Daughter (/wiki/Carol%27s_Daughter) Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) Clinique (/wiki/Clinique) Coty (/wiki/Coty) ColourPop Cosmetics (/wiki/ColourPop_Cosmetics) CoverGirl (/wiki/CoverGirl) Creme 21 (/wiki/Creme_21) Cutex (/wiki/Cutex) Daigaku Honyaku Center (/wiki/Daigaku_Honyaku_Center) Dermacol (/wiki/Dermacol) Douglas (/wiki/Douglas_(cosmetics)) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. 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American sneaker collector Jordan Geller Geller giving a tour of the ShoeZeum in 2011 Born Jordan Michael Geller 1977 (age 46–47) Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , U.S. [1] (#cite_note-1) Education University of Arizona (/wiki/University_of_Arizona) ( BA (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts) ) University of San Diego (/wiki/University_of_San_Diego) ( MBA (/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration) ) University of San Diego School of Law (/wiki/University_of_San_Diego_School_of_Law) ( JD (/wiki/Juris_Doctor) ) Occupations Sneaker collector (/wiki/Sneaker_collector) sneaker reseller Spouse Natalie Geller ( m. 2014) Awards Guinness World Record (/wiki/Guinness_World_Record) holder (2012) Website shoezeum (https://shoezeum.com/) .com (https://shoezeum.com/) Jordan Michael Geller (born 1977) is an American sneaker collector (/wiki/Sneaker_collector) who founded and operated the ShoeZeum , the world's first sneaker museum. In 2012, Geller was certified by Guinness World Records (/wiki/Guinness_World_Records) for having the largest sneaker collection in the world, at 2,388 pairs. [note 1] (#cite_note-3) Geller earned a Juris Doctor (/wiki/Juris_Doctor) degree and passed the bar examination (/wiki/Bar_examination_in_the_United_States) but has never practiced law (/wiki/Practice_of_law) . Instead, Geller resold sneakers for a living via eBay (/wiki/EBay) . After Geller was banned from shopping at Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) in 2009, he transformed his San Diego (/wiki/San_Diego) warehouse into a museum for sneakers, which he called the ShoeZeum. The ShoeZeum contained an assortment of Nike and Air Jordan (/wiki/Air_Jordan) sneakers and was visited by top Nike executives, including then- CEO (/wiki/CEO) Mark Parker (/wiki/Mark_Parker) , in 2011. Geller moved the ShoeZeum to Las Vegas (/wiki/Las_Vegas) in 2012, where he was featured on an episode of the reality TV show Pawn Stars (/wiki/Pawn_Stars) . Geller has collected or sold several Nike "Moon Shoes"—some of the earliest Nike sneakers designed by Nike co-founder Bill Bowerman (/wiki/Bill_Bowerman) —including an unworn pair that he sold at a Sotheby's auction (/wiki/Sotheby%27s) for a record-breaking US$437,500 in 2019. [note 2] (#cite_note-5) Geller would end up breaking his own record a year later when he sold a pair of game-worn and autographed Air Jordan 1s (/wiki/Air_Jordan_I) for over half a million dollars at auction. Geller has auctioned off numerous other coveted sneakers during his career. Since closing the ShoeZeum in 2012, Geller has sold the majority of his sneaker collection. Early life [ edit ] Geller grew up in Southern California (/wiki/Southern_California) . [4] (#cite_note-:3-6) His father was a real estate agent (/wiki/Real_estate_agent) and a 10-time marathon runner (/wiki/Marathon_runner) , who reportedly only wore Nike (/wiki/Nike_shoes) sneakers, while his mother worked as a contemporary artist (/wiki/Contemporary_Artist) . He is the oldest of three siblings. [5] (#cite_note-:0-7) Geller was an avid collector of Garbage Pail Kids (/wiki/Garbage_Pail_Kids) , baseball cards (/wiki/Baseball_card) , and basketball cards (/wiki/Basketball_card) during his youth. [6] (#cite_note-8) Geller's parents refused to purchase him any Air Jordans (/wiki/Air_Jordans) as a child, deeming them too expensive, so he acquired his first pair of Air Jordans while in college for $125. [7] (#cite_note-:1-9) [5] (#cite_note-:0-7) Geller's name is coincidentally close to basketball player Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) , who is also the namesake of Geller's favorite sneakers. [8] (#cite_note-:7-10) Geller attended the University of Arizona (/wiki/University_of_Arizona) from 1995–1999, [9] (#cite_note-11) where he was a political science (/wiki/Political_science) major. [10] (#cite_note-12) Geller later earned his MBA (/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration) and his J.D. (/wiki/Juris_Doctor) from the University of San Diego (/wiki/University_of_San_Diego) , [11] (#cite_note-:4-13) [12] (#cite_note-:16-14) and he passed the California State Bar Exam (/wiki/Bar_examination_in_the_United_States#Components_created_by_states_and_territories) in the early 2000s but has never practiced law. [13] (#cite_note-:2-15) [4] (#cite_note-:3-6) His randomly assigned attorney ID number (/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States#Formal_admission) –234523–corresponds to the two jersey numbers (/wiki/Number_(sports)) Michael Jordan wore during his NBA (/wiki/NBA) career. [14] (#cite_note-:6-16) Career [ edit ] ShoeZeum [ edit ] During his time in law school, Geller visited local swap meets (/wiki/Swap_meets) and outlets (/wiki/Outlet_store) to purchase Nikes that he later resold for a profit on his eBay (/wiki/EBay) business, Sneak's Kicks. [11] (#cite_note-:4-13) [7] (#cite_note-:1-9) At his peak, Geller owned 15,000 pairs of sneakers. [15] (#cite_note-17) Geller received a letter from Nike in 2009 informing him that he was banned from shopping from any of their stores. [14] (#cite_note-:6-16) [4] (#cite_note-:3-6) The ShoeZeum when it was originally in San Diego (/wiki/San_Diego) . Geller stored his inventory in a 9,000 sq ft (840 m 2 ) warehouse located in San Diego (/wiki/San_Diego) . [11] (#cite_note-:4-13) [5] (#cite_note-:0-7) Geller decided to sell off his inventory and use the money to "curate the world's greatest sneaker collection." [14] (#cite_note-:6-16) In 2010, Geller converted his online reselling business into a museum for shoes, called the ShoeZeum, which initially displayed around 2,000 pairs of sneakers. [11] (#cite_note-:4-13) The ShoeZeum became the world's first sneaker museum. [16] (#cite_note-18) [17] (#cite_note-19) The museum was outfitted with toys, posters, and other complementary memorabilia. Geller's inspiration for the ShoeZeum included Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (/wiki/Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory) , Field of Dreams (/wiki/Field_of_Dreams) , The Last Lecture (/wiki/The_Last_Lecture) , Man on Wire (/wiki/Man_on_Wire) , and Walt Disney (/wiki/Walt_Disney) . [7] (#cite_note-:1-9) Geller sent invitations to Nike executives to tour his museum. On March 21, 2011, seven top Nike executives, including then- CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) Mark Parker (/wiki/Mark_Parker) and designer Tinker Hatfield (/wiki/Tinker_Hatfield) , accepted Geller's invitation and visited the ShoeZeum. [5] (#cite_note-:0-7) [18] (#cite_note-20) Subsequently, Nike paid the ShoeZeum's rent for three months while other executives toured the facility. In total, 67 Nike executives visited the warehouse, according to Geller. [19] (#cite_note-:12-21) Others who have seen the ShoeZeum include businesswoman Meg Whitman (/wiki/Meg_Whitman) and baseball player Mike Adams (/wiki/Mike_Adams_(pitcher)) . [8] (#cite_note-:7-10) [20] (#cite_note-22) Before the ShoeZeum was open to the public, Geller auctioned (/wiki/Auction) off five "golden tickets" for a private tour of his warehouse, with all the proceeds benefiting the Livestrong Foundation (/wiki/Livestrong_Foundation) . [21] (#cite_note-23) Geller told the Las Vegas Sun (/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sun) he wanted more people to experience his museum, so he moved the ShoeZeum to Las Vegas (/wiki/Las_Vegas) in 2012. [8] (#cite_note-:7-10) On August 30, the ShoeZeum re-opened in a 7,500 sq ft (700 m 2 ) rented space at the Neonopolis (/wiki/Neonopolis) shopping center in downtown Las Vegas (/wiki/Downtown_Las_Vegas) . At the grand opening, the ribbon was cut (/wiki/Opening_ceremony) by Mayor Carolyn Goodman (/wiki/Carolyn_Goodman) . [22] (#cite_note-24) The museum contained 23 themed exhibits that displayed an array of Nike sneakers. [23] (#cite_note-25) Geller and the ShoeZeum were featured on an episode of the reality TV show Pawn Stars (/wiki/Pawn_Stars) , where Geller attempted to sell his collection. [13] (#cite_note-:2-15) With 2,388 pairs of sneakers, Geller was certified by Guinness World Records (/wiki/Guinness_World_Records) for having the largest sneaker collection in the world. [24] (#cite_note-:10-26) [25] (#cite_note-:14-27) [2] (#cite_note-:11-2) The ShoeZeum eventually topped over 2,500 pairs of sneakers. [26] (#cite_note-:9-28) [27] (#cite_note-29) Geller's museum contained one of every Air Jordan model ever made, and all but eight sneakers in the ShoeZeum were Nikes. [12] (#cite_note-:16-14) Geller closed the ShoeZeum in November 2012, [14] (#cite_note-:6-16) commenting that "having a sneaker museum is just not sustainable." [4] (#cite_note-:3-6) The owner of the Neonopolis stated that the short-lived operation of the ShoeZeum was all "according to plan," and a brewery (/wiki/Brewery) was expected to replace the ShoeZeum. [28] (#cite_note-30) Geller and the ShoeZeum were included on lists of "wild" world records by CBS News (/wiki/CBS_News) [29] (#cite_note-31) and "most ridiculous" world records by BuzzFeed News (/wiki/BuzzFeed_News) . [30] (#cite_note-32) Selected images from the ShoeZeum Rows of Nike SBs (/wiki/Nike_Skateboarding) DJ AM (/wiki/DJ_AM) 's Air Force 1s (/wiki/Air_Force_(shoe)) Geller sitting at his desk at the ShoeZeum Nike SBs inspired by Homer Simpson (/wiki/Homer_Simpson) Nike Air Maxes (/wiki/Nike_Air_Max) A wall of Air Jordan sneakers Nike Air Maxes autographed by Nice Kicks (/wiki/JD_Sports) founder Matt Halfhill Vintage Nike running shoes Colorful Nike SBs with accompanying toys Nike "Moon Shoes" [ edit ] Bowerman buried Moon Shoe [ edit ] A Nike "Moon Shoe," designed by Bill Bowerman (/wiki/Bill_Bowerman) , with its signature waffle sole (/wiki/Waffle_iron#Nike) . In 2014, Jeff Wasson, a utilities worker, sold an early prototype (/wiki/Prototype) shoe that he found in Nike co-founder Bill Bowerman (/wiki/Bill_Bowerman) 's backyard to Geller for $1,500. [note 3] (#cite_note-34) The shoe is believed to be a prototype of the Nike Moon Shoe, the first shoe Nike made under their previous name, Blue Ribbon Sports. Wasson frequently visited Bowerman's home for meter readings (/wiki/Electricity_meter) . After Bowerman died in 1999, Wasson was asked by one of Bowerman's sons to help remove some trees from the property. While the two were working, they uncovered a buried trash pile that contained about a dozen shoes and a waffle iron (/wiki/Waffle_iron) (which was used to mold the soles (/wiki/Sole_(shoe)) of the shoes) in Bowerman's backyard. Bowerman's son allowed Wasson to keep one of the shoes where he stored it in his car for a few years. Wasson sold the shoe to Geller after a neighbor saw Geller featured on Pawn Stars. Geller framed the shoe over his fireplace. [31] (#cite_note-:13-33) [32] (#cite_note-35) [33] (#cite_note-36) Covert's Moon Shoes [ edit ] Geller acquired a pair of Moon Shoes owned by American runner Mark Covert (/wiki/Mark_Covert) for an undisclosed amount in 2015. Prior to the 1972 Olympic Marathon Trials (/wiki/1972_United_States_Olympic_Trials_(track_and_field)) held in Eugene, Oregon (/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon) , Covert entered an early Nike store to receive a free T-shirt and was given a pair of the Moon Shoes by Geoff Hollister (/w/index.php?title=Geoff_Hollister&action=edit&redlink=1) , Nike's third employee. The shoe featured an innovative "waffle sole," designed by Bowerman, and was reportedly more comfortable than other running shoes at that time. Covert was one of five runners to wear the Moon Shoe at the start of his race, but the only one to finish—giving him the distinction of being "the first runner to ever cross a finish line in a pair of Nikes." Covert's shoes became highly collectible over the years, and he was finally convinced by Geller to sell them. Nike had also approached Covert to purchase the shoes but purportedly offered him a lower price than Geller. Geller revealed the shoes at an event at the Oregon Historical Society (/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society) in 2016. [34] (#cite_note-:15-37) [35] (#cite_note-38) Mortenson's Moon Shoes [ edit ] Geller auctioned off a pair of Moon Shoes belonging to retired runner Bruce Mortenson (/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Mortenson&action=edit&redlink=1) for $11,200 in 2016. [36] (#cite_note-39) Mortenson acquired the shoes during the 1972 Olympic Trials. [37] (#cite_note-40) Mortenson did not qualify for the team but kept the shoes and wore them in future races. Mortenson decided to sell his shoes after hearing how fellow runner Mark Covert sold his Moon Shoes to Geller. The shoes contained no laces, and the soles were crumbled. According to Geller, the winner of the auction was an avid sneaker collector based in Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) . [38] (#cite_note-41) Russell's Moon Shoes [ edit ] Similar to Mortenson, Dave Russell, a runner from Sacramento (/wiki/Sacramento) , was present at the 1972 Olympic Trials, where he was also given a pair of Moon Shoes. Russell did not wear the Moon Shoes during his marathon run, and his shoes were in considerably better condition than Mortenson's, said Geller. Initially, Geller was supposed to facilitate a 10-day eBay auction for Russell's shoes. [39] (#cite_note-42) However, a Nike-themed hotel located in Eugene, Oregon, contacted Russell to purchase his shoes privately. Geller drove to Eugene in a DeLorean (/wiki/DMC_DeLorean) to personally deliver the shoes to the hotel where they were to be displayed. [40] (#cite_note-43) The hotel paid $50,000 for Russell's shoes. [41] (#cite_note-44) [42] (#cite_note-45) Sotheby's Moon Shoes [ edit ] In 2019, Geller broke a world record for the most expensive sneaker sold at auction when he sold a pair of 1972 Moon Shoes at Sotheby's (/wiki/Sotheby%27s) for $437,500. [43] (#cite_note-46) [44] (#cite_note-47) Sotheby's had joined with sneaker resale company Stadium Goods (/wiki/Stadium_Goods) to auction off 100 pairs of rare sneakers. [45] (#cite_note-48) [46] (#cite_note-49) Out of the twelve Moon Shoes in existence, Geller had the only known pair that have never been worn. [47] (#cite_note-50) [48] (#cite_note-51) The shoes were expected to sell for $160,000. Miles Nadal (/wiki/Miles_Nadal) , a Canadian investor and car collector, purchased the 99 other sneakers in the lot for $850,000. On the final day of the auction, Nadal won the bid for the Moon Shoes at a record-breaking $437,500. Nadal plans to display the shoes at his private car museum in Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) . [49] (#cite_note-52) [50] (#cite_note-53) [51] (#cite_note-54) Game-worn and autographed 1985 Air Jordan 1s (/wiki/Air_Jordan_1) . Air Jordan 1s [ edit ] On May 17, 2020, [52] (#cite_note-55) Geller broke his own record when his autographed, game-worn 1985 Air Jordan 1s (/wiki/Air_Jordan#Air_Jordan_I) sold at Sotheby's for $560,000. [53] (#cite_note-:8-56) [54] (#cite_note-57) The shoes were in the Chicago Bulls (/wiki/Chicago_Bulls) colors of red, white, and black. Like most of Jordan's shoes, the sneakers were mismatched: the left pair was a U.S size (/wiki/Shoe_size#United_States) 13 while the right pair was a size 13.5. [55] (#cite_note-58) [56] (#cite_note-59) Geller acquired the sneakers in 2012 via an eBay auction, [57] (#cite_note-60) [58] (#cite_note-61) and referred to them as the "crown jewel" of the ShoeZeum. [59] (#cite_note-62) Ten bidders across four continents participated in the 10-day auction. [60] (#cite_note-63) The sale of the shoes coincided with the release of the ESPN (/wiki/ESPN) documentary The Last Dance , which chronicled how the Chicago Bulls secured their sixth NBA championship (/wiki/NBA_championship) during the 1997-1998 season (/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Chicago_Bulls_season) . [61] (#cite_note-64) [62] (#cite_note-65) The shoes sold for nearly four times their initial estimate. Sotheby's did not release the identity of the buyer. [63] (#cite_note-66) [64] (#cite_note-67) Other auctions [ edit ] In 2009, Geller purchased the late DJ AM (/wiki/DJ_AM) 's personal pair of Air Force 1s for over $3,000 at auction, with the money benefiting the DJ AM Memorial Fund (/wiki/DJ_AM#Legacy) . [65] (#cite_note-68) In July 2018, Geller sold an original Nike Air Mag (/wiki/Nike_Mag) , designed for the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II (/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II) , for $92,100 at auction. The shoe was in poor condition: the plastic outsole (/wiki/Outsole#Construction) was separating, and the shoe's midsole (/wiki/Outsole#Construction) was crumbling. The shoe was too fragile to ship, so the winner of the auction had to travel to Portland to pick them up. The raised money was donated to The Michael J. Fox Foundation (/wiki/The_Michael_J._Fox_Foundation_for_Parkinson%27s_Research) . [66] (#cite_note-69) [67] (#cite_note-70) [68] (#cite_note-71) A former Nike employee of more than 30 years collaborated with Geller to auction off their collection of rare sneakers. The employee, who remains anonymous, worked in Nike's " Innovation Kitchen (/wiki/Nike_Sport_Research_Lab) ," where many of Nike's prototype shoes are designed. The auction featured multiple shoes that were never released to the public. According to the Robb Report (/wiki/Robb_Report) , the most desired sneakers were a pair of black and gold Air Force 1s (/wiki/Air_Force_(shoe)) made with Nike Shox (/wiki/Nike_Shox) technology. [69] (#cite_note-72) [70] (#cite_note-73) Geller and auction house Sotheby's launched a new online marketplace called "The Sneakers Shop" in October 2020. The Sneakers Shop consists of rare game-worn and autographed shoes from Geller's collection, including a Nike Air Max 1 (/wiki/Nike_Air_Max_1) signed by Tinker Hatfield, a pair of Reebok Pumps (/wiki/Reebok_Pump) signed by Shaquille O'Neal (/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal) , and a pair of Michael Jordan's game-worn and autographed Air Jordan 7s (/wiki/Air_Jordan#Air_Jordan_VII) . [71] (#cite_note-74) [72] (#cite_note-75) In November 2020, eBay hosted an auction where 60 pairs of Geller's Air Jordans would be made available every day for ten days straight. Each shoe in the 30-year-old collection was brand new and had its original box. [73] (#cite_note-76) [74] (#cite_note-77) Selling collection [ edit ] A deteriorating Air Jordan with a crumbling sole Geller had slowly started selling off his sneaker collection after closing the ShoeZeum in 2012. [75] (#cite_note-78) In a 2014 YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) video, Geller explained that part of the reason he was selling his shoes was due to the poor shelf life (/wiki/Shelf_life) of the polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) , a squishy material commonly inserted between the upper and lower soles of sneakers. The degradation of the polyurethane caused some of Geller's sneakers to yellow, and others were completely falling apart. Geller was also frustrated that Nike kept "retroing" (i.e., re-releasing) classic sneaker models. [26] (#cite_note-:9-28) After moving to Portland (/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) in 2015, The Oregonian (/wiki/The_Oregonian) reported that Geller had 350 remaining pairs of sneakers, and he planned to sell 250 of them in the upcoming holiday season. [11] (#cite_note-:4-13) In a 2016 profile with Willamette Week (/wiki/Willamette_Week) , Geller stated he was "obsessed" with shoe buying to the point where everything "reminded [him] of an exhibit or a shoe" and that it was "time to move on." The paper reported that Geller had stopped collecting, and he stored his last 200–300 remaining pairs of sneakers in his wife's parents' home, a storage unit (/wiki/Storage_unit) , and a safe deposit box (/wiki/Safe_deposit_box) . [14] (#cite_note-:6-16) [76] (#cite_note-79) In 2019, Geller told Yahoo! (/wiki/Yahoo!) that he will "never stop collecting." [4] (#cite_note-:3-6) Geller's record for the largest sneaker collection has allegedly been broken by three sisters from South Florida (/wiki/South_Florida) who have amassed over 6,000 pairs. [77] (#cite_note-80) [78] (#cite_note-81) Personal life [ edit ] Geller met his wife, Natalie, at sneaker retailer Zappos (/wiki/Zappos) . Geller commented that "[s]hoes are something that are deeply embedded in our relationship." [11] (#cite_note-:4-13) Nike designer Tinker Hatfield gifted Geller a custom pair of Air Jordan 11s (/wiki/Air_Jordan#Air_Jordan_XI) for his wedding, which took place on 11/11. [79] (#cite_note-82) [25] (#cite_note-:14-27) Geller has donated to the Doernbecher Children's Hospital (/wiki/Doernbecher_Children%27s_Hospital) in Portland, which has an ongoing partnership with Nike. [19] (#cite_note-:12-21) [80] (#cite_note-83) See also [ edit ] Bata Shoe Museum (/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum) Benjamin Kapelushnik (/wiki/Benjamin_Kapelushnik) – American entrepreneur and sneaker reseller Just for Kicks (2005 film) (/wiki/Just_for_Kicks_(2005_film)) William Habraken (/wiki/William_Habraken) – Dutch shoe collector Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-3) Geller was certified in May 2012 and his entry was included in the 2013 edition of Guinness World Records. [2] (#cite_note-:11-2) ^ (#cite_ref-5) The Moon Shoes feature a " waffle sole (/wiki/Waffle_iron#Nike) " and got its name as it resembled the pattern astronauts left on the Moon's surface during 1969 Moon landing (/wiki/Apollo_11) . [3] (#cite_note-4) ^ (#cite_ref-34) Only a single shoe was found. [31] (#cite_note-:13-33) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) World's Largest Sneaker Collection - Meet the Record Breakers . Guinness World Records (/wiki/Guinness_World_Records) . October 2, 2012. Event occurs at 0:19 . Retrieved June 11, 2021 – via YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . ^ a b "Jordy Geller and the world's largest collection of sneakers - video" (https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/10/jordy-geller-and-the-worlds-largest-collection-of-sneakers-video-45159/?fb_comment_id=434527553251585_4791338) . Guinness World Records (/wiki/Guinness_World_Records) . October 2, 2012. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1475-7419 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-7419) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210603194125/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/10/jordy-geller-and-the-worlds-largest-collection-of-sneakers-video-45159/?fb_comment_id=434527553251585_4791338) from the original on June 3, 2021 . Retrieved June 3, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Taylor, Chole (June 12, 2019). "Nike 'moon shoes' and 'Back to the Future' sneakers expected to sell for up to $160,000 at auction" (https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/12/nike-moon-shoes-and-back-to-the-future-sneakers-up-for-auction.html) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210628101707/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/12/nike-moon-shoes-and-back-to-the-future-sneakers-up-for-auction.html) from the original on June 28, 2021 . 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"For sale: One crumbling original Back to the Future II shoe" (https://www.cnet.com/news/for-sale-one-crumbling-original-back-to-the-future-ii-shoe/) . CNET (/wiki/CNET) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2471-9978 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2471-9978) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205335/https://www.cnet.com/news/for-sale-one-crumbling-original-back-to-the-future-ii-shoe/) from the original on June 24, 2021 . Retrieved June 23, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) "Back to the Future shoe sells for nearly $100k" (https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44685666) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . July 2, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210625050531/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44685666) from the original on June 25, 2021 . Retrieved June 23, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) Butler, Mark (July 3, 2018). "Back To The Future 2's self-tying shoe has just sold for nearly $100,000" (https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/back-to-the-future-2-self-tying-shoes-sale-172138) . The i (/wiki/The_i) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1752-9123 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-9123) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212332/https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/back-to-the-future-2-self-tying-shoes-sale-172138) from the original on June 24, 2021 . Retrieved June 23, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) Cormack, Rachel (December 12, 2019). "After Working at Nike for 30 Years, This Sneakerhead Is Auctioning Off a Trove of Rare Kicks" (https://robbreport.com/style/footwear/nike-auction-shoezeum-ebay-2886563/) . Robb Report (/wiki/Robb_Report) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0279-1447 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0279-1447) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203256/https://robbreport.com/style/footwear/nike-auction-shoezeum-ebay-2886563/) from the original on June 24, 2021 . Retrieved June 23, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-73) Nash, Brad (December 13, 2019). "A 30-Year Nike Veteran Is Selling His Ultra-Rare Samples On eBay" (https://www.gq.com.au/style/news/a-30year-nike-veteran-is-selling-his-ultrarare-samples-on-ebay/image-gallery/7007130c1b560cfb50b80655d63c390f) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1838-8426 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1838-8426) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210715/https://www.gq.com.au/style/news/a-30year-nike-veteran-is-selling-his-ultrarare-samples-on-ebay/image-gallery/7007130c1b560cfb50b80655d63c390f) from the original on June 24, 2021 . Retrieved June 23, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) Deng, Victor (October 9, 2020). "Sotheby's Just Launched Its Own Sneaker Store" (https://solecollector.com/news/2020/10/sothebys-the-sneakers-shop) . Sole Collector (/wiki/Sole_Collector) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202525/https://solecollector.com/news/2020/10/sothebys-the-sneakers-shop) from the original on June 24, 2021 . Retrieved June 23, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-75) Sawyer, Jonathan (October 9, 2020). "Sotheby's Launches Ready-to-Buy Sneaker Shop" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/sothebys-sneaker-shop/) . Highsnobiety (/wiki/Highsnobiety) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2192-6964 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2192-6964) . Retrieved June 23, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) Golden, Jessica (November 12, 2020). "EBay touts sale of rare Air Jordan sneakers as it looks to solidify its place with collectors" (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/12/ebay-touts-sale-of-rare-air-jordan-sneakers-.html) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204712/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/12/ebay-touts-sale-of-rare-air-jordan-sneakers-.html) from the original on June 24, 2021 . Retrieved June 23, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-77) Verry, Peter (November 10, 2020). "eBay Is Auctioning 60 Rare Air Jordans a Day Throughout the Week — These Are the Hard-to-Find Sneakers That Are Available" (https://sports.yahoo.com/ebay-auctioning-60-rare-air-232808148.html) . Yahoo! Sports (/wiki/Yahoo!_Sports) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210243/https://sports.yahoo.com/ebay-auctioning-60-rare-air-232808148.html) from the original on June 24, 2021 . Retrieved June 23, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-78) Hooper, Sandy (July 8, 2015). "The world's biggest sneaker collector is selling off more than 2,500 sneakers" (https://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/07/the-worlds-biggest-sneaker-collector-is-selling-off-more-than-2500-sneakers) . USA Today Sports Weekly (/wiki/USA_Today_Sports_Weekly) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1541-5228 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1541-5228) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210611094947/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/07/the-worlds-biggest-sneaker-collector-is-selling-off-more-than-2500-sneakers) from the original on June 11, 2021 . Retrieved June 11, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-79) Jones, Riley (January 27, 2016). "Here's Why the World's Biggest Sneaker Collector Is Selling His Collection" (https://www.complex.com/sneakers/2016/01/shoezeum-explains-selling-collection) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_Networks) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210611094944/https://www.complex.com/sneakers/2016/01/shoezeum-explains-selling-collection) from the original on June 11, 2021 . Retrieved June 11, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) Wright, Erica; Parisi, Ray (January 31, 2020). "Inside one of the world's largest sneaker collections, worth millions—and it's owned by 3 women" (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/31/photos-sneaker-collection-worth-millions-owned-by-chicks-with-kicks.html) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210611094944/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/31/photos-sneaker-collection-worth-millions-owned-by-chicks-with-kicks.html) from the original on June 11, 2021 . Retrieved June 11, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-81) Milian, Jorge (April 12, 2021). "Chicks with Kicks auctioning off 2,200 pairs of sneakers from their 7,000-shoe stash" (https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/local/lakeworth/2021/04/12/chicks-kicks-selling-2-200-pairs-sneakers-7-000-shoe-stash/7143703002/) . The Palm Beach Post (/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2689-4238 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2689-4238) . Retrieved June 11, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) Dunne, Brendan (November 13, 2014). "Tinker Hatfield Customized These Air Jordan 11s" (https://solecollector.com/news/2014/11/tinker-hatfield-customized-these-air-jordan-11s) . Sole Collector (/wiki/Sole_Collector) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210611235319/https://solecollector.com/news/2014/11/tinker-hatfield-customized-these-air-jordan-11s) from the original on June 11, 2021 . Retrieved June 11, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) Ismael, Amir (September 2, 2015). "The ShoeZeum Is Auctioning Off Sneakers for Doernbecher Children's Hospital" (https://www.complex.com/sneakers/2015/09/shoezeum-auctioning-sneakers-for-doernbecher) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_Networks) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210612063548/https://www.complex.com/sneakers/2015/09/shoezeum-auctioning-sneakers-for-doernbecher) from the original on June 12, 2021 . Retrieved June 11, 2021 . Further reading [ edit ] Coles, Jason (September 22, 2016). Golden Kicks: The Shoes that Changed Sport . London: Bloomsbury Publishing (/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4729-3704-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 960846901 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960846901) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210930214657/https://www.worldcat.org/title/golden-kicks-the-shoes-that-changed-sport/oclc/960846901) from the original on September 30, 2021 . Retrieved June 7, 2021 . Gallagher, Jacob (January 12, 2021). "$2 Million for T-Shirts? How Supreme and Nike Cracked the Auction Market" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/2-million-for-t-shirts-how-supreme-and-nike-cracked-the-auction-market-11610483899) . Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210614043246/https://www.wsj.com/articles/2-million-for-t-shirts-how-supreme-and-nike-cracked-the-auction-market-11610483899) from the original on June 14, 2021 . Retrieved June 14, 2021 . Glenday, Craig (September 11, 2012). Guinness World Records 2013 . Vancouver: Jim Pattison Group (/wiki/Jim_Pattison_Group) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-904994-87-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 785068931 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/785068931) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210930214657/https://www.worldcat.org/title/guinness-world-records-2013/oclc/785068931) from the original on September 30, 2021 . Retrieved June 7, 2021 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://shoezeum.com/) Jordan Geller's channel (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVMK6fetydEzwSTTdMspfcQ) on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube_channel_(identifier)) Jordan Geller on Pawn Stars (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LE-YraOiMsQ) v t e Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) museums (/wiki/Museum) Shoe museums Bata Shoe Museum (/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum) German Leather Museum (/wiki/German_Leather_Museum) German Shoe Museum (/wiki/German_Shoe_Museum) International Wooden Shoe Museum Eelde (/wiki/International_Wooden_Shoe_Museum_Eelde) Marikina Shoe Museum (/wiki/Marikina#Landmarks_and_attractions) Ry Municipality Wooden Shoes Museum (/wiki/Ry_Municipality#The_towns_of_the_former_municipality) Kumla Shoe Industry Museum (/wiki/Skoindustrimuseet_i_Kumla) ShoeZeum SONS Museum (/wiki/SONS_Museum) Tampere Shoe Museum (/wiki/Tampere#Sites_of_interest) Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine (/wiki/Temple_University_School_of_Podiatric_Medicine) Vreden Miniature Shoe Museum (/wiki/Vreden) Related Design museums (/wiki/Design_museum) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐4vvbn Cached time: 20240719205024 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.575 seconds Real time usage: 1.812 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7181/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 203966/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4395/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 357939/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.009/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 28374451/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 260 ms 23.6% ? 220 ms 20.0% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 160 ms 14.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 60 ms 5.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess 60 ms 5.5% makeCheckSelfFunction <libraryUtil.lua:59> 60 ms 5.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki 40 ms 3.6% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityId 40 ms 3.6% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 20 ms 1.8% <Module:Citation/CS1:813> 20 ms 1.8% [others] 160 ms 14.5% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1647.937 1 -total 45.03% 742.053 2 Template:Reflist 22.99% 378.900 54 Template:Cite_news 15.98% 263.278 1 Template:Infobox_person 10.48% 172.721 2 Template:Annotated_link 7.95% 130.950 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 6.84% 112.776 2 Template:Cite_AV_media 5.94% 97.938 1 Template:Short_description 4.99% 82.176 23 Template:Main_other 4.32% 71.157 1 Template:Shoe_Museums Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67838974-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719205024 and revision id 1232883918. 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Type of Polish headgear Józef Piłsudski (/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski) in a Polish Legions' maciejówka Maciejówka (literally " Maciej (/wiki/Maciej) 's cap") is a type of headgear (/wiki/Headgear) popular in late 19th and early 20th century Poland (/wiki/Poland) . It is a round, soft cap made of cloth, with a short hardened peak, usually made of black or brown leather, often adorned with a decorative rope or braid. Originally part of traditional folk attire in many regions of Poland, during World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) it became part of military uniform of Riflemen's Association (/wiki/Riflemen%27s_Association) and the Polish Legions (/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I) . After Poland regained her independence in 1918 it was proposed that maciejówkas become standard headgear of the Polish Army (/wiki/Polish_Army) . However, it was argued that maciejówka resembles German World War I garrison caps too closely and eventually rogatywka (/wiki/Rogatywka) was adopted instead. [1] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŻygulski_&_Wielecki115-1) Similar caps [ edit ] The Kashket (/wiki/Kashket) , a cap with decorative oak leaf embroidery, is traditionally worn by Poles of Jewish descent (/wiki/Polish_Jews) . The Lenin cap (/wiki/Lenin_cap) has been worn for years by workers and peasants (/wiki/Peasant) in Russia. References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŻygulski_&_Wielecki115_1-0) Żygulski & Wielecki (#CITEREFŻygulski_&_Wielecki) , p. 115. Bibliography [ edit ] (in Polish) Zdzisław Żygulski jun.; Henryk Wielecki (1988). Polski mundur wojskowy [ Polish military uniform ]. Kraków: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. p. 416. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 8303014838 . This Polish military (/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maciej%C3%B3wka_(cap)&action=edit) . v t e This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maciej%C3%B3wka_(cap)&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐84b8f9dfd6‐9jtlf Cached time: 20240717200005 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.498 seconds Real time usage: 2.558 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 426/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9179/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 488/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12105/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.387/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16955039/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2481.280 1 -total 69.55% 1725.748 1 Template:Short_description 60.58% 1503.229 2 Template:Pagetype 12.16% 301.741 1 Template:Poland-mil-stub 12.14% 301.149 2 Template:Asbox 6.52% 161.773 1 Template:In_lang 6.09% 151.041 1 Template:Cite_book 4.42% 109.581 1 Template:Sfn 1.96% 48.615 4 Template:Main_other 1.71% 42.339 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43733870-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717200005 and revision id 1219904136. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maciejówka_(cap)&oldid=1219904136 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maciejówka_(cap)&oldid=1219904136) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Caps (/wiki/Category:Caps) Polish Land Forces (/wiki/Category:Polish_Land_Forces) Military hats (/wiki/Category:Military_hats) Polish military stubs (/wiki/Category:Polish_military_stubs) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Polish-language_sources_(pl)) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
Fashion collection The jacket from Look 33 of The Birds , as presented at Sleeping Beauties: Reawakening Fashion (/wiki/Sleeping_Beauties:_Reawakening_Fashion) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , 2024. [a] (#cite_note-1) [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-2) The Birds (Spring/Summer 1995) is the fifth collection by British designer Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) for his eponymous fashion house (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) . The Birds was inspired by ornithology (/wiki/Ornithology) , the study of birds, and the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock (/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock) film The Birds , for which it was named. Typically for McQueen in the early stages of his career, the collection centred around sharply tailored garments and emphasised female sexuality. McQueen had no financial backing, so the collection was created on a minimal budget. The runway show (/wiki/Runway_show) for The Birds was staged on 9 October 1994, during London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) . The venue was a warehouse in the London district of King's Cross (/wiki/King%27s_Cross,_London) best known for hosting raves. Like his previous professional shows, The Birds was styled with imagery of violence and death; some models were covered in tyre tracks and others wore white contact lenses. Corsetier Mr. Pearl (/wiki/Mr._Pearl) appeared in a pencil skirt (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) and tailored jacket. Reception was generally positive, although the extreme styling drew accusations of misogyny (/wiki/Misogyny) . Many of the people who worked on The Birds with McQueen would go on to become longtime collaborators. The success of the show allowed McQueen to secure the financial backing to stage his next show, Highland Rape (/wiki/Highland_Rape) (Autumn/Winter 1995), the collection which effectively made his name. Garments from The Birds appeared in both stagings of the retrospective exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen:_Savage_Beauty) . Seán McGirr (/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_McGirr) heavily referenced The Birds for Autumn/Winter 2024, his debut collection as creative director for the Alexander McQueen brand. Background [ edit ] British fashion designer Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) was known for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs, and dramatic fashion shows (/wiki/Fashion_show) . [2] (#cite_note-:17-3) [3] (#cite_note-:18-4) During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism (/wiki/Historicism_(art)) , romanticism (/wiki/Romanticism) , femininity, sexuality, and death. [4] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel201113–14-5) [2] (#cite_note-:17-3) [3] (#cite_note-:18-4) He began as an apprentice with Savile Row (/wiki/Savile_Row) tailors Anderson & Sheppard (/wiki/Anderson_%26_Sheppard) before briefly joining Gieves & Hawkes (/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes) as a pattern cutter (/wiki/Pattern_(sewing)) . [5] (#cite_note-doig-6) [6] (#cite_note-7) His work on Savile Row earned him a reputation as an expert tailor. [7] (#cite_note-BBCSixWays-8) In October 1990, at the age of 21, McQueen began the eighteen-month masters (/wiki/Master%27s_degree_in_the_United_Kingdom) -level course in fashion design at Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) (CSM), a London art school. [8] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201570-9) [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan201424–25,_27-10) McQueen met a number of his future collaborators at CSM, including Simon Ungless. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014103-11) He graduated with his master's degree in fashion design in 1992. His graduation collection, Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims (/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_Stalks_His_Victims) , was bought in its entirety by magazine editor Isabella Blow (/wiki/Isabella_Blow) , who became his mentor and his muse. [11] (#cite_note-12) McQueen's reputation for shocking runway shows began early. The sexualised clothing and aggressive styling in his first professional show, Nihilism (/wiki/Nihilism_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (Spring/Summer 1994), was described by The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) as a "horror show". [12] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003141-13) The follow-up, Banshee (Autumn/Winter 1994), featured a model pretending to put a finger in her vagina on the runway. [13] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015118-14) McQueen had no financial backing at the beginning of his career, so his collections were created on minimal budgets. He purchased whatever cheap fabric or fabric scraps were available. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015123-15) Collaborators often worked for minimal pay or were paid in garments. Some agreed to work for free because they were interested in working with McQueen, while others who had been promised compensation were simply never paid. [15] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015110–111,_147-16) [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015153–154-17) Many actually wound up paying out of pocket (/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expense) for things like fabric and notions (/wiki/Notions_(sewing)) . [17] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel201574-18) Concept and creative process [ edit ] Original release poster for The Birds (/wiki/The_Birds_(film)) , the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock (/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock) film which inspired the collection The Birds (Spring/Summer 1995) is the fifth collection by McQueen for his eponymous fashion house (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) . It had multiple layers of inspiration. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201274-19) The greatest part came from ornithology (/wiki/Ornithology) , the study of birds, and the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock (/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock) film The Birds , for which it was named. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014103-11) McQueen was a film buff and many of his collections were inspired by his favourites. [19] (#cite_note-biopic-20) The Birds also referenced the mathematically inspired (/wiki/Mathematics_and_art) art of Dutch graphic artist M. C. Escher (/wiki/M._C._Escher) , who used birds and other animals as tiles in artistic tessellations (/wiki/Tessellation) . [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201274-19) [20] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscherLocher197479–85-21) [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015126-22) Car accidents and roadkill (/wiki/Roadkill) served as an additional inspiration. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201275-23) Ungless designed a print of tyre tracks to be used on many of the garments, suggesting scenes in The Birds where the characters flee the attacking birds in cars. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015123-15) [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonigman202180–81-24) According to Ungless, the design echoed the rationale behind McQueen's use of dead locusts (/wiki/Locust) on garments in his earlier collection Nihilism : "Complete chaos and human vulnerability in the face of nature gone wrong". [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015123-15) Fleet Bigwood, a CSM lecturer, contributed to fabric design. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015107,_127-25) Fashion designer Andrew Groves (/wiki/Andrew_Groves) , whom McQueen dated from 1994 to 1996, worked on the collection after McQueen found out Groves could sew. [25] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015125Photo_insert_p._5-26) McQueen enlisted Ungless to create printed fabric (/wiki/Print_fabric) based on Escher's designs, and Ungless, then a print technician at CSM, stole fabric from the school to use as a base. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014103-11) [26] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015128-27) Ungless laid out a concept based on McQueen's request to have a print with "garden birds", but described the result as "awful – like a Christmas card gone wrong". [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015123-15) Groves was asked to replace it, coming up with a print of black silhouettes of swallows (/wiki/Swallow) in flight, a popular motif in classic skinhead subculture (/wiki/Skinhead) and nautical tattoos (/wiki/Sailor_tattoos) , representing endurance and courage. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015123-15) [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201274-19) [27] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberger2022176–177-28) The print most prominently appeared on Look 33, on a burnt orange jacket, and Look 40, on an orange-red pencil skirt. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2015273-29) It also appeared on a white frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) , the show's final ensemble. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-2) Fashion historian Alistair O'Neill saw the print as depicting swallows mid-dive, which he believed was a reference to a scene in Hitchcock's film where birds invade a home by diving down the chimney (/wiki/Chimney) . [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2015273-29) Many of McQueen's designs for The Birds , particularly the tight pencil skirts (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) and wasp-waisted jackets, emulated the tightly tailored 1950s fashion (/wiki/1950s_in_fashion) worn by the film's star, Tippi Hedren (/wiki/Tippi_Hedren) , although he avoided directly copying her outfit. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014103-11) [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015123-15) [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2015274-30) Ungless described McQueen as fascinated by the way Hedren was made vulnerable by her constricting clothing, and sought to take the effect to an extreme. [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015123-15) Some models found the garments difficult to walk in on the runway. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015130-31) Despite the extensive presence of tailoring, Groves later suggested that McQueen's time as a theatrical costumier had more influence on this collection than his time on Savile Row. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201274-19) McQueen's bumsters (/wiki/Bumster) , an extremely low-cut trouser that exposed the top of the intergluteal cleft (/wiki/Intergluteal_cleft) , made an appearance in several outfits, including in wet-look black for Look 43. [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014103-11) Pallet wrap! Oh! Gotta make a fucking dress! Alexander McQueen [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015124-32) McQueen often designed spontaneously, right on the dressmaker's dummy (/wiki/Dressmaker%27s_dummy) , and did so for many of the looks in The Birds . Groves described watching him create an entire dress on the stand in approximately an hour, working from raw materials, without any realisation that this was a highly unconventional method. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015124-32) Look 35, a dress made of clear pallet wrap (/wiki/Pallet_wrap) , was created in a similar fashion. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-2) It was inspired by a sexual encounter Groves had years earlier, in which the other man wrapped Groves in pallet wrap, immobilising him. Some weeks after Groves told McQueen about the incident, the two were walking on the street when McQueen spotted a discarded bolt of pallet wrap and took it home to make a dress that night. [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015123–124-33) Runway show [ edit ] Look 35, dress made from pallet wrap (/wiki/Pallet_wrap) and tied with string, worn over black bikini underwear, model unknown Production details [ edit ] The runway show was staged on 9 October 1994 during London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) . The venue was Bagley's, a warehouse in the London district of King's Cross (/wiki/King%27s_Cross,_London) . Bagley's was known for hosting raves, and was allegedly owned by British organised crime (/wiki/British_firms_(organised_crime)) . [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015124-32) [32] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015123–124-33) [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015125-34) McQueen was able to secure the use of the warehouse for only £500. [31] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015124-32) The show's invite was a black and white photograph of a baby bird lying on a roadway, apparently run over. [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015306-35) McQueen was so poor at the time of The Birds that he had to borrow money to pay for a cab to get to the show. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014104-36) Jewellery designer Simon Costin had asked to do the set design (/wiki/Set_design) in exchange for also lending accessories for the show. McQueen readily agreed, especially since Costin offered to work for free and the show's budget was, as Costin later put it, "something like fifty pounds". [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015125-37) Because of the limited budget, the set was kept simple: a black backdrop (/wiki/Backdrop_(theater)) and a straight black concrete runway with white slashes meant to look like road markings (/wiki/Road_markings) , inspired by the tyre tread pattern found on some of the clothing. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201275-23) [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015130-31) [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015125-37) Models entered through a short backlit tunnel at the rear of the stage. [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201275-23) Sam Gainsbury served as casting director (/wiki/Casting_director) . [37] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton201518-38) [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015307-39) McQueen found a stylist (/wiki/Wardrobe_stylist) to help him oversee the models' looks for the runway show: Katy England, then working for British magazine Dazed & Confused . [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015126-22) [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015124–125-40) As with Costin, England also had no experience in the role; McQueen selected her based on having seen her at shows in stylish outfits. [40] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel201573-41) In addition to her styling duties, she also served as a fit model (/wiki/Fit_model) for many of the garments. [40] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel201573-41) England added a few outside garments for the runway show, including leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) . [39] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015124–125-40) Catwalk presentation [ edit ] The styling for the models was explicitly sexual, with many runway looks exposing underwear or bare breasts. One look consisted solely of a silver lamé (/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)) jacket over lace underwear. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014104-36) Look 35, the clear pallet wrap dress, was worn with nothing but black bikini underwear, and the model's upper thighs were tied with string to create a pencil skirt effect. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-2) [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014104-36) The models wore stiletto heels attached to their feet with packing tape (/wiki/Packing_tape) ; these were simply cheap shoes bought from charity shops (/wiki/Charity_shop) with the uppers (/wiki/Upper_(shoe)) removed to leave only the soles and heels. [40] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel201573-41) [41] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleason201227-42) The accessories Costin supplied included pieces made from jet (/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)) , enamel (/wiki/Vitreous_enamel) , and cockerel (/wiki/Cockerel) feathers, including one black feathered dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) worn over a gold shift dress (/wiki/Shift_dress) . [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201275-23) [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015127-43) Look 43 was styled with a black choker hung with a taxidermy (/wiki/Taxidermy) bird. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-2) [43] (#cite_note-:3-44) Makeup was styled by artist Val Garland (/wiki/Val_Garland) , and was kept light: skin was pale and lips were orange-red. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015125-37) [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015127-43) Eugene Souleiman (/wiki/Eugene_Souleiman) styled hair, with McQueen requesting a look of "destruction". [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015125-37) Souleiman opted not to emulate Hedren's iconic bouffant updo (/wiki/Updo) , as McQueen would have found the visual homage "too obvious". [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015125-37) Souleiman decided to have the models' hair blow-dried straight (/wiki/Hair_straightening) and the ends crimped to fluffiness, creating a floating effect while they walked the runway. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015130-31) [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015125-37) Just before the show, McQueen decided to add tyre tracks to some of the models to make it look as though they had been run over. [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015130-31) [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015125-37) They used a tyre from his assistant's car, covered it in grease, and rolled it over the models before they got dressed. This effect is most clearly seen in Look 12, a frock coat worn with nothing but a pair of high-cut briefs (/wiki/Briefs) . [10] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014103-11) [22] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201275-23) [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015125-37) Some models were given opaque white full-eye contact lenses (/wiki/Contact_lens) to give them a dehumanised look. [36] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015125-37) These were custom-made at significant cost, paid for by Derek Anderson, a supporter of McQueen's from New York City who worked in public relations (/wiki/Public_relations) and helped fund many of McQueen's early projects. [44] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015120,_125-45) McQueen had generated a great deal of excitement about the show in the media, and there was a long queue to get in. [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015129-46) The majority of the audience were fashion students and ravers, however – the fashion establishment was not yet interested in McQueen, and the few industry professionals who attended mostly did so at the behest of Isabella Blow. [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015129-46) [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015126-47) The tight budget did not allow for any security, and one of McQueen's public relations people had to manage the rowdy crowd. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015126-47) Both of McQueen's parents were in attendance, although his father – who was not entirely comfortable with McQueen's choice of career – turned up late, stayed at the back of the venue, and left without speaking to his son. [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015129-46) [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015127-48) [48] (#cite_note-49) The show started 90 minutes late. [46] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015126-47) It ended with the audience on their feet screaming. [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015127-48) Fashion writer Plum Sykes (/wiki/Plum_Sykes) , then an assistant at British (/wiki/British_Vogue) Vogue , modelled Look 33. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2015273-29) [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015306-35) She later recalled the experience as "Magic, mad, and marvelous!" [49] (#cite_note-50) Corsetmaker Mr. Pearl (/wiki/Mr._Pearl) , who had met McQueen at a King's Cross club, walked the runway in Look 40, a tailored short jacket, shirt and tie, and tight red pencil skirt with the swallow print. [b] (#cite_note-53) [52] (#cite_note-54) His corset-trained (/wiki/Corset_training) waist was only 18 inches at the time. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201274-19) Mr. Pearl later called the experience boring and said he had never been paid, but that he was "pleased to have met" McQueen. [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015129-46) Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) was rumoured to have purchased the jacket modelled by Mr. Pearl, indicating that McQueen's work was attracting more attention. [53] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015131-55) Reception [ edit ] It was, quite simply, astonishing and one of those electrifying moments when you realized that a designer had arrived possessed of the single-minded vision and passion and talent to challenge the paradigm. It seemed even then that fashion would never be the same again, and McQueen's low-slung silhouette and savage imagination would come to define the decade. Fashion journalist Hamish Bowles (/wiki/Hamish_Bowles) , speaking of The Birds following McQueen's death in 2010 [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015130-31) Journalist Dana Thomas (/wiki/Dana_Thomas) reports that the reviews were very positive, particularly with regards to McQueen's sharp tailoring. [47] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015127-48) Both The Times (/wiki/The_Times) and the Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) called the show the "hottest ticket" of London Fashion Week that season. [54] (#cite_note-56) [55] (#cite_note-:1-57) Writing for the Evening Standard , Alison Veness called the close-cut designs "sharp enough to draw blood". [55] (#cite_note-:1-57) In a short review for The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) , David Livingstone wrote that McQueen had "achieved heights of lowdown style", with "attitude anchored in skill". [56] (#cite_note-58) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) highlighted the blatant sexuality and streetwear elements as well as McQueen's tailoring, stating that "McQueen can cut with the best of them". [57] (#cite_note-59) In an overview of British designers for Fashion Week, Iain R. Webb (/wiki/Iain_R._Webb) wrote that McQueen's "sense of the macabre has the international fashion set screaming for more". [58] (#cite_note-60) Other reviewers were not so uniformly impressed. Although Amy Spindler (/wiki/Amy_Spindler) of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) found the tailored jackets excellent and acknowledged that McQueen was generating the most discussion of any designer in London that season, she was critical of the tight pencil skirts and bumster trousers, saying "It is strange to see so talented a designer committed to the unwearable (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unwearable) ". [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014104-36) [30] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015130-31) Barbara Weiser, of the now-defunct Charivari (/wiki/Charivari_(store)) boutique chain, attended the show and described the collection as unimaginative and uncreative. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014104-36) The show is regarded positively in retrospect. Fashion journalist Hamish Bowles (/wiki/Hamish_Bowles) described the show as "a revelation" in 1999. [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015129-46) He revisited the collection in 2010 after McQueen's death, calling it the point that he realised McQueen's potential to change the status quo of fashion. [45] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015129-46) In a 2015 retrospective, Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) highlighted the aesthetic of destruction in the collection and noted it had been a recurring theme in McQueen's fashion throughout his career. [1] (#cite_note-Vogue-2) Analysis [ edit ] Much of the critical analysis of The Birds revolves around the depiction of women as apparent victims of violence, especially in light of the sexualised styling of the clothing. [59] (#cite_note-:0-61) The show drew accusations that the presentation was misogynistic (/wiki/Misogyny) , not for the first or the last time in McQueen's career. [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201276-51) [60] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreward2003235-62) [61] (#cite_note-63) [62] (#cite_note-64) McQueen objected to this characterisation, saying: "I don’t want women to look all innocent and naive, because I know what can happen to them. I want women to look stronger." [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201276-51) Ungless stated that McQueen's object was to depict a beautiful woman "put at extreme risk but winning in the end". [14] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015123-15) Fashion historian Caroline Evans positioned the extreme styling of The Birds as typical of independent British fashion designers in the 1990s. At the time, the industry was poorly supported and funding was scarce. Young designers took to creating shocking runway shows to generate press coverage in the hopes of attracting backers. Evans suggests that once McQueen found sufficient backing, he pivoted the styling of his shows from violent to theatrical. [63] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200370–71-65) Diana Villanueva Romero analysed the collection from an ecofeminist (/wiki/Ecofeminism) perspective, arguing that although McQueen had previously presented women as victims of violence, it was only with The Birds that McQueen had "for the first time, situated women as substitutes for animal victims". [64] (#cite_note-:2-66) In her view, McQueen was presenting a connection between the cruelty suffered by both women and animals in order to denounce this violence. [64] (#cite_note-:2-66) In an opinion piece for Fangoria (/wiki/Fangoria) , author Vanessa Guerrero argued that McQueen's presentation in The Birds subverted the 1960s aesthetic by making the models "less the standard chic, pretty little things, and more things to dread". [59] (#cite_note-:0-61) Guerrero believed the indicia of violence – torn clothes, white eyes, and tyre tracks – made the models intimidating, and therefore showed that McQueen was positioning women as empowered survivors rather than as powerless victims. [59] (#cite_note-:0-61) Author Ana Finel Honigman agreed, writing that "the models symbolised the struggle to survive". [23] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonigman202180–81-24) Alistair O'Neill focused on the collection as it related to Hitchcock. McQueen referenced several of the director's films throughout his career, exploring what O'Neill called "representations of femininity and how they are challenged through transformation scenes". [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2015273-29) For O'Neill, the reappearance of the swallows print on the skirt worn by Mr. Pearl was McQueen's way of "translating femininity through artifice from one body to another". [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2015273-29) He argued that by having a man walk in a womenswear show wearing womenswear, McQueen was disrupting the "ordered sense of femininity" typical of catwalk shows. [28] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2015273-29) Honigman also remarked on the "interplay of masculine and feminine", noting Mr. Pearl's appearance as an example of how McQueen challenged gender archetypes. [65] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonigman202116-67) Legacy [ edit ] Look 29 from The Horn of Plenty (/w/index.php?title=The_Horn_of_Plenty&action=edit&redlink=1) (Autumn/Winter 2009), featuring the reworked swallow print from The Birds [66] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsguerraHansen2022133-68) Following the show, Italian fashion manufacturer Eo Bocci offered to purchase 51% of McQueen's label for £10,000. McQueen refused, as he wanted to retain control of his company. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014104-36) Instead, they agreed on a pair of related contracts: the first gave Bocci distribution rights for McQueen's label for the next fifteen years, and the second made Bocci responsible for arranging manufacturing for McQueen. [67] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015143-69) Bocci would source Italian garment manufacturers (/wiki/Italian_fashion) to produce McQueen's clothes for retail. [68] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015154-70) The money from the deal with Bocci gave McQueen the funding to stage his next show, Highland Rape (/wiki/Highland_Rape) (Autumn/Winter 1995), the collection which effectively made his name. [35] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallahan2014104-36) [69] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015137–138-71) Many of the people who worked on The Birds went on to become regular collaborators. [18] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201274-19) [42] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015127-43) Stylist Katy England, who worked as McQueen's creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) until 2007, became known as his "second opinion". [21] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2015126-22) [70] (#cite_note-72) Simon Ungless worked on prints for later collections, including Highland Rape and Dante (Autumn/Winter 1996). [71] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015148,_158–159-73) Simon Costin worked with McQueen regularly until Untitled (/w/index.php?title=Untitled_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)&action=edit&redlink=1) (Spring/Summer 1998). [72] (#cite_note-74) Sam Gainsbury, working with her partner Anna Whiting, went on to produce all of McQueen's runway shows. [38] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015307-39) Val Garland styled makeup for several future shows, including The Dance of the Twisted Bull (/wiki/The_Dance_of_the_Twisted_Bull) (Spring/Summer 2002) and In Memory of Elizabeth How, Salem 1692 (/w/index.php?title=In_Memory_of_Elizabeth_How,_Salem_1692&action=edit&redlink=1) (Autumn/Winter 2007). [73] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016338,_346-75) Eugene Souleiman returned to style hair for Scanners (/w/index.php?title=Scanners_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)&action=edit&redlink=1) (Autumn/Winter 2003) and The Widows of Culloden (/wiki/The_Widows_of_Culloden) (Autumn/Winter 2006), among others. [74] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox2016343,_345-76) A tyre track print was used again for Look 63 of Bellmer La Poupeé (/w/index.php?title=Bellmer_La_Poupe%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1) (Spring/Summer 1997). [75] (#cite_note-77) Birds, wings, and feathers were a recurring theme in McQueen's work throughout his career, particularly in La Dame Bleue (/w/index.php?title=La_Dame_Bleue&action=edit&redlink=1) (Spring/Summer 2008), whose stage was illuminated by giant blue neon wings, and The Horn of Plenty (/w/index.php?title=The_Horn_of_Plenty&action=edit&redlink=1) (Autumn/Winter 2009), which featured women in feathered dresses and a reworked version of the swallows print from The Birds . [76] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201511,_311-78) [77] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairerWilcox201615-79) [78] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2015273–274-80) Cinema also remained a significant influence; future collections such as Deliverance (Spring/Summer 2004) and The Man Who Knew Too Much (Autumn/Winter 2005) took direct visual cues from the films which inspired them. [19] (#cite_note-biopic-20) [79] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015316-81) One look from The Man Who Knew Too Much is a clear duplicate of Tippi Hedren's outfit from The Birds , a reference he had avoided making in the eponymous collection. [29] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2015274-30) The Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) (the Met) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) owns the orange jacket from Look 33. It appeared in both stagings of Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen:_Savage_Beauty) , at the Met in 2011 and at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London in 2015. [80] (#cite_note-Met-82) It also appeared in the Met's 2016 exhibit Masterworks: Unpacking Fashion. [80] (#cite_note-Met-82) When early McQueen employee Ruti Danan auctioned her personal archive in 2020, an invitation to The Birds sold for a reported $625 USD. [81] (#cite_note-83) [82] (#cite_note-84) Patterns for a backless jacket, dress, and bumsters sold for $1,125, $1,625, and $2,375, respectively. [83] (#cite_note-85) [84] (#cite_note-86) [85] (#cite_note-87) The bird choker from Look 43 was auctioned by Kerry Taylor Auctions (/wiki/Kerry_Taylor_(businesswoman)) in June 2023, fetching a reported £24,000. [86] (#cite_note-88) [43] (#cite_note-:3-44) Seán McGirr (/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_McGirr) heavily referenced The Birds for Autumn/Winter 2024, his debut collection as creative director for the Alexander McQueen brand. [87] (#cite_note-89) [88] (#cite_note-90) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) When referring to individual looks, this article uses the numbering from the Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) retrospective of the collection. ^ (#cite_ref-53) Some authors state that it was the first time McQueen had a male model walk in one of his shows. [50] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201276-51) [34] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2015306-35) This is incorrect; McQueen's first professional runway show, Nihilism (/wiki/Nihilism_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) had featured an androgynous-looking male model. [51] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015112-52) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f "Alexander McQueen Spring 1995 ready-to-wear collection" (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-1995-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . 3 October 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201130083434/https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-1995-ready-to-wear/alexander-mcqueen) from the original on 30 November 2020 . Retrieved 10 March 2023 . ^ a b "Alexander McQueen – an introduction" (https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/alexander-mcqueen-an-introduction) . Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ a b Mora, Juliana Luna; Berry, Jess (2 September 2022). "Creative Direction Succession in Luxury Fashion: The Illusion of Immortality at Chanel and Alexander McQueen" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039) . Luxury . 9 (2–3): 126, 128, 132. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20511817.2022.2194039) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2051-1817 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2051-1817) . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankel201113–14_5-0) Frankel 2011 (#CITEREFFrankel2011) , pp. 13–14. ^ (#cite_ref-doig_6-0) Doig, Stephen (30 January 2023). "How Alexander McQueen changed the world of fashion – by the people who knew him best" (https://web.archive.org/web/20230130171757/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/how-alexander-mcqueen-changed-world-fashion-people-who-knew/) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived from the original (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/how-alexander-mcqueen-changed-world-fashion-people-who-knew/) on 30 January 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Carwell, Nick (26 May 2016). "Savile Row's best tailors: Alexander McQueen" (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/alexander-mcqueen-savile-row-tailor) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210509010433/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/alexander-mcqueen-savile-row-tailor) from the original on 9 May 2021 . Retrieved 31 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-BBCSixWays_8-0) Vaidyanathan, Rajini (12 February 2010). "Six ways Alexander McQueen changed fashion" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8511404.stm) . BBC Magazine (/wiki/BBC_Magazine) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100222201747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8511404.stm) from the original on 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201570_9-0) Wilson 2015 (#CITEREFWilson2015) , p. 70. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallahan201424–25,_27_10-0) Callahan 2014 (#CITEREFCallahan2014) , pp. 24–25, 27. ^ a b c d e f Callahan 2014 (#CITEREFCallahan2014) , p. 103. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Blow, Detmar (14 February 2010). "Alex McQueen and Isabella Blow" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG7231469/Alexander-McQueen-and-Isabella-Blow.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003019/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG7231469/Alexander-McQueen-and-Isabella-Blow.html) from the original on 3 January 2017 . 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Breward, Christopher (2003). Fashion . Oxford: Oxford University Press (/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-158773-3 . Callahan, Maureen (/wiki/Maureen_Callahan) (2014). Champagne Supernovas: Kate Moss, Marc Jacobs, Alexander McQueen, and the '90s Renegades Who Remade Fashion . New York City: Touchstone Books (/wiki/Touchstone_Books) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4516-4053-3 . Escher, M. C. (/wiki/M._C._Escher) ; Locher, J. L. (1974). The World of M. C. Escher (New Concise NAL ed.). New York City: Abrams (/wiki/Abrams_Books) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-451-79961-6 . Esguerra, Clarissa M.; Hansen, Michaela (2022). Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse . New York City: Delmonico Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-63681-018-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1289986708 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1289986708) . Evans, Caroline (2003). Fashion at the Edge: Spectacle, Modernity and Deathliness . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press (/wiki/Yale_University_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-10192-8 . Fairer, Robert (/wiki/Robert_Fairer) ; Wilcox, Claire (/wiki/Claire_Wilcox) (2016). Alexander McQueen: Unseen . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press (/wiki/Yale_University_Press) . p. 14. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-22267-8 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 946216643 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/946216643) . Frankel, Susannah (/wiki/Susannah_Frankel) (2011). "Introduction". In Bolton, Andrew (/wiki/Andrew_Bolton_(curator)) (ed.). Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty . New York City: Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) . pp. 17–27. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58839-412-5 . Gleason, Katherine (2012). Alexander McQueen: Evolution . New York City: Race Point Publishing (/wiki/Race_Point_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-61058-837-9 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230105053333/https://books.google.com/books?id=N1H0AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22widows+of+culloden%22&pg=PA147) from the original on 5 January 2023 . Retrieved 28 December 2022 . Honigman, Ana Finel (2021). What Alexander McQueen Can Teach You About Fashion . London: Frances Lincoln (/wiki/Frances_Lincoln) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7112-5906-5 . Schonberger, Nick (2022). The Language of Tattoos: 130 Symbols and What They Mean . London: Frances Lincoln (/wiki/Frances_Lincoln) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7112-6786-2 . Thomas, Dana (/wiki/Dana_Thomas) (2015). Gods and Kings: The Rise and Fall of Alexander McQueen and John Galliano . New York City: Penguin Publishing (/wiki/Penguin_Publishing) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-101-61795-3 . Watt, Judith (2012). Alexander McQueen: The Life and the Legacy . New York City: Harper Design (/wiki/Harper_Design) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84796-085-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 892706946 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/892706946) . Wilcox, Claire (/wiki/Claire_Wilcox) , ed. (2015). Alexander McQueen . New York City: Abrams Books (/wiki/Abrams_Books) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4197-1723-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 891618596 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/891618596) . Bethune, Kate. "Encyclopedia of Collections". In Wilcox (2015) (#CITEREFWilcox2015) , pp. 303–326. Bolton, Andrew (/wiki/Andrew_Bolton_(curator)) . "In Search of the Sublime". In Wilcox (2015) (#CITEREFWilcox2015) , pp. 15–21. Frankel, Susannah (/wiki/Susannah_Frankel) . "The Early Years". In Wilcox (2015) (#CITEREFWilcox2015) , pp. 69–79. O'Neill, Alistair. "The Shining and Chic". In Wilcox (2015) (#CITEREFWilcox2015) , pp. 261–280. Wilson, Andrew (/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(author)) (2015). Alexander McQueen: Blood Beneath the Skin . New York City: Simon and Schuster (/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4767-7674-3 . v t e Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) Label Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(fashion_house)) Sarah Burton (/wiki/Sarah_Burton) (former creative director) Collections (/wiki/List_of_Alexander_McQueen_collections) Early years Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims (/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_Stalks_His_Victims) (1992 graduation collection) Taxi Driver (/wiki/Taxi_Driver_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1993)† Nihilism (/wiki/Nihilism_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 1994)‡ The Birds (S/S 1995) Highland Rape (/wiki/Highland_Rape) (A/W 1995) The Hunger (/wiki/The_Hunger_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 1996) Dante (/wiki/Dante_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1996) It's a Jungle Out There (/wiki/It%27s_a_Jungle_Out_There_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1997) Joan (/wiki/Joan_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1998) Mid-career The Overlook (/wiki/The_Overlook_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (A/W 1999) Eye (/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 2000) The Dance of the Twisted Bull (/wiki/The_Dance_of_the_Twisted_Bull) (S/S 2002) Irere (/wiki/Irere_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 2003) Pantheon ad Lucem (/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem) (A/W 2004) Final works Neptune (/wiki/Neptune_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)) (S/S 2006) The Widows of Culloden (/wiki/The_Widows_of_Culloden) (A/W 2006) The Girl Who Lived in the Tree (/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree) (A/W 2008) Designs Armadillo shoe (/wiki/Armadillo_shoe) Bumster (/wiki/Bumster) Illusion of Kate Moss (/wiki/Illusion_of_Kate_Moss) Oyster dress (/wiki/Oyster_dress) No. 13 finale (/wiki/No._13_Finale) Union Jack coat (/wiki/Earthling_(album)) In media Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen:_Savage_Beauty) Gods and Kings: The Rise and Fall of Alexander McQueen and John Galliano (/wiki/Gods_and_Kings:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Alexander_McQueen_and_John_Galliano) McQueen (/wiki/McQueen_(play)) (2015 play) McQueen (/wiki/McQueen_(film)) (2018 documentary film) Related articles Isabella Blow (/wiki/Isabella_Blow) Shaun Leane (/wiki/Shaun_Leane_(jeweller)) Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy) ‡S/S = Spring/Summer †A/W = Autumn/Winter NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.canary‐544fb7cb4c‐dmjld Cached time: 20240720173219 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.910 seconds Real time usage: 1.336 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10891/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 157272/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 16423/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 223319/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.552/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7286705/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 909.470 1 -total 32.42% 294.847 130 Template:Sfn 27.19% 247.248 2 Template:Reflist 16.39% 149.037 21 Template:Cite_web 9.44% 85.822 1 Template:Alexander_McQueen 9.39% 85.405 2 Template:Navbox 6.74% 61.256 141 Template:Main_other 6.67% 60.623 14 Template:Cite_book 6.33% 57.571 1 Template:Short_description 3.83% 34.857 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72916943-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720173219 and revision id 1233967062. 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< Wikipedia talk:Requested articles (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requested_articles) ‎ \| Arts and entertainment (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requested_articles/Arts_and_entertainment) If you wanted to request an article, follow this link (/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles/Arts_and_entertainment/Fashion) . Don't request it on this page. This project page does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject) : Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) High‑importance Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This page is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles High (/wiki/Category:High-importance_fashion_articles) This page has been rated as High-importance on the project's importance scale (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion/Assessment#Importance_scale) . Lists (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists) Low‑importance This page is within the scope of WikiProject Lists (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists) , an attempt to structure and organize all list pages on Wikipedia (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists) . If you wish to help, please visit the project page (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists) , where you can join the project and/or contribute to the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Lists) . Lists Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists Template:WikiProject Lists List articles Low (/wiki/Category:Low-importance_List_articles) This page has been rated as Low-importance on the project's importance scale (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists/Assessment#Importance_scale) . __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-50.11.212.35-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-query-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z","replies":["c-50.11.212.35-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z-query"],"text":"query","linkableTitle":"query"} query [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-50.11.212.35-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-query-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z","replies":["c-50.11.212.35-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z-query"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-50.11.212.35-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z-query","timestamp":"2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-50.11.212.35-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-query-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z","replies":["c-50.11.212.35-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z-query"],"text":"query","linkableTitle":"query"} Is there anyone who knows about gang fashion from the Crack Epidemic of the 1985-1994 decade? I remember Triple F. A. T. Goose, which still exists today, but I don't remember what the other objects for theft and muggings were. 50.11.212.35 (/wiki/Special:Contributions/50.11.212.35) ( talk (/w/index.php?title=User_talk:50.11.212.35&action=edit&redlink=1) ) 16:32, 13 March 2013 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requested_articles/Arts_and_entertainment/Fashion#c-50.11.212.35-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z-query) Ronald Fischman [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z","author":"50.11.212.35","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-50.11.212.35-2013-03-13T16:32:00.000Z-query","replies":[]}} __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONDESKTOP__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-SpiritedMichelle-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Indian_Fashion_Designers_sub-section-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z","replies":["c-SpiritedMichelle-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z-Indian_Fashion_Designers_sub-section"],"text":"Indian Fashion Designers sub-section","linkableTitle":"Indian Fashion Designers sub-section"} Indian Fashion Designers sub-section [ edit ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-SpiritedMichelle-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Indian_Fashion_Designers_sub-section-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z","replies":["c-SpiritedMichelle-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z-Indian_Fashion_Designers_sub-section"]}} __DTLATESTCOMMENTTHREAD__{"id":"c-SpiritedMichelle-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z-Indian_Fashion_Designers_sub-section","timestamp":"2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z"}__ __DTCOMMENTCOUNT__1__ __DTAUTHORCOUNT__1__ __DTSUBSCRIBEBUTTONMOBILE__{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-SpiritedMichelle-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Indian_Fashion_Designers_sub-section-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z","replies":["c-SpiritedMichelle-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z-Indian_Fashion_Designers_sub-section"],"text":"Indian Fashion Designers sub-section","linkableTitle":"Indian Fashion Designers sub-section"} For some reason there was a sub-section to the section listing fashion designers that listed a number of Indian designer, all of whom already had their own page. It seamed out of place, so I deleted it. SpiritedMichelle (/wiki/User:SpiritedMichelle) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:SpiritedMichelle) ) 02:17, 9 September 2017 (UTC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requested_articles/Arts_and_entertainment/Fashion#c-SpiritedMichelle-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z-Indian_Fashion_Designers_sub-section) [ reply ] __DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z","author":"SpiritedMichelle","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-SpiritedMichelle-2017-09-09T02:17:00.000Z-Indian_Fashion_Designers_sub-section","replies":[]}} NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐fdfrf Cached time: 20240722163511 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.008 seconds CPU time usage: 0.174 seconds Real time usage: 0.235 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 295/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19368/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 28/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12857/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.127/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1900102/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 199.082 1 -total 77.62% 154.536 1 Template:WikiProjectBannerShell 41.00% 81.620 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 22.32% 44.435 1 Template:Requested_articles_not_here_please 21.37% 42.541 1 Template:Ombox 10.30% 20.514 1 Template:WikiProject_Lists 2.28% 4.530 1 Template:Class_mask Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38803503-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722163511 and revision id 1176610665. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Requested_articles/Arts_and_entertainment/Fashion&oldid=1176610665 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Requested_articles/Arts_and_entertainment/Fashion&oldid=1176610665) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Project-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:Project-Class_fashion_articles) High-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:High-importance_fashion_articles) Project-Class List articles (/wiki/Category:Project-Class_List_articles) Low-importance List articles (/wiki/Category:Low-importance_List_articles) WikiProject Lists articles (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_Lists_articles)
Clothing made from paper The Souper Dress, 1967. Promotional paper dress for Campbell Soup Company (/wiki/Campbell_Soup_Company) , directly referencing Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans (/wiki/Campbell%27s_Soup_Cans) works. PFF (/wiki/Peloponnesian_Folklore_Foundation) (2005.6.396) Paper clothing is garments (/wiki/Clothing) and accessories made from paper (/wiki/Paper) or paper substitutes. The earliest known paper clothing was made by the Chinese even before they used paper as a writing medium in the 2nd century CE. Paper clothing, usually made from washi (/wiki/Washi) paper, was developed by the Chinese through the centuries, the craft spreading through Asia, until it reached Japan. From the 10th century onwards, Japanese craftspeople produced paper garments called kamiko . Kamiko became a traditional Japanese craft of Shiroishi, Miyagi (/wiki/Shiroishi,_Miyagi) , carried out to a very high standard and skill during the Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) . The practice began to die out in the late 19th century, before being revived in the mid-20th century. In the early 20th century, German and Austrian manufacturers began producing "ersatz" paper cloth and clothing in response to wool shortages caused by World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) . While there was a brief period of interest in paper suits and garments during the early 1920s, this did not catch on as despite paper's economic advantages, traditional woven cloth was widely preferred. However, some fancy dress costumes, hats, and fashionable accessories were made from crêpe paper (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper) during the early 20th century and in response to resource shortages before and during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . In the late 1950s, manufacturers of disposable paper goods such as the Scott Paper Company (/wiki/Scott_Paper_Company) developed cellulose (/wiki/Cellulose) -based bonded fiber textiles, which were intended to be used for laboratory and medical garments. Although these textiles are not true paper, they are widely known and marketed as being equivalent to paper. In 1966, Scott offered two paper dresses as a promotional giveaway to accompany a range of disposable tableware, which escalated into a widespread craze for paper dresses and garments that lasted until 1969. The paper dress craze saw many artists and fashion designers creating or inspiring paper garments, including Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) , Ossie Clark (/wiki/Ossie_Clark) , and Bonnie Cashin (/wiki/Bonnie_Cashin) . At its height, one American manufacturer produced up to 80,000 dresses in a week. During the 1968 United States presidential election (/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election) campaigns, most of the candidates had paper dresses printed to support their campaigns. In 1969, the paper dress craze rapidly died out, mainly fuelled by changes in fashion but also by increasing awareness of the issues with disposable consumer goods. Functional single-use paper clothing for protective, medical, and/or traveling needs remained commercially viable. In the 1990s, paper was revisited as a fashion material as part of a throwback to the '60s, with designers such as Sarah Caplan and Hussein Chalayan (/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan) becoming known for their work in paper or non-woven paper substitutes such as Tyvek (/wiki/Tyvek) . A significant collection of paper fashion was built in the first decade of the 21st century by the ATOPOS cultural foundation in Athens. In the form of an internationally traveling museum and art gallery exhibition, it has raised awareness of the innovation of paper and paper-substitutes as a fashion and wearable art (/wiki/Wearable_art) material over the last millennium. History of paper clothing (pre-1965) [ edit ] China [ edit ] Chinese paper gambeson (/wiki/Gambeson) depicted in the Wubei Yaolue military manual (1632) Paper clothing has a long history in China, predating the use of paper for writing purposes. [1] (#cite_note-kleeman-1) [2] (#cite_note-chinaIT-2) The creation of the earliest form of modern paper is usually credited to Cai Lun (/wiki/Cai_Lun) (d.121 CE), a court official who lived during the Han dynasty (/wiki/Han_dynasty) . [2] (#cite_note-chinaIT-2) From the second century CE, the Chinese wore paper garments as protection against the cold, which were prized for their warmth and softness. [1] (#cite_note-kleeman-1) [3] (#cite_note-tortora-3) Paper clothing is mentioned in records dating to the Wei (/wiki/Cao_Wei) dynasty (220-266), Jin dynasty (/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) (266-420) and Northern and Southern dynasties (/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) (420-589). [4] (#cite_note-duxu-4) Archaeological excavations in China have uncovered paper hats, shoes, and belts dating back to 418 CE. [3] (#cite_note-tortora-3) By the sixth century CE, the Chinese were using washi (/wiki/Washi) (mulberry paper made using ground bark, linen and hemp fibre) to make clothing. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-testot-6) Paper-making technology was also applied to the manufacture of thick coats and military armour from a thicker, more cardboard-like material. [6] (#cite_note-testot-6) Some of the earliest records of paper armour are from the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) (618-907 CE), where its invention as an accessible form of civilian self-protection is credited to Shang Suiding. [7] (#cite_note-dekker-7) Governor Xi Shang (847-94) of the city of He-Dong, close to Khitan (/wiki/Khitan_people) territory, maintained a one-thousand soldier army whose pleated paper armour was noted as resistant to heavy arrows, essential for resisting Khitan archers. [7] (#cite_note-dekker-7) He-Dong militia were still wearing paper armour when the city was attacked a century later by the imperial Song (/wiki/Song_dynasty) army. [7] (#cite_note-dekker-7) Paper armour was worn by Southern Tang (/wiki/Southern_Tang) civilians during their wars with the Later Zhou (/wiki/Later_Zhou) in the 950s. Called 'White Armour Armies' due to their white paper armour, these Tang civilian armies were effective against smaller Zhou forces, although avoided confronting the larger armies. [8] (#cite_note-8) During the Song dynasty (960-1279), practical and functional paper garments prevailed among the literati and monks. [4] (#cite_note-duxu-4) Texts from the 1620s document the use of paper for blankets and armour. [1] (#cite_note-kleeman-1) Such inventions and innovations eventually spread throughout Asia. [1] (#cite_note-kleeman-1) Paper armour is also described in texts from the later Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) (1368-1644), including gambesons (/wiki/Gambeson) and arm-guards made from silk paper. [7] (#cite_note-dekker-7) By the time of the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) (1644-1912), China (as well as Japan) were importing Korean papers for the use of armour, recognising its toughness and durability. [7] (#cite_note-dekker-7) In the late 19th century, the Hui people (/wiki/Hui_people) in Yunnan (/wiki/Yunnan) were still wearing armour made from 30-60 layers of bark paper, combined with silk and cotton. This was considered fairly effective against musket balls and bayonets, which got caught and deflected by the layers of paper, although the armour proved less protective against breech loading (/wiki/Breechloader) rifles fired at close quarters. [9] (#cite_note-9) Paper clothing gradually disappeared in modern era China due to the development of mechanized production and scientific and technological advances which led to the appearance of many new and diverse alternative textiles. [4] (#cite_note-duxu-4) Japan [ edit ] 19th-century man's kamiko robe, washi paper with silk reinforcements. Metropolitan Museum (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) , 1999.247.12 Early 1900s under-kimono, indigo-dyed shifu (spun and woven kōzo paper fibre), Japanese, 1900–20. RISD Museum (/wiki/RISD_Museum) Paper in Japan was first created by Buddhist monks. [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) The first paper garments in Japan were created by the monks for priests to wear as undergarments and robes. [11] (#cite_note-webber-11) As early as 910 CE, monks were recycling their paper sutras (/wiki/Sutra) (texts) into garments, which began a lasting tradition. [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) Both Japanese farmers and the upper classes wore paper garments, not just out of necessity, but also for worship purposes, and as an aesthetic preference. [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) These paper garments were called kamiko , a contraction of the Japanese word Kamikokoromo which translates as paper dress. [12] (#cite_note-kabuki-12) Paper clothing was worn in Japan during the Kamakura period (/wiki/Kamakura_period) (1192-1333), [13] (#cite_note-kyoto-13) and by the 17th century, washi (/wiki/Washi) had become the most widely used paper not just for texts and images, but also for architectural screens, furnishing, and garments. [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) The Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) (1603-1868) saw kamiko reach its most widespread use, along with many other options where a paper textile was substituted for leather or cloth. [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) [14] (#cite_note-papmus-14) At this time, paper attire became a desirable and fashionable status symbol. [13] (#cite_note-kyoto-13) It also gained a key role in the kabuki (/wiki/Kabuki) theatre, where kamiko became the traditional costume for wagoto (/wiki/Wagoto) actors who wore it to show that their characters were fallible and physically weak as well as in financial straits. [12] (#cite_note-kabuki-12) Kamiko costumes could also denote an overly fashionable individual or a nimaime (a handsome male character). [12] (#cite_note-kabuki-12) The nimaime' s paper costumes were often decorated with a calligraphy pattern called fumi-hogo (literally: "letters-wastepaper"), to suggest that due to financial pressure, he had had to make his kimono out of old love-letters. [12] (#cite_note-kabuki-12) One of the most significant areas of washi and kamiko manufacture was Shiroishi, Miyagi (/wiki/Shiroishi,_Miyagi) , which, for over four centuries was synonymous with sophisticated papermaking technology, including a form of embossed paper known as takuhon-shi . [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) During the Edo period, washi was one of the "Three Whites of Shiroshi" (the other two were kudzu (/wiki/Kudzu) and umen noodles (/wiki/Noodle) ). [14] (#cite_note-papmus-14) The industry was protected by the Katakura clan (/wiki/Katakura_clan) , the Lords of Shiroishi Castle (/wiki/Shiroishi_Castle) , whose patronage enabled washi production to flourish. [14] (#cite_note-papmus-14) The Tokugawa shogunate (/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate) and the Imperial Court were presented with washi and kamiko as state gifts from the Date clan (/wiki/Date_clan) . [14] (#cite_note-papmus-14) From the Meiji period (/wiki/Meiji_period) (1868-1912) onwards, washi and kamiko were less in demand, and the skills and techniques almost became lost. [14] (#cite_note-papmus-14) In the 1920s and 1930s, some Shiroishi citizens asked elderly craftspeople who had been born in the Edo period to teach them the skills and techniques, [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) and in 1940, Nobumitsu Katakura, the lord of Shiroishi Castle, founded the Oshu Shiroishi Kyodo Kogei Kenkujo (Oshu Shiroishi local crafts research institute) in liaison with Chutaro Sato, a local kimono seller, and artisan paper-maker Tadao Endo. [14] (#cite_note-papmus-14) The intention was to revive kamiko , shifu (woven paper-fibre) and washi production skills through research and surveys of Shiroishi's history and traditions. [14] (#cite_note-papmus-14) By 2017 the future of kamiko was once again in jeopardy; [15] (#cite_note-15) and in 2020, there were only four people in the city who still made kamiko and the specific washi , although another group of locals have started learning the skills from the original revivalists. [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) In Japan, washi is usually made using kōzo (/wiki/K%C5%8Dzo) (paper mulberry), mitsumata (/wiki/Edgeworthia_chrysantha) , or ganpi (/wiki/Ganpi) . Kōzo is typically used, as unlike ganpi, it can be cultivated, and unlike mitsumata, it has long, narrow trunks and a rhizomatic (/wiki/Rhizomatic) structure creating long fibres that are easy to farm, harvest, and process. [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) The mulberry paper is then kneaded to give it suppleness and flexibility, and treated with various plant-based substances such as konnyaku , a konjac (/wiki/Konjac) -based starch used since the 18th century, which creates water-resistance and prevents the surface of the paper from pilling (/wiki/Textile_pilling) . [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) Other agents used are agar (/wiki/Agar) , fermented persimmon (/wiki/Persimmon) tannin ( kakishibu or kaki ) or various seed and nut oils (including perilla (/wiki/Perilla) , walnut (/wiki/Walnut) , and poppy seed (/wiki/Poppy_seed) ) that can improve the water- or bacteria-resistance of the end product, or strengthen the washi . [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) The end result was paper fabric that could be cut, stitched and hand-laundered like normal cloth; and could even be used for fireman's uniforms. [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) Kaki , when combined with starch and oil, makes washi that can be used for raincoats and umbrellas. [11] (#cite_note-webber-11) The persimmon juice turns the paper brown, producing an alternative shade to white kamiko , which can also be printed with woodblocks to create patterns and color. [12] (#cite_note-kabuki-12) An alternative method of paper cloth production is shifu , a woven fabric made using spun washi yarn. [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) [11] (#cite_note-webber-11) Shifu was developed in sixteenth century Japan, and was used by the samurai (/wiki/Samurai) to make ceremonial clothes. [16] (#cite_note-tailman-16) In the early 21st century, white kamiko continues to be made specifically for participants to wear during the annual Buddhist rituals at Tōdai-ji (/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji) , an important Buddhist temple in Nara (/wiki/Nara,_Nara) . [10] (#cite_note-dmvp-10) America and Europe [ edit ] Ersatz cloth, woven paper, German, 1918-19 Auckland Museum (/wiki/Auckland_Museum) , 1929.162.3-6 Man wearing a paper suit, 1920 In France in 1907, a thread made from paper was developed that was reported as being unshrinkable, damp-proof, fire-proof and two-thirds cheaper than cotton. [16] (#cite_note-tailman-16) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) article announcing this was headlined "Paper Dresses Soon!" although this did not immediately happen. [16] (#cite_note-tailman-16) World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) (1914-1918) caused severe fabric shortages, especially of wool, and ready-to-wear suits made from spun and woven paper were developed in Germany and Austria in response. [17] (#cite_note-greg-17) By 1920, Italy, England and Turkey were all noted as having taken an interest in the new paper garments, with The Washington Evening Star (/wiki/The_Washington_Star) reporting that in London, a German-made paper suit cost the equivalent of 46 cents to 2 dollars. [17] (#cite_note-greg-17) The paper commented that an American client could buy a new paper suit each week of the year, and still spend less than if they purchased a single British woollen suit. [17] (#cite_note-greg-17) Prior to April 1917, when the United States entered the war against Germany, the American press regularly reported on how German inventiveness had created substitutes ("ersatz") for many raw materials, admiringly commenting on how German-made spun paper twine could be not only woven into doilies (/wiki/Doily) , but also functional damp-resistant cloths that replaced sackcloth and could be used to make corsets, aprons, work garments, and even parts of military uniforms. [17] (#cite_note-greg-17) In 1917, a paper raincoat was patented in the United States. [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) Austrian-made paper clothes with price tags, 1921 After the war, in September 1920, the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce (/wiki/Bureau_of_Foreign_and_Domestic_Commerce) in Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) displayed a group of Austrian paper suits and other merchandise, before touring them around the U.S. [17] (#cite_note-greg-17) This was intended to show American manufacturers that they had competition when it came to cheap clothing being manufactured elsewhere, and give them the opportunity to examine the paper clothing first-hand. [17] (#cite_note-greg-17) However, trade publications commented disparagingly on the "coarse and crude" textiles and relatively few people were enthusiastic for paper clothing even though it could be washed and was cheap. [17] (#cite_note-greg-17) One Philadelphia businessman wore a brown paper suit, paper necktie and shirt-collar, which cost him 89 cents altogether, as opposed to over 30 dollars for a wool suit. [17] (#cite_note-greg-17) Paper bathing costumes were even available by 1921, with one Chicago manufacturer making a $1.50 costume that resisted rough treatment and water wear, and another Chicago establishment creating "straw" and "cloth" hats made from paper, even their feather trimmings. [17] (#cite_note-greg-17) By the mid-1920s, American prosperity had reached such heights that most people could afford cloth and wool, and even the onset of the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) in 1929 did not reawaken enthusiasm for paper garments. [17] (#cite_note-greg-17) However, separate shirt-fronts (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) , shirt-collars and cuffs could be made from paper, card, or plastics such as celluloid (/wiki/Celluloid) to give a clean, crisp starched appearance. [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) 1928 child's "Rosebud" fancy dress costume, crêpe paper, New Zealand. Auckland Museum, 2002.104.1-1) Crêpe paper (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper) was one of the few exceptions to the aversion to paper clothing from the late 1920s onwards, particularly as a material for making accessories or fancy-dress costumes from. [19] (#cite_note-fidm-19) While crêpe paper costumes and party dresses, particularly for small children, had been made since the 1890s as a way to create limited-use clothing for fast-growing wearers, the late 1910s saw an upsurge in the promotion of crêpe paper and other decorative papers for one-off costumes. [19] (#cite_note-fidm-19) Part of the appeal of crêpe paper was that it gave the appearance of gauze (/wiki/Gauze) or georgette (/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)) for a fraction of the cost, and could be had in various prints. [19] (#cite_note-fidm-19) Dennisons Manufacturing Co. was an American company specialising in paper products that published books offering instructions on how to make Halloween and fancy dress costumes out of crêpe paper, which they already manufactured. [19] (#cite_note-fidm-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Newspapers suggested that crepe paper, if twisted tightly, could be crocheted or woven into stylish, rain-resistant hats, belts, handbags or accessories. [19] (#cite_note-fidm-19) When World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) (1939-1945) caused another surge of fabric scarcity and government restrictions, paper once again became a substitute. [19] (#cite_note-fidm-19) During the Occupation of Paris (/wiki/Occupation_of_Paris) , French milliners (/wiki/Milliner) struggling with limited resources were forced to find creative solutions, and alongside wood-shavings and twine, newspaper and crêpe paper were pressed into service to manufacture innovative hats whose determined elegance and smartness acted as defiance towards the enemy. [19] (#cite_note-fidm-19) One such milliner, Rose Valois (/wiki/Rose_Valois) , made entire hats out of woven crêpe paper. [19] (#cite_note-fidm-19) In the late 1950s, manufacturers such as the Scott Paper Company (/wiki/Scott_Paper_Company) and Kimberly-Stevens developed bonded fabrics made from plant cellulose (/wiki/Cellulose) as a cheap and disposable alternative to traditional woven textiles in laboratory and healthcare environments. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) However, they resisted describing these non-woven materials as paper, as they felt it suggested weakness and fragility. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) Scott's rayon (/wiki/Rayon) and cellulose bonded fabric was called Duraweave, and would go on to be the material for the first successful paper dresses in 1966, launching the late Sixties craze for mass-produced paper fashion. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) [22] (#cite_note-paton-22) Paper fashion fad (1965-1969) [ edit ] In 1965, an engineer for the Scott Paper Company asked his wife to design a simple dress in Duraweave to offer to prospective buyers in department stores. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) The garments failed to arouse commercial interest until April 1966, when Scott ran a promotional campaign for a new disposable tableware line, where they offered two different Duraweave dresses for $1.25 each via mail order, accompanied by a 52-cent voucher for the merchandise. [22] (#cite_note-paton-22) [23] (#cite_note-vam-23) [24] (#cite_note-khs-24) The campaign took off, and before the year was out, Scott had received over 500 thousand orders for the "Paper Caper" designs (available in a red bandana (/wiki/Bandana) print or an Op art (/wiki/Op_art) pattern) and the paper dress fad of the Sixties kicked off. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) [22] (#cite_note-paton-22) [23] (#cite_note-vam-23) However, the price was so low that Scott made minimal profit, barely covering the production costs. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) After six months, Scott ceased production, saying that dress manufacturing was not something they wanted to do. [25] (#cite_note-aj-25) "Mystic Eye" paper dress, 1967. From the Harry Gordon "Poster Dresses" series. PFF (/wiki/Peloponnesian_Folklore_Foundation) Elisa Daggs was one of the first to set themselves up as a paper fashion designer in 1966, creating wrap dresses (/wiki/Wrap_dress) , caftans (/wiki/Caftan) and tent dresses (/wiki/Tent_dress) that were sold by Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) and other stores. [26] (#cite_note-marzec-26) She went on to design paper saris (/wiki/Sari) as air-stewardess uniforms for Air India (/wiki/Air_India) and uniforms for Trans World Airlines (/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines) stewardesses which had themes such as France, England, Italy and New York. [16] (#cite_note-tailman-16) [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) Paper dresses and other disposable garments were sold through Caroline Little and William Guggenhem III's Manhattan boutique, In Dispensable Disposables (1965-1968) and Tiger Morse (/wiki/Tiger_Morse) opened a "Teeny Weeny" shop that sold "materials of the future" such as synthetics, paper and plastic. [26] (#cite_note-marzec-26) [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) By September 1966, paper dresses had become so popular that a department store in Brooklyn hired Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) to launch a line of plain white paper dresses by the Mars Manufacturing Company which were sold with paintbrushes and boxes of watercolor (/wiki/Watercolor) paints for individual customizing. For the launch, Warhol personally silkscreened (/wiki/Screen_printing) a design using the word "FRAGILE" onto the singer-actor Nico (/wiki/Nico) 's dress during the event while she was wearing it, and signed it Dalí (/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD) . [16] (#cite_note-tailman-16) [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) [26] (#cite_note-marzec-26) Another dress at the event was decorated by Warhol with large cut-out screen-printed bananas, and both garments were donated to the Brooklyn Museum. [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) The following month, the Wadsworth Atheneum (/wiki/Wadsworth_Atheneum) held a Paper Ball, where famous fashion designers and artists, including Tzaims Luksus (/wiki/Tzaims_Luksus) and Peter Max (/wiki/Peter_Max) , were asked to create couture looks out of paper for the event. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) [28] (#cite_note-cth-28) The television show I've Got a Secret (/wiki/I%27ve_Got_a_Secret) featured Arlene Dahl (/wiki/Arlene_Dahl) at the event, modeling a paper gown by Luksus alongside four other paper couture looks. [28] (#cite_note-cth-28) Thirty years previously, the Atheneum had hosted another "Paper Ball" with elaborate paper sets created by Pavel Tchelitchew (/wiki/Pavel_Tchelitchew) and circus costumes by George Balanchine (/wiki/George_Balanchine) , Alexander Calder (/wiki/Alexander_Calder) and Fernand Léger (/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger) among others. [28] (#cite_note-cth-28) This wearable art approach to paper fashion inspired many of the best-known paper dresses, such as the 1967 Souper Dress, a promotional design for the Campbell Soup Company (/wiki/Campbell_Soup_Company) whose print directly referenced Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans (/wiki/Campbell%27s_Soup_Cans) , and Harry Gordon's 1967 "Poster Dress" series. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) [22] (#cite_note-paton-22) The six Gordon dresses featured enlarged black-and-white photographs, and their packaging encouraged wearers to use the dress as a wall poster or pillow covering should they tire of wearing it. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) [29] (#cite_note-29) Gordon intended the Poster Dresses to be purposefully simple, affordable and accessible, as a form of protest against the increasing elaboration and complexity of commercial paper fashion. [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) Paper dress by Zandra Rhodes and Sylvia Ayton for Miss Selfridge (/wiki/Miss_Selfridge) , 1966. Paper fashion also had a presence in Britain from the beginning. In 1966, Ossie Clark (/wiki/Ossie_Clark) collaborated with Zika Ascher (/wiki/Zika_Ascher) to produce the first British paper dresses, simple shifts with short sleeves printed by Johnson & Johnson (/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson) with a Celia Birtwell (/wiki/Celia_Birtwell) design. [30] (#cite_note-30) Also in 1966, Zandra Rhodes (/wiki/Zandra_Rhodes) and Sylvia Ayton designed an exclusive paper dress for Miss Selfridge (/wiki/Miss_Selfridge) , although much of the stock was damaged by curious customers tearing to test whether it really was paper. [31] (#cite_note-mil-31) Although he was American, the graphic artist Harry Gordon designed his 1967 Poster Dress series while living in London during the 1960s. [32] (#cite_note-32) The most successful British manufacturer of paper fashion was Dispo (Meyersohn & Silverstein Ltd). Which? (/wiki/Which%3F) magazine found that while most manufacturers' paper dresses did not last beyond a third wash, Dispo garments could withstand being washed up to six times. [33] (#cite_note-33) By 1967, paper clothing merchandise in the United States had expanded dramatically, including not just dresses, but underwear, men's and children's clothing, and even raincoats and swimwear. [34] (#cite_note-TIME-34) Paper bikinis could be water-resistant enough to be used up to three times. [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) At the beginning of the year, there was a paper shortage caused by demand for paper dresses, meaning that designers like Daggs were unable to meet their spring orders. [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) The leading producer, Mars Manufacturing Co. of Asheville, North Carolina (/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina) , reported selling 80,000 dresses a week, while Sterling Paper Products aimed to gross 6 million dollars a year through selling such paper garments as maternity dresses (/wiki/Maternity_dress) , a zebra-print pantsuit, and even a $15 wedding dress. [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) [34] (#cite_note-TIME-34) Even established companies offered paper garments along their standard offerings, such as Formfit (/wiki/Formfit) 's $3 bra and petticoat set. [34] (#cite_note-TIME-34) Paper clothing boutiques were set up in department stores such as Abraham & Straus (/wiki/Abraham_%26_Straus) and I. Magnin (/wiki/I._Magnin) . Various bonded paper materials were retailed under names such as Kendall (/wiki/Kendall_%26_Sons_Ltd) 's non-woven rayon (/wiki/Rayon) "Webril"; "Ree-May", a spunbond polyester (/wiki/Polyester) by DuPont (/wiki/DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)) ; and "Kaycel", a fire-resistant 93% cellulose 7% nylon blend by Kimberly-Stevens that, it was claimed, could be washed and ironed up to 20 times. [34] (#cite_note-TIME-34) In the trade, these textiles were not called "paper", but were instead described as "non-wovens" although they were marketed and widely described as paper. [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) The process of producing the 1950s-60s paper dress materials was a bindng technique similar to felting (/wiki/Felting) . [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) In the spring of 1967, paper yardage became available for home-dressmaking, with sewists advised to use Butterick's (/wiki/Butterick_Publishing_Company) , McCall's (/wiki/McCall%27s) or Vogue Couturier dressmaking patterns with deep armholes. [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) Between April and October 1967, the Expo 67 (/wiki/Expo_67) in Montreal featured paper clothing in the Pulp and Paper Pavilion. [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) In June 1967 Mademoiselle (/wiki/Mademoiselle_(magazine)) ran a cover story, "The Big Paper Craze", highlighting some of the innovative and alternative takes on paper fashion, including a "smart smock" made from knitted paper yarn, brimmed hats made of paper, bikinis and bedroom slippers. [24] (#cite_note-khs-24) One dress was described as "poly-plastic on Dura-Weve paper" ( sic ) that could be wiped down and ironed for repeated wear. [24] (#cite_note-khs-24) One of the most unusual paper dresses of the decade was designed for the Paraphernalia boutique, founded in New York in 1965, whose radical designs by Betsey Johnson (/wiki/Betsey_Johnson) , Diana Dew (/wiki/Diana_Dew) and others, were among the few American challengers to innovative London young fashion design. [24] (#cite_note-khs-24) [35] (#cite_note-mil2-35) The design was made from soft blotting paper which had been impregnated with seeds that immediately flowered when the dress was moistened. [24] (#cite_note-khs-24) [35] (#cite_note-mil2-35) As with many of Paraphernalia's clothes, it was intended to be worn once and then thrown away. [35] (#cite_note-mil2-35) In January 1968 the Museum of Contemporary Crafts (/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Crafts) in Manhattan presented an exhibition titled "Made With Paper" which showcased clothing made from paper, including several dresses, hats, shirts, and a shaggy paper coat by Bonnie Cashin (/wiki/Bonnie_Cashin) , who would launch a line that same year titled "Paper Route to Fashion". [26] (#cite_note-marzec-26) [36] (#cite_note-36) Cashin had been interested in the possibilities of paper since the early 1950s, when she made herself bags from it. [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) designed a paper jacket for a concert pianist in France, who ceremonially cut off the sleeves before giving their performance. [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) Other couturiers such as Hubert de Givenchy (/wiki/Hubert_de_Givenchy) and Paco Rabanne (/wiki/Paco_Rabanne) made paper designs too. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) [31] (#cite_note-mil-31) For a 1967 fund-raising dinner for the Police Athletic League in New York, attendees commissioned luxurious paper dresses from American couturiers such as Ferdinando Sarmi (/wiki/Ferdinando_Sarmi) and Bill Blass (/wiki/Bill_Blass) , whose cheetah-print brown paper dress had cuffs of expensive sable fur (/wiki/Sable_fur) . [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) Even the Duchess of Windsor (/wiki/Wallis_Simpson) , a fixture on Best-Dressed lists, wore a paper dress, making paper clothing a truly democratic fashion that could be worn by anyone at any social level. [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) Six paper dresses made for presidential election campaigns in 1968 including Trudeau (/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau) , Nixon (/wiki/Richard_Nixon) , Romney (/wiki/George_W._Romney) , and Kennedy (/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy) . ATOPOS 1969 commemorative paper dress: Launch of Apollo 10. ATOPOS Paper dresses became a political tool in 1968 to accompany presidential campaigns such as those of Nixon (/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign) , Romney (/wiki/George_Romney_1968_presidential_campaign) , and Kennedy (/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign) , as well as Nelson Rockefeller (/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller) and Canada's Pierre Trudeau (/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau) . [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) While custom-printed T-shirts offered a more durable alternative, paper dresses offered an even more affordable and accessible way of advertising and expressing support. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) Companies such as Butterfinger (/wiki/Butterfinger) , Green Giant (/wiki/Green_Giant) , Viking Carpets and Owens Corning (/wiki/Owens_Corning) offered paper dress giveaways to encourage customers to buy their merchandise. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) For one or two wrappers or box tops plus a dollar or two, customers could acquire a dress from Lifebuoy (/wiki/Lifebuoy_(soap)) , Breck (/wiki/Breck_Shampoo) , or Pillsbury (/wiki/Pillsbury_(brand)) , sometimes with an additional matching hat. [24] (#cite_note-khs-24) TIME (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) sent a Valentine's Day themed paper dress to their subscribers, the white dress printed with an Op-Art rendering of the TIME logo and packed in a red box with a note reading: “For your ValenTIME for every week in homes like yours across the country, some six million women slip into a little black-and-white print that’s just their taste and interests: TIME, the weekly news magazine.” [26] (#cite_note-marzec-26) [37] (#cite_note-37) Some dresses were printed to commemorate historical events, such as one printed with newspaper front pages about the Apollo 10 (/wiki/Apollo_10) launch in May 1969. [38] (#cite_note-wsj-38) By 1969, however, the novelty of paper dresses was quickly wearing off as they were not very comfortable, their flat shift-dress shapes felt repetitive and lacked variety, and their fire- and water-proofing was unreliable. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) [31] (#cite_note-mil-31) Increasing awareness of the environmental concerns of indiscriminate disposal and throw-away consumerism also contributed towards the dropping off of interest in paper fashion. [25] (#cite_note-aj-25) [27] (#cite_note-palmer-27) [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) However, the idea of paper clothing endured on a more practical level, in the form of single-wear disposable sleepwear and underwear for traveling, and clothing for healthcare and medical environments. [31] (#cite_note-mil-31) The paper fashion fad effectively foreshadowed early 21st-century fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) . [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) Paper fashion (1970-1999) [ edit ] Protective Tyvek suits Although paper dresses had fallen out of style, non-woven paper-like materials such as Tyvek (/wiki/Tyvek) continued to inspire designers and manufacturers. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) For a mainstream audience, however, paper clothing was mainly marketed as a functional option for traveling, for convenience, and for disposable garments for work and healthcare environments, such as hospital gowns (/wiki/Hospital_gown) , scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) , and coveralls (/wiki/Coverall) . [22] (#cite_note-paton-22) Paper was seldom seen in mainstream fashion garments in the 1970s and 1980s. [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) One exception, seen from the late 1980s onwards, is washable Tyvek as a fabric for promotional jackets and other garments. [16] (#cite_note-tailman-16) In China in the 1980s and 1990s, paper clothing enjoyed a brief revival, but the fad quickly cooled down without paper garments re-entering daily life. [4] (#cite_note-duxu-4) Hussein Chalayan Airmail Dress, designed 1993 The revival of paper as a fashion fabric came in the 1990s, when designers began looking anew at using non-woven fabric. [39] (#cite_note-kyoto2-39) This also formed part of a revival of interest in futurism while on the edge of the new millennium. [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) Established designers such as Vivienne Tam (/wiki/Vivienne_Tam) , Helmut Lang (/wiki/Helmut_Lang_(fashion_brand)) , or Yeohlee Teng (/wiki/Yeohlee_Teng) occasionally incorporated paper or paper-substitutes into their work. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) [22] (#cite_note-paton-22) [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) For a Spring-Summer 1992 ready-to-wear collection for Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) , Rei Kawakubo (/wiki/Rei_Kawakubo) designed dresses made from polyester-rayon paper material intricately cut in traditional Japanese patterns to create an all-over lace texture. [13] (#cite_note-kyoto-13) Other looks in the same collection looked more like the paper dress patterns (/wiki/Dress_pattern) used to make garments, than they did traditional garments. [40] (#cite_note-40) For Autumn-Winter 1998 Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) designed a two-piece white dress with a pleated paper skirt applied with panels of thin plastic, and Junya Watanabe (/wiki/Junya_Watanabe) offered tunics made from non-woven cloth in Spring-Summer 1996. [39] (#cite_note-kyoto2-39) One of the designers most associated with updated paper fashion in the 1990s was the British-based Cypriot designer Hussein Chalayan (/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan) . In 1993, the same year that he graduated from Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) , Chalayan created his "Airmail Dress" based upon air-mail envelopes that fold out into letter-paper. [41] (#cite_note-csm-41) The dress itself can be folded into an incorporated envelope and mailed, with the idea that the sender can write or draw over the largely blank paper surface before sending it to the recipient to unfold and wear. [41] (#cite_note-csm-41) The Airmail dress was later reissued in limited editions, and in 2001, The Observer (/wiki/The_Observer) held a competition to give away ten Airmail Dresses. [42] (#cite_note-tb-42) The Tyvek material used for the mailers inspired Chalayan to design an entire collection of "paper" polyethylene fashion in 1995, some of which featured air-mail stripes such as the jacket worn by Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) on the cover of her album, Post (/wiki/Post_(Bj%C3%B6rk_album)) . [42] (#cite_note-tb-42) 1999 "Twin Towers" and "Killer Shark" paper dresses by Sarah Caplan. ATOPOS Another designer who became known for her paper fashion was artist and graphic designer Sarah Caplan whose 1999 designs were intended to recreate the 1960s fashion for the new millennium. [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) [43] (#cite_note-caplan-43) Her inkjet-printed (/wiki/Inkjet_printing) Tyvek designs included one printed with the Twin Towers (/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)) , and another featuring a shark. [44] (#cite_note-44) [45] (#cite_note-45) In 1996 the artist James Rosenquist (/wiki/James_Rosenquist) was approached by Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) to ask whether they could replicate his trademark 1966 paper suit for charity. [46] (#cite_note-ros-46) The original suit, created in 1966 by the tailor Horst using brown paper supplied by Kleenex (/wiki/Kleenex) had been commissioned by Rosenquist after he became tired of renting formalwear. [46] (#cite_note-ros-46) Although the suit eventually fell apart a few months later after being worn multiple times and dyed black, it became something that Rosenquist was particularly known for. [46] (#cite_note-ros-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) The Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) suits were created in March 1998 in a limited edition of 100 to accompany an exhibition at the Deutsche Guggenheim (/wiki/Deutsche_Guggenheim) . [48] (#cite_note-met-48) One of the Rosenquist replica suits was subsequently worn by John Karastamatis, a publicity agent for Mirvish Productions (/wiki/Mirvish_Productions) , to the 2000 Toronto premiere of Mirvish's live action The Lion King (/wiki/The_Lion_King) , where the seat of the trousers ripped open in front of the cameras, and had to be repaired with masking tape. [21] (#cite_note-hos-21) [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) Paper fashion in the 21st century [ edit ] One-off paper fashion show held at King George Square (/wiki/King_George_Square) , Brisbane, November 2017 In the early 21st century paper fashion has largely been limited to one-off events, novelty fashion shows, or competitions. Olivia Horsfall Turner (/wiki/Olivia_Horsfall_Turner) has suggested that the true 21st-century legacy of the 1960s paper fashion fad is fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) , where, due to globalization (/wiki/Globalization) , fabric clothing can be manufactured and retailed so inexpensively that consumers throw it away rather than launder it. [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) Where paper clothing exists in the 21st-century mainstream, it is mainly in medical, safety- and hygiene-conscious environments, such as disposable hospital gowns. [18] (#cite_note-extinct-18) The ATOPOS paper fashion collection as exhibited in MUDAM, 2007 In 2005, ATOPOS CVC, [51] (#cite_note-51) based in Athens, started the RRRIPP!! collection of paper dresses and garments. ATOPOS is a non-profit organization founded in 2003 by Vassilis Zidianakis and Stamos Fafalios that focuses on the human body and its presentation and adornment. [52] (#cite_note-52) The ATOPOS collection numbers over 500 examples of paper fashion from early Japanese artefacts to contemporary designer pieces, though the majority of the collection is from 1966 to 1969. [53] (#cite_note-53) Alongside worn and wearable pieces, including paper vests worn by French and Belgian prisoners of war (/wiki/Prisoners_of_war) during World War II and 18th-century kamiko are unique artworks such as Isabelle de Borchgrave (/wiki/Isabelle_de_Borchgrave) 's paper replica of a Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) suit and commissions by contemporary designers such as Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) [54] (#cite_note-kiss-54) and Demna Gvasalia (/wiki/Demna_Gvasalia) . [55] (#cite_note-55) The ATOPOS collection formed the basis for an internationally traveling exhibition in the late 2000s and early 2010s which was seen at many museums including the Benaki Museum (/wiki/Benaki_Museum) , [56] (#cite_note-benaki-56) MUDAM (/wiki/MUDAM) (Luxembourg), [57] (#cite_note-mudam-57) and ModeMuseum Antwerpen (/wiki/ModeMuseum_Antwerpen) . [58] (#cite_note-58) The collection has also acquired examples of paper fashion from catwalk presentations, including a 2004 ensemble in brown paper from AF Vandevorst's Spring-Summer collection, [59] (#cite_note-59) nine work-in-progress pieces by Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) made from paper for the exhibition XXIst Century Man held at 21_21 Design Sight (/wiki/21_21_Design_Sight) in Tokyo, and work by the Japanese-Brazilian designer Jum Nakao, whose 2004 fashion presentation in São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo) of intricately laser cut (/wiki/Laser_cut) , embossed and constructed white paper gowns notoriously ended with the models ripping the garments off their bodies. [57] (#cite_note-mudam-57) [60] (#cite_note-60) Paper is a popular novelty theme for fashion shows or competitions, both one-off and regular events. In Mollerussa (/wiki/Mollerussa) , Spain, an annual paper-dressmaking contest has been run every December since 1963, and the city founded a museum in 2009 to showcase the winning designs, the Museu Vestitis de Paper Mollerussa. [61] (#cite_note-gwr-61) [62] (#cite_note-62) The Museu Vestitis holds the Guinness World Record (/wiki/Guinness_World_Record) for the largest paper dress display as of October 2018. [61] (#cite_note-gwr-61) The rules of the competition are that every design must be sewn, with no glue or adhesion used unless for trimmings and ornament, although the surface of the paper is permitted to be painted or sprayed. [63] (#cite_note-elnorte-63) Another Spanish paper dressmaking contest, founded in the late 1950s, is held each September in Güeñes (/wiki/G%C3%BCe%C3%B1es) , Basque County as part of the annual La Cruz de Güeñes festival. [64] (#cite_note-64) Dresses from both the Güeñes and Mollerussa contests have been exhibited at the Escuela Museo de Origami in Zaragoza (/wiki/Zaragoza) , Europe's only museum dedicated to origami (/wiki/Origami) and located in the same city as Europe's largest paper mill. [63] (#cite_note-elnorte-63) [65] (#cite_note-65) Elsewhere, Denver (/wiki/Denver) has held the Paper Fashion Show (/wiki/Paper_Fashion_Show) fashion contest each spring since 2004 to celebrate and showcase local Colorado (/wiki/Colorado) design talent. [66] (#cite_note-66) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Kleeman, Terry F. (2005). The ancient Chinese world . Tracy Barrett. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 120. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-19-517102-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 55699415 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55699415) . ^ a b The China information technology handbook . Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos, Miltiadis D. Lytras. New York: Springer. 2009. p. 161. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-387-77743-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 656245855 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/656245855) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ a b Tortora, Phyllis G. (2015). Dress, fashion, and technology: from prehistory to the present . London. p. 75. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-85785-192-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 901269115 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/901269115) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ a b c d Design, user experience, and usability : application domains : 8th international conference, DUXU 2019, held as part of the 21st HCI International Conference, HCII 2019, Orlando, FL, USA, July 26-31, 2019, proceedings. Part III . Aaron Marcus, Wentao Wang, International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Cham, Switzerland. 2019. p. 115. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-030-23538-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1112361435 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1112361435) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ (#cite_ref-5) James, Peter (1994). Ancient inventions . I. J. Thorpe (First ed.). New York. p. 211. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-345-36476-7 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 30078903 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30078903) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ a b Testot, Laurent (2020). Cataclysms : an environmental history of humanity . Katharine Throssell. Chicago. p. 130. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-226-60926-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1199890637 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1199890637) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ a b c d e Dekker, Peter (2009). "Practically invulnerable: Chinese paper armor" (https://www.academia.edu/4409977) . Hand Papermaking . 24 (2). ^ (#cite_ref-8) Lorge, Peter (2015). The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty . Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781107446793 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Mesny, William (1896). Mesny's Chinese Miscellany . p. 334. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mohajer va Pesaran, Daphne (15 July 2020). "Kamiko, Washi and Takuhon-shi: Making paper clothing in Japan" (https://www.emkp.org/kamiko-washi-and-takuhon-shi-making-paper-clothing-in-japan/) . Endangered Material Knowledge Programme . British Museum . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ a b c Webber, Pauline (April 1995). "The Parkes Collection of Japanese Paper" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-15/the-parkes-collection-of-japanese-paper/) . Conservation Journal (15) . Retrieved 31 May 2022 . ^ a b c d e Shaver, Ruth M. (15 January 2013). Kabuki Costume . Tuttle Publishing. pp. 89–90. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4629-0398-6 . ^ a b c Fukai, Akiko (/wiki/Akiko_Fukai) (2002). Fashion: The Collection of the Kyoto Costume Institute : a History from the 18th to the 20th Century . Taschen. p. 664. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-8228-1206-8 . ^ a b c d e f g "Past exhibitions" (https://papermuseum.jp/en/special-exhibition/past-exhibitions/) . The Paper Museum, Japan . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Mckean, Cameron Allan; Mohajer va Pesaran, Daphne (15 July 2017). "Kamiko: Growing paper clothes in rural Japan" (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/07/15/lifestyle/kamiko-growing-paper-clothes-rural-japan/) . The Japan Times . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ a b c d e f Tailman, Susan. " (https://artinprint.org/article/fragile-souper-and-pop-the-atopos-paper-fashion-collection/) 'Fragile,' 'Souper' and POP! The Atopos Paper Fashion Collection" (https://artinprint.org/article/fragile-souper-and-pop-the-atopos-paper-fashion-collection/) . Art in Print . 4 (3). ^ a b c d e f g h i j Daugherty, Greg (24 May 2018). "When Paper Clothing Was the Perfect Fit" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-paper-clothing-was-perfect-fit-180969159/) . Smithsonian Magazine . The Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Horsfall Turner, Olivia (/wiki/Olivia_Horsfall_Turner) (2021). "Paper Dress". In Penner, Barbara; Forty, Adrian; Horsfall Turner, Olivia; Critchley, Miranda (eds.). Extinct: A Compendium of Obsolete Objects . London: Reaktion Books, Limited. pp. 237–240. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1789144536 . ^ a b c d e f g h "Crêpe Paper Fashions" (https://fidmmuseum.org/2018/12/crepe-paper-fashions.html) . FIDM Museum . Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising. 3 December 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Child's fancy dress costume, 1928" (https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collection/object/am_humanhistory-object-102207) . Collections Online, Auckland Museum . Auckland Museum . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Oatman-Stanford, Hunter (25 January 2017). "From Hospital Gowns to Paper Couture: The Unlikely Origins of '60s Disposable Dresses" (https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/from-hospital-gowns-to-paper-couture/) . Collectors Weekly . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b c d e f Paton, Kathleen (2005). "Paper dresses" (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofcl00vale/page/15) . In Steele, Valerie (ed.). Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion . Vol. 3. Thomson Gale (/wiki/Thomson_Gale) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-684-31394-4 . ^ a b Staff writer. "V&A · Paper dresses" (https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/paper-dresses) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ a b c d e f Harris Seleshanko, Krweistina. "Vintage Paper Dresses" (http://www.vintageconnection.net/PaperDresses.htm) (Paraphrased from Vintage Fashions for Women: The 1950s & 60s (Schiffer Pub., 1997), ISBN 9780764301971) . www.vintageconnection.net . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b Jackson, Ashawnta (14 October 2021). "When Paper Was Fashion's Favorite Material" (https://daily.jstor.org/when-paper-was-fashions-favorite-material/) . JSTOR Daily . Retrieved 29 May 2022 . ^ a b c d e Marzec, Robert P. (2004). The Mid-Atlantic Region . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 156. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-32954-8 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Palmer, Alexandra (1991). "Paper Clothes: Not Just a Fad" (https://books.google.com/books?id=uoXKtfx4weoC&pg=PA85) . In Cunningham, Patricia Anne; Lab, Susan Voso (eds.). Dress and Popular Culture . Popular Press. pp. 85–105. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-87972-507-5 . ^ a b c "Get Out Your Paper Dress, Gal! – Who Knew? - Connecticut History \| a CTHumanities Project" (https://connecticuthistory.org/get-out-your-paper-dress-gal/) . Connecticut History Humanities Project . Connecticut History. 22 October 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Harry Gordon. Poster Dress. 1967" (https://www.moma.org/collection/works/8961) . The Museum of Modern Art . MoMA . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Staff writer (1966). "Paper Dress, Birtwell, Celia & Clark, Ossie" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O122063/paper-dress-clark-ossie/) . V&A Explore The Collections . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ a b c d Milford-Cottam, Daniel (2020). Fashion in the 1960s . Oxford, UK: Shire Books. pp. 23–25. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781784424084 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Harry Gordon (1930-2007)" (https://art.famsf.org/harry-gordon) . FAMSF Search the Collections . Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco. 21 September 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Staff writer (1967). "Paper Dress, Joanne Silverstein & Diane Meyersohn" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O125366/paper-dress-diane-meyersohn/) . V&A Explore The Collections . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b c d "Fashion: Real Live Paper Dolls" (http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,836820,00.html) . Time Magazine (/wiki/Time_Magazine) . March 17, 1967 . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b c Milford-Cottam, Daniel (2020). Fashion in the 1960s . Oxford, UK: Shire Books. pp. 8–9. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781784424084 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Wilson, Eric (18 September 2000). "Bonnie Cashin's Inspiration" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/article-1199778/) . WWD . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Precourt, Geoffrey (22 Jan 2019). "Old-time real-time advertising \| WARC" (https://www.warc.com/newsandopinion/opinion/old-time-real-time-advertising/en-gb/2943) . WARC . Retrieved 29 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-wsj_38-0) Marcus, J. S. (24 July 2009). "Disposable Fashion as Permanent Art" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124839167626077545) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b Fukai, Akiko (2002). Fashion: The Collection of the Kyoto Costume Institute : a History from the 18th to the 20th Century . Taschen. pp. 696–697. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-8228-1206-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Fashion: The Definitive Visual Guide . Dorling Kindersley Limited. 5 September 2019. p. 403. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-241-45129-8 . ^ a b Campbell, Sarah (28 February 2019). "Hussein Chalayan's Airmail Dress" (https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/central-saint-martins/about-csm/when-central-met-saint-martins/30-years-in-objects-chalayan) . Central Saint Martins . ^ a b Blanchard, Tamsin (/wiki/Tamsin_Blanchard) (6 October 2001). "Return to sender" (https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2001/oct/07/features.magazine47) . The Observer . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-caplan_43-0) " (http://atopos.gr/poster-dresses-by-sarah-caplan/) "Poster dresses" by Sarah Caplan / Atopos" (http://atopos.gr/poster-dresses-by-sarah-caplan/) . ATOPOS. ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Twin Towers (paper dress)" (https://collections.rom.on.ca/objects/406446/twin-towers-paper-dress) . ROM Collections . Royal Ontario Museum . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Killer Shark (paper dress)" (https://collections.rom.on.ca/objects/444836/killer-shark-paper-dress) . ROM Collections . Royal Ontario Museum . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ a b c Rosenquist, James; Dalton, David (27 October 2009). Painting Below Zero . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 173–4. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-307-27329-1 . NB: Rosenquist recalls 2006 in his autobiography, clearly an error as the Hugo Boss suits are dated March 1998 ^ (#cite_ref-47) Gertler, Miles; Bragado, Igor; Mimi, Thompson; Rosenquist, Lily; Bancroft, Sarah (28 April 2021). "On James Rosenquist: An Interview" (https://yalepaprika.com/folds/fashion/on-james-rosenquist-an-interview) . Fashion . 6 (12) . Retrieved 29 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-met_48-0) "James Rosenquist suit, 1998" (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/80911) . www.metmuseum.org . Metropolitan Museum of Art. ^ (#cite_ref-49) Gill, Alexandra (25 April 2000). "Lion King hype hints at a pride to be proud of" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/amp/life/lion-king-hype-hints-at-a-pride-to-be-proud-of/article767364/) . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Pearce, Tralee (26 April 2000). "A hot night for the desert look" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/a-hot-night-for-the-desert-look/article4163247/) . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Atopos CVC" (https://atopos.gr/about/) . atopos.gr . ATOPOS cvc. ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Atopos CVC" (https://atopos.gr/projects/rrripp/) . atopos.gr . ATOPOS cvc. ^ (#cite_ref-53) Börngen, Marlen (2016). "Preserving the Disposable: Conservation of a Paper Dress" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26408669) . Art in Print . 6 (2): 45–47. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2330-5606 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2330-5606) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 26408669 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26408669) . ^ (#cite_ref-kiss_54-0) Kiss, Elis (5 March 2007). "A fashion thread, in paper instead" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/style/05iht-rpaper.4803927.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "Atopos CVC" (https://atopos.gr/ripping-atopos-demna-gvasalia/) . atopos.gr . ATOPOS cvc. ^ (#cite_ref-benaki_56-0) "RRRIPP!! Paper Fashion" (https://www.benaki.org/index.php?option=com_publications&view=publication&id=3357&lang=en) . Benaki . ^ a b "RRRIPP!! Paper Fashion" (https://www.mudam.com/exhibitions/rrripp-paper-fashion) . Mudam . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "Paper Fashion!" (https://www.momu.be/en/exhibitions/paper-fashion) . Momu . 30 March 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-59) Kyvrikosaios, Deborah (23 March 2007). "Paper is the fashionable fabric at Athens exhibit" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-exhibitions-paper-greece-idUKL2363498520070323) . Reuters . Retrieved 29 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Schmidt, Petra; Stattmann, Nicola (5 November 2012). Unfolded: Paper in Design, Art, Architecture and Industry . Walter de Gruyter. p. 120. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-0346-0905-0 . ^ a b "Largest display of paper dresses" (https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/496005-largest-display-of-paper-dresses) . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Historia" (https://www.museuvestitspaper.cat/es/historia/) (in European Spanish). Museu Vestits de Paper Mollerussa . Retrieved 14 December 2020 . ^ a b "El Tormes inaugura la exposición 'La Moda en papel' (https://www.elnortedecastilla.es/salamanca/tormes-inaugura-exposicion-20220412134902-nt.html) " (https://www.elnortedecastilla.es/salamanca/tormes-inaugura-exposicion-20220412134902-nt.html) . El Norte de Castilla (in Spanish). 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 29 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) "El Museo del Traje acoge una exposición vestidos de papel" (https://www.revistadearte.com/2015/03/12/el-museo-del-traje-acoge-una-exposicion-vestidos-de-papel/) . Revista de Arte - Logopress (in Spanish). 12 March 2015 . Retrieved 29 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) Aragón, Heraldo de (20 March 2015). "Vestidos de papel desfilan por el Museo del Origami" (https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/ocio-cultura/2015/03/20/vestidos-papel-desfilan-por-museo-del-origami-346744-1361024.html) . Heraldo de Aragón (in Spanish) . Retrieved 29 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) Waserman, Kastle (8 March 2022). "Paper Fashion Show Creates a Runway Wonderland" (https://www.westword.com/arts/paper-fashion-show-creates-a-runway-wonderland-13560268) . Westword . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . Further reading [ edit ] Walford, Jonathan (2007). Ready to tear: paper fashions of the 60s . [Fonthill, Ont.]: Kickshaw Productions. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0978223007 . Zidianakis, Vassilis (2007). RRRIPP!! Paper Fashion . ATOPOS Foundation. 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South African model, activist, and lawyer You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thando_Hopa) in French . (April 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View (https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThando_Hopa&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en) a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL (https://deepl.com) or Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/) , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution (/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia) in the edit summary (/wiki/Help:Edit_summary) accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link (/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links) to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Thando Hopa]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Thando Hopa}} to the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Thando_Hopa) . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) . You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thando_Hopa) in German . (February 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions. 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A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Thando Hopa]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|de\|Thando Hopa}} to the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Thando_Hopa) . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) . Thando Hopa Hopa speaks at the World Economic Forum (/wiki/World_Economic_Forum) in 2020 Born 1989 Occupation Model (/wiki/Model_(person)) , activist (/wiki/Activist) Awards 100 Women (/wiki/100_Women_(BBC)) (2018) Thando Hopa (born 1989 in Sebokeng (/wiki/Sebokeng) ) is a South African model, activist, and lawyer. She is the first woman with albinism (/wiki/Albinism_in_humans) to be on the cover of Vogue . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Life [ edit ] While working as a prosecutor, she was scouted by Gert-Johan Coetzee (/wiki/Gert-Johan_Coetzee) to work as a model. Hopa aims to portray albinism in a positive way. [3] (#cite_note-3) She was cast as the Princess of Hearts in the 2018 Pirelli Calendar (/wiki/Pirelli_Calendar) , becoming the first South African person of color (/wiki/Person_of_color) to appear in it. In 2018, Hopa was recognized with the 100 Women (/wiki/100_Women_(BBC)) award from BBC (/wiki/BBC) for her diversity and inclusion advocacy. [4] (#cite_note-4) Thando was cast as Artemis in the British-American miniseries, Troy: Fall of a City (/wiki/Troy:_Fall_of_a_City) . [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) [ circular reference ] As a child, she was a cast member in the early seasons of Takalani Sesame (the South African co-production of Sesame Street). Her mother, Seipati Bulane-Hopa, was the executive producer of the show. She formed part of the panel of judges for Miss South Africa (/wiki/Miss_South_Africa_2019) , which culminated in the win of Miss Universe Zozibini Tunzi (/wiki/Zozibini_Tunzi) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [ circular reference ] In 2020, she became a fellow at the World Economic Forum (/wiki/World_Economic_Forum) , narratives lab and she was mentored by singer-songwriter, actress and activist Angélique Kidjo (/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_Kidjo) . [7] (#cite_note-7) See also [ edit ] Albinism in popular culture (/wiki/Albinism_in_popular_culture) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Cachero, Paulina (11 April 2019). "South African model Thando Hapo is the first woman with albinism to cover Vogue" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/model-thando-hapo-first-woman-albinism-vogue-cover-212713288.html) . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 12 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Johnson, Jazzi (April 2019). "South African Model Thando Hopa Makes History As First Albino Person To Cover Vogue Magazine" (https://blavity.com/south-african-model-makes-history-as-first-albino-person-to-cover-vogue-magazine) . Blavity (/wiki/Blavity) . Retrieved 12 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "SA model Thando Hopa making waves overseas" (http://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/312345/sa-model-thando-hopa-making-waves-overseas) . CapeTalk . 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list?" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46225037) . 19 November 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_5-0) " (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy:_Fall_of_a_City) Troy: Fall of a City " (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy:_Fall_of_a_City) . en.m.wikipedia.org . Retrieved 7 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Miss South Africa 2019" (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_South_Africa_2019) . en.m.wikipedia.org . Retrieved 7 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "New Narratives Lab Promotes Next Generation of Cultural Leaders to Advance Change" (https://www.weforum.org/press/2020/01/new-narratives-lab-promotes-next-generation-of-cultural-leaders-to-advance-change/) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 7 March 2021 . 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Ada Nettleship Born Adaline Cort Hinton 1856 Died 19 December 1932 London, UK Occupation Dress maker (/wiki/Dress_maker) costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) businesswoman (/wiki/Businesswoman) Spouse John Trivett Nettleship (/wiki/John_Trivett_Nettleship) Children Ida (/wiki/Ida_Nettleship) , Ethel, and Ursula Nettleship Ada Nettleship (born Adaline Cort Hinton ; 1856 – 19 December 1932) was a British dressmaker and costume designer known for working at the forefront of the Aesthetic dress (/wiki/Artistic_Dress_movement#Aesthetic_dress) style and the rational dress movement (/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform) . Personal life [ edit ] Adaline Cort Hinton was born in either Whitechapel, London or Middlesex, the daughter of surgeon James Hinton (/wiki/James_Hinton_(surgeon)) and Margaret (Haddon) Hinton. Her siblings included the mathematician Charles Howard Hinton (/wiki/Charles_Howard_Hinton) and they grew up in Brighton (/wiki/Brighton) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) She married the British painter John Trivett Nettleship (/wiki/John_Trivett_Nettleship) , with whom she had three children: Ida, Ethel and Ursual. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Their oldest daughter, Ida (/wiki/Ida_Nettleship) , became an artist and the first wife of British painter Augustus John (/wiki/Augustus_John) . [2] (#cite_note-hill-2) Her grandchildren included Caspar John (/wiki/Caspar_John) who became First Sea Lord. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Career [ edit ] Nettleship established herself as a dressmaker in London, expanding from an earlier specialisation in embroidery. [3] (#cite_note-isaac-3) : 329 Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth (/wiki/Ellen_Terry_as_Lady_Macbeth) , by John Singer Sargent, 1889. Terry is wearing the Carr-Nettleship iridescent dress. Notable clients included the soprano Marie Tempest (/wiki/Marie_Tempest) , and the actors Ellen Terry (/wiki/Ellen_Terry) , Winifred Emery (/wiki/Winifred_Emery) , Sarah Bernhardt (/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt) , and Mrs Patrick Campbell (/wiki/Mrs_Patrick_Campbell) . [3] (#cite_note-isaac-3) : 329 In 1884, she made Constance Lloyd (/wiki/Constance_Lloyd) 's wedding dress for her marriage to Oscar Wilde (/wiki/Oscar_Wilde) . [4] (#cite_note-moyle-4) [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) She made other dresses for Lloyd as well that helped to set the new Aestheticist (/wiki/Aestheticism) fashion for looser, more flowing garments with theatrical touches such as lace, embroidery, or brocade (/wiki/Brocade) . [4] (#cite_note-moyle-4) One of Nettleship's most well-known works is a theatrical costume made for Ellen Terry in 1888 when she was playing the role of Lady Macbeth (/wiki/Lady_Macbeth) . [2] (#cite_note-hill-2) Designed by Alice Comyns Carr (/wiki/Alice_Comyns_Carr) and crocheted by Nettleship to simulate a soft chain mail, the dress was oversewn with more than 1000 beetle wings to create an iridescent effect. [5] (#cite_note-ph2011-5) [6] (#cite_note-sparke-6) The idea for this costume probably came from two earlier Nettleship designs: an 1886 dress and an 1887 hat for Constance Lloyd that were oversewn with iridescent green beetle wings. [4] (#cite_note-moyle-4) The American artist John Singer Sargent (/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent) painted Terry in the Carr-Nettleship dress in 1889. [2] (#cite_note-hill-2) The restored costume has previously been displayed in Terry's home, Smallhythe Place (/wiki/Smallhythe_Place) , near Tenterden (/wiki/Tenterden) in Kent, [5] (#cite_note-ph2011-5) and features alongside the Sargent painting in the Sargent and Fashion exhibition at Tate Britain (/wiki/Tate_Britain) in 2024. [7] (#cite_note-7) Nettleship collaborated with Carr to make a dress for a production of Henry VIII (/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)) , [6] (#cite_note-sparke-6) and she created a dress for the play Henry of Navarre that Terry complained was almost unbearably heavy due to the use of steel panniers and extensive oversewing with jewels. [8] (#cite_note-vam-8) She also costumed Terry as Cordelia in King Lear (/wiki/King_Lear) (1892), Guinevere in King Arthur (1895), and Imogen in Cymbeline (/wiki/Cymbeline) (1896). [3] (#cite_note-isaac-3) : 330–31 Rational Dress [ edit ] Nettleship's adventurous designs in the Aesthetic dress style (/wiki/Artistic_Dress_movement#Aesthetic_dress) — especially those for Lloyd — were admired by the London avant-garde, and in 1883 her work was included in a landmark exhibition by the Rational Dress Society (/wiki/Rational_Dress_Society) . [4] (#cite_note-moyle-4) Among the items she presented was a "Ladies Walking Costume" that included trousers, a feature that allowed for radical shortening of the overskirt, thereby reducing the weight of the entire ensemble. [4] (#cite_note-moyle-4) This was more than two decades before European women started wearing trousers in public (/wiki/Women_and_trousers) . Nettleship's designs were generally regarded as too eccentric by the wider public and often subjected to ridicule in the press and in private letters. [4] (#cite_note-moyle-4) Death [ edit ] Ada Nettleship died on 19 December 1932 at her home 45 Weymouth Street (/wiki/Weymouth_Street) , London. [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Broadbent, Lizzie (21 January 2021). "Ada Nettleship (1856-1932)" (https://womenwhomeantbusiness.com/2021/01/21/ada-nettleship-1856-1932/) . Women Who Meant Business . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210302075930/https://womenwhomeantbusiness.com/2021/01/21/ada-nettleship-1856-1932/) from the original on 2 March 2021 . Retrieved 13 March 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Hill, Rosemary. "One’s Self-Washed Drawers" (https://www.lrb.co.uk/v39/n13/rosemary-hill/ones-self-washed-drawers) . London Review of Books 39:13 (29 June 2017). ^ Jump up to: a b c Isaac, Veronica Tetley. "'Dressing the Part': Ellen Terry (1847-1928)" (http://eprints.brighton.ac.uk/16612/1/Binder1.pdf) . PhD dissertation, University of Brighton, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Moyle, Franny. Constance: The Tragic and Scandalous Life of Mrs. Oscar Wilde , n.p. ^ Jump up to: a b "The archaeology of a dress" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110401185613/https://pasthorizons.com/index.php/archives/03/2011/the-archaeology-of-a-dress) . Past Horizons . 29 March 2011. Archived from the original (https://pasthorizons.com/index.php/archives/03/2011/the-archaeology-of-a-dress) on 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sparke, Penny, and Fiona Fisher, eds. The Routledge Companion to Design Studies , p. 90. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Tate. "5 Fashion Moments in John Singer Sargent's Paintings" (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/john-singer-sargent-475/5-fashion-moments-in-john-singer-sargent-paintings) . Tate . Retrieved 19 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-vam_8-0) "The Actor and the Maker: Ellen Terry and Alice Comyns Carr" [1] (https://web.archive.org/web/20120802113331/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-actor-and-the-maker-ellen-terry-and-alice-comyns-carr/) . Victoria and Albert Museum website. 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(Redirected from Chip & Pepper California (/w/index.php?title=Chip_%26_Pepper_California&redirect=no) ) Identical twin businesspeople from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Chip and Pepper Foster Industry clothing Founded 1987 Headquarters Winnipeg, Manitoba (/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba) , Canada (/wiki/Canada) Area served Canada (/wiki/Canada) Products denim sportswear bakery products Website www (http://www.chipandpepper.shop) .chipandpepper (http://www.chipandpepper.shop) .shop (http://www.chipandpepper.shop) Chip and Pepper Foster are identical twin (/wiki/Identical_twin) businessmen from Winnipeg (/wiki/Winnipeg) , Manitoba (/wiki/Manitoba) , Canada. [1] (#cite_note-1) They used to be co-owners of Chip & Pepper California and former hosts of their own NBC (/wiki/NBC) series (/wiki/Animated_television_series) , Chip and Pepper's Cartoon Madness and owners of KUB Bread in Winnipeg, Manitoba. [2] (#cite_note-Daytime-2) Chip and Pepper's Cartoon Madness [ edit ] At a peak in their popularity, the Foster brothers appeared on a Canadian TV station singing "Chip and Pepper: get hip or get out!" The footage came into the hands of NBC (/wiki/NBC) 's head of entertainment, Brandon Tartikoff (/wiki/Brandon_Tartikoff) , who decided to give them a Saturday morning cartoon (/wiki/Saturday_morning_cartoons) show. In fall 1991, Chip and Pepper's Cartoon Madness debuted. The new edition to NBC's animated line-up included sketches (/wiki/Sketch_comedy) and interviews, but old cartoons such as Casper (/wiki/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost) and Captain Caveman (/wiki/Captain_Caveman) took up most of the airtime. The show lasted one season before NBC dropped its animated block altogether in 1992. Apparel line [ edit ] Chip & Pepper's original logo on a pair of blue jeans Chip & Pepper California is a clothing company which specializes in denim and sportswear that was launched in 1987. In 2003, it entered the premium denim market. It is sold in over 42 countries. [3] (#cite_note-3) The tie-dye (/wiki/Tie-dye) fashions were popular in Canada (/wiki/Canada) in the late 1980s and early 1990s. [4] (#cite_note-4) Golf Punk and appearances on the Style Network/E! [ edit ] In 1994, the Fosters opened a store by the name of Golf Punk. As it grew, they decided to resurrect their signature brand, which took place in fall 2003 in Los Angeles. [5] (#cite_note-5) They made appearances as stylists on the Style Network (/wiki/Style_Network) show The Look For Less (/wiki/The_Look_For_Less) and on E! (/wiki/E!) , including Glamour's 50 Biggest Fashion Dos & Don'ts . [ citation needed ] C7P [ edit ] In 2007, the Fosters introduced a brand new line with JC Penney [6] (#cite_note-6) called C7P. The line was aimed particularly at the teen market, including an array of denim items including jeans, skirts, Bermuda shorts, and crop pants along with T-shirts, tops, and fleece. [7] (#cite_note-7) Legacy [ edit ] The 2021 Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) series Saturday Morning All Star Hits! (/wiki/Saturday_Morning_All_Star_Hits!) spoofs the duo as Skip and Treybor, each played by Kyle Mooney (/wiki/Kyle_Mooney) . [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-decider-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Cash, Martin (29 November 2008). "Chip and Pepper pop in" (http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/business/35250209.html) . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved December 19, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Daytime_2-0) Hyatt, Wesley (1997). The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television . Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 99. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0823083152 . Retrieved 22 March 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Random Questions For... Chip & Pepper Foster - The Fashion Informer" (http://thefashioninformer.typepad.com/informer/2008/01/random-questi-2.html) . thefashioninformer.typepad.com . Retrieved September 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "From the CBC vault: Chip & Pepper's gnarly tie dye fashions, 1989" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/from-the-cbc-archives-chip-pepper-s-tubular-tie-dye-fashions-1989-1.2975536) . CBC News (/wiki/CBC_News) . Retrieved September 5, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Brown, Rachel "Dynamic duo make mark on jeans world" (https://labusinessjournal.com/news/dynamic-duo-make-mark-on-jeans-world/) , Los Angeles Business Journal , September 26, 2005. Retrieved January 16, 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "News" (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070322005247/en/C7P...A-Chip-Pepper-Production-Launches-Exclusively-JCPenney) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Chip and Pepper's new line" (http://www.allbusiness.com/services/business-services/4304919-1.html) , AllBusiness.com ^ (#cite_ref-8) ‘Saturday Morning All Star Hits!’ Has ’90s Nostalgia with a Hilariously Sharp Edge\|IndieWire (https://www.indiewire.com/2021/12/saturday-morning-all-star-hits-netflix-kyle-mooney-1234685833/) ^ (#cite_ref-decider_9-0) Keller, Joel (December 10, 2021). "Stream It Or Skip It: 'Saturday Morning All-Star Hits!' On Netflix, Kyle Mooney's Twisted Tribute To Kids Show Lineups Of The '80s And '90s" (https://decider.com/2021/12/10/saturday-morning-all-star-hits-netflix-review/) . Decider (/wiki/Decider_(website)) . Retrieved December 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Fienberg, Daniel (December 10, 2021). "Netflix's 'Saturday Morning All Star Hits!': TV Review" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/saturday-morning-all-star-hits-review-1235060524/) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Retrieved December 12, 2021 . External links [ edit ] Chip and Pepper at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) v t e Children's programming on NBC in the 1990s (/wiki/Children%27s_programming_on_NBC) First-run animated series Smurfs (/wiki/The_Smurfs_(1981_TV_series)) (1981-90) Kissyfur (/wiki/Kissyfur) (1986–90) Camp Candy (/wiki/Camp_Candy) (1989–91) Captain N: The Game Master (/wiki/Captain_N:_The_Game_Master) (1989–92) The Karate Kid (/wiki/The_Karate_Kid_(TV_series)) (1989–90) Alvin and the Chipmunks (/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_(1983_TV_series)) (1983–91) ALF Tales (/wiki/ALF_Tales) (1988–90) The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 (/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Super_Mario_Bros._3) (1990–91) Gravedale High (/wiki/Gravedale_High) (1990–91) Kid 'n Play (/wiki/Kid_%27n_Play_(TV_series)) (1990–91) Space Cats (/wiki/Space_Cats) (1991–92) Yo Yogi! (/wiki/Yo_Yogi!) (1991–92) Super Mario World (/wiki/Super_Mario_World_(TV_series)) (1991–92) ProStars (/wiki/ProStars) (1991–92) Wish Kid (/wiki/Wish_Kid) (1991–92) First-run (/wiki/TNBC) live-action series (/wiki/TNBC) Saved by the Bell (/wiki/Saved_by_the_Bell) (1989–93) Guys Next Door (/wiki/Guys_Next_Door) (1990) Saturday Morning Videos (/wiki/Friday_Night_Videos) (1990–92) NBA Inside Stuff (/wiki/NBA_Inside_Stuff) (1990–2002) Chip and Pepper's Cartoon Madness (1991–92) Double Up (/wiki/Double_Up_(American_game_show)) (1992) Brains & Brawn (/wiki/Brains_%26_Brawn) (1993–94) Saved by the Bell: The New Class (/wiki/Saved_by_the_Bell:_The_New_Class) (1993–2000) Name Your Adventure (/wiki/Name_Your_Adventure) (1993–95) Running the Halls (/wiki/Running_the_Halls) (1993–94) California Dreams (/wiki/California_Dreams) (1992–96) Hang Time (/wiki/Hang_Time_(TV_series)) (1995–2000) City Guys (/wiki/City_Guys) (1997–2001) One World (/wiki/One_World_(TV_series)) (1998–2001) Related Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (/wiki/Cartoon_All-Stars_to_the_Rescue) (1990) TNBC (/wiki/TNBC) (1993–2002) Modern animation in the United States (/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐kfjct Cached time: 20240722163520 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.354 seconds Real time usage: 0.490 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1898/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31227/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2133/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 37433/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.218/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7032901/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 2/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 458.546 1 -total 26.05% 119.442 1 Template:Reflist 25.73% 118.003 1 Template:Infobox_company 21.66% 99.320 1 Template:Infobox 17.33% 79.454 2 Template:Cite_news 16.83% 77.170 1 Template:Children's_programming_on_NBC_in_the_1990s 16.44% 75.398 1 Template:Navbox 13.52% 61.977 1 Template:Short_description 9.21% 42.215 1 Template:IMDb_title 8.62% 39.506 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:4397792-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722163520 and revision id 1235887015. 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Company DOPE Product type Fashion, Music, Streetwear, Sneaker and Skateboard Culture Owner Rob Gough Introduced 2007 Tagline "No Dope, No Hope." Website http://dope.com/ (http://dope.com/) Dope Couture (est. 2007) is a streetwear brand founded by students at Indiana University (/wiki/Indiana_University) . [1] (#cite_note-Dope_heritage-1) As of 2020 it is based in Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . The company was founded by Matt Fields, Mike Schmidt, Edan Boukai, and Chris Mart. [2] (#cite_note-Dope_Carry-2) Field has been listed as the original director and designer. [3] (#cite_note-3) The Dope brand has gotten exposure by way of hip-hop performers (/wiki/Hip_hop) , including P Diddy (/wiki/P_Diddy) , Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) , Big Sean (/wiki/Big_Sean) , Wale (/wiki/Wale_(rapper)) , Talib Kweli (/wiki/Talib_Kweli) , Lil Xan (/wiki/Lil_Xan) , Wiz Khalifa (/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa) , Mac Miller (/wiki/Mac_Miller) , Kendrick Lamar (/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar) , and Kid Ink (/wiki/Kid_Ink) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Exposure on the Internet earned Dope a ranking in the top 500 of the Inc. 5000 with $5.4 million in revenue in 2013. [5] (#cite_note-5) Along with an e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) store, Dope Couture operated brick and mortar stores in Bloomington, Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, and a flagship store located in Los Angeles, California, all of which have since been closed. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-Dope_locations-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2017, the company was acquired by actor and Silicon Valley (/wiki/Silicon_Valley) entrepreneur Rob Gough, with plans to expand the apparel business into womenswear and to branch out into cannabidiol products and smoking accessories. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2020, Gough announced his plans to transition the business from apparel into a fully cannabidiol company by June of 2021. [11] (#cite_note-11) In November of 2020, Swedish (/wiki/Sweden) outdoor-wear retailer [12] (#cite_note-12) Ridestore (/wiki/Ridestore) acquired Dope's US and Canada Dope clothing trademark profile from Gough's company, Epod America LLC. [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Dope_heritage_1-0) "Chicago Hip Hop Music + Culture \| Since 2008" (http://www.rubyhornet.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4766:dope-couture-&catid=21:interviews&Itemid=49) . Ruby Hornet . Retrieved 2020-01-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dope_Carry_2-0) "Dope Couture - Elist10" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141220145234/http://sojones.com/style-trends/dope-couture) . SoJones . Sojones.com. 2009-08-28. Archived from the original (http://www.sojones.com/streetwear/dope-couture/) on 2014-12-20 . Retrieved 2020-01-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Wang, Andrew (2016-12-01). "Interview x Matt Fields - Founder of Dope Couture -" (http://myflightup.com/interview-x-matt-fields-founder-dope-couture/) . Life & Blog of a Videographer, Digital Entrepreneur in Shanghai . Retrieved 2020-12-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Dope Couture Founder Talks Artist Relationships, Four-Finger Rings and More" (https://www.xxlmag.com/dope-couture-founder-talks-artist-relationships-four-finger-rings-and-more/) . XXL Mag . June 1, 2012 . Retrieved 2020-12-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Yakowicz, Will (2014-09-25). "The Top 10 Fastest-Growing Private Companies in Los Angeles" (https://www.inc.com/will-yakowicz/top-10-fastest-growing-companies-los-angeles.html) . Inc.com . Retrieved 2020-12-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Dope Couture Founder Talks Artist Relationships, Four-Finger Rings and More" (https://www.xxlmag.com/dope-couture-founder-talks-artist-relationships-four-finger-rings-and-more/) . XXL Mag . June 1, 2012 . Retrieved 2021-02-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dope_locations_7-0) "INFO" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140216094133/http://dope.com/info) . Archived from the original (http://dope.com/info) on February 16, 2014 . Retrieved 2014-02-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "About" (https://www.dope.com/pages/about) . Dope . Retrieved 2020-12-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Rob Gough: Serial Entrepreneur & Owner of Dope" (https://www.thefounderhour.com/episodes/rob-gough-serial-entrepreneur-owner-dope) . The Founder Hour \| Podcast . Retrieved 2020-12-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Ayanarashed (2017-05-17). "Actor Rob Gough Talks About His Acquisition Of The Streetwear Brand Dope And Future Plans" (https://thesource.com/2017/05/16/rob-gough-talks-acquisition-streetwear-brand-dope-future-plans/) . The Source . Retrieved 2020-12-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "EPOD Sells Apparel Brand" (https://money.yahoo.com/epod-sells-apparel-brand-151300241.html) . money.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2021-02-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Ridestore AB - Company Profile and News" (https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1082619D:SS) . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2020-12-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) AB, Ridestore. "Ridestore AB has acquired the Dope clothing trademarks in USA and Canada" (https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/ridestore-ab-has-acquired-the-dope-clothing-trademarks-in-usa-and-canada-879733464.html) . www.newswire.ca . Retrieved 2020-12-18 . 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion in 1973 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion_in_1973) . Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 1970s portal (/wiki/Portal:1970s) This category is for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) in the year 1973 (/wiki/1973) . 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 (/wiki/Category:1965_in_fashion) 1973 2000 (/wiki/Category:2000_in_fashion) 2001 (/wiki/Category:2001_in_fashion) 2002 (/wiki/Category:2002_in_fashion) 2003 (/wiki/Category:2003_in_fashion) 2004 (/wiki/Category:2004_in_fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐6nvbb Cached time: 20240720203738 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.198 seconds Real time usage: 0.513 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 290/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7748/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 429/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 104/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5316/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.141/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2297331/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 496.291 1 -total 71.78% 356.254 1 Template:YYYY_in_fashion_category_header 55.47% 275.308 1 Template:Category_series_navigation 28.18% 139.866 1 Template:Commons_category 27.45% 136.234 1 Template:Sister_project 26.76% 132.793 1 Template:Side_box 7.92% 39.292 1 Template:Portal 2.80% 13.904 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 2.19% 10.884 1 Template:FindYDCportal 1.73% 8.591 1 Template:Category_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45097528-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720203738 and revision id 949562888. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "1973 in fashion" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B The Battle of Versailles Fashion Show (/wiki/The_Battle_of_Versailles_Fashion_Show) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1973_in_fashion&oldid=949562888 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1973_in_fashion&oldid=949562888) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1973 (/wiki/Category:1973) 1970s fashion (/wiki/Category:1970s_fashion) Fashion by year (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_year) Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) 1932–1939 [ edit ] Georgia Carroll (/wiki/Georgia_Carroll) Elizabeth Gibbons 1940–1949 [ edit ] Dorian Leigh (/wiki/Dorian_Leigh) [1] (#cite_note-1) Dina Merrill (/wiki/Dina_Merrill) [2] (#cite_note-2) Adele Simpson (/wiki/Adele_Simpson) 1950–1959 [ edit ] Nancy Berg (/wiki/Nancy_Berg) Iris Bianchi Barbara Britton (/wiki/Barbara_Britton) Carmen Dell'Orefice (/wiki/Carmen_Dell%27Orefice) Gita Hall (/wiki/Gita_Hall) Dolores Hawkins (/wiki/Dolores_Hawkins) Dorian Leigh (/wiki/Dorian_Leigh) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Johanna McCormick Suzy Parker (/wiki/Suzy_Parker) Jean Patchett (/wiki/Jean_Patchett) [5] (#cite_note-5) Mary Jane Russell (/wiki/Mary_Jane_Russell) 1960–1969 [ edit ] Ina Balke (German) (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina_Balke) Candice Bergen (/wiki/Candice_Bergen) Monique Chevalier Julie Christie (/wiki/Julie_Christie) Wilhelmina Cooper (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Cooper) Deborah Dixon Barbara Feldon (/wiki/Barbara_Feldon) Agneta Frieberg (/wiki/Agneta_Frieberg) Lucinda Hollingsworth Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) Sue Murray Kecia Nyman Jennifer O'Neill (/wiki/Jennifer_O%27Neill) Suzy Parker (/wiki/Suzy_Parker) Jean Shrimpton (/wiki/Jean_Shrimpton) Tilly Tizzani Veruschka von Lehndorff (/wiki/Veruschka_von_Lehndorff) 1970–1979 [ edit ] Christie Brinkley (/wiki/Christie_Brinkley) [6] (#cite_note-6) Kecia Nyman Shaun Casey (/wiki/Shaun_Casey) Nancy DeWeir Susan Forristal Shelley Hack (/wiki/Shelley_Hack) Veronica Hamel (/wiki/Veronica_Hamel) Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) Lena Kansbod Evelyn Kuhn Catherine Roberts Rene Russo (/wiki/Rene_Russo) Cybill Shepherd (/wiki/Cybill_Shepherd) Susan Shoenburg Naomi Sims (/wiki/Naomi_Sims) Charly Stember 1980–1989 [ edit ] [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Paula Abbott Donna Alexander Kim Alexis (/wiki/Kim_Alexis) Kim Basinger (/wiki/Kim_Basinger) Monica Bellucci (/wiki/Monica_Bellucci) Michaela Bercu (/wiki/Michaela_Bercu) Josie Borain Kersti Bowser Michele Brooks Joan Collins (/wiki/Joan_Collins) Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) Tara D'Ambrosio Janice Dickinson (/wiki/Janice_Dickinson) Tamara Dobson (/wiki/Tamara_Dobson) Nancy Donohue Linda Evangelista (/wiki/Linda_Evangelista) Cathy Fedoruk Sandra Freeman Rebecca Ghiglieri Dayle Haddon (/wiki/Dayle_Haddon) Jerry Hall (/wiki/Jerry_Hall) Estelle Hallyday (/wiki/Estelle_Hallyday) Patti Hansen (/wiki/Patti_Hansen) Lauren Helm Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) Clare Hoak Rachel Hunter (/wiki/Rachel_Hunter) Iman (/wiki/Iman_(model)) Kathy Ireland (/wiki/Kathy_Ireland) Elaine Irwin Mellencamp (/wiki/Elaine_Irwin_Mellencamp) Beverly Johnson (/wiki/Beverly_Johnson) Milla Jovovich (/wiki/Milla_Jovovich) Lisa Kauffmann [10] (#cite_note-10) Nancy Kerrigan (/wiki/Nancy_Kerrigan) Bitten Knudsen Tara Krahn Cynthia Lamontagne (/wiki/Cynthia_Lamontagne) Kelly Le Brock (/wiki/Kelly_Le_Brock) Cara Leigh Susan Lucci (/wiki/Susan_Lucci) Karin Lund Robyn Mackintosh Maki Claudia Mason (/wiki/Claudia_Mason) Susan Miner Liza Minnelli (/wiki/Liza_Minnelli) Amie Morgan Carrie Nygren Gail O'Neill (/wiki/Gail_O%27Neill) Carré Otis (/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_Otis) Dolly Parton (/wiki/Dolly_Parton) Tatjana Patitz (/wiki/Tatjana_Patitz) Daniela Peštová (/wiki/Daniela_Pe%C5%A1tov%C3%A1) Paulina Porizkova (/wiki/Paulina_Porizkova) Wanakee Pugh Kathryn Redding Hunter Reno Cordula Reyer (/wiki/Cordula_Reyer) Ashley Richardson (/wiki/Ashley_Richardson) Annette "Jade" Roque (/wiki/Annette_Roque) Beth Rupert Rene Russo (/wiki/Rene_Russo) Carmen San Martin Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Joan Severance (/wiki/Joan_Severance) Brooke Shields (/wiki/Brooke_Shields) Renée Simonsen (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Simonsen) Alexa Singer Talisa Soto (/wiki/Talisa_Soto) Linda Spierings Sharon Stone (/wiki/Sharon_Stone) [11] (#cite_note-11) Fabienne Terwinghe (/wiki/Fabienne_Terwinghe) Aya Thorgren Cheryl Tiegs (/wiki/Cheryl_Tiegs) Laurence Treil (/wiki/Laurence_Treil) Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Nastasia Urbano Frederique van der Wal (/wiki/Frederique_van_der_Wal) Rosie Vela (/wiki/Rosie_Vela) Louise Vyent (/wiki/Louise_Vyent) Rachel Williams (/wiki/Rachel_Williams) Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) Kara Young (/wiki/Kara_Young) Sandra Zatezalo 1990–1999 [ edit ] [12] (#cite_note-12) Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) Carla Bruni (/wiki/Carla_Bruni) Jenny Brunt Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) [13] (#cite_note-13) Valerie Chow (/wiki/Valerie_Chow) Helena Christensen (/wiki/Helena_Christensen) Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) Waris Dirie (/wiki/Waris_Dirie) Donna Dixon (/wiki/Donna_Dixon) Karen Duffy (/wiki/Karen_Duffy) Gail Elliott Emme (/wiki/Emme_(model)) Jennifer Flavin (/wiki/Jennifer_Flavin) Daisy Fuentes (/wiki/Daisy_Fuentes) Yasmeen Ghauri (/wiki/Yasmeen_Ghauri) Florencia Gomez Cordoba Melanie Griffith (/wiki/Melanie_Griffith) Lene Hall (/wiki/Lene_Hall) Katja Halme Salma Hayek (/wiki/Salma_Hayek) Mariel Hemingway (/wiki/Mariel_Hemingway) Tia Holland Susan Holmes (/wiki/Susan_Holmes) Lauren Hutton (/wiki/Lauren_Hutton) Grace Jones (/wiki/Grace_Jones) Melissa Keller (/wiki/Melissa_Keller) Sally Kellerman (/wiki/Sally_Kellerman) Claudia Mason (/wiki/Claudia_Mason) Karen Mulder (/wiki/Karen_Mulder) Thania Peck Bernadette Peters (/wiki/Bernadette_Peters) The Pointer Sisters (/wiki/The_Pointer_Sisters) Jaime Rishar Joan Rivers (/wiki/Joan_Rivers) Annette "Jade" Roque (/wiki/Annette_Roque) Claudia Schiffer (/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) Gurus Segovia Connie Sellecca (/wiki/Connie_Sellecca) Nicollette Sheridan (/wiki/Nicollette_Sheridan) Gigi Stoll Courtney Thorne-Smith (/wiki/Courtney_Thorne-Smith) Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Shania Twain (/wiki/Shania_Twain) Eva Voorhees Estella Warren (/wiki/Estella_Warren) Veronica Webb (/wiki/Veronica_Webb) Trisha Yearwood (/wiki/Trisha_Yearwood) 2000–2009 [ edit ] [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Jessica Alba (/wiki/Jessica_Alba) Clara Alonso (/wiki/Clara_Alonso_(model)) Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) Bianca Balti (/wiki/Bianca_Balti) Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) Moon Bloodgood (/wiki/Moon_Bloodgood) Veronica Blume (/wiki/Veronica_Blume) Kate Bosworth (/wiki/Kate_Bosworth) Nicola Breytenbach Eishia Brightwell Ana Carmo Sandra Cisa Jennifer Connelly (/wiki/Jennifer_Connelly) Luciana Curtis (/wiki/Luciana_Curtis) Chantal Diguer Marybeth DuPain Rhea Durham (/wiki/Rhea_Durham) Almudena Fernández (/wiki/Almudena_Fern%C3%A1ndez) Miriam Fernandez Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) Daisy Fuentes (/wiki/Daisy_Fuentes) Beau Garrett (/wiki/Beau_Garrett) Bridget Hall (/wiki/Bridget_Hall) Sierra Huisman Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) Liya Kebede (/wiki/Liya_Kebede) Melissa Keller (/wiki/Melissa_Keller) Jaime King (/wiki/Jaime_King) Vendela Kirsebom (/wiki/Vendela_Kirsebom) Milena Kundicova Jennifer Lamiraqui Bianca Lawson (/wiki/Bianca_Lawson) Lucy Liu (/wiki/Lucy_Liu) Zuzana Macasova Ruza Madarevic Heather Marks (/wiki/Heather_Marks) Eva Mendes (/wiki/Eva_Mendes) Cherina Montenique Julianne Moore (/wiki/Julianne_Moore) Sarah Murdoch (/wiki/Sarah_Murdoch) Jade Parfitt (/wiki/Jade_Parfitt) Rosamund Pike (/wiki/Rosamund_Pike) Bianca Porcelli Minerva Portillo Marie Powell Caroline Ribeiro (/wiki/Caroline_Ribeiro) Pania Rose (/wiki/Pania_Rose) Laura Sanchez Susan Sarandon (/wiki/Susan_Sarandon) Eugenia Silva (/wiki/Eugenia_Silva) Sarah Thomas Daniela Urzi (/wiki/Daniela_Urzi) Yasmin Warsame (/wiki/Yasmin_Warsame) Erin Wasson (/wiki/Erin_Wasson) Rachel Weisz (/wiki/Rachel_Weisz) Anoek Wielakker Liisa Winkler Sarah Wynter (/wiki/Sarah_Wynter) Sonny Zhou (/wiki/Sonny_Zhou) Leticia Zuloaga 2010–2019 [ edit ] [16] (#cite_note-16) Jessica Alba (/wiki/Jessica_Alba) Belén Bergagna (Latin America only) [17] (#cite_note-17) Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) Jessica Biel (/wiki/Jessica_Biel) Ciara (/wiki/Ciara) Gal Gadot (/wiki/Gal_Gadot) Barbara Garcia Ashley Graham (/wiki/Ashley_Graham_(model)) Marina Jamieson Natalia Kozior Elle Macpherson (/wiki/Elle_Macpherson) Bonang Matheba (/wiki/Bonang_Matheba) Tiffany Pisani (/wiki/Tiffany_Pisani) (UK only) [18] (#cite_note-18) Scandal (/wiki/Scandal_(Japanese_band)) (Japan only) [19] (#cite_note-19) Shanina Shaik (/wiki/Shanina_Shaik) Olga Sherer Gwen Stefani (/wiki/Gwen_Stefani) Emma Stone (/wiki/Emma_Stone) [20] (#cite_note-20) Elbe van der Merwe Anne Vyalitsyna (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) Olivia Wilde (/wiki/Olivia_Wilde) [21] (#cite_note-21) Alejandra Espinoza (/wiki/Alejandra_Espinoza) [22] (#cite_note-22) 2020-Present [ edit ] Sofia Carson (/wiki/Sofia_Carson) [23] (#cite_note-23) Jessica Jung (/wiki/Jessica_Jung) [24] (#cite_note-24) Gal Gadot Sdanny Lee (李斯丹妮) (/w/index.php?title=Sdanny_Lee_(%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%B9%E5%A6%AE)&action=edit&redlink=1) [25] (#cite_note-25) Men featured in Revlon ads [ edit ] A small number of men have also appeared in Revlon advertising, to promote men's colognes, perform jingles, or pose with spokesmodels, including: Bobby Short (/wiki/Bobby_Short) (performed commercial jingles) Mel Tormé (/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9) (performed commercial jingles) Little Richard (/wiki/Little_Richard) (performed commercial jingles) Nat King Cole (/wiki/Nat_King_Cole) (performed commercial jingles) Pat Riley (/wiki/Pat_Riley) (appeared alongside spokesmodels) Sugar Ray Leonard (/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard) (appeared alongside spokesmodels) J. Robert Dixon (promoted men's cologne) Peter Sellers (/wiki/Peter_Sellers) (promoted men's cologne) Tony Randall (/wiki/Tony_Randall) (promoted men's cologne) Paul Newman (/wiki/Paul_Newman) (promoted men's cologne) Don Johnson (/wiki/Don_Johnson) (appeared alongside then-wife Melanie Griffith (/wiki/Melanie_Griffith) ) Dan Aykroyd (/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd) (appeared alongside wife Donna Dixon (/wiki/Donna_Dixon) ) Frank Sinatra (/wiki/Frank_Sinatra) (appeared alongside wife Barbara Sinatra (/wiki/Barbara_Sinatra) ) Daniel Pimentel (appeared alongside Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) ) Pharrell Williams (/wiki/Pharrell_Williams) (appeared alongside Jessica Biel (/wiki/Jessica_Biel) ) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Advanced Search" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110723000457/http://modsixties.5forum.net/search.forum?search_keywords=revlon&typerecherche=interne&show_results=posts) . modsixties.5forum.net . Archived from the original (http://modsixties.5forum.net/search.forum?search_keywords=revlon&typerecherche=interne&show_results=posts) on 2011-07-23. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Advanced Search" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110723000457/http://modsixties.5forum.net/search.forum?search_keywords=revlon&typerecherche=interne&show_results=posts) . modsixties.5forum.net . Archived from the original (http://modsixties.5forum.net/search.forum?search_keywords=revlon&typerecherche=interne&show_results=posts) on 2011-07-23. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Advanced Search" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110723000457/http://modsixties.5forum.net/search.forum?search_keywords=revlon&typerecherche=interne&show_results=posts) . modsixties.5forum.net . Archived from the original (http://modsixties.5forum.net/search.forum?search_keywords=revlon&typerecherche=interne&show_results=posts) on 2011-07-23. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fire and Ice, by Andrew Tobias" (https://web.archive.org/web/20031031065328/http://www.andrewtobias.com/fireandice9.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.andrewtobias.com/fireandice9.html) on 2003-10-31 . Retrieved 2003-10-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Jean Patchett" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140331224817/http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Jean_Patchett) . Vogue . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Jean_Patchett) on 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Christie Brinkley \| Supermodelicons" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100829161302/http://supermodelicons.com/christie-brinkley/2009/08/11/) . supermodelicons.com . Archived from the original (http://supermodelicons.com/christie-brinkley/2009/08/11/) on 2010-08-29. ^ (#cite_ref-7) http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f79/revlons-unforgettable-campaign-avedon-56443-5.html (http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f79/revlons-unforgettable-campaign-avedon-56443-5.html) [ user-generated source ] ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Revlon : Supermodel Icons" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100219003348/http://supermodelicons.com/tag/revlon/) . supermodelicons.com . Archived from the original (http://supermodelicons.com/tag/revlon/) on 2010-02-19. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Unforgettable Indeed" (http://superqueen.wordpress.com/2009/05/26/unforgettable-indeed/) . 25 May 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Kauffmann, Lisa. "From Supermodel to Super Mentor" (https://calgaryherald.com/life/fashion-beauty/from-supermodel-to-super-mentor) . Calgary Herald . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Sharon Stone: Biography" (http://www.sharonstone.net/biography/) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f79/revlons-unforgettable-campaign-avedon-56443-5.html (http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f79/revlons-unforgettable-campaign-avedon-56443-5.html) [ user-generated source ] ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110430002916/http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pages/naomi_campbell/index.shtml) . Archived from the original (http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pages/naomi_campbell/index.shtml) on 2011-04-30 . Retrieved 2011-04-03 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Advanced Search" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110723000457/http://modsixties.5forum.net/search.forum?search_keywords=revlon&typerecherche=interne&show_results=posts) . modsixties.5forum.net . Archived from the original (http://modsixties.5forum.net/search.forum?search_keywords=revlon&typerecherche=interne&show_results=posts) on 2011-07-23. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Revlon Advertisements" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110516081156/http://bwgreyscale.com/ads/revlon.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.bwgreyscale.com/ads/revlon.html) on 2011-05-16 . Retrieved 2011-04-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Revlon - Home" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100307220950/http://www.revlon.com/Revlon-Home/beyond-the-look-menu/Brand-Ambassadors.aspx) . www.revlon.com . Archived from the original (http://www.revlon.com/Revlon-Home/beyond-the-look-menu/Brand-Ambassadors.aspx) on 2010-03-07. ^ (#cite_ref-17) http://revlon.com.ar (http://revlon.com.ar) ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Fashion Magazine Subscriptions \| Magazines Direct" (http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/star-style/beauty-news/502103/britain-s-next-top-model-winner-tiffany-pisani-is-new-face-of-revlon/1/) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "カラーもツヤもロックしてドキッとさせるドラマティックな唇に" (http://nylon.jp/SCANDALLIP) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Revlon Picks Olivia Wilde and Emma Stone as New Faces – Style News - StyleWatch - People.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120219135707/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2011/08/10/olivia-wilde-emma-stone-revlon/) . stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com . Archived from the original (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2011/08/10/olivia-wilde-emma-stone-revlon/) on 2012-02-19. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Revlon Picks Olivia Wilde and Emma Stone as New Faces – Style News - StyleWatch - People.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120219135707/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2011/08/10/olivia-wilde-emma-stone-revlon/) . stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com . Archived from the original (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2011/08/10/olivia-wilde-emma-stone-revlon/) on 2012-02-19. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Revlon signs Alejandra Espinoza as new brand ambassador" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/revlon-signs-alejandra-espinoza-as-new-brand-ambassador,583721.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Sofia Carson's First-Ever Beauty Product Costs Just $8" (https://www.allure.com/story/revlon-sofia-carson-global-brand-ambassador-interview) . 16 January 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Smith, Erica (2020-04-30). "Jessica Jung's Face Has a New Job" (https://www.thecut.com/2020/04/jessica-jung-revlon-ambassador.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2020-06-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "李斯丹妮携手露华浓Revlon持色黑膜方唇釉，高"缎"来袭_色彩" (https://www.sohu.com/a/467570256_100022609) . Sohu (/wiki/Sohu) . 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French milliner (1911–2002) For the French general and diplomat, see Claude Carra Saint-Cyr (/wiki/Claude_Carra_Saint-Cyr) Claude Saint-Cyr Claude Saint-Cyr, c. 1950 Born 1911 Paris Died 11 September 2002 [1] (#cite_note-GvA_Belga-1) Montargis (/wiki/Montargis) , France Other names Claude St-Cyr, Claude St. Cyr, Simone Naudet, Simone Martin Occupation Milliner Claude Saint-Cyr – sometimes Claude St-Cyr or Claude St. Cyr – (née Simone Naudet, 1911–2002) was a French milliner who worked in both Paris and London between the 1930s and 1960s, also establishing a worldwide reputation for her hats. She collaborated with many leading designers, including Jean Patou (/wiki/Jean_Patou) and Norman Hartnell (/wiki/Norman_Hartnell) . She was a key supplier of hats to the royal household from the 1950s on. One of her most notable commissions was the 1960 wedding veil of Princess Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret) ; at this event she also made hats for The Queen Mother (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) and the Queen (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) . After closing her own salon, she continued to act as an advisor to other design houses until the mid 1990s. Background and early career [ edit ] Simone Naudet was born in 1911 in Paris. [2] (#cite_note-Lakeland_Walker-2) The daughter of a casino worker, she began her millinery training at the age of 18, later working with notable Paris designers, including Jean Patou, Marie-Louise Carven (/wiki/Marie-Louise_Carven) and Rose Descat (/w/index.php?title=Rose_Descat&action=edit&redlink=1) . [2] (#cite_note-Lakeland_Walker-2) She spent some time training in London, also changing her professional name to Claude Saint-Cyr. [ citation needed ] She married the interior designer Georges Martin. [2] (#cite_note-Lakeland_Walker-2) Establishment of own millinery business [ edit ] Saint-Cyr established her own millinery salon in 1937 in Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré (/wiki/Rue_du_Faubourg_Saint-Honor%C3%A9) , Paris, and this was joined by a shop in London in 1950. [3] (#cite_note-Hatatorium_Grantland-3) [4] (#cite_note-How_Fashion_Works_Waddell-4) During the 1950s, she gained a reputation as one of the leading milliners of London and Paris. By 1957, her client list comprised many members of the British royal family, notably the Queen, Queen Mother, Princess Margaret and the Duchess of Windsor (/wiki/Wallis_Simpson) . Other clients included Queen Soroya of Iran (/wiki/Soraya_Esfandiary-Bakhtiari) , Begum Om Habibeh Aga Khan (/wiki/Begum_Om_Habibeh_Aga_Khan) , actresses Martine Carol (/wiki/Martine_Carol) and Eleanor Parker (/wiki/Eleanor_Parker) , and many American tourists. [2] (#cite_note-Lakeland_Walker-2) Part of her success in London may have been due to her close working association with the royal household's couturier Norman Hartnell, who chose her to make his hats just before the 1953 coronation (/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II) . [2] (#cite_note-Lakeland_Walker-2) He enabled Saint-Cyr to set up her millinery salon within his London fashion house. [5] (#cite_note-La_Mode_Bezard-5) The Australian Women's Weekly (/wiki/The_Australian_Women%27s_Weekly) described Saint-Cyr's association with the royal family and Hartnell in 1960: "She drives to the Palace or Clarence House in Norman Hartnell's Rolls-Royce and etiquette demands that she go hatless". The article added that all her royal customers spoke to their Parisian milliner in French during fittings. [6] (#cite_note-Australian_Women's_Weekly_250560-6) Millinery innovations [ edit ] Among the millinery innovations Saint-Cyr is said to have devised, were the oblique hat – in which one side of the brim is angled, enabling decorative details to be placed on the crown. [5] (#cite_note-La_Mode_Bezard-5) [7] (#cite_note-Le_Soir_gazette-7) The oblique-brim hat has remained a favoured style for the Queen. [ citation needed ] She was also among the leading exponents of the 'cocktail hat' that came into vogue during the wartime years (/wiki/World_War_II) – this was typically a confection involving black silk and netting that could be worn with eveningwear. [8] (#cite_note-Met_da_Cruz-8) In the 1950s, she helped to revive the fashion for the draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) producing a supple felt design in 1956 that covered the ears and rose to a peak at the back of the head. [9] (#cite_note-The_Times_53596.-9) From 1950, Saint-Cyr collaborated with her husband Georges Martin to create a variety of hats and garments that incorporated traditional Aubusson tapestry (/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry) – an idea inspired after Martin used tapestry to re-cover chairs in Saint-Cyr's salon. [10] (#cite_note-Cora_Ginsburg_St_Cyr_tapestry/velvet_coat-10) She also produced a series of hat designs in collaboration with her husband. The first collection was known as Aubusson and was succeeded by others – in all, over 160 hats were produced over the succeeding four years. For the designs to translate into headgear, particularly fine weaves had to be used and the weavers were taught how to build a hat. [11] (#cite_note-La_Gazette_Pinton_(PDF)-11) International success [ edit ] By the mid 1950s, Saint-Cyr's reputation as a milliner was so great that reproductions of her Paris originals were created under licence, alongside those of leading couturiers such as Cristóbal Balenciaga (/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga) . [12] (#cite_note-The_Times_Woollands_53353-12) As well as designing for Norman Hartnell in London, she was producing models for Paris fashion houses such as Dessès (/wiki/Jean_Dess%C3%A8s) . [13] (#cite_note-The_Times_54065-13) In London, her designs appeared at the fashion shows of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (/wiki/Incorporated_Society_of_London_Fashion_Designers) . At the fashion show for autumn 1959, for example, she showed a line of high-crowned hats – many in velvet – to complement Hartnell's two-colour tweed suits and fur-trimmed and fur-collared coats. [14] (#cite_note-The_Times_54520-14) Royal weddings [ edit ] Saint-Cyr was chosen to produce headgear for the wedding of Princess Margaret to Antony Armstrong-Jones (/wiki/Antony_Armstrong-Jones,_1st_Earl_of_Snowdon) in May 1960. Not only did she produce the veil worn by Princess Margaret, but also the rose-trimmed and veiled turquoise model worn by the Queen and the cream osprey-feather hat worn by the Queen Mother. [15] (#cite_note-The_Times_54764-15) [16] (#cite_note-Life_16051960-16) Some three years later, Saint-Cyr once again designed hats for the Queen Mother, Queen and Princess Margaret at the wedding of Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_The_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy) and Angus Ogilvy (/wiki/Angus_Ogilvy) . [17] (#cite_note-The_Times_55683-17) Later career and legacy [ edit ] Saint-Cyr closed her salon in 1964, but began working with French milliner Jean Barthet (/wiki/Jean_Barthet) – a supplier of hats to celebrities such as Princess Grace of Monaco (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) and Maria Callas (/wiki/Maria_Callas) . [1] (#cite_note-GvA_Belga-1) [18] (#cite_note-People_Andriotakis-18) This working relationship continued for the succeeding eight years, after which she retired from millinery design but continued to act as a consultant to bridal design houses until the mid 1990s. [1] (#cite_note-GvA_Belga-1) Examples of Saint-Cyr's hats are held by a number of museums worldwide, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) in New York. In 2009, her designs were among those featured in the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) 's Hats: An Anthology – an exhibition curated by Stephen Jones (/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(milliner)) . [19] (#cite_note-Art_Daily_V&A-19) In 2013-14, her hats were exhibited in Florence's Pitti Palace (/wiki/Pitti_Palace) , alongside designs by Philip Treacy (/wiki/Philip_Treacy) and Caroline Reboux (/wiki/Caroline_Reboux) . [20] (#cite_note-Palazzo_Pritti,_Florence-20) [21] (#cite_note-Firenze_exhibition-21) See also [ edit ] Philip Treacy (/wiki/Philip_Treacy) , Irish born milliner in London Stephen Jones (/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(milliner)) , UK born milliner in London References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Hoedenmaakster Claude Saint-Cyr overleden" (http://www.gva.be/cnt/oid208949/archief-hoedenmaakster-claude-saint-cyr-overleden) . Gazette van Antwerpen. 11 September 2002 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Walker, Nadeane (28 July 1957). "Milliner, Claude Saint-Cyr, is hat maker for British royalty" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19570728&id=xckSAAAAIBAJ&pg=7292,2641841) . Lakeland Ledger . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hatatorium_Grantland_3-0) Grantland, Brenda; Robak, Mary (2011). Hatatorium: An essential guide for hat collectors (1st ed.). Mill Valley, California: Brenda Grantland. p. 165. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780984785902 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-How_Fashion_Works_Waddell_4-0) Waddell, Gavin (2004). How Fashion Works: Couture, Ready-to-Wear and Mass Production . Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. 105. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780632057528 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bezard, Catherine (2012). La Mode pour Les Nuls (1st ed.). Paris: Wiley Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782754044783 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Australian_Women's_Weekly_250560_6-0) "The Weekly Round" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48209511) . The Australian Women's Weekly . 25 May 1960 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Le_Soir_gazette_7-0) "Petite Gazette" (http://archives.lesoir.be/m/petite-gazette-en-bons-termes-le-memoire-de-mathilde-pr_t-20020912-Z0M8EJ.html) . Le Soir. 12 September 2002 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Met_da_Cruz_8-0) da Cruz, Elyssa. "Dressing for the cocktail hour" (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/coho/hd_coho.htm) . metmuseum.org . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_53596._9-0) "The Shape of Things to Come". The Times . No. 53596. 30 July 1956. ^ (#cite_ref-Cora_Ginsburg_St_Cyr_tapestry/velvet_coat_10-0) "Black silk velvet evening coat designed by Claude Saint-Cyr, tapestry sleeves designed by Jean Picart Le Doux" (http://coraginsburg.com/catalogues/2009/cat2009pg28-29.htm) . coraginsburg.com . Cora Ginsburg . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-La_Gazette_Pinton_(PDF)_11-0) "Parallel Portraits" (http://www.ateliers-pinton.com/gazette/001/001-SURPRISE-3.pdf) (PDF) . No. 1. La Gazette Pinton 001 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_Woollands_53353_12-0) "Woollands, Knightsbridge, SW1 (advert)". The Times . No. 53353. 17 October 1955. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_54065_13-0) "The Fashion Roundabout". The Times . No. 54065. 3 February 1958. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_54520_14-0) "John Cavanagh's Gay Collection". The Times . No. 54520. 23 July 1959. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_54764_15-0) "Dignified Simplicity of the Queen's Dress". The Times . No. 54764. 6 May 1960. ^ (#cite_ref-Life_16051960_16-0) "A Nation is Happy with its Darling" (https://books.google.com/books?id=-U4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28) . Life. 16 May 1960 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_55683_17-0) "Picture Gallery". The Times . No. 55683. 24 April 1963. ^ (#cite_ref-People_Andriotakis_18-0) Andriotakis, Pamela (4 April 1983). "Jean Barthet's Offbeat Bonnets Are Turning Heads This Spring from Paris to the Pacific" (http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20084678,00.html) . People . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Art_Daily_V&A_19-0) "Hats: An Anthology by Stephen Jones Opens at the Victoria & Albert Museum" (http://artdaily.com/news/29220/Hats--An-Anthology-by-Stephen-Jones-Opens-at-the-Victoria---Albert-Museum#.VHyreIeDtPo) . artdaily.com . Art Daily . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Palazzo_Pritti,_Florence_20-0) "Il Capello tra arte e stravaganza" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034916/http://www.cappelloinmostra.it/eng/presentazione.html) . capelloinmostra.it . Palazzo Pitti. Archived from the original (http://www.cappelloinmostra.it/eng/presentazione.html) on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Firenze_exhibition_21-0) "Hats between art and extravaganza in Florence" (http://www.firenzemadeintuscany.com/en/arts/articles/hats-between-art-and-extravaganza-in-florence/) . firenzemadeintuscany.com . Firenze: Made in Tuscany . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . External links [ edit ] Green silk and net hat, gift of the Brooklyn Museum in 2009, now Metropolitain Museum of Art, c. 1950 (http://metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/169728) Feather-trimmed pillbox hat at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, c. 1952 (http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/107558) Hat by Claude St-Cyr, 1953 at Getty Images (http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/model-wearing-a-hat-designed-by-french-milliner-claude-st-news-photo/3399730) Summer hat in the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (http://art.famsf.org/claude-saint-cyr) Princess Alexandra's wedding on British Pathé (http://www.britishpathe.com/video/royal-spring-wedding-technicolor) Claude St Cyr hat (fashion illustration) for (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O585852/fashion-drawing-fromenti-marcel/) The Lady magazine at Victoria and Albert Museum archive (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O585852/fashion-drawing-fromenti-marcel/) Fashion illustration for (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O585851/fashion-drawing-fromenti-marcel/) The Lady magazine at Victoria and Albert Museum archive (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O585851/fashion-drawing-fromenti-marcel/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/74656706) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12251928x) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12251928x) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/119142392) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐dqp56 Cached time: 20240714203351 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.526 seconds Real time usage: 0.697 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2942/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 44662/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2985/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 83596/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.317/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6813456/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 626.160 1 -total 32.95% 206.347 1 Template:Reflist 29.63% 185.515 1 Template:Infobox_person 21.41% 134.083 13 Template:Cite_news 14.69% 92.013 1 Template:Authority_control_(arts) 12.84% 80.370 1 Template:Short_description 7.92% 49.561 2 Template:Citation_needed 7.40% 46.359 3 Template:Fix 7.22% 45.198 2 Template:Pagetype 6.89% 43.158 20 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44565887-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714203351 and revision id 1189115714. 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The Diadem of the Stars. The Diadem of the Stars ( Portuguese (/wiki/Portuguese_language) : Diadema das Estrelas) is a Diamond Tiara originally commissioned by Queen Consort Maria Pia of Savoy (/wiki/Maria_Pia_of_Savoy) , who had a love for jewellery and fashion. It is a piece of the Portuguese Crown Jewels (/wiki/Portuguese_Crown_Jewels) . History [ edit ] The diadem was made in 1863 for the Queen Consort Maria Pia of Savoy (/wiki/Maria_Pia_of_Savoy) , wife of King Luís I of Portugal (/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal) . The tiara was fashioned in the workshop of the Portuguese Royal Jeweler, Estêvão de Sousa, in Lisbon (/wiki/Lisbon) , Portugal (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal) . The tiara is just a piece of a whole set of jewelry that was commissioned by Maria Pia, which includes the Necklace of the Stars (/wiki/Necklace_of_the_Stars) , the counterpart of the diadem. Details [ edit ] The Diadem of the Stars was made in the workshop of the Portuguese Royal Jeweler in Lisbon (/wiki/Lisbon) , Portugal (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal) . Commissioned in 1863, the tiara took three years before it was completed in 1866. It is fashioned out of gold, silver, and colourless diamonds, with the largest stone in the circlet a yellow diamond called the Maria Pia . Sources [ edit ] Jóias da Coroa Portuguesa (https://archive.today/20121206004655/http://www.monarquicos.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=815&highlight=j%F3ias+++coroa) (in Portuguese) v t e Portuguese Crown Jewels (/wiki/Portuguese_Crown_Jewels) Crowns and Tiaras Crown of João VI (/wiki/Crown_of_Jo%C3%A3o_VI) Diadem of the Stars Tiara of Maria II (/wiki/Tiara_of_Maria_II) Sceptres Sceptre of the Armillary (/wiki/Sceptre_of_the_Armillary) Sceptre of the Dragon (/wiki/Sceptre_of_the_Dragon) Mantles Mantle of João VI (/wiki/Mantle_of_Jo%C3%A3o_VI) Mantle of Luís I (/wiki/Mantle_of_Lu%C3%ADs_I) Mantle of Amélie of Orléans (/wiki/Mantle_of_Am%C3%A9lie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans) Miscellaneous Necklace of the Stars (/wiki/Necklace_of_the_Stars) Braganza Brooch (/wiki/Braganza_Brooch) Portuguese Diamond (/wiki/Portuguese_Diamond) Sancy Diamond (/wiki/Sancy) Former pieces of the Portuguese Crown Jewels are shown in italics v t e Crowns (/wiki/Crown) Albania Helmet of Skanderbeg 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High headdress, or hairstyle worn with this headdress Queen Mary II of England wearing fontanges and a frelange, 1688 (mezzotint made 1690s) A fontange , or frelange , is a high headdress popular during the turn of the late 17th and early 18th centuries in Europe (/wiki/Europe) . Technically, fontanges are only part of the assembly, referring to the decorative ribbon bows, linen, and lace, and the small linen cap beneath [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) which support the frelange . [2] (#cite_note-mary-2) The frelange was supported by a wire framework called a commode . [2] (#cite_note-mary-2) Along with hair being worn in tight curls of hair worn at the top of the head and the frills described, making up the fontange's elaborate decoration were lappets (/wiki/Lappet) draping the side of the face or back of the wearer's head. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Further, the term "fontange" is also used by some writers to refer to the associated hairstyle or the combination of headdress and hairstyle. [3] (#cite_note-marquise-3) The 'fontange coiffure' was a hairstyle where the front of the hair was worn curled and piled high above the forehead in front of the frelange, which was always higher than the hair. Sometimes the hairstyle was supported by a wire framework called a pallisade. [4] (#cite_note-hair-4) A surviving example of a frelange headdress with fontanges and commode in situ is that worn by the 1690s fashion doll Lady Clapham. [5] (#cite_note-hunter-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) In England, the style was popularly known as a 'top-knot', versions of which were worn by ladies of all ranks, from the Queen downwards to kitchen maids, making it an easy target for satire and criticism. [5] (#cite_note-hunter-5) The fontange is said to be named for the Duchesse de Fontange (/wiki/Marie_Ang%C3%A9lique_de_Scorailles) , a mistress of King Louis XIV of France (/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France) . One version of the story is that after losing her cap while hunting with the King, the Marquise tied her hair up using a ribbon in a manner that pleased him, and this was imitated by the other ladies at court, subsequently spreading across Europe. [3] (#cite_note-marquise-3) What started out as a simple headdress of folded ribbon in the 1680s became, with additional fabric, lace (/wiki/Lace) and trimmings, taller and more complex, increasingly difficult to create and wear. [5] (#cite_note-hunter-5) [7] (#cite_note-7) Despite its courtly origins, fontanges were forbidden to be worn at French state occasions, although the English court accepted them, with Queen Mary (/wiki/Mary_II_of_England) having her portrait painted wearing one. [5] (#cite_note-hunter-5) [2] (#cite_note-mary-2) The word fontange was later used to describe the edging and centre ribbon of a corsage, in about 1850. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) See also [ edit ] List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Cummings, Valerie; Cunnington, C. W.; Cunnington, P. E. (2017). The Dictionary of Fashion History (2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 112. ^ a b c Mezzotint of Mary II of England (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O78240/mezzotint-maria-dg-angliae-scotiae-franciae/) in the Victoria & Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum) collection ^ a b Definition of 'fontange' (http://marquise.de/en/1700/glossar/fontange.html) at marquise.de ^ (#cite_ref-hair_4-0) White, Carolyn L. (2005). American artifacts of personal adornment, 1680-1820: a guide to identification and interpretation . Lanham, MD: Rowman Altamira. p. 111. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7591-0589-8 . ^ a b c d McShane, Angela; Backhouse, Clare (2010), "Top-Knots and Lower Sorts: Print and Promiscuous Consumption in the 1690s", in Hunter, Michael (ed.), Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation , Ashgate Publishing Ltd., pp. 337–358, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7546-6654-7 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Lady Clapham's cap (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O82546/dolls-cap-lady-claphams-cap/) in the Victoria & Albert Museum collection ^ (#cite_ref-7) DeJean, Joan (2005). The Essence of Style: How the French Invented High Fashion, Fine Food, Chic Cafes, Style, Sophistication, and Glamour . New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 39 (https://archive.org/details/essenceofstyle00joan/page/39) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7432-6413-4 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Fontanges (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fontanges) at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of fontange at Wiktionary v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam (/wiki/Tam_cap) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bowler 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(/wiki/Witch_hat) Gediminas' Cap (/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Asian conical (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Aso Oke (/wiki/Aso_Oke_hat) Astrakhan (hat) (/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap) Ayam (/wiki/Ayam_(cap)) Balmoral bonnet (/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet) Bell-boy (/wiki/Bell-boy_hat) Beonggeoji (/wiki/Beonggeoji) Bhadgaunle Topi (/wiki/Bhadgaunle_Topi) Birke topi (/wiki/Birke_topi) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Blue bonnet (/wiki/Blue_bonnet_(hat)) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Coloured (/wiki/Coloured_hat) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cork (/wiki/Cork_hat) Dhaka topi (/wiki/Dhaka_topi) Doppa (/wiki/Doppa) Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_cap) Energy dome (/wiki/Energy_dome) Fez (/wiki/Fez_(hat)) Four Winds (/wiki/Four_Winds_hat) Fujin (/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)) Fulani (/wiki/Fulani_hat) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gandhi (/wiki/Gandhi_cap) Gat (/wiki/Gat_(hat)) Glengarry (/wiki/Glengarry) Icelandic tail (/wiki/Icelandic_tail-cap) Jaapi (/wiki/Jaapi) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jobawi (/wiki/Jobawi) Kalpak (/wiki/Kalpak) Karakul (/wiki/Karakul_(hat)) Kasa (/wiki/Kasa_(hat)) Kashket (/wiki/Kashket) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kofia (/wiki/Kofia_(hat)) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Kuma (/wiki/Kuma_(cap)) Labbade (/wiki/Labbade) Lika (/wiki/Lika_cap) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Montenegrin (/wiki/Montenegrin_cap) Montera picona (/wiki/Montera_picona) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Nambawi (/wiki/Nambawi) Nón quai thao (/wiki/N%C3%B3n_quai_thao) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Paag (/wiki/Paag) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Papakha (/wiki/Papakha) Pashteen (/wiki/Pashteen_hat) Pungcha (/wiki/Pungcha) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Rastacap (/wiki/Rastacap) Šajkača (/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da) Salako (/wiki/Salako) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Senufo bird (/wiki/Senufo_bird) Shyade (/wiki/Shyade) Šibenik (/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik_cap) Sindhi (/wiki/Sindhi_cap) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Sombrero calañés (/wiki/Sombrero_cala%C3%B1%C3%A9s) Sombrero cordobés (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Sombrero vueltiao (/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao) Song (/wiki/Song_official_headwear) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Stormy Kromer cap (/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap) Straw (/wiki/Straw_hat) Šubara (/wiki/%C5%A0ubara) Sun (/wiki/Sun_hat) Tam o' shanter (/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)) Tang (/wiki/Tang_official_headwear) Tanggeon (/wiki/Tanggeon) Tantour (/wiki/Tantour) Taqiyah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Tembel (/wiki/Tembel_hat) Tokin (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) Topor (/wiki/Topor_(headgear)) Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) Tubeteika (/wiki/Tubeteika) Tuque (/wiki/Tuque) Tyrolean (/wiki/Tyrolean_hat) Upe (/wiki/Upe) Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) Welsh (/wiki/Welsh_hat) Yanggwan (/wiki/Yanggwan) Wrapped headwear Apostolnik (/wiki/Apostolnik) Bashlyk (/wiki/Bashlyk) Birrus (/wiki/Birrus) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Caul (/wiki/Caul_(headgear)) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Chaperon (/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) Do-rag (/wiki/Do-rag) Dumalla (/wiki/Dumalla) Emamah (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Għonnella (/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella) Gook (/wiki/Gook_(headgear)) Gugel (/wiki/Gugel) Gulle (/wiki/Gulle) Haredi burqa sect (/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Hogeon (/wiki/Hogeon) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Jang-ot (/wiki/Jang-ot) Khăn vấn (/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Mysore peta (/wiki/Mysore_peta) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Pagri (/wiki/Pagri_(turban)) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) Pheta (/wiki/Pheta) Puneri Pagadi (/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi) Roach (/wiki/Roach_(headdress)) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Sudra (/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)) Tichel (/wiki/Tichel) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Yashmak (/wiki/Yashmak) Hat parts Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Aigrette (/wiki/Aigrette) Brim (/wiki/Hat_brim) Bumper brim (/wiki/Bumper_brim) Campaign cord (/wiki/Campaign_cord) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Gamsbart (/wiki/Gamsbart) Hackle (/wiki/Hackle) Lappet (/wiki/Lappet) Plume (/wiki/Plume_(feather)) Sarpech (/wiki/Sarpech) Visor (/wiki/Visor) Accessories Cockade (/wiki/Cockade) Feathers (/wiki/Feather) Hat box (/wiki/Hat_box) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) v t e Human hair (/wiki/Hair) Classification by type Lanugo (/wiki/Lanugo) Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Terminal (/wiki/Terminal_hair) Vellus (/wiki/Vellus_hair) by location Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Ear (/wiki/Ear_hair) Nose (/wiki/Nasal_hair) Eyebrow (/wiki/Eyebrow) unibrow (/wiki/Unibrow) Eyelash (/wiki/Eyelash) Underarm (/wiki/Underarm_hair) Chest (/wiki/Chest_hair) Abdominal (/wiki/Abdominal_hair) Pubic (/wiki/Pubic_hair) Leg (/wiki/Leg_hair) Head hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) ( list (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) ) Afro (/wiki/Afro) Afro puffs (/wiki/Afro_puffs) Asymmetric cut (/wiki/Asymmetric_cut) Bald (/wiki/Hair_loss) Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) Beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) Blowout (/wiki/Long_hair) Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) Bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) Bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) Brush, butch, burr cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( odango (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ) Bunches (/wiki/Bunches) Businessman cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Butterfly haircut (/wiki/Butterfly_haircut) Buzz cut (/wiki/Buzz_cut) Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) Chignon (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) Chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) Comb over (/wiki/Comb_over) Conk (/wiki/Conk) Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) Crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) Crochet braids (/wiki/Crochet_braids) Croydon facelift (/wiki/Croydon_facelift) Curly hair (/wiki/Curly_hair) Curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) Czupryna (/wiki/Czupryna) Devilock (/wiki/Devilock) Dido flip (/wiki/Dido_flip) Digital perm (/wiki/Digital_perm) Dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) Ducktail (/wiki/Ducktail) Edgar cut (/wiki/Edgar_cut) Eton crop (/wiki/Eton_crop) Extensions (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) Fauxhawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Feathered hair (/wiki/Feathered_hair) Finger wave (/wiki/Finger_wave) Flattop (/wiki/Flattop) Fontange French braid (/wiki/French_braid) French twist (/wiki/French_twist_(hairstyle)) Fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) Frosted tips (/wiki/Frosted_tips) Hair crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Hair twists (/wiki/Hair_twists) High and tight (/wiki/High_and_tight) Hime cut (/wiki/Hime_cut) Historical Christian hairstyles (/wiki/Historical_Christian_hairstyles) Hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) Induction cut (/wiki/Induction_cut) Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) Japanese women (/wiki/Hairstyles_of_Japanese_women) Jewfro (/wiki/Jewfro) Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) Kinky hair (/wiki/Kinky_hair) Kiss curl (/wiki/Kiss_curl) Laid edges (/wiki/Laid_edges) Layered hair (/wiki/Layered_hair) Liberty spikes (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Long hair (/wiki/Long_hair) Lob cut (/wiki/Lob_(haircut)) Lovelock (/wiki/Lovelock_(hair)) Marcelling (/wiki/Marcelling) Mod cut (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) 1950s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) 1980s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) Pageboy (/wiki/Pageboy) Part (/wiki/Part_(haircut)) Payot (/wiki/Payot) Pigtail (/wiki/Pigtail) Pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) Pompadour (/wiki/Pompadour_(hairstyle)) Ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) Punch perm (/wiki/Punch_perm) Professional cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Queue (/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)) Quiff (/wiki/Quiff) Rattail (/wiki/Rattail_(hairstyle)) Razor cut (/wiki/Razor_cut) Regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Ringlets (/wiki/Ringlet_(haircut)) Shag (/wiki/Shag_(haircut)) Shape-up (/wiki/Shape-up) Shikha (/wiki/Shikha_(hairstyle)) Shimada (/wiki/Shimada_(hairstyle)) Short back and sides (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Short brush cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Short hair (/wiki/Short_hair) Spiky hair (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Straight hair (/wiki/Straight_hair) Standard haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Step cut (/wiki/Step_cutting) Surfer hair (/wiki/Surfer_hair) Taper cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Temple fade (/wiki/Temple_fade_(hairstyle)) Titus cut (/wiki/Titus_cut) Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Updo (/wiki/Updo) Undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)) Victory rolls (/wiki/Victory_rolls) Waves (/wiki/Waves_(hairstyle)) Widow's peak (/wiki/Widow%27s_peak) Wings (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Facial hair (/wiki/Facial_hair) ( list (/wiki/List_of_facial_hairstyles) ) Beard (/wiki/Beard) Chinstrap (/wiki/Chinstrap_beard) Goatee (/wiki/Goatee) Ned Kelly (/wiki/Ned_Kelly_beard) Shenandoah (/wiki/Shenandoah_(beard)) Soul patch (/wiki/Soul_patch) Van Dyke (/wiki/Van_Dyke_beard) Moustache (/wiki/Moustache) Fu Manchu (/wiki/Fu_Manchu_moustache) handlebar (/wiki/Handlebar_moustache) horseshoe (/wiki/Horseshoe_moustache) pencil (/wiki/Pencil_moustache) toothbrush (/wiki/Toothbrush_moustache) walrus (/wiki/Walrus_moustache) Designer stubble (/wiki/Designer_stubble) Sideburns (/wiki/Sideburns) Hair subtraction cosmetic Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) Shaving (/wiki/Shaving) head (/wiki/Head_shaving) leg (/wiki/Leg_shaving) cream (/wiki/Shaving_cream) brush (/wiki/Shaving_brush) soap (/wiki/Shaving_soap) Razor (/wiki/Razor) electric (/wiki/Electric_shaver) safety (/wiki/Safety_razor) straight (/wiki/Straight_razor) disorders Alopecia (/wiki/Hair_loss) areata (/wiki/Alopecia_areata) totalis (/wiki/Alopecia_totalis) universalis (/wiki/Alopecia_universalis) Frictional alopecia (/wiki/Frictional_alopecia) Pattern hair loss (/wiki/Pattern_hair_loss) Hypertrichosis (/wiki/Hypertrichosis) Management (/wiki/Management_of_hair_loss) Trichophilia (/wiki/Trichophilia) Trichotillomania (/wiki/Trichotillomania) Pogonophobia (/wiki/Pogonophobia) Haircare products Brush (/wiki/Hairbrush) Clay (/wiki/Hair_clay) Clipper (/wiki/Hair_clipper) Comb (/wiki/Comb) Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Dryer (/wiki/Hair_dryer) Gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) Hairstyling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) Hot comb (/wiki/Hot_comb) Iron (/wiki/Hair_iron) Mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) Pomade (/wiki/Pomade) Relaxer (/wiki/Relaxer) Rollers (/wiki/Hair_roller) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) Volumizer (/wiki/Hair_volumizer) Wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Haircare techniques Backcombing (/wiki/Backcombing) Hair coloring (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Curly Girl Method (/wiki/Curly_Girl_Method) Hair cutting (/wiki/Hair_cutting) Perm (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) Shampoo and set (/wiki/Shampoo_and_set) Straightening (/wiki/Hair_straightening) Health and medical Greying of hair (/wiki/Greying_of_hair) Hair follicle (/wiki/Hair_follicle) Hair growth (/wiki/Human_hair_growth) Trichology (/wiki/Trichology) Related Andre Walker Hair Typing System (/wiki/Andre_Walker_Hair_Typing_System) Beard and haircut laws by country (/wiki/Beard_and_haircut_laws_by_country) Bearded lady (/wiki/Bearded_lady) Barber (/wiki/Barber) ( pole (/wiki/Barber%27s_pole) ) Eponymous hairstyle (/wiki/Eponymous_hairstyle) Frizz (/wiki/Frizz) Good hair (/wiki/Good_hair) Hairdresser (/wiki/Hairdresser) list (/wiki/List_of_hairdressers) Hair fetishism (/wiki/Hair_fetishism) v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura (/wiki/Witzchoura) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Blessed hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fillet (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Fontange Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Matron's badge (/wiki/Matron%27s_badge) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Motoring hood (/wiki/Motoring_hood) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_Cap) Nemes (/wiki/Nemes) Nightcap (/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Tainia (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Taranga (/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)) Welsh Wig (/wiki/Welsh_Wig) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbills (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Episcopal sandals (/wiki/Episcopal_sandals) Hessian (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Manchu platform shoes (/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Ascot tie (/wiki/Ascot_tie) Belt hook (/wiki/Belt_hook) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Cravat (early) (/wiki/Cravat_(early)) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) Jabot (/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Oes (/wiki/Oes) Partlet (/wiki/Partlet) Perfumed gloves (/wiki/Perfumed_gloves) Ruff (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Visard (/wiki/Visard) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐p892x Cached time: 20240719064144 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.425 seconds Real time usage: 0.609 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1224/1000000 Post‐expand include 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fontange&oldid=1170563541 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fontange&oldid=1170563541) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 17th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:17th-century_fashion) 18th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:18th-century_fashion) Hairstyles (/wiki/Category:Hairstyles) Headgear (/wiki/Category:Headgear) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
This article needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( October 2023 ) Jello Shoecompany Company type Private Founded 1989 Headquarters Graz (/wiki/Graz) , Austria (/wiki/Austria) Products Shoes, Apparel, Accessories Website www.jelloshoecompany.com (http://www.jelloshoecompany.com) Jello is a chain of shoe (/wiki/Shoe) and accessory retail stores. It is a subsidiary of Leder und Schuh (/wiki/Leder_und_Schuh) with its headquarters in Graz (/wiki/Graz) , Austria (/wiki/Austria) . History [ edit ] The first Jello store was opened in 1989 in Wiener Neustadt. Seven years later Jello entered the German market, and in 2000 the Slovenian market. In 2003 its branch network consisted of about 100 stores in three countries. In 2006 the brand Jello Schuhpark was relaunched as Jello Shoecompany , with a new corporate design and modernised market appearance. The first store to be relaunched was in Austria in Wiener Neustadt (/wiki/Wiener_Neustadt) in September 2007. Today Jello also appears on the market in Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) and Croatia (/wiki/Croatia) . [1] (#cite_note-1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Jello Shoecompany" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100419221949/http://www.jello-press.com/berjello.html) . Jello-press.com. Archived from the original (http://www.jello-press.com/berjello.html) on 2010-04-19 . Retrieved 2013-06-08 . External links [ edit ] Official Website (http://www.jelloshoecompany.com) Nice Kicks & Shoes (https://www.nicekicksshop.com/) Soccer Cleats & Shoes (http://prodirectkickz.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59fc976584‐xsflc Cached time: 20240717091528 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.277 seconds Real time usage: 0.353 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1013/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9785/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1251/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6830/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.189/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3310861/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 323.731 1 -total 38.00% 123.032 1 Template:Infobox_company 32.19% 104.199 1 Template:Infobox 32.07% 103.812 1 Template:Cite_web 29.20% 94.516 1 Template:Update 22.87% 74.040 4 Template:Main_other 21.74% 70.375 1 Template:Ambox 2.73% 8.844 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 1.07% 3.477 1 Template:Ambox_globe_current_red 0.63% 2.049 1 Template:Template_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23441625-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717091528 and revision id 1182753342. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jello_Shoecompany&oldid=1182753342 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jello_Shoecompany&oldid=1182753342) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shoe brands (/wiki/Category:Shoe_brands) Austrian brands (/wiki/Category:Austrian_brands) Companies based in Graz (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Graz) Shoe companies of Austria (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Austria) Clothing companies established in 1989 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1989) Austrian companies established in 1989 (/wiki/Category:Austrian_companies_established_in_1989) Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_October_2023) All Wikipedia articles in need of updating (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating)

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