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(Redirected from Marquesan tattoo (/w/index.php?title=Marquesan_tattoo&redirect=no) ) Marquesans performing a Haka dance The Marquesas Islands (/wiki/Marquesas_Islands) were colonized by seafaring (/wiki/Polynesian_navigation) Polynesians (/wiki/Polynesia) as early as 300 AD, thought to originate from Tonga (/wiki/Tonga) and the Samoan Islands (/wiki/Samoan_Islands) . The dense population was concentrated in the narrow valleys and consisted of warring tribes. Much of Polynesia (/wiki/Polynesia) , including the original settlers of Hawaii (/wiki/Hawaii) , Tahiti (/wiki/Tahiti) , Rapa Iti (/wiki/Rapa_Iti) and Easter Island (/wiki/Rapa_Nui) , was settled by Marquesans, believed to have departed from the Marquesas as a result more frequently of overpopulation (/wiki/Overpopulation) and drought-related food shortages, than because of the nearly constant warfare that eventually became a prominent feature of the islands' culture. Almost the entire remainder of Polynesia, with the exception of a few areas of western Polynesia as well as the majority of the Polynesian outliers (/wiki/Polynesian_outlier) , was colonized by Marquesan descendants centered in Tahiti. Culture [ edit ] An 1890 etching showing a Marquesan man in his tattoos 1595–1945 [ edit ] Native Marquesan culture was devastated in the period following the arrival of European (/wiki/Europe) explorers. The primary cause of its collapse can be directly linked to the catastrophic effects of alien (/wiki/Alien_(biology)) diseases (/wiki/Disease) , especially smallpox (/wiki/Smallpox) , which reduced the population by an estimated 98%. [1] (#cite_note-1) It is worth noting that the sexual culture of Marquesans is often misrepresented. Robert Louis Stevenson (/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson) , who visited the islands and talked to the natives, wrote: "Stanislao Moanatini told me that in his own recollection, the young were strictly guarded; they were not suffered so much as to look upon one another in the street, but passed (so my informant put it) like dogs; and the other day the whole school-children of Nuka-hiva (/wiki/Nuku_Hiva) and Ua-pu (/wiki/Ua_Pou) escaped in a body to the woods, and lived there for a fortnight in promiscuous liberty. Readers of travels may perhaps exclaim at my authority, and declare themselves better informed. I should prefer the statement of an intelligent native like Stanislao (even if it stood alone, which it is far from doing) to the report of the most honest traveller." [2] (#cite_note-2) (The conflicting reports mentioned here are compactly summarized by Robert Carl Suggs (/wiki/Robert_Carl_Suggs) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) ) Tatu [ edit ] Drawing of a man from the Marquesas Islands (/wiki/Marquesas_Islands) , 1846 The Marquesas have a long history of complex geometric tattooing (/wiki/Tattoo) , covering the whole bodies of both men and women. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Marquesan tattoos can be recognized by 'trademark symbols', such as geckos (/wiki/Gecko) , centipedes (/wiki/Centipedes) , Ti'i (/wiki/Tiki) 's, the Marquesan Cross (which is also commonly confused with other designs) and other geometric designs. Marquesan designs distinguish themselves through the use of symbols and consistent artistic renderings of lines, arches and circles, which are uniquely attributed and linked through history to the South Pacific Islands. [7] (#cite_note-7) Boys received their first tattoos in their teens in a ritual setting, and by old age often had tattoos all over their bodies. Women were also tattooed, but not as extensively as men. The designs share many symbolic motifs, but were never copied entirely; every individual's tattoos were different and signified heritage, accomplishments, the specific Marquesan island the individual came from and their familial position. [8] (#cite_note-8) Contemporary period [ edit ] Today, Marquesan culture is a mélange created by the layering of the ancient Marquesan culture, with strong influences from the important Tahitian (/wiki/Tahiti) culture and the politically important French culture (/wiki/French_culture) . In Western culture [ edit ] Famous French painter Paul Gauguin (/wiki/Paul_Gauguin) and Belgian singer Jacques Brel (/wiki/Jacques_Brel) spent the last years of their lives in the Marquesas, and are buried there. Brel composed a famous song, Les Marquises , about the Marquesas Islands, his last home. The Marquesas provided inspiration to American novelist Herman Melville (/wiki/Herman_Melville) , whose experiences in the Marquesas formed the basis for his novel Typee (/wiki/Typee) . Robert Louis Stevenson (/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson) visited the Marquesas in 1888, and wrote about his experiences and impressions there in 1900, in a book called In the South Seas . Thor Heyerdahl (/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl) wrote his book Fatu Hiva (/wiki/Fatu_Hiva_(book)) during a year-long stay on that island. The island group is also mentioned in passing in the Crosby, Stills & Nash (/wiki/Crosby,_Stills_%26_Nash) song, " Southern Cross (/wiki/Southern_Cross_(Crosby,_Stills_and_Nash_song)) ". The Marquesas Islands temporarily received an international spotlight in the United States (/wiki/United_States) when the reality TV show Survivor: Marquesas (/wiki/Survivor:_Marquesas) was filmed there. It was the fourth installment of the American TV series Survivor (/wiki/Survivor_(US_TV_series)) . See also [ edit ] Marquesan language (/wiki/Marquesan_language) Wood carving in the Marquesas Islands (/wiki/Wood_carving_in_the_Marquesas_Islands) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Robert C. Suggs (1962). The hidden worlds of Polynesia : the chronicle of an archaeological expedition to Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas Islands . London: Cresset Press. p. 57. Marquesan society died a horrible, wasting death. By the early 1920s, only 1500 confused, hostile, and apathetic survivors remained of the possible 100,000 to 120,000 that had inhabited the islands in 1767. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Robert Louis Stevenson (1919). "5: Depopulation" (https://books.google.com/books?id=15YpAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22and+lived+there+for+a+fortnight+in+promiscuous+liberty.%22&pg=PA45) . In the South Seas . pp. 45–46. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Marquesans" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120205044431/http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/MARQUESANS.HTM#_ednref13) . Growing Up Sexually . Archived from the original (http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/MARQUESANS.HTM#_ednref13) on February 5, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Suggs, R. C. (/wiki/Robert_Carl_Suggs) (1962). The Hidden Worlds of Polynesia . London: The Cresset Press. pp. 118–121. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Tattooing in the Marquesas" by Willodean Chatterson Handy, Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 1922. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Die Marquesaner und ihre Kunst" Primitive Sudseeornamentik, I.Tatauierung,", by Karl von den Steinen (/wiki/Karl_von_den_Steinen) , Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1925. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Tattoo History Museum" (http://www.vanishingtattoo.com/tattoo_museum/marquesas_tattoos.html) . vanishingtattoo.com . Retrieved 2009-08-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Marquesan Tattoos: Some Of The Rarest In The World" (https://tattmag.com/marquesan-tattoo/) . Tatt Mag. 21 April 2021 . Retrieved 14 March 2023 . Further reading [ edit ] Kjellgren, Eric; Ivory, Carol S. (2005). Adorning the world: art of the Marquesas Islands (http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/51602/rec/18) . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781588391469 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marquesian tattoo (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marquesian_tattoo) . 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Submission declined on 3 July 2024 by Iwaqarhashmi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Iwaqarhashmi) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Iwaqarhashmi) ). This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:RS) . Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) and Citing sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) . If you would like to continue working on the submission, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you have not resolved the issues listed above, your draft will be declined again and potentially deleted. If you need extra help, please ask us a question at the AfC Help Desk or get live help (/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC_help_disclaimer) from experienced editors. Please do not remove reviewer comments or this notice until the submission is accepted. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22ILEAD+College%2C+Kolkata%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22ILEAD+College%2C+Kolkata%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22ILEAD+College%2C+Kolkata%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22ILEAD+College%2C+Kolkata%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22ILEAD+College%2C+Kolkata%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22ILEAD+College%2C+Kolkata%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22ILEAD+College%2C+Kolkata%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22ILEAD+College%2C+Kolkata%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:ILEAD_College,_Kolkata) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:ILEAD_College,_Kolkata&defaults=y) Declined by Iwaqarhashmi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Iwaqarhashmi) 14 days ago. Last edited by Iwaqarhashmi (/wiki/User:Iwaqarhashmi) 14 days ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SeekingBlood&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D§ion=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Indian college Introduction [ edit ] iLEAD Kolkata Type Private college Established 2010 Address 113 J Matheswartola Road, Near Axis Bank, Off Park Regency Hotel, Topsia , Kolkata , India Website https://ilead.net.in/ (https://ilead.net.in/) The Institute of Leadership, Entrepreneurship and Development (iLEAD) is a private educational institution located in Kolkata, West Bengal (/wiki/Kolkata) . It offers various undergraduate and postgraduate programs in management, media, design, and technology. [1] (#cite_note-1) It was established in 2010, and is affiliated with Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad_University_of_Technology) (MAKAUT) and recognized by the University Grants Commission (/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)) (UGC). Campus [ edit ] iLEAD's campus, located in Kolkata, includes air-conditioned classrooms and lecture halls, specialized labs for media, design, and technology courses, a library with extensive resources, spaces dedicated to student collaboration, and facilities for sports and recreation. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Academics" (https://ilead.net.in/academics/) . iLEAD . Retrieved 2024-07-03 . 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South African model Topaz Page-Green is a fashion model (/wiki/Fashion_model) and the founder [1] (#cite_note-Bloomberg_Business_Video-1) and president of the non-profit corporation The Lunchbox Fund (/wiki/The_Lunchbox_Fund) . [2] (#cite_note-The_Lunchbox_Fund_Gets_a_Little_Help_from_Its_Friends-2) Early life and education [ edit ] Topaz Page-Green was born in 1979 [3] (#cite_note-Net-A-Porter-3) and raised near Johannesburg (/wiki/Johannesburg) , South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) . Her father and mother were geologists (/wiki/Geologist) . [4] (#cite_note-Bookslive-4) She attended Kingsmead College (/wiki/Kingsmead_College) , an all-girls private school in Johannesburg. Career [ edit ] After graduating high school, Page-Green began her career in modelling (/wiki/Model_(people)) after moving to London (/wiki/London) . [5] (#cite_note-Model_Citizen-5) While travelling on London's Underground (/wiki/London_Underground) she was noticed by a model scout and signed soon after with a talent agency. On a trip home to South Africa in 2003 [3] (#cite_note-Net-A-Porter-3) she was confronted with the extreme poverty of her country, and decided to do something about it. In 2005, she launched The Lunchbox Fund as her response to this poverty. The fund raises money to provide one meal a day to poor and at-risk students in township high schools in South Africa. [6] (#cite_note-The_Lunchbox_Fund-6) She studied Africa (/wiki/Africa) , sociology (/wiki/Sociology) and human rights (/wiki/Human_rights) at the New York University (/wiki/New_York_University) ’s Gallatin School of Individualized Study (/wiki/Gallatin_School_of_Individualized_Study) . [7] (#cite_note-Topaz_Page-Green,_a_Reluctant_Model,_Embraces_Her_Activism-7) The Lunchbox Fund [ edit ] Page-Green founded The Lunchbox Fund in 2005. The fund provides one meal each day to 22,000 underprivileged high school students, totaling more than 2.6 million meals a year. [8] (#cite_note-Holiday_Giving-8) The Lunchbox Fund began in the historically at-risk Soweto (/wiki/Soweto) district of Johannesburg. [9] (#cite_note-The_Lunchbox_Fund:Where_we_work-9) Feedie [ edit ] Page-Green created Feedie, an app which is credited as being the “first philanthropic food app.” Designed to be used by ‘foodies’ and others, the Feedie application uses social media (/wiki/Social_media) to transform people's passion for sharing their photos of food into the sharing of actual food with school children in need via The Lunchbox Fund. [10] (#cite_note-Rose_McGowan_Co-Hosts_'Feedie'_Dinner_At_The_Standard_In_Downtown_L.A.-10) Recognition [ edit ] In September 2015 fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_(designer)) included Page-Green in his “Courageous Class” ad campaign re-affirming his brand's motto, “Look Good, For Good.” [11] (#cite_note-Marie_Claire-11) Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) included Topaz Page-Green in their list of the “World’s Most Powerful Business Women” in 2015. [12] (#cite_note-Forbes-12) Personal life and style [ edit ] Page-Green lives in an apartment in New York City's East Village (/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan) . She has lived in New York since 2001. [7] (#cite_note-Topaz_Page-Green,_a_Reluctant_Model,_Embraces_Her_Activism-7) Page-Green is a vegetarian (/wiki/Vegetarian) , and eats “mostly vegan (/wiki/Vegan) ” food. [7] (#cite_note-Topaz_Page-Green,_a_Reluctant_Model,_Embraces_Her_Activism-7) [3] (#cite_note-Net-A-Porter-3) She was in a relationship with actor Joaquin Phoenix (/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix) from 2001 to 2005. [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Bloomberg_Business_Video_1-0) "Mario Batali: How I'm Helping to Feed Orphans" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/b/f0d6bd6b-5783-4cd2-95bd-814080248248) . BloombergBusiness. 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Lunchbox_Fund_Gets_a_Little_Help_from_Its_Friends_2-0) Suh, Seunghee (2 November 2015). "The Lunchbox Fund Gets a Little Help from Its Friends" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-lunchbox-fund-gets-a-little-help-from-its-friends-1446488090) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Claxton, Eve. "The Interview: Topaz Page-Green" (http://www.net-a-porter.com/magazine/299/19) . Net-A-Porter . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bookslive_4-0) Magwood, Michele (2 November 2015). "Jinns & Tonic: Michele Magwood Talks to Salman Rushdie About His New Book, Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights" (http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2015/11/02/jinns-tonic-michele-magwood-talks-to-salman-rushdie-about-his-new-book-two-years-eight-months-and-twenty-eight-nights/) . Books Live . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Model_Citizen_5-0) Edelson, Sharon (1 March 2012). "Topaz Page-Green: Model Citizen" (http://wwd.com/eye/people/topaz-page-green-model-citizen-5759200///) . WWD . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Lunchbox_Fund_6-0) "The Lunchbox Fund:Our Mission" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190508180725/https://thelunchboxfund.org/our-mission/) . The Lunchbox Fund. Archived from the original (http://thelunchboxfund.org/our-mission/) on 8 May 2019 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Erin Geiger (21 October 2015). "Topaz Page-Green, a Reluctant Model, Embraces Her Activism" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/22/fashion/topaz-page-green-a-reluctant-model-embraces-her-activism.html?_r=1//) . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Holiday_Giving_8-0) Baugh, Maria (30 November 2015). "Holiday Giving: 7 Children's Charities You Should Know About" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/learnvest/2015/11/30/holiday-giving-7-childrens-charities-you-should-know-about/) . Forbes . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Lunchbox_Fund:Where_we_work_9-0) "The Lunchbox Fund:Where We Work" (http://thelunchboxfund.org/where-we-work/) . The Lunchbox Fund . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Rose_McGowan_Co-Hosts_'Feedie'_Dinner_At_The_Standard_In_Downtown_L.A._10-0) Wyrick, Christopher (13 August 2014). "Rose McGowan Co-Hosts 'Feedie' Dinner At The Standard In Downtown L.A." (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/rose-mcgowan-hosts-feedie-dinner-725422/) The Lunchbox Fund . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Marie_Claire_11-0) Guerrere, Michelle (10 September 2015). "Kenneth Cole's Newest Campaign Features Real-Life Heroes" (http://www.marieclaire.com/fashion/news/a15803/kenneth-cole-real-people-ads/) . Marie Claire . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Forbes_12-0) Guerrere (27 May 2015). "Forbes:World's Most Powerful Business Women" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151444/http://www.forbes-women.com/) . Forbes . Archived from the original (http://www.forbes-women.com/) on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Topaz Page Green and Joaquin Phoenix" (http://imagecollect.com/picture/joaquin-phoenix-topaz-topaz-green-photo-2695371/archival-pictures-globe-photos-62781) . ImageCollect . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . 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Israeli politician, model and lawyer Idan Roll Roll in 2020 Faction represented in the Knesset (/wiki/Knesset) 2019 Blue and White (/wiki/Blue_and_White_(political_alliance)) 2020–2021 Blue and White (/wiki/Blue_and_White_(political_alliance)) 2021 Yesh Atid (/wiki/Yesh_Atid) 2022– Yesh Atid (/wiki/Yesh_Atid) Personal details Born ( 1984-04-27 ) 27 April 1984 (age 40) Jerusalem (/wiki/Jerusalem) , Israel (/wiki/Israel) Spouse Harel Skaat (/wiki/Harel_Skaat) ( m. 2021 ) Children 2 [1] (#cite_note-1) Idan Roll ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) : עִידָן רוֹל , born 27 April 1984) is an Israeli politician, model (/wiki/Model_(person)) and lawyer who is a member of the Knesset (/wiki/Knesset) for Yesh Atid (/wiki/Yesh_Atid) . He served as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)) under the administration of Yair Lapid (/wiki/Yair_Lapid) . Biography [ edit ] Roll was born in Jerusalem and moved to Mevaseret Zion (/wiki/Mevaseret_Zion) as a child, attending Harel High School. He started his national service in the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces) in 2002, serving in the Israeli Intelligence Corps (/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Corps) in a technology unit in central Israel, before completing an officer course and becoming cadet commander. After completing his national service, he began serving in the reserves in the Military Intelligence Directorate (/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)) . In 2007 he started studying at Tel Aviv University (/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University) law school. Whilst at university, he joined StandWithUs (/wiki/StandWithUs) , and worked as a model. After graduating, he joined Meitar Liquornik Geva Leshem Tal's commercial department. He also completed a master's degree in public law, and later worked in law firms specialising in high-tech, mergers and acquisitions. Political career [ edit ] Having previously been a member of the New Likudniks (/wiki/New_Likudniks) faction of Likud (/wiki/Likud) , [2] (#cite_note-2) Roll joined the Yesh Atid (/wiki/Yesh_Atid) party, and became head of its LGBTQ+ group. [3] (#cite_note-AWB-3) He was part of the Yesh Atid list for Tel Aviv-Yafo (/wiki/Tel_Aviv-Yafo) city council in the 2018 municipal elections (/wiki/2018_Israeli_municipal_elections) . After the party joined the Blue and White (/wiki/Blue_and_White_(political_alliance)) alliance for the April 2019 Knesset elections (/wiki/April_2019_Israeli_legislative_election) he was given the thirty-fourth slot on the joint list, [4] (#cite_note-4) and was subsequently elected to the Knesset as the alliance won 35 seats. Although he retained thirty-fourth place on the Blue and White list for the early elections (/wiki/September_2019_Israeli_legislative_election) in September 2019, the alliance was reduced to 33 seats, resulting in Roll losing his seat. Prior to the 2020 Knesset elections (/wiki/2020_Israeli_legislative_election) he was placed 34th position on the Blue and White list again. Although the list won only 33 seats, Yael German (/wiki/Yael_German) resigned for medical reasons before the swearing-in and Roll entered the Knesset as her replacement. [5] (#cite_note-5) During the Knesset term Roll was a member of the Economy Committee and the Labor, Welfare and Health Committee. [6] (#cite_note-6) He also chaired several lobbies, including those advocating for businesses in the sports and fitness sector, medical and recreational cannabis, online privacy and safety, the LGBTQ+ community and innovation in the hi-tech (/wiki/High_tech) realm, and was a member of lobbies centered around Jewish heritage (/wiki/Jewish_heritage) , mental health and suicide prevention, sustainable public transportation, economic competition enhancement, and the promotion of higher education. In September 2020 Roll employed Linor Abergel, a transgender woman and chairperson of the TransIsrael organization, the first such employment in the Knesset. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Before the 2021 Knesset (/wiki/2021_Israeli_legislative_election) he was placed thirteenth on the Yesh Atid (/wiki/Yesh_Atid) list and retained his place in the Knesset as the party won 17 seats. Yesh Atid joined the new government coalition and Roll was appointed Deputy Foreign Minister (/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)) , the youngest member of the government. [9] (#cite_note-9) Prior to the 2022 elections (/wiki/2022_Israeli_legislative_election) Roll was placed fourteenth on the Yesh Atid list. He retained his seat, but lost his ministerial position as Yesh Atid returned to opposition. In the new Knesset Roll became a member of the Foreign Affairs and Security Committee and Subcommittee of Foreign Policy and Advocacy, as well as chairing the lobby for Israel-US relations (/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations) , AI (/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) research, combat barrios and boycotts, work-life balance and the LGBTQ+ community (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel) . He is also a member of the Jewish People's lobby and heads the Israel-Italy (/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Italy_relations) and Israel-San Marino (/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93San_Marino_relations) Friendship Group to establish connections between the parliaments. Personal life [ edit ] On 5 March 2021 Roll married pop (/wiki/Pop_music) singer Harel Skaat (/wiki/Harel_Skaat) in Provo (/wiki/Provo,_Utah) , Utah (/wiki/Utah) , United States (/wiki/United_States) . [10] (#cite_note-10) [3] (#cite_note-AWB-3) [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) @Israel (22 July 2021). "Congratulations to your Deputy Foreign Minister..." (https://web.archive.org/web/20210722080109/https://twitter.com/Israel/status/1418118883572072451) Twitter . Archived from the original (https://twitter.com/Israel/status/1418118883572072451) on 22 July 2021 . Retrieved 26 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) מספר 14 ב'יש עתיד' מציג: מהפך אידיאולוגי (https://www.20il.co.il/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8-14-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9-%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%93-%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92-%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9A-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99/) Twenty, 25 February 2019 ^ Jump up to: a b Israel 2019 elections: Meet the LGBTQ candidates (https://awiderbridge.org/elections-candidates/) A Wider Bridge, 19 March 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-4) 2019 Blue and White list (https://bechirot21.bechirot.gov.il/election/Candidates/Pages/OneListCandidates.aspx?LPF=Search&WebId=6adadc15-e476-480b-9746-04490aedeb0f&ListID=ba72a662-765c-45af-9d48-fb68080956af&ItemID=91&FieldID=ListNickname_GxS_Text) CEC ^ (#cite_ref-5) WINER, STUART (15 March 2020). "Blue and White MK Yael German retires from Knesset due to flagging health" (https://www.timesofisrael.com/blue-and-white-mk-yael-german-retires-from-knesset-due-to-flagging-health/) . The Times of Israel (/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) The Knesset (29 August 2023). "MK Roll Knesset Positions" (https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/MK/APPS/mk/mk-positions/1009) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Elias, Eness (3 March 2021). "How Feminists in Knesset Let Down Israel's Transgender Community" (https://www.haaretz.com/life/2021-03-03/ty-article/.premium/how-feminists-in-knesset-let-down-the-transgender-community/0000017f-db77-d3ff-a7ff-fbf7fa0d0000) . Haaretz . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Committee on Gender Equality discusses the needs and existing responses for the transgender community; Health Ministry official: Current wait time for sex reassignment surgery is scandalous" (https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/news/pressreleases/pages/press161121m.aspx) . Knesset . 16 November 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Michael, Hauser (14 September 2022). "Lapid's Yesh Atid Election Slate Finalized With Several Cabinet Ministers in Top Spots" (https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/2022-09-14/ty-article/.premium/lapids-yesh-atid-election-slate-finalized-with-several-cabinet-ministers-in-top-spots/00000183-3af0-dfd0-a5f7-3ef3fef00000) . Haaretz . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "אם תרצו אין זו אגדה." (https://www.facebook.com/harelskaatofficial/posts/282265686596109) Facebook . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Meet the New MK: Idan Roll, Blue and White" (https://www.jpost.com/Israel-Elections/Meet-the-New-MK-Idan-Roll-Blue-and-White-588535) . The Jerusalem Post . 3 May 2019 . Retrieved 16 March 2020 . External links [ edit ] Idan Roll (https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=1009) on the Knesset website v t e Current members (/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_twenty-fifth_Knesset) of the Knesset (/wiki/Knesset) Likud (/wiki/Likud) Netanyahu (/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu) Levin (/wiki/Yariv_Levin) Gallant (/wiki/Yoav_Gallant) Ohana (/wiki/Amir_Ohana) Barkat (/wiki/Nir_Barkat) Dichter (/wiki/Avi_Dichter) Israel Katz (/wiki/Israel_Katz) Karhi (/wiki/Shlomo_Karhi) Danon (/wiki/Danny_Danon) Bitan (/wiki/David_Bitan) Edelstein (/wiki/Yuli_Edelstein) Revivo (/wiki/Eliyahu_Revivo) Distel-Atbaryan (/wiki/Galit_Distel-Atbaryan) Vaturi (/wiki/Nissim_Vaturi) Danino (/wiki/Shalom_Danino) Gotliv (/wiki/Tally_Gotliv) Milwidsky (/wiki/Hanoch_Milwidsky) Bismuth (/wiki/Boaz_Bismuth) Saada (/wiki/Moshe_Saada) Dellal (/wiki/Eli_Dellal) Gamliel (/wiki/Gila_Gamliel) Ofir Katz (/wiki/Ofir_Katz) Golan (/wiki/May_Golan) Illouz (/wiki/Dan_Illouz) Kallner (/wiki/Ariel_Kallner) Atiya 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Closed GmbH Industry fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Key people Gordon Giers (CEO) Products Jeans and other clothes Production output Invented the stonewash-procedure Number of employees 140 (2009) Closed GmbH is a German fashion brand (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) which has produced jeans (/wiki/Jeans) and other clothes [1] (#cite_note-Kostas_Murkudis_Exiting_German_Brand_Closed-1) since 1978. Besides Germany, Closed products are available in its more than 35 stores that are mostly in Italy, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain, Russia, and the USA. Company history [ edit ] The company was founded in 1975 in France by Marithé and François Girbaud (/wiki/Marith%C3%A9_%2B_Fran%C3%A7ois_Girbaud) under the name “Ca”. Shortly afterwards, a preliminary injunction (/wiki/Preliminary_injunction) by C&A (/wiki/C%26A) , who felt their trademark (/wiki/Trademark) rights had been violated (/wiki/Copyright_infringement) , put an end to Ca. Today, the company, under the name Closed, is based in Hamburg (/wiki/Hamburg) . In 2009, Closed GmbH had 140 members of staff. At the beginning of the 1990s, Hamburg business partners Günther Giers and Hans-Joachim Leplow purchased the company and sold it in 2004 together with the brand to Günther Giers’ son Gordon and his business partners (/wiki/Business_partner) Til Nadler and Hans Redlefsen. In 2009, managing directors Giers, Nadler, and Redlefsen received the “Hamburger Unternehmer des Jahres” award ( Entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneur) of the year) from the marketing boards (/wiki/Marketing_board) “Die Familienunternehmer – ASU” and “ Die jungen Unternehmer – BJU (/wiki/Bundesverband_Junger_Unternehmer) ”. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2012, Kostas Murkudis was appointed creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) to raise Closed's international profile. [1] (#cite_note-Kostas_Murkudis_Exiting_German_Brand_Closed-1) He left in 2013 due to creative differences. Gordon Giers is the current chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) . [1] (#cite_note-Kostas_Murkudis_Exiting_German_Brand_Closed-1) Closed was the creator of the stonewash (/wiki/Stonewash) production process and the x-pocket jean, they also had a popular model of pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) , which combined have sold more than 30 million pairs. [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Quinto, Norma (21 November 2013). "Kostas Murkudis Exiting German Brand Closed" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/heading-to-the-exit-7285399?src=nl/mornReport/20131121) . WWD . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Artikel in Welt Online vom 24. Juni 2009 (https://www.welt.de/hamburg/article3991755/Die-richtige-Hose-zur-richtigen-Zeit.html) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Artikel in Welt Online vom 20. November 2009 (https://www.welt.de/lifestyle/article2754619/Diese-alten-Jeans-sind-jetzt-wieder-modern.html) External links [ edit ] Firmenhomepage (http://www.closed.com/) Artikel (http://www.focus.de/finanzen/news/portraet-geld-gegen-marke_aid_302478.html) Geld gegen Marke aus Focus Nr. 21 (2008) (http://www.focus.de/finanzen/news/portraet-geld-gegen-marke_aid_302478.html) , besucht am 11. November 2009 Artikel (https://www.welt.de/welt_print/article1651834/Erfolgreich_anziehend.html) Erfolgreich anziehend aus Welt Online, 9. Februar 2008 (https://www.welt.de/welt_print/article1651834/Erfolgreich_anziehend.html) , besucht am 11. November 2009 Artikel (https://www.welt.de/wams_print/article2732363/Erfolgreich-weil-bewaehrt.html) Erfolgreich weil bewährt aus Welt Online, 16. November 2008 (https://www.welt.de/wams_print/article2732363/Erfolgreich-weil-bewaehrt.html) besucht am 11. November 2009 Artikel (http://www.vogue.de/articles/mode/mode-news/jeans/2009/02/05/13501) Jeans aus dem Automaten aus Vogue Online (http://www.vogue.de/articles/mode/mode-news/jeans/2009/02/05/13501) , besucht am 11. November 2009 Portrait Design und Kollektionen aus Elle Online (http://www.elle.de/Designer/Closed_59626.html) , besucht am 12. 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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Western_Costume) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Western Costume" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Western+Costume%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Western+Costume%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Western+Costume%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Western+Costume%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Western+Costume%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Western+Costume%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Western Costume logo Western Costume Company is a costume company in North Hollywood, California (/wiki/North_Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) which supplies costumes and costuming supplies to the film and TV industry. Founded in 1912 or 1913, it is one of the oldest businesses in the industry. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] Before founding Western Costume Company, L. L. Burns owned an Indian trading company in Los Angeles. His expertise on Native American culture and access to Native American artifacts made him a frequent source for filmmakers looking to outfit their Western pictures. [2] (#cite_note-2) After one production, producer William Fox (/wiki/William_Fox_(producer)) tried to return the goods he'd purchased for his film as he no longer needed them. Recognizing the industry's need for a rental business, L. L. Burns founded Western Costume Company in 1912, and named it after the genre of films it dressed. At the same time, Burns was also part owner of Burns & Revier Studio and Laboratory (/wiki/Lasky-DeMille_Barn) , a motion picture production space located in the stables of Hollywood realtor Jacob Stern. In 1913 Burns and his partner, Harry Revier, subleased the barn to Cecil B. DeMille (/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille) for the film The Squaw Man (/wiki/The_Squaw_Man_(1914_film)) . DeMille ultimately purchased the studio space for Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company (/wiki/Jesse_L._Lasky) , making it the home of what would soon become Paramount Pictures (/wiki/Paramount_Pictures) . Burns, now out of the studio game, also closed his trading goods store and focused solely on his costume company. He bought out the only other costume and prop company in town to augment his stock, and by 1923, Western Costume handled ninety-nine percent of the costuming business in Los Angeles. [3] (#cite_note-3) After the stock market crashed (/wiki/The_Great_Depression) in 1929, Burns struggled, and he was ultimately forced to sell the company in 1932. He became the head of the costume department at Warner Bros. (/wiki/Warner_Bros.) , where he stayed until his death. In order to be closer to the heart of the film industry, Western's new owners moved the company from downtown to Melrose Ave., directly adjacent to the Bronson Gate at Paramount. They sold the company after a couple of years to J.I. Schnitzer, a former RKO executive. Business boomed. [4] (#cite_note-4) Costume house workers began joining the I.A.T.S.E. (/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Theatrical_Stage_Employees) in the late 1930s, and Western was fully unionized by 1942. Schnitzer struggled to cover his payroll, and his health had begun to fail. He approached the heads of several major studios who, faced with the prospect of losing an industry pillar, agreed to purchase the company. For the following 45 years, Western was co-owned by Warner Bros., RKO, 20th Century-Fox, Columbia, Universal, and Republic. In 1988, Paramount purchased Western with the intent to sell the company and keep the land it occupied; they were eager to expand the southern border of their lot. It seemed like the historic costume company would shutter, but a group of buyers stepped in just before it went to auction. The company relocated to a facility in North Hollywood, where it has resided since 1990. [5] (#cite_note-5) In addition to costume rentals, Western Costume houses four workrooms that produce custom-made hats, clothes, and shoes; a research library and archive; a costume supply store; fitting rooms; and dye areas. [6] (#cite_note-6) The company sells costumes used in well known films at auction from time to time. [7] (#cite_note-7) The company generally only deals with studios and filmmakers but occasionally it opens its doors to the general public. Featured filmography [ edit ] The Squaw Man (/wiki/The_Squaw_Man_(1914_film)) The Birth of a Nation (/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation) Intolerance (/wiki/Intolerance_(film)) The Mark of Zorro (/wiki/The_Mark_of_Zorro_(1920_film)) Robin Hood (/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1922_film)) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1923_film)) The Jazz Singer (/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer) Frankenstein (/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)) She Done Him Wrong (/wiki/She_Done_Him_Wrong) Cleopatra (/wiki/Cleopatra_(1934_film)) Mutiny on the Bounty (/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty_(1935_film)) The Charge of the Light Brigade (/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(1936_film)) Marie Antoinette (/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(1938_film)) Juarez (/wiki/Juarez_(film)) Gone with the Wind (/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)) Stagecoach (/wiki/Stagecoach_(1939_film)) The Wizard of Oz (/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz) Casablanca (/wiki/Casablanca_(film)) Gilda (/wiki/Gilda) Miracle on 34th Street (/wiki/Miracle_on_34th_Street) The Lone Ranger (/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger_(TV_series)) Samson and Delilah (/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(1949_film)) All About Eve (/wiki/All_About_Eve) An American in Paris (/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(film)) Call Me Madam (/wiki/Call_Me_Madam) How to Marry a Millionaire (/wiki/How_to_Marry_a_Millionaire) Oklahoma! (/wiki/Oklahoma!_(1955_film)) To Catch a Thief (/wiki/To_Catch_a_Thief) The King and I (/wiki/The_King_and_I_(1956_film)) Porgy and Bess (/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess_(film)) Some Like It Hot (/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot) Psycho (/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)) Spartacus (/wiki/Spartacus_(film)) The Alamo (/wiki/The_Alamo_(1960_film)) Flower Drum Song (/wiki/Flower_Drum_Song_(film)) West Side Story (/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)) Gypsy (/wiki/Gypsy_(1962_film)) How the West Was Won (/wiki/How_the_West_Was_Won_(film)) Cleopatra (/wiki/Cleopatra_(1963_film)) Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? (/wiki/What_Ever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane%3F_(film)) The Sound of Music (/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)) Star Trek: The Original Series (/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series) Planet of the Apes (/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (/wiki/Butch_Cassidy_and_the_Sundance_Kid) Hello, Dolly! 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"Western Costume: Preserving Fabric of Hollywood History" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-03-14-ca-687-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Bowers, Leighton (December 1, 2017). "L. L. Burns" (http://www.westerncostumeresearch.com/western-costume-research-blog/l-l-burns/) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Firm to Raise New Structure". Los Angeles Times . July 25, 1923. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Since 1912 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Since 1912 ^ (#cite_ref-6) westerncostume.com ^ (#cite_ref-7) Biederman, Patricia Ward (July 15, 1994). "Movie Rags to Riches At an auction of film costumes, a coat worn by Rudolph Valentino is expected to bring $15,000 or more" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-07-15-va-15939-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.westerncostume.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐6464cf4f7‐wrr2p Cached time: 20240706020146 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.262 seconds Real time usage: 0.343 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 619/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18495/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 384/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25868/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.164/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4259594/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 296.729 1 -total 50.79% 150.704 1 Template:Reflist 40.51% 120.197 4 Template:Cite_news 27.33% 81.097 1 Template:Refimprove 25.74% 76.385 1 Template:Ambox 11.71% 34.754 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates 8.34% 24.752 1 Template:Official 5.58% 16.553 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 4.53% 13.431 1 Template:DMCA 4.39% 13.035 3 Template:Citation Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15770439-0!canonical and timestamp 20240706020146 and revision id 1232872460. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Costume&oldid=1232872460 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Costume&oldid=1232872460) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Film production companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Film_production_companies_of_the_United_States) Costume design (/wiki/Category:Costume_design) Companies based in Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Los_Angeles) Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from February 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2020) Articles needing additional references from February 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2020) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)
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1988 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1988) 1989 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1989) 1990 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1990) 1991 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1991) 1992 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1992) 1993 1994 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1994) 1995 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1995) 1996 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1996) 1997 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1997) 1998 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1998) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7cd59cdcfb‐45mbv Cached time: 20240718075418 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.073 seconds Real time usage: 0.116 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 38/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1906/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.057/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 933246/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 110.453 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 110.453 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52582783-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718075418 and revision id 974952119. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1993" The following 23 pages are in this category, out of 23 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Les Ailes de la Mode (/wiki/Les_Ailes_de_la_Mode) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) Anne Fontaine (brand) (/wiki/Anne_Fontaine_(brand)) Apranga Group (/wiki/Apranga_Group) B A Bathing Ape (/wiki/A_Bathing_Ape) Brora (retailer) (/wiki/Brora_(retailer)) E Ecko Unltd. (/wiki/Ecko_Unltd.) F Firetrap (/wiki/Firetrap) H Hayleys Fabric (/wiki/Hayleys_Fabric) I Intermix (fashion) (/wiki/Intermix_(fashion)) J Jay Jays (/wiki/Jay_Jays) JoJo Maman Bébé (/wiki/JoJo_Maman_B%C3%A9b%C3%A9) L Lugz (/wiki/Lugz) M Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) O Orca (company) (/wiki/Orca_(company)) R Richard Edwards (fashion company) (/wiki/Richard_Edwards_(fashion_company)) S Sew Fast Sew Easy (/wiki/Sew_Fast_Sew_Easy) Splash (fashion) (/wiki/Splash_(fashion)) T Tommy Bahama (/wiki/Tommy_Bahama) V Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) W Weird Fish (/wiki/Weird_Fish) Z Zephyr Headwear (/wiki/Zephyr_Headwear) Zoo York (company) (/wiki/Zoo_York_(company)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1993&oldid=974952119 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1993&oldid=974952119) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) Design companies established in 1993 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1993) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Manufacturing companies established in 1993 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1993) Clothing companies established in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_20th_century)
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Type of three-quarter-length Persian coat This article is about the Persian/Greek garment. For other uses of Kandy, see Kandy (disambiguation) (/wiki/Kandy_(disambiguation)) . A kandys , plural (/wiki/Plural) kandyes ( Ancient Greek (/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language) : κάνδυς , plural κᾰ́νδῠες , probably from Old Persian (/wiki/Old_Persian) * kandu "mantle, cover"), also called candys , [1] (#cite_note-schmitt-1) kantuš , or Median robe , [2] (#cite_note-sekunda-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) is a type of three-quarter-length Persian coat (/wiki/Coat) . It originally described a leather cloak (/wiki/Cloak) with sleeves worn by men, but evolved into a garment worn by Athenian women (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The kandys is sometimes compared to the much later 17th-19th century military pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) as worn by Hussars (/wiki/Hussar) , in the sense that it was a sleeved jacket (/wiki/Jacket) or coat worn cloak-style. [2] (#cite_note-sekunda-2) Semantics [ edit ] It is suggested that the term kandys / candys was probably an Iranian word that was appropriated by the Greeks (/wiki/Greeks) to describe the Persian garment, which in Old Persian (/wiki/Old_Persian) would have been called kandu (cloak). [1] (#cite_note-schmitt-1) Other Old Iranian (/wiki/Old_Iranian) terms include kanzu-ka ( Median (/wiki/Median_language) ), kan-su-ka ( Elamite (/wiki/Elamite_language) ) and gnjwg ( Parthian (/wiki/Parthian_language) ), all of which correspond with the term cloak (/wiki/Cloak) . [1] (#cite_note-schmitt-1) The prefix ' kan- ', in such languages, means to cover or to throw, as in a coat thrown around the shoulders. [1] (#cite_note-schmitt-1) Although some sources have suggested a link to kontusz , the Polish (/wiki/Polish_language) term for a greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-wschmitt-6) The link is anachronistic and not considered credible. [1] (#cite_note-schmitt-1) Persian usage [ edit ] Detail of a relief showing two men (left and right) wearing kandys. Apadana (/wiki/Apadana) of Persepolis (/wiki/Persepolis) , 550-330 BC. The earliest evidence of the sleeved kandys is found on a 9th-century BC Iranian (/wiki/Iran) bronze (/wiki/Bronze) stand excavated at Teppe Hasanlu (/wiki/Teppe_Hasanlu) , while garments have been found in 4th and 5th century BC Scythian (/wiki/Scythian) graves showing that the sleeves were so narrow and placed in such a manner that they could not realistically function as sleeves. [7] (#cite_note-miller-7) The kandys was worn as a cloak rather than a coat, except in the presence of the King for inspections, when the arms were placed in the kandys's overlong or sewn-up sleeves. [1] (#cite_note-schmitt-1) This has been interpreted as a precaution against assassination attempts. [7] (#cite_note-miller-7) The Persian kandys was often purple, or made from leather and skins. [1] (#cite_note-schmitt-1) Since 1990 the Encyclopædia Iranica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica) has stated that most people believe that the candys, along with a long-sleeved coat called a sárapis and long trousers called anaxyrides (/wiki/Anaxyrides) , formed part of the riding dress of the Medes (/wiki/Medes) people and is represented by the mantle with hanging empty sleeves portrayed in the Persepolis (/wiki/Persepolis) reliefs (/wiki/Relief) . [1] (#cite_note-schmitt-1) These reliefs are also used as evidence for the theory that the Persian kandys may have acted as a status garment, as it is shown being worn by Iranian nobility, but not by their servants. [7] (#cite_note-miller-7) Greek usage [ edit ] The kandys, now made with sleeves, was historically worn by Greek women, particularly in Athens (/wiki/Athens) , in the 4th century BC, [7] (#cite_note-miller-7) and towards the end of the 5th century BC. [8] (#cite_note-grossman-8) At this time, fashions were increasingly influenced by imports from the East and Asia Minor (/wiki/Asia_Minor) . [8] (#cite_note-grossman-8) Among the more typical chitons (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) and himatia (/wiki/Himation) that Athenian women dedicated to Artemis (/wiki/Artemis) at Brauron (/wiki/Cult_of_Artemis_at_Brauron) were six kandyes, mostly described as being patterned. [7] (#cite_note-miller-7) One of these was dedicated in 347 BC, although no dates were given for the other dedications, and Margaret C. Miller (/wiki/Margaret_C._Miller) suggests they must date no later than the early 4th century BC. [7] (#cite_note-miller-7) In Greece, the six kandyes linked with Brauron also had special significance - two were chosen to adorn the cult statue, one may have been made of silk, and another is described as ornamented with gold. [7] (#cite_note-miller-7) Miller notes that one was made from linen (/wiki/Linen) , which was considered unusual enough to mention in the lists, in contrast to the leather used for Persian kandyes, and suggests the use of Greek-made linen means that kandyes were made in Greece as well as potentially imported from Persia. [7] (#cite_note-miller-7) At odds with the concept of the kandys as a symbol of luxury is an interpretation from the 1990s where the kandys is described as reflecting non- Attic (/wiki/Attica) and slave (/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece) status. [9] (#cite_note-babler-9) [10] (#cite_note-grossman14-10) Towards the end of the 5th century BC, Miller noted a surge in the number of depictions of Athenian women and children wearing kandys-like garments. [7] (#cite_note-miller-7) While girls wore them as overgarments, small boys wore them open and without undergarments. [7] (#cite_note-miller-7) One suggestion was that the kandys was dedicated prior to marriage, as a child's garment, but Miller notes that this interpretation is challenged by the use of husband's names in the Brauronian lists, and that contemporary vase paintings show mature women wearing kandyes. [7] (#cite_note-miller-7) Sasanian (/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) embassy to Byzantine Empire, stone relief in Istanbul Archaeological Museums (/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeological_Museums) , Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Schmitt, Rüdiger (December 15, 1990). "Candys" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/candys-gk) . Encyclopædia Iranica (/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica) . Encyclopaedia Iranica . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sekunda, Nicholas (/wiki/Nicholas_Sekunda) (1992). The Persian army 560-330BC . London: Osprey. p. 13. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781855322509 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Shahbazi, Shapur. "CLOTHING ii. In the Median and Achaemenid periods" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-ii) . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Hall, Jonathan M. (2002). Hellenicity : between ethnicity and culture ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780226313290 . Hall draws a comparison between the kandys and the Russian sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) , also a Persian import that was originally a man's kaftan (/wiki/Kaftan) before evolving in the 17th century into a woman's sleeveless dress. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Linders, Tullia (/wiki/Tullia_Linders) (1984). "The Kandys in Greece and Persia". Opuscula Atheniensia : 107–114. , cited by Nick Sekunda (https://books.google.com/books?id=GHcp9b_PYaYC&pg=PA13) ^ (#cite_ref-wschmitt_6-0) Widengren, G. (1956). "Some Remarks on Riding Costume and Articles of Dress among Iranian Peoples in Antiquity". Arctica. Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia . 11 : 228–76, esp. pp. 235ff. , cited by Rüdiger Schmitt (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/candys-gk) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Miller, Margaret C. (2004). Athens and Persia in the fifth century B.C. : a study in cultural receptivity (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–168. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0521607582 . ^ Jump up to: a b Grossman, Janet Burnett (2003). Looking at Greek and Roman sculpture in stone : a guide to terms, styles, and techniques . Los Angeles, Calif.: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 60. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780892367085 . ^ (#cite_ref-babler_9-0) Babler, Balbina (/wiki/Balbina_B%C3%A4bler) (1998). Fleissige Thrakerinnen Und Wehrhafte Skythen: Nichtgriechen Im Klassischen Athen Und Ihre Archaologische Hinterlassenschaft . B.G.Teubner. ^ (#cite_ref-grossman14_10-0) Grossman, Janet Burnett (2001). Greek funerary sculpture catalogue of the collections at the Getty Villa . Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum [u.a.] p. 14. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0892366125 . v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura (/wiki/Witzchoura) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Blessed hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fillet (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Matron's badge (/wiki/Matron%27s_badge) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Motoring hood (/wiki/Motoring_hood) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_Cap) Nemes (/wiki/Nemes) Nightcap (/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) 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Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandys&oldid=1224984010 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandys&oldid=1224984010) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Greek clothing (/wiki/Category:Greek_clothing) Robes and cloaks (/wiki/Category:Robes_and_cloaks) Iranian clothing (/wiki/Category:Iranian_clothing) Leather clothing (/wiki/Category:Leather_clothing) Achaemenid Empire (/wiki/Category:Achaemenid_Empire) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)
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Global market of bulk clothing sales This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wholesale_fashion_distribution&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Wholesale fashion distribution refers to the global market of bulk (/wiki/Bulk_cargo) clothing sales, in which producers, wholesalers and sellers are involved in a commercial, business-to-business (/wiki/Business-to-business) process. Procedure [ edit ] Most wholesalers (/wiki/Wholesalers) get their fashion stocks from the producers that commercialize the latest collections in bulk, at volume discounts (/w/index.php?title=Volume_discount&action=edit&redlink=1) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Others purchase overstocks and closeout merchandise from retailers or distributors. Their clients are the resellers (/wiki/Reseller) that purchase those stocks (/wiki/Stock_in_trade) and sell it to the final consumers. Often, this process is financed through merchant factoring (/wiki/Factoring_(finance)) or vendor finance (/wiki/Vendor_finance) . In other cases, the merchant is assessed "counter rent" for a "store-within-a-store" concept, common in the cosmetics industry, but also not unheard of in clothing. In other cases, the vendor agrees to buy back unsold merchandise from the retailer — this is a common arrangement for higher-value seasonal clothing, like designer coats. Wholesale businesses [ edit ] Many intermediaries exist to assure product quality or to hold stocks until needed by retailers who often have limited storage and retail space; they also help smaller retailers avoid issues like customs bonding (/wiki/Customs_bond) and the need to secure an import license (/wiki/License) . The distributor (/wiki/Distributor) sells large quantities of clothing stocks to a reseller, who tries to charge sufficient mark-ups to cover his costs and still make a profit (/wiki/Profit_(accounting)) . Often the supply chain will include more than one intermediary, although retailers usually strive for the fewest middlemen and lowest prices. Since the emergence of the Internet (/wiki/Internet) , many retailers have begun using it for just this purpose, and many new online-only wholesalers have emerged as a result. [2] (#cite_note-2) Risks [ edit ] Business always involves risk, especially in a market strongly controlled by powerful fashion houses and manufacturers at one end and fickle consumers at the other. Fashion designers have to take into consideration the global supply chains and the seasonality of clothing which often means that clothing must be bought months or a year in advance and credit, transportation and warehousing arranged on tight deadlines. [3] (#cite_note-3) Producers are the ones that set up the apparel stocks starting prices and consumers are the ones that choose to buy or not a product sold at a certain price. Despite increasingly sophisticated tools like computer modelling (/wiki/Computer_modelling) for measuring and predicting consumer behavior and tweaking price and promotional activity, retailers can never be entirely certain of their sell through (/wiki/Sell_through) rate or the average price realized. Retailers hedge risk by seeking vendor financing or vendor buy-back arrangements as mentioned above, which distributes some of the risk of unsold merchandise back up the supply chain to the producer or wholesaler; they also open alternate channels such as outlet stores (/wiki/Outlet_store) to liquidate unsold merchandise while freeing up floor space for new arrivals. Some " fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) " retailers, like Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) attempt to control their whole supply chain from design to production to the retail store, in order to practice just in time production (/wiki/Just_in_time_(business)) , or something close to it; in cases of complete integration, there is no "wholesale fashion distribution," as the retailer is its own manufacturer and wholesaler. Related concepts [ edit ] A related concept is drop shipping (/wiki/Drop_shipping) , a commercial process used in direct-to-consumer marketing. A drop-shipper relies on a third party, like an online fashion blog (/wiki/Blog) to generate consumer interest and initiate an electronic order that is sent to the drop shipper's warehouse for fulfillment. The profits are split between the drop shipper and the nominal seller at a pre-arranged rate, usually involving a commission (/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)) structure. Because only the drop shipper has physical facilities, the notional online "retailer" faces much lower costs. This allows consumers to realize prices closer to the wholesale level, but it disadvantages retailers who lose control over many aspects of customer service, discounting, packaging etc. [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] Wholesale marketing (/wiki/Wholesale_marketing) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Tax History" (http://taxhistory.tax.org/Civilization/Documents/Sales/hst6646/6646-1.htm) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Entrepreneur" (http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/190460) . February 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Distribution channels" (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/Di-Eq/Distribution-Channels.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Retailing" (http://retail.about.com/popular.htm) . External links [ edit ] The New York Times (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/costco_wholesale_corporation/index.html?scp=3&sq=wholesale%20prices&st=cse/) Orotex Liquidation Wholesale Fashion Distribution (https://orotexliquidation.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐t9s7m Cached time: 20240715100019 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.180 seconds Real time usage: 0.248 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 512/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14297/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 817/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15589/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.113/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4244840/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 227.797 1 -total 44.95% 102.398 1 Template:Reflist 39.67% 90.361 4 Template:Cite_web 32.71% 74.509 1 Template:Short_description 20.68% 47.111 1 Template:Essay 19.47% 44.355 2 Template:Pagetype 18.52% 42.187 1 Template:Essay-like 12.85% 29.280 1 Template:Ambox 8.00% 18.234 3 Template:Main_other 6.88% 15.675 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33175011-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715100019 and revision id 1186399941. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wholesale_fashion_distribution&oldid=1186399941 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wholesale_fashion_distribution&oldid=1186399941) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Freight transport (/wiki/Category:Freight_transport) Wholesaling (/wiki/Category:Wholesaling) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2012 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_June_2012) All articles with style issues (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues)
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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) 1981 1982 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_1982) 2003 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2003) 2009 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2009) 2012 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2012) 2015 2017 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2017) 2018 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2018) 2019 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2019) 2020 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2020) 2021 Notable clothing (/wiki/Clothing) companies (/wiki/Company) disestablished in 2015 (/wiki/Category:2015_disestablishments) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f564bd77d‐qh92x Cached time: 20240718170218 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.155 seconds Real time usage: 0.370 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 85/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3336/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 44/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 145/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.124/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1527525/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 355.033 1 -total 86.46% 306.975 1 Template:Navseasoncats 10.72% 38.057 1 Template:Portal 2.73% 9.697 1 Template:C 1.68% 5.953 3 Template:Title_year Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:64117401-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718170218 and revision id 1047252861. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies disestablished in 2015" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . D Deb Shops (/wiki/Deb_Shops) M Meadham Kirchhoff (/wiki/Meadham_Kirchhoff) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2015&oldid=1047252861 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2015&oldid=1047252861) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Design companies disestablished in 2015 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_disestablished_in_2015) Clothing companies by year of disestablishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_disestablishment) Clothing companies disestablished in the 21st century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_the_21st_century) Hidden category: Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter)
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The Monomachus Crown Not to be confused with Monomakh's Cap (/wiki/Monomakh%27s_Cap) . The Monomachus Crown ( Greek (/wiki/Greek_language) : Στέμμα του Μονομάχου ; Hungarian (/wiki/Hungarian_language) : Monomakhosz-korona ) is a set of pieces of engraved Byzantine (/wiki/Byzantine) goldwork, decorated with cloisonné (/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9) enamel, in the Hungarian National Museum (/wiki/Hungarian_National_Museum) in Budapest (/wiki/Budapest) , Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) . It consists of seven gold plates depicting Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus (/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachus) , his wife Zoe (/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita) , her sister Theodora (/wiki/Theodora_(11th_century)) , two dancers and two allegorical figures (/wiki/Allegory) . Two gold medallions enamelled with saints and a small piece with cut glass in a setting were also found; probably they did not form part of the same object. [1] (#cite_note-1) The group has puzzling aspects that have long made it the subject of scholarly debate; it was probably made in Constantinople (/wiki/Constantinople) in 1042. The group was unearthed in 1860 by a farmer in what is now called Ivanka pri Nitre (/wiki/Ivanka_pri_Nitre) in Slovakia (/wiki/Slovakia) , then Nyitraivánka in Hungary. [2] (#cite_note-2) If it is a crown, it is, with the Holy Crown of Hungary (/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary) of a few decades later (also in Budapest) and the kamelaukion (/wiki/Kamelaukion) of Constance of Aragon (/wiki/Constance_of_Aragon) , one of only three surviving Byzantine crowns. [3] (#cite_note-Beckwith,_214-3) History [ edit ] The central panel, depicting Constantine IX Monomachus (/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachus) In 1860 a farmer near Nyitraivánka discovered the treasure while plowing. The objects passed to a member of the local landowning nobility, who sold them in four transactions to the Hungarian National Museum between 1861 and 1870, the last sale posthumously via a dealer named Markovits. Also sold were the two smaller cloisonné medallions found with the crown plaques, with busts of the apostles (/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament) Peter (/wiki/Simon_Peter) and Andrew (/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle) . These medallions lack holes for nails, unlike the gold plates. In the view of Magda von Bárány-Oberschall and most scholars they almost certainly do not belong to the Monomachus Crown. [4] (#cite_note-4) The general assumption was for long that the crown "seems almost certainly to be a female crown and was presumably a gift to the wife of a Hungarian king", [3] (#cite_note-Beckwith,_214-3) or to the king himself. In 1045 the Hungarian (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary) King Andrew I (/wiki/Andrew_I_of_Hungary) married Anastasia of Kiev (/wiki/Anastasia_of_Kiev) , [5] (#cite_note-5) a daughter of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise (/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise) , [6] (#cite_note-nasurus-6) whose brother Vsevolod I (/wiki/Vsevolod_I_of_Kiev) had been married to Irene (Maria), a daughter of Constantine IX since 1046. [6] (#cite_note-nasurus-6) [7] (#cite_note-vacor-7) According to the traditional account, Andrew or his queen would have received the crown from Constantine IX at this juncture. He was in need of a new crown, since Henry III (/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor) had captured the original crown (supposedly donated to king Stephen I (/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary) by Pope Silvester II (/wiki/Pope_Silvester_II) in 1000) from King Samuel Aba (/wiki/Samuel_Aba) in 1045 after the Battle of Ménfő (/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A9nf%C5%91) and had sent it back to Rome (/wiki/Rome) . [7] (#cite_note-vacor-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) According to popular legend this was the Holy Crown of Hungary (/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary) , or some version of it, though it seems unlikely that any elements of the present crown are that old. [9] (#cite_note-9) The fact that Andrew, who had taken power near the end of September 1046, was first able to be crowned in February 1047 could by attributed to the need for a royal embassy to travel from Hungary to Constantinople and back in winter in order to bring the Monomachus crown to Hungary. [7] (#cite_note-vacor-7) In 1057 the young King Solomon (/wiki/Solomon_of_Hungary) was also crowned with this crown. [7] (#cite_note-vacor-7) Other, very different, possibilities have been suggested and are covered below. In 1057 Solomon was besieged by Geza I (/wiki/Geza_I) and escaped with the crown and treasure in the direction of Pozsony (/wiki/Pozsony) in order to seek the protection of his brother-in-law Emperor Henry IV (/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor) . Soldiers of Geza apprehended him as he was fording the Váh (/wiki/V%C3%A1h) near Ivanka pri Nitre. Solomon had the treasure and the crown buried and barricaded himself behind the walls of Pozsony. [7] (#cite_note-vacor-7) When Henry IV launched an expedition in September 1074 to restore Solomon to the Hungarian throne, the army of the Emperor abandoned him and rode along the Valley of the Váh in the direction of Nitra (/wiki/Nitra) and Šintava (/wiki/%C5%A0intava) . Possibly this was a futile attempt to recover the buried crown near the ford of Ivanka pri Nitre. [7] (#cite_note-vacor-7) [10] (#cite_note-10) Description [ edit ] Dancer with veil The seven gold plates are between 5 and 4.2 cm wide and between 11.5 and 8.7 cm tall. [11] (#cite_note-11) They have asymmetrically cut holes whose size and arrangement suggests that the plates were originally connected by a fabric or leather band. It is possible that remains of golden bands for connecting the plates were found. [12] (#cite_note-12) It is also possible that the seven plates were fastened to a fabric cap. The coarse finish of the decoration, the low purity of the gold plates and the presence of errors in the depiction of the clothing and in the inscriptions are notable. [13] (#cite_note-13) The central and largest plate shows Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus, who was Byzantine Emperor from 1042 to 1055. A Greek inscription on the panel reads: Κῶνστάντινος Αυτοκράτο<ρ> Ρομεον ο Μονομαχο<ς>, Constantine, Emperor (/wiki/Autokrator) of the Romans, the Monomachos . On the plate to the left is his wife, Zoe. On the plate to the right, is Zoe's sister, Theodora. On the smaller panels to the right and left of the Empresses are two dancing female figures. The smallest plates depict the personifications of two Virtues (/wiki/Virtue) . The figures have halos (/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)) on their heads and (except for the Virtues) are surrounded by flowering vines, birds and cypresses (/wiki/Cypress) . The Emperor is depicted standing, with the labarum (/wiki/Labarum) in his right hand and in his left the akakia (/wiki/Akakia) , a fabric pouch which held dust and symbolised the transience of the material world. The Emperor's crown is decorated at its peaks with three balls. The Empresses wear the same crown. They hold a sceptre in their inner hand and point to Emperor Constantine with their outer hand. He wears the ceremonial robes of a Byzantine ruler with ivy (/wiki/Ivy) decoration and the loros (/wiki/Loros) and maniakion , Byzantine symbols of rulership. [14] (#cite_note-mbomon-14) The loros is a sash, richly decorated with gemstones, pearls and embroidery which wraps around the shoulders and hips. One end of the loros falls to his hem, the other is tied around it. The maniakion is a broad collar decorated with pearls and gemstones. The three members of the imperial family wear red shoes on their feet and stand atop a suppedion . Both women wear the complete regalia (/wiki/Regalia) of an Empress with the female version of the loros costume, including the shield-like thorakion hanging diagonally from a belt. [14] (#cite_note-mbomon-14) Zoe, who was 64 years old in 1042 is depicted in an idealised way as a young woman. Their inscriptions read: "Θέοδώρα ἡ ἐυσαιβεστατι Αυγουστα," Theodora the Most Pious Augusta (/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)) and "Ζώη οι ευσαιβαῖστάτη Αυγουστα," Zoe the Most Pious Augusta . The Greek of both is full of errors. Personification of Humility (left) and Dancer (right) The two smaller plates depicting dancing women are identical rather than symmetrical. Their backgrounds are also decorated with foliage, but they lack identifying inscriptions. The dancers wave their veils over their heads and bend their right leg sharply backwards. [14] (#cite_note-mbomon-14) The idea that they are professional dancers may be contradicted by the haloes on their heads, which indicates that they belong to the sacred realm. However, sacred dancing is rare in Christianity, at least before the Renaissance, and the iconography (/wiki/Iconography) is most unusual in a context to do with public imperial ceremony and coronation, where the Byzantines placed great stress on the emperor as God's agent on earth. [3] (#cite_note-Beckwith,_214-3) Two even smaller panels each depict a female figure with a halo on a plain golden background, with cypresses (/wiki/Cypress) on either side of them, symbolising the Garden of Eden (/wiki/Garden_of_Eden) . According to their inscriptions they represent the Virtues of "η αλιθηα" (ἡ ἀλήθεια, Sincerity) and "η τα<π>ινοσις" (ἡ ταπείνωσις, Humility). [14] (#cite_note-mbomon-14) Sincerity holds a cross in one hand and points to her mouth, while Humility crosses her arms over her chest. John Beckwith saw in the crown a change in style from the enamels of the previous century: "All the figures are visualized in terms of pattern rather than form; the sense of space and depth so typical of the tenth-century enamels has been jettisoned for intricate detail and superficial charm." [3] (#cite_note-Beckwith,_214-3) Authenticity and function [ edit ] In 1937 Magda von Bárány-Oberschall investigated the enameled gold plates. The size of the crown formed from the plates led her to argue that it had to be a Byzantine consort's crown from the eleventh century. [15] (#cite_note-mbomono-15) The crown from behind In 1994, the Greek (/wiki/Greeks) Byzantinist Nicolas Oikonomidès (/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomid%C3%A8s) expressed the view that the Monomachus Crown might be a nineteenth-century forgery. He was led to this opinion by the plain design, coarse finish and the erroneous and unusual captions, when combined with the circumstances of the discovery and plausible models for a forgery. In all these respects the crown contrasts strongly with the Holy Crown of Hungary. He suspected the forger came from Venice (/wiki/Venice) , without however being able to put a name to him. [16] (#cite_note-16) In his article, "The State of Research into the Monomachos Crown and Some Further Thoughts," which addresses Nicolas Oikonomidès' theory in detail and largely argues against it, Etele Kiss of the Hungarian National Museum mentioned that the crown could have been made for the emperor, to be presented in a triumphal procession (/wiki/Roman_Triumph) , thus explaining the presence of the dancers, one area of debate. . [17] (#cite_note-17) Already in 1997, Henry Maguire had argued that the plaques were intended to be sewn to a leather or cloth backing, and suggested a belt, for which there are some sources, or diadem. He related the dancers to a "chorus of graces" supposed, at least in Byzantine rhetoric (/wiki/Rhetoric) , to form a ring around the emperor, dancing and singing his praises. The motifs of birds and plants are metaphors for the virtues of the emperor. [18] (#cite_note-18) In 2009 Timothy Dawson elaborated on these arguments, proposing that the crown was actually a ceremonial armband, a grand version of an armilla (/wiki/Armilla_(military_decoration)) given to soldiers as an award (/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments) . [19] (#cite_note-dawres-19) The De Ceremoniis (/wiki/De_Ceremoniis) of Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogennetos) written a century earlier describes how the emperor was presented with a crown on returning after a victory, which he then wore on his right arm. Dawson suggested that the most likely recipients in Constantine IX's reign were Stephanos Pergamenos (/w/index.php?title=Stephanos_Pergamenos&action=edit&redlink=1) [ de (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanos_Pergamenos) ] , a court eunuch (/wiki/Eunuch) who was a surprising success as a general, for his victory over George Maniakes (/wiki/George_Maniakes) at the Battle of Ostrobos on 2 February 1043, or the emperor himself on the same occasion. [20] (#cite_note-20) Michael Psellos (/wiki/Michael_Psellos) records that the emperor sat between the two empresses to view the procession, which the placement of the plaques may reflect. [21] (#cite_note-21) The armill (/wiki/Armill) is a medieval variation, more often part of coronation regalia, which may also be relevant. The triumph of Stephanos Pergamenos was approved by the Emperor at the last moment [22] (#cite_note-22) and Dawson argued that rushed production could explain the coarse finish and spelling errors; if it was given to Pergamenos, the lower quality and relative plainness of the piece are explicable. The same would apply to the depiction of the emperor, odd on a piece he would wear himself, as is the depiction of a figure representing Humility. [23] (#cite_note-Dawson,_190-23) If it belonged to the emperor, or came to do so when Pergamenos' possessions were later confiscated, then after the celebrations it would have been stored in the Imperial treasure chamber and then later sent to Hungary as a diplomatic gift. Alternatively it may have escaped Byzantium in the wake of the downfall of Pergamenos. Another possibility is that it is simply loot from the Crusaders' sack of Constantinople in 1204 (/wiki/Fourth_Crusade) , or the period of Latin rule (/wiki/Latin_Empire) thereafter. All these are speculative accounts. [23] (#cite_note-Dawson,_190-23) Gallery [ edit ] Empress Zoe (/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita) Theodora (/wiki/Theodora_(11th_century)) , Dancer and ἡ ἀλήθεια, Sincerity Another view Empress Constance of Aragon (/wiki/Constance_of_Aragon) 's Byzantine crown, 12th century Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kiss, 60-62 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kiss, 62 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Beckwith, 214 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kiss, 60-64 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Also called Agmunda, she would become the mother of King Solomon (/wiki/Solomon,_King_of_Hungary) ^ Jump up to: a b Alexander Nasarenko, "Ungarn und Rus' um das Jahr 1000." (http://www.europainstitut.hu/pdf/beg15/Nazarenko.pdf) [ permanent dead link ] (PDF-Datei; 370 kB) in Ferenc Glatz (Ed.): Die ungarische Staatsbildung und Ostmitteleuropa. Europa Institut Budapest, Budapest 2002, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 963-202-773-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-202-773-6) , S. 199 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Szabolcs de Vajay, "Corona Regia – Corona Regni – Sacra Corona." (http://epa.oszk.hu/01500/01536/00007/pdf/UJ_1976_037-064.pdf) (PDF-Datei; 2,56 MB) Ungarn-Jahrbuch. Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Hungarologie , Band 7, 1976. S. 45–46 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Julius Grexa, "Die Probleme der ungarischen Königskrone." in Josef Gerhard Farkas (Ed.): Überlieferung und Auftrag. Festschrift für Michel de Ferdinandy zum sechzigsten Geburtstag. Pressler, Wiesbaden 1972, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-87646-025-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87646-025-5) , p. 416 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Josef Deér (/w/index.php?title=Josef_De%C3%A9r&action=edit&redlink=1) casts doubt on the idea that this original crown was made in Rome in Die heilige Krone Ungarns. Wien 1966, pp. 199-200; the oldest elements of the present Holy Crown are now usually dated to the 1070s. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Julius Grexa, '"Die Probleme der ungarischen Königskrone." In Josef Gerhard Farkas (Ed.): Überlieferung und Auftrag. Festschrift für Michel de Ferdinandy zum sechzigsten Geburtstag. Pressler, Wiesbaden 1972, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-87646-025-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87646-025-5) , pp. 418–419. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Kiss, 63 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Magda von Bárány-Oberschall, "Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája. The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos." Budapest 1937, pp. 86 ff. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Kiss ^ Jump up to: a b c d Magda von Bárány-Oberschall, Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája. The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos. Budapest 1937 pp. 60–78. ^ (#cite_ref-mbomono_15-0) Magda von Bárány-Oberschall: Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája. The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos. Budapest 1937 ^ (#cite_ref-16) Franz Tinnefeld: Nicolas Oikonomidès, La couronne dite de Constantin Monomaque, Travaux et Mémoires (Centre de Recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance) 12 (1994) S. 241–262 (http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/html/da512.htm) , Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Jahrgang 51. 1995, Heft 2, Besprechungen und Anzeigen, Nr. 187 ^ (#cite_ref-17) Kiss ^ (#cite_ref-18) Maguire, 210 ^ (#cite_ref-dawres_19-0) Dawson ^ (#cite_ref-20) Dawson, 188-189 ^ (#cite_ref-21) Dawson, 189 ^ (#cite_ref-22) Zonaras (/wiki/Zonaras) , 17.22.19 ^ Jump up to: a b Dawson, 190 References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crown of Konstantinos IX Monomachos (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crown_of_Konstantinos_IX_Monomachos) . Beckwith, John, Early Christian and Byzantine Art , Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 2nd edn. 1979, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0140560335 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140560335) Dawson, Timothy. The Monomachos Crown – Towards a Resolution. Byzantina Symmeikta, Athen 2009. Etele Kiss. "The State of Research into the Monomachos Crown and Some Further Thoughts." in Olenka Z. Pevny (Ed.): Perceptions of Byzantium and Its Neighbours (843–1261). New York 2000, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-300-08929-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08929-5) , google books (https://books.google.com/books?id=WUAa72T7DZUC&pg=PA60) Maguire, Henry, in The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261 , Editors, Helen C. Evans (/wiki/Helen_C._Evans) , William D. Wixom, 1997, Metropolitan Museum of Art, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0870997777 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870997777) , 9780870997778, no. 145, fully online (https://books.google.com/books?id=Caqa12aj55wC&pg=PA210) Further reading [ edit ] Magda von Bárány-Oberschall. Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája. The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos. Budapest 1937 Iwan Bach, Sándor Mihalik. "Problematik der Rekonstruktion der Monomachos-Krone," Acta historiae artium , IX, Budapest 1963, pp. 513–514. Etele Kiss. "Új eredmények a Monomachus-korona kutatásában?" Folia Archeologica XLVI, Budapest 1997, pp. 125–162 Tamás Lados. A Monomakhos-korona és I. András koronázás (https://www.academia.edu/14119809/A_Monomakhos-korona_%C3%A9s_I._Andr%C3%A1s_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa) FONS XXI (2014 ) pp. 289–314. Nicolas Oikonomidès. "La couronne dite de Constantin Monomaque," Travaux et Mémoires, Centre de Recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance , 12 (1994) pp. 241–262, 8 Klaus Wessel. Die byzantinische Emailkunst: Vom 5. bis 13. Jahrhundert. Beiträge zur Kunst des christlichen Ostens. Vol. 4. Bongers, Recklinghausen 1967, pp. 98–106. 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American fashion designer Dianne Brill Born Tampa, Florida (/wiki/Tampa,_Florida) Occupation Fashion designer Dianne Brill is a fashion designer, model, author, and former club kid (/wiki/Club_Kids) . Brill was a fixture in the 1980s downtown club scene in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [1] (#cite_note-Daze-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Andy Warhol (/wiki/Andy_Warhol) deemed her the "Queen of the Night". [1] (#cite_note-Daze-1) Life and career [ edit ] Brill was born in Tampa, Florida (/wiki/Tampa,_Florida) , and at the age of 19, she moved to London (/wiki/London) , where she became a promoter with Estée Lauder (/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies) . [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-NYT2-4) In the early 1980s, Brill moved to New York City and became involved in the city's nightlife. She was married to German nightlife impresario Rudolf Piper, who was the owner of Danceteria (/wiki/Danceteria) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Her club life is discussed in the book Disco Bloodbath: A Fabulous but True Tale of Murder in Clubland (/wiki/Disco_Bloodbath) and the work Party Monster: A Fabulous But True Tale of Murder in Clubland (later becoming the film Party Monster (/wiki/Party_Monster_(film)) ). [7] (#cite_note-7) Following her life in New York, Brill became an author. In 1992, she released the book Boobs, Boys and High Heels, or How to Get Dressed in Just Under Six Hours , in which she shares her beauty tips and gives fashion and romance advice. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) In the 1990s, Brill married German film producer Peter Völkle, with whom she has three children, and they relocated to Germany. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) She is a judge on the series Drag Race Germany (/wiki/Drag_Race_Germany) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Books [ edit ] Brill, Dianne (1992). Boobs, Boys and High Heels, or How to Get Dressed in Just Under Six Hours . Penguin Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-14-013264-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013264-9) . References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Lessons from a 1980s New York party girl and Warhol muse" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/art-photography/article/38609/1/dianne-brill-lessons-from-a-1980s-new-york-party-girl-and-warhol-muse) . Dazed . January 12, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180112132555/http://www.dazeddigital.com/art-photography/article/38609/1/dianne-brill-lessons-from-a-1980s-new-york-party-girl-and-warhol-muse) from the original on January 12, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "No Double Exposure, That's All Dianne Brill, the New Queen of the Night" (https://people.com/archive/no-double-exposure-thats-all-dianne-brill-the-new-queen-of-the-night-vol-24-no-25/) . people.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171117141037/http://people.com/archive/no-double-exposure-thats-all-dianne-brill-the-new-queen-of-the-night-vol-24-no-25/) from the original on November 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b "The unstoppable Ms Brill" (https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+unstoppable+Ms+Brill:+her+long-time+friend+Jerry+Hall--former...-a0164947281) . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT2_4-0) Geist, William E. (April 27, 1985). "About New York; Dianne Brill Reigns Over a World of Parties" (https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/27/nyregion/about-new-york-dianne-brill-reigns-over-a-world-of-parties.html) . The New York Times . p. 27 . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hogrefe, Jeffrey (May 19, 1985). "Every Night Fever" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1985/05/19/every-night-fever/f889b9f2-3b32-42d9-906d-611173264301/) . Washington Post . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0190-8286 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) . Retrieved August 18, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Stein, Jeannine (March 4, 1992). "Nightclub fixture and how-to writer Dianne Brill says she has been mistaken for a blond bimbo. But deep down she's a...: A Feminist Babe" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-04-vw-3114-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . ^ (#cite_ref-7) James, James St (2003). Party Monster: A Fabulous But True Tale of Murder in Clubland . Simon and Schuster. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7432-5982-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Cagle, Jess (January 24, 1992). "Boobs, Boys, and High Heels-or How to Get Dressed in Just Under Six Hours" (https://ew.com/article/1992/01/24/boobs-boys-and-high-heels-or-how-get-dressed-just-under-six-hours/) . EW.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160420150048/http://www.ew.com:80/article/1992/01/24/boobs-boys-and-high-heels-or-how-get-dressed-just-under-six-hours) from the original on April 20, 2016 . Retrieved August 18, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Nonfiction Book Review: Boobs, Boys and High Heels" (https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-14-013264-9) . PublishersWeekly.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210818125422/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-14-013264-9) from the original on August 18, 2021 . Retrieved August 18, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Meet the Queens of 'Drag Race Germany' Season 1" (https://www.out.com/gay-tv-shows/drag-race-germany) . www.out.com . Retrieved September 1, 2023 . External links [ edit ] Dianne Brill (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0109326/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/000000011381006X) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/166369477) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91017122) Poland (https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810655314705606) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐29scq Cached time: 20240712142116 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.395 seconds Real time usage: 0.569 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2340/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26507/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1280/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 47057/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.248/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6603516/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 536.633 1 -total 30.18% 161.943 1 Template:Infobox_person 22.12% 118.724 1 Template:Reflist 17.28% 92.733 1 Template:Authority_control 15.13% 81.193 7 Template:Cite_web 13.27% 71.192 1 Template:Short_description 10.96% 58.831 1 Template:Wikidata_image 8.61% 46.225 1 Template:ISBN 7.72% 41.452 2 Template:Pagetype 7.30% 39.183 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67347257-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712142116 and revision id 1216229635. 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List of a human attribute This is a non-exhaustive list of hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) , excluding facial hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_facial_hairstyles) . Short hairstyles [ edit ] Name Image Description Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) A classic short hairstyle where it is cut above the shoulders in a blunt cut with typically no layers. This style is most common among women. Bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) A style distinguished by smooth hair that is heightened and given extra fullness over teasing in the fringe area. Bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Named for the shape of the style as much as for a once-common method of achieving it (i.e. using a bowl to style the cut by placing it on the head and trimming the open hair). Moe Howard (/wiki/Moe_Howard) from The Three Stooges (/wiki/The_Three_Stooges) has this hairstyle for his trademark and Henry V of England (/wiki/Henry_V_of_England) had a similar hairstyle. This hairstyle was popular in the United States (for straight hair textures) during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Bunches (/wiki/Bunches) Another name for pigtails (/wiki/Pigtail) worn braided or unbraided. Butch cut (/wiki/Butch_cut) A butch is a type of haircut (/wiki/Haircut) in which the hair (/wiki/Hair) on the top of the head is cut short in every dimension. The top and the upper portion of the back and sides are cut the same length, which generally ranges between 5 millimeters (.25 in) and 20 millimetres (.75 in), following the contour of the head. The hair below the upper portion of the sides and back of the head is tapered short (/wiki/Regular_haircut#Short) or semi-short (/wiki/Regular_haircut#Semi-Short) with a clipper, in the same manner as a crew cut. Buzz cut (/wiki/Buzz_cut) A buzz cut, or wiffle cut, whereby the hair is very short and typically cut with manual hair clippers (/wiki/Manual_hair_clippers) . Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) The Caesar cut is a men's hairstyle that is cut to a regular fade with the bangs or fringe left longer than the top length. Chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) A variation on the traditional topknot and tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) of samurai in Feudal Japan, today worn by sumo wrestlers (/wiki/Sumo) . Unlike the samurai tonsure, the top of the head is never shaved for this hairstyle. Comb over (/wiki/Comb_over) Hair that is combed from one part of the head to another, often to cover up a bald spot. Comma hair Styling the hair or bangs into a curved comma formation. Conk (/wiki/Conk) A hairstyle where Afro-textured hair is straightened. This was popular among African-American men from the 1920s to 1960s. Crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) A crew cut or G.I. haircut is a type of haircut (/wiki/Haircut) in which the hair (/wiki/Hair) on the top of the head is cut relatively short, measured in length from the longest hair that forms a short pomp (pompadour) at the front hairline to the shortest at the back of the crown. The hair on the sides and back of the head is usually tapered short (/wiki/Regular_haircut#Short) , semi-short (/wiki/Regular_haircut#Semi-Short) or medium (/wiki/Regular_haircut#Medium) . Curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) Curtained hair is the term given to the hairstyle featuring a long fringe divided in either a middle parting or a side parting. The hairstyle was popular on adolescents and men from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s. Dido flip (/wiki/Dido_flip) A "short choppy shag", popularized by British pop singer Dido (/wiki/Dido_(singer)) . Ducktail (/wiki/Ducktail) A hairstyle predominantly favored by men, though some young female fans of Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) wore a similar look in his heyday. The style required that the hair were combed back around the sides of the head. The teeth edge of a comb was then used to define a central parting flowing from the crown to the nape at the back of the head, resembling, to many, the rear end of a duck. The hair on the top front of the head was usually that of a pompadour. The sides on back were styled to resemble the folded wings of the duck. Edgar cut (/wiki/Edgar_cut) A short hairstyle where the front hair has bangs and the sides are tapered. This style is most common among Latinos (/wiki/Latinos) . Eton crop (/wiki/Eton_crop) A more extensive version of a short crop, with the hair at the back cut close and the front hair left longer for styling. Fauxhawk (/wiki/Fauxhawk) Also known as the 'fashion punk cut', the hairstyle is an approximation of a mohawk made without shaving or 'buzzing' the hair on the sides of the head, thus allowing an imitation of the look of a real mohawk not having to commit to removing most of one's hair. The name is a portmanteau of faux , the French word for false or fake, and 'mohawk'. Flattop (/wiki/Flattop) A type of crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) where the hair on the top of the head is cut as a flat plane giving a levelled 'flat-topped' look. French Crop A haircut which is short at the sides and back, and medium length at the crown, worn with a fringe. [1] (#cite_note-1) Frosted tips (/wiki/Frosted_tips) A men's hairstyle (though women have adopted as well) in which the hair is cut short and formed into short spikes with hair gel or hair spray. The hair is bleached such that the tips of each spike will be light blond, usually in contrast to the wearer's main hair color. Frosted tips were prominent throughout the late 1990s. The style, without the coloring was also common and commonly just called "short and spiky". Hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) The hair is cut short on the sides and is grown long on the top. This style was popular among African-American youth and men in the late 1980s and early 1990s. High and tight (/wiki/High_and_tight) A military variant of the crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) . Induction Cut (/wiki/Induction_cut) A haircut given to recruits being inducted into military service. It is similar to a buzz cut (/wiki/Buzz_cut) . Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) An Ivy League , also known as a Harvard Clip or Princeton , is a type of crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) in which the hair (/wiki/Hair) on the top of the head is long enough to style with a side part. Marcel waves (/wiki/Marcelling) Deep waves made in short hair by a heated curling iron. Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Hair that is shaved or buzzed on the sides leaving a strip of hair in the middle. It is often spiked up. Mop-Top (/wiki/Moptop#The_mop-top_haircut) A mid-length haircut that has a fringe (bangs) that brushes over the forehead, collar length at back, with the ears partly covered by the hair, dependent on style. Was made popular by The Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) ( John Lennon (/wiki/John_Lennon) , Paul McCartney (/wiki/Paul_McCartney) , George Harrison (/wiki/George_Harrison) , and Ringo Starr (/wiki/Ringo_Starr) ) Pageboy (/wiki/Pageboy) A longer version of a bob, typically worn with a fringe (bangs) and reaching shoulder-length or a bit longer. Pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) A very short women's hairstyle with or without a shaggy fringe (bangs). Pompadour (/wiki/Pompadour_(hairstyle)) The hair is swept upwards from the face and worn high over the forehead, and sometimes upswept around the sides and back as well. The style, named after Madame de Pompadour (1721–1764), mistress of King Louis XV, is for both women and men. Quiff (/wiki/Quiff) The quiff combines the 1950s pompadour hairstyle, the 1950s flat-top, and, sometimes a mohawk. The hairstyle was an essential in the British 'Teddy Boy' movement, and became popular again in Europe in the early 1980s and 2010s. Recently examples of people wearing quiffs are Alex Turner (/wiki/Alex_Turner_(musician)) and Matt Helders (/wiki/Matt_Helders) of Arctic Monkeys (/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys) , Tom Meighan (/wiki/Tom_Meighan) of Kasabian (/wiki/Kasabian) , Eugene McGuinness (/wiki/Eugene_McGuinness) , Bruno Mars (/wiki/Bruno_Mars) , Nick Grimshaw (/wiki/Nick_Grimshaw) , and One Direction (/wiki/One_Direction) Shape-up (/wiki/Shape-up) Also called a "line-up". Hair that has an even line across the forehead and then turns sharply at a 90-degree angle and blends with the sideburns. It can be worn with almost any other hairstyle. Primarily worn by Latinos (/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) and some African Americans (/wiki/African_Americans) . Well-known examples include Canadian hip-hop artist Drake (/wiki/Drake_(entertainer)) and Vinny Guadagnino from MTV's Jersey Shore (/wiki/Jersey_Shore_(TV_series)) . Skin fade (/wiki/Regular_haircut#Short) Similar to a typical fade, except the hair is faded down to the skin. Slicked-back Hair that is combed (/wiki/Comb) back, away from the forehead, then held in place with a hairstyling product (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) . Titus cut (/wiki/Titus_cut) A short layered cut, typically with curls. Popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Traditionally worn by monks in the Middle Ages, still worn by some traditional monks today. Undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)) The undercut is a gendered haircut whereby the top section of hair is held in place whilst the side and back sections are cut, thus making the top longer and the back and sides undercutting. See also bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Waves (/wiki/Waves_(hairstyle)) Short-haired waves, shortened to just waves, is a very common and sought after hairstyle for African-American men that create the appearance of water-like waves in the hair. Wings (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) This style can range from long and hanging below the eyes, to a shorter length. Instead of lying on the wearer's ears, the hair flips up and comes straight out like an airplane wing, hence the name. Popular amongst the skateboarding, surfer and preppy communities. Also known as a 'mod cut'. Long hairstyles [ edit ] Long hairstyles may be considered those which reach beyond the shoulders on women, or require long hair to create, and past the chin on men. Name Image Description Afro (/wiki/Afro) A style of natural African hair (/wiki/Afro-textured_hair) that has been grown out without any straightening or ironing, and combed regularly with special afro picks (/wiki/Comb#Afro_pick) . In recent history, the hairstyle was popular through the late 1960s and 1970s in the United States. Beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) Backcombing or teasing with hairspray to style hair on top of the head so that the size and shape is suggestive of a beehive, hence the name. Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) Bangs (or fringe) straight across the high forehead, or cut at a slight U-shape. [2] (#cite_note-McFadden_2008-2) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) Any hairstyle with large volume, though this is generally a description given to hair with a straight texture that is blown out or "teased" into a large size. The increased volume is often maintained with the use of hairspray or other styling products that offer hold. Blowout (/wiki/Long_hair) A long hairstyle for women that is used with rich products and blown dry from the roots to the ends. Popularized by individuals such as Catherine, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge) Brush cut (/wiki/Butch_cut) Brush cut is an alternative name for a longer butch cut, especially one that shows natural curl. Bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) A hairstyle where the hair is arranged into a knot, usually at the back, crown, or top of the head. See also chignon (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) . Chignon (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) A specific type of bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) that is smoothly wrapped at the base of the neck. Croydon facelift (/wiki/Croydon_facelift) A tight ponytail worn at the top of the head, giving the effect of a facelift as it pulls the facial skin upwards. Often inappropriately referred to as a "top knot" (though this term, in its original context, actually refers to a chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) ). Crown braid A crown braid or crown plait is a traditional hairstyle usually worn by women with long hair, consisting of a braid wrapped up around the head. It is the signature hairstyle worn by Ukrainian politician Yulia Tymoshenko (/wiki/Yulia_Tymoshenko) . It is also similar to some of the hairstyles worn by Frida Kahlo (/wiki/Frida_Kahlo) . See also braid (/wiki/Braid) or plait. Double buns Two buns worn at either side of the head, popularized by Carrie Fisher (/wiki/Carrie_Fisher) ( Princess Leia (/wiki/Princess_Leia) ) of Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars) fame. Devilock (/wiki/Devilock) The sides and back are kept short while the front is grown long and combed forward. Well known in certain punk rock (/wiki/Punk_rock) subcultures due to its use being commonly associated to Misfits (/wiki/Misfits_(band)) bassist Jerry Only (/wiki/Jerry_Only) . Fallera hairdo A Valencian fallera hairstyle is a traditional women's hairstyle typical of Valencia (/wiki/Autonomous_Community_of_Valencia) and its Falles (/wiki/Falles) celebration, and is reminiscent of the " Princess Leia (/wiki/Princess_Leia) hairstyle" of Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars) fame. It is an elaborate hairstyle consisting of two spiralled buns on either side of the head and two braids blew around the back of the head, with twisted strands of hair in different forms in the middle of the braids. This hairstyle is reminiscent of the one found on the ancient statue of the Lady of Elx (/wiki/Lady_of_Elx) . Flipped-up ends A women's style that was popular in the 1960s. Characterized by upward curling ("flipped") ends. Lesley Gore (/wiki/Lesley_Gore) wore the flip in 1963 and Cybill Shepherd (/wiki/Cybill_Shepherd) wore it as a beauty queen in 1966. Feathered hair (/wiki/Feathered_hair) Feathered hair was popular in the 1970s and the early 1980s with both men and women. The hair was grown long on both sides (normally covering the ears, although it could be down to the shoulders), left unlayered (although some men with curly hair did have it layered) with either a side or a center parting. Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) A hairstyle popular in the second half of the 17th century. French braid (/wiki/French_braid) A French braid is a braid that appears to be braided "into" the hair, often described as braided backwards—strands, going over instead of under as in a Dutch braid. French twist (/wiki/French_twist_(hairstyle)) A hairstyle wherein the hair is twisted behind the head into a sort of bun style. Fringe (bangs) (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) Hair that is combed to the front of the head and cut at or above the eyebrows. Gretchenfrisur (/wiki/Gretchenfrisur) [ de (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchenfrisur) ] Braided hairstyle popular with German women, in which the hair is braided and piled atop the head. [3] (#cite_note-3) Half crown (/wiki/Regular_haircut#Semi-short) Alternative and historic name for a semi-short taper. Half updo Popularized in the 1960s by sex icons like Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) , this women's hairstyle requires medium-length or longer hair. The hair is divided from the temples back and then fixed into bun, chignon or ponytail to secure into place (therefore, half the hair is in an 'updo'). If a woman has a fringe, that area is usually left free and never pulled into the 'updo'. Hime cut (/wiki/Hime_cut) A Japanese hairstyle that consists of long straight hair that reaches at least below the shoulder blades with part of it cut to about shoulder-length and a fringe (bangs) that reaches the eyebrows. Jewfro (/wiki/Jewfro) A Jewish variant of the 'Afro' hairstyle. Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) Hair that is curly and kept moist (or at least a wet-look maintained) by a Jheri curl activator. This style was popular in the 1980s especially with African-Americans, including Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) and Rick James (/wiki/Rick_James) . Layered hair (/wiki/Layered_hair) A women's hairstyle where different sections of the hair are cut at different lengths to give the impression of layers. Liberty spikes (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Hair that is grown out long and spiked up usually with a gel Lob (/wiki/Lob_(haircut)) A shoulder-length hairstyle for women, much like a long bob, hence the name. Mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) Hair that is short in front and long in the back. Often described as "Business in the front, party in the back". Odango (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) A hairstyle where two buns are worn on either side of the head, with the rest of the hair worn as pigtails. Most well-known example of this style is worn by the titular character of the Japanese anime Sailor Moon (/wiki/Sailor_Moon) . In African-American culture, commonly referred to as "afro puffs." Oseledets (/wiki/Oseledets) A haircut consisting of a long tuft or lock of hair left on top of the shaven head, associated with Cossacks. Payot (/wiki/Payot) Sidelocks or earlocks, worn by some males in the Orthodox Jewish (/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish) community. Perm (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) Hair that is chemically treated to retain curl (curly perm) or lie straight (straight perm). New hair is not affected by the chemical treatment and will grow out naturally. Pigtails (/wiki/Pigtail) Hair that is divided into two equal sections and is then either braided or secured close to the scalp and left to hang free. Ponyhawk (/wiki/Ponyhawk) 1. A combination of a mohawk with a ponytail in the back. 2. Long hair worn in several ponytails running from front of the head to the back of the head resembling a mohawk. Unlike a usual mohawk, hair is not cut from the sides. The word is a portmanteau of 'ponytail' and 'mohawk'. Ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) When all of the hair is collected and fixed with a hair tie or clip close to the scalp, with the hair hanging free, resembling the tail of a pony. Psychobilly Wedge (/wiki/The_Psychobilly_Wedge) The Psychobilly Wedge is a sort of a mixture between a mohawk hairstyle and the pompadour. The hair along the side of the head is shaved and the middle is not spiked but slicked back and fashioned in a pompadour. Queue (/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)) Hair is worn long and gathered up into a ponytail, often braided. It was worn traditionally by the Manchu people of Manchuria (and their male Han Chinese subjects during the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) ) and certain Native American groups. The Rachel (/wiki/The_Rachel) A square-layered haircut popularized by Jennifer Aniston (/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston) ( Rachel Green (/wiki/Rachel_Green) ) on the 1990s sitcom Friends (/wiki/Friends) . Rattail (/wiki/Rattail_(haircut)) Hair that has been grown out long and shorn, or 'buzzed' except for a long, thin braid at the very top of the neck. Razor cut (/wiki/Razor_cut) Includes choppy short layers, thinned at the bottom. Not dissimilar from "emo" hair. Usually has a side-sweep fringe. Ringlets (/wiki/Ringlet_(haircut)) A tightly curled hairstyle. Shag cut (/wiki/Shag_(hairstyle)) A choppy layered hairstyle, characterized by layers to create fullness in the crown and fringes around the edges. There are many versions including the frat shag and boy's shag. Shingle bob (/wiki/Shingle_bob) A dome-shaped short haircut with the bottom razored into a V shape. Step cut (/wiki/Step_cutting) A measured style in which the hair takes the form of cascading steps. Surfer hair (/wiki/Surfer_hair) A tousled hairstyle. Tail on back Men's hairstyle by growing the hair in back like a small tail. This is widely used all over India. Updo (/wiki/Updo) An updo is the hairstyle in which the hair is twisted or pulled up. Weave (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) Similar to extensions, but the hairpiece is sewn in for longer or thicker hair. Any length styles [ edit ] Name Image Description Asymmetric cut (/wiki/Asymmetric_cut) A haircut where the hair is longer on one side. In the 1980s and 1990s, asymmetric was a popular staple of Black hip hop fashion, among women and men. Braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) A braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) , also known as a plait, is a type of hairstyle usually worn by women with long hair in which all or part of one's hair is separated into strands, normally three, and then plaited or braided together, typically forming one braid hanging down at the back of the head or two braids hanging down on either side of the head. Braids can also be strengthened or lengthened with the addition of weaving hair. Braids may also serve as the base for sewing on additional weave hair on top of the braid for additional hair styling options. See also cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) , queue (/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)) , crown braid (below), Dutch braid (/wiki/Dutch_braid) and pigtail (/wiki/Pigtail) . Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) A hairstyle originating from Sub-Saharan Africa (/wiki/Subsaharan_Africa) , popularized by African Americans (/wiki/African_Americans) wherein the hair is braided into a series of locks that cling to the head. Dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) The hair is 'dreadlocked' into individual sections using one of several methods, usually either backcombing, braiding, hand rolling, or locking in the roots. Dreadlocks can vary in size, tightness, and length. Dreadlocks are associated most closely with Rastafarians (/wiki/Rastafarians) . Extensions (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) Either natural or synthetic locks of hair secured to the head, either by taping, clipping, or sewn in, giving the wearer the appearance of having longer and thicker hair. Finger waves (/wiki/Finger_wave) Hair is set into waves using lotion and a comb. Fishtail hair Hair is worn in a braid resembling a fish's tail. Highlights (/wiki/Hair_highlighting) Small strands of hair are dyed lighter than the rest of the hair, mimicking the natural bleaching of sun-damaged hair. "Natural" (African) (/wiki/Afro-textured_hair) A typical texture of Black African (/wiki/Black_people) hair (/wiki/Hair) that has not been altered by hot combs (/wiki/Hot_comb) , flat irons (/wiki/Hair_iron) , or chemicals (by perming (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) , relaxing (/wiki/Relaxer) , or straightening (/wiki/Hair_straightening) ). Each strand of this hair type grows in a tiny spring-like, corkscrew shape (though there are different textures and degrees of waviness, curliness, and kinkiness across the entire population). The overall effect is such that, despite relatively fewer actual hair shafts compared to straight hair, [4] (#cite_note-pmid11531795-4) this texture appears (and feels) denser than its straight counterparts. The effect may be referred to as "thick", "bushy", or "woolly", and has at times been criticized for appearing "unpolished", "unkempt" or "unprofessional". In the 2010s, there was a resurgence in choosing the natural look among Black African Americans. See also [ edit ] Eponymous hairstyle (/wiki/Eponymous_hairstyle) Hairstyles in the 1950s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) Hairstyles in the 1980s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) Hairstyles of Japanese women (/wiki/Hairstyles_of_Japanese_women) List of facial hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_facial_hairstyles) Nihongami (/wiki/Nihongami) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) van den Broeke, Teo (27 April 2018). "How to get David Beckham's new haircut" (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/david-beckham-new-haircut) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-McFadden_2008_2-0) McFadden, Robert D. (December 11, 2008). "Bettie Page, Queen of Pinups, Dies at 85" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/12/arts/12page.html) . New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210308205503/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/12/arts/12page.html) from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Schur, Maxine Rose (March 2021). "My Cousin Fritz Was Married to a Nazi" (https://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2021/03/30/cousin-fritz-married-nazi/) . Hadassah . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210406201738/https://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2021/03/30/cousin-fritz-married-nazi/) from the original on 2021-04-06 . Retrieved 2023-10-31 . Her blond hair was braided and piled atop her head in the German style called Gretchen frisur . ^ (#cite_ref-pmid11531795_4-0) Loussouarn, G. (August 2001). "African hair growth parameters". British Journal of Dermatology . 145 (2): 294–297. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04350.x (https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2133.2001.04350.x) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 11531795 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11531795) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 29264439 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29264439) . External links [ edit ] Media related to Hair fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hair_fashion) at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of list of hairstyles at Wiktionary v t e Human hair (/wiki/Hair) Classification by type Lanugo (/wiki/Lanugo) Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Terminal (/wiki/Terminal_hair) Vellus (/wiki/Vellus_hair) by location Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Ear (/wiki/Ear_hair) Nose (/wiki/Nasal_hair) Eyebrow (/wiki/Eyebrow) unibrow (/wiki/Unibrow) Eyelash (/wiki/Eyelash) Underarm (/wiki/Underarm_hair) Chest (/wiki/Chest_hair) Abdominal (/wiki/Abdominal_hair) Pubic (/wiki/Pubic_hair) Leg (/wiki/Leg_hair) Head hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) ( list ) Afro (/wiki/Afro) Afro puffs (/wiki/Afro_puffs) Asymmetric cut (/wiki/Asymmetric_cut) Bald (/wiki/Hair_loss) Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) Beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) Blowout (/wiki/Long_hair) Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) Bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) Bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) Brush, butch, burr cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( odango (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ) Bunches (/wiki/Bunches) Businessman cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Butterfly haircut (/wiki/Butterfly_haircut) Buzz cut (/wiki/Buzz_cut) Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) Chignon (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) Chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) Comb over (/wiki/Comb_over) Conk (/wiki/Conk) Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) Crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) Crochet braids (/wiki/Crochet_braids) Croydon facelift (/wiki/Croydon_facelift) Curly hair (/wiki/Curly_hair) Curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) Czupryna (/wiki/Czupryna) Devilock (/wiki/Devilock) Dido flip (/wiki/Dido_flip) Digital perm (/wiki/Digital_perm) Dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) Ducktail (/wiki/Ducktail) Edgar cut (/wiki/Edgar_cut) Eton crop (/wiki/Eton_crop) Extensions (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) Fauxhawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Feathered hair (/wiki/Feathered_hair) Finger wave (/wiki/Finger_wave) Flattop (/wiki/Flattop) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) French braid (/wiki/French_braid) French twist (/wiki/French_twist_(hairstyle)) Fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) Frosted tips (/wiki/Frosted_tips) Hair crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Hair twists (/wiki/Hair_twists) High and tight (/wiki/High_and_tight) Hime cut (/wiki/Hime_cut) Historical Christian hairstyles (/wiki/Historical_Christian_hairstyles) Hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) Induction cut (/wiki/Induction_cut) Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) Japanese women (/wiki/Hairstyles_of_Japanese_women) Jewfro (/wiki/Jewfro) Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) Kinky hair (/wiki/Kinky_hair) Kiss curl (/wiki/Kiss_curl) Laid edges (/wiki/Laid_edges) Layered hair (/wiki/Layered_hair) Liberty spikes (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Long hair (/wiki/Long_hair) Lob cut (/wiki/Lob_(haircut)) Lovelock (/wiki/Lovelock_(hair)) Marcelling (/wiki/Marcelling) Mod cut (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) 1950s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) 1980s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) Pageboy (/wiki/Pageboy) Part (/wiki/Part_(haircut)) Payot (/wiki/Payot) Pigtail (/wiki/Pigtail) Pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) Pompadour (/wiki/Pompadour_(hairstyle)) Ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) Punch perm (/wiki/Punch_perm) Professional cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Queue (/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)) Quiff (/wiki/Quiff) Rattail (/wiki/Rattail_(hairstyle)) Razor cut (/wiki/Razor_cut) Regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Ringlets (/wiki/Ringlet_(haircut)) Shag (/wiki/Shag_(haircut)) Shape-up (/wiki/Shape-up) Shikha (/wiki/Shikha_(hairstyle)) Shimada (/wiki/Shimada_(hairstyle)) Short back and sides (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Short brush cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Short hair (/wiki/Short_hair) Spiky hair (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Straight hair (/wiki/Straight_hair) Standard haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Step cut (/wiki/Step_cutting) Surfer hair (/wiki/Surfer_hair) Taper cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Temple fade (/wiki/Temple_fade_(hairstyle)) Titus cut (/wiki/Titus_cut) Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Updo (/wiki/Updo) Undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)) Victory rolls (/wiki/Victory_rolls) Waves (/wiki/Waves_(hairstyle)) Widow's peak (/wiki/Widow%27s_peak) Wings (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Facial hair (/wiki/Facial_hair) ( list (/wiki/List_of_facial_hairstyles) ) Beard (/wiki/Beard) Chinstrap (/wiki/Chinstrap_beard) Goatee (/wiki/Goatee) Ned Kelly (/wiki/Ned_Kelly_beard) Shenandoah (/wiki/Shenandoah_(beard)) Soul patch (/wiki/Soul_patch) Van Dyke (/wiki/Van_Dyke_beard) Moustache (/wiki/Moustache) Fu Manchu (/wiki/Fu_Manchu_moustache) handlebar (/wiki/Handlebar_moustache) horseshoe (/wiki/Horseshoe_moustache) pencil (/wiki/Pencil_moustache) toothbrush (/wiki/Toothbrush_moustache) walrus (/wiki/Walrus_moustache) Designer stubble (/wiki/Designer_stubble) Sideburns (/wiki/Sideburns) Hair subtraction cosmetic Removal (/wiki/Hair_removal) waxing (/wiki/Waxing) threading (/wiki/Threading_(epilation)) plucking (/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)) chemical (/wiki/Chemical_depilatory) electric (/wiki/Electrology) laser (/wiki/Laser_hair_removal) IPL (/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light) Shaving (/wiki/Shaving) head (/wiki/Head_shaving) leg (/wiki/Leg_shaving) cream (/wiki/Shaving_cream) brush (/wiki/Shaving_brush) soap (/wiki/Shaving_soap) Razor (/wiki/Razor) electric (/wiki/Electric_shaver) safety (/wiki/Safety_razor) straight (/wiki/Straight_razor) disorders Alopecia (/wiki/Hair_loss) areata (/wiki/Alopecia_areata) totalis (/wiki/Alopecia_totalis) universalis (/wiki/Alopecia_universalis) Frictional alopecia (/wiki/Frictional_alopecia) Pattern hair loss (/wiki/Pattern_hair_loss) Hypertrichosis (/wiki/Hypertrichosis) Management (/wiki/Management_of_hair_loss) Trichophilia (/wiki/Trichophilia) Trichotillomania (/wiki/Trichotillomania) Pogonophobia (/wiki/Pogonophobia) Haircare products Brush (/wiki/Hairbrush) Clay (/wiki/Hair_clay) Clipper (/wiki/Hair_clipper) Comb (/wiki/Comb) Conditioner (/wiki/Hair_conditioner) Dryer (/wiki/Hair_dryer) Gel (/wiki/Hair_gel) Hairstyling products (/wiki/Hairstyling_product) Hot comb (/wiki/Hot_comb) Iron (/wiki/Hair_iron) Mousse (/wiki/Hair_mousse) Pomade (/wiki/Pomade) Relaxer (/wiki/Relaxer) Rollers (/wiki/Hair_roller) Shampoo (/wiki/Shampoo) Spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) Volumizer (/wiki/Hair_volumizer) Wax (/wiki/Hair_wax) Haircare techniques Backcombing (/wiki/Backcombing) Hair coloring (/wiki/Hair_coloring) Crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Curly Girl Method (/wiki/Curly_Girl_Method) Hair cutting (/wiki/Hair_cutting) Perm (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) Shampoo and set (/wiki/Shampoo_and_set) Straightening (/wiki/Hair_straightening) Health and medical Greying of hair (/wiki/Greying_of_hair) Hair follicle (/wiki/Hair_follicle) Hair growth (/wiki/Human_hair_growth) Trichology (/wiki/Trichology) Related Andre Walker Hair Typing System (/wiki/Andre_Walker_Hair_Typing_System) Beard and haircut laws by country (/wiki/Beard_and_haircut_laws_by_country) 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American costume illustrator Susan Zarate is an American costume illustrator for the film and music industry known for her work on the films To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar (/wiki/To_Wong_Foo,_Thanks_for_Everything!_Julie_Newmar) , Batman & Robin (/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)) , Amistad (/wiki/Amistad_(film)) , A.I. Artificial Intelligence (/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence) , Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (/wiki/Anchorman:_The_Legend_of_Ron_Burgundy) , and X-Men: The Last Stand (/wiki/X-Men:_The_Last_Stand) ; the television series 24 (/wiki/24_(TV_series)) , under costume designer Jim Lapidus; and with costume designer Erin Lareau on Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) 's California Dreams Tour (/wiki/California_Dreams_Tour) . She has worked with lead costume designers Milena Canonero (/wiki/Milena_Canonero) , Ruth E. Carter (/wiki/Ruth_E._Carter) , Michael Christiansen, Ingrid Ferrin, Shelley Komarov, Christopher Lawrence, Judianna Makovsky (/wiki/Judianna_Makovsky) , Debra McGuire, Ha Nguyen, Bob Ringwood (/wiki/Bob_Ringwood) , Marlene Stewart (/wiki/Marlene_Stewart_(costume_designer)) , and Robert Turturice. [1] (#cite_note-1) Zarate taught on the faculty of Otis College of Art and Design (/wiki/Otis_College_of_Art_and_Design) in Los Angeles, California. [2] (#cite_note-2) Her sketch of a design for Julianna Margulies (http://collections.oscars.org/link/prodart/254) in The Newton Boys (/wiki/The_Newton_Boys) is included in the Costume Designers Guild collection of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences) . Filmography [ edit ] 2009 Hannah Montana: The Movie (/wiki/Hannah_Montana:_The_Movie) 2008 Tropic Thunder (/wiki/Tropic_Thunder) 2006 X-Men: The Last Stand (/wiki/X-Men:_The_Last_Stand) 2005 Sky High (/wiki/Sky_High_(2005_film)) 2005 Monster-in-Law (/wiki/Monster-in-Law) 2004 Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (/wiki/Anchorman:_The_Legend_of_Ron_Burgundy) 2004 Spider-Man 2 (/wiki/Spider-Man_2) 2002 Solaris (/wiki/Solaris_(2002_film)) 2001 A.I. Artificial Intelligence (/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence) 2000 The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (/wiki/The_Flintstones_in_Viva_Rock_Vegas) 1997 Amistad (/wiki/Amistad_(film)) 1997 Batman & Robin (/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)) 1995 To Wong Foo Thanks for Everything, Julie Newmar (/wiki/To_Wong_Foo_Thanks_for_Everything,_Julie_Newmar) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Landis, Deborah Nadoolman (2012). Hollywood Sketchbook: A Century of Costume Illustration . New York, NY: Harper Design / HarperCollins. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-198496-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Fashion Design faculty member Suzy Zarate" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140209091549/http://www.otis.edu/spotlight/fashion-design-faculty-member-suzy-zarate) . Otis College of Art and Design . Archived from the original (http://www.otis.edu/spotlight/fashion-design-faculty-member-suzy-zarate) on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . 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American fashion company founded by Kim Kardashian Not to be confused with SKIMS (/wiki/SKIMS) . Skims Formerly Kimono Intimates Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) Industry Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Founded 10 September 2019 Founder Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) Emma Grede (/wiki/Emma_Grede) Jens Grede Headquarters Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) Key people Jens Grede ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer) ) Products Shapewear (/wiki/Shapewear) Website skims (https://skims.com) .com (https://skims.com) Skims is an American shapewear (/wiki/Shapewear) and clothing (/wiki/Clothing) brand co-founded by Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) , Emma Grede (/wiki/Emma_Grede) and Jens Grede. [1] (#cite_note-cnbc-11-21-1) Skims has a focus on body positivity (/wiki/Body_positivity) and inclusivity across the brand and practices inclusive sizing (/wiki/Inclusive_sizing) . [2] (#cite_note-voguebusiness-02-22-2) The company was valued at over $4 billion in July 2023. [3] (#cite_note-nytimes-04-21-3) History [ edit ] The company was founded in June 2019 by American media personality and businesswoman Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) , and Swedish entrepreneur Jens Grede. [4] (#cite_note-bloomberg-01-22-4) Kardashian's then husband, Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) , was credited as being her "Ghost Creative Director" and for creating the company's unique logo. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Prior to creation of this line, Kardashian was inspired by her own creative work of altering clothes, stating she "[has been] designing shapewear for 15 years". [7] (#cite_note-7) Skims's initial launch resulted in more than US$2 million in profit and the company selling out of merchandise in 10 minutes. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) The company claims to have sold more than three million products in its first year in business. [2] (#cite_note-voguebusiness-02-22-2) In April 2021, the company was reported to be worth over US$1.6 billion. [3] (#cite_note-nytimes-04-21-3) After further investments, the valuation of Skims was reported at US$3.2 billion in January 2022. [4] (#cite_note-bloomberg-01-22-4) [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) In March 2022, Skims made it to TIME ' s List of 100 Most Influential Companies of the year 2022. [10] (#cite_note-10) In October 2023, Skims announced the company's first venture into menswear with a collection of underwear, t-shirts, socks, and tank tops designed for men. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Products [ edit ] Skims is notable for its wide range of sizes that range from XXS to 5XL. [2] (#cite_note-voguebusiness-02-22-2) Skims shape wear also comes in nine different shades to accommodate different skin tones. [2] (#cite_note-voguebusiness-02-22-2) In addition to shape wear, Skims has released many different collections in lounge wear, lingerie and accessories including bras, underwear, bodysuits, dresses, shorts, sweatpants, tops, hoodies, sweaters and slides. [2] (#cite_note-voguebusiness-02-22-2) [13] (#cite_note-13) Initially sold directly to consumers via SKIMS.com, Skims products are now being sold on a variety of websites and in Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) stores. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Collaborations [ edit ] Skims has collaborated with many companies. In 2021, the company established a partnership with the United States Olympics team (/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics) providing Team USA and Skims branded athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) for its athletes. The athletes wore the clothing during the 2020 Summer Olympics (/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics) and Paralympics (/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics) in Tokyo, and at the 2022 Winter Olympics (/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics) in Beijing. [16] (#cite_note-16) [4] (#cite_note-bloomberg-01-22-4) In October 2021, the company collaborated with Italian fashion house Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , creating a capsule collection (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) of FENDI x SKIMS branded shapewear, leather dresses, and swimsuits. [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-wwd-10-21-18) The collaboration was inspired by a Fendi collection previously released in 1978 by Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) . [18] (#cite_note-wwd-10-21-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Bloomberg News (/wiki/Bloomberg_News) reported that the collaboration generated an estimated US$3 million in sales within 10 minutes of its release. [4] (#cite_note-bloomberg-01-22-4) In September 2023, the company and the National Basketball Association (NBA) (/wiki/National_Basketball_Association) announced a multiyear partnership in making Skims the official underwear partner of the NBA, the Women's National Basketball League (WNBA) (/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association) , and USA Basketball (/wiki/USA_Basketball) . As part of the partnership, Skims will also receive media exposure across several league platforms, including on-court virtual signage during NBA and WNBA broadcasts, as well as on the leagues' official social and digital platforms (/wiki/Social_media) .The company and its products will also be highlighted at USA Basketball marquee events, including the USA Basketball Showcase, which features USA men's and women's national team exhibition games before major international competitions. [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Controversies [ edit ] The company was originally named Kimono Intimates by Kardashian and Jens Grede. [4] (#cite_note-bloomberg-01-22-4) [3] (#cite_note-nytimes-04-21-3) The company's initial name was criticized by critics which argued that it disrespected Japanese culture and ignored the significance behind the country's traditional outfit (/wiki/Kimono) . The mayor of Kyoto (/wiki/Kyoto) , Daisaku Kadokawa (/wiki/Daisaku_Kadokawa) , wrote to Kardashian asking her to reconsider the company name and trademark for Kimono. Later, Kardashian announced that she would change the company's name to Skims . [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) Marketing [ edit ] The company frequently utilizes influencer marketing by having celebrities and social media influencers wear their clothes. [24] (#cite_note-glamourandguide-09-21-24) Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) , Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) , Kourtney Kardashian (/wiki/Kourtney_Kardashian) and Khloé Kardashian (/wiki/Khlo%C3%A9_Kardashian) have been seen wearing Skims numerous times on social media and in Skims advertising campaigns. [24] (#cite_note-glamourandguide-09-21-24) Other celebrities that have participated in Skims campaigns include Paris Hilton (/wiki/Paris_Hilton) , Megan Fox (/wiki/Megan_Fox) , Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , Precious Lee (/wiki/Precious_Lee) , Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) , Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) , Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) , Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) , Rosalía (/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa) , Paris Jackson (/wiki/Paris_Jackson) , Becky G (/wiki/Becky_G) , Brooke Shields (/wiki/Brooke_Shields) , Teyana Taylor (/wiki/Teyana_Taylor) , Iman Shumpert (/wiki/Iman_Shumpert) , Snoop Dogg (/wiki/Snoop_Dogg) , Chelsea Handler (/wiki/Chelsea_Handler) , SZA (/wiki/SZA) , PinkPantheress (/wiki/PinkPantheress) , Lana Del Rey (/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey) , Ice Spice (/wiki/Ice_Spice) , Neymar (/wiki/Neymar) , Nick Bosa (/wiki/Nick_Bosa) , Sabrina Carpenter (/wiki/Sabrina_Carpenter) , Nelly Furtado (/wiki/Nelly_Furtado) , Kim Cattrall (/wiki/Kim_Cattrall) , Lana Condor (/wiki/Lana_Condor) , Coco Jones (/wiki/Coco_Jones) and Hari Nef (/wiki/Hari_Nef) . [24] (#cite_note-glamourandguide-09-21-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Financials [ edit ] Skims's initial launch resulted in more than US$2 million in profit and the company selling out of merchandise in 10 minutes. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) The company claims to have sold more than 3 million products in its first year in business. [2] (#cite_note-voguebusiness-02-22-2) In April 2021, the company was reported to be worth over US$1.6 billion. [3] (#cite_note-nytimes-04-21-3) In January 2022, Skims was reported over to be worth US$3.2 billion. After further investments, the valuation increased to US$4 billion in July 2023. [4] (#cite_note-bloomberg-01-22-4) [9] (#cite_note-:1-9) Awards [ edit ] In 2021, founder Kim Kardashian was given a "Brand Innovator" award for her work on Skims by Wall Street Journal Magazine 's Innovator Awards. [30] (#cite_note-30) In November 2022, Skims received the inaugural "Innovation Award" presented by Amazon (/wiki/Amazon_(company)) Fashion at the 2022 CFDA Fashion Awards (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) . Cofounders Kim Kardashian, Emma Grede, and Jens Grede accepted the award at Casa Cipriani (/wiki/Casa_Cipriani) in Manhattan, New York (/wiki/Manhattan) . [31] (#cite_note-31) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-cnbc-11-21_1-0) Gomez, Brandon (2021-11-09). "BEHIND THE DESK Co-founder of $1.6 billion brand Skims: 'I have a rule -- you have to do things that scare you' (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/09/skims-co-founder-emma-grede-on-deal-making-skills-supporting-women.html) " (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/09/skims-co-founder-emma-grede-on-deal-making-skills-supporting-women.html) . CNBC . Retrieved 2022-11-21 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Maguire, Lucy (2020-10-26). "Kim Kardashian West: On shapewear" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/kim-kardashian-west-on-shapewear) . Vogue Business . Retrieved 2022-02-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d de la Merced, Michael J. (2021-04-09). "Kim Kardashian's Billion-Dollar Brand Defies the Pandemic" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/business/dealbook/kardashian-skims.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2022-01-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bhasin, Kim (January 27, 2022). "Kim Kardashian's Skims Doubles Valuation to $3.2 Billion" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-27/kim-kardashian-s-skim-underwear-brand-doubles-valuation-to-3-2-billion) . Bloomberg News (/wiki/Bloomberg_News) . Retrieved January 28, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Rogers, Taylor Nicole. "Kim Kardashian said Kanye West was the 'ghost creative director' of the shapewear brand she launched in September and that he held a 2-hour meeting about product's packaging" (https://www.businessinsider.com/kim-kardashian-kanye-west-skims-ghost-creative-director-2019-11) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved 2022-10-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Friedman, Vanessa (2019-06-27). "Kim Kardashian West and the Kimono Controversy" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/fashion/kim-kardashian-west-kimono-cultural-appropriation.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2022-10-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Marinelli, Gina (September 10, 2019). "Everything We Know About Skims, Kim Kardashian West's Solutionwear Line" (https://www.glamour.com/story/skims-kim-kardashians-solutionwear-line) . Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . ^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Talia (2019-10-11). "Kim Kardashian West Announces Launch of New Cotton-Based SKIMS Collection" (https://www.teenvogue.com/story/kim-kardashian-announces-new-skims-collection) . Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) . Retrieved 2022-01-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Kim Kardashian's Skims doubles valuation to $3.2 bln after latest fundraise" (https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/kim-kardashians-skims-valued-32-bln-after-latest-funding-round-bloomberg-news-2022-01-27/) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . 2022-01-27 . Retrieved 2022-02-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "TIME100 Most Influential Companies 2022: SKIMS" (https://time.com/collection/time100-companies-2022/6159502/skims/) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 2022-04-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Cartter, Eileen (2023-10-23). "Kim Kardashian on Finally Making Skims Underwear for Men" (https://www.gq.com/story/skims-mens-launch-kim-kardashian-interview) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Retrieved 2024-02-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Fontaine, Aéris (2023-10-24). "Skims lance Skims Mens, sa ligne pour hommes" (https://fashionunited.fr/actualite/mode/skims-lance-skims-mens-sa-ligne-pour-hommes/2023102433399) (in French). FashionUnited (/wiki/FashionUnited) . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "SKIMS | Solutions For Every Body" (https://skims.com/) . SKIMS . Retrieved 2022-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "FAQs" (https://skims.com/pages/faqs) . SKIMS . Retrieved 2022-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Testa, Jessica (2020-02-06). "Kim Kardashian Has Learned Restraint" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/style/kim-kardashian-has-learned-restraint.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2022-02-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Hills, Megan C. (June 29, 2021). "Kim Kardashian's label will supply Team USA with undergarments and loungewear" (https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/kim-kardashian-skims-olympics-team-usa) . CNN Style (/wiki/CNN_Style) . Retrieved January 31, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Iredale, Jessica (October 25, 2021). "Kim Kardashian West's Skims to Partner With Fendi" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/kim-kardashian-west-skims-fendi-collab-news-11635166830) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . Retrieved January 31, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Carrera, Martino (2021-10-26). "Fendi x Skims Collection Blends Both Brands' Ethos" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/fendi-skims-collection-kim-kardashian-west-kim-jones-capsule-collection-1234982755/) . WWD . Retrieved 2022-01-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Where To Get Your Hands On Fendi X Skims Before It Sells Out" (https://www.bustle.com/style/fendi-skims-price-collection-lookbook) . Bustle . Retrieved 2022-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Skims named official underwear partner of the NBA, WNBA and USA Basketball" (https://www.nba.com/news/skims-underwear-partner-nba-wnba-usab-official-release) . National Basketball Association . 2023-10-30. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231030155229/https://www.nba.com/news/skims-underwear-partner-nba-wnba-usab-official-release) from the original on 2023-10-30. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "SKIMS Named Official Underwear Partner of USA Basketball" (https://www.usab.com/news/2023/10/skims-named-official-underwear-partner-of-usa-basketball) . USA Basketball . 2023-10-30. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240401212710/https://www.usab.com/news/2023/10/skims-named-official-underwear-partner-of-usa-basketball) from the original on 2024-04-01 . Retrieved 2024-04-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Ho, Vivian (July 1, 2019). "#KimOhNo: Kim Kardashian West renames Kimono brand amid outcry" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/jul/01/our-traditional-garment-is-not-spandex-kim-kardashian-west-renames-brand-amid-outcry) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved January 31, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Thomas, Lauren (August 26, 2019). "In wake of Kimono uproar, Kim Kardashian names shapewear company Skims" (https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/26/kim-kardashian-names-shapewear-company-skims-plans-september-launch.html) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . Retrieved January 31, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "SKIMS & Their Marketing: How They're Breaking The Internet (in the best way possible)" (https://glamourandguide.com/2021/09/29/skims-their-marketing-how-theyre-breaking-the-internet-in-the-best-way-possible/) . Glamour & Guide . 2021-09-29 . Retrieved 2022-02-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Kim Kardashian West and Paris Hilton Spotted in SKIMS Velour" (https://skims.com/blogs/tv/kim-kardashian-west-and-paris-hilton-spotted-in-skims-velour) . SKIMS . Retrieved 2022-02-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Paris Jackson Models Swimsuit For SKIMS's Latest Campaign" (https://thelooks.com/10011786/paris-jackson-models-swimsuit-for-skimss-latest-campaign) . thelooks.com . 2022-07-31 . Retrieved 2022-08-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Johnston, Rylee (2024-04-01). "Sabrina Carpenter Channels the '90s for SKIMS' Sultry Underwear Campaign" (https://www.billboard.com/culture/product-recommendations/sabrina-carpenter-skims-collection-buy-online-1235645953/) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240401211234/https://www.billboard.com/culture/product-recommendations/sabrina-carpenter-skims-collection-buy-online-1235645953/) from the original on 2024-04-01 . Retrieved 2024-04-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Instagram post by Skims" (https://www.instagram.com/p/Cx5v607RP03/) . www.instagram.com . Retrieved 2023-10-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Johnston, Rylee (2023-10-02). "Nelly Furtado & More Celebs Star in New SKIMS Campaign: Shop the Star-Studded Line" (https://www.billboard.com/culture/product-recommendations/nelly-furtado-skims-campaign-1235429576/) . Billboard . Retrieved 2023-10-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Bjornson, Greta. "Kim Kardashian Thanks SKIMS for Helping Her Avoid 'Fashion Emergency' at WSJ. Innovator Awards" (https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/lifestyle-buzz/kim-kardashian-thanks-skims-for-helping-her-avoid-fashion-emergency-at-wsj-innovator-awards/ar-AAQdSV6) . MSN . Retrieved 2022-02-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Lockwood, Lisa (2022-10-25). "Skims to Receive Inaugural Innovation Award at the 2022 CFDA Fashion Awards, Presented by Amazon Fashion" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/skims-to-accept-inaugural-innovation-award-at-the-2022-cfda-fashion-awards-presented-by-amazon-fashion-1235399976/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221025120051/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/skims-to-accept-inaugural-innovation-award-at-the-2022-cfda-fashion-awards-presented-by-amazon-fashion-1235399976/) from the original on 2022-10-25 . Retrieved 2024-04-01 . 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Traditional Chinese garment Dudou A child's doudou from the early 20th century, missing its strings Chinese name Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 肚兜 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%82%9A%E5%85%9C) Literal meaning belly wrap Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) dùdōu Wade–Giles (/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles) tu-tou Doudu Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 兜肚 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%9C%E8%82%9A) Literal meaning [thing that] wraps the belly Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) dōudù Wade–Giles (/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles) tou-tu Doudou Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 兜兜 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%9C%E5%85%9C) Literal meaning "wrappy" "little wrap" Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) dōudōu Wade–Giles (/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles) tou-tou Japanese name Kanji (/wiki/Kanji) 腹掛け Transcriptions Romanization (/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese) haragake A Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_people) woman wearing her yem (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) as a blouse A dudou ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 肚兜, 兜肚, or 兜兜 ; also known by other names (#Name) ) is a traditional Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) article of clothing (/wiki/Clothing) that covers the front of the torso, originally worn as an undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) with medicinal (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine) properties. With the opening (/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform) of China (/wiki/China) , it is sometimes encountered in Western (/wiki/Western_fashion) and modern Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) fashion (/wiki/Fashion) as a sleeveless shirt and backless halter-top (/wiki/Halterneck) blouse (/wiki/Blouse) . Name [ edit ] In Ancient Chinese (/wiki/Old_Chinese) , 兜 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%9C) referred to a kind of helmet (/wiki/Helmet) or hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) . [1] (#cite_note-BaxSag-1) By the time of the development of the dudou, it had taken on extended senses of encasing or enwrapping something as in a hood, scarf, or loose parcel. [2] (#cite_note-wufangclan2-2) [n 1] (#cite_note-3) Dùdōu may thus be understood as Chinese for "belly wrap" or "cover", [3] (#cite_note-chifa-4) [4] (#cite_note-5) referring to its early use to flatten (/wiki/Breast_binding) the breasts (/wiki/Breasts) and, within traditional Chinese medicine (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine) , to preserve stomach (/wiki/Stomach) qi (/wiki/Qi) . Using the same characters (/wiki/Chinese_characters) , it is also known as a doudu [2] (#cite_note-wufangclan2-2) [5] (#cite_note-liz-6) or doudou . [6] (#cite_note-7) [n 2] (#cite_note-9) The latter form is diminutive (/wiki/Diminutive) and is particularly used for the dudous worn by Chinese children. [8] (#cite_note-snoddygirls-10) Its various Chinese names are typically left untranslated in English. [9] (#cite_note-trans-11) In Chinese sources, the dudou is sometimes mistranslated (/wiki/Chinglish) as a " bellyband (/wiki/Belly_band_(disambiguation)) ", [9] (#cite_note-trans-11) [10] (#cite_note-12) which more commonly refers to a variety of other devices including a horse's harness (/wiki/Horse_harness) [11] (#cite_note-13) and a compression garment (/wiki/Compression_garment) used by expectant mothers (/wiki/Maternity_clothing) . [12] (#cite_note-14) The oddity arises from the similarity of the dudou's purpose (though not construction or appearance) with the Japanese haramaki (/wiki/Haramaki_(clothing)) . In the 19th century, it was translated or glossed as a Chinese " stomacher (/wiki/Stomacher) " or " corset (/wiki/Corset) ". [7] (#cite_note-wufangclan-8) The dudou is also sometimes translated or glossed as an " apron (/wiki/Apron) " [9] (#cite_note-trans-11) [13] (#cite_note-snoddywomen-15) [14] (#cite_note-nightnight-16) [15] (#cite_note-cancer-17) or " bib (/wiki/Bib_(garment)) " [5] (#cite_note-liz-6) owing to its similar appearance. History [ edit ] The dudou's original development is sometimes credited to Yang Yuhuan (/wiki/Yang_Yuhuan) , the curvy consort (/wiki/Imperial_consorts_of_Tang_China) of Emperor Xuanzong (/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang) of the Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) still remembered as one of China (/wiki/Imperial_China) 's Four Beauties (/wiki/Four_Beauties) , [16] (#cite_note-hisdu-18) at that time, dudou was called hezi ( 诃子 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AF%83%E5%AD%90) ), but the importance of the stomach (/wiki/Stomach) as the origin of the body's blood (/wiki/Blood) and qi (/wiki/Qi) in traditional Chinese medicine (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine) [17] (#cite_note-19) has meant that variations of the undershirt are found as early as the Qin (/wiki/Qin_dynasty) 's tunic (/wiki/Tunic) -like xièyī (/w/index.php?title=Xieyi_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1) ( t (/wiki/Traditional_characters) 褻衣 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A4%BB%E8%A1%A3) , s (/wiki/Simplified_characters) 亵衣 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%B5%E8%A1%A3) ). [18] (#cite_note-moc-20) The dudou proper was popularized under the Ming (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) dynasty (/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dynasties) beginning in the mid-1300s [13] (#cite_note-snoddywomen-15) around the time of the Black Death (/wiki/Black_Death_migration#Possible_Asian_outbreak) . [15] (#cite_note-cancer-17) [n 3] (#cite_note-22) Versions of it were worn by female babies in medieval China until age three. [8] (#cite_note-snoddygirls-10) The medicinal aspect of the dudou was underscored by its common incorporation of small pockets to hold snatches of ginger (/wiki/Ginger) , musk (/wiki/Musk) , or other herbs intended to boost the stomach's qi (/wiki/Qi) . [20] (#cite_note-cd-23) [ better source needed ] Its red form is also held to ward off evil spirits in Chinese folk religions (/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion) . [3] (#cite_note-chifa-4) The dudou inspired similar fashions elsewhere in East Asia (/wiki/East_Asia) , including the Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) yem (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) and the Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) haragake. Within China, it has remained a traditional item of Chinese clothing (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) , [21] (#cite_note-duyou-24) [22] (#cite_note-25) particularly in traditional wedding attire (/wiki/Chinese_wedding) . [23] (#cite_note-26) Generally, however, the dudou fell out of favor towards the end of the Qing as part of the drive to modernize the country, displaced by European-style corsets (/wiki/Corset) and bras (/wiki/Bra) . [24] (#cite_note-lulu-27) After a decade of public debate, the use of dudous for flattening breasts was formally outlawed, beginning in Guangdong (/wiki/Guangdong) in 1927. [25] (#cite_note-28) This change in fashion has sometimes been linked to the rise in breast cancer (/wiki/Breast_cancer) occurring around the same time. [15] (#cite_note-cancer-17) Dudous first became an object of Western fashion (/wiki/Western_fashion) in the year 2000, when variations of the Chinese design appeared in the spring collections (/wiki/Spring_collection) of Versace (/wiki/Versace) , [26] (#cite_note-versach-29) [n 4] (#cite_note-30) Versus (/wiki/Versus_(fashion)) , [27] (#cite_note-31) and Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) . [28] (#cite_note-32) It has since become a mainstay of some Chinese-influenced fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_design) . [29] (#cite_note-33) This development inspired some Chinese women, including Zhang Ziyi (/wiki/Zhang_Ziyi) , [16] (#cite_note-hisdu-18) to begin wearing the dudou as an article of outerwear (/wiki/Outerwear) , [21] (#cite_note-duyou-24) [14] (#cite_note-nightnight-16) [30] (#cite_note-34) although many older Chinese remain (sometimes sternly) disapproving of this development. [3] (#cite_note-chifa-4) [31] (#cite_note-35) Design [ edit ] The typical design of a dudou consists of a single rectangular, rhomboidal (/wiki/Rhombus) , diamond-shaped (/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)) piece of fabric which covers the breasts (/wiki/Breasts) and belly (/wiki/Stomach) , tied to the neck (/wiki/Neck) and waist (/wiki/Waist) with attached strings. [21] (#cite_note-duyou-24) It is thus a form of halter top (/wiki/Halter_top) . Richer women use silk (/wiki/Silk) , yarn (/wiki/Yarn) or brocade (/wiki/Brocade) while the poor make do with cotton (/wiki/Cotton) . [24] (#cite_note-lulu-27) Popular colors are red, pink, and green and they are often embroidered (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) with flowers, butterflies (/wiki/Butterflies) , or Mandarin ducks (/wiki/Mandarin_duck) . [21] (#cite_note-duyou-24) Formerly popular designs included bats (/wiki/Bat_(animal)) ( homophonous (/wiki/Homophone) with "happiness" in Chinese), peaches (/wiki/Peach) ("longevity"), guavas (/wiki/Guava) (whose many seeds caused it to represent fertility), and virtuous expressions. [24] (#cite_note-lulu-27) Under the Ming and Qing, dudous were solely items of underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and were used to flatten women's breasts (/wiki/Breast_binding) , [21] (#cite_note-duyou-24) similar to a gentle corset (/wiki/Corset) . [16] (#cite_note-hisdu-18) Wealthier families used bronze (/wiki/Bronze) , silver (/wiki/Silver) , or gold (/wiki/Gold) chains instead of silk thread. [24] (#cite_note-lulu-27) The first dudous were simple rectangles, but by the Qing they had been turned to form a diamond shape, exposing more of the shoulders. [24] (#cite_note-lulu-27) Some variants have a collar (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) which is lowered around the head. Western (/wiki/Western_fashion) -influenced dudous may be made of other fabrics (/wiki/Fabric) , including leather (/wiki/Leather) or transparent (/wiki/See-through_clothing) cloth. [21] (#cite_note-duyou-24) See also [ edit ] Apron (/wiki/Apron) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) and bodice (/wiki/Bodice) , its Western undershirt equivalents Choli (/wiki/Choli) , an Indian bodice-like upper garment that evolved from the 6th century BC stanapatta or chest band. Halter top (/wiki/Halter_top) , its Western outerwear equivalent Haramaki (/wiki/Haramaki_(clothing)) , its Japanese medicinal equivalent History of bras (/wiki/History_of_bras) Sleeveless shirt (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) , its Vietnamese equivalent Explanatory notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-3) In modern Chinese (/wiki/Modern_Chinese) , it is most often encountered as yīdōu ( 衣兜 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A3%E5%85%9C) ), a word for pockets (/wiki/Pocket) in clothing (/wiki/Clothing) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) In the 19th century, dudou and doudu were also irregularly transliterated as tu-teu and teu-tu . [2] (#cite_note-wufangclan2-2) [7] (#cite_note-wufangclan-8) ^ (#cite_ref-22) The modern form of the dudou appears in Chinese movies (/wiki/Chinese_film) anachronistically throughout all of Chinese history, as in Feng Xiaogang (/wiki/Feng_Xiaogang) 's 2006 Tang (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) -era Banquet (/wiki/The_Banquet_(2006_film)) . [19] (#cite_note-21) ^ (#cite_ref-30) Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) described the dudou-influenced pieces as "mischievous handkerchief (/wiki/Handkerchief) blouses ". [26] (#cite_note-versach-29) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-BaxSag_1-0) Baxter, William Hubbard III (/wiki/William_Hubbard_Baxter_III) ; et al. (2014), Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction, Ver. 1.1 (http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf) (PDF) , Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, p. 23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, S. Wells (1889), "兜" (https://books.google.com/books?id=C6NJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA873) , A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language, Arranged According to the Wu-Fang Yuen Yin, with the Pronunciation of the Characters as Heard in Peking, Canton, Amoy, and Shanghai , Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press . ^ Jump up to: a b c Zhao Jianhua (28 February 2013), The Chinese Fashion Industry: An Ethnographic Approach , London: Bloomsbury Academic, p. 1 (https://books.google.com/books?id=hVZMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847889355 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Pitts-Taylor, Victoria (2008), "Breasts" (https://books.google.com/books?id=66u24WAyO_YC&pg=PA46) , Cultural Encyclopedia of the Body, Vol. I (https://books.google.com/books?id=66u24WAyO_YC) , Westport (/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut) : Greenwood Publishing, p. 46, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313341458 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lewandowski, Elizabeth J., "doudu" (https://books.google.com/books?id=gbIsJ2tZJS4C&pg=PA91) , The Complete Costume Dictionary , p. 91 (https://books.google.com/books?id=gbIsJ2tZJS4C&pg=PA91) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Gao Wanlong; et al. (2012), A Handbook of Chinese Cultural Terms , Trafford Publishing, p. 51 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqld5aZ63o0C&pg=PA51) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781466920057 . ^ Jump up to: a b Williams, S. Wells (1889), "'肚" (https://books.google.com/books?id=C6NJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA917) , A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language, Arranged According to the Wu-Fang Yuen Yin, with the Pronunciation of the Characters as Heard in Peking, Canton, Amoy, and Shanghai , Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press . ^ Jump up to: a b Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2014), "Children's Clothing, Girls" (https://books.google.com/books?id=gO9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118) , World Clothing and Fashion, Vol. I (https://books.google.com/books?id=gO9nBwAAQBAJ) , M.E. Sharpe, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781317451679 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Liu, Eric T.; et al. (2014), Translating Chinese Culture , Abingdon: Routledge, p. 68 (https://books.google.com/books?id=jRhgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781317932482 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Dudou" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160503114004/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/215T13100T15486.html) , Cultural China , Shanghai: Shanghai Xinhong Cultural Development, archived from the original (http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/215T13100T15486.html) on 2016-05-03 , retrieved 2016-05-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "ˈbelly-band, (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/17486) n. " (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/17486) , Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1887 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Whitmore, Elizabeth (2010), "Health: Belly Bands" (http://health.howstuffworks.com/pregnancy-and-parenting/pregnancy/issues/belly-bands.htm) , How Stuff Works . ^ Jump up to: a b Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2014), "Brassieres" (https://books.google.com/books?id=gO9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82) , World Clothing and Fashion, Vol. I (https://books.google.com/books?id=gO9nBwAAQBAJ) , M.E. Sharpe, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781317451679 . ^ Jump up to: a b Farrer, James; et al. (2015), Shanghai Nightscapes , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 198 (https://books.google.com/books?id=dcMECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Harding, Fred (2006), Breast Cancer , Aylesbury: Tekline Publishing, p. 284 (https://books.google.com/books?id=0h2gDLv3MOEC&pg=PA284) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780955422102 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "History of Dudou" (http://www.chinese-fashion.com/dudou.html) , Chinese Fashion . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Maciocia, Giovanni, The Foundations of Chinese Medicine, 3d ed. , Edinburgh: Elsevier, p. 194 (https://books.google.com/books?id=m_hwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194) . ^ (#cite_ref-moc_20-0) "Secrets of Women's Underwear in Ancient China" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080830090113/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2006-08/04/content_84371.htm) , China Culture , Ministry of Culture, 2003, archived from the original (http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2006-08/04/content_84371.htm) on 2008-08-30 , retrieved 2016-05-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Chen Yachen (2012), "The Chinese Hamlet's Two Women and Shakespeare's Chinese Sisters: Qing Nü and Wan'er in The Banquet ", Women in Chinese Martial Arts Films of the New Millennium , Plymouth (/wiki/Plymouth,_England) : Lexington Books, p. 120 (https://books.google.com/books?id=QmSIiSXyL88C&pg=PA120) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780739139103 . ^ (#cite_ref-cd_23-0) "The Ancient Art of Women's Underwear" (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2011-03/04/content_12117686_2.htm) , China Daily , 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Xu Xiaomin (20 June 2000), "Do You Dare to Wear a Dudou?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070711095707/http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/history/00-06-20/l06-dudou.html) , Shanghai Star , archived from the original (http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/history/00-06-20/l06-dudou.html) on 11 July 2007 , retrieved 5 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Mandarin Factory (https://mandarin-factory.com/) ^ (#cite_ref-26) Bao Jiemin (1994), Marriage among Ethnic Chinese in Bangkok , Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 155 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lu Chang (30 October 2003), "Keeping Abreast of Change" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070822192252/http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2003/1030/cu18-1.html) , Shanghai Star , archived from the original (http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2003/1030/cu18-1.html) on 22 August 2007 , retrieved 5 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) French, Paul; et al. (2010), Fat China , London: Anthem Press, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857289780 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Spring 2000 Ready-to-Wear: Versace" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2000-ready-to-wear/versace#review) , Vogue , 2000 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Spring 2000 Ready-to-Wear: Versus Versace" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2000-ready-to-wear/versus-versace#review) , Vogue , 2000 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Spring 2000 Ready-to-Wear: Miu Miu" (http://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2000-ready-to-wear/miu-miu#review) , Vogue , 2000 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) Eceiza, Laura (2009), "Blanc de Chine" (https://books.google.com/books?id=j6WC1OrLxbAC&pg=PA107) , Atlas of Fashion Designers , Beverly (/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts) : Rockport Publishers, pp. 107–111 (https://books.google.com/books?id=j6WC1OrLxbAC&pg=PA107) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781616736057 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Farrer, James (2002), Opening Up: Youth Sex Culture and Market Reform in Shanghai , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 311 (https://books.google.com/books?id=uyA3u6-JzcUC&pg=PA311) . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Qiu Xiaolong (2009), The Mao Case , New York: Minotaur Books, p. 2 (https://books.google.com/books?id=eFJ_i-8jaroC&pg=PA2) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780312538743 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dudous (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dudous) . " 肚兜 (http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E8%82%9A%E5%85%9C) " on Baike.com (/wiki/Baike.com) (in Chinese) v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras (/wiki/Bra) History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong (/wiki/Thong) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies (/wiki/Falsies) Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) 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2020s aesthetic trend Regencycore or, sometimes, royalcore , is a fashion style and internet aesthetic (/wiki/Internet_aesthetic) inspired by clothing worn in early 19th-century Europe (/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion) . The rise of regencycore is widely attributed to the popularity of the Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) television series Bridgerton (/wiki/Bridgerton) , which takes place in a fictionalized version of Regency era (/wiki/Regency_era) Britain (/wiki/Great_Britain) and premiered at the end of 2020. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] The enduring popularity of the English author Jane Austen (/wiki/Jane_Austen) led to a long tradition of fiction inspired by works like Pride and Prejudice (/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice) or Emma , including movie and television adaptations as well as the romance novel (/wiki/Romance_novel) sub-genre of Regency romance (/wiki/Regency_romance) , established by the historical novelist Georgette Heyer (/wiki/Georgette_Heyer) . Among these include the series Bridgerton , which was adapted for television by Netflix in 2020. The series' lead costume designer is Ellen Mirojnick (/wiki/Ellen_Mirojnick) , who chose to create an anachronistic (/wiki/Anachronism) and exaggerated version of Regency fashion that would feel "scandalous and modern." [3] (#cite_note-3) Mirojnick found inspiration in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly Dior (/wiki/Dior) 's New Look. Although the empire waist silhouette was maintained, elements that were common during the Regency era such as bonnets (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) and muslin (/wiki/Muslin) fabric were eliminated, and detail and color were added with embellishments such as glitter and fabrics like organza (/wiki/Organza) or tulle (/wiki/Tulle_(netting)) . After the debut of Bridgerton in December 2020, the term "regencycore" first began to appear in the beginning of 2021. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Some writers connected the trend to the distress and isolation caused by the COVID-19 lockdowns (/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns) , which caused audiences to crave nostalgic (/wiki/Nostalgia) , escapist (/wiki/Escapist_fiction) fantasy. [4] (#cite_note-4) Regencycore elements appeared in the 2022 Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) , which was themed "Gilded Glamour" after the Gilded Age (/wiki/Gilded_Age) . [5] (#cite_note-5) After the debut of the second season of Bridgerton in March 2022, internet searches for terms like "regency dress," "silk gloves," and "cropped jackets" increased significantly. [6] (#cite_note-6) Aesthetic elements [ edit ] The regencycore aesthetic is associated with a number of specific fashion elements including low, square necklines (/wiki/Neckline) , pearl (/wiki/Pearl) and feather (/wiki/Feather) accessories, empire (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) and babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) silhouettes, puffed or cap sleeves (/wiki/Puff_sleeve) , opera gloves (/wiki/Opera_gloves) , and elaborate headgear (/wiki/Headgear) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [7] (#cite_note-7) However, regencycore also encompasses a general feeling of opulence and hyper- femininity (/wiki/Femininity) , as well as styles more associated with the Victorian era (/wiki/Victorian_era) or Marie Antoinette (/wiki/Marie_Antoinette) , such as full-length corsets (/wiki/Corset) (short stays were more common during the Regency period) and powdered wigs (/wiki/Wig) . [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) Regencycore may be extended beyond clothing into interior design (/wiki/Interior_design) , makeup (/wiki/Cosmetics) , and hairdressing as well as activities like afternoon tea (/wiki/Afternoon_tea) , ballroom dancing (/wiki/Ballroom_dance) , or reading Regency-era novels. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) The trend is also associated with Selkie, a clothing brand known for its viral (/wiki/Viral) chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) puff-sleeved dresses. [9] (#cite_note-9) Corset-style tank top, 2021 Portrait of Madame Philippe Panon Desbassayns de Richemont, in typical Regency dress. The painting is featured in Bridgerton . 1808 short stays, a typical Regency era undergarment. See also [ edit ] Coquette aesthetic (/wiki/Coquette_aesthetic) Cottagecore (/wiki/Cottagecore) Janeite (/wiki/Janeite) Light academia (/wiki/Light_academia) Living history (/wiki/Living_history) Neo-Victorian (/wiki/Neo-Victorian) Rococo (/wiki/Rococo) , 18th-century aesthetic movement characterized by opulence and drama Lolita fashion (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) , Japanese street style (/wiki/Street_style) inspired by Rococo and Victorian clothing References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Cary, Alice (2021-01-07). "Are You Ready For #Regencycore? Here's How To Dress Like A Debutante" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/gallery/regencycore-trend) . British Vogue . Retrieved 2024-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Ross, Amanda (30 June 2022). " (https://www.byrdie.com/regencycore-makeup-trend-5097453) "Regencycore" Is the Bridgerton-Inspired Makeup Trend You'll Want to Try ASAP" (https://www.byrdie.com/regencycore-makeup-trend-5097453) . Byrdie . Retrieved 2024-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Seth, Radhika (2020-12-24). "7,500 Pieces and 5 Months of Prep: What It Took to Create Bridgerton's Costumes" (https://www.vogue.com/article/bridgerton-costumes) . Vogue . Retrieved 2024-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Navlakha, Meera (2021-08-20). "What is #Regencycore and why are celebrities obsessed with this trend?" (https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/what-is-regencycore-and-why-are-celebrities-obsessed-with-this-trend) . Vogue India . Retrieved 2024-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ilchi, Layla (2022-05-03). "Billie Eilish Goes Regencycore at the 2022 Met Gala" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/billie-eilish-2022-met-gala-gucci-regencycore-1235171797/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Widjojo, Conchita (2022-03-28). "Fashion Searches Spike After Premiere of 'Bridgerton' Season Two" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/bridgerton-season-two-fashion-searches-increase-1235144355/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Ilchi, Layla (2022-04-29). "What Is Regencycore? A Look at the Fashion Trend Taking Over This Spring" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/regencycore-fashion-trend-spring-2022-details-breakdown-bridgerton-the-gilded-age-1235169193/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-04-03 . ^ Jump up to: a b Duran, Sandra. "I'm in My Royalcore Era. Here Are 5 Ways I Achieve the Look & Lifestyle" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2023/05/11376164/regencycore-queen-charlotte-bridgerton-look-lifestyle) . www.refinery29.com . Retrieved 2024-04-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Singer, Jenny (2021-08-19). "The Enduring Appeal of Those Viral Selkie Dresses" (https://www.glamour.com/story/the-enduring-appeal-viral-selkie-dresses) . Glamour . Retrieved 2024-04-03 . 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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hairstyles_in_the_1950s&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) , or create a new article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard) , as appropriate. ( October 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Typical hairstyles of the early 50s shown here on Fernando Lamas (/wiki/Fernando_Lamas) and Danielle Darrieux (/wiki/Danielle_Darrieux) In the Western world (/wiki/Western_world) , the 1950s were a decade known for experimentation with new styles and culture. Following World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) and the austerity years of the post-war period, the 1950s were a time of comparative prosperity, which influenced fashion and the concept of glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(presentation)) . Hairstylists (/wiki/Hairstylist) invented new hairstyles for wealthy patrons. Influential hairstylists of the period include Sydney Guilaroff (/wiki/Sydney_Guilaroff) , Alexandre of Paris (/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Raimon) and Raymond Bessone (/wiki/Raymond_Bessone) , who took French hair fashion to Hollywood, New York and London, popularising the pickle cut, the pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) and bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) hairstyles. The American film industry and the popular music industry influenced hairstyles around the world, both in mainstream fashion and teenage sub-culture. With the advent of the rock music (/wiki/Rock_music) industry, teenage culture and fashion became increasingly significant and distinctive from mainstream fashion, with American style being imitated in Europe, Asia, Australasia and South America. Teenage girls around the world wore their hair in ponytails while teenage boys wore crew cuts (/wiki/Crew_cut) , the more rebellious among them favouring "greaser" comb-backs. The development of hair-styling products, particularly setting sprays (/wiki/Setting_spray) , hair-oil and hair-cream, influenced the way hair was styled and the way people around the world wore their hair day to day. Women's hairstyles of the 1950s were in general less ornate and more informal than those of the 1940s, with a "natural" look being favoured, even if it was achieved by perming, setting, styling and spraying. Mature men's hairstyles were always short and neat, and they were generally maintained with hair-oil. Even among "rebellious youth" with longer, greased hair, carrying a comb and maintaining the hairstyle was part of the culture. Male fashion [ edit ] Popular music and film stars had a major influence on 1950s hairstyles and fashion. Elvis Presley and James Dean had a great influence on the high quiff-pompadour greased-up style or slicked-back style for men with heavy use of Brylcreem (/wiki/Brylcreem) or pomade (/wiki/Pomade) . The pompadour was a fashion trend in the 1950s, especially among male rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) artists and actors. A variation of this was the duck's ass (/wiki/Duck%27s_ass) (or in the UK "duck's arse"), also called the "duck's tail", the "ducktail", or simply the D.A. [1] (#cite_note-PetersonKellogg2008-1) This hairstyle was originally developed by Joe Cerello in 1940. Cerello's clients later included film celebrities like Elvis Presley and James Dean. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) Frank Sinatra (/wiki/Frank_Sinatra) posed in a modified D.A. style of hair. This style required that the hair be combed back around the sides of the head. The tooth edge of a comb (/wiki/Comb) was then used to define a central part running from the crown to the nape at the back of the head, resembling, to many, the rear end of a duck (/wiki/Duck) . The hair on the top front of the head was either deliberately disarrayed so that untidy strands hung down over the forehead, or combed up and then curled down into an "elephant's trunk" which might hang down as far as the top of the nose. The sides were styled to resemble the folded wings of the duck, often with heavy sideburns. [3] (#cite_note-AugustynMarley2010-3) A variant of the duck's tail style, known as "the Detroit", consisted of the long back and sides combined with a flattop (/wiki/Flattop) . In California, the top hair was allowed to grow longer and combed into a wavelike pompadour shape known as a "breaker". The duck's tail became an emblematic coiffure of disaffected young males across the English-speaking world during the 1950s, a sign of rebellious youth and of a "bad boy" image. [1] (#cite_note-PetersonKellogg2008-1) [4] (#cite_note-Clark2004-4) [5] (#cite_note-Kubernik2006-5) The style was frowned upon by high school authorities, who often imposed limitations on male hair length as part of their dress codes. [6] (#cite_note-6) Nevertheless, the style was widely copied by men of all ages. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) The regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) , side-parted with tapered back and sides, was considered a clean cut fashion and preferred by parents and school authorities in the United States. The crew cut, flattop and ivy league (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) were also popular, particularly among high school and college students. [7] (#cite_note-7) The crew cut style was derived from the military haircuts given to millions of draftees, [8] (#cite_note-8) and was favored by men who wished to appear "establishment" or mainstream. [9] (#cite_note-9) Daily applications of "butch wax" were used to make the short hair stand straight up from the head. [10] (#cite_note-10) Celebrities favoring this style included Steve McQueen (/wiki/Steve_McQueen) , Mickey Mantle (/wiki/Mickey_Mantle) and John Glenn (/wiki/John_Glenn) . Crew cuts gradually declined in popularity by the end of the decade, as longer hair for men became fashionable. [11] (#cite_note-Steele2010-11) [12] (#cite_note-Craats2001-12) Black male entertainers chose to wear their hair in short and unstraightened styles. [13] (#cite_note-ByrdTharps2002-13) In southeast Asia, a variation of the quiff that was popular was the "curry puff", styled by a bob of wavy hair just above the forehead. [14] (#cite_note-Phua1999-14) "Geek chic" was a fashion trend for intellectual types, with a bouffant or greased-back hair and black glasses, exhibited by the likes of Buddy Holly (/wiki/Buddy_Holly) and Bill Evans (/wiki/Bill_Evans) . It originally it was frequent in beach areas, like Hawaii and California. [ citation needed ] Side part (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Patric Knowles (/wiki/Patric_Knowles) with a conservative parted and combed-back hairstyle Christian B. Anfinsen (/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen) , 1950s, with a regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Johnny Carson (/wiki/Johnny_Carson) , 1955, with a side part and quiff Jacques Brel (/wiki/Jacques_Brel) , 1955, with a "breaker" and sideburns Long pompadour James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) , 1955 Elvis Presley (/wiki/Elvis_Presley) , 1957 Jerry Lee Lewis (/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis) , 1958 The Everly Brothers (/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers) , Phil and Don, 1958 Crew cut and Ivy League Neil Armstrong (/wiki/Neil_Armstrong) , 1956, with a crew cut Paddy Chayefsky (/wiki/Paddy_Chayefsky) , 1950s, with an Ivy League Gary, Lindsay, Philip and Dennis Crosby (/wiki/The_Crosby_Boys) , 1959, with variations of the crew cut and ivy league The Platters (/wiki/The_Platters) , 1950s, with variations of the crew cut and ivy league Female fashion [ edit ] Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) , c.1955 Women generally emulated the hair styles and hair colors of popular film personalities and fashion magazines; top models played a pivotal role in propagating the styles. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) Alexandre of Paris (/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Raimon) had developed the beehive and artichoke styles seen on Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) , Jackie Kennedy (/wiki/Jackie_Kennedy) , the Duchess of Windsor (/wiki/Wallis_Simpson) , Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) , and Tippi Hedren (/wiki/Tippi_Hedren) . [15] (#cite_note-Moral2005-15) Generally, a shorter bouffant style was favored by female movie stars, paving the way for the long hair trend of the 1960s. Very short cropped hairstyles were fashionable in the early 1950s. By mid-decade, hats were worn less frequently, especially as fuller hairstyles like the short, curly "elfin cut" or the "Italian cut" or "poodle cut" and later the bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) and the beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hair)) became fashionable (sometimes nicknamed B-52s for their similarity to the bulbous noses of the B-52 Stratofortress (/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress) bomber). [16] (#cite_note-16) Stars such as Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) , Connie Francis (/wiki/Connie_Francis) , Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) and Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) usually wore their hair short with high volume. In the poodle hairstyle, the hair is permed into tight curls, similar to the poodle's curly hair (curling the hair involves time and effort). This style was popularized by Hollywood actresses like Peggy Garner (/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Garner) , Lucille Ball (/wiki/Lucille_Ball) , Ann Sothern (/wiki/Ann_Sothern) and Faye Emerson (/wiki/Faye_Emerson) . In the post-war prosperous 1950s, in particular, the bouffant hair style was the most dramatic and considered an ideal style in which aerosol hairspray facilitated keeping large quantities of “backcombed or teased and frozen hair” in place. This necessitated a regimen of daily hair care to keep the bouffant in place; curlers (/wiki/Hair_roller) were worn to bed and frequent visits were made to the hair stylist's salon. Mouseketeer Annette Funicello (/wiki/Annette_Funicello) dramatically presented this hair style in the movie Beach Party (/wiki/Beach_Party) . [17] (#cite_note-Brunell2001-17) Short, tight curls with a poodle cut known as "short bangs" were very popular, favored by women such as first lady (/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States) Mamie Eisenhower (/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower) . [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) [12] (#cite_note-Craats2001-12) Henna (/wiki/Henna) was a popular hair dye in the 1950s in the US; in the popular TV comedy series I Love Lucy (/wiki/I_Love_Lucy) , Lucille Ball (according to her husband's statement) "used henna rinse to dye her brown hair red." [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) The poodle cut was also made popular by Audrey Hepburn. In the 1953 film Roman Holiday (/wiki/Roman_Holiday) , Audrey Hepburn's character had short hair known as a "gamine-style" pixie cut, which accentuated her long neck, and which was copied by many women. [18] (#cite_note-Rooney2009-18) In the film Sabrina (/wiki/Sabrina_(1954_film)) , her character appears initially in long plain hair while attending culinary school, but returns to her Paris home with a chic, short, face-framing "Paris hairstyle", which again was copied by many women. When the rage among women was for the "blond bombshell" hair style, Hepburn stuck to her dark brown hair color and refused to dye her hair for any film. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) Mamie Eisenhower, wearing a short fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) "bangs", 1954 Jacqueline Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy) wore a short hair style for her wedding in 1953, while later she sported a "bouffant"; together with the larger beehive and shorter bubble cut, this became one of the most popular women's hairstyles of the 1950s. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) favored a mid-length bob style, also influential. There were exceptions, however, and some women, such as Bettie Page (/wiki/Bettie_Page) , favored long, straight dark locks and a fringe; such women were known as "Beat girls". [12] (#cite_note-Craats2001-12) In the mid-1950s, a high ponytail became popular with teenage girls, often tied with a scarf. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) [18] (#cite_note-Rooney2009-18) The ponytail was seen on the first Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) dolls, in 1959; a few years later Barbies with beehives appeared. [2] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-2) The " artichoke cut (/w/index.php?title=Artichoke_cut&action=edit&redlink=1) ", which was invented by Jacques Dessange (/wiki/Jacques_Dessange) , was specially designed for Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) . [11] (#cite_note-Steele2010-11) Compact coiffures were popular in the 1950s as less importance was given to hairstyling, although a new look was stylized by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) 's fashion revolution after the war. [11] (#cite_note-Steele2010-11) Products [ edit ] Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) , 1954 In the 1950s, lotion shampoos with conditioning ingredients became popular precursors of the shampoo/conditioner rinse pairing of two decades later. The Clairol (/wiki/Clairol) ad campaign, "Does she ... or doesn't she?" boosted hair color product sales not just for their company, but across the hair dye industry. [19] (#cite_note-Hill2002-19) The bouffant style relied on the liberal use of hairspray to hold hair in place for a week. [20] (#cite_note-Willett2010-20) Hairspray lacquers of this era were of a different chemical formula than used today, and were more difficult to remove from the hair than today's products. [21] (#cite_note-Robbins2012-21) But even less extreme styles, such as parting hair on the left and the right before pulling the bangs to one side, required holding the style in place with hairspray. [22] (#cite_note-RudigerSamson1998-22) One ingredient in 1950s hair spray was vinyl chloride monomer (/wiki/Vinyl_chloride) ; used as an alternative to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), it was subsequently found to be both toxic and flammable. [23] (#cite_note-Siobhan2010-23) Hair gels, such as Dippity-do (/w/index.php?title=Dippity-do&action=edit&redlink=1) , came in a variety of forms such as spray or jelly, and were referred to as "setting gels". [20] (#cite_note-Willett2010-20) African American (/wiki/African_American) hair products promised natural-looking hair to black women, with natural in this context defined as straight, soft, and smooth; these products, such as Lustra-silk (/w/index.php?title=Lustra-silk&action=edit&redlink=1) , were advertised to not be heavy, greasy or damaging like pressing oils and chemical relaxers of the past. [24] (#cite_note-Walker2007-24) Only a small amount of Brylcreem (/wiki/Brylcreem) was needed to make a man's hair shiny and stay in place; Brylcreem's tag line was "Brylcreem, a little dab'll do ya." [25] (#cite_note-25) It was also used by those who suffered from dandruff (/wiki/Dandruff) . [26] (#cite_note-Pomerance2005-26) While the conk (/wiki/Conk) was still popular through the end of the decade, Isaac Hayes (/wiki/Isaac_Hayes) switched to going bald. [13] (#cite_note-ByrdTharps2002-13) Hair growth products for men were first introduced in the 1950s, in Japan. [27] (#cite_note-ToedtKoza2005-27) Influence [ edit ] Henry Winkler as " The Fonz (/wiki/Fonzie) " The 1950s had a profound influence on fashion and continues to be a strong influence in contemporary fashion. Some of the world's most famous fashion icons today such as Christina Aguilera (/wiki/Christina_Aguilera) , Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) , and David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) regularly wear their hair or indulge in a style of fashion clearly heavily influenced by that of the 1950s. Aguilera is influenced by Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) , [28] (#cite_note-Dominguez2003-28) Beckham by Steve McQueen (/wiki/Steve_McQueen) and James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) . [29] (#cite_note-29) The pompadour style became popular among Italian Americans (/wiki/Italian_American) and the image became an integral part of the Italian male stereotype in the 1970s in films such as Grease (/wiki/Grease_(film)) and television series such as Happy Days (/wiki/Happy_Days) . The Fonz (/wiki/Fonzie) , played by Henry Winkler (/wiki/Henry_Winkler) , with his greased pompadour, white T-shirt and leather jacket, has been cited as the "epitome of the 50s bad-boy cool". [30] (#cite_note-BroadheadKerr2000-30) In modern Japanese popular culture (/wiki/Japanese_popular_culture) , the pompadour is a stereotypical hairstyle often worn by gang members, thugs, members of the yakuza (/wiki/Yakuza) and its junior counterpart bōsōzoku (/wiki/B%C5%8Ds%C5%8Dzoku) , and other similar groups such as the yankii (/wiki/Yankii) (high-school hoodlums). [31] (#cite_note-Jenkins1994-31) In Japan the style is known as the "Regent" hairstyle, and is often caricatured (/wiki/Caricature) in various forms of entertainment media such as anime (/wiki/Anime) , manga (/wiki/Manga) , television, and music videos. [32] (#cite_note-32) Dorothy Dandridge (/wiki/Dorothy_Dandridge) , 1958 See also [ edit ] Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : 1950s (/wiki/Portal:1950s) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Hairstyles in the 1980s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) 1950s fashion (/wiki/1950s_fashion) List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Peterson, Amy T.; Kellogg, Ann T. (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History 1900 to the Present . ABC-CLIO. p. 53. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33395-8 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 192 (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/192) , 194, 206–208. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33145-9 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-AugustynMarley2010_3-0) Augustyn, Heather; Marley, Cedella (27 September 2010). Ska: An Oral History . McFarland. p. 164. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7864-6040-3 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Clark2004_4-0) Clark, Terry N. (2004). The City As an Entertainment Machine . Emerald Group Publishing. p. 163. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7623-1060-9 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kubernik2006_5-0) Kubernik, Harvey (30 December 2006). Hollywood Shack Job: Rock Music in Film and on Your Screen . UNM Press. p. 273. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8263-3542-5 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Calhoun, Craig; Sennett, Richard (2007). Practicing Cultures . New York: Routledge. p. 205. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781134126118 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) How to square flattop hair . Life Magazine. 12 November 1956. p. 149. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture . The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 357. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780879728212 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Behnke, Alison Marie (2011). The Little Black Dress and Zoot Suits: Depression and Wartime Fashions from the Depression to the 1950s . Twenty-First Century Books. p. 35. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780761380559 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Osceola, Holatte-Sutv Turwv (2011). Nokosee & Stormy . Palmetto Bug Books. p. 27. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780963449948 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Steele, Valerie (15 November 2010). The Berg Companion to Fashion . Berg. p. 389. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-563-0 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Craats, Rennay (1 August 2001). History of The 1950s . Weigl Publishers Inc. pp. 36–37. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-930954-24-3 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Byrd, Ayana; Tharps, Lori (12 January 2002). Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America . Macmillan. pp. 88–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-312-28322-3 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Phua1999_14-0) Phua, Edward (1999). Sunny days of an urchin . Federal Publications. p. 29. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-981-01-2440-3 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Moral2005_15-0) Moral, Tony Lee (28 September 2005). Hitchcock And the Making of Marnie . Scarecrow Press. pp. 71–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8108-5684-4 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Patrick, Bethanne Kelly, and John Thompson, Henry Petroski (2009). An Uncommon History of Common Things . National Geographic. p. 206. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4262-0420-3 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-Brunell2001_17-0) Brunell, Miriam Forman- (2001). Girlhood in America: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1 . ABC-CLIO. p. 355. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781576072066 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Rooney, Anne (1 May 2009). The 1950s and 1960s . Infobase Publishing. p. 56. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60413-385-1 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hill2002_19-0) Hill, Daniel Delis (1 February 2002). ADVERTISING TO THE AMERICAN WOMAN . Ohio State University Press. pp. 101 (https://archive.org/details/advertisingtoame00hill/page/101) , 103–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8142-0890-8 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Willett, Julie (11 May 2010). The American Beauty Industry Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. pp. 137–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-35949-1 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Robbins2012_21-0) Robbins, Clarence R. (2012). Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human Hair . Springer. pp. 779–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-642-25611-0 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-RudigerSamson1998_22-0) Rudiger, Margit; Samson, Renate von (30 June 1998). 388 Great Hairstyles . Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 21 (https://archive.org/details/388greathairstyl00rudi/page/21) –. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8069-9401-7 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Siobhan2010_23-0) Siobhan, O'Connor (13 July 2010). No More Dirty Looks: The Truth about Your Beauty Products--And the Ultimate Guide to Safe and Clean Cosmetics . Da Capo Press. pp. 72–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7382-1418-4 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Walker2007_24-0) Walker, Susannah (23 February 2007). Style and Status: Selling Beauty to African American Women, 1920-1975 . University Press of Kentucky. pp. 112, 125–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8131-2433-9 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Sherrow, p. 365 ^ (#cite_ref-Pomerance2005_26-0) Pomerance, Murray (/wiki/Murray_Pomerance) (26 October 2005). American Cinema of the 1950s . Rutgers University Press. pp. 10–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8135-3673-6 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-ToedtKoza2005_27-0) Toedt, John; Koza, Darrell; Cleef-Toedt, Kathleen Van (2005). Chemical Composition Of Everyday Products . Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 39 (https://archive.org/details/chemicalcomposit0000toed/page/39) –. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-32579-3 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Dominguez2003_28-0) Dominguez, Pier (1 June 2003). Christina Aguilera: A Star Is Made . Amber Books Publishing. p. 218. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9702224-5-9 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "David Beckham Fetes H&M Launch in London" (http://www.wwd.com/eye/parties/david-beckham-fetes-hm-launch-in-london-5602040) . Women's Wear Daily . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-BroadheadKerr2000_30-0) Broadhead, Julian; Kerr, Laura (1 January 2000). Prison Writing 2001 . Waterside Press. p. 20. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-872870-87-8 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Jenkins1994_31-0) Jenkins, Ronald Scott (June 1994). Subversive laughter: the liberating power of comedy . Free Press. p. 147. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-02-916405-1 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "» History of the Regent:: Néojaponisme » Blog Archive" (http://neojaponisme.com/2014/10/09/history-of-the-regent/) . Retrieved 2016-03-18 . 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(/wiki/Barber) ( pole (/wiki/Barber%27s_pole) ) Eponymous hairstyle (/wiki/Eponymous_hairstyle) Frizz (/wiki/Frizz) Good hair (/wiki/Good_hair) Hairdresser (/wiki/Hairdresser) list (/wiki/List_of_hairdressers) Hair fetishism (/wiki/Hair_fetishism) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐kgqd8 Cached time: 20240718212600 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.568 seconds Real time usage: 0.713 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2254/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 98408/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 893/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 147334/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.355/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6267772/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 594.473 1 -total 47.80% 284.138 1 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Fashion item Dorothy Gish (/wiki/Dorothy_Gish) sporting a mushroom-brimmed hat in 1918 A mushroom hat (also sometimes referred to as a mushroom brim hat or dish hat ) is a millinery style in which the brim of the hat tilts downwards, resembling the shape of a mushroom (or dish). It is a style that first emerged in the 1870s and 1880s, when it was usually made of straw. It became fashionable again from around 1907 to the late 1920s; these versions featured a distinctly downturned brim although the size and shape of the crown varied according to prevailing fashions. A new and exaggerated version of the mushroom hat was popularised by Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) in 1947 as part of his "New Look" (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.#The_.22New_Look.22) collection. This style generally had a minimal crown and a very wide brim, with some models resembling a flying saucer (/wiki/Flying_saucer) . History of the design [ edit ] Early mushroom hats were of straw. Portrait by Pierre-Auguste Renoir (/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir) , 1879 The defining characteristic of mushroom hats is their downturned brim, resembling a mushroom or toadstool. [1] (#cite_note-Dictionary_Brooks_Picken-1) In the 1870s, designs in straw shaped like a mushroom became popular. These had a small crown trimmed with ribbons, flowers and – in the 1880s – bird decorations. [2] (#cite_note-The_Dictionary_of_Fashion_History-2) A 1908 cartoon by Ion Theodorescu-Sion (/wiki/Ion_Theodorescu-Sion) satirising the popularity of mushroom hats In 1907, mushroom hats in both straw and felt became popular. Such was their ubiquity that Evelyn Sharp (/wiki/Evelyn_Sharp_(suffragist)) lambasted them in an editorial in The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , writing: "For about six months have we endured the sight of mushroom shapes in every kind of straw trimmed with a fringed silk scarf. I suppose there was some attraction in the mushroom hat when it was first designed, and I can still see its charms when it is very small and very flexible....worn by somebody in a motor car. But this autumnal growth of felt fungi deserves nothing but condemnation". [3] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_Sharp-3) Her words fell on deaf ears as the popularity of mushroom shapes persisted. In 1909, a full-page advertisement in The Times (/wiki/The_Times) describing Selfridge & Co (/wiki/Selfridges) 's millinery choices detailed a mushroom brim hat decorated with ostrich feathers (/wiki/Ostrich#Hunting_and_farming) . [4] (#cite_note-The_Times_38936-4) In the same year, Dickins & Jones (/wiki/Dickins_%26_Jones) offered a: "becoming mushroom hat...trimmed with wide Velvet Ribbon and a Large Posy of Flowers at side". [5] (#cite_note-The_Times_38950-5) By 1915, variations on the design for younger girls included almost brimless mushroom models – similar to a cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) or bucket (/wiki/Bucket_hat) hat. [6] (#cite_note-The_Times_40798-6) 1920s variations [ edit ] 1920s mushroom hats often resembled the cloche hat (/wiki/Cloche_hat) , but with the addition of a neat brim, such as this model worn by Isabel Rockefeller (/wiki/Isabel_Rockefeller) The mushroom hat was fashionable throughout the 1920s, with Princess Mary (/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood) choosing a mushroom shape with a blue lace-covered brim for the opening day of Ascot (/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse) in 1920. [7] (#cite_note-The_Times_42438-7) Five years later, the Duchess of York (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother) chose a mushroom design trimmed with vivid orange osprey (/wiki/Osprey) feathers tucked at either side of the brim for Ascot's Ladies' Day race meeting. [8] (#cite_note-The_Times-8) It was a style that could incorporate the fashions for snug-fitting cloche-like designs or taller crowned hats. A fashion editorial of 1921 noted the value of wider-brimmed models: "Plentiful sunshine has served to emphasize the advantages of a mushroom hat, which with its adequate protection often makes a sunshade unnecessary". [9] (#cite_note-The_Times_42777-9) In the same year, velvet for babies were described as among the newest children's millinery. [10] (#cite_note-The_Times_42816-10) The hat design lent itself to ornate decorations with ribbon and feather trims and veils. It could also be made in a variety of materials, from straw for summer to felt or stiffened silk for winter; in 1925, Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) offered a selection of mushroom hats for the autumn season in the latest velour (/wiki/Velour) fabric. [11] (#cite_note-The_Times_44024-11) 1940s "New Look" adaptation [ edit ] A new variety of mushroom hat (also known as the dish hat) appeared at Dior's first fashion show on 12 February 1947. [12] (#cite_note-Hatatorium_Grantland-12) The hat balanced the neat jacket with nipped-in waist and full tulle-lined (/wiki/Tulle) skirt, heralding a new lavishness in fabric and silhouette – what editor of American Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) Carmel Snow (/wiki/Carmel_Snow) described at first viewing as a "new look". [13] (#cite_note-Vogue_Italy_Pizzi-13) By 1956, the fashion for new shapes meant a huge variety of options, as noted by The Guardian' s fashion correspondent Phyllis Heathcote: "Flower-pots, sugar-loaves, mushrooms, melons, muffins – all these have inspired Paris milliners this season". Of the mushroom look, she added: "This may be small and snugly rounded, like the little pink 'Champignon de Paris' (Chabeau makes one of these in fine straw with a goffered frill of organdy under the brim that somehow carries the model away back to the source of its inspiration)...or it is wide and gently curving at the brim like the larger and flatter field variety. On these wider shapes go flat the airier techniques that the spring hat demands. Laizes of all kinds; fine picot straws, satin straws, gros-grain, short-pile summer velvet, raffia, coarse tulle, jersey, printed taffeta, crin, organdy, chiffon, and a great many flowers". [14] (#cite_note-The_Guardian_Heathcote-14) Other names for the variations that emerged include the mushroom cloche, a diminutive version of Dior's oversized dish. [15] (#cite_note-Hatatorium_Grantland_1-15) Wide-brimmed mushroom hats continued to be popular throughout the 1950s and early '60s, with other designers incorporating the wide hat profile. Adaptations included Balmain's (/wiki/Pierre_Balmain) spring 1955 side-swept mushroom hat – a design in which the downward-curved brim of the hat dipped low on one side of the face and was tilted upwards on the other, forming an almost triangular profile. [16] (#cite_note-The_Times_53159-16) In 1959, The Observer (/wiki/The_Observer) reported that mushroom hats were big news at Ascot for milliners such as Rose Vernier (/w/index.php?title=Rose_Vernier&action=edit&redlink=1) : "The majority of her clients wanted big tulle mushrooms, but the younger girls asked for the youthful tailored shapes of medium size – when they were not demanding outsize Gigi bretons". [17] (#cite_note-The_Observer_140659-17) In 1963, Balenciaga (/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga) included extreme saucer-shaped versions of the design in velvet, worn with a tapered raglan-sleeved (/wiki/Raglan_sleeve) black wool crepe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) dress and lime yellow twill coat (/wiki/Twill) with pleated shoulder. [18] (#cite_note-The_Times_55807.-18) By 1964, a more bucket-shaped (/wiki/Bucket_hat) line had re-emerged. Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(designer)) showed a high-crowned white mushroom hat worn with a double-breasted gaberdine (/wiki/Gaberdine) suit in the spring shows. [19] (#cite_note-The_Times_55925-19) Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_SA) mushroom hat, with "New Look" (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.#The_.22New_Look.22) outfit from 1947 – displayed in Moscow at a 2011 exhibition Queen Elizabeth (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) in an adapted mushroom design in Aden (/wiki/Aden) , 1954 Mushroom hat photographed in 1961 Amy Alkon (/wiki/Amy_Alkon) in oversized black mushroom-brim design by milliner Amy Downs, 2009 Revivals [ edit ] The mushroom shape has had a number of revivals in high fashion. During the mid 1980s, Frederick Fox (/wiki/Frederick_Fox_(milliner)) created a much-photographed mushroom-style design for Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) – worn tilted and known as the 'flying saucer'. [20] (#cite_note-DT_131213-20) More recently, Stephen Jones (/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(milliner)) designed oversized hats in fur – including mushroom-like designs – for the fall/winter 2012 Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) ' show at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [21] (#cite_note-Vogue_April_2012-21) See also [ edit ] Cartwheel hat (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche hat (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Lampshade hat (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Dictionary_Brooks_Picken_1-0) Brooks Picken, Mary (2010). A Dictionary of Costume and Fashion: Historic and Modern (1999 ed.). United States: Dover Publications. p. 138. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0486402949 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Dictionary_of_Fashion_History_2-0) Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C.W.; Cunnington, P. (2010). The Dictionary of Fashion History . Oxford: Berg. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847887382 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Guardian_Sharp_3-0) Sharp, Evelyn (10 October 1907). "The Felt Hat: contrasts in the field of choice". The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_38936_4-0) "The Millinery Department at Selfridge's". The Times . No. 38936. 17 April 1909. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_38950_5-0) "Millinery". The Times . No. 38950. 4 May 1909. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_40798_6-0) "Children's hats". The Times . No. 40798. 10 March 1915. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_42438_7-0) "Ascot: Brilliant First Day". The Times . No. 42438. 16 June 1920. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_8-0) "Ladies' Day at Ascot". The Times . No. 43992. 19 June 1925. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_42777_9-0) "London fashions: some holiday dresses". The Times . No. 42777. 20 July 1921. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_42816_10-0) "Autumn campaign of the shops: Fashions for nursery and ballroom". The Times . No. 42816. 3 September 1921. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_44024_11-0) "New Velour Hats". The Times . No. 44024. 27 July 1925. ^ (#cite_ref-Hatatorium_Grantland_12-0) Grantland, Brenda; Robak, Mary (2011). Hatatorium: An essential guide for hat collectors (1st ed.). Mill Valley, CA: Brenda Grantland. pp. 72–3. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780984785902 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_Italy_Pizzi_13-0) Pizzi, Sarah. "Italian Vogue Encyclo: Christian Dior" (http://www.vogue.it/en/encyclo/designers/d/christian-dior) . Vogue Italy . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Guardian_Heathcote_14-0) Heathcote, Phyllis (30 January 1956). "Paris hats in variety: Flower-pot, sugar-loaf and mushroom inspiration". The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-Hatatorium_Grantland_1_15-0) Grantland, Brenda; Robak, Mary (2011). Hatatorium: An essential guide for hat collectors (1st ed.). Mill Valley, CA: Brenda Grantland. p. 78. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780984785902 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_53159_16-0) "Paris Hat Fashions". The Times . No. 53159. 7 February 1955. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Observer_140659_17-0) "Mushroom look for hats at Ascot". The Observer. 14 June 1959. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_55807._18-0) "Balenciaga and Givenchy designs for autumn". The Times . No. 55807. 16 September 1963. ^ (#cite_ref-The_Times_55925_19-0) "Fashion in Paris". The Times . No. 55925. 3 February 1964. ^ (#cite_ref-DT_131213_20-0) "Frederick Fox – milliner" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/10516984/Frederick-Fox-obituary.html) . Daily Telegraph. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_April_2012_21-0) "Easter Hats" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/favourites-of-vogue/2012/4/easter-hats/gallery/737186) . Vogue . April 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . External links [ edit ] British Pathé film of 1921 featuring mushroom hats from Maison Lewis (http://www.britishpathe.com/video/vanity-fair/query/mushroom+hat) "New Look" outfit with hat at the Victoria & Albert Museum, 1947 (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O75379/bar-la-ligne-corolle-the-jacket-christian-dior/) Fashion drawing of Balmain outfit at the Victoria & Albert Museum, c. 1954 (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O153747/frederic-fashion-drawing-fromenti-marcel/) Fashion drawing of a large feather-trimmed mushroom hat at the Victoria & Albert Museum, c. 1954 (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O585890/fashion-drawing-fromenti-marcel/) Fashion drawing of a Givenchy outfit at the Victoria & Albert Museum, c. 1954 (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O585898/fashion-drawing-fromenti-marcel/) 1960s mushroom hat (illustration) at Parsons archives, New York (http://digitalarchives.library.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/KA002201_OSxxx1_f11_02) 1963 mushroom hat by Reed Crawford at VADS archive (http://vads.ac.uk:8080/large.php?uid=36524&sos=4) v t e Hats (/wiki/Hat) and caps (/wiki/Cap) List of hat styles (/wiki/List_of_hat_styles) Western (/wiki/Western_culture) culture (/wiki/Western_culture) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Cartwheel (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cloche (/wiki/Cloche_hat) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_hat) Doll (/wiki/Doll_hat) Draped turban (/wiki/Draped_turban) Eugénie (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat) Fascinator (/wiki/Fascinator) Half (/wiki/Half_hat) Halo (/wiki/Halo_hat) Juliet (/wiki/Juliet_cap) Mushroom Lampshade (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Picture (/wiki/Picture_hat) Peach (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Pillbox (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) Tam (/wiki/Tam_cap) Top (/wiki/Top_hat) Opera (/wiki/Opera_hat) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Boater (/wiki/Boater) Bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) Buntal (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Cabbage-tree (/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) 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British lingerie company Blue Bella Ltd [1] (#cite_note-1) Trade name (/wiki/Trade_name) Bluebella Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 2005 Founder Emily Bendell Headquarters Brickfields, Unit 201, 37 Cremer Street, London , England Key people Emily Bendell Net income (/wiki/Net_income) £14.8 million [2] (#cite_note-2) (2022) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) £4.5 million [3] (#cite_note-3) (2022) Website http://www.bluebella.com (http://www.bluebella.com) Bluebella is a British lingerie company founded in 2005 by Emily Bendell, with operations in the UK, US, Australia, France and Italy. It is headquartered in London (/wiki/London) , England. Early investors included James Averdieck (/wiki/James_Averdieck) , founder of Gü (/wiki/G%C3%BC) , the investor network Incito Ventures and the South East Seed Fund. Bluebella was the first company to get funds from the London-based female investor club Addidi Business Angels. [4] (#cite_note-4) The business experienced rapid growth – doubling turnover every 12 months from 2007 to 2010. [5] (#cite_note-5) History [ edit ] Company founder Emily Bendell studied philosophy, politics and economics (/wiki/Philosophy,_politics_and_economics) at Magdalen College, Oxford (/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford) , and worked as a journalist on a legal journal for a few years, before founding Bluebella in 2005. [6] (#cite_note-Marie_Claire-6) [7] (#cite_note-Evening_Standard-7) Bendell road-tested her idea for six months, doing parties for friends and family members. She told Jazz FM's Elliot Moss: "It was just me in my bedroom initially. I'd go out and do the orders, then I’d do all the packing and, if someone called, I'd answer the phones too." [8] (#cite_note-8) In an interview with the fashion industry trade magazine Drapers (/wiki/Drapers_(magazine)) , Bendell explained how she overcame sexism to secure investment from well-connected female investors. "There is an issue in this country, particularly with female-focused businesses, because the investment community is very male dominated. Before crowd-funding, we had previously been through some angel investor rounds. The business angel community is 95% male and typically invest in businesses they understand and have experience of. After one early round of funding, I was quite disillusioned and just put on an event myself, cold-calling high-net worth women asking them to come along." [9] (#cite_note-9) By 2008, Bluebella had 100 agents operating across the UK. [10] (#cite_note-10) Online retailer Lovehoney (/wiki/Lovehoney) invested a six-figure sum in 2010. [11] (#cite_note-11) [ unreliable source? ] Other online retailers, including ASOS (/wiki/ASOS.com) and Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) , began stocking Bluebella's lingerie range. [12] (#cite_note-12) In February 2014, the department store Selfridges (/wiki/Selfridges) announced that it would be stocking Bluebella lingerie. [13] (#cite_note-13) For 2014, sales tripled to £3.7 million, with a profit of £347,000 against a £430,300 loss the previous year, boosted by Tesco (/wiki/Tesco) selling their Fifty Shades range. [7] (#cite_note-Evening_Standard-7) The company raised over £1m in a crowd-fund in December 2016 to expand into the US. [14] (#cite_note-14) By summer 2018 they were stocked in Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) [15] (#cite_note-15) and Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) [16] (#cite_note-16) department stores and online retailers Revolve [17] (#cite_note-17) and ShopBop. [18] (#cite_note-18) They had media coverage, with actress Maggie Gyllenhaal (/wiki/Maggie_Gyllenhaal) and singer Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) wearing their lingerie in photo shoots. [19] (#cite_note-Metro-19) In 2016, Bluebella worked with three GB Olympic athletes on a body confidence campaign, #BeStrongBeBeautiful, to get more schoolgirls into sport and fitness. [20] (#cite_note-Standard-20) The company launched the campaign, as statistics showed that more than half of secondary school girls drop out of sport after the age of 13 because of body issues and negative experiences of PE lessons. Windsurfer Bryony Shaw, shooter Amber Hill and Paralympic long-jumper Stefanie Reid did a shoot in Bluebella lingerie and discussed their body confidence issues growing up to try to encourage girls to do more sport and fitness activities. [20] (#cite_note-Standard-20) In July 2018, the company formed a swimwear design collaboration with Amber Davies (/wiki/List_of_Love_Island_(British_TV_series)_contestants) , winner of reality TV series Love Island Series 3 (/wiki/Love_Island_(2015_TV_series,_series_3)) [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2019, they formed a wholesale partnership with Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , with Bluebella's autumn 19 collection being stocked in selected stores and online. [22] (#cite_note-22) For the month of March 2020, the company donated £1 from every purchase to social enterprise Beam.org, to crowdfund job training for homeless women. [23] (#cite_note-Underlines-23) Recognition and awards [ edit ] Bendell has been invited to receptions at Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) and 10 Downing Street (/wiki/10_Downing_Street) . In 2012, she became one of a dozen ambassadors for the government's newly-formed start-up loans company, which provided mentor-supported loans to young people looking to start their own businesses. [24] (#cite_note-24) The scheme, which also involved Dragon's Den (/wiki/Dragon%27s_Den) investor James Caan (/wiki/James_Caan_(entrepreneur)) , was promoted by Bendell alongside other young entrepreneurs such as James Eder (The Beans Group) and Romy Lewis (Lola's Kitchen). [25] (#cite_note-25) In 2014, Bendell was included in the Management Today (/wiki/Management_Today) "35 under 35" list of the UK's most successful young women entrepreneurs. [26] (#cite_note-26) In 2017 and 2018, Bluebella won Drapers (/wiki/Drapers_(magazine)) "Lingerie Brand of the Year" award. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) In 2018, they won Marketing Campaign of the Year at the UK Lingerie Awards 2018 for their "Dare To Bare" campaign launch for September 2017's London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , in which 19 non-professional models did an outdoor catwalk show at Oxford Circus (/wiki/Oxford_Circus) . [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Companies House. "BLUE BELLA LTD" (https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/05566892/filing-history) . gov.uk . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Companies House. "Blue Bella Limited Annual Report and Financial Statements: For the year ended 31 December 2022" (https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/document-api-images-live.ch.gov.uk/docs/WZniHqfocUNQjxcX8pFE_GT9njIbrwaJo36vayDSpjA/application-pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAWRGBDBV3NGNB2X5H%2F20240105%2Feu-west-2%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240105T084604Z&X-Amz-Expires=60&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEPH%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCWV1LXdlc3QtMiJGMEQCIAUIX%2Fx4bVWYmkYArT1StcujPTvCcrpnqLzjqe%2Fsvx%2BSAiAvEoAhgRi%2FRrgFQo34tNEnL0W9MOys3TISouSlEEYSFyrEBQiJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAQaDDQ0OTIyOTAzMjgyMiIMFDxxFv4abiYN%2FY6YKpgFJ%2BH6zmr33TQARzDvxuemgLUEmR8c0EQrjZbLBymWq9qhaNEY4d4Y3zt5fJ9%2Bl%2F2%2Fze0DZrKZ57nwz19%2Bt5agVmwwrUALgeEDYO0hrW08uZpp%2FrBXRw8Hl0Sta5cjrbaRe4nvCcymTVcLWrD2W8ogJC7sG2sXpcRGU2r0anXcEypZM0w1yJyw1ZNIhD4VeDqbFVHJayhb2jqR221%2Boyic1TR84gbQp2XqReASoQGV5CV1BavAFFrZtDkrfTTWifSV7DqYuYnwr9hS0S4rn5X9KKHAxC52%2BNxdTiiac2TR%2FjpyAKmJRLRt3lyzhfwQDXwPrY9Mr%2F2Hzjq2xcwq49%2Ff%2B%2BCSE4Q3x1oLo98xcBhd0DEyTcbiVXB5JFmX%2FnYbKq85cu1UXSYLCOeZjiJbIQ5NePeI5MUllsylVGc0OekXch6yiJLUjmuXCJsNobT7epslEYxLBnnXxEkm%2FmOUBele73iEs7fDoA7E1wOOfaGtBChIzzSjx%2F4p0k4MTkGmy3LAJzrGEvB8NX450EJvnZ%2F1jibGQdUrE1GKMn4vnQA%2BOnHP6kT7CTEoU1CdssuDZBGp%2F2bJPj1PDMqcpNrT1arRwTB3eczVYxsBikzv7n%2FRI%2Fs%2FJJ97puW8C3xTJB8umbdktF0ryXQzzhAH8pKcQeb6H%2BrGwFdmOmVQuhu9D%2BtARPw5OWHphK4kGpPr2My%2FQ%2FtA3XwNYxGgdHlmCj6oO1%2FpoVtNcIGNz%2Flzflg0hC4SV9Ku%2Bl3gcktDn%2FWnVMDDV3GFYrLxuR6AbaDX22veIkN1X695kvUvFEQ31Kutq58hr0cg41K0p%2FU4JB%2BMVy4K5IOgfPQDWnVXqFsDicl9k%2FyIUukFrxmkhf6kKxheZ4ihxYZKpfaNSp0FqzCx9t6sBjqyAQG%2BsBpzXJkVaqsXECaaA3Qp%2BJyMFtkXG5XFY6w%2FuD9Xyk6QH7ZUWOaMQffbHduEPbRjATGH4CiCDyMygmcEJdKuNf5ee1j%2BqkDBS4M1JckvpOL%2FztgLojW48L9u9RqgwC4UtLSgNOHOh%2FeXeAbFJiVYDtOW6m2%2BNoCIISTkoCjesqEco2zyz6fbtewZEa11BmOLIJUo%2FgRUAVlLTYDmtJUGIGqhQjnj%2Fk7rE7tJzZ9aono%3D&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%2205566892_aa_2023-08-17.pdf%22&X-Amz-Signature=076c20a8a054b2d77ee784f896d5c5858ac1fa04b21dde718aba37b176c7d4e6) . gov.uk . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Companies House. "Blue Bella Limited Annual Report and Financial Statements: For the year ended 31 December 2022" (https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/document-api-images-live.ch.gov.uk/docs/WZniHqfocUNQjxcX8pFE_GT9njIbrwaJo36vayDSpjA/application-pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAWRGBDBV3NGNB2X5H%2F20240105%2Feu-west-2%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240105T084604Z&X-Amz-Expires=60&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEPH%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCWV1LXdlc3QtMiJGMEQCIAUIX%2Fx4bVWYmkYArT1StcujPTvCcrpnqLzjqe%2Fsvx%2BSAiAvEoAhgRi%2FRrgFQo34tNEnL0W9MOys3TISouSlEEYSFyrEBQiJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAQaDDQ0OTIyOTAzMjgyMiIMFDxxFv4abiYN%2FY6YKpgFJ%2BH6zmr33TQARzDvxuemgLUEmR8c0EQrjZbLBymWq9qhaNEY4d4Y3zt5fJ9%2Bl%2F2%2Fze0DZrKZ57nwz19%2Bt5agVmwwrUALgeEDYO0hrW08uZpp%2FrBXRw8Hl0Sta5cjrbaRe4nvCcymTVcLWrD2W8ogJC7sG2sXpcRGU2r0anXcEypZM0w1yJyw1ZNIhD4VeDqbFVHJayhb2jqR221%2Boyic1TR84gbQp2XqReASoQGV5CV1BavAFFrZtDkrfTTWifSV7DqYuYnwr9hS0S4rn5X9KKHAxC52%2BNxdTiiac2TR%2FjpyAKmJRLRt3lyzhfwQDXwPrY9Mr%2F2Hzjq2xcwq49%2Ff%2B%2BCSE4Q3x1oLo98xcBhd0DEyTcbiVXB5JFmX%2FnYbKq85cu1UXSYLCOeZjiJbIQ5NePeI5MUllsylVGc0OekXch6yiJLUjmuXCJsNobT7epslEYxLBnnXxEkm%2FmOUBele73iEs7fDoA7E1wOOfaGtBChIzzSjx%2F4p0k4MTkGmy3LAJzrGEvB8NX450EJvnZ%2F1jibGQdUrE1GKMn4vnQA%2BOnHP6kT7CTEoU1CdssuDZBGp%2F2bJPj1PDMqcpNrT1arRwTB3eczVYxsBikzv7n%2FRI%2Fs%2FJJ97puW8C3xTJB8umbdktF0ryXQzzhAH8pKcQeb6H%2BrGwFdmOmVQuhu9D%2BtARPw5OWHphK4kGpPr2My%2FQ%2FtA3XwNYxGgdHlmCj6oO1%2FpoVtNcIGNz%2Flzflg0hC4SV9Ku%2Bl3gcktDn%2FWnVMDDV3GFYrLxuR6AbaDX22veIkN1X695kvUvFEQ31Kutq58hr0cg41K0p%2FU4JB%2BMVy4K5IOgfPQDWnVXqFsDicl9k%2FyIUukFrxmkhf6kKxheZ4ihxYZKpfaNSp0FqzCx9t6sBjqyAQG%2BsBpzXJkVaqsXECaaA3Qp%2BJyMFtkXG5XFY6w%2FuD9Xyk6QH7ZUWOaMQffbHduEPbRjATGH4CiCDyMygmcEJdKuNf5ee1j%2BqkDBS4M1JckvpOL%2FztgLojW48L9u9RqgwC4UtLSgNOHOh%2FeXeAbFJiVYDtOW6m2%2BNoCIISTkoCjesqEco2zyz6fbtewZEa11BmOLIJUo%2FgRUAVlLTYDmtJUGIGqhQjnj%2Fk7rE7tJzZ9aono%3D&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%2205566892_aa_2023-08-17.pdf%22&X-Amz-Signature=076c20a8a054b2d77ee784f896d5c5858ac1fa04b21dde718aba37b176c7d4e6) . gov.uk . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Milner, Leah (14 July 2012). "Angels Go Where Banks Fear To Tread" (http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/money/investment/article3475163.ece) . The Times . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Colman, Elizabeth (31 October 2010). "Big Guns Give More Bang To Start-Ups" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140319103925/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/small_business/article433864.ece) . The Times . Archived from the original (http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/small_business/article433864.ece) on 19 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Marie_Claire_6-0) Ramsdale, Suzannah (18 February 2016). "Meet the woman who designed the Fifty Shades of Grey lingerie range…" (https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/life/work/mc-meets-emily-bendell-founder-of-bluebella-82107) . Marie Claire . Retrieved 28 April 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lawson, Alex (18 August 2015). "London lingerie brand Bluebella slips into profit after sales triple on the Fifty Shades of Grey effect" (https://www.standard.co.uk/business/london-lingerie-brand-bluebella-slips-into-profit-after-sales-triple-on-the-fifty-shades-of-grey-a2905611.html) . The Evening Standard . Retrieved 28 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Emily Bendell On Jazz Shapers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140319103144/http://www.impishfish.com/podcast/wttw/index.php?id=43) . Jazz FM . 1 November 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.impishfish.com/podcast/wttw/index.php?id=43) on 19 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Sutherl, Emily (7 December 2017). "Bluebella: from Fifty Shades of Grey to John Lewis and Next" (https://www.drapersonline.com/people/bluebella-from-fifty-shades-of-grey-to-john-lewis-and-next/7027689.article) . Drapers . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Bluebella takes lingerie to Paris" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140318062029/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Blue-Bella-takes-lingerie-Paris/story-12275900-detail/story.html) . Nottingham Post . 1 October 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.nottinghampost.com/Blue-Bella-takes-lingerie-Paris/story-12275900-detail/story.html/) on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Bluebella attracts investment from UK market leader" (http://www.midlandsbusinessnews.co.uk/Nottingham-based-BlueBella-Ltd-attracts-investment-from-UK-market-leader/) . Midlands Business News . 25 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Bluebella to launch erotic garments at Selfridges" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140320013749/http://www.lingerieinsight.com/article-4645-bluebella-to-launch-erotic-garments-at-selfridges/) . LingerieInsight . 7 February 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.lingerieinsight.com/article-4645-bluebella-to-launch-erotic-garments-at-selfridges/) on 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Selfridges adds erotic brand Bluebella to its lingerie portfolio" (http://fashion-bust.com/2014/02/07/bluebella-launch-selfridges-london-store/) . Fashion Bust . 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Bluebella lingerie nets £1m funding for expansion in US" (https://www.standard.co.uk/fashion/bluebella-lingerie-nets-1m-funding-for-expansion-in-us-a3420451.html) . Evening Standard . 14 December 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Fraser, Kristopher (10 August 2018). "Bluebella expands in the U.S." (https://fashionunited.uk/news/business/bluebella-expands-in-the-u-s/2018081031205) fashionunited.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Nordstrom" (https://shop.nordstrom.com/sr/BLUEBELLA) . shop.nordstrom.com . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Bluebella - REVOLVE" (https://www.revolve.com/bluebella/br/82f301/) . www.revolve.com . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Bluebella | SHOPBOP" (https://www.shopbop.com/bluebella/br/v=1/52927.htm?all) . www.shopbop.com . ^ (#cite_ref-Metro_19-0) Bakar, Faima (26 February 2018). "Everyone's loving the Bluebella Pandora bra on Instagram" (https://metro.co.uk/2018/02/26/everyones-loving-the-bluebella-pandora-bra-on-instagram-7343424/) . Metro . Retrieved 28 April 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Team GB hopefuls tell girls to 'be proud of your athletic bodies' (https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/health/rio-olympics-2016-team-gb-hopefuls-tell-girls-to-be-proud-of-your-athletic-bodies-a3282546.html) " (https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/health/rio-olympics-2016-team-gb-hopefuls-tell-girls-to-be-proud-of-your-athletic-bodies-a3282546.html) . Evening Standard . 28 June 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Love Island's Amber Davies On How Her Life And Relationship Changed After The Show" (https://graziadaily.co.uk/celebrity/news/love-island-amber-davies-jack-dani-dyer/) . Grazia . 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Whelan, Grace (7 October 2019). "Victoria's Secret teams up with Bluebella" (https://www.drapersonline.com/news/latest-news/victorias-secret-teams-up-with-bluebella/7037902.article) . Drapers . Retrieved 3 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Underlines_23-0) "Bluebella to donate £1 from every purchase to fund careers for homeless women" (https://underlinesmagazine.com/2020/03/16/bluebella-donate-fund-careers-homeless-women/) . Underlines . 16 March 2020 . Retrieved 28 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "£80 million start up loans for new businesses" (http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/lord-young-report-enterprise/) . Gov.uk . HM Government . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Sharkey, Linda (19 July 2013). "Government's scheme reveals ambassadors to inspire young entrepreneurs" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/governments-scheme-reveals-ambassadors-to-inspire-young-entrepreneurs-7959887.html) . The Independent . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Emily Bendell, Founder, Bluebella" (https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/emily-bendell-founder-bluebella/article/1301517) . Management Today . 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Winners 2017 | Drapers Awards" (https://awards.drapersonline.com/winners-2017) . awards.drapersonline.com . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Bluebella named Lingerie Brand of the Year at Drapers Awards" (https://underlinesmagazine.com/2017/12/04/bluebella-lingerie-brand-year-drapers-awards/) . Underlines . 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Geoghegan, Jill (29 November 2018). "Drapers Awards 2018 winners revealed" (https://www.drapersonline.com/news/drapers-awards-2018-winners-revealed/7033210.article) . Drapers . Retrieved 3 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "UK Lingerie Awards 2018 winners announced" (https://www.diarydirectory.com/newsarticle/uk-lingerie-awards-2018-winners-announced/17413) . DIARY directory . 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 3 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Lingerie brand turns Oxford Street into a catwalk to promote body confidence" (https://uk.style.yahoo.com/lingerie-brand-turns-oxford-street-catwalk-promote-body-confidence-091302875.html) . uk.style.yahoo.com . 15 September 2017. 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Type of umbrella originating in China "Chinese parasol" redirects here. For the Chinese parasol tree, see Firmiana simplex (/wiki/Firmiana_simplex) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oil-paper_umbrella) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Oil-paper umbrella" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Oil-paper+umbrella%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Oil-paper+umbrella%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Oil-paper+umbrella%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Oil-paper+umbrella%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Oil-paper+umbrella%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Oil-paper+umbrella%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Oil-paper umbrella Chinese name Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 油纸伞 Traditional Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) 油紙傘 Simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) 油纸伞 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) yóuzhǐsǎn Japanese name Kanji (/wiki/Kanji) 和傘 Transcriptions Revised Hepburn (/wiki/Hepburn_romanization) wagasa A painting in Ajanta site (/wiki/Ajanta_Caves) featuring an oil paper umbrella, 2nd century BC to 6th century AD An oil-paper umbrella ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 油紙傘 ; Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) : 油纸伞 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : yóuzhǐsǎn , Mandarin pronunciation: [i̯ǒu̯ʈʂɨ̀sàn] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin) ) is a type of paper umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) that originated in China (/wiki/China) . It subsequently spread across several East, South and Southeast Asian countries such as Japan (/wiki/Japan) , Korea (/wiki/Korea) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar) , Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) , India (/wiki/India) , Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) , Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) , Laos (/wiki/Laos) and Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) , where it has been further developed with different characteristics. [1] (#cite_note-Hakka-1) Other than the purpose of providing shade, oil-paper (/wiki/Washi) umbrellas are also traditional wedding items. In traditional Chinese and Japanese weddings, the matron of honor (/wiki/Bridesmaid) would cover the bride (/wiki/Bride) with a red oil-paper umbrella upon arrival to ward off evil spirits. Purple umbrellas are a symbol of longevity for elders, while white umbrellas are used in funerals. Oil-paper umbrellas are also used as props in Japanese traditional dances (/wiki/Japanese_traditional_dance) and tea ceremonies (/wiki/Tea_ceremonies) . In the early Hakka (/wiki/Hakka) society, two umbrellas were usually given as dowry (/wiki/Dowry) , due to the "paper" ( 纸 ) and "child" ( 子 ) homonym in the language ( Pha̍k-fa-sṳ (/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3) : chṳ́ ), symbolizing a blessing for the woman to "give birth to a son soon", a propitiatory compliment to the newlyweds at the time. As the character "umbrella" contains five "people", giving the umbrellas also represents a blessing for the couple to have many sons and grandsons. In addition, because of the "oil" and "have" homonym, and that the umbrellas open into a round shape, they symbolize a happy, complete life. It was also customary to give an umbrella to a 16-year-old man at his rite of passage (/wiki/Rite_of_passage) . In religious celebrations, oil-paper umbrellas are often seen on the sacred sedan chairs as cover, used to shelter people from rain and sunlight, also to drive the evil spirits away. Today, oil-paper umbrellas are mostly sold as works of art (/wiki/Art) or souvenirs (/wiki/Souvenirs) . History [ edit ] Oil-paper umbrella in the Legend of the White Snake (/wiki/Legend_of_the_White_Snake) The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun ( 雲氏 ), wife of Luban ( 魯班 ). "Chop bamboo (/wiki/Bamboo) sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) . They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols (/wiki/Kittisol) . Basic production process [ edit ] The production process and required procedures are different in each region. However, in general, they can be divided into four main steps: Bamboo (/wiki/Bamboo) is selected The bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton. Washi (/wiki/Washi) paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight. Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella. Oil-paper umbrellas in China [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oil-paper_umbrella) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The art of the Chinese style of oil-paper umbrellas is mostly focused on traditional black and white Chinese painting (/wiki/Chinese_painting) , such as flowers, birds, and scenery. Others include scenes from famous Chinese literature, such as Dream of the Red Chamber (/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber) and Romance of the Western Chamber (/wiki/Romance_of_the_Western_Chamber) . Yet, some have Chinese calligraphy instead of paintings. However, traditional colors are kept on the sticks and the scaffold of the umbrella to maintain the antiquity. Yuhang, Zhejiang [ edit ] In Yuhang District (/wiki/Yuhang_District) , Zhejiang (/wiki/Zhejiang) , oil-paper umbrellas have been produced since the era of the Qianlong Emperor (/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor) (1769), by Dong Wenyuan ( 董文遠 ; Dǒng Wényuǎn ), who owned an umbrella shop. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are made with high mechanical skills and top materials, which provide their endurance. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and rain does no damage, thus their popularity among common people. Many travelers who passed through Yuan would buy umbrellas from Dong Wenyuan's umbrella shop as souvenirs for friends and relatives. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are available in a variety of different types and purposes, including those used for fishing or as collectibles. [ citation needed ] In 1951, Zhejiang province has chosen Yuhang as the focused point of the industrial artifact for oil-paper umbrellas and initiated a group for this establishment in 1952. The later established "Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" ( 雨傘手工業合作社 ; Yǔsǎn shǒugōngyè hézuòshè ) was the first industry of artifacts in Zhejiang province. This establishment was once in the spotlight of the Chinese media, however, as the popular metallic umbrella appeared on the market and oil-paper umbrellas have faced extinction. [ citation needed ] On December 5, 2006, artisan Liu Youquan ( 劉有泉 ; Liú Yǒuquán ) met a government official of the Yuhang district and proposed to recover the art of yóuzhǐsǎn production in Yuhan, with the intention of starting a new pop culture trend and increase local wealth. Liu spent a few hundred RMB and bought some dozens of the bamboo umbrella from a bamboo umbrella factory. But Liu did not have the skills, only to keep these as a "canvas" for 30 some years. A local media reported for a search of an oil-paper umbrella artisan and increased local awareness. Four days later, four artisans: Fang Jinquan ( 房金泉 ; Fáng Jīnquán ), Chen Yue Xiang ( 陳月祥 ; Chén Yuèxiáng ), Shen Lihua ( 沈麗華 ; Chén Lìhuá ), and Sun Shuigen ( 孫水根 ; Sūn Shuǐgēn ) prompted and have intentions to recover the art (drawing oil paintings on the bamboo umbrella). They have passed their skills and technique to some local bamboo farmers and brought income to them. The governmental officials of Yuhang have listed this art for major protection and important antique artifact ( Antiquities Act (/wiki/Antiquities_Act) ). Production requires skilled hands and technique as well as personal experience. Training to become a master in oil-paper umbrella manufacture requires an apprenticeship and a great deal of practice. Apprentices must practice the skills for three years to officially master this technique. Tools are made by professional blacksmiths. The material of the umbrellas is chosen with care. The umbrella scaffold is made from either bamboo or wood, tied with hair strings. The best umbrellas are made from peach flowers, as the umbrella surface is soaked in persimmon pigment. The persimmon pigment is made from fermenting the juice of green persimmons, [2] (#cite_note-2) which provides a suitable stickiness. The soaked flower petals are stuck to the umbrella scaffold one by one. Paintings or pictures are drawn on the peach flower petals prior to painting tung oil (/wiki/Tung_oil) on top. The finalized umbrella is left to dry in a dry dark room. It requires at least 70 steps to produce a well-crafted oil-paper umbrella. Sichuan [ edit ] In Luzhou (/wiki/Luzhou) , Sichuan (/wiki/Sichuan) , the oil-paper umbrella culture started around the end of Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) and beginning of Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_dynasty) . Oil-paper umbrellas have existed in Sichuan for as long as four hundred years. Here, the umbrellas are exquisite with fine paintings, abundant colors and beautiful outlooks, the umbrellas are also famous for their ability to shield strong winds. In 1993 May, six experienced artisans spent four months producing a famous Erlongxizhu umbrella ( Èr lóng xì zhū ), which was exported to countries such as England (/wiki/England) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) and Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) . The Erlongxizhu was made out of 88 pinaceae (/wiki/Pinaceae) and 52 bamboo sticks with 1,800 skins of paper and 100 kilograms (220 lb) of oil pigment. Producing the Erlongxizhu required over 70 procedures and it was regarded as the "Chinese King of Umbrellas". After Western umbrellas had increased in popularity, the Luzhou yóuzhǐsǎn 's popularity diminished dramatically. In addition, due to the sophisticated procedures, the high production cost and low profit, not many young men were willing to commit to this art. In 2004, only about thirty experienced artisans were willing to continue this umbrella production. Many people worried that the skills may soon become extinct. In October 2005, an exhibition in Shanghai invited the local government to an exhibition of oil-paper umbrellas, and they have recovered some popularity since then. After the recovery, Yunnan (/wiki/Yunnan) and Luzho minorities gained awareness of oil-paper umbrellas and used them during ceremonies and gifts. Since then, the umbrellas have been exported to Japan, Singapore, Korea, Hong Kong and Macau. Contemporary local artisans still utilize the traditional method of yóuzhǐsǎn production, which includes the 70 or so procedures of total manual production. Such as slicing the bamboo and painting the pictures. Materials used are also orthodox to the traditional materials, such as the bamboo sticks directly brought from the mountains where they were chopped. Tools of production are old too; the black stone ink is already 450 years old. Quality control is strict; the four trenches should not meet and the tung oil must be spread evenly across the umbrella surface. The paintings adhere to the situations they are used for. Jiangxi [ edit ] Oil-paper umbrellas in the Wuyuan County (/wiki/Wuyuan_County,_Jiangxi) of the Jiangxi (/wiki/Jiangxi) province are orthodox and beautiful in appearance, as well as endurable with portability, named the " 金溪斗笠甲路傘 ; Jīnxī dǒulì Jiǎlù sǎn ". During the Song dynasty, a local resident of Jiangxi named " 馬庭嵐 ; Mǎ Tínglán " was awarded the position chancellor (/wiki/Chancellor_(China)) , who then brought an oil-paper umbrella back to Jiangxi with him from a major city. One named " 甲路人 ; Jiǎ Lùrén " improved upon the prototype (/wiki/Prototype) and passed it on to his descendants. It was said that during the Ching dynasty when the Kangxi Emperor (/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor) was on the throne, one day the Kangxi Emperor secretly traveled to Wuyuan and it was raining. Kangxi Emperor saw a child who threw a stone at the umbrella; however, the stone bounced back off from the umbrella without damaging it. Kangxi Emperor was surprised by the quality and strength of the oil-paper umbrella and gave it a positive name called the "Jialu paper umbrella Jia Tianxia" ( 甲路紙傘甲天下 ; Jiǎlù zhǐ sǎn jiǎ tiānxià ). Since then they have been commonly called "Jialu umbrellas" ( 甲路傘 ; Jiǎlù sǎn ). Jialu umbrellas were awarded the first place during an international exhibition in 1936 and reached its peak at 1943, which recorded to have once produced 25,000 umbrellas and exported 17,000 annually. In 2000, however, only three eighty-year-old artisans have possessed the skill, in addition, one of the raw materials, the persimmon tree, is in danger of extinction. [ clarification needed ] Jialu umbrellas have since become extinct. In 2006, the locals have produced a new and natural breed and increased the quality of Jialu yóuzhǐsǎn . Production reached 50,000 annually and exported to countries such as the United States, Japan, and Korea. Contemporarily, there are four factories located in Wuyuan with a net worth of eight million RMB, thirty villagers and 1,800 workers. Jialu yóuzhǐsǎn are made from high-quality bamboo, skin paper, and tung oil. The main procedures are slicing the umbrella scaffold, cutting the umbrella portion, installing the umbrella sticks, boiling the umbrella stick, adding the skin paper, painting on the skin paper, editing the umbrella skin, brushing on tung oil, stitching the umbrella with decorations, installing the handle and the head. Altogether about thirty procedures. Hunan [ edit ] Oil-paper umbrellas in Changsha (/wiki/Changsha) , Hunan (/wiki/Hunan) province date back to about 100 years, the earliest oil-paper umbrella shop is 陶恆泰紙傘店 , Which is named after Tao Jiqiao ( 陶季橋 ), who established the shop during the Qing dynasty. In 1900, Liang Jingting ( 梁敬庭 ; Liáng Jìngtíng ), who worked in an umbrella shop in Changsha opened his own umbrella shop called the Lianghongfa San ( 梁宏發傘 ; liánghóngfā sǎn ). It produces the old type of oil, black ink umbrella. The name Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San ( 湘潭木屐 靖港油傘 ; xiāngtán mùjī jìng gǎng yóu sǎn ) is attributed to its fine features and endurance. In 1921, the Pan Kuiqing ( 潘饋清 ; pān kuì qīng ) brothers started a factory called Feifei San ( 菲菲傘 ; fēifēi sǎn ) that mass-produces umbrella skin paper. The umbrella skin it produced included traditional flowered ones and many other pictures, these umbrellas were exported to Hong Kong, Macau and South East Asia. The umbrella was awarded in a Chinese exhibition in 1929. The highest production rate was thirty thousand per year, until February 1975 when Jing Gang Yusan She ( 靖港雨傘社 ; jìng gǎng yǔsǎn shè ) was abolished, and Taohengmao ( 陶恆茂 ; táohéngmào ) oil-paper umbrella production was terminated. The raw materials of the Changsha oil-paper umbrella are skin paper, bamboo, cotton silk, rope, tung oil, persimmon water, pigment, cow horn, and wood. The umbrellas produced by Taohengmao ( 陶恆茂 ; táohéngmào ) are especially fine-featured and commit to abide by the traditional production methods with strict materials. Hubei [ edit ] The Hankou (/wiki/Hankou) , Hubei (/wiki/Hubei) , province has produced oil-paper umbrellas for the past few hundred years. In 1864, Somun ( Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 蘇文 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Sūwén ), who was originally from Hunan, invested in an umbrella shop. He later opened an official umbrella shop called Suhengtai Sandian ( Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 蘇恆泰傘店 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : sūhéngtàisǎndiàn ), with 12 workers and 3 apprentices in his employ. Production was at a rate of about 500-600 umbrellas per month. Somun also increased the umbrella's popularity locally, later expanding his business and amassing enormous profits. Suhengtai ( Chinese (/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) : 蘇恆泰 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : sūhéngtài ) oil-paper umbrella also became locally popular. It was once fashionable to buy umbrellas for weddings; the bride would hold a blue one while the groom would hold a red one with the combined connotation of a beautiful marriage. In 1970, the Sheng Tai oil-paper umbrella business died out. When in production, two types of materials were used: the scaffold was made from a special type of bamboo while the umbrella handle was made from a special type of wood from Hunan. The tung oil, skin paper, and persimmon oil used in production were all meticulously chosen. A Suhengtai oil-paper umbrella would last for about eight to twelve years. Fujian [ edit ] Oil-paper umbrella from Fuzhou (/wiki/Fuzhou) Oil-paper umbrella have been produced in both Fuzhou (/wiki/Fuzhou) and Nanping (/wiki/Nanping) of Fujian (/wiki/Fujian) . The oil-paper umbrella is one of the three treasures in Fuzhou ( 福州三寶 ). The other two are the 脫胎漆器 ( Lacquerware (/wiki/Lacquerware) ) and the 牛角梳 ( combs (/wiki/Comb) made of cattle horn (/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)) ). Umbrellas play a large part in Fuzhou residents' daily lives, with local people calling it 包袱傘 – meaning literally "everyone's backpack has an umbrella in it". The oil-paper umbrellas of Nanping are famous alongside two other brands altogether known as the "three mouth" ( 三口 ), the other two mouths being 水口 and 閩清口 . Production initiated in the 20th century with a peak pace of fifty thousand annually. Gradually, however, the traditional oil-paper umbrella was replaced by the collapsible umbrella in the 1970s. Local artisans have since switched to producing small and portable umbrellas. The umbrellas produced in Nanping are currently exported to Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, South East Asia, Europe, and America. Fuzhou oil-paper umbrella materials are chosen strictly with only those of high quality permitted. The scaffold must be made from bamboo of the Northern Fujian province that has good elasticity and endurance; the bamboo must furthermore be at least five years old. 83 procedures are required for the manufacture of a single umbrella. Traditional Fuzhou oil-paper umbrella art is divided into five subcategories including umbrella scaffold, umbrella installment, umbrella head, handle and painting, the mainstream of which is the umbrella installment. There are also a few famous local umbrella painters including 程家寶 , 林永欽 and 劉夢秋 . The oil-paper umbrella in Fuzhou is dated to as long ago as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period) . When 王審知 established his own kingdom called " 閩國 " ( Fujian (/wiki/Fujian) ) at Fuzhou, he brought the oil-paper umbrella from Zhejiang (/wiki/Zhejiang) with him. During the Ching dynasty, there were as many as 300 shops in Fuzhou. The oil-paper umbrella was also one of the symbols used in riots against the Japanese during the Xinhai revolution (/wiki/Xinhai_revolution) . The oil-paper umbrella in Fuzhou was famous for its endurance in an expo in Panama (/wiki/Panama) in 1915 and Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) in 1933. In 1985, the Fuzhou oil-paper umbrella has had significant improvement and advancement and was exported to Japan, Europe (/wiki/Europe) and South East Asia. Every umbrella has 72 sticks in the scaffold, opens wide and closes tightly giving it a snake-like appearance, thus giving it the nickname the "Snake Umbrella". In 1990, a government official, 林愛枝 , went to Seattle for an umbrella exhibition, and a red umbrella he showed provoked a great response in the audience. However, the Fuzhou umbrella shop closed down in 1997, resulting in low production with minor exports to Japan. Though local umbrella artisans are already occupied with other jobs, they still petition for the local government's assistance in the recovery of this art. Nowadays, the oil-paper umbrella has become a form of popular art and decoration. There are workshops and lessons for people to paint on the umbrellas in the traditional way. The umbrellas also serve as an important element of interior design in Fujian, with it being common to see them displayed in such places as high-end restaurants and hotels, people's houses, and museums. Yunnan [ edit ] Oil-paper umbrella production in Tengchong (/wiki/Tengchong_County) , Yunnan, dates back to two-hundred years ago, or nine generations, also called the 紙撐子 (Paper Support). It was rumored that 鄭以公 who once met two umbrella artisans and learned the skills from them brought the skills with him back to Tengchong, and passed it on to his descendants. In the past, oil-paper umbrella spread across all markets in Tengchong. The local Hakka especially liked the oil-paper umbrellas. The village chief 鄭傳國 said that once 80% of the villagers knew how to make oil-paper umbrellas, but now only four that are still making them. The current best production household is the 鄭家朝 , who is picky about the material and techniques. Tung oil and persimmon water are made adhering to the traditional methods of production. The final umbrella is elegant and strong. The production rate is about one to two per day. 鄭映樓 , who only makes big umbrellas likes to place big umbrellas in front of his shop to shed the sun and attract customers, therefore also named the "shed shop umbrella" ( 照舖傘 ). They only produce umbrellas when they have free time from farm works currently. The oil-paper umbrellas produced in Tengchong are finely tuned, abundant with colors and beautiful outlook. They were once sold in other provinces of China. However, there has been a gradual decrease in production during the 1950s. The oil-paper umbrella production now is only to pass on the skills to prevent the extinction of this handcraft locally. The oil-paper umbrella uses special bamboos and wood translocated from 雲華 (Yunhua) and 古永 (Guyon) as umbrella handle and scaffold. The umbrella surface uses skin bought from 界頭 (Jietou). Brushed with tung oil, named the green cloth ( 綠衣子 ). Procedures including slicing bamboo scaffold, stitching, surface skin, brushing persimmon water, collapsing the scaffold, drying the umbrella, painting, installing the handle, brushing tung oil, adding clothes, stitching again. It averages out about two umbrella a day. Oil-paper umbrella in customs and cultural ceremonies [ edit ] Terracotta Army Hakka marriage and bride dowry [ edit ] In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. " 紙 " (paper) is a homonym for " 子 " (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character " 傘 " (umbrella) contains five " 人 " (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes "fullness" connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as celery, garlic, and chives, that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family. Oil-paper umbrella as a dowry is still a custom in the Hakka family in Taiwan and some other countries in South East Asia (/wiki/South_East_Asia) . Hakka second burial funerals [ edit ] Since many of the Hakka populations are in the mountainous areas of China, most corpses are buried on the mountains. Initially, Hakka people do not put up a gravestone, however, after the second time the corpse is buried (usually 3–5 years later), the additional grander ceremony is added. When buying, usually in the eighth month of the Chinese calendar, an experienced burial master is hired to dig into the old grave and disinter the clean bones for an official and permanent burial at the exact spot. The oil-paper umbrella is used to cover the bones while they are being cleaned. Engagement present of the Yao people [ edit ] In the population of Yao (/wiki/Yao_people) located in Longhui County (/wiki/Longhui_County) of Hunan (/wiki/Hunan) , oil-paper umbrella is used as an engagement present by the men side. When a consensus is built between the two families, the family of the man's side would hire an experienced man to propose a marriage in the woman's house. The first propose does not require any gift but only the permission of the parents of the bride. During the day of engagement, the man's side needs to bring an oil-paper umbrella to the woman's house and place it on the sacred table located in the house; the bride must take the umbrella from the table personally and close the umbrella that is stitched with 12 triangles. Then the experienced man must bring the oil-paper umbrella back to the husband's house for the proof of a successful engagement. On the way back, the experienced man must not open the umbrella himself. If a divorce is made later, the husband must return the string on the stitch back to the bride. Funerals of the Dai people [ edit ] Dai people (/wiki/Dai_people) located in Yunnan use a special type of paper called " 嘎拉沙 " (Garcia) to make oil-paper umbrella, which is brushed with sesame oil. The Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven (/wiki/Heaven) . This type of umbrella is still available in a village today. Hakka dance ceremony [ edit ] "Umbrella Dance" is one of the traditional dances of the Hakka culture, during the ceremony, the dancer must be holding a paper umbrella and wearing a blue shirt (traditional Hakka clothing). Hakka Dance Ceremony is an important part of the Hakka Culture along with "tea leaf drama" and "mountain song". Oil-paper umbrella in Taiwan [ edit ] Oil-paper umbrella has been the cultural symbol of the Hakka in Meinong District (/wiki/Meinong_District) of Kaohsiung (/wiki/Kaohsiung) . The production procedures are divided into five major portions. This includes the umbrella scaffold, umbrella production, umbrella head, umbrella handle and art painting. With any one of the above been done, the umbrella could be called as a "full art" ( 全藝 ). History and modifications [ edit ] Oil-paper umbrella production in Meinong initiation has two rumors. One was that it started during the Japanese rule (/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule) , during which, Lin ( 林阿貴 ) and Wu ( 吳振興 ) invited oil-paper umbrella artisans from mainland China to Taiwan for the purpose of passing the skills to the locals. The other was that oil-paper umbrella artisan Guo ( 郭玉琴 ) have arrived in Taiwan from Guangdong province. Since then, he had permanently stayed in the Meinong district and spread the skills locally. Early Meinong oil-paper umbrella factor was called " 廣 " (pronounced "Young") for connotations of wealth, wide and progression. In 1960, oil-paper umbrella, tobacco leaves, and rice were Meinong district's major income sources. At that time, it was the renaissance of oil-paper umbrella. It was estimated that there were at least twenty factories producing twenty thousand oil-paper umbrellas annually. However, with the rapid industrialization in Taiwan, mechanically produced Western umbrellas have replaced them in attribute to low cost, longevity, and portability. Taiwan has become the key country of Western umbrella production and forced many traditional handmade oil-paper umbrella factories out of business. In 1970, an English journal used the Goung ( 廣進勝 ) oil-paper umbrella pioneer, Lin ( 林享麟 ) and his umbrella as the magazine cover, along with a detailed article on the culture and production of oil-paper umbrella. BBC have also included a series of recording of the oil-paper umbrella called the "Long Search". In addition, 1983, famous Hakka movie producer, Lin Fu-De ( 林福地 ), have incorporated the oil-paper umbrella into his drama, Star Knows My Heart (/wiki/Star_Knows_My_Heart) . When the drama was played in the Japanese television, Taiwanese oil-paper umbrella gained impression in the Japanese, who have ordered a large quantity for imports. After 1980, with the increase of Taiwan overall financial status, Meinong's increased tourism, oil-paper umbrella have recovered its utility in the daily life along with its value as a local culture and travel souvenir. Production and materials [ edit ] Meinong oil-paper umbrella scaffolds are made mainly from bamboo sticks, which are translocated from places such as Puli (/wiki/Puli,_Nantou) , Zhushan (/wiki/Zhushan,_Nantou) , Nantou County (/wiki/Nantou_County) and the Cishan District (/wiki/Cishan_District) of Kaohsiung. Especially the famous moso bamboo (/wiki/Moso_bamboo) of the Qushan district. Moso bamboo is famous for its strength and elasticity. Thus the scaffold is mainly made of moso bamboo. Prior to production, most bamboo is soaked in water to eliminate the sugar for a month. Then they are dried under the sun to prevent infection of bugs. After cutting and slicing, they become the fundamental scaffold of the umbrella, with additional modifications such as umbrella head, handle and hole drilling for stitching. After the scaffold production, the wax is applied onto the surface as well as the sides. Then persimmon oil, sun bake, painting, handle installment, umbrella head fixed, stitched for a finalized oil paper umbrella. Oil-paper umbrella in Japan [ edit ] Umbrella making as a home industry Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa ( Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_language) : 和傘 , "Japanese umbrella") , and these with a bull's-eye design are called janomegasa ( Japanese (/wiki/Japanese_language) : 蛇の目傘 , "snake-eye umbrella") . The handle and scaffold are often colored black, however, sometimes other colors are applied as well. The surface paintings include traditional Japanese culture, gained popularity from the Azuchi–Momoyama period (/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period) to Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) . [a] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] The underside of a Japanese oil-paper umbrella The origin of oil-paper umbrellas could be traced to those fabric canopies brought from Korea to Japan during the Asuka period (/wiki/Asuka_period) , which samples are preserved among the Shōsōin (/wiki/Sh%C5%8Ds%C5%8Din) treasures. [4] (#cite_note-5) [5] (#cite_note-6) [6] (#cite_note-7) Initially, the oil-paper umbrella was a sacred instrument in Buddhist ceremony. During the Heian period (/wiki/Heian_period) , techniques in paper production and bamboo work advanced. In the Muromachi period (/wiki/Muromachi_period) , pigments and wax were applied to the surface of the paper for additional resistance to water. Oil-paper umbrella used in weddings in Ryūkyū (/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB) During the Azuchi-Momoyama period (/wiki/Azuchi-Momoyama_period) , Luzon Sukezaemon (/wiki/Luzon_Sukezaemon) introduced an umbrella with a shield from the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) , which contributed the popularity of the wages. During the Genroku (/wiki/Genroku) era, modifications were made to enhance its utility to specific circumstances. Some monks and doctors used shorter and thicker umbrellas with business trademarks or logos on them, then lent them to customers as an advertisement. Umbrellas also became the geisha (/wiki/Geisha) 's tool as well. In addition, some unemployed Edo period samurai crafted oil-paper umbrellas as a secondary occupation. A famous example is the Ajima-kasa ( 阿島傘 ) , made in Nagano Prefecture (/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture) , which is still made there. However, with the popularity of Western umbrellas in the Meiji period (/wiki/Meiji_period) , oil-paper umbrellas have diminished markets today, with only a few locations producing it, such as Kyoto (/wiki/Kyoto) , Gifu Prefecture (/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture) and Yodoe (/wiki/Yodoe,_Tottori) , Tottori Prefecture (/wiki/Tottori_Prefecture) . Tsujikura (http://kyototsujikura.com) is the oldest shop of the oil-paper umbrella in Japan. Kyoto [ edit ] Kyō wagasa, a traditional umbrella of Kyoto, Japan. A style of oil-paper umbrella in Kyoto (/wiki/Kyoto) is called kyōwagasa ( 京和傘 ) . It is completely handmade, colors and images are of Japanese features, materials are also strictly controlled. The handle and scaffold are made from bamboo of Kameoka, Kyoto (/wiki/Kameoka,_Kyoto) ; the umbrella skin is made from Meinong paper of Gifu. The surface of the umbrella skin is brushed with sesame oil (/wiki/Sesame_oil) and tied with fine strings. An experienced artisan usually produces ten to twenty kyowagasa a month. One umbrella style has concentric circles on the exterior side of the umbrella skin called the janomegasa ( 蛇の目傘 ) , which literally means eye of a snake . Gifu [ edit ] Oil-paper umbrella production in Gifu started around 1750. Every oil-paper umbrella made in Gifu goes through over a hundred procedures. During the Shōwa period (/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period) , the production in Gifu reached its peak at about fifteen million annually. Today, the production is only about a few tens of thousands per year. Yodoe [ edit ] Oil-paper umbrella production started in Yodoe, Tottori (/wiki/Yodoe,_Tottori) in 1821, by the Kurayoshiya ( 倉吉屋 ) . During the Meiji period, the production in Yodoe was only about a few thousand annually. However, due to the abundance and accessibility of bamboo and other raw materials, during the Taishō period (/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period) , production by factories increased 71% and a net production of 17,000 Wagasa annually. Most areas in western Japan regularly used the Yodoe Wagasa. Oil-paper umbrella in Japanese culture [ edit ] Oil-paper umbrella at a wedding ceremony Other than its utility, oil-paper umbrellas appear quite often in Japanese culture, and are often associated with geisha, traditional dance, tea ceremony (/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony) , and daily utility including wedding ceremony. Oil-paper umbrella shops in Gion (/wiki/Gion) have classified their customers into categories for different styles of oil-paper umbrella: Geisha use purple Dancers use pink Middle aged clients like green or red Men and elderly use dark blue Actors tend to pick black or brown Different colors have different connotations and symbolism; in traditional weddings, brides are usually covered under a red oil-paper umbrella. In tea a red parasol called nodatekasa (野点傘) is used for outdoor occasions ( nodate ). Oil-paper umbrella in Korea [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oil-paper_umbrella) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( July 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Korea also traditionally used oil-paper umbrellas. Korean oil-paper umbrellas are characterized by the use of Korean paper (/wiki/Korean_paper) in a variety of colours. History [ edit ] The exact time period when oil-paper umbrellas began to be used in Korea is unclear, but paintings show their use at least during the Joseon Dynasty (/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty) . Oil-paper umbrellas later became more widely popular, and were used as such until the 1960s; however, oil-paper umbrellas have gradually disappeared in Korea due to the emergence of more durable modern umbrellas. Currently, the only craftsman who makes oil-paper umbrellas resides in Jeonju (/wiki/Jeonju) , Jeollabuk-do (/wiki/Jeollabuk-do) . Their production was designated as an intangible cultural property in 2011 and continues to exist in South Korea. [1] (https://m.blog.naver.com/designpress2016/221007121613) Oil-paper umbrellas in Thailand [ edit ] Umbrella stand at the Sunday market, Chiangmai (/wiki/Chiangmai) Oil-paper umbrella art in the Northern Thailand, or Chiang Mai (/wiki/Chiang_Mai) dates back to around two hundred years. The umbrella scaffold is made from green bamboo sticks, the colors and images are abundant including pictures of scenery, animals, people and flowers. The umbrella surfaces can have a square shape in addition to the traditional circular one. Oil-paper umbrellas in Thailand have unique features, which often entice tourists to buy them. Of the several types, the most famous are the ones made in the Bo Sang village. Most farmers produce oil-paper umbrellas during their free time in specialized factories. History and modifications [ edit ] The rumors of the local people have guessed that the oil-paper umbrella has been brought into Thailand by the Bamar (/wiki/Bamar) . Long ago, a monk in Thailand named "Pra In that" who practiced Buddhism in "Wat Bo Sang" temple and traveled a lot. One time as he approached near the Northern border of Burma (/wiki/Burma) and stayed there for a few days, the Thai people (/wiki/Thai_people) there accommodated him while his stay. During a time when Pra In that ate his breakfast, a Bamar gave him an umbrella along with the prayer of the monk. The monk thought the umbrella was very convenient and was curious for how it was made, he decided to learn to make the umbrella. Thus he visited the village that was specialized in the production of umbrella located in Burma. Pra In that recorded the detailed production procedures and brought it with him back to Wat Bo Sang temple. After arriving back at Wat Bo Sang, Pra In that was on a hunt for the needed materials to produce the umbrella, with some assistance of the villagers, they were able to make the first umbrella in Thailand. Initially, not many villagers were motivated to make umbrellas, however, once they found the convenience of it, many were attracted to mass-produce and buying it. Oil-paper umbrella production became one of the major sources of income for the Bo Sang village. In 1941, Bo Sang villagers have cooperated and established the "Bo Sang Umbrella Making Cooperative Ltd.". The chief of the company is Jamroon Suthiwiwat. The company is specialized in making umbrella of different sizes such as 14, 16, 18, 20, 35, 40 inches and even bigger umbrella. In 1957, Governmental association "Center for Industrial Promotion for the North" have assisted the villagers and improved their production techniques. Production and materials [ edit ] Phangki, son of Nāga (/wiki/N%C4%81ga) under an oil-paper umbrella The umbrella skin is made from the tree skin of morus plant (/wiki/Morus_(plant)) called "sa". Morus skin is cooked to soft, washed, smashed, washed and bleached. It is covered in cloth to increase the thickness. Then dried under the sun. Oil-paper umbrella production is all handmade including slicing the bamboo stick, combining the umbrella scaffold, addition of the skin, painting, and drying. Bo Sang umbrella use oil paint (/wiki/Oil_paint) to paint and are all painted completely by hand. Umbrella festival [ edit ] The oil-paper umbrella festival takes place in Chiang Mai (/wiki/Chiang_Mai) during the January or February of every year. It is one of the most popular festivals and attracts a lot of tourists. The festival mainly takes place in the streets of Bo Sang, every place in the village are decorated with oil-paper umbrella. There are also competitions taking place between artisans and artists of the oil-paper umbrella, prizes are awarded to the winners. Women from the Bo Sang village performs the bicycle show with the oil-paper umbrella and are simultaneously competing for "Miss Bo Sang" of the year. Oil-paper umbrella in Vietnam [ edit ] Artist Lê Thị Lựu (/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%E1%BB%8B_L%E1%BB%B1u) is using oil paper umbrellas Vietnamese people also have a long tradition of using oil-paper umbrellas, but so far there has been no research on the type of oil-paper umbrellas used by Vietnamese people. [7] (#cite_note-8) Gallery [ edit ] Aimé Morot (/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Morot) , Nude with a Japanese Umbrella Hiroshige (/wiki/Hiroshige) , The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō (/wiki/The_Fifty-three_Stations_of_the_T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D) , Rain Shower at Shōno (/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dno-juku) Hyakunin Isshu (/wiki/Hyakunin_Isshu) by Kuniyoshi (/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi) . Jakuren (/wiki/Jakuren) and a companion strolling in a grove of yew trees (/wiki/Yew_tree) Reproduction of a hand coloured photograph of a Sinhalese (/wiki/Sinhalese_people) man in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) , 1897 From Burmah a watercolor by Rao Bahadur M. V. Dhurandhar depicting a Burmese woman (/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar) from Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar) Oil paper umbrella art in southern China Paper parasol artisan in southern China See also [ edit ] Cocktail umbrella (/wiki/Cocktail_umbrella) Kittisol (/wiki/Kittisol) Payung mesikhat (/wiki/Payung_mesikhat) Gifu umbrellas (/wiki/Gifu_umbrellas) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-4) A part of wagasa was excavated at Kōfu Jōkamachi Site ( 甲府城下町遺跡 ) in Kōfu, Yamanashi, Japan, where the area was a castle town during the rule of feudal lord Takeda Shingen (/wiki/Takeda_Shingen) in the 16th century. [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Hakka_1-0) Logan, Christopher (1995). "Oil Paper Umbrellas--Beauties of Hakka Craftsmanship" (http://www.sinica.edu.tw/tit/culture/1096_Umbrellas.html) . Vision International Publishing Co. Archived (https://archive.today/20121222063103/http://www.sinica.edu.tw/tit/culture/1096_Umbrellas.html) from the original on 2012-12-22 . Retrieved 2012-07-02 . The Hakka people of the historic town of Meinung fashion amazing umbrellas out of bamboo and paper. These umbrellas, which are lacquered and painted in colorful designs, actually work fine in the rain. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Hiromi Paper International" (http://www.hiromipaper.com/newsletter/LoriGoodman.htm) . hiromipaper.com . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Maizō-bunkazai Sentā (Archaeological Center at Board of Education). "Iseki topikkusu: No. 0342 Kōfu jōkamachi iseki" (http://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/smartphone/maizou-bnk/topics/301-400/0342.html) [No. 0342 Kōfu Jōkamachi iseki site]. Site Report . Yamanashi, Japan: Yamanashi Prefecture . Retrieved 2016-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "6. Senshoku: Nunotengai, Chūsō 202, Zatsu no.28" (http://shosoin.kunaicho.go.jp/en-US/Bulletin/Pdf?bno=0328127180) [6. Fabric/textile: Nunotengai, Zatsu no.28, Middle Warehouse 202]. Annual Report, Shōsōin Bulletin (32). Imperial Household Agency: 139–143 . Retrieved April 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Dai 60kai Shosoin-ten Shucchinhin Ichiran" (http://www.narahaku.go.jp/exhibition/2008toku/shosoin/list.html) [List of artifacts at the 60th Shosoin exhibition]. Nara, Japan: Nara National Museum. 2008 . Retrieved April 24, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Hōkei tengai zanketsu" (http://shosoin.kunaicho.go.jp/ja-JP/Treasure?id=0000017054) [Square canopy, incomplete remains]. Imperial Household Agency . Retrieved April 24, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Oil-Paper Umbrella: Artwork and Accessory" (http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/2018/ich/201805/t20180515_800129484.html) . China Today. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oil-paper umbrellas (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oil-paper_umbrellas) . 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Type of realistic costumes A climate activist (/wiki/Climate_activist) wearing a bear suit (/wiki/Bear_suit) Part of a series on Costume (/wiki/Costume) Background History (/w/index.php?title=History_of_costumes&action=edit&redlink=1) Industry (/w/index.php?title=Costume_industry&action=edit&redlink=1) Costume coordination (/wiki/Costume_coordination) Use of costume in Athenian tragedy (/wiki/Use_of_costume_in_Athenian_tragedy) Wardrobe supervisor (/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor) Society and culture Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Cosplay (/wiki/Cosplay) Costume party (/wiki/Costume_party) Masque (/wiki/Masque) Masquerade ball (/wiki/Masquerade_ball) Parade (/wiki/Parade) World Costume Festival (/wiki/World_Costume_Festival) Design Costume design (/wiki/Costume_design) Costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) Spirit gum (/wiki/Spirit_gum) Elements and methods Body painting (/wiki/Body_painting) Disguise (/wiki/Disguise) Fake moustache (/wiki/Fake_moustache) Fatsuit (/wiki/Fatsuit) Illusion costume (/wiki/Illusion_costume) Inflatable costume (/wiki/Inflatable_costume) Zentai (/wiki/Zentai) Traditional Faubourg Marigny Mardi Gras costumes French Quarter Mardi Gras costumes Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Santa suit (/wiki/Santa_suit) Theatrical Commedia dell'arte masks (/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte_masks) Costumed performer (/wiki/Costumed_performer) Creature suit Dance costume (/wiki/Dance_costume) Dead-character costume (/wiki/Dead-character_costume) Domino mask (/wiki/Domino_mask) Gorilla suit (/wiki/Gorilla_suit) Kumadori (/wiki/Kumadori) Leotard (/wiki/Leotard) Pantomime horse (/wiki/Pantomime_horse) Stage dress (/wiki/Stage_clothes) Titan the Robot (/wiki/Titan_the_Robot) Period Plague doctor costume (/wiki/Plague_doctor_costume) Modern dress (/wiki/Modern_dress) Children Sesame Street (/wiki/Sesame_Street) Zoobilee Zoo (/wiki/Zoobilee_Zoo) Fictional Batsuit (/wiki/Batsuit) utility belt (/wiki/Batman%27s_utility_belt) Ghostface (/wiki/Ghostface_(identity)) Girdle of Gaea (/wiki/Golden_Girdle_of_Gaea) Monokuma (/wiki/Monokuma) Organizations Angels Costumes (/wiki/Angels_Costumes) Costume Designers Guild (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild) Western Costume (/wiki/Western_Costume) Awards Laurence Olivier (/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) AACTA (/wiki/AACTA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Academy Award (/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Africa Movie Academy (/wiki/Africa_Movie_Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) BAFTA (/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Critics' Choice (/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) César (/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) David di Donatello (/wiki/David_di_Donatello_for_Best_Costumes) Filmfare (/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Golden Arena (/wiki/Golden_Arena_for_Best_Costume_Design) IIFA (/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) National Film Award (/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Robert (/wiki/Robert_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Satellite (/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design) Costume Designers Guild (TV) (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design_%E2%80%93_Contemporary_TV_Series) Costume Designers Guild (fantasy) (/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Award_for_Excellence_in_Fantasy_Costume_Design_for_Film) People Category:Costume designers (/wiki/Category:Costume_designers) Museums Centre National du Costume de Scene (/wiki/Centre_National_du_Costume_de_Scene) Costume Museum of Canada (/wiki/Costume_Museum_of_Canada) Kastoria Costume Museum (/wiki/Costume_Museum_(Kastoria)) Devonshire Collection of Period Costume (/wiki/Devonshire_Collection_of_Period_Costume) Korea Museum of Modern Costume (/wiki/Korea_Museum_of_Modern_Costume) Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume (/wiki/Dalgarven_Mill_%E2%80%93_Museum_of_Ayrshire_Country_Life_and_Costume) Museum of the History of the Greek Costume (/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_the_Greek_Costume) Portugal National Museum of Costume and Fashion (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Costume_and_Fashion) Scotland National Museum of Costume (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Costume) v t e Creature suits are realistic costumes used to disguise a performer as an animal, monster (/wiki/Monster) , or other being. They are used in film, television, or as costumed characters (/wiki/Costumed_character) in live events. Unlike mascots (/wiki/Mascot) , they are often made with a high degree of realism. In contrast with prosthetic makeup (/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup) , which is applied to an actor's skin, the wearer is not normally visible outside their movements controlling the costume, although in some cases, part of the wearer's body is still visible (such as in the case of mermaids (/wiki/Mermaid) or other half-human monsters). History [ edit ] A stage actor in a bear costume, 1909 Creature suits have been used since before movies were invented. As part of his circus sideshow (/wiki/Sideshow) in London in 1846, P. T. Barnum (/wiki/P._T._Barnum) had an actor wearing a fur suit of an "ape-man", and continued to dress actors in similar costumes as attractions. [1] (#cite_note-Weinstock2014-1) They were used starting from the early days of film as practical effects (/wiki/Practical_effect) , to represent animals that were too prohibitive to train or use, such as gorillas. [2] (#cite_note-Geiger2011-2) Some films even tried to pass off costumes as real animals, which caused controversy. [3] (#cite_note-Geiger20112-3) Ricou Browning (/wiki/Ricou_Browning) in costume for Creature from the Black Lagoon (/wiki/Creature_from_the_Black_Lagoon) The first foam rubber (/wiki/Foam_rubber) creature suit used in film was Gill-man (/wiki/Gill-man) , from the film Creature from the Black Lagoon (/wiki/Creature_from_the_Black_Lagoon) , which released in 1954 and beat Godzilla (/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)) by half a year. The suit, created by the film special-effects artist Don Post, was extremely hot when worn outside of the water, requiring actor Ben Chapman (/wiki/Ben_Chapman_(actor)) to be regularly hosed down, and difficult to see out of. [4] (#cite_note-4) The success of Godzilla caused creature suits to be adopted in the Japanese tokusatsu (/wiki/Tokusatsu) genre as kaiju (/wiki/Kaiju) , or giant monsters. They were animated using the suitmation technique, combining slow-motion filming and miniature sets to make them appear larger than they really were. Creature suit technology advanced during the latter half of the 20th century to include modern materials and animatronics (/wiki/Animatronics) integrated into the costume itself, increasing their realism. The animatronics were usually puppeteered by an operator with a remote control. However, their use dropped due to the advent of CGI (/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery) , which was often cheaper to implement. For example, the suit used in the television series Harry and the Hendersons (/wiki/Harry_and_the_Hendersons) cost USD $1 million. [5] (#cite_note-Company1991-5) Nevertheless, despite the fluidity of CGI animals and monsters, purely visual effects are often panned, or, at least, not preferred by discerning film viewers. It is extremely difficult to mimic realistic lighting, leading to most CGI creatures and characters looking obviously fake when placed alongside real environments, especially if the film has a low budget and cannot afford sophisticated 3D modeling and rendering. Films such as Jurassic Park , which made heavy use of practical effects (/wiki/Practical_effect) , including creature suits, remain well-regarded for their special effects, while CGI creatures quickly become dated as technology advances. This has led to the continued use of creature suits in modern-day films and commercials to provide additional realism, such as Hellboy and Star Wars: The Force Awakens (/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens) . In other instances, CGI and creature suits are combined, using green parts of the suit to chroma key (/wiki/Chroma_key) them and add or remove appendages in post-production (/wiki/Post-production) . This technique was used to hide suit actors' heads in the 2005 film Zathura: A Space Adventure (/wiki/Zathura:_A_Space_Adventure) , replace satyr creatures' legs in the 2005 film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe) , and to add facial expressions to the monsters in the 2009 film Where the Wild Things Are . Creature suits have also been used in many live events and productions, such as the dinosaur suits used in Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular (/wiki/Walking_with_Dinosaurs_%E2%88%92_The_Arena_Spectacular) . They are also used in LARPs (/wiki/LARP) to represent monsters and other creatures that have to interact with players. In addition, they are sometimes used in hoaxes (/wiki/Hoax) , such as Bigfoot (/wiki/Bigfoot) sightings. [6] (#cite_note-LoxtonProthero2013-6) [7] (#cite_note-Baker-7) Manufacture [ edit ] Creature suits are usually made by special effects (/wiki/Special_effect) studios, one of the most well known of which is Jim Henson's Creature Shop (/wiki/Jim_Henson%27s_Creature_Shop) , or by individual special effects artists. Different body shapes of suits are made using foam (/wiki/Foam) padding covered by painted liquid latex (/wiki/Liquid_latex) (to simulate bare skin) or fake fur (/wiki/Fake_fur) . Foam latex (/wiki/Foam_latex) can also be used to create suits, and masks may sometimes be made out of fiberglass (/wiki/Fiberglass) . More expensive suits have hairs hand-knitted into the foam to give a more realistic, movie-quality appearance, as well as animatronic machinery, usually as part of the mask. Sometimes, the suits are made by smaller studios or individuals. Cosplayers (/wiki/Cosplay) often make replicas of famous movie monsters (/wiki/Monster_movie) . Some of the most commonly seen creature suits in cosplay are the Alien (/wiki/Alien_(creature_in_Alien_franchise)) and Predator (/wiki/Predator_(alien)) from their respective series. Other cosplayers make suits of anthropomorphic (/wiki/Anthropomorphism) or monster characters from video games (/wiki/Video_game) and anime (/wiki/Anime) . They can also come in the form of realistic fursuits (/wiki/Fursuit) made to depict the owner's original character (/wiki/Original_character) , with no prior appearance in mass media. Acting [ edit ] Acting inside a creature suit in a professional context is often done by a suit actor (/wiki/Suit_actor) who specializes in wearing them. These are typically stunt performers (/wiki/Stunt_performer) who have practice embodying realistic creature movements. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) They must not be prone to claustrophobia (/wiki/Claustrophobia) from being enclosed by the suit, and must be able to deal with difficulty moving, as well as general sensory deprivation (/wiki/Sensory_deprivation) . [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) While most suits are operated by a single wearer, some suits, such as those of large quadrupedal animals like Greenpeace's (/wiki/Greenpeace) polar bear Paula, [9] (#cite_note-9) must be worn by multiple people in a similar manner as a pantomime horse (/wiki/Pantomime_horse) . However, the wearers usually refrain from such goofy and comedic antics as their satirical counterparts, in order to add the illusion of lifelike movement. Notable suit actors include Haruo Nakajima (/wiki/Haruo_Nakajima) , who portrayed Godzilla in twelve consecutive films, as well as various other giant kaiju, and was considered "invaluable" to the Godzilla franchise (/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)) . [10] (#cite_note-bigg-10) Doug Jones (/wiki/Doug_Jones_(actor)) portrayed many monsters in films directed by Guillermo del Toro (/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro) , including the faun and Pale Man of Pan's Labyrinth (/wiki/Pan%27s_Labyrinth) , and the Amphibian Man from The Shape of Water (/wiki/The_Shape_of_Water) . He had been slated to portray Frankenstein's monster (/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster) in a film based on the Dark Universe franchise (/w/index.php?title=Dark_Universe_(franchise)&action=edit&redlink=1) before it was cancelled. [11] (#cite_note-11) Mark Steger, a veteran creature suit actor, portrayed the Demogorgon of Stranger Things (/wiki/Stranger_Things) . [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Misty Rosas, among other roles, portrayed Amy the gorilla in Congo (/wiki/Congo_(film)) , as well as the aliens Kuiil and Frog Lady in Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars) spin-off The Mandalorian (/wiki/The_Mandalorian) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Common types [ edit ] Aliens [ edit ] Cosplayer wearing creature suit of a female Predator (/wiki/Predator_(fictional_species)) alien Many depictions of aliens in film have been done using creature suits of various types, including those in the science-fiction movie franchises Alien (/wiki/Alien_(franchise)) and Predator (/wiki/Predator_(franchise)) , the television series Doctor Who (/wiki/Doctor_Who) and The Tommyknockers (/wiki/The_Tommyknockers_(miniseries)) , and the film The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy , among others. While shows like Star Trek (/wiki/Star_Trek) prefer prosthetic makeup (/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup) , it has led to the term "rubber forehead alien" due to the fact that most of the aliens look extremely similar to humans save for slight differences in their eye color, skin color or facial prosthetics, and creature suits can allow for more alien body shapes. Animals [ edit ] Many animals have been made into lifelike creature suits, including lions (/wiki/Lion) , tigers (/wiki/Tiger) , rhinos (/wiki/Rhinoceros) and elephants (/wiki/Elephant) , foxes (/wiki/Fox) , wolves (/wiki/Wolf) , dolphins (/wiki/Dolphin) , kangaroos (/wiki/Kangaroo) , penguins (/wiki/Penguin) , common ostriches (/wiki/Common_ostrich) and walruses (/wiki/Walrus) , among others. The benefits of using a realistic suit include not having the danger of a live animal on set, as well as not having to train them or deal with potential incidents of animal cruelty (/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals) . Apes and gorillas [ edit ] See also: Gorilla suit (/wiki/Gorilla_suit) Ape suits have a great tradition especially on film, with notable works involving them ranging from 1939's The Wizard of Oz (/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)) to 1968's 2001: A Space Odyssey (/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)) and Planet of the Apes (/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)) . In addition to realistic gorilla suits used in film and television, dressing up as a gorilla for comedic effect has become a public phenomenon. They are sometimes linked to the character of King Kong (/wiki/King_Kong) , who was portrayed using a suit in the Japanese Toho (/wiki/Toho) films of which he was protagonist, as well as the 1976 remake (/wiki/King_Kong_(1976_film)) and Its sequel (/wiki/King_Kong_Lives) . Bears [ edit ] Main article: Bear suit (/wiki/Bear_suit) Due to the popularity of bears in popular culture, there have been many realistic bear suits created for film and television. They are also used for live performances, protests and scientific studies. Dinosaurs [ edit ] Main article: Dinosaur suit (/wiki/Dinosaur_suit) Creature suit of a velociraptor (/wiki/Velociraptor) from Universal Studios Hollywood (/wiki/Universal_Studios_Hollywood) 's "Raptor Encounter" attraction. Dinosaur suits were used in film and television throughout their history, and became popular for live-action appearances following the debut of Walking with Dinosaurs: The Arena Spectacular (/wiki/Walking_with_Dinosaurs) . They are used in theme parks to entertain guests, as well as in educational performances to show people how living dinosaurs looked and behaved, something that is more difficult to depict with stationary displays. Giant monsters [ edit ] Suit fitting on the set of Godzilla Raids Again (/wiki/Godzilla_Raids_Again) (1955), with Haruo Nakajima (/wiki/Haruo_Nakajima) portraying Godzilla (/wiki/Godzilla) on the left, and Katsumi Tezuka (/wiki/Katsumi_Tezuka) as Anguirus (/wiki/Anguirus) 's suit actor on the right. Visible in the background is a destructible scale model (/wiki/Scale_model) of Osaka Castle (/wiki/Osaka_Castle) , scaled to fit the intended height of the two monsters. Main article: Kaiju (/wiki/Kaiju) Japanese Tokusatsu (/wiki/Tokusatsu) movies and television shows often use daikaiju , or giant monster suits, as well as similar suits to represent Kyodai Heroes (/wiki/Kyodai_Hero) , giant robots, aliens and kaijin , humanoid monsters that are generally smaller than kaiju. Suitmation ( スーツメーション , Sūtsumēshon , a portmanteau of "suit animation") is a filmmaking technique initially developed by Eiji Tsuburaya (/wiki/Eiji_Tsuburaya) for use in Godzilla (/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)) films and then used for his Ultra Series (/wiki/Ultra_Series) productions, a practice which survives to the present day. The suit actor, often moving through scale model (/wiki/Scale_model) scenery to give the impression of size, is filmed at a higher framerate to make them appear slower. In addition, the suit actor performs their movements slowly and deliberately to emulate a slow moving creature, and low camera angles are utilised to further provide a sense of scale. Though suitmation proved to be a valuable method of portraying giant creatures and characters, some uses of the technology could prove to be a gruelling experience for the suit actors. On the set of Godzilla vs. Hedorah (/wiki/Godzilla_vs._Hedorah) (1971), Kenpachiro Satsuma (/wiki/Kenpachiro_Satsuma) , who portrayed the titular main antagonist, Hedorah (/wiki/Hedorah) , suffered from a bout of appendicitis (/wiki/Appendicitis) during production; as wearing and removing the suit was a time consuming process, he was sent to the hospital whilst still wearing it. [13] (#cite_note-13) Robots [ edit ] Creature suits are commonly used to portray androids (/wiki/Android_(robot)) in film and television, including the pop-cultural icon Robot (/wiki/Robot_(Lost_in_Space)) from Lost In Space , which was portrayed by stuntman Bob May (/wiki/Bob_May_(actor)) . The 2018 remake (/wiki/Lost_in_Space_(2018_TV_series)) of the series also featured a practical effects robot with suit actor Brian Steele (/wiki/Brian_Steele) wearing the suit. [14] (#cite_note-14) Other examples of robot creature suits include Marvin the Paranoid Android (/wiki/Marvin_the_Paranoid_Android) from The Hitchiker's Guide to the Galaxy , worn by David Learner (/wiki/David_Learner) in the television series and Warwick Davis (/wiki/Warwick_Davis) in the 2005 film; and Mother from I Am Mother (/wiki/I_Am_Mother) , which was designed by Edon Guraziu, built by Weta Workshop (/wiki/Weta_Workshop) , portrayed by Luke Hawker, and based on realistic robot designs to be "100% believable". [15] (#cite_note-15) The appearance of a robot suit on Russian state television channel Russia-24 (/wiki/Russia-24) sparked controversy when it was billed as a real robot, before being revealed as a £3,000 realistic costume. [16] (#cite_note-16) In popular culture [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Creature_suit) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( December 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The cartoon franchise Scooby-Doo (/wiki/Scooby-Doo) often features villains who wear realistic creature suits in order to scare people away until they are trapped and unmasked by the protagonists. The Lego Minifigures (/wiki/Lego_Minifigures_(theme)) feature the minifigures in different creature suits. They consist of Gorilla Suit Guy, Lizard Man, Chicken Suit Guy, Bumblebee Girl, Panda Guy, Piggy Guy, Unicorn Girl, Shark Suit Guy, Penguin Boy, Elephant Girl, Dragon Suit Guy, Spider Suit Guy, Cat Costume Girl, Unicorn Guy, Giraffe Guy, Bear Costume Guy, Llama Costume Guy, Ladybug Girl, Pug Costume Guy, Green Dragon Costume, Reindeer Costume, Wolf Costume, and T-Rex Costume Fan. In DC Comics (/wiki/DC_Comics) , Jonathan Crane, aka Scarecrow (/wiki/Scarecrow_(DC_Comics)) , dresses in a costume that greatly resembles a demonic living scarecrow. In the 2020 comedy film Secret Zoo (/wiki/Secret_Zoo) , the main characters scheme to keep a zoo open by creating and wearing realistic creature suits of the zoo's animals. See also [ edit ] Prosthetic makeup (/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Weinstock2014_1-0) Weinstock, Professor Jeffrey (2014-01-08). The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 45–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781409425625 . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Geiger2011_2-0) Geiger, Jeffrey (2011). American Documentary Film: Projecting the Nation . Edinburgh University Press. pp. 61–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780748621484 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Geiger20112_3-0) Geiger, Jeffrey (2011). American Documentary Film: Projecting the Nation . Edinburgh University Press. pp. 61–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780748621484 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Rayne, Elizabeth (2018-01-31). "Firsts: 9 creepy creature effects firsts, from T-Rexes to tentacles" (http://www.syfy.com/syfywire/firsts-9-creepy-creature-effects-firsts-from-t-rexes-to-tentacles) . Syfy . Retrieved 2018-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-Company1991_5-0) Jet . Johnson Publishing Company. 1991-02-04. pp. 62– . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-LoxtonProthero2013_6-0) Loxton, Daniel; Prothero, Donald R. (2013-08-13). Abominable Science: Origins of the Yeti, Nessie, and other Famous Cryptids . Columbia University Press. pp. 47–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780231526814 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Baker_7-0) Baker, Robert A. (May 1992). Missing Pieces: How to Investigate Ghosts, Ufos, Psychics, and Other Mysteries . Prometheus Books, Publishers. pp. 259–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781615924141 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Squires, John (2016-08-10). "Meet the Man Who Played the Demogorgon in "Stranger Things"!" (http://bloody-disgusting.com/tv/3402382/meet-man-played-demogorgon-stranger-things/) . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2018-06-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Greenpeace Hopes to Purchase Polar Bear Costume With Donations - Canada Polar Bear Tour News" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180101030726/https://www.canadapolarbears.com/news/greenpeace-hopes-to-purchase-polar-bear-costume-with-donations-800496291) . 2018-01-01. Archived from the original (https://www.canadapolarbears.com/news/greenpeace-hopes-to-purchase-polar-bear-costume-with-donations-800496291) on 2018-01-01 . Retrieved 2021-05-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-bigg_10-0) Ryfle, Steve (1998). Japan's Favorite Mon-Star: The Unauthorized Biography of "The Big G" . ECW Press. pp. 179–180 (https://archive.org/details/japansfavoritemo0000ryfl/page/179) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781550223484 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Arnold, Ben (2020-11-04). "Doug Jones spells out how good Guillermo Del Toro's 'Frankenstein' was going to be" (https://sports.yahoo.com/doug-jones-guillermo-del-toros-frankenstein-111314770.html) . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2020-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Roth, Dany (2020-11-13). "This is the actress who plays the Frog Lady on The Mandalorian" (https://www.looper.com/278909/this-is-the-actress-who-plays-the-frog-lady-on-the-mandalorian/) . Looper.com . Retrieved 2020-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Guy Marriner Tucker, Age of the Gods . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Debnath, Neela (2019-12-25). "Lost in Space 2018 robot actor: Who plays the robot in Lost in Space 2018?" (https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/947369/Lost-in-Space-2018-robot-actor-Who-plays-the-robot-in-Lost-in-Space-Brian-Steele-Netflix) . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2020-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Here's How Weta Created the 'I Am Mother' Robot" (https://www.slashfilm.com/i-am-mother-featurette/) . /Film . 2019-06-12 . Retrieved 2020-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Roth, Andrew (2018-12-12). " (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/12/high-tech-robot-at-russia-forum-turns-out-to-be-man-in-robot-suit) 'Hi-tech robot' at Russia forum turns out to be man in suit" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/12/high-tech-robot-at-russia-forum-turns-out-to-be-man-in-robot-suit) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2020-11-20 . v t e Special effects (/wiki/Special_effect) Practical (/wiki/Practical_effect) Aerial rigging (/wiki/Aerial_rigging) ( wire-flying (/wiki/Wire-flying) ) Air bladder effect (/wiki/Air_bladder_effect) Animatronics (/wiki/Animatronics) Bullet hit squib (/wiki/Bullet_hit_squib) Costumed character (/wiki/Costumed_character) Creature suit Dead-character costume (/wiki/Dead-character_costume) Kitbashing (/wiki/Kitbashing) Miniature effect (/wiki/Miniature_effect) ( hanging (/wiki/Hanging_miniature) ) Prosthetic makeup (/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup) Puppetry (/wiki/Puppetry) Pyrotechnics (/wiki/Pyrotechnics) Matte painting (/wiki/Matte_painting) Sugar glass (/wiki/Sugar_glass) Theatrical blood (/wiki/Theatrical_blood) In-camera (/wiki/In-camera_effect) Bipacks (/wiki/Bipack) Bullet time (/wiki/Bullet_time) Dolly zoom (/wiki/Dolly_zoom) Forced perspective (/wiki/Forced_perspective) Front projection (/wiki/Front_projection) Infrared photography (/wiki/Infrared_photography) Lens flares (/wiki/Lens_flare) Lighting effects (/wiki/Lighting_effects) Multiple exposure (/wiki/Multiple_exposure) Filtration (/wiki/Photographic_filter) Rear projection (/wiki/Rear_projection) Reverse motion (/wiki/Reverse_motion) Schüfftan process (/wiki/Sch%C3%BCfftan_process) Shutter effects (/wiki/Shutter_(photography)) Slit-scan (/wiki/Slit-scan) Tilted plane focus (/wiki/Tilted_plane_focus) Time-lapse (/wiki/Time-lapse) Fast motion (/wiki/Fast_motion) Slow motion (/wiki/Slow_motion) Speed ramping (/wiki/Speed_ramping) Stop motion (/wiki/Stop_motion) Visual (/wiki/Visual_effects) Bullet time (/wiki/Bullet_time) Chroma key (/wiki/Chroma_key) Compositing (/wiki/Compositing) ( digital (/wiki/Digital_compositing) ) Computer-generated imagery (/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery) Go motion (/wiki/Go_motion) Introvision (/wiki/Introvision) Match moving (/wiki/Match_moving) Optical printing (/wiki/Optical_printer) Smallgantics (/wiki/Smallgantics) Split screen (/wiki/Split_screen_(filmmaking)) Stop motion (/wiki/Stop_motion) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion schools (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion_schools) . See also: Category:Art schools (/wiki/Category:Art_schools) See also: Category:Design schools (/wiki/Category:Design_schools) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐2g2kq Cached time: 20240720164434 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.064 seconds Real time usage: 0.105 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 208/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3671/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 416/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1854/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.034/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1189687/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 95.829 1 -total 51.93% 49.765 1 Template:Commons_category 49.93% 47.851 1 Template:Sister_project 48.27% 46.256 1 Template:Side_box 24.50% 23.475 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 23.30% 22.327 2 Template:See_also 18.84% 18.054 1 Template:Category_other 17.00% 16.287 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 4.89% 4.687 1 Template:Replace 1.61% 1.544 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10136002-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164434 and revision id 953334425. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Fashion schools by country (/wiki/Category:Fashion_schools_by_country) (4 C) A Fashion schools in Asia (/wiki/Category:Fashion_schools_in_Asia) (2 C, 3 P) Pages in category "Fashion schools" The following 22 pages are in this category, out of 22 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Accademia Italiana (/wiki/Accademia_Italiana) AMD Academy of Fashion and Design (/wiki/AMD_Academy_of_Fashion_and_Design) LaSalle College Vancouver (/wiki/LaSalle_College_Vancouver) D Design School Kolding (/wiki/Design_School_Kolding) Domus Academy (/wiki/Domus_Academy) E École de la chambre syndicale de la couture parisienne (/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_la_chambre_syndicale_de_la_couture_parisienne) ESMOD (/wiki/ESMOD) G The Grafton Academy (/wiki/The_Grafton_Academy) I Institut Français de la Mode (/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_la_Mode) Istituto di Moda Burgo (/wiki/Istituto_di_Moda_Burgo) Istituto Marangoni (/wiki/Istituto_Marangoni) K Kobe University of Fashion and Design (/wiki/Kobe_University_of_Fashion_and_Design) Kraków Schools of Art and Fashion Design (/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Schools_of_Art_and_Fashion_Design) M MOD'SPE Paris (/wiki/MOD%27SPE_Paris) N Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti (/wiki/Nuova_Accademia_di_Belle_Arti) P Polimoda (/wiki/Polimoda) R RMIT School of Fashion and Textiles (/wiki/RMIT_School_of_Fashion_and_Textiles) S Scandinavian Academy of Fashion Design (/wiki/Scandinavian_Academy_of_Fashion_Design) Shenkar College of Engineering, Design and Art (/wiki/Shenkar_College_of_Engineering,_Design_and_Art) Studio Berçot (/wiki/Studio_Ber%C3%A7ot) Style Design College (/wiki/Style_Design_College) T Tbilisi State Academy of Arts (/wiki/Tbilisi_State_Academy_of_Arts) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_schools&oldid=953334425 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_schools&oldid=953334425) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion design (/wiki/Category:Fashion_design) Textile schools (/wiki/Category:Textile_schools) Art schools (/wiki/Category:Art_schools) Hidden categories: Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1810s fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1810s_fashion) . Fashion in the 1810s. 1760s (/wiki/Category:1760s_fashion) 1770s (/wiki/Category:1770s_fashion) 1780s (/wiki/Category:1780s_fashion) 1790s (/wiki/Category:1790s_fashion) 1800s (/wiki/Category:1800s_fashion) 1810s 1820s (/wiki/Category:1820s_fashion) 1830s (/wiki/Category:1830s_fashion) 1840s (/wiki/Category:1840s_fashion) 1850s (/wiki/Category:1850s_fashion) 1860s (/wiki/Category:1860s_fashion) 14th (/wiki/Category:14th-century_fashion) 15th (/wiki/Category:15th-century_fashion) 16th (/wiki/Category:16th-century_fashion) 17th (/wiki/Category:17th-century_fashion) 18th (/wiki/Category:18th-century_fashion) 19th (/wiki/Category:19th-century_fashion) 20th (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) 21st (/wiki/Category:21st-century_fashion) 22nd 23rd 24th NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐qnkdn Cached time: 20240720174410 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.120 seconds Real time usage: 0.204 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 277/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6316/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 367/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 23/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6719/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.085/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1524575/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 193.509 1 -total 61.28% 118.591 1 Template:Navseasoncats_with_centuries_below_decade 30.68% 59.375 1 Template:Commons_category 29.80% 57.658 1 Template:Sister_project 28.95% 56.016 1 Template:Side_box 12.85% 24.861 2 Template:If_then_show 6.52% 12.612 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 4.17% 8.077 1 Template:Category_other 3.37% 6.527 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 1.38% 2.670 1 Template:Title_decade Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38829943-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720174410 and revision id 1081502067. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. C Clothing companies established in 1818 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1818) (1 P) Pages in category "1810s fashion" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 1795–1820 in Western fashion (/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion) C Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) E Empire silhouette (/wiki/Empire_silhouette) S Sailor cap (/wiki/Sailor_cap) W Wedding dress of Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1810s_fashion&oldid=1081502067 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1810s_fashion&oldid=1081502067) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1810s (/wiki/Category:1810s) 19th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:19th-century_fashion) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) 1810s in art (/wiki/Category:1810s_in_art) Fashion by decade (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_decade) Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Category series navigation decade and century (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_decade_and_century) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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Iconic dress worn by Rita Hayworth in the film Gilda Black dress of Rita Hayworth Designer Jean Louis (/wiki/Jean_Louis) Year 1946 ( 1946 ) Type Black strapless dress Material Satin (/wiki/Satin) In the 1946 film Gilda (/wiki/Gilda) , Rita Hayworth (/wiki/Rita_Hayworth) wore a black dress made by American costume designer Jean Louis (/wiki/Jean_Louis) . [1] (#cite_note-Claudia-1) It was used in a scene in which the character of Gilda sings the song " Put the Blame on Mame (/wiki/Put_the_Blame_on_Mame) ", improvising a quick striptease (/wiki/Striptease) , choreographed by Jack Cole (/wiki/Jack_Cole_(choreographer)) . [2] (#cite_note-FedericiBoldt-Irons2007-2) [3] (#cite_note-Fields2007-3) The dress has helped consolidate the image of the femme fatale (/wiki/Femme_fatale) , as well as being universally recognized as an icon of fashion and cinema. [3] (#cite_note-Fields2007-3) [4] (#cite_note-Independent-4) The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) named it as one of the Ten Best Fashion Moments in Film. [4] (#cite_note-Independent-4) History [ edit ] Jean Louis, Columbia Pictures costume designer, collaborated with the actress Rita Hayworth in nine films from the 1945 until 1959. Louis is considered "an essential ingredient in the formula that created the image of Rita Hayworth". [1] (#cite_note-Claudia-1) To create clothes for Gilda, Jean Louis was inspired by Portrait of Madame X (/wiki/Portrait_of_Madame_X) , the famous socialite in Paris. [3] (#cite_note-Fields2007-3) [5] (#cite_note-Bella-5) According to Life magazine, the wardrobe designed by Jean Louis for Rita Hayworth had a value of about $60,000, a large figure for the time. [1] (#cite_note-Claudia-1) In 1946, the image of Rita Hayworth in the Gilda black dress was imprinted on the first nuclear bomb to be tested after the Second World War, as part of Operation Crossroads (/wiki/Operation_Crossroads) . The bomb, nicknamed "Gilda", was decorated with a photograph of Hayworth cut from the June 1946 issue of Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) magazine. Above it was stenciled "Gilda" in two-inch black letters. [6] (#cite_note-6) In April 2009, the dress was to be sold at the auction of the Forrest J. Ackerman (/wiki/Forrest_J._Ackerman) estate. In the description of the lot it was specified that the dress still had the label "property of Columbia Pictures" and "Rita Hayworth" sewn inside. [5] (#cite_note-Bella-5) The initial price was estimated between $30,000 and $50,000, but the lot was withdrawn before it reached the auction. [5] (#cite_note-Bella-5) [7] (#cite_note-7) Later, in September 2009, the dress appeared mysteriously in an auction on eBay (/wiki/EBay) with a starting price of $30,000. [1] (#cite_note-Claudia-1) The scene with the black dress has been referenced in several films. Jessica Rabbit (/wiki/Jessica_Rabbit) in the Disney film Who Framed Roger Rabbit (/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit) , performs " Why Don't You Do Right? (/wiki/Why_Don%27t_You_Do_Right%3F) " similarly to Rita Hayworth in Gilda. For the 23rd James Bond film Skyfall (/wiki/Skyfall) (2012), costume designer Jany Temime (/wiki/Jany_Temime) referenced the dress while creating an outfit for Bond girl (/wiki/Bond_girl) Sévérine (/wiki/S%C3%A9v%C3%A9rine) . [8] (#cite_note-Source8-8) Design [ edit ] The strapless dress (/wiki/Strapless_dress) [3] (#cite_note-Fields2007-3) is a sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) in black satin (/wiki/Satin) with a straight neckline (/wiki/Neckline) , leaving the shoulders bare. [4] (#cite_note-Independent-4) In the scene in which it appears, the dress is paired with a pair of full length satin opera gloves (/wiki/Opera_gloves) . [9] (#cite_note-:02-9) To be able to wear the dress, Hayworth had to wear a corset (/wiki/Corset) , because just a few months prior she had given birth to her daughter and had not yet regained her pre-pregnancy figure. [10] (#cite_note-:12-10) In addition to the dress, Jean Louis made a harness, worn under the dress. [10] (#cite_note-:12-10) The harness consisted of stays—one in the centre and two on the sides. [11] (#cite_note-:22-11) In addition, the soft plastic had been molded around the top of the dress. [11] (#cite_note-:22-11) See also [ edit ] Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Black_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) Pink dress of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Pink_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) White dress of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/White_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) List of film memorabilia (/wiki/List_of_film_memorabilia) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Rita Hayworth Fashion Page – Pt. II of III" (http://claudia79.tripod.com/jeanlouis.html) . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-FedericiBoldt-Irons2007_2-0) Federici, Corrado; Boldt-Irons, Leslie Anne; Virgulti, Ernesto (2007). Beauty and the abject: interdisciplinary perspectives . Peter Lang. p. 218. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8204-8810-3 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Fields, Jill (2007). An intimate affair: women, lingerie, and sexuality . University of California Press. pp. 149–50. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-520-22369-1 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Davis, Laura (28 May 2009). "The Ten Best Film Fashion Moments" (https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/fashion-beauty/the-ten-best-film-fashion-moments-1692131.html?action=Gallery&ino=10) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . London . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "The Gown of Gilda" (http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art67552.asp) . Bella Online . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Atomic Goddess Revisited: Rita Hayworth's Bomb Image Found" (http://conelrad.blogspot.com/2013/08/atomic-goddess-revisited-rita-hayworths.html) . CONELRAD Adjacent (blog). 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Rita Hayworth's Iconic Gilda Dress on Auction" (http://www.emanuellevy.com/popculture/rita-hayworths-iconic-gilda-dress-on-auction-2/) . Emanuel Levy (/wiki/Emanuel_Levy) . 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Source8_8-0) Musgrave, Eric; Cosgrave, Bronwyn (12 October 2012). "The spy who clothed me" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170502195442/https://www.ft.com/content/91a8234a-1140-11e2-a637-00144feabdc0) . Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . Lionel Barber (/wiki/Lionel_Barber) . Archived from the original (https://www.ft.com/content/91a8234a-1140-11e2-a637-00144feabdc0) on 2 May 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-:02_9-0) Osterberg, Christopher (1 March 2007). "The Gritty and Glamorous Days of 1940s Film Noir" (https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/03/noirdouglas200703) . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Cochrane, Lauren (5 March 2021). "Feathers, corsets and Velcro: 10 fashion moments in cinema – in pictures" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2021/mar/05/feathers-corsets-and-velcro-10-fashion-moments-in-cinema-in-pictures) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Deming, Alison Hawthorne (2021). A woven world : on fashion, fishermen, and the sardine dress . Berkeley, California. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-64009-482-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1221017487 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1221017487) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐wcmts Cached time: 20240715014634 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.301 seconds Real time usage: 0.485 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 995/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23421/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1222/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 45403/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.183/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5089767/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 441.274 1 -total 42.52% 187.636 1 Template:Reflist 35.41% 156.234 1 Template:Short_description 27.04% 119.322 5 Template:Cite_web 17.87% 78.842 2 Template:Pagetype 13.96% 61.597 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item 13.46% 59.404 1 Template:Infobox 11.17% 49.269 4 Template:Main_other 10.44% 46.049 1 Template:SDcat 5.60% 24.712 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31973680-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715014634 and revision id 1175661516. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_dress_of_Rita_Hayworth&oldid=1175661516 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_dress_of_Rita_Hayworth&oldid=1175661516) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Dresses in film (/wiki/Category:Dresses_in_film) Film memorabilia (/wiki/Category:Film_memorabilia) 1946 clothing (/wiki/Category:1946_clothing) Black dresses (/wiki/Category:Black_dresses) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from May 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2020)
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Not to be confused with Crochet thread (/wiki/Crochet_thread) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Crochet_braids) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Crochet braids" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Crochet+braids%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Crochet+braids%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Crochet+braids%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Crochet+braids%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Crochet+braids%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Crochet+braids%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Crochet braids Crochet braids , also known as latch hook braids , [1] (#cite_note-1) are techniques for braiding hair (/wiki/Braiding_hair) that involve crocheting synthetic hair extensions (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) to a person's natural hair with a latch hook (/wiki/Rug_hooking#Latch_hooking) or crochet hook (/wiki/Crochet_hook) . While crochet braids are a hybrid of traditional braids, they're considered to be more similar to weaves (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations#Methods_for_hair_extensions) . [2] (#cite_note-Clutch2014-2) This method is associated with African hair styles. Known as a protective style, the technique can assist with hair growth if cared for properly. Crochet braids can be worn straight, curly, twisted, or braided. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Description [ edit ] Installation [ edit ] The natural hair can be twisted or braided, but is most commonly styled into cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) before affixing the synthetic hair. Using a latch hook (/wiki/Rug_hooking#Latch_hooking) or crochet hook (/wiki/Crochet_hook) , the synthetic hair (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) (in the form of loose bulk or braiding hair) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) is then attached. Parts of the hair extensions are grabbed by the hook and pulled through the underside of each cornrow, working from the front of the hair to the back at a 90 degree angle (/wiki/Right_angle) . [2] (#cite_note-Clutch2014-2) This process can take up to 4-6 hours. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Popular methods include traditional, individuals, and invisible knot method . Maintenance [ edit ] Moisturizing hair and scalp with oils or leave-in-conditioner [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) is a matter of preference. A light oil spray, such as Argan Oil, works well with crochet braids, since it is light and deep moisturizing. However, over-moisturization can lead to product build up. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) The protective style is typically preserved during sleep by covering with a satin bonnet or scarf. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Removal [ edit ] To remove, pull loop over pre-braided or twisted synthetic hair end reversing installation. Take down may require scissors for loose or wavy crochet hair. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Cutting as close to knots as possible. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Post removal treatment such as deep conditioning, helps prevent hair breakage by restoring moisture. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) See also [ edit ] List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Vercillo, Kathryn; C. Mitchell. "What Are Crochet Braids?" (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-crochet-braids.htm) . wiseGEEK . Conjecture Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Crochet Braids 101: Hair, Style Inspiration, Care and Hair Growth Benefits" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150620210837/http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/08/crochet-braids-101-hair-style-inspiration-care-hair-growth-benefits/2/) . Clutch Magazine Online . Sutton New Media LLC. Archived from the original (http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/08/crochet-braids-101-hair-style-inspiration-care-hair-growth-benefits/2/) on 20 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Crochet Braids, Everything You Need to Know | Un-ruly" (https://un-ruly.com/crochet-braids-everything-you-need-to-know/) . Un-ruly . 2018-08-04 . Retrieved 2018-11-20 . ^ Jump up to: a b "4 Convincing Reasons to Try Crochet Braids this Fall | NaturallyCurly.com" (https://www.naturallycurly.com/curlreading/extensions/4-convincing-reasons-to-try-crochet-braids-this-fall-bi) . Retrieved 2018-11-20 . ^ Jump up to: a b "4 Things You Need to Know About Removing Your Crochet Braids | NaturallyCurly.com" (https://www.naturallycurly.com/curlreading/home/4-things-you-need-to-know-about-removing-your-crochet-braids) . Retrieved 2018-11-20 . v t e Human hair (/wiki/Hair) Classification by type Lanugo (/wiki/Lanugo) Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Terminal (/wiki/Terminal_hair) Vellus (/wiki/Vellus_hair) by location Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Ear (/wiki/Ear_hair) Nose (/wiki/Nasal_hair) Eyebrow (/wiki/Eyebrow) unibrow (/wiki/Unibrow) Eyelash (/wiki/Eyelash) Underarm (/wiki/Underarm_hair) Chest (/wiki/Chest_hair) Abdominal (/wiki/Abdominal_hair) Pubic (/wiki/Pubic_hair) Leg (/wiki/Leg_hair) Head hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) ( list (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) ) Afro (/wiki/Afro) Afro puffs (/wiki/Afro_puffs) Asymmetric cut (/wiki/Asymmetric_cut) Bald (/wiki/Hair_loss) Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) Beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) Blowout (/wiki/Long_hair) Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) Bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) Bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) Brush, butch, burr cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( odango (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ) Bunches (/wiki/Bunches) Businessman cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Butterfly haircut (/wiki/Butterfly_haircut) Buzz cut (/wiki/Buzz_cut) Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) Chignon (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) Chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) Comb over (/wiki/Comb_over) Conk (/wiki/Conk) Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) Crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) Crochet braids Croydon facelift (/wiki/Croydon_facelift) Curly hair (/wiki/Curly_hair) Curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) Czupryna (/wiki/Czupryna) Devilock (/wiki/Devilock) Dido flip (/wiki/Dido_flip) Digital perm (/wiki/Digital_perm) Dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) Ducktail (/wiki/Ducktail) Edgar cut (/wiki/Edgar_cut) Eton crop (/wiki/Eton_crop) Extensions (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) Fauxhawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Feathered hair (/wiki/Feathered_hair) Finger wave (/wiki/Finger_wave) Flattop (/wiki/Flattop) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) French braid (/wiki/French_braid) French twist (/wiki/French_twist_(hairstyle)) Fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) Frosted tips (/wiki/Frosted_tips) Hair crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Hair twists (/wiki/Hair_twists) High and tight (/wiki/High_and_tight) Hime cut (/wiki/Hime_cut) Historical Christian hairstyles (/wiki/Historical_Christian_hairstyles) Hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) Induction cut (/wiki/Induction_cut) Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) Japanese women (/wiki/Hairstyles_of_Japanese_women) Jewfro (/wiki/Jewfro) Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) Kinky hair (/wiki/Kinky_hair) Kiss curl (/wiki/Kiss_curl) Laid edges (/wiki/Laid_edges) Layered hair (/wiki/Layered_hair) Liberty spikes (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Long hair (/wiki/Long_hair) Lob cut (/wiki/Lob_(haircut)) Lovelock (/wiki/Lovelock_(hair)) Marcelling (/wiki/Marcelling) Mod cut (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) 1950s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) 1980s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) Pageboy (/wiki/Pageboy) Part (/wiki/Part_(haircut)) Payot (/wiki/Payot) Pigtail (/wiki/Pigtail) Pixie cut 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So-called " Exaltation de la Fleur (/wiki/Exaltation_de_la_Fleur) " (exaltation of the flower), fragment from a grave stele: two women wearing a peplos (/wiki/Peplos) and kekryphalos ( hairnet (/wiki/Hairnet) ), hold poppy (/wiki/Poppy) or pomegranate (/wiki/Pomegranate) flowers, and maybe a small bag of seeds. Parian marble (/wiki/Parian_marble) , ca. 470–460 BC. From Pharsalos (/wiki/Pharsalos) , Thessaly. In the earliest times the Greeks wore their κόμη (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B7) (hair of the head) long, and thus Homer (/wiki/Homer) constantly calls them κᾰρηκομόωντες (long-haired). This ancient practice was preserved by the Spartans (/wiki/Sparta) for many centuries. The Spartan boys always had their hair cut quite short ( en chroi keirontes ), [1] (#cite_note-1) but as soon as they reached the age of puberty, they let it grow long. They prided themselves upon their hair, calling it the cheapest of ornaments ( kosmon adapanotatos ), and before going to battle they combed and dressed it with special care, in which act Leonidas (/wiki/Leonidas) and his followers were discovered by the Persian spy before the battle of Thermopylae (/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae) . [2] (#cite_note-2) It seems that both Spartan men and women tied their hair in a knot over the crown of the head. [3] (#cite_note-3) At a later time, the Spartans abandoned this ancient custom, and wore their hair short, and hence some writers erroneously attribute this practice to an earlier period. [4] (#cite_note-4) The custom of the Athenians (/wiki/Athens) was different. They wore their hair long in childhood, and cut it off when they reached the age of puberty. The cutting off of the hair, which was always done when a boy became an ephebus (/wiki/Ephebus) , was a solemn act, attended with religious ceremonies. A libation (/wiki/Libation) was first offered to Heracles (/wiki/Heracles) , which was called oinisteria or oinesteria ; [5] (#cite_note-5) and the hair after being cut off was dedicated to some deity, usually a Potamoi (/wiki/Potamoi) . [6] (#cite_note-6) It was a very ancient practice to go to Delphi (/wiki/Delphi) to perform this ceremony, and Theseus is said to have done so. [7] (#cite_note-7) The ephebi are always represented on works of art with their hair quite short, in which manner it was also worn by the athletes. [8] (#cite_note-8) When the Athenians passed into the age of manhood, they again let their hair grow. In ancient times at Athens the hair was rolled up into a kind of knot on the crown of the head, and fastened with golden clasps in the shape of grasshoppers (/wiki/Grasshopper) . This fashion of wearing the hair, which was called krobylos , had gone out just before the time of Thucydides (/wiki/Thucydides) . [9] (#cite_note-9) The Athenian women also wore their hair in the same fashion, which was in their case called korymbos . [10] (#cite_note-10) On vases, the heads of women were most frequently shown covered with a kind of band or a coif of net-work. Of these coiffures one was called kredemnos , which was a broad band across the forehead, sometimes made of metal, and sometimes of leather, adorned with gold; to this the name of stlengis was also given, and it appears to have been much the same as the ampyx (/wiki/Ampyx) . But the most common kind of head-dress for women was called by the general name of cecryphalus , and this was divided into the three species of cecryphalus, saccus, and mitra. The kekryphalos, in its narrower sense, was a caul (/wiki/Caul) or coif of net-work, corresponding to the Latin reticulum (/wiki/Reticulum) . It was worn during the day as well as the night, and has continued in use from the most ancient times to the present day. It is mentioned by Homer, [11] (#cite_note-11) and is still worn in Italy and Spain. These hairnets (/wiki/Hairnet) were frequently made of gold threads, [12] (#cite_note-12) sometimes of silk, [13] (#cite_note-13) or the Elean (/wiki/Elean) byssus (/wiki/Byssus) , [14] (#cite_note-14) and probably of other materials, which are not mentioned by ancient writers. The persons who made these nets were called kekryphaloplokoi . [15] (#cite_note-15) Women with this kind of head-dress frequently occur in paintings found at Pompeii, from one of which the preceding cut is taken, representing a woman wearing a Coa Vestis ( Coan (/wiki/Kos) cloth). [16] (#cite_note-16) The sakkos and the mitra were, on the contrary, made of close materials. The sakkos covered the head entirely like a sack or bag; it was made of various materials, such as silk, byssus, and wool. [17] (#cite_note-17) Some times, at least among the Romans, a bladder was used to answer the same purpose. [18] (#cite_note-18) The mitra was a broad band of cloth of different colours, which was wound round the hair, and was worn in various ways. It was originally an Eastern head-dress, and may, therefore, be compared to the modern turban (/wiki/Turban) . It is sometimes spoken of as characteristic of the Phrygians (/wiki/Phrygia) . [19] (#cite_note-19) It was, however, also worn by the Greeks, and Polygnotus (/wiki/Polygnotus) is said to have been the first who painted Greek women with mitrae . [20] (#cite_note-20) The Roman calantica or calvatica is said by Servius (/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus) [21] (#cite_note-21) to have been the same as the mitra , but in a passage in the Digest [22] (#cite_note-22) they are mentioned as if they were distinct. Regarding the Romans besides the generic coma we also find the following words signifying the hair: capillus (/wiki/Capillus) , caesaries, crines, cincinnus and cirrus , the two last words being used to signify curled hair. In early times the Romans wore their hair long, as was represented in the oldest statues in the age of Varro (/wiki/Varro) , [23] (#cite_note-23) and hence the Romans of the Augustan age (/wiki/History_of_Rome#Roman_Empire) designated their ancestors intonsi [24] (#cite_note-24) and capillati (/wiki/Capillati) . [25] (#cite_note-25) But after the introduction of barbers (/wiki/Barber) into Italy, it became the practice to wear their hair short. The women too originally dressed their hair with great simplicity, but in the Augustan period a variety of different head-dresses came into fashion, many of which are described by Ovid. [26] (#cite_note-26) Sometimes these head-dresses were raised to a great height by rows of false curls. [27] (#cite_note-27) The dressing of the hair of a Roman lady at this period was a most important affair. So much attention did the Roman ladies devote to it, that they kept slaves especially for this purpose, called ornatrices, and had them instructed by a master in the art. [28] (#cite_note-28) Most of the Greek head-dresses mentioned above were also worn by the Roman ladies; but the mitrae appear to have been confined to prostitutes. [29] (#cite_note-29) One of the simplest modes of wearing the hair was allowing it to fall down in tresses behind, and only confining it by a band encircling the head. Another favourite plan was plaiting (/wiki/Braid) the hair, and then fastening it behind with a large pin (/wiki/Hairpin_(fashion)) . False hair or wigs were worn both by Greeks and Romans. [30] (#cite_note-30) Among both peoples in ancient times the hair was cut close in mourning ( funus (/wiki/Funus) ); and among both the slaves had their hair cut close as a mark of servitude. [31] (#cite_note-31) See also [ edit ] List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) Historical Christian hairstyles (/wiki/Historical_Christian_hairstyles) Roman hairstyles (/wiki/Roman_hairstyles) Clothing in ancient Greece (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) Clothing in ancient Rome (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman hairstyles (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_hairstyles) . ^ (#cite_ref-1) Plut. Lyc. 16 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Herod, vii. 208, 209. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Comp. Aristoph. Lys. 1316, with Hor. Carm. ii. 11, in compium Lacenae more comas religata nodum . Miiller, Dor. iv. 3. § 1. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Pans. vii. 14. § 2; Philostr. Vit. Apoll. iii. 15. p. 106, ed. Olear.; Pint. Ale. 23. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hesych. and Phot. s. v. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Aeschyl. Chotpli. 6; Paus. i. 37. §2. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Plut. Tlies. 5; Theophr. Char. 21. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Lucian, Died. Mer. 5. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Thucydides i. 6. ^ (#cite_ref-10) See James Millingen (/wiki/James_Millingen) (Peintures Antiques, plate 40). The word corymbium is used in a similar sense by Petronius (/wiki/Petronius) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) II. xxii. 469 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Juv. ii. 96; Petron. 67. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Salmas. Eocerc. ad Solin. p. 3.92. ^ (#cite_ref-14) Paus. vii. 21. § 7. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Pollux, vii. 179. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Museo Borlon. vol. viii. p. 5. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Comp. Aristoph. Tltcsin. 257. ^ (#cite_ref-18) Mart. viii. 33. 19. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Herod, i. 195, vii. 62; Virg. Aen. ix. 616, 617; Juv. iii. 66. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Plin. //. N. xxxv. 9. s. 35. ^ (#cite_ref-21) ad Virg, Aen. ix. 616. ^ (#cite_ref-22) 34. tit. 2. s. 25. § 10. ^ (#cite_ref-23) De lie Rust. ii. 11. § 10. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Ov. Fast. ii. 30 ^ (#cite_ref-25) Juv. vi. 30. ^ (#cite_ref-26) de Art. Am. iii. 136, &c. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Juv. Sat. vi. 502. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Ov. de Art. Am. iii. 239; Suet. Claud. 40; Dig. 32. tit. 1. s. 65. ^ (#cite_ref-29) Juv. iii. 66. ^ (#cite_ref-30) See e.g. Juv. vi. 120. ^ (#cite_ref-31) Aristoph. Aves, 911; Plant. Ampli. i. ]. 306; Decker, Ckaricles, vol. ii. p. 380, &c.; Bottiger, Sabina, vol. i. p. 138, &c. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain (/wiki/Public_domain) : Smith, William (/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)) , ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greco-Roman_hairstyle&oldid=1212353723 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greco-Roman_hairstyle&oldid=1212353723) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of ancient Greece (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_ancient_Greece) Culture of ancient Rome (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_ancient_Rome) Classical antiquity (/wiki/Category:Classical_antiquity) Hairstyles by culture (/wiki/Category:Hairstyles_by_culture) Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) CS1 errors: missing title (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title) Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities)
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Shishlam (/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_Shishlam) Alma Rišaia Rba (/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Rba) Alma Rišaia Zuṭa (/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Zu%E1%B9%ADa) Zihrun Raza Kasia (/wiki/Zihrun_Raza_Kasia) Scroll of the Parwanaya (/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Parwanaya) Book of the Zodiac (/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac) Dmut Kušṭa (/wiki/Dmut_Ku%C5%A1%E1%B9%ADa) Scroll of the Rivers (/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Rivers) Secrets of the Ancestors (/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Ancestors) Scroll of the Ancestors (/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Ancestors) Priests (/wiki/Mandaean_priest) Rishama (/wiki/Rishama) Ganzibra (/wiki/Ganzibra) Tarmida (/wiki/Tarmida) Shganda (/wiki/Shganda) Individual leaders Miriai (/wiki/Miriai) Shlama beth Qidra (/wiki/Shlama_beth_Qidra) Zazai of Gawazta (/wiki/Zazai_of_Gawazta) Anush Bar Danqa (/wiki/Anush_Bar_Danqa) Yahya Bihram (/wiki/Yahya_Bihram) Dakhil Aidan (/wiki/Dakhil_Aidan) Jabbar Choheili (/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili) Sattar Jabbar Hilow (/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilow) Najah Choheili (/wiki/Najah_Choheili) Salah Choheili (/wiki/Salah_Choheili) Rituals Masbuta (/wiki/Masbuta) Masiqta (/wiki/Masiqta) Tamasha (/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)) Rishama (/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)) Kushta (/wiki/Kushta) Qabin (/wiki/Qabin) Misha (/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)) Ritual food and drink Mambuha (/wiki/Mambuha) Halalta (/wiki/Halalta) Hamra (/wiki/Hamra_(Mandaeism)) Pihta (/wiki/Pihta) Fatira (/wiki/Fatira) Zidqa brikha (/wiki/Zidqa_brikha) Lofani (/wiki/Lofani) Sa (/wiki/Sa_(Mandaeism)) Dukrana (/wiki/Dukrana) Practices Belief in Oneness of God (/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi) Daily prayer (/wiki/Brakha) Baptism (/wiki/Masbuta) Fasting (/wiki/Sauma) Almsgiving (/wiki/Zidqa) Objects and symbols Drabsha (/wiki/Drabsha) Rasta (/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)) Burzinqa (/wiki/Burzinqa) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Klila Taga (/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)) Riha (/wiki/Riha_(Mandaeism)) Skandola (/wiki/Skandola) Cosmology (/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology) Hayyi Rabbi (/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi) World of Light (/wiki/World_of_Light) Mana (/wiki/Mana_(Mandaeism)) Manda (/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)) Uthra (/wiki/Uthra) Manda d-Hayyi (/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi) Yushamin (/wiki/Yushamin) Abatur (/wiki/Abatur) Ptahil (/wiki/Ptahil) Hibil (/wiki/Hibil) Shitil (/wiki/Shitil) Anush (/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)) Sam Ziwa (/wiki/Sam_Ziwa) Bihram Rabba (/wiki/Bihram) Adathan (/wiki/Adathan) Yadathan (/wiki/Yadathan) Shilmai (/wiki/Shilmai) Nidbai (/wiki/Nidbai) Yawar Ziwa (/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa) Simat Hayyi (/wiki/Simat_Hayyi) Yufin-Yufafin (/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin) Nsab (/wiki/Nsab) Nbat (/wiki/Nbat) Gubran (/wiki/Gubran) Shihlun (/wiki/Shihlun) Urfeil (/wiki/Urfeil) Marfeil (/wiki/Marfeil) Saureil (/wiki/Saureil) Zihrun (/wiki/Zihrun) Etinsib Ziwa (/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa) Piriawis (/wiki/Piriawis) Tarwan (/wiki/Tarwan) Yura (/wiki/Yura_(Mandaeism)) Yurba (/wiki/Yurba) Yukashar (/wiki/Yukashar) Ziwa (/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)#Mandaeism) Shahrat (/wiki/Shahrat) Malwasha (/wiki/Malwasha) Nishimta (/wiki/Nishimta) Dinanukht (/wiki/Dinanukht) Shishlam (/wiki/Shishlam) Ezlat (/wiki/Ezlat) škina (/wiki/Shkinta) Dmuta (/wiki/Dmuta) Mshunia Kushta (/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta) Adam kasia (/wiki/Adam_kasia) Adam pagria (/wiki/Adam_pagria) Shatrin (/wiki/Shatrin) Laufa (/wiki/Laufa) Hitfun (/wiki/Hitfun) Tibil (/wiki/Tibil) World of Darkness (/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)) Sea of Suf (/wiki/Sea_of_Suf) Siniawis (/wiki/Siniawis) Matarta (/wiki/Matarta) Ruha (/wiki/Ruha) Ur (/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)) Krun (/wiki/Krun) Gaf (/wiki/Gaf_(Mandaeism)) Qin (/wiki/Qin_(Mandaeism)) Zahreil (/wiki/Zahreil) Anathan (/wiki/Anathan) Giu (/wiki/Giu_(Mandaeism)) Shdum (/wiki/Shdum) Zartai-Zartanai (/wiki/Zartai-Zartanai) Hag (/wiki/Hag_and_Mag) Mag (/wiki/Hag_and_Mag) Festivals (/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals) Parwanaya (/wiki/Parwanaya) Dehwa Rabba (/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba) Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba (/wiki/Dehwa_d-Shishlam_Rabba) Dehwa Daimana (/wiki/Dehwa_Daimana) Dehwa Hanina (/wiki/Dehwa_Hanina) Abu al-Haris (/wiki/Abu_al-Haris) (Ashoriya) Ead Fel (/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals) Places Yardena (/wiki/Yardna) Beth Manda (/wiki/Beth_Manda) Shkinta (/wiki/Shkinta) Andiruna (/wiki/Andiruna) Prayers (/wiki/Brakha) Asiet Malkia (/wiki/Asiet_Malkia) Rushma (/wiki/Rushma) Rahma (/wiki/Rahma_(Mandaeism)) Tabahatan (/wiki/Tabahatan) Shumhata (/wiki/Shumhata) Bshuma (/wiki/Bshuma) Religion portal (/wiki/Portal:Religion) v t e Klila being held during a Parwanaya (/wiki/Parwanaya) festival on the banks of the Tigris (/wiki/Tigris) River in Maysan Governorate (/wiki/Maysan_Governorate) , Iraq on 17 March 2019 In Mandaeism (/wiki/Mandaeism) , the klila ( Classical Mandaic (/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language) : ࡊࡋࡉࡋࡀ ) is a small myrtle (/wiki/Myrtus) ( Classical Mandaic (/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language) : ࡀࡎࡀ , romanized: asa ) wreath (/wiki/Wreath) or ring (translated as " circlet (/wiki/Circlet) " by E. S. Drower (/wiki/E._S._Drower) [1] (#cite_note-Drower_1959-1) ) used during Mandaean religious rituals. The klila is a female symbol that complements the taga (/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)) , a white crown which always takes on masculine symbolism. [2] (#cite_note-Buckley_2002-2) [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) The klila is used to adorn the drabsha (/wiki/Drabsha) , a wooden cross covered with a white cloth that is the main symbol of Mandaeism. [2] (#cite_note-Buckley_2002-2) Use in rituals [ edit ] The klila is used during most Mandaean rituals, including masbuta (/wiki/Masbuta) , masiqta (/wiki/Masiqta) , and priest initiation rituals. [2] (#cite_note-Buckley_2002-2) In the Qolasta [ edit ] Further information: Qolasta § List of prayers (/wiki/Qolasta#List_of_prayers) Several prayers in the Qolasta (/wiki/Qolasta) are recited when consecrating and putting on the klila , including prayers 19 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Qolasta/Prayer_19) , 46 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Qolasta/Prayer_46) , 47 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Qolasta/Prayer_47) , 61 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Qolasta/Prayer_61) , and 79 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Qolasta/Prayer_79) . [1] (#cite_note-Drower_1959-1) In E. S. Drower (/wiki/E._S._Drower) 's version of the Qolasta (/wiki/Qolasta) , prayers 305-329 are recited for the klila, as well as for the taga (/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)) . [1] (#cite_note-Drower_1959-1) Hazazban (/wiki/Hazazban) (or Haza-Zban) is mentioned in Qolasta prayers 19 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Qolasta/Prayer_19) and 27 (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Qolasta/Prayer_27) as an uthra (/wiki/Uthra) who sets wreaths ( klila ) upon the heads of Mandaeans who are performing masbuta (/wiki/Masbuta) . [1] (#cite_note-Drower_1959-1) Syriac parallels [ edit ] In the Syriac (/wiki/Syriac_language) Peshitta (/wiki/Peshitta) , the word klila ( Classical Syriac (/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language) : ܟܠܝܠܐ , lit. (/wiki/Literal_translation) 'wreath') is used to refer to Jesus' crown of thorns (/wiki/Crown_of_thorns) in the Gospels (/wiki/Gospels) . In contrast, tga ( Classical Syriac (/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language) : ܬܓܐ , lit. (/wiki/Literal_translation) ' diadem (/wiki/Diadem) '), cognate with Mandaic taga (/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)) , is used to refer to heavenly crowns in the Book of Revelation (/wiki/Book_of_Revelation) . [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] Drabsha (/wiki/Drabsha) Laurel wreath (/wiki/Laurel_wreath) Olive wreath (/wiki/Olive_wreath) Crown of justification (/wiki/Crown_of_justification) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Drower, E. S. (1959). The Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans . Leiden: E. J. Brill. ^ Jump up to: a b c Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-19-515385-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 65198443 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65198443) . ^ (#cite_ref-auto_3-0) Drower, Ethel Stefana (1937). The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran . Oxford at the Clarendon Press. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Dukhrana Analytical Lexicon of the Syriac New Testament" (http://dukhrana.com/lexicon/) . Dukhrana Biblical Research . 2021-02-13 . Retrieved 2023-12-10 . External links [ edit ] Preparing the klila: cutting myrtle (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2ILF6Vv8Lk) (video) Sydney 2014 Masbuta 06: Crown the Baptisee with the Klila (https://mandaeanpriests.exeter.ac.uk/items/show/52) (photo gallery) v t e Mandaeism (/wiki/Mandaeism) People Mandaeans (/wiki/Mandaeans) Mandaean Americans (/wiki/Mandaean_Americans) Mandaean Australians (/wiki/Mandaean_Australians) Mandaeans in Sweden (/wiki/Mandaeans_in_Sweden) Sabians (/wiki/Sabians) Nasoraeans (/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans) Historical identities Essenes (/wiki/Essenes) Gnostics (/wiki/Gnosticism) Priesthood (/wiki/Mandaean_priest) Titles Rishama (/wiki/Rishama) Ganzibra (/wiki/Ganzibra) Tarmida (/wiki/Tarmida) ( Shganda (/wiki/Shganda) ) Individuals ( List of Mandaean priests (/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_priests) ) Shlama beth Qidra (/wiki/Shlama_beth_Qidra) Zazai of Gawazta (/wiki/Zazai_of_Gawazta) Anush bar Danqa (/wiki/Anush_bar_Danqa) Yahya Bihram (/wiki/Yahya_Bihram) Ram Zihrun (/wiki/Ram_Zihrun) Bibia Mudalal (/wiki/Bibia_Mudalal) Abdullah Khaffagi (/wiki/Abdullah_Khaffagi) Negm bar Zahroon (/wiki/Negm_bar_Zahroon) Abdullah bar Negm (/wiki/Abdullah_bar_Negm) Abdullah bar Sam (/wiki/Abdullah_bar_Sam) Dakhil Aidan (/wiki/Dakhil_Aidan) Jabbar Choheili (/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili) Salah Choheili (/wiki/Salah_Choheili) Najah Choheili (/wiki/Najah_Choheili) Taleb Doraji (/wiki/Taleb_Doraji) Khaldoon Majid Abdullah (/wiki/Khaldoon_Majid_Abdullah) Sahi Bashikh (/wiki/Sahi_Bashikh) Sattar Jabbar Hilow (/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilow) Yuhana Nashmi (/wiki/Yuhana_Nashmi) Brikha Nasoraia (/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia) Rafid al-Sabti (/wiki/Rafid_al-Sabti) Institutions Mandaean Council of Ahvaz (/wiki/Mandaean_Council_of_Ahvaz) Literature (/wiki/List_of_Mandaic_manuscripts) Main texts Ginza Rabba (/wiki/Ginza_Rabba) Right Ginza (/wiki/Right_Ginza) Left Ginza (/wiki/Left_Ginza) Mandaean Book of John (/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John) Prayers Qolasta (/wiki/Qolasta) Niana (/wiki/Niana) Rushma (/wiki/Rushma) Asiet Malkia (/wiki/Asiet_Malkia) Rahma (/wiki/Rahma_(Mandaeism)) Tabahatan (/wiki/Tabahatan) Shumhata (/wiki/Shumhata) Ritual texts The Wedding of the Great Shishlam (/wiki/The_Wedding_of_the_Great_Shishlam) Scroll of the Parwanaya (/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Parwanaya) Scroll of the Great Baptism (/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Great_Baptism) Scroll of the Ancestors (/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Ancestors) Zihrun Raza Kasia (/wiki/Zihrun_Raza_Kasia) Esoteric texts The Thousand and Twelve Questions (/wiki/The_Thousand_and_Twelve_Questions) Scroll of Exalted Kingship (/wiki/Scroll_of_Exalted_Kingship) The Coronation of the Great Shishlam (/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_Shishlam) Alma Rišaia Rba (/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Rba) Alma Rišaia Zuṭa (/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Zu%E1%B9%ADa) The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa (/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Hibil_Ziwa) Scroll of Abatur (/wiki/Scroll_of_Abatur) Dmut Kušṭa (/wiki/Dmut_Ku%C5%A1%E1%B9%ADa) Secrets of the Ancestors (/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Ancestors) Scroll of the Rivers (/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Rivers) Book of the Zodiac (/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac) Historical texts Haran Gawaita (/wiki/Haran_Gawaita) Apotropaic (/wiki/Apotropaic_magic) texts Incantation bowls (/wiki/Incantation_bowl) Lead rolls (/wiki/Mandaic_lead_rolls) Cosmology (/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology) Tibil (/wiki/Tibil) Yardna (/wiki/Yardna) World of Light (/wiki/World_of_Light) Hayyi Rabbi (/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi) Shkina (/wiki/Shkinta) Piriawis (/wiki/Piriawis) Mshunia Kushta (/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta) Tarwan (/wiki/Tarwan) Yasana (/wiki/Yasana) Uthras (/wiki/Uthra) Yushamin (/wiki/Yushamin) Abatur (/wiki/Abatur) Ptahil (/wiki/Ptahil) Hibil (/wiki/Hibil) Shitil (/wiki/Shitil) Anush (/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)) Sam Ziwa (/wiki/Sam_Ziwa) Manda d-Hayyi (/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi) Shilmai (/wiki/Shilmai) Nidbai (/wiki/Nidbai) Adathan and Yadathan (/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan) Yufin-Yufafin (/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin) Urfeil and Marfeil (/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil) Tar and Tarwan (/wiki/Tarwan) Bihram (/wiki/Bihram) Zihrun (/wiki/Zihrun) Etinsib Ziwa (/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa) Nbat (/wiki/Nbat) Nsab (/wiki/Nsab) Gubran (/wiki/Gubran) Shihlun (/wiki/Shihlun) Yura (/wiki/Yura_(Mandaeism)) Yurba (/wiki/Yurba) Yukabar (/wiki/Yukabar) Yukashar (/wiki/Yukashar) Yawar Ziwa (/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa) Simat Hayyi (/wiki/Simat_Hayyi) Saureil (/wiki/Saureil) Concepts Anana (/wiki/Anana_(Mandaeism)) Gufna (/wiki/Gufna) Ziwa (/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)) Intermediary realms Matarta (/wiki/Matarta) Hitfun (/wiki/Hitfun) Shahrat (/wiki/Shahrat) Shatrin (/wiki/Shatrin) World of Darkness (/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)) Sea of Suf (/wiki/Sea_of_Suf) Siniawis (/wiki/Siniawis) Mšiha (/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism) Demons (/wiki/Demons_in_Mandaeism) Ruha (/wiki/Ruha) Ur (/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)) Krun (/wiki/Krun) Gaf (/wiki/Gaf_(Mandaeism)) Qin (/wiki/Qin_(Mandaeism)) Anathan (/wiki/Anathan) Shdum (/wiki/Shdum) Giu (/wiki/Giu_(Mandaeism)) Hag and Mag (/wiki/Hag_and_Mag) Zartai-Zartanai (/wiki/Zartai-Zartanai) Zahreil (/wiki/Zahreil) Planets (/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology#Planets) Shamish (/wiki/Shamish) (Sun) Libat (/wiki/Libat) (Venus) Nbu (/wiki/Nbu) (Mercury) Sin (/wiki/Sin_(Mandaeism)) (Moon) Kiwan (/wiki/Kiwan) (Saturn) Bil (/wiki/Bil_(Mandaeism)) (Jupiter) Nirig (/wiki/Nirig) (Mars) Important figures Adam (/wiki/Adam) Seth (/wiki/Seth) Abel (/wiki/Abel) Enosh (/wiki/Enos_(biblical_figure)) Noah (/wiki/Noah) Shem (/wiki/Shem) Miriai (/wiki/Miriai) Elizabeth (/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)) John the Baptist (/wiki/John_the_Baptist) Legendary figures Dinanukht (/wiki/Dinanukht) Shishlam (/wiki/Shishlam) Ezlat (/wiki/Ezlat) Concepts Kushta (/wiki/Kushta) (truth) Manda (/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)) (gnosis) Laufa (/wiki/Laufa) (communion) Dmuta (/wiki/Dmuta) (image) Nishimta (/wiki/Nishimta) (soul) Ruha (/wiki/Ruha#As_the_spirit) (spirit) Mana (/wiki/Mana_(Mandaeism)) (mind) Adam Kasia (/wiki/Adam_Kasia) (hidden Adam) Adam Pagria (/wiki/Adam_Pagria) (bodily Adam) Objects and symbols Drabsha (/wiki/Drabsha) (banner) Misha (/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)) (oil) Riha (/wiki/Riha_(Mandaeism)) (incense) Skandola (/wiki/Skandola) (talisman seal) Ritual food and drink Drinks Mambuha (/wiki/Mambuha) Halalta (/wiki/Halalta) Hamra (/wiki/Hamra_(Mandaeism)) Foods Pihta (/wiki/Pihta) Fatira (/wiki/Fatira) Sa (/wiki/Sa_(Mandaeism)) Meals Dukrana (/wiki/Dukrana) Lofani (/wiki/Lofani) Zidqa brikha (/wiki/Zidqa_brikha) Clothing Rasta (/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)) (robe) Burzinqa (/wiki/Burzinqa) (turban) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) (mouth-veil) Himiana (/wiki/Himiana) (girdle) Margna (/wiki/Margna) (staff) Klila (wreath) Taga (/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)) (crown) Rituals and practices Masbuta (/wiki/Masbuta) (baptism) Tamasha (/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)) (triple ablution) Rishama (/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)) (minor ablution) Masiqta (/wiki/Masiqta) (death mass) Qabin (/wiki/Qabin) (wedding) Brakha (/wiki/Brakha) (prayer) Bshuma (/wiki/Bshuma) Sauma (/wiki/Sauma) (fasting) Zidqa (/wiki/Zidqa) (almsgiving) Naming (/wiki/Mandaean_name) Buildings and structures Mandi (/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)) Baghdad Mandi (/wiki/Sabian%E2%80%93Mandaean_Mandi_of_Baghdad) Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi (/wiki/Ganzibra_Dakhil_Mandi) Yahya Yuhana Mandi (/wiki/Yahya_Yuhana_Mandi) Wallacia Mandi (/wiki/Wallacia_Mandi) Shkinta (/wiki/Shkinta) Andiruna (/wiki/Andiruna) Calendar (/wiki/Mandaean_calendar) Feasts Dehwa Rabba (/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba) Feast of the Great Shishlam (/wiki/Feast_of_the_Great_Shishlam) Dehwa Hanina (/wiki/Dehwa_Hanina) Abu al-Haris (/wiki/Abu_al-Haris) Parwanaya (/wiki/Parwanaya) Dehwa Daimana (/wiki/Dehwa_Daimana) Months Daula (/wiki/Daula_(month)) Nuna (/wiki/Nuna_(month)) ʿmbra (/wiki/Embra_(month)) Taura (/wiki/Taura_(month)) Ṣilmia (/wiki/Silmia) Sarṭana (/wiki/Sartana_(month)) Aria (/wiki/Aria_(month)) Šumbulta (/wiki/Shumbulta) Qaina (/wiki/Qaina) Arqba (/wiki/Arqba) Hiṭia (/wiki/Hitia) Gadia (/wiki/Gadia_(month)) Epochs Adam and Eve (/wiki/Adam_and_Eve) Ram and Rud (/wiki/Ram_and_Rud) Shurbai and Sharhabeil 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British fashion brand of cocktail This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments , a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en#paid-contrib-disclosure) . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies (/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Content) , particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( April 2021 ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources) , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) and neutral (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ariella_Fashion_House&action=edit) by replacing them with more appropriate citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) to reliable, independent, third-party sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources) . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Ariella, Marylebone High Street. Ariella is a British fashion brand (/wiki/Fashion_brands) of cocktail, evening and special occasion wear founded in 1966. Ariella designs, manufactures, wholesales and retails women's fashion. Ariella sells under their own labels - retail label Ariella London and designer label Ariella Couture, as well as under clients’ labels. In April 2015 Ariella opened its flagship store in Brent Cross Shopping Centre (/wiki/Brent_Cross_Shopping_Centre) . [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] Ariella started trading in Carnaby Street (/wiki/Carnaby_Street) , founded by two brothers, Aristos (/wiki/Aristos_Constantinou) and Achilleas Constantinou. [2] (#cite_note-2) It designed, manufactured and retailed its own designs, expanding to 11 retail outlets in London, as well as franchise stores in Switzerland and USA. [3] (#cite_note-3) Trade associations [ edit ] Ariella is a member of various trade associations, including: UKFT - The UK Fashion and Textiles Association, the most inclusive British network for fashion and textile companies, of which Ariella's CEO Achilleas Constantinou is a board member. [4] (#cite_note-4) FDPA - The Fashion & Design Protection Association, founded by Ariella's CEO Achilleas Constantinou in 1975. [5] (#cite_note-5) SEDEX - The Supplier Ethical Data Exchange, a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to driving improvements in responsible and ethical business practices in global supply chains. [6] (#cite_note-6) Awards and honours [ edit ] Ariella won a number of awards, including: The Queen's Award for Export Achievement (/wiki/Queen%27s_Award_for_Export_Achievement) 1998, UK Fashion Export Award 2008, two IPC Woman Fashion Awards, UKFT Export Awards 2010, and HSBC Business Thinking 2010 Competition for the London Region. [7] (#cite_note-7) [ better source needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Tycoon brother of 'Silver Bullet Murder' victim returns to the High" (https://www.standard.co.uk/business/business-news/tycoon-brother-of-silver-bullet-murder-victim-returns-to-the-high-street-with-ariella-fashion-brand-10209535.html) . Evening Standard . 2015-04-28 . Retrieved 2017-06-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Achilleas Constantinou, Chief Executive, Ariella Fashions" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/business-thinking/8056386/Achilleas-Constantinou-Chief-Executive-Ariella-Fashions.html) . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2017-06-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) " (https://www.drapersonline.com/retail/swinging-sixties-label-ariella-enters-a-golden-age/7016405.article) 'Swinging Sixties' label Ariella enters a golden age" (https://www.drapersonline.com/retail/swinging-sixties-label-ariella-enters-a-golden-age/7016405.article) . Drapers . Retrieved 2017-06-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The UKFT Board of Directors" (http://www.ukft.org/theboard.php?page=about&psub=board&cat=1) . www.ukft.org . Retrieved 2017-06-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Easey, Mike (2009). Fashion Marketing . John Wiley & Sons. pp. 38 (https://archive.org/details/fashionmarketing00ease/page/n55) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781405139533 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Members | Sedex" (https://www.sedexglobal.com/membership/members/) . Sedex . Retrieved 2017-06-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Ariella Company Profile" (https://ariella.com/2016_Ariella-Company-Profile.pdf) (PDF) . ariella.com/ . External links [ edit ] Media related to Ariella Fashions (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ariella_Fashions) at Wikimedia Commons NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐khbjl Cached time: 20240719062253 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.239 seconds Real time usage: 0.641 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 867/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23624/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1471/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 29085/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.142/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4588885/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 290.323 1 -total 41.46% 120.379 1 Template:Reflist 31.25% 90.737 4 Template:Cite_news 22.50% 65.315 1 Template:Short_description 17.25% 50.090 1 Template:Undisclosed_paid 16.10% 46.733 2 Template:Ambox 12.66% 36.755 2 Template:Pagetype 6.90% 20.018 1 Template:Commons_category-inline 6.30% 18.278 1 Template:Sister-inline 6.21% 18.042 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54237498-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719062253 and revision id 1183325074. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ariella_Fashion_House&oldid=1183325074 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ariella_Fashion_House&oldid=1183325074) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : British fashion designers (/wiki/Category:British_fashion_designers) British brands (/wiki/Category:British_brands) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Wikipedia articles with undisclosed paid content from April 2021 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_undisclosed_paid_content_from_April_2021) Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2017) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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Styles of human facial hair This list is incomplete (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists) ; you can help by adding missing items (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_facial_hairstyles&action=edit) . ( February 2022 ) Simple illustration of various styles of facial hair This is a non-exhaustive list of facial hairstyles (/wiki/Facial_hair) . Moustache styles [ edit ] A moustache (/wiki/Moustache) is defined as any facial hair grown specifically on the upper lip. There are many different types of moustache. Name Image Description Chevron moustache A moustache that covers the area between the vermilion border (/wiki/Vermilion_border) and nose, and extends to the edges of upper lips, but no further. Dali moustache Narrow moustache that points upwards. Named after Salvador Dalí (/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD) . [1] (#cite_note-1) English (/wiki/English_people) moustache A wide moustache that gets narrow on the sides, but is mostly straight. Fu Manchu (/wiki/Fu_Manchu_moustache) A thin, narrow, moustache that grows downward in two very long tendrils from the upper lip, with the tapered, pointed ends hanging past the jawline. It is similar to the horseshoe moustache, but differentiated by the chin and cheeks area being smooth shaven with the lip tendrils overhanging them. [2] (#cite_note-ami-2) The moustache is named after Fu Manchu (/wiki/Fu_Manchu) , a fictional Chinese master-criminal created by Sax Rohmer (/wiki/Sax_Rohmer) in 1911, whose portrayal in print and film media established the style. Handlebar moustache (/wiki/Handlebar_moustache) A moustache which has its ends grown much longer and often flared out. This is usually accentuated by styling the hair with a product such as hair gel or moustache wax. Occasionally, the ends are worn in loops. Horseshoe moustache (/wiki/Horseshoe_moustache) A full moustache with ends that extend down in parallel straight lines beyond the upper lip and down to the jawline. It is similar to the traditional goatee, except for the clean-shaven chin, and resembles a horseshoe (/wiki/Horseshoe) or an inverted U. Hungarian (/wiki/Hungarian_people) moustache Big bushy moustache that extends to the sides. It was used as a category by WBMA (/wiki/World_Beard_and_Moustache_Championships) . Imperial moustache A moustache similar to the handlebar, but curls and is generally thicker. It was used as a category by WBMA (/wiki/World_Beard_and_Moustache_Championships) . Lampshade moustache A moustache similar to the Pyramid moustache but steeper, thus resembling a trapezoid (/wiki/Trapezoid) . [3] (#cite_note-barbw-3) Painter's brush An intermediate of chevron moustache and pyramid moustache, its top is round, but the bottom is straight. [3] (#cite_note-barbw-3) Pencil moustache (/wiki/Pencil_moustache) A pencil moustache is a thin line of hair, usually just above the line of the upper lip. It is supposed to look narrow enough to have been drawn on with a pencil (or eyeliner). Often a man wearing a pencil moustache will shave the area above it to accentuate the remaining hair. Similar thin moustaches are sometimes favored by scuba divers (/wiki/Scuba_diving) because the moustache does not interfere with the diving mask (/wiki/Diving_mask) sealing against the skin. Pyramid moustache A moustache similar to the chevron moustache but straight instead of curvy, giving a loose resemblance to a triangle. [3] (#cite_note-barbw-3) Toothbrush moustache (/wiki/Toothbrush_moustache) This is a narrow but tall moustache which generally does not extend beyond the sides of the nose, and extends to the upper lip. This type of facial hair resembles a small brush like a toothbrush (/wiki/Toothbrush) , where the "bristles" are attached to the bottom of the nose, which was once thought comical. Charlie Chaplin (/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin) was the first famous man to sport this look, and his popularity circa 1915 made the toothbrush style fashionable worldwide in the early 20th century. However, Adolf Hitler (/wiki/Adolf_Hitler) 's adoption of the style from 1919 onward eventually led to a distinct association between the style and the German Nazi (/wiki/German_Nazi) leader. Resultantly dubbed the "Hitler moustache" in the public consciousness, the style has faded and become nearly extinct since World War II. Walrus moustache (/wiki/Walrus_moustache) The walrus moustache is characterized by whiskers (/wiki/Vibrissae) that are thick, bushy, and droop over the mouth. The style resembles the whiskers of a walrus (/wiki/Walrus) , hence the name. Zapata moustache A moustache where the two ends droop downwards towards the jawline, as worn by Mexican Revolutionary (/wiki/Mexican_Revolution) Emiliano Zapata (/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata) . The style was popularized by Marlon Brando (/wiki/Marlon_Brando) in the 1952 semi-biographical film Viva Zapata! (/wiki/Viva_Zapata!) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Beard styles [ edit ] The simple term beard (/wiki/Beard) is an umbrella term (/wiki/Umbrella_term) which can include any style of facial hair that isn't clean shaven (/wiki/Clean_shaven) or just a moustache. Goatee styles [ edit ] Name Image Description Goat patch Facial hair growing from the chin directly beneath the mouth. This is meant to resemble the hair on the chin of a goat (/wiki/Goat) . Also called a "chin puff" or "chin strip". (Also see: goatee (/wiki/Goatee) .) Goatee (/wiki/Goatee) A beard style incorporating hair on the chin but not the cheeks. Traditionally, the term referred to a style including only the hair on the lower jaw around the mouth, but has become a blanket term (/wiki/Blanket_term) to refer to any style incorporating hair on the chin but not the cheeks, including those with incorporated moustaches. The Zappa (/wiki/Frank_Zappa) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) The Zappa style consists of a wide soul patch and full moustache that extends slightly downward past the corners of the mouth. Named for American musician Frank Zappa (/wiki/Frank_Zappa) . Balbo (/wiki/Italo_Balbo) An extended version of the Van Dyke which wraps around the mouth, with the ends of the moustache (and sometimes also the jawline) flared out beyond the lines that connect to the chin. Named for Italian aviator and Marshal of the Air Force (/wiki/Marshal_of_the_air_force) in Fascist Italy Italo Balbo (/wiki/Italo_Balbo) . This style was common among 19th- and early 20th-century German collegiates and military officials. Anchor beard Anchor is another variant of t-beard, but unlike the Balbo beard, it's trimmed to resemble an anchor. Soul patch (/wiki/Soul_patch) A soul patch is grown just below the lower lip, but does not grow past the chin (i.e., goat patch (/w/index.php?title=Goat_patch&action=edit&redlink=1) ). This facial hairstyle is often grown narrow and sometimes made into a spike. The stereotypical image of a 1960s beatnik (/wiki/Beatnik) often includes a soul patch. Howie Mandel (/wiki/Howie_Mandel) (pictured) is a notable modern-day man known for sporting a soul patch. Van Dyke beard (/wiki/Van_Dyke_beard) The Van Dyke style is a type of goatee in which the chin hair is disconnected from the moustache hair. Often the two patches are shaped and styled independently of each other, sometimes with the chin being made into a narrow oval shape and the moustache flared out like a Handlebar style. This style is sometimes conflated with the "French Beard", which has a fuller chin beard. It is named after the 17th-century Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck (/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck) . Partial beard styles [ edit ] Name Image Description Chin curtain (/wiki/Chin_curtain) A full beard without a moustache or neck hair, sometimes called a "lion's mane." Chinstrap beard (/wiki/Chinstrap_beard) Sideburns which are connected to each other by a narrow line of hair along the jaw, resembling a helmet strap harnessed to one's chin. Designer stubble (/wiki/Designer_stubble) (also called five o'clock shadow) A stubble is any length of hair which is long enough to be seen, but short enough to not fully cover the skin beneath. This contributes to an image that a man is anywhere between relaxed and casual to disheveled and unclean. The term five-o'clock shadow refers to stubble which is very short, apparently only a few hours' growth (as it would look at 5 PM after a man shaved that morning). Friendly Mutton Chops Muttonchops which are connected by a moustache, but no chin hair (which would make it a full beard). [7] (#cite_note-7) Hulihee Similar to friendly muttonchops and sidewhiskers but trimmed mustache and sideburns. It originates in Hawaii. [8] (#cite_note-8) Circle beard A goatee in which the moustache is allowed to connect to the hair on the chin. Mutton chops (/wiki/Sideburns#History) A more elaborate growth of sideburns (/wiki/Sideburns) which also grow larger toward the chin, resembling a mutton chop (cut of meat with a bone sticking out). An English style that became popular with some in the US by the early 1800s. [9] (#cite_note-9) Neckbeard A beard which does not include any hair on the face, but includes the hair of the neck, or under the jaw, or both. Popular in the 19th century, wearers included Jefferson Davis (/wiki/Jefferson_Davis) , Joseph Dalton Hooker (/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker) , Richard Wagner (/wiki/Richard_Wagner) , Henry David Thoreau (/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau) , Horace Greeley (/wiki/Horace_Greeley) , Horatio Seymour (/wiki/Horatio_Seymour) , and Alpheus Felch (/wiki/Alpheus_Felch) as well as Emperor Nero (/wiki/Nero) of Rome. Shenandoah (/wiki/Shenandoah_(beard)) A fuller version of the chin curtain in which only the moustache is shaved, allowing the hair on the neck to grow out. The Shenandoah style was common in the 19th century in Europe and North America, and is often associated with the Amish (/wiki/Amish) community. Sideburns (/wiki/Sideburns) Originally known as "Burnsides", sideburns are the patch of hair in front of the ears which connects a beard to the hair of one's head. Any extension beyond a simple corner angle on the front side of the head is considered to be a sideburn, though they can range widely in size from short and neatly cropped to the distinctly massive "muttonchops" of Ambrose Burnside (/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside) (who gave the term its original name). Sidewhiskers Related to sideburns and muttonchops, but considerably more extreme. Classic sidewhiskers hang well below the jawline. They may be connected via a moustache, as in this picture of Chester A. Arthur (/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur) , but this is not always the case (similar to the situation with standard and friendly mutton chops). Full-beard styles [ edit ] A full-beard which shows full, unmodified growth on all available areas of the face and neck, including the moustache, chin, sideburns, and cheeks. Name Image Description Verdi beard A short beard where the moustache is disconnected from rest of the facial hair. [10] (#cite_note-10) Named after Giuseppe Verdi (/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi) . Garibaldi beard A beard that evenly extends below the chin, but no more than 20 cm. [11] (#cite_note-11) Named after Giuseppe Garibaldi (/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi) . Forkbeard A pointed beard that is split by a curl at the chin. Despite also being known as the "French fork", it originates from Iran (/wiki/Greater_Iran) . [12] (#cite_note-bespok-12) Ducktail A beard where the middle part hangs from chin leaving it pointed. It is set apart from the extended goatee by the inclusion of sideburns. [12] (#cite_note-bespok-12) Hollywoodian A full beard that features a goatee, full mustache and horizontal chinstrap with all hairs on the upper cheeks and sideburns removed. [13] (#cite_note-13) Ned Kelly beard (/wiki/Ned_Kelly_beard) A beard with the length of more than 20 cm. A Ned Kelly beard is a style of facial hair named after 19th-century Australian bushranger and outlaw Ned Kelly (/wiki/Ned_Kelly) . See also [ edit ] Beard oil (/wiki/Beard_oil) Discrimination based on hair texture (/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture) List of hairstyles (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) Moustache styles (/wiki/Moustache#Styles) Peak beard (/wiki/Peak_beard) Pigtail Ordinance (/wiki/Pigtail_Ordinance) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The Salvador Dali Mustache: How to Grow, Guide, Examples, and More!" (https://www.baldingbeards.com/facial-hair-styles/mustache-styles/salvador-dali-mustache/) . Balding Beards . Retrieved 5 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-ami_2-0) www.americanmoustacheinstitute.org (http://www.americanmoustacheinstitute.org/moustache-information/styles/) [ permanent dead link ] moustache Styles Retrieved Jan 30, 2011 ^ Jump up to: a b c "The 13 Most Popular Mustache Styles" (https://barbaware.com/en/the-kings-cave-blog/16_the-13-most-popular-mustache-styles.html) . barbaware.com . Retrieved 5 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Zapata moustache" (https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803133357208) . www.oxfordreference.com/view . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) This Movember go the distance with these whacky moustache styles (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/style-guide/This-Movember-go-the-distance-with-these-whacky-moustache-styles/articleshow/55224209.cms) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Inside the Zappa family feud (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/inside-the-zappa-family-feud-w431684) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "beard styles: friendly mutton chops" (http://www.beards.org/friendly_mutton_chops.php) . 5 February 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "How to grow and care for a Hulihee Beard" (https://razors.co/beard-styles/hulihee-beard/) . 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Richardson, A. D. (1866). "4". Our New States and Territories . Beadel & Co. p. 66. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "How To Trim A Full Beard For Your Face Shape: Styles & Growing Tips" (https://bespokeunit.com/grooming/beards/full/#verdi) . bespokeunit.com . August 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "The Garibaldi Beard | A Beard Style that Allows Natural Growth" (https://www.realmenrealstyle.com/garibaldi-beard/) . Real Men Real Style . 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Best Pointed Beard Styles: How To Grow A Ducktail & French Fork Beard" (https://bespokeunit.com/grooming/beards/pointed/) . bespokeunit.com . August 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "The Hollywoodian Beard: Definitive Guide to the Classic Style" (https://www.beardresource.com/hollywoodian-beard/) . Beard Resource . 24 October 2020 . Retrieved 24 July 2022 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Facial hair (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Facial_hair) . List of Beard Styles at beards.org (http://www.beards.org/styles.php) v t e Human hair (/wiki/Hair) Classification by type Lanugo (/wiki/Lanugo) Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Terminal (/wiki/Terminal_hair) Vellus (/wiki/Vellus_hair) by location Body (/wiki/Body_hair) Ear (/wiki/Ear_hair) Nose (/wiki/Nasal_hair) Eyebrow (/wiki/Eyebrow) unibrow (/wiki/Unibrow) Eyelash (/wiki/Eyelash) Underarm (/wiki/Underarm_hair) Chest (/wiki/Chest_hair) Abdominal (/wiki/Abdominal_hair) Pubic (/wiki/Pubic_hair) Leg (/wiki/Leg_hair) Head hairstyles (/wiki/Hairstyle) ( list (/wiki/List_of_hairstyles) ) Afro (/wiki/Afro) Afro puffs (/wiki/Afro_puffs) Asymmetric cut (/wiki/Asymmetric_cut) Bald (/wiki/Hair_loss) Bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) Beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) Big hair (/wiki/Big_hair) Blowout (/wiki/Long_hair) Bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) Bouffant (/wiki/Bouffant) Bowl cut (/wiki/Bowl_cut) Braid (/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)) Brush, butch, burr cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( odango (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ) Bunches (/wiki/Bunches) Businessman cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Butterfly haircut (/wiki/Butterfly_haircut) Buzz cut (/wiki/Buzz_cut) Caesar cut (/wiki/Caesar_cut) Chignon (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) Chonmage (/wiki/Chonmage) Comb over (/wiki/Comb_over) Conk (/wiki/Conk) Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) Crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) Crochet braids (/wiki/Crochet_braids) Croydon facelift (/wiki/Croydon_facelift) Curly hair (/wiki/Curly_hair) Curtained hair (/wiki/Curtained_hair) Czupryna (/wiki/Czupryna) Devilock (/wiki/Devilock) Dido flip (/wiki/Dido_flip) Digital perm (/wiki/Digital_perm) Dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) Ducktail (/wiki/Ducktail) Edgar cut (/wiki/Edgar_cut) Eton crop (/wiki/Eton_crop) Extensions (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) Fauxhawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Feathered hair (/wiki/Feathered_hair) Finger wave (/wiki/Finger_wave) Flattop (/wiki/Flattop) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) French braid (/wiki/French_braid) French twist (/wiki/French_twist_(hairstyle)) Fringe (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) Frosted tips (/wiki/Frosted_tips) Hair crimping (/wiki/Hair_crimping) Hair twists (/wiki/Hair_twists) High and tight (/wiki/High_and_tight) Hime cut (/wiki/Hime_cut) Historical Christian hairstyles (/wiki/Historical_Christian_hairstyles) Hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) Induction cut (/wiki/Induction_cut) Ivy League, Harvard, Princeton cut (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) Japanese women (/wiki/Hairstyles_of_Japanese_women) Jewfro (/wiki/Jewfro) Jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) Kinky hair (/wiki/Kinky_hair) Kiss curl (/wiki/Kiss_curl) Laid edges (/wiki/Laid_edges) Layered hair (/wiki/Layered_hair) Liberty spikes (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Long hair (/wiki/Long_hair) Lob cut (/wiki/Lob_(haircut)) Lovelock (/wiki/Lovelock_(hair)) Marcelling (/wiki/Marcelling) Mod cut (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) Mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) Mullet (/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)) 1950s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) 1980s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1980s) Pageboy (/wiki/Pageboy) Part (/wiki/Part_(haircut)) Payot (/wiki/Payot) Pigtail (/wiki/Pigtail) Pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) Pompadour (/wiki/Pompadour_(hairstyle)) Ponytail (/wiki/Ponytail) Punch perm (/wiki/Punch_perm) Professional cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Queue (/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)) Quiff (/wiki/Quiff) Rattail (/wiki/Rattail_(hairstyle)) Razor cut (/wiki/Razor_cut) Regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Ringlets (/wiki/Ringlet_(haircut)) Shag (/wiki/Shag_(haircut)) Shape-up (/wiki/Shape-up) Shikha (/wiki/Shikha_(hairstyle)) Shimada (/wiki/Shimada_(hairstyle)) Short back and sides (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Short brush cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Short hair (/wiki/Short_hair) Spiky hair (/wiki/Liberty_spikes) Straight hair (/wiki/Straight_hair) Standard haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Step cut (/wiki/Step_cutting) Surfer hair (/wiki/Surfer_hair) Taper cut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Temple fade (/wiki/Temple_fade_(hairstyle)) Titus cut (/wiki/Titus_cut) Tonsure (/wiki/Tonsure) Updo (/wiki/Updo) 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American cosmetics company Merle Norman Cosmetics Inc. Merle Norman outlet in Calgary, Canada (/wiki/Calgary,_Canada) Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Founded 1931 ; 93 years ago ( 1931 ) Founder Merle Norman (/wiki/Merle_Nethercutt_Norman) Headquarters Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , U.S. Number of locations 1,007 (2021) Area served United States (/wiki/United_States) Canada (/wiki/Canada) Guatemala (/wiki/Guatemala) Bahrain (/wiki/Bahrain) United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) Key people Jack Nethercutt II (/wiki/Jack_Nethercutt_II) (Chairman & President) Travis Richards (Vice President) Products Cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) skin care (/wiki/Skin_care) personal care (/wiki/Personal_care) Services Day spa (/wiki/Day_spa) Revenue US$ (/wiki/USD) 100 million (2018) [1] (#cite_note-1) Website www (http://www.merlenorman.com/) .merlenorman (http://www.merlenorman.com/) .com (http://www.merlenorman.com/) Merle Norman Cosmetics Inc. or simply known as Merle Norman , is an American cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) company that manufactures skin care (/wiki/Skin_care) , personal care (/wiki/Personal_care) , and makeup (/wiki/Makeup) products founded in 1931 by Merle Norman (/wiki/Merle_Nethercutt_Norman) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The company sells its products through e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) and its beauty store (/wiki/Beauty_stores) studio franchises, along with operating day spas (/wiki/Day_spa) through its Merle Norman Spa brand. As of 2021 the company had 1,007 locations throughout 7 countries, primarily in North America (/wiki/North_America) . [3] (#cite_note-FranchiseInfo22-3) History [ edit ] Merle Norman (/wiki/Merle_Nethercutt_Norman) , with her education in chemistry (/wiki/Chemistry) , started making makeshift cosmetic products in her home kitchen to sell to her neighbors while her nephew, J.B. Nethercutt (/wiki/J.B._Nethercutt) , worked as the delivery peddler (/wiki/Peddler) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Growing in local popularity, in 1931, she opened her first official cosmetics studio in Santa Monica (/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California) for $150 during the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) . [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) By 1934, the company had expanded to dozens of independently owned studios across the contiguous United States (/wiki/Contiguous_United_States) which were predominately owned by women. [6] (#cite_note-:14-6) By the 1940s the company expanded overseas to Asia (/wiki/Asia) , marketing in Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) . [7] (#cite_note-7) During the American involvement in World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , the company produced gun oil and camouflage (/wiki/Camouflage) . [8] (#cite_note-:6-8) In 1963, Norman stepped down as chairman and passed down the company to J.B. Nethercutt. [6] (#cite_note-:14-6) In 1969, the company changed to be publicly traded (/wiki/Public_company) on the American Stock Exchange (/wiki/NYSE_American) (AMEX). [9] (#cite_note-9) The company sold 400,000 shares at $25. [10] (#cite_note-:8-10) The company opened secondary factory in Sylmar, Los Angeles (/wiki/Sylmar,_Los_Angeles) in 1971, and a forward distribution center in Memphis, Tennessee (/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee) for its East Coast studios in 1973. [11] (#cite_note-:72-11) In 1974, the family bought back all the public stock due to a lack of demanded trading interest, and the company reverted to being privately held. [12] (#cite_note-:83-12) In the 1980s, Merle Norman was named one of the ten largest American cosmetic companies by People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) magazine . [13] (#cite_note-13) The company started its first national advertising campaign, having previously only used word-of-mouth marketing (/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing) regionally, including being the primary sponsor of the 1981 Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) . [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) The company experimentally expanded to Europe (/wiki/Europe) in 3 countries, but would leave the continent by the next decade. [6] (#cite_note-:14-6) In 1999, the company redesigned its studios to have a common interior. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2004, Nethercutt passed the company down to his son, Jack Nethercutt II (/wiki/Jack_Nethercutt_II) . [16] (#cite_note-:2-16) In 2007, the company was ranked No. 21 in Entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneur_(magazine)) magazine's Franchise 500 (/wiki/Franchise_500) . [17] (#cite_note-17) Merle Norman expanded to the Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) by 2011. [18] (#cite_note-:122-18) Later in the year, the company unveiled a new separate logo emblem with an updated wordmark (/wiki/Wordmark) along with a redesign of product packaging. [19] (#cite_note-:92-19) From 2012 to 2019, the company had a decline of 269 studio units. [20] (#cite_note-20) In 2018, the company announced its beginning of day spa (/wiki/Day_spa) services to select studio outlets in the United States and Canada (/wiki/Canada) . [21] (#cite_note-21) In 2019, Merle Norman's products were available for purchase online through e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) . [22] (#cite_note-22) The company produced WHO (/wiki/World_Health_Organization) hand sanitizer (/wiki/Hand_sanitizer) during the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) . [23] (#cite_note-23) Operations [ edit ] Merle Norman is a privately held (/wiki/Privately_held_company) family owned (/wiki/Family_owned) company by the Nethercutt-Richards (/wiki/Nethercutt-Richards_family) family. The corporate headquarters is located in Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . [24] (#cite_note-:4-24) The company is a member of the Personal Care Products Council (/wiki/Personal_Care_Products_Council) . [25] (#cite_note-25) The company sells its products online and through its own retail franchise (/wiki/Franchising) studios, nearly all of which are independently owned. [3] (#cite_note-FranchiseInfo22-3) The primary manufacturing plant and distribution center is located in Westchester, Los Angeles (/wiki/Westchester,_Los_Angeles) and is connected to the corporate headquarters. In 1971, a secondary plant was opened in Sylmar, Los Angeles (/wiki/Sylmar,_Los_Angeles) which produces the containers and packaging for its products. [11] (#cite_note-:72-11) Merle Norman is certified by PETA (/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals) as cruelty-free (/wiki/Cruelty-free) . [26] (#cite_note-26) The company uses non- vegan (/wiki/Veganism) ingredients. [27] (#cite_note-27) Merle Norman Spa [ edit ] A Merle Norman Spa at the Chinook Centre (/wiki/Chinook_Centre) in Calgary (/wiki/Calgary) Merle Norman Spas are select specialized outlets throughout the United States and Canada that offer day spa (/wiki/Day_spa) services, including facial (/wiki/Facial) treatments and massages from trained estheticians (/wiki/Estheticians) . [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) Locations [ edit ] A Merle Norman studio in Crabtree Valley Mall (/wiki/Crabtree_Valley_Mall) in Raleigh (/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina) Studio in Colorado Springs, Colorado (/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado) Below is a list of current domestic and international studio outlets as of 2021, with there being 955 throughout 49 U.S. states (/wiki/U.S._state) and 52 locations throughout 8 Canadian Provinces (/wiki/Canadian_Provinces) and 5 countries abroad totaling 1,007. [3] (#cite_note-FranchiseInfo22-3) U.S. and Canada [ edit ] Alabama (/wiki/Alabama) Alaska (/wiki/Alaska) Alberta (/wiki/Alberta) [28] (#cite_note-28) Arizona (/wiki/Arizona) Arkansas (/wiki/Arkansas) British Columbia (/wiki/British_Columbia) California (/wiki/California) Colorado (/wiki/Colorado) Connecticut (/wiki/Connecticut) Delaware (/wiki/Delaware) Florida (/wiki/Florida) Georgia (/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)) Idaho (/wiki/Idaho) Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) Indiana (/wiki/Indiana) Iowa (/wiki/Iowa) Kansas (/wiki/Kansas) Kentucky (/wiki/Kentucky) Louisiana (/wiki/Louisiana) Maine (/wiki/Maine) Manitoba (/wiki/Manitoba) Maryland (/wiki/Maryland) Massachusetts (/wiki/Massachusetts) Michigan (/wiki/Michigan) Minnesota (/wiki/Minnesota) Mississippi (/wiki/Mississippi) Missouri (/wiki/Missouri) Montana (/wiki/Montana) Nebraska (/wiki/Nebraska) Nevada (/wiki/Nevada) [29] (#cite_note-29) New Hampshire (/wiki/New_Hampshire) New Jersey (/wiki/New_Jersey) New Mexico (/wiki/New_Mexico) New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) Newfoundland and Labrador (/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador) North Carolina (/wiki/North_Carolina) North Dakota (/wiki/North_Dakota) Nova Scotia (/wiki/Nova_Scotia) Ohio (/wiki/Ohio) Oklahoma (/wiki/Oklahoma) Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) [30] (#cite_note-30) Oregon (/wiki/Oregon) Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pennsylvania) Rhode Island (/wiki/Rhode_Island) Saskatchewan (/wiki/Saskatchewan) South Carolina (/wiki/South_Carolina) South Dakota (/wiki/South_Dakota) Tennessee (/wiki/Tennessee) Texas (/wiki/Texas) [31] (#cite_note-31) Utah (/wiki/Utah) Vermont (/wiki/Vermont) Virginia (/wiki/Virginia) Washington (/wiki/Washington_(state)) West Virginia (/wiki/West_Virginia) Wisconsin (/wiki/Wisconsin) Wyoming (/wiki/Wyoming) International [ edit ] Guatemala (/wiki/Guatemala) United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) [32] (#cite_note-32) Bahrain (/wiki/Bahrain) Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) [33] (#cite_note-33) Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) Sponsorship [ edit ] Merle Norman was the primary sponsor of the 1981 Met Gala (/wiki/Met_Gala) with the event's theme of The Eighteenth-Century Woman. [14] (#cite_note-:1-14) The company sponsors the USC Trojans (/wiki/USC_Trojans) and funded Merle Norman Stadium (/wiki/Merle_Norman_Stadium) for the school's new NCAA Division I (/wiki/NCAA_Division_I) beach volleyball program in 2012. [34] (#cite_note-34) From 2020, the company sponsored the Arizona Cardinals Cheerleaders (/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals) in the NFL (/wiki/NFL) . [35] (#cite_note-35) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Smith, David (November 28, 2018). "Low-Cost, High-Value Franchise Ideal for Immigrant Entrepreneurs" (https://www.immigrantbiz.org/low-cost-high-value-franchise-ideal-immigrant-entrepreneurs/) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Bloomberg – Merle Norman Cosmetics Inc" (https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3645503Z:US) . www.bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2020-07-29 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Merle Norman Cosmetics Inc. Franchise Information" (https://www.entrepreneur.com/franchises/merlenormancosmeticsinc/282576) . Entrepreneur . Retrieved 2020-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Beale, Lauren (2015-11-11). "Home built for cosmetics magnate Merle Norman is for sale in Santa Monica" (https://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/hot-property/la-fi-hotprop-merle-norman-20151110-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2020-09-05 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Merle Norman Building | Santa Monica Conservancy" (https://www.smconservancy.org/property/merle-norman-building/) . www.smconservancy.org . Retrieved 2020-07-21 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Makeup Chain Seeks Wider Awareness" (https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/31/business/makeup-chain-seeks-wider-awareness.html) . The New York Times . 1981-03-31. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Lichterman, Courtney. "Bangkok's forgotten shopping centre" (https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180524-bangkoks-forgotten-shopping-centre) . www.bbc.com . Retrieved 2020-08-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-:6_8-0) Kragen, Aubrey (April 6, 2020). "USC Alum's Company Changes Course During Crisis" (https://usctrojans.com/news/2020/4/6/trojan-athletic-fund-merle-norman-changes-course-during-crisis.aspx) . USC Athletics . Retrieved 2020-04-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Data, Bryan Taylor, Chief Economist, Global Financial (5 November 2020). "A New Index of the American Stock Exchange" (https://globalfinancialdata.com/a-new-index-of-the-american-stock-exchange) . Global Financial Data . Retrieved 2023-02-28 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-:8_10-0) Going Private (https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6305&context=ylj) The Yale Law Journal. Vol. 84: 903, 1975. ^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Katheryn (1993-09-24). "Hidden Treasures in Sylmar : * Facilities housing vintage cars, musical instruments and guide dogs are tucked into the suburban landscape" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-24-va-38435-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2020-08-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-:83_12-0) "Going Private" (https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6305&context=ylj) . Yale University . 84 : 3–18. 1975. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Kalter, Suzy (July 20, 1981). "As a Merchant of Beauty, Merle Norman's J.B. Nethercutt Has Grown Handsomely Rich" (https://people.com/archive/as-a-merchant-of-beauty-merle-normans-j-b-nethercutt-has-grown-handsomely-rich-vol-16-no-3/) . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2020-04-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b Morris, Bernadine (1981-12-08). "18TH CENTURY SPARKS GALA FASHION NIGHT" (https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/08/style/18th-century-sparks-gala-fashion-night.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2021-07-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Thomas, Barbara (1999-09-24). "Merle Norman Gets a Make-Over : Aiming for a youthful glow, the once-fusty L.A. chain is modernizing its stores and expanding its offerings" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-sep-24-cl-13746-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2020-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_16-0) "Most Influential Family Owned Businesses 2019: MERLE NORMAN COSMETICS | Los Angeles Business Journal" (https://labusinessjournal.com/news/2019/oct/28/most-influential-family-owned-businesses-2019-merl/) . labusinessjournal.com . 28 October 2019 . Retrieved 2020-09-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "2007 Franchise 500 Ranking" (https://www.entrepreneur.com/franchises/500/2007) . Entrepreneur . Retrieved 2020-09-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-:122_18-0) "Merle Norman Cosmetics opens first studio in Abu Dhabi" (https://www.albawaba.com/merle-norman-cosmetics-opens-first-studio-abu-dhabi-388502) . Al Bawaba . August 16, 2011 . Retrieved 2020-08-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-:92_19-0) "Venerable cosmetics company Merle Norman gets a makeover" (https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/05/merle-norman-gets-a-makeover.html) . LA Times Blogs - All The Rage . 2011-05-03 . Retrieved 2020-07-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Merle Norman Locations (Units)" (https://www.entrepreneur.com/franchises/merlenormancosmeticsinc/282576) . Entrepreneur . Retrieved 2020-08-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Beauty and Spa Franchises - Merle Norman Cosmetic Studio- Spa Franchise" (https://merlenormanfranchise.com/research/future-merle-norman-spa-services/) . merlenormanfranchise.com . 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 2021-11-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Merle Norman | BORN Group" (https://www.borngroup.com/work/merle-norman/) . www.borngroup.com . 2020-06-17 . Retrieved 2021-11-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Westine, Lezlee (2020). "Caring for Our Communities: The Beauty and Personal Care Industry's Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic" (https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/newsroom/caring-for-our-communities-the-beauty-and-personal-care-industrys-response-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic/) . Personal Care Products Council . Retrieved 2020-05-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-:4_24-0) "Most Influential Family Owned Businesses 2019: MERLE NORMAN COSMETICS | Los Angeles Business Journal" (https://labusinessjournal.com/news/2019/oct/28/most-influential-family-owned-businesses-2019-merl/) . labusinessjournal.com . 28 October 2019 . Retrieved 2020-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Member Companies" (https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/about-us/member-companies/) . Personal Care Products Council . Retrieved 2020-05-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Rose, Suzana. "Is Merle Norman Cruelty-Free? • Latest Cruelty-Free Kitty Update" (https://www.crueltyfreekitty.com/brands/merle-norman/) . Cruelty-Free Kitty . Retrieved 2020-05-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Merle Norman is cruelty-free but not 100% vegan" (http://www.stylishlyvegan.com/beautybrands/merle-norman-is-cruelty-free-but-not-100-vegan/) . Stylishly Vegan . Retrieved 2020-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Merle Norman locations in Alberta (Canada) - online brands" (https://www.shopping-canada.com/stores-brands/merle-norman/alberta) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Merle Norman Cosmetics Locations & Hours Near Las Vegas, NV" (https://www.yellowpages.com/las-vegas-nv/merle-norman-cosmetics) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Merle Norman locations in Ontario (Canada) - online brands" (https://www.shopping-canada.com/stores-brands/merle-norman/ontario) . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Business Directory Search - Canton Texas Chamber of Commerce, TX" (https://www.cantontexaschamber.com/list/member/merle-norman-586) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Merle Norman Cosmetics opens first studio in Abu Dhabi" (https://www.albawaba.com/merle-norman-cosmetics-opens-first-studio-abu-dhabi-388502) . ^ (#cite_ref-33) https://www.mystore411.com/store/view/3933945/Taiwan/Merle-Norman-Cosmetic-Studio-Taipei-City (https://www.mystore411.com/store/view/3933945/Taiwan/Merle-Norman-Cosmetic-Studio-Taipei-City) [ bare URL ] ^ (#cite_ref-34) Smith, Michael (November 17, 2014). "Sponsors join effort to boost USC women's athletic programs" (https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com:443/en/Journal/Issues/2014/11/17/Colleges/USC.aspx) . www.sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved 2020-08-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Merle Norman Partners With Cardinal Cheerleaders" (https://www.happi.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2020-12-02/merle-norman-partners-with-the-cardinal-cheerleaders/) . HAPPI . December 12, 2020 . Retrieved 2020-12-04 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.merlenorman.com) v t e Nethercutt-Richards family (/wiki/Nethercutt-Richards_family) People Merle Norman (/wiki/Merle_Nethercutt_Norman) : (1887-1972) J.B. 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Crown of Augustus II the Strong (1697) The Crown of Augustus II was intended for his coronation as a King of Poland (/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs) . [1] (#cite_note-rozek-1) The crown was made in 1697 by Freiburg (/wiki/Freiburg) 's goldsmith Johann Friedrich Klemm. [1] (#cite_note-rozek-1) It was not used, however. The Augustus II's crown is kept in Dresden Armory (/wiki/Dresden_Armory) (Rüstkammer) in Dresden (/wiki/Dresden) , Germany. [1] (#cite_note-rozek-1) History [ edit ] Due to a double election (/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland) of François Louis, Prince of Conti (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis,_Prince_of_Conti) and the Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony) (elected King of Poland as Augustus II (/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong) ) in 1697, the two claimants to the Polish throne had serious troubles with obtaining approval of the nobility (/wiki/Szlachta) for their coronation. [1] (#cite_note-rozek-1) The most difficult situation was of Elector of Saxony, who had no support of the primate Michał Stefan Radziejowski (/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Stefan_Radziejowski) and most of the senators holding the custody of the Wawel Castle (/wiki/Wawel_Castle) Crown Treasury. [1] (#cite_note-rozek-1) Therefore, expecting obstacles in obtaining the royal insignia (/wiki/Polish_Crown_Jewels) , he ordered to prepare replacements before his arrival to Kraków (/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w) . On the eve of the ceremony (/wiki/Royal_coronations_in_Poland) , some of the gathered decided to find a way to obtain the original regalia. Two monks Aleksander Wyhowski, prior of Czerwińsk (/wiki/Abbey_church_in_Czerwi%C5%84sk_nad_Wis%C5%82%C4%85) and Mikołaj Wyżycki, prior of the Holy Cross (/wiki/%C5%81ysa_G%C3%B3ra) made a hole in the castle's wall and got to the vault from which they stole the crown, scepter (/wiki/Scepter) , sword and orb (/wiki/Globus_cruciger) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The Dresden regalia become unnecessary, Augustus II the Strong, however, treated them as a private insignia. Crown of Augustus II the Strong is made of gilded silver (/wiki/Silver) and decorated with colorful enamel (/wiki/Vitreous_enamel) and semi-precious stones. [1] (#cite_note-rozek-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Michał Rożek (1987). Polskie koronacje i korony (Polish coronations and crowns) (in Polish). p. 145. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 83-03-01914-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Krzysztof Zawisza (1862). Pamiętniki Krzysztofa Zawiszy, wojewody mińskiego, 1666-1721 (Memoirs of Krzysztof Zawisza, voivode of Minsk, 1666-1721) (in Polish). p. 146. Further reading [ edit ] Lileyko, Jerzy (1987) Regalia Polskie ( Polish Regalia ) Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Warsaw, Poland, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 83-03-02021-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-03-02021-8) (in Polish) Miniewicz, Janusz (2006) Tajemnica polskich koron: Czy jest szansa ich odnalezienia? ( Mystery of the Polish Crown: Is there any chance of finding it? ) Nowy Sącz, Poland, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 83-924034-2-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-924034-2-8) (in Polish) Rożek, Michał (1987) Polskie koronacje i korony ( Polish coronations and crowns ) Kraków, Poland, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 83-03-01914-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-03-01914-7) (in Polish) External links [ edit ] Media related to Crown of Augustus II the Strong (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong) at Wikimedia Commons (in German) Königskrone Augusts des Starken (https://web.archive.org/web/20100818135644/http://www.skd.museum/de/museen-institutionen/residenzschloss/ruestkammer/sammlungsgeschichte/index.html) v t e Crowns (/wiki/Crown) Albania Helmet of Skanderbeg (/wiki/Arms_of_Skanderbeg#The_helmet) (Vienna) Austria Archducal hat of Austria (/wiki/Archducal_hat) (Klosterneuburg) Imperial Crown of Austria (/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria) (Vienna) 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Portrait of Ernst Casimir (1573–1632), count of Nassau-Dietz, wearing over-the-knee riding boots Over-the-knee boots (or cuissardes, which include thighboots (/wiki/Thighboots) , top boots, hip-boots, and waders), OTK boots , are long boots that fully or partly cover the knee. Originally created as a man's riding boot in the 15th century, in the latter part of the 20th century, the style was redefined as a fashion boot (/wiki/Fashion_boot) for women. Over-the-knee boots are also used as a work boot in circumstances requiring additional protection for the legs (e.g. fishing waders (/wiki/Waders_(footwear)) ). As men's footwear [ edit ] Over-the-knee boots first became popular as riding boots (/wiki/Riding_boots) for men in the 15th century, when the growing popularity of doublet and lightweight hose meant that extra protection was required for the legs when on horseback. This was also linked to the decline in the use of full plate armour as the use of firearms became more widespread in warfare. Heavy cavalry in the 16th and 17th centuries had only limited armour, in the form of a helmet and breastplate, or cuirass. Thigh-length boots in heavy leather provided additional protection for the legs. Today, many cavalry regiments still retain these high boots for ceremonial dress. [1] (#cite_note-1) Riding boots of this style were widespread in the 17th and 18th century, and remained in common use through to the late 19th century. They are the likely source of the term bootlegging (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bootlegging) , which originally came from the practice of concealing hip flasks of alcohol in the legs of boots. Because of these historical associations, cuissardes came to convey an image of potent masculinity, conjuring up images of cavaliers, pirates, or musketeers. As women's footwear [ edit ] Woman wearing over-the-knee fashion boots (/wiki/Fashion_boot) , 2011 The earliest examples of women wearing over-the-knee boots come from the traditional principal boy (/wiki/Principal_boy) role in pantomime theater, in which the young male protagonist of the play is played by a young actress in boys' clothes. These breeches roles (/wiki/Breeches_role) were also a rare opportunity for an early 20th century actress to wear a revealing costume, potentially increasing the size of the audience. [2] (#cite_note-2) When playing historical characters such as Dick Whittington (/wiki/Richard_Whittington) , the principal boy would often wear over-the-knee boots as part of her costume, [3] (#cite_note-3) emphasizing her swashbuckling, heroic character. The adoption of over-the-knee boots as a fashion item for women began in the early 1960s. In 1962, Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) 's fall collection featured a tall boot by Mancini that just covered the knee [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) and the following year, Yves Saint Laurent's (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) couture collection included thigh-length alligator skin boots by designer Roger Vivier (/wiki/Roger_Vivier) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) These were based on a design originally produced by Vivier for the dancer Rudolf Nureyev (/wiki/Rudolf_Nureyev) in the ballet Swan Lake (/wiki/Swan_Lake) . The adaptation of hyper-masculine boots as fashion footwear for women has been interpreted as part of a broader 1960s trend against the femininity of Dior's post-war " New Look (/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.#The_"New_Look") ". [9] (#cite_note-9) Rising hemlines and the availability of new, brightly colored artificial materials such as PVC (/wiki/PVC) , [10] (#cite_note-10) combined to make boots an attractive fashion option for younger women. As skirts became even shorter in the late 1960s, there was a resurgence of interest in thigh-length boots (/wiki/Thigh-length_boots) or cuissardes. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) featured shiny black PVC thighboots as part of his futuristic 1968 couture collection [13] (#cite_note-13) and Beth Levine designed seamless, stretch vinyl and nylon stocking boots tall enough to do double duty as hosiery. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) The tallest boots from this period were so high that they were equipped with suspenders to hold them up. [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Over the next three decades, the popularity of over-the-knee boots as a fashion item for women waxed and waned. In the early 1970s, the multi-colored suede and canvas over-the-knee boots produced by the London store Biba (/wiki/Biba) [19] (#cite_note-19) were so sought-after that queues would form outside the store when a delivery was due. [20] (#cite_note-20) The end of the decade saw a second-wave of over-the-knee and thigh-length boots; these were a longer version of the stack-heeled knee-length boots popular in the late 1970s and were usually worn over jeans. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) In the late 1980s, over-the-knee boots made a reappearance; these were loose-fitting, low-heeled styles in suede, [23] (#cite_note-23) often brightly colored or decorated with brocade. [24] (#cite_note-24) By 1990, Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) had included thigh-length satin boots in his Fall/Winter Couture collection for Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , using the boots as an alternative to leggings; [25] (#cite_note-25) there was a brief vogue for thigh-length "riding boots” in the early 1990s [26] (#cite_note-26) and over-the-knee styles were intermittently popular throughout the first decade of the 21st century. In 2009, thigh-length boots were a subject of major attention by the fashion press, [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-Haver,_Sharon-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) receiving guarded approval and a level of mainstream acceptance that they had never previously achieved; this trend continued in 2010 [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-DFP2010-35) and by the following year, over-the-knee styles had become commonplace. Thigh-high boots are more flattering on women with longer legs: "The shorter you are, the less leg there is above the top of the boot, when wearing footwear that ends above the knee. A very high heel helps to give the illusion of height, but when there is much more boot visible than leg; the effect is to optically foreshorten you." [36] (#cite_note-36) As work boots [ edit ] Hip boots in mud Hip boots (sometimes colloquially called "waders"), are a type of boot worn by river fishermen. Hip boots are typically made out of rubber, and cover the legs to the tops of the thighs or to the waist. They are designed to protect the fisherman when wading into deeper waters and keep the feet and legs warm in autumn and winter. Hip boots are also worn by ecologists and environmental scientists who do tests in swamps or lakes to determine the quality of water. In contrast to hip boots, waders are waterproof boots that extend from the foot to the chest. Waders are available with boots attached or can have attached stocking feet (usually made of the wader material), to wear inside shorter boots. In addition to being used for leisure purposes, such as angling or waterfowl hunting, industrial, heavy-duty waders are used as protective clothing in the chemical industry, agriculture and in the maintenance of water supply, sewerage and other utilities. See also [ edit ] Boot (/wiki/Boot) Fashion boot (/wiki/Fashion_boot) Hip boot (/wiki/Hip_boot) Waders (/wiki/Waders_(footwear)) Jackboot (/wiki/Jackboot) Go-go boot (/wiki/Go-go_boot) Knee-high boot (/wiki/Knee-high_boot) Thigh-high boots (/wiki/Thigh-high_boots) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Cox, Caroline (2008). Vintage Shoes . New York: HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . p. 138. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-166576-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) anon (2005). "History of British Pantomime" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110421063824/http://www.limelightscripts.co.uk/scripts/history.htm) . Limelight Scripts. Archived from the original (http://www.limelightscripts.co.uk/scripts/history.htm) on 21 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) anon (29 November 2010). "Oh yes it is - it's panto time" (http://yuleblog.gazettelive.co.uk/2010/11/oh_yes_it_is_-_its_panto_time.html) . The Yule Blog . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Molli, Jeanne (29 August 1963), "Noted in Paris: Sleek Wigs and Boots", New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Fashions: Balenciaga By Day", Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , pp. 88–89, October 1962 ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Paris: The First Full Report: Vogue's First Report On The New French Clothes And The Fresh Excitement Of Paris", Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , pp. 164–181, 243, 245, September 1963 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Cox, Caroline (2008). Vintage Shoes . New York: HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . p. 139. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-166576-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Accession # 1976.360.440a, b: Roger Vivier black alligator leather thighboots, 1963" (http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/the_costume_institute/boots_roger_vivier/objectview.aspx?page=2&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=vivier&fp=1&dd1=8&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=8&OID=80038237&vT=1&hi=0&ov=0/) . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Quinn, Bradley (2010). The Boot . London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd. p. 7. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85669-663-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Emerson, Gloria (/wiki/Gloria_Emerson) (4 August 1966), "Paris Adds Finishing Touches to Fall Lines", New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Cox, Caroline (2008). Vintage Shoes . New York: HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . p. 138. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-166576-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Blanco F., Jose; Leff, Scott; Kellogg, Ann T.; Payne, Lynn W. (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History, 1900 to the Present . Vol. 2. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. p. 201. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-35855-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Accession # T.667:1&2-1997: Pierre Cardin black pvc thigh-length boots, 1968" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O139785/pair-of-boots/) . Victoria & Albert Museum . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Verin, Helene (2009). Beth Levine Shoes . New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. pp. 132–133. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58479-759-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Accession # 2009.300.3381a, b: Beth Levine thighboots, 1968" (http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/the_costume_institute/boots_beth_levine/objectview.aspx?page=7&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=levine&fp=6&dd1=8&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=8&OID=80096166&vT=1&hi=0&ov=0/) . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Crenshaw, Mary Ann (7 September 1967), "The Boot That Kept Growing", New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Emerson, Gloria (17 July 1967), "The Collections Are On in Rome: Coats Long, Boots High", New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Fashion Forecast: The Next Directions", Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , pp. 36–65, July 1968 ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Accession # T.67&A-1985: canvas boots by Biba, 1969" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O133353/pair-of-boots/) . Victoria & Albert Museum . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Cox, Caroline (2008). Vintage Shoes . New York: HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . p. 152. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-166576-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) anon. (July 1977), "Shoe Signals", Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , p. 98 ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Fall report on shoes/boots: all the news and more...", Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , pp. 154–161, August 1978 ^ (#cite_ref-23) "View: Sure Shoe-Ins", Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , pp. 132, 134, July 1988 ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Vogue's View", Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , November 1988 ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Vogue's Point of View", Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , p. 327, October 1990 ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Vogue's Point of View - Best of Fall", Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , p. 441, September 1993 ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Fall 2009 Trend Report: Over-the-knee please" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100724055516/http://www.coutorture.com/Fall-2009-Trend-Report-Over--Knee-Please-2984254) . Coutorture.com. 30 March 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.coutorture.com/Fall-2009-Trend-Report-Over--Knee-Please-2984254) on 24 July 2010 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Trend Report: Over-the-knee boots" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100713211406/http://www.whowhatwear.com/website/full-article/trend-report-over-the-knee-boots/) . WhoWhatWear.com. 4 November 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.whowhatwear.com/website/full-article/trend-report-over-the-knee-boots/) on 13 July 2010 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-Haver,_Sharon_29-0) Haver, Sharon (19 December 2008). "How to wear over-the-knee boots" (http://www.focusonstyle.com/Call-My-Stylist/over-the-knee-boots) . Focus On Style.com . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Reach for the Thighs. Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , October 2009, p. 26 ^ (#cite_ref-31) Datu, Danielle (7 January 2008). "These boots were made for strutting" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110726160354/http://www.mystyle.com/mystyle/b565_these_boots_were_made_strutting.html) . MyStyle.com. Archived from the original (http://www.mystyle.com/mystyle/b565_these_boots_were_made_strutting.html) on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Bergin, Olivia (10 July 2009). "Trend Alert: over-the-knee boots" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090714185145/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/fashionnews/5788076/Trend-alert-Over-the-knee-boots.html) . Daily Telegraph . UK. Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/fashionnews/5788076/Trend-alert-Over-the-knee-boots.html) on 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Winter 2010's Recurring Trend: Over The Knee Boots" (https://archive.today/20101113065110/http://www.timesoftheinternet.com/briefs/winter-2010’s-recurring-trend-over-the-knee-boots/) . Times of the Internet. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.timesoftheinternet.com/briefs/winter-2010%E2%80%99s-recurring-trend-over-the-knee-boots/) on 13 November 2010 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Fall's hot foot fashions from high to low" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101117160631/http://wvgazette.com/Life/201011121151) . The Charleston Gazette. 13 November 2010. Archived from the original (http://wvgazette.com/Life/201011121151) on 17 November 2010 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-DFP2010_35-0) "Over-the-knee boots have sky-high style" (http://www.freep.com/article/20101219/FEATURES01/12190354/1026/FEATURES01/Over-the-knee-boots-have-sky-high-style) . The Detroit Free Press. 19 December 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Consultant, The Shoe; Clarke, Samantha. Outfits in Minutes: A Guide for Time-Pressed Women . 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This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Fat_Mascara&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Fat+Mascara&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Fat+Mascara) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Fat_Mascara) for suggestions. ( July 2021 ) Podcast Fat Mascara Presentation Hosted by Jennifer G. Sullivan and Jessica Matlin Publication Original release February, 2016 Related Website fatmascara (http://fatmascara.com) .com (http://fatmascara.com) Fat Mascara is a beauty podcast (/wiki/Podcast) hosted by journalists Jessica Matlin and Jennifer G. Sullivan. Matlin was the beauty director of Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) [1] (#cite_note-1) and is currently the beauty director of Moda Operandi (/wiki/Moda_Operandi) , [2] (#cite_note-2) and Sullivan was the beauty and health director of Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) [3] (#cite_note-3) and is currently a columnist for New York magazine (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) 's The Cut. About [ edit ] The first episode of the podcast was released in February 2016. The podcast was originally produced by Embassy Row (/wiki/Embassy_Row_(production_company)) [4] (#cite_note-4) and is now produced independently and part of the Acast (/wiki/Acast) Creator Network. [5] (#cite_note-5) On the podcast Matlin and Sullivan discuss beauty news and tips and interview celebrities and beauty professionals. [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Pasts guest include Gwen Stefani (/wiki/Gwen_Stefani) , Tracee Ellis Ross (/wiki/Tracee_Ellis_Ross) , Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) , and Jane Fonda (/wiki/Jane_Fonda) ; Glossier (/wiki/Emily_Weiss) founder Emily Weiss (/wiki/Emily_Weiss) ; hairstylists Guido Palau (/wiki/Guido_Palau) , Jen Atkin (/wiki/Jen_Atkin) , and Nikki Nelms (/wiki/Nikki_Nelms) ; and makeup artists Mario Dedivanovic and Charlotte Tilbury (/wiki/Charlotte_Tilbury) . [6] (#cite_note-:2-6) [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) [11] (#cite_note-:1-11) History [ edit ] In 2016 Fat Mascara won the Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) Beauty Innovator Award for Social Media Supernova. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2020, the show was nominated for the Best Beauty & Fashion Podcast award at the iHeartRadio (/wiki/IHeartRadio) Podcast Awards. [13] (#cite_note-13) In 2023, Duane Morris Attorney and Kelly Bonner came on the podcast to talk about Cosmetic Regulations. [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Bloomgarden-Smoke, Kara; Bloomgarden-Smoke, Kara (2018-05-01). "Harper's Bazaar Announces Two New Hires" (https://wwd.com/business-news/media/harpers-bazaar-two-hires-synnott-matlin-1202662796/) . WWD . Retrieved 2020-08-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Moda Operandi to Expand Into Beauty" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/beauty/moda-operandi-to-expand-into-beauty/) . The Business of Fashion . 9 May 2022 . Retrieved 2022-11-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Jennifer Goldstein" (https://www.marieclaire.com/author/1421/jennifer-goldstein/) . Marie Claire . Retrieved 2020-08-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Trade Secrets of the Most Buzzed-About Beauty Podcasts in the Game" (https://coveteur.com/2017/06/18/how-beauty-podcasts-are-made/) . Coveteur . 2017-06-18 . Retrieved 2020-08-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Acast Launches" (https://news.radio-online.com/articles/n38523/Acast-Launches-Staycast-to-Encourage-Staying-at-Home) . news.radio-online.com . Retrieved 2020-08-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b "9 Beauty Podcasts To Take Your Commute From Meh To Amazing" (https://www.elle.com/uk/beauty/make-up/a19695736/best-beauty-podcast/) . ELLE . 2020-03-02 . Retrieved 2020-08-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Peter, Shannon (November 13, 2017). "The Only Beauty Podcasts That Are Actually Worth Listening To" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180501103757/http://www.byrdie.com/best-beauty-podcasts) . Byrdie . Archived from the original (https://www.byrdie.com/best-beauty-podcasts) on May 1, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-8) Denton-Hurst, Tembe (15 October 2019). "7 Beauty Podcasts You Should Be Listening To" (https://www.nylon.com/best-beauty-podcasts) . Nylon . Retrieved 2020-08-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "From Fat Mascara to The Emma Guns Show these are our fave beauty podcasts" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/soul/article/45369/1/from-fat-mascara-to-the-emma-guns-show-these-are-the-best-beauty-podcasts) . Dazed . 2019-07-26 . Retrieved 2020-08-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_10-0) Larkworthy, Jane (2019-12-27). "The Beauty Directors Who Saw the Podcast Future" (https://www.thecut.com/2019/12/interview-jennifer-goldstein-jessica-matlin-of-fast-mascara.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2020-08-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_11-0) Valenti, Lauren (27 March 2020). "7 Beauty Podcasts to Binge While Social Distancing" (https://www.vogue.com/article/best-beauty-podcasts) . Vogue . Retrieved 2020-08-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Latimer, Audrey (29 November 2016). "And the Refinery29 Beauty Innovator Award Winners are..." (https://www.gcimagazine.com/marketstrends/segments/cosmetics/And-the-Refinery29-Beauty-Innovator-Award-Winners-are-403628966.html) Global Cosmetic Industry . Retrieved 2020-08-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Variety Staff (2019-11-12). "iHeartRadio Podcast Awards 2020 Nominees Announced (EXCLUSIVE)" (https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/iheartradio-podcast-awards-2020-nominees-1203401077/) . Variety . Retrieved 2020-08-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Bonner, Kelly A. (2023-01-30). "Duane Morris Attorney Kelly Bonner Talks Cosmetics Regulations and More on This Week's Episode of "Fat Mascara" Beauty Podcast" (https://blogs.duanemorris.com/fashionretailbrandedconsumergoods/2023/01/30/duane-morris-attorney-kelly-bonner-talks-cosmetics-regulations-and-more-on-this-weeks-episode-of-fat-mascara-beauty-podcast/) . Fashion, Retail and Consumer Branded Products . Retrieved 2023-05-06 . 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Fashion concept A 2018 slow fashion show in Ireland. 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As such, contrary to the industrial practices of fast fashion conglomerates, slow fashion involves local artisans (/wiki/Artisan) and the use of eco-friendly (/wiki/Eco-friendly) materials, with the goal of preserving crafts and the environment which, ultimately, provides value to all, slow fashion brands, consumers and retailers. [1] (#cite_note-1) Principles [ edit ] Definition [ edit ] Slow fashion is a way to "identify sustainable fashion solutions, based on the repositioning of strategies of design, production, consumption, use, and reuse, which are emerging alongside the global fashion system, and are posing a potential challenge to it." [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) It is an alternative to fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) because it promotes a more ethical and sustainable way of living and consuming. [3] (#cite_note-3) "It encompasses the whole range of 'sustainable,' 'eco,' 'green,' and 'ethical' fashion movement". [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) This movement is another business model (/wiki/Business_model) focusing on slowing down consumerism (/wiki/Consumerism) and respecting the environment and ethics. [5] (#cite_note-Jung_2016_410–421-5) Fast and slow fashion [ edit ] For a long time, slow fashion was defined in opposition to fast fashion. Unlike fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) , slow fashion production ensures quality manufacturing to lengthen the life of the garment or material. Slow fashion garment normally has a longer product life cycle, places stress on quality, is commonly more expensive, and demands increasing awareness from manufacturers and consumers to decrease production and consumption speed. [6] (#cite_note-6) Developing a garment with a cultural and emotional connection is also pertinent to the purpose behind slow fashion: consumers will keep an article of clothing longer than one season if they feel emotionally or culturally connected to the article of clothing. [7] (#cite_note-7) A taxation is in early stages of development [ by whom? ] in order to deter fashion companies from purchasing or producing materials that are not made with recycled, organic, or re-purposed materials. [8] (#cite_note-Choi2013-8) Utilizing materials already made will reduce the industry's carbon footprint (/wiki/Carbon_footprint) . [8] (#cite_note-Choi2013-8) There is also an important movement [ among whom? ] toward companies being more transparent. Many sustainable fashion companies are transparent, from manufacturing to retailing clothes, with the aim of helping buyers to make more conscious purchasing decisions. [9] (#cite_note-9) In accordance with the slow movement (/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)#Fashion) there is a trend [ among whom? ] towards more conscious buying as well as companies attracting new consumers with their eco-friendly processes. Authors [ edit ] The idea of slow fashion became significant and grew after Elizabeth L. Cline published Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Clothing [10] (#cite_note-10) and rose awareness regarding the detriments of the fast fashion industry. The term was used on blogs and the internet. [11] (#cite_note-Štefko_2270-11) However, the term "slow clothes movement" was apparently coined by Angela Murrills, a fashion writer for Georgia Straight, a Vancouver-based online news magazine. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) However, the expression "slow fashion" was coined in a 2007 article by Kate Fletcher published in The Ecologist (/wiki/The_Ecologist) , where she compared the eco/sustainable/ethical fashion industry to the slow food movement: [12] (#cite_note-Valverde-12) The concept of slow fashion borrows heavily from the Slow Food Movement. Founded by Carlo Petrini in Italy in 1986, Slow Food links pleasure and food with awareness and responsibility. It defends biodiversity in our food supply by opposing the standardisation of taste, defends the need for consumer information and protects cultural identities tied to food. It has spawned a wealth of other slow movements. Slow Cities, for example, design with slow values but within the context of a town or city and a commitment to improve its citizens' quality of life. [13] (#cite_note-13) Slow Food Movement advocates the following principles: [14] (#cite_note-14) Good: quality, flavorsome and healthy food Clean: production that does not harm the environment Fair: accessible prices for consumers and fair conditions and pay for producers The slow fashion movement has been studied by Kate Fletcher, a researcher, author, consultant, and design activist, and the author of Sustainable Fashion and Textiles . Her writings integrated design thinking with fashion and textiles as a necessary way to move towards a more sustainable fashion industry. Based on the three principles of slow design (/wiki/Slow_design) that were created in 2006 in Milan, Hazel Clark, in SLOW + FASHION - an Oxymoron - or a Promise for the Future…? [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) decided to define the principles of the Slow Fashion Movement: [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) taking a local approach having a transparent production system making sustainable and sensorial products In 2019, Debapratim Purkayastha (/wiki/Debapratim_Purkayastha) provided an example of how an operative in the slow fashion industry looks like with a case study (/wiki/Case_study) of 7Weaves Social. [15] (#cite_note-15) The Assam (/wiki/Assam) -based social venture (/wiki/Social_venture) deals in sustainably sourced and manufactured Eri silk (/wiki/Eri_silk) products by on one hand working with the forest-dependent indigenous people (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples) in the region, while on the other hand working with global slow fashion brands in the West. [16] (#cite_note-:2-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Eri silk is manufactured without killing the silk worm and only natural dyes were used by 7Weaves in coloring the fabric. [18] (#cite_note-18) The model provided sustainable livelihood (/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood) to the artisan who had traditional knowledge (/wiki/Traditional_knowledge) in handloom and sericulture (/wiki/Sericulture) . [19] (#cite_note-19) 7Weaves provided guaranteed work for artisans at a fixed monthly emolument for the whole year, and redistributed 50 percent of its annual profits to the artisans and other players in the supply chain (/wiki/Supply_chain) . [16] (#cite_note-:2-16) 7Weaves's focus was also to preserve the biodiversity (/wiki/Biodiversity) of the biologically rich but ecologically fragile Assam valley (/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valley) region. [20] (#cite_note-20) Slow fashion brands from countries including Germany, France, Belgium and Australia source garments and fabrics from 7Weaves. According, to the author, 7Weaves's focus on sustainably sourced fair trade (/wiki/Fair_trade) fabrics that were long-lasting and locally produced, use of traditional values and know how, preservation of ecosystem (/wiki/Ecosystem) , source diversity, and responsible business practices emphasize its slow fashion credentials. [21] (#cite_note-21) Context [ edit ] In 2009, Vogue and The VOU Fashion Magazines traced the history of the context of the Slow Fashion Movement. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) In March 1990, the New York Times and Vogue published articles about the environmental trend in the fashion world. In the summer of 1990, British fashion designer Katharine Hamnett, who has been often recognized as one of the first designers to combine environmental activism with fashion, gave a speech about the environmental impacts of fashion at the United Nations. In 1995, Giorgio Armani began to use hemp in his Emporio Armani collection. In 2001, Natalie Chanin launched Project Alabama, a collection of 200 locally produced hand-sewn T-shirts that was well received at New York Fashion Week. The same year, Stella McCartney launched her own line, applying animal-friendly (no leather, no fur) policies. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) In recent years, many companies have kick-started revolutions against fast fashion, such as Fashion Revolution Day (/wiki/Fashion_Revolution) and Second Hand September campaigns. This has led to big fast fashion retailers such as Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) and H&M (/wiki/H%26M) to either pledge [22] (#cite_note-22) or launch a clothing line [23] (#cite_note-23) dedicated to sustainable clothing. Marketing [ edit ] Slow fashion has its own marketing strategies as it targets a certain type of consumers. Unlike fast fashion consumers, slow fashion consumers expect classic and timeless pieces of clothes, giving importance to versatility, low maintenance and a higher quality. [5] (#cite_note-Jung_2016_410–421-5) Marketing strategies concerning slow fashion often revolve around a more conscious consumption, focusing the advertising on environmentally and socially sustainable aspects on the clothes. Companies use several strategies in order to be less wasteful than other fast fashion brands [24] (#cite_note-24) changing their clothing lines less often producing and stocking less items paying attention to the material that they use ensuring ethical and non-exploitive methods of production Slow fashion is also often associated with thrift shops (/wiki/Charity_shop) , to the extent that shrift shops offer clothes that are not produced within a just-in-time flow (/wiki/Just-in-time_manufacturing) . Global economy [ edit ] Global economy has a market-driven aspect. This means that consumers are encourage to always buy more and producers are encourage to always produce more. Those two aspects mutually develop each other. The current economic model is said to be global because the production process is divided worldwide to maximize efficiency and profit. Slow fashion is more slow, local and quality-oriented. Therefore, it does not fit well in the global economy (/wiki/World_economy) model. [25] (#cite_note-Langdown_33–43-25) Several papers question the longevity of slow fashion in a market-driven society. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) [11] (#cite_note-Štefko_2270-11) Production [ edit ] In slow fashion, each designer is encouraged to produce locally, using local workforce and resources. [25] (#cite_note-Langdown_33–43-25) Quality is chosen over quantity, which means that slow fashion can reduce exploitation of resources or workers. The production chain is as transparent as possible. This redefines the hierarchy between designers, consumers and producers. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Fashion is known to be ruled by trends that come and go quickly, encouraging consumption. The end products offered to clients are made to last longer and be timeless. Slow fashion has a different cost of production and cannot produce as much in quantity. Slow fashion cannot compete with the mass produced products of fast fashion that use cheap labor and resources to maximize profits. Slow fashion is very local and used fair-trade materials and fabrics of high quality. [11] (#cite_note-Štefko_2270-11) Moreover, slow fashion cannot produced as much as fast fashion due to the different production process. [11] (#cite_note-Štefko_2270-11) Many academic papers have looked into the viability of this movement in an era of mass-production and mass-consumption. By keeping the production in "productive communities", this process is more transparent. There is less intermediation and a greater cultural and material value to the consumer. This is one of the way Clarke presents to address the question of how slow fashion fit into the current economic model. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Recently, a carbon footprint tax on fashion supply chains has been implemented to encourage the use of local supplies. The effect of that measures has been limited. [26] (#cite_note-26) Pricing [ edit ] The pricing of slow fashion clothes varies a lot. Since the definition is so broad, a second-hand dress from a thrift shop worth five dollars and a designer dress costing 700 dollars can both be considered part of the slow fashion. [11] (#cite_note-Štefko_2270-11) The current economic system focuses on economic growth and quantity sold. However, research has shown that more parameters should be included due to a raising social conscience. [27] (#cite_note-27) People have said to be willing to pay more for clothes when they know that they have been produced in "sweat-free" manufacture. [25] (#cite_note-Langdown_33–43-25) Impact [ edit ] The slow fashion movement, part of the greater goal of sustainable fashion and thus, a cleaner world is gaining strength, driven by growing environmental concerns. In 2018, a third of fashion consumers bought clothing once a month, a decrease from 37% compared to 2016, whereas those buying clothes every two or three months or less rose from 64% to 67%, according to the market research firm Mintel (/wiki/Mintel) . [28] (#cite_note-28) After the release of the documentaries The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) and RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) , there was attention drawn to companies that have fast fashion practices. Despite the spread movement, H&M (/wiki/H%26M) had revenues amount to $25 billion in the fiscal year of 2016. However, as the movement has grown in popularity, H&M's stock and brand image has taken a hit as consumer awareness has spread of their environmentally unethical practices leading to a drop in sales. [29] (#cite_note-29) The spread of the movement has resulted in two fast fashion giants, Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) and H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , switching narratives to become advocates for ethical fashion practices. With collections aimed at sustainable fashions, the two companies have shifted towards more ethical practices. [30] (#cite_note-30) Due to the audience that the movement against unethical fashion practices has accumulated, organizations such as the United States Fashion Industry Association have devoted some of their attention to ‘social compliance and sustainability’. [31] (#cite_note-31) Critics [ edit ] Critics have called out against certain brands who have claimed to strive to follow slow fashion's principles. For example, Swedish brand H&M (/wiki/H%26M) was accused of not being sustainable when reports found out that it burns its unsold clothes. While H&M is striving to create sustainability to the best of their abilities, they are still overproducing mass amounts of clothing while hawking it as sustainable. H&M has a stated "sustainability strategy," and brands some items with green "Conscious" tags to signal that they contain "more sustainable materials". [32] (#cite_note-32) See also [ edit ] Ecodesign (/wiki/Ecodesign) Empathic design (/wiki/Empathic_design) Sustainable clothing (/wiki/Sustainable_clothing) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Product tracing (/wiki/Product_tracing) systems: allow to see source factory of a product Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Staniforth, Sarah (2010). "Slow Conservation" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27867120) . Studies in Conservation . 55 (2): 74–80. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1179/sic.2010.55.2.74 (https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fsic.2010.55.2.74) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 27867120 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27867120) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 198987730 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198987730) . Retrieved September 30, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Clark, Hazel (December 2008). "SLOW + FASHION - an Oxymoron - or a Promise for the Future …?". Fashion Theory . 12 (4): 427–446. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175174108X346922 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174108X346922) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1362-704X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-704X) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 194180788 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194180788) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "What Is Slow Fashion?" (https://goodonyou.eco/what-is-slow-fashion/) . Good On You . 2018-11-09 . Retrieved 2020-05-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Ertekin, Zeynep Ozdamar; Atik, Deniz (2014-05-19). "Sustainable Markets: Motivating Factors, Barriers, and Remedies for Mobilization of Slow Fashion". Journal of Macromarketing . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0276146714535932 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0276146714535932) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 154555245 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154555245) . ^ Jump up to: a b Jung, Sojin; Jin, Byoungho (2016). "From quantity to quality: understanding slow fashion consumers for sustainability and consumer education". International Journal of Consumer Studies . 40 (4): 410–421. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/ijcs.12276 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fijcs.12276) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1470-6431 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1470-6431) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Fletcher, Kate (2010). "Slow Fashion: An Invitation for Systems Change" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175693810x12774625387594) . Fashion Practice . 2 (2): 259–265. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175693810x12774625387594 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175693810x12774625387594) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1756-9370 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1756-9370) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110000414 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110000414) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Kuusk, Kristi; Tomico, Oscar; Langereis, Geert; Wensveen, Stephan (2012). "Crafting smart textiles—a meaningful way towards societal sustainability in the fashion field?" (http://bada.hb.se/handle/2320/12348) . The Nordic Textile Journal . 1 : 6–15. ^ Jump up to: a b Choi, Tsan-Ming (April 2013). "Carbon footprint tax on fashion supply chain systems". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology . 68 (1–4): 835–847. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s00170-013-4947-4 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00170-013-4947-4) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110199159 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110199159) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Ellevate. "Why Sustainable Fashion Matters" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellevate/2019/10/07/why-sustainable-fashion-matters/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2020-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Spellings, Sarah (2019-08-20). "Really, Anyone Can Shop Clothing Sustainably" (https://www.thecut.com/2019/08/interview-elizabeth-cline-author-of-the-conscious-closet.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 2020-05-15 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Štefko, Róbert; Steffek, Vladimira (2018-07-02). "Key Issues in Slow Fashion: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu10072270) . Sustainability . 10 (7): 2270. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/su10072270 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu10072270) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2071-1050 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050) . ^ (#cite_ref-Valverde_12-0) Valverde, Yarina. "What is ethical fashion?" (https://fashionhedge.com/what-is-ethical-fashion/) . fashionhedge.com . Retrieved September 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Fletcher, Kate (September 2007). "Slow fashion" (http://www.theecologist.org/green_green_living/clothing/269245/slow_fashion.html) . The Ecologist (/wiki/The_Ecologist) . 37 (5): 61. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Our Philosophy" (https://www.slowfood.com/about-us/our-philosophy/) . Slow Food International . Retrieved September 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "7WEAVES: Slow Fashion" (https://www.thecasecentre.org/main/products/view?&id=163765) . thecasecentre.org . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ Jump up to: a b Purkayastha, Debapratim (September 2019). "7Weaves: Slow Fashion". Case Folio . 19 (3): 25–34. ^ (#cite_ref-17) News-Desk, Apparel Resources (2019-02-14). "Why these 12 Indian weavers and artisans are special! | Trades News India" (https://apparelresources.com/business-news/trade/12-indian-weavers-artisans-special/) . Apparel Resources . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "7Weaves - Seda sustentável empodera comunidades indígenas na Índia" (https://www.fashionbubbles.com/historia-da-moda/7weaves-seda-sustentavel-india/) . Fashion Bubbles (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2020-04-21 . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Handworked Eri Silk from Assam Cocoa and Jasmine— COCOA AND JASMINE Cocoa and Jasmine" (https://www.cocoaandjasmine.com/zine/handworked-eri-silk-from-assam) . COCOA AND JASMINE . 17 April 2019 . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Purkayastha, Debapratim (2019-01-07). "Figure out how 7Weaves can scale up and go global" (https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/case-studies/figure-out-how-7weaves-can-scale-up-and-go-global/article25933346.ece) . @businessline . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Purkayastha, Debapratim (2019-02-27). "7Weaves, a promising model for ethical, slow fashion" (https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/case-studies/7weaves-a-promising-model-for-ethical-slow-fashion/article26388043.ece) . @businessline . Retrieved 2020-06-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Conlon, Scarlett (2019-07-17). "Zara clothes to be made from 100% sustainable fabrics by 2025" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/jul/17/zara-collections-to-be-made-from-100-sustainable-fabrics) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2020-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) RecycleNation (2011-05-13). "H&M Launches Conscious Collection" (https://recyclenation.com/2011/05/hm-recycle-conscious-collection/) . RecycleNation . Retrieved 2020-05-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Martin-Muir, Fiona (2018-09-28). "Why ethical fashion is made for referral marketing" (https://www.buyapowa.com/blog/ethical-fashion-made-for-referral-marketing/) . Buyapowa's Expert Insight on Referral Marketing | Blog . Retrieved 2019-08-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Langdown, Amanda (2014-06-01). "Slow fashion as an alternative to mass production: A fashion practitioner's journey". Social Business . 4 (1): 33–43. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1362/204440814x13948909253785 (https://doi.org/10.1362%2F204440814x13948909253785) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2044-4087 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2044-4087) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Choi, Tsan-Ming (September 2013). "Carbon footprint tax on fashion supply chain systems". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology . 68 (1–4): 835–847. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s00170-013-4947-4 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00170-013-4947-4) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0268-3768 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0268-3768) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110199159 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110199159) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Thorpe, Ann. (2012). Architecture and design versus consumerism: how design activism confronts growth . Abingdon, Oxon: Earthscan. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781849713559 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 758394577 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/758394577) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Butler, Sarah (2018-12-29). "Is fast fashion giving way to the sustainable wardrobe?" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/dec/29/fast-fashion-giving-way-sustainable-wardrobe) . The Observer . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0029-7712 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712) . Retrieved 2019-08-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Paton, Elizabeth (2018-03-27). "H&M, a Fashion Giant, Has a Problem: $4.3 Billion in Unsold Clothes" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/27/business/hm-clothes-stock-sales.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2020-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Can fast fashion be green?" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/technology/hm-fast-fashion-sustainability-recycling-hong-kong) . Vogue Business . 6 December 2018 . Retrieved 2020-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Social Compliance & Sustainability - the United States Fashion Industry Association" (https://www.usfashionindustry.com/policy/social-compliance-sustainability) . www.usfashionindustry.com . Retrieved 2020-05-16 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "The problem with 'sustainable fashion' (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/the-problem-with-sustainable-fashion/index.html) " (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/the-problem-with-sustainable-fashion/index.html) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . 11 October 2019. v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Authority 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Greek fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_fashion) . This category describes traditional and historic Greek clothing . Modern Greek clothing should be categorised under Greek fashion (/wiki/Category:Greek_fashion) or Clothing companies of Greece (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Greece) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐9qxxc Cached time: 20240720202036 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.068 seconds Real time usage: 0.126 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 188/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3179/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 470/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.032/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 978233/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 114.000 1 -total 74.54% 84.980 1 Template:Commons_category 72.92% 83.129 1 Template:Sister_project 71.52% 81.531 1 Template:Side_box 25.39% 28.950 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 20.30% 23.142 1 Template:Category_other 18.22% 20.774 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 5.16% 5.886 1 Template:Replace 1.47% 1.677 1 Template:Clear 1.36% 1.554 1 Template:Template_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1668233-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720202036 and revision id 1212353930. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. T Textile arts of Greece (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Greece) (1 C, 2 P) Pages in category "Greek clothing" The following 33 pages are in this category, out of 33 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Clothing in ancient Greece (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) A Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) B Buskin (/wiki/Buskin) Byzantine dress (/wiki/Byzantine_dress) C Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Chiton (garment) (/wiki/Chiton_(garment)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Coa vestis (/wiki/Coa_vestis) E Enkyklon (/wiki/Enkyklon) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) F Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) G Greek dress (/wiki/Greek_dress) Gugiuman (/wiki/Gugiuman) H Himation (/wiki/Himation) I Işlic (/wiki/I%C5%9Flic) K Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kolpos (/wiki/Kolpos) Kynodesme (/wiki/Kynodesme) M Mariner's cap (/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap) Museum of the History of the Greek Costume (/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_the_Greek_Costume) P Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Perizoma (loincloth) (/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)) Peronai (/wiki/Peronai) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Pileus (hat) (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Pteruges (/wiki/Pteruges) T Tainia (costume) (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Thracian clothing (/wiki/Thracian_clothing) Tsarouchi (/wiki/Tsarouchi) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) U Use of costume in Athenian tragedy (/wiki/Use_of_costume_in_Athenian_tragedy) Z Zoster (costume) (/wiki/Zoster_(costume)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Greek_clothing&oldid=1212353930 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Greek_clothing&oldid=1212353930) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Culture of Greece (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Greece) Clothing by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_country) Culture of ancient Greece (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_ancient_Greece) Hidden categories: Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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Turkish fashion photographer Nihat Odabaşı Born ( 1968-05-21 ) 21 May 1968 (age 56) Siverek (/wiki/Siverek) , Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) Nationality Turkish (/wiki/Turkish_people) Occupations Fashion photographer (/wiki/Fashion_photographer) music video director (/wiki/Music_video_director) Website www (http://www.nihatodabasi.com) .nihatodabasi (http://www.nihatodabasi.com) .com (http://www.nihatodabasi.com) Nihat Odabaşı (born 21 May 1968) is a Turkish (/wiki/Turkish_people) fashion photographer (/wiki/Fashion_photographer) and music video director (/wiki/Music_video_director) . Odabaşı was born in Siverek (/wiki/Siverek) . He had his elementary, middle, and high school education in Siverek, Diyarbakır (/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r) and Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) respectively. After his graduation from the Faculty of Business Administration at Istanbul University (/wiki/Istanbul_University) , he worked as an advertising text writer and art director. He started directing music videos and in 1999 began working as a photographer. Throughout his career, he has directed music videos for various singers and worked as a photographer with numerous artists and brands. Early life and education [ edit ] He was born as the youngest of eight siblings on 21 May 1968 in Siverek (/wiki/Siverek) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-Düdek-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) His mother is Nadire Odabaşı, [4] (#cite_note-4) and his father was Abdurrahman Odabaşı. [2] (#cite_note-Düdek-2) Although some time after his birth, he moved to Istanbul (/wiki/Istanbul) with his family, he returned to Siverek, where he stated that he was "living under difficult conditions" because his father was trying to take over the lands that he owned in Şanlıurfa (/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa) and Siverek. [2] (#cite_note-Düdek-2) [5] (#cite_note-Çetinkaya-5) Odabaşı, who was interested in painting in his childhood, received awards in various competitions. [2] (#cite_note-Düdek-2) After completing his primary and secondary education at Devrim Primary School, he started his high school education at Diyarbakır Anatolian High School in Diyarbakır (/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r) . [5] (#cite_note-Çetinkaya-5) Then he continued his high school education at Kadıköy Anatolian High School (/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y_Anadolu_Lisesi) in Istanbul and graduated in 1986 from there. [2] (#cite_note-Düdek-2) [6] (#cite_note-6) Although he had stated that he wanted to study cinema-television, he graduated from Istanbul University (/wiki/Istanbul_University) Faculty of Business Administration "for the sake of his parents". [2] (#cite_note-Düdek-2) He completed his compulsory military service (/wiki/Conscription) in 2000 in Malatya (/wiki/Malatya) . [2] (#cite_note-Düdek-2) [7] (#cite_note-Ayrılık-7) Career [ edit ] During his university years, he took acting lessons from Şahika Tekand (/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Tekand) for three years, then worked as an actor in Tevfik Gelenbe Theater for a year and appeared in a number of commercials. [2] (#cite_note-Düdek-2) [8] (#cite_note-Hürriyet-2000-8) Subsequently, he worked as a writer for six years at an advertising agency. [8] (#cite_note-Hürriyet-2000-8) He worked as an art director alongside several photographers. [8] (#cite_note-Hürriyet-2000-8) In 1996, he founded Sanart, a company engaged in advertising and music video production. [2] (#cite_note-Düdek-2) [9] (#cite_note-9) In the same year, he directed his first music video for Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) 's new song "Yalvarma". He had previously written the scenario for some of Arıca's music videos in the past. [2] (#cite_note-Düdek-2) In 1999, he started photography. He had his first professional experience by taking photographs of Seren Serengil (/wiki/Seren_Serengil) for Şamdan magazine's cover as they had not been able to find a suitable photographer at the time. [8] (#cite_note-Hürriyet-2000-8) Since then, he began to shoot photographs for albums and singles by various artists. On 16 May 2005, at the 2nd Pantene (/wiki/Pantene) Beauty Awards which took place at Çırağan Palace (/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palace) , he won the "Fashion Photographer of the Year" award. [10] (#cite_note-Pantene-10) In the same year, he photographed Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) for the Magnum (/wiki/Magnum_(ice_cream)) advertisements. After this work, he took part in various projects with Hurley and pursued an international career. [11] (#cite_note-11) His works with Hurley appeared on The Sunday Times Travel Magazine (/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_Travel_Magazine) and Easy Living . [12] (#cite_note-12) In October of the same year, he photographed Linda Evangelsta for the Derimod (/wiki/Derimod) campaign. [13] (#cite_note-13) On 2 April 2006, he received the "Best Fashion Photographer" award at the 1st Fashion TV Mode Awards which took place at Istanbul Lütfi Kırdar International Convention and Exhibition Center (/wiki/Istanbul_L%C3%BCtfi_K%C4%B1rdar_International_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center) . [14] (#cite_note-Fashion-1-14) He was one of the people who received the Honorary Award at the 1st European Union (/wiki/European_Union) Quality Awards given by the Consumer Academy on 31 May 2009 at the European Union Quality Summit in Çırağan Palace. [15] (#cite_note-AB-15) The music video for Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) 's song "Yalnızlık", which was directed by Odabaşı, received the Best Music Video award at the 36th Golden Butterfly Awards on 12 June 2009. [16] (#cite_note-kelebek-36-16) On 13 January 2010, he was selected as one of the Best Photographers of the Year by the Kabataşlılar Association. [17] (#cite_note-kabataş-17) On 6 March 2012 at the 2nd Pal FM Music Awards, he won the Best Music Video award for the music video he had made for Hadise (/wiki/Hadise) 's song "Superman". [18] (#cite_note-Pal-2012-18) On 12 April 2013, at the 1st Turkey Music Awards (/wiki/Turkey_Music_Awards) , his music video for Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) 's song "Her Şey Güzel Olacak" earned him the Best Music Video award. [19] (#cite_note-TMÖ-2013-19) The same music video was awarded as the Best Music Video on 6 May 2013 at the 3rd Pal FM Music Awards. [20] (#cite_note-Pal-2013-20) He appeared on the music video for Gülben Ergen's song "Dünyaları Versem", which was directed by himself and released in January 2013. [21] (#cite_note-Mynet-Gülben-21) On 15 April 2014 at the 3rd Fashion TV Mode Awards [22] (#cite_note-Fashion-2014-22) and later on 13 May 2015 at the 4th Fashion TV Mode Awards, he received the Best Fashion Photographer of the Year award. [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-Fashion-2015-24) His music video for Metin Arolat's song "Karavan" was nominated for the Best Music Video award at the 42nd Golden Butterfly Awards. [25] (#cite_note-kelebek-2015a-25) [26] (#cite_note-kelebek-2015k-26) On 25 May 2017, he again won the Best Fashion Photographer of the Year award at the 6th Fashion TV Mode Awards. [27] (#cite_note-Fashion-2017-27) The music videos for Demet Akalın (/wiki/Demet_Akal%C4%B1n) 's songs "Ah Ulan Sevda" and "Nazar" and Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) 's song "Düşman gibi", all of which were directed by Odabaşı, were nominated for the Best Music Video award at the 44th Golden Butterfly Awards. [28] (#cite_note-kelebek-2017a-28) [29] (#cite_note-kelebek-2017k-29) Album photographs taken by Odabaşı [ edit ] Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - Kör Aşık (1999) Nâlân - Nâlân (1999) Sibel Can (/wiki/Sibel_Can) - Daha Yolun Başındayım (1999) Deniz Seki (/wiki/Deniz_Seki) - Anlattım (1999) Emel Müftüoğlu - Mucize (2000) Zerrin Özer (/wiki/Zerrin_%C3%96zer) - Bir Zerrin Özer Arşivi (2000) Nadide Sultan - Aşktan Ölsem (2000) Mustafa Sandal (/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal) - Akışına Bırak (/wiki/Ak%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1na_B%C4%B1rak) (2000) Pınar Aylin - Çöl Fırtınası (2000) Güher & Süher Pekinel (/wiki/Pekinel_sisters) , Jacques Loussier Trio (/wiki/Jacques_Loussier_Trio) - Take Bach (2000) Ayşegül Aldinç (/wiki/Ay%C5%9Feg%C3%BCl_Aldin%C3%A7) - Nefes (2000) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) - Remix (2000) Emel Sayın (/wiki/Emel_Say%C4%B1n) - Ah Bu Şarkılar (2000) Cenk Eren - Gözlerin (2000) Ajda Pekkan (/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan) - Diva (2000) Çelik - Unutamam (2000) Güllü - Zalim Yar (2000) Atilla Taş (/wiki/Atilla_Ta%C5%9F) - Emmilenyum (2000) Emel Sayın (/wiki/Emel_Say%C4%B1n) - Dinle (2000) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) - Kusursuz Aşk (2001) Yıldız Tilbe (/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Tilbe) - Gülüm (2001) Zerrin Özer (/wiki/Zerrin_%C3%96zer) - Dünya Tatlısı (2001) Yaşar - Masal (2001) İzel (/wiki/%C4%B0zel_(singer)) - Bebek (/wiki/Bebek_(album)) (2001) Ceylan - Can Cana (2001) Taner - Aşk Mazi Oldu (2001) Birol - Vururum Kendimi (2001) Ali Güven - Yeter ki Aşk Olsun (2001) İbrahim Tatlıses (/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Tatl%C4%B1ses) - Yetmez mi? (2001) Hilal Cebeci (/wiki/Hilal_Cebeci) - En Güzel Ben Severim (2001) Deniz Seki (/wiki/Deniz_Seki) - Şeffaf (2002) Hande Yener (/wiki/Hande_Yener) - Sen Yoluna... Ben Yoluma... (/wiki/Sen_Yoluna..._Ben_Yoluma...) (2002) Nez (/wiki/Nez_(singer)) - Nez (2002) Akın - Ateş ve Su (2002) Faruk K - Honki Ponki (2002) Bülent Ersoy (/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ersoy) - Canımsın (2002) Nâlân - Nâlân (2002) Emrah (/wiki/Emrah_(singer)) - Artı (2002) Umut Akyürek - O Dudaklar Bülbülleşiyor (2002) Nil Karaibrahimgil (/wiki/Nil_Karaibrahimgil) - Nil Dünyası (/wiki/Nil_D%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1) (2002) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - Sade ve Sadece (2003) Sibel Tüzün (/wiki/Sibel_T%C3%BCz%C3%BCn) - Kırmızı (2003) Rojin - Sî (2003) Hande Yener (/wiki/Hande_Yener) - Aşk Kadın Ruhundan Anlamıyor (/wiki/A%C5%9Fk_Kad%C4%B1n_Ruhundan_Anlam%C4%B1yor) (2004) Murathan Mungan (/wiki/Murathan_Mungan) - Söz Vermiş Şarkılar (/wiki/S%C3%B6z_Vermi%C5%9F_%C5%9Eark%C4%B1lar) (2004) Natalia (/wiki/Natalia_(Greek_singer)) - Natalia (2004) Mirkelam (/wiki/Mirkelam) - Kalbimde Parmak İzin Var (2004) Zeynep Mansur - Yüzde Yüz Severim (2004) Sinem - Yağmur (2004) Nil Karaibrahimgil (/wiki/Nil_Karaibrahimgil) - Bil FM (2004) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - Uçacaksın (2004) Demet Sağıroğlu (/wiki/Demet_Sa%C4%9F%C4%B1ro%C4%9Flu) - Korkum Yok (2004) Deniz Seki (/wiki/Deniz_Seki) - Aşk Denizi (2005) Burcu Güneş (/wiki/Burcu_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F) - Ben Ateş Ben Su (2006) Levent Yüksel (/wiki/Levent_Y%C3%BCksel) - Kadın Şarkıları (2006) Nil Karaibrahimgil (/wiki/Nil_Karaibrahimgil) - Tek Taşımı Kendim Aldım (/wiki/Tek_Ta%C5%9F%C4%B1m%C4%B1_Kendim_Ald%C4%B1m) (2006) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - Gülben Ergen (2006) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) - Remixes / ...Bu Yaz Biz (2006) Ajda Pekkan (/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan) - Cool Kadın (/wiki/Cool_Kad%C4%B1n) (2006) Özcan Deniz (/wiki/%C3%96zcan_Deniz) - Hediye (2007) Serdar Ortaç (/wiki/Serdar_Orta%C3%A7) - Nefes (2008) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - Aşk Hiç Bitmez (2008) Hadise (/wiki/Hadise) - Fast Life (/wiki/Fast_Life_(Hadise_album)) (2009) Gülşen (/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fen_(singer)) - Önsöz (/wiki/%C3%96ns%C3%B6z) (2009) Hadise (/wiki/Hadise) - " Düm Tek Tek (/wiki/D%C3%BCm_Tek_Tek) " (2009) Nil Karaibrahimgil (/wiki/Nil_Karaibrahimgil) - Nil Kıyısında (/wiki/Nil_K%C4%B1y%C4%B1s%C4%B1nda) (2009) Demet Sağıroğlu (/wiki/Demet_Sa%C4%9F%C4%B1ro%C4%9Flu) - "Silkelen!" (2009) Murat Boz (/wiki/Murat_Boz) - Hayat Sana Güzel (/wiki/Hayat_Sana_G%C3%BCzel) (2010) Ayşegül Aldinç (/wiki/Ay%C5%9Feg%C3%BCl_Aldin%C3%A7) - "O Kız" (2010) Tuğba Ekinci (/wiki/Tu%C4%9Fba_Ekinci) - Yanma Demezler (2010) Demet Akalın (/wiki/Demet_Akal%C4%B1n) - Aşk (2011) Atiye (/wiki/Atiye) - Budur (2011) Ajda Pekkan (/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan) - Farkın Bu (2011) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - Hayat Bi' Gün (2011) Gülşen (/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fen_(singer)) - Sözde Ayrılık (2011) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) & Mustafa Sandal (/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal) - "Şıkır Şıkır" (2011) Deniz Seki (/wiki/Deniz_Seki) - Sözyaşlarım (2011) Nil Karaibrahimgil (/wiki/Nil_Karaibrahimgil) - "Hakkında Her Şeyi Duymak İstiyorum" (2011) İrem Derici (/wiki/%C4%B0rem_Derici) - "Bensiz Yapamazsın" (2012) Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) - Sonsuz Ol (2012) Ogün Dalka - Renk (2012) İzel (/wiki/%C4%B0zel_(singer)) - Aşk En Büyüktür Her Zaman (2012) Seda Sayan (/wiki/Seda_Sayan) - Seda Sayan 2012 (2012) Atiye (/wiki/Atiye) - Soygun Var (2013) [30] (#cite_note-30) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - Gülben Ergen (2013) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) - Hoşgeldin (2015) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) & Oğuzhan Koç - "Aşkla Aynı Değil" (2015) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - Kalbimi Koydum (/wiki/Kalbimi_Koydum) (2015) Ayşegül Aldinç (/wiki/Ay%C5%9Feg%C3%BCl_Aldin%C3%A7) - Sek'iz (2016) Berkay - Arabest (2016) Kubat (/wiki/Ramazan_Kubat) - Al Ömrümü (2016) Soner Sarıkabadayı (/wiki/Soner_Sar%C4%B1kabaday%C4%B1) - "Gel de Uyu" (2017) Gizem Tuncer - Aşk Uykusu (2017) Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) & Enbe Orkestrası - "Bir Melekten Hediye" (2017) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) - Aşk Hikayesi (2017) Soner Sarıkabadayı (/wiki/Soner_Sar%C4%B1kabaday%C4%B1) - "Tekamül" (2017) [31] (#cite_note-31) Simge (/wiki/Simge_(singer)) - Ben Bazen (/wiki/Ben_Bazen) (2018) [32] (#cite_note-32) Ayla Çelik (/wiki/Ayla_%C3%87elik) - Daha Bi' Aşık (2019) [33] (#cite_note-Çelik-Daha_Bi'_Aşık-33) Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) - "Sana Doyamıyorum" (2022) Music videos directed by Odabaşı [ edit ] Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) - "Yalvarma" (1996) [34] (#cite_note-34) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) - "Yüreğime Ektim Seni" (1996) [35] (#cite_note-35) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) - "Beni Bırakma" (1996) [36] (#cite_note-36) Hümeyra (/wiki/H%C3%BCmeyra) - "Beyhude" (1997) [37] (#cite_note-37) Hümeyra (/wiki/H%C3%BCmeyra) - "Canım Yanıyor" (1997) [38] (#cite_note-38) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) - "Sarhoş" (1997) [39] (#cite_note-39) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) - "Efkarlıyım" (1997) [40] (#cite_note-40) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) - "Ben Olmadan" (1998) [41] (#cite_note-41) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) - "Sen Mutlu Ol" (1998) [42] (#cite_note-42) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) (duet with Okan Bayülgen (/wiki/Okan_Bay%C3%BClgen) ) - "Ayrılık" (2000) [7] (#cite_note-Ayrılık-7) Fulden Uras - "Bensiz Olsun" (2000) [43] (#cite_note-43) Deniz Seki (/wiki/Deniz_Seki) - "Sana Sığınıyorum" (2000) [44] (#cite_note-44) Deniz Seki (/wiki/Deniz_Seki) - "Dile Kolay" (2000) [45] (#cite_note-45) İzel (/wiki/%C4%B0zel_(singer)) - "Hasretim (remix)" (2000) [2] (#cite_note-Düdek-2) İzel (/wiki/%C4%B0zel_(singer)) - "Kıyamadım" (2001) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) - "Kusursuz Aşk" (2001) [46] (#cite_note-46) Nilüfer (/wiki/Nil%C3%BCfer_(singer)) - "Beni mi Buldun" (2001) [47] (#cite_note-47) Hande Yener (/wiki/Hande_Yener) - "Küs" (2003) [48] (#cite_note-48) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Yalnızlık" (2006) [49] (#cite_note-49) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Lay La Lay Lalay" (2006) [50] (#cite_note-50) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Aşksın Sen" (2007) [51] (#cite_note-51) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Avrupa (2008) [52] (#cite_note-52) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Bay Doğru" (2008) [53] (#cite_note-53) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Ya Ölümsün Ya Düğün" (2008) [54] (#cite_note-54) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Giden Günlerim Oldu" (2009) [55] (#cite_note-55) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Çilekli" (2009) [56] (#cite_note-56) Gülşen (/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fen_(singer)) - "Bi' An Gel" (2009) [57] (#cite_note-57) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Üzgünüm" (2010) [58] (#cite_note-58) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Bir Şans Daha" (2010) [59] (#cite_note-59) Gülşen (/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fen_(singer)) - "Ezberbozan" (2010) [60] (#cite_note-60) Gülşen (/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fen_(singer)) - "Dillere Düşeceğiz Seninle" (2010) [61] (#cite_note-61) Ayşegül Aldinç (/wiki/Ay%C5%9Feg%C3%BCl_Aldin%C3%A7) - "O Kız" (2010) [62] (#cite_note-62) Ayşegül Aldinç (/wiki/Ay%C5%9Feg%C3%BCl_Aldin%C3%A7) - "Ağla" (2011) [63] (#cite_note-63) Hadise (/wiki/Hadise) - "Superman" (2011) [64] (#cite_note-64) Gülşen (/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fen_(singer)) - "Yeni Biri" (2011) [65] (#cite_note-65) Atiye (/wiki/Atiye) - "Güzelim" (2011) [66] (#cite_note-66) Gülşen (/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fen_(singer)) - "Sözde Ayrılık" (2011) [67] (#cite_note-67) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) (duet with Mustafa Sandal (/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal) ) - "Şıkır Şıkır" (2011) [68] (#cite_note-68) Ajda Pekkan (/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan) (duet with Tarkan (/wiki/Tarkan_(singer)) ) - "Yakar Geçerim" (2011) [69] (#cite_note-69) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Yarı Çıplak" (2011) [70] (#cite_note-70) Ajda Pekkan (/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan) - "Arada Sırada" (2011) [71] (#cite_note-71) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Tesadüf" (2011) [72] (#cite_note-72) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) - "Anmam Adını" (2011) [73] (#cite_note-73) Bülent Ersoy (/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ersoy) - "Bir Ben Bir Allah Biliyor" (2011) [74] (#cite_note-74) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Vıdı Vıdı" (2012) [75] (#cite_note-75) Murat Boz (/wiki/Murat_Boz) - "Özledim (Gurcell Club Mix)" (2012) [76] (#cite_note-76) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) - "Geciken Gözyaşı" (2012) Bengü (/wiki/Beng%C3%BC) - "Haberin Olsun" (2012) [77] (#cite_note-77) Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) - "Yanabiliriz" (2012) [78] (#cite_note-78) Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) - "Her Şey Güzel Olacak" (2012) [79] (#cite_note-79) Murat Boz (/wiki/Murat_Boz) - "Geri Dönüş Olsa (Erdem Kınay Mix)" (2012) [80] (#cite_note-80) Ebru Gündeş (/wiki/Ebru_G%C3%BCnde%C5%9F) - "Sen Yoluna Ben Yoluma" (2012) [81] (#cite_note-81) Kenan Doğulu (/wiki/Kenan_Do%C4%9Fulu) (duet with Ozan Doğulu) - "Kız Sana Hayran" (2013) [82] (#cite_note-82) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Yok Acelem" (2013) [21] (#cite_note-Mynet-Gülben-21) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Dünyaları Versem" (2013) [21] (#cite_note-Mynet-Gülben-21) Kenan Doğulu (/wiki/Kenan_Do%C4%9Fulu) - "Aşka Türlü Şeyler" (2013) [83] (#cite_note-83) Oğuz Berkay Fidan (/wiki/O%C4%9Fuz_Berkay_Fidan) (duet with Murat Boz (/wiki/Murat_Boz) ) - "Olmuyor" (2013) [84] (#cite_note-84) Murat Boz (/wiki/Murat_Boz) - "Vazgeçmem" (2013) [85] (#cite_note-85) Atiye (/wiki/Atiye) - "Soygun Var" (2013) [86] (#cite_note-86) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Sen" (2013) [87] (#cite_note-87) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Sen (Akustik Versiyon)" (2013) [88] (#cite_note-88) Ajda Pekkan (/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan) - "Ara Sıcak (2013) [89] (#cite_note-89) Mustafa Sandal (/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal) - "Tesir Altında" (2013) [90] (#cite_note-90) Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) - "Deli" (2013) [91] (#cite_note-91) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) (duet with Enbe Orkestrası) - "Pişmanım" (2013) [92] (#cite_note-92) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) - "Hafıza" (2013) [93] (#cite_note-93) Gökhan Tepe (/wiki/G%C3%B6khan_Tepe) - "Veda Makamı" (2013) [94] (#cite_note-94) Yonca Evcimik (/wiki/Yonca_Evcimik) - "Burası İstanbul" (2014) [95] (#cite_note-95) Hande Yener (/wiki/Hande_Yener) (duet with Volga Tamöz) - "Biri Var" (2014) [96] (#cite_note-96) Simge (/wiki/Simge_(singer)) - "Bip Bip" (2014) [97] (#cite_note-97) Ozan Doğulu (duet with Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) ) - "Naparsan Yap" (2014) [98] (#cite_note-98) Sinan Akçıl (/wiki/Sinan_Ak%C3%A7%C4%B1l) - "Tabi Tabi" (2014) [99] (#cite_note-99) Metin Arolat - "Karavan" (2014) [100] (#cite_note-100) Sinan Akçıl (/wiki/Sinan_Ak%C3%A7%C4%B1l) - "Hatırlasana" (2014) [101] (#cite_note-101) Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) - "Bugün Adım Leyla" (2014) [102] (#cite_note-102) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) - "Hayatın Hesabı" (2015) [103] (#cite_note-103) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) - "Yediverenim" (2015) [104] (#cite_note-104) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) - "Bağışla" (2015) [105] (#cite_note-105) Nigar Jamal (/wiki/Nigar_Jamal) (duet with Berksan) - "Herhalde" (2015) [106] (#cite_note-106) Berkay (/wiki/Berkay_(singer)) - "Benim Hikayem" (2015) [107] (#cite_note-107) Berkay (/wiki/Berkay_(singer)) - "Sen Varsın" (2015) [108] (#cite_note-108) Meyra - "Karla Karışık" (2015) [109] (#cite_note-109) Mustafa Sandal (/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal) - "Ben Olsaydım" (2015) [110] (#cite_note-110) Simge (/wiki/Simge_(singer)) - "Miş Miş" (2015) [111] (#cite_note-111) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) (duet with Oğuzhan Koç) - "Aşkla Aynı Değil" (2015) [112] (#cite_note-112) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) (duet with Bora Duran) - "Kalbimi Koydum" (2015) [113] (#cite_note-113) Cansu - "Kalbim Kefil" (2015) [114] (#cite_note-114) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Yıkıl Karşımdan" (2015) [115] (#cite_note-115) Ayşegül Aldinç (/wiki/Ay%C5%9Feg%C3%BCl_Aldin%C3%A7) - "Bir Tek Gördüğüm" (2015) [116] (#cite_note-116) Ayşegül Aldinç (/wiki/Ay%C5%9Feg%C3%BCl_Aldin%C3%A7) (duet with Gökhan Türkmen) - "Durum Leyla" (2016) [117] (#cite_note-117) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Kusura Bakma" (2016) [118] (#cite_note-118) Berkay (/wiki/Berkay_(singer)) - "Ağla Gözüm" (2016) [119] (#cite_note-119) Güliz Ayla (/wiki/G%C3%BCliz_Ayla) - "İlk Öpücük Benden Olsun" (2016) Alex - "Gidelim Buralardan" (2016) [120] (#cite_note-120) Ahmet Özhan (/wiki/Ahmet_%C3%96zhan) (duet with Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) ) - "Bana Seni Gerek Seni" (2016) [121] (#cite_note-121) Şebnem Keskin - "Öpücük" (2016) [122] (#cite_note-122) Bora Duran - "Unut Bakalım" (2016) [123] (#cite_note-123) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) (duet with İzel (/wiki/%C4%B0zel_(singer)) and Ercan Saatçi) - "Özledim" (2016) [124] (#cite_note-124) Murat Ceylan (/wiki/Murat_Ceylan) - "Yeni Nesil" (2016) [125] (#cite_note-125) Özge Doğru - "Velhasıl" (2016) [126] (#cite_note-126) Berkay (/wiki/Berkay_(singer)) - "Uygun Adım" (2016) [127] (#cite_note-127) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Yaklaş Yaklaş" (2016) [128] (#cite_note-128) Mustafa Sandal (/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal) - "Dön Dünya" (2016) [129] (#cite_note-129) Röya (/wiki/R%C3%B6ya_(singer)) - "Yolun Açık Olsun" (2016) [130] (#cite_note-130) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) - "Ömrüme Yetiş" (2016) [131] (#cite_note-131) Mustafa Sandal (/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal) - "Hepsi Aşktan" (2016) [132] (#cite_note-132) Enbe Orkestrası (duet with Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) and Hayyam Nisanov) - "İstanbul" (2016) [133] (#cite_note-133) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Panda" (2016) [134] (#cite_note-134) Güliz Ayla (/wiki/G%C3%BCliz_Ayla) - "Sevgilim" (2016) [135] (#cite_note-135) Berkay (/wiki/Berkay_(singer)) - "Yorgun Yıllarım" (2016) [136] (#cite_note-136) Demet Akalın (/wiki/Demet_Akal%C4%B1n) - "Ah Ulan Sevda" (2017) [137] (#cite_note-137) Enbe Orkestrası (duet with Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) ) - "Bir Melekten Hediye" (2017) [138] (#cite_note-138) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Esasen" (2017) [139] (#cite_note-139) Demet Akalın (/wiki/Demet_Akal%C4%B1n) - "Nazar" (2017) [140] (#cite_note-140) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) - "Düşman gibi" (2017) [141] (#cite_note-141) Soner Sarıkabadayı (/wiki/Soner_Sar%C4%B1kabaday%C4%B1) - "Tekâmül" (2017) [142] (#cite_note-142) Seçkin - "Yokuş" (2017) [143] (#cite_note-143) Deniz Seki (/wiki/Deniz_Seki) - "Bal Saklıyor" (2017) [144] (#cite_note-144) Yonca Evcimik (/wiki/Yonca_Evcimik) (duet with İrem Derici (/wiki/%C4%B0rem_Derici) and Gökçe (/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7e_(singer)) ) - "Kendine Gel" (2017) [145] (#cite_note-145) Mithat Can Özer - "Kara Sevda" (2017) [146] (#cite_note-146) Gökhan Tepe (/wiki/G%C3%B6khan_Tepe) - "Sevda Çocukları" (2017) [147] (#cite_note-147) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Yansın Bakalım" (2017) [148] (#cite_note-148) Soner Sarıkabadayı (/wiki/Soner_Sar%C4%B1kabaday%C4%B1) - "Gel de Uyu" (2017) [149] (#cite_note-149) Aynur Aydın (/wiki/Aynur_Ayd%C4%B1n) (duet with Turaç Berkay) - "Bana Aşk Ver" (2017) [150] (#cite_note-150) Fettah Can (/wiki/Fettah_Can) - "Kalakaldın mı?" (2018) [151] (#cite_note-151) Yeliz - "Bekle Yağmur Geliyor" (2018) [152] (#cite_note-152) Edis (/wiki/Edis_(singer)) (duet with Emina Jahović (/wiki/Emina_Jahovi%C4%87) ) - "Güzelliğine" (2018) [153] (#cite_note-153) Cem Yenel - "Aşk Bu Biter mi" (2018) [154] (#cite_note-154) Demet Akalın (/wiki/Demet_Akal%C4%B1n) (duet with Emrah Karaduman) - "Ses Kes" (2018) [155] (#cite_note-155) Aynur Aydın (/wiki/Aynur_Ayd%C4%B1n) - "Salla" (2018) [156] (#cite_note-156) Nilüfer (/wiki/Nil%C3%BCfer_(singer)) - "Tik Tak" (2019) [157] (#cite_note-157) Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) - "Bana da Söyle" (2019) [158] (#cite_note-158) Bülent Ersoy (/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ersoy) - "Ümit Hırsızı" (2019) [159] (#cite_note-159) Aynur Aydın (/wiki/Aynur_Ayd%C4%B1n) - "Düşüne Düşüne" (2019) [160] (#cite_note-160) Demet Akalın (/wiki/Demet_Akal%C4%B1n) - "N'apıyorsan Yap" (2019) [161] (#cite_note-161) Demet Akalın (/wiki/Demet_Akal%C4%B1n) - "Ağlar O Deli" (2019) [162] (#cite_note-162) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Müsaadenle" (2019) [163] (#cite_note-163) Ajda Pekkan (/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan) - "Canın Sağ Olsun" (2019) [164] (#cite_note-164) Cem Belevi (/wiki/Cem_Belevi) (duet with Ozan Doğulu (/wiki/Ozan_Do%C4%9Fulu) ) - "Elizabeth" (2019) [165] (#cite_note-165) Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) - "Çık Aradan" (2019) [166] (#cite_note-166) Ayla Çelik (/wiki/Ayla_%C3%87elik) - "Daha Bi' Aşık" (2019) [33] (#cite_note-Çelik-Daha_Bi'_Aşık-33) Ayla Çelik (/wiki/Ayla_%C3%87elik) - "Aşık Oldum Giderken" (2019) [167] (#cite_note-167) Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) - "Müsaadenle (Akustik)" (2019) [168] (#cite_note-168) Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) - "Ömrüm" (2020) [169] (#cite_note-169) Amal Maher (/wiki/Amal_Maher) - "Matsebnish" (2020) [170] (#cite_note-170) Gökhan Kunt - "Sorsalar Anlatamam" (2020) [171] (#cite_note-171) Çağrı - "Dip" (2020) [172] (#cite_note-172) Ajda Pekkan (/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan) - "Bi' Tık (Sunrise Version)" (2021) [173] (#cite_note-173) Majid Al Mohandis (/wiki/Majid_Al_Mohandis) - "Waareftak" (2022) [174] (#cite_note-174) Assala (/wiki/Assala) - "Lama Bentgahel" (2023) [175] (#cite_note-175) Assala (/wiki/Assala) - "El Akhbar El Helwa" (2023) [176] (#cite_note-176) Assala (/wiki/Assala) - "Mars April" (2023) [177] (#cite_note-177) Assala (/wiki/Assala) - "Fouq" (2023) [178] (#cite_note-178) Assala (/wiki/Assala) - "Manga" (2023) [179] (#cite_note-179) Assala (/wiki/Assala) - "Ragel Mesaly" (2023) [180] (#cite_note-180) Ebru Gündeş (/wiki/Ebru_G%C3%BCnde%C5%9F) - "Vakitsiz Geldin" (2023) [181] (#cite_note-181) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Award Date Category Nominee Result Ref. 2nd Pantene (/wiki/Pantene) Beauty World Awards 16 May 2005 Fashion Photographer of the Year Nihat Odabaşı Won [10] (#cite_note-Pantene-10) 1st Fashion TV Mode Awards 2 April 2007 Best Fashion Photographer Nihat Odabaşı Won [14] (#cite_note-Fashion-1-14) 1st European Union (/wiki/European_Union) Quality Awards 31 May 2009 Honorary Award Nihat Odabaşı Won [15] (#cite_note-AB-15) 36th Golden Butterfly Awards 12 June 2009 Best Music Video "Yalnızlık" ( Gülben Ergen (/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen) song) Won [16] (#cite_note-kelebek-36-16) 7th Kabataşlılar Association The Bests of the Year 13 January 2010 Photographer of the Year Nihat Odabaşı Won [17] (#cite_note-kabataş-17) 17th Kral Music Awards (/wiki/Kral_Music_Awards) 17 May 2011 Best Music Video "Bi' An Gel" ( Gülşen (/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fen_(singer)) song) Nominated [182] (#cite_note-182) 2nd Pal FM Music Awards 6 March 2012 Best Music Video "Superman" ( Hadise (/wiki/Hadise) song) Won [18] (#cite_note-Pal-2012-18) 1st Turkey Music Awards (/wiki/Turkey_Music_Awards) 12 April 2013 Best Music Video "Her Şey Güzel Olacak" ( Ziynet Sali (/wiki/Ziynet_Sali) song) Won [19] (#cite_note-TMÖ-2013-19) 3rd Pal FM Music Awards 6 May 2013 Best Music Video "Her Şey Güzel Olacak" Won [20] (#cite_note-Pal-2013-20) 3rd Fashion TV Mode Awards 15 April 2014 Best Fashion Photographer of the Year Nihat Odabaşı Won [22] (#cite_note-Fashion-2014-22) 4th Fashion TV Mode Awards 13 May 2015 Best Fashion Photographer of the Year Nihat Odabaşı Won [24] (#cite_note-Fashion-2015-24) 42nd Golden Butterfly Awards 29 November 2015 Best Music Video "Karavan" (Metin Arolat song) Nominated [25] (#cite_note-kelebek-2015a-25) [26] (#cite_note-kelebek-2015k-26) 6th Fashion TV Mode Awards 25 May 2017 Best Fashion Photographer of the Year Nihat Odabaşı Won [27] (#cite_note-Fashion-2017-27) 44th Golden Butterfly Awards 10 December 2017 Best Music Video "Ah Ulan Sevda" ( Demet Akalın (/wiki/Demet_Akal%C4%B1n) song) Nominated [28] (#cite_note-kelebek-2017a-28) [29] (#cite_note-kelebek-2017k-29) Best Music Video "Düşman gibi" ( Funda Arar (/wiki/Funda_Arar) song) Nominated Best Music Video "Nazar" ( Demet Akalın (/wiki/Demet_Akal%C4%B1n) song) Nominated 7th Fashion TV Mode Awards 2018 Best Fashion Photographer of the Year Nihat Odabaşı Won Bonne Vie 2018's Stars 18 February 2019 Best Music Video of the Year "Salla" ( Aynur Aydın (/wiki/Aynur_Ayd%C4%B1n) song) Won [183] (#cite_note-183) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Akar, Serra (11 October 2008). "Kardeş gibisi var mı?" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/kardes-gibisi-var-mi-10080566) . Hürriyet Kelebek (/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Düdek, Şenay (10 July 2002). "Fotoğraf çekmek sevişmek gibi" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2002/07/10/magazin/yazdud.html) . Milliyet . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Arman, Ayşe (/wiki/Ay%C5%9Fe_Arman) (21 May 2001). "Ayşe Arman: Tek hatası ayakkabısını çıkarmaktı" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ayse-arman-tek-hatasi-ayakkabisini-cikarmakti-39244358) . Hürriyet . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "İstanbul semalarına yıldız yağacak" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/istanbul-semalarina-yildiz-yagacak-magazin-963236/) . Milliyet . 23 May 2005. ^ Jump up to: a b Çetinkaya, Burcu (/wiki/Burcu_%C3%87etinkaya) (22 June 2014). "Nihat Odabaşı: Öfke içimde yok etmeye çalıştığım bir canavar" (http://www.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/yazarlar/burcu-cetinkaya/581108.aspx) . Türkiye (/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_(newspaper)) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Nihat Odabaşı '86" (http://www.kalid.org.tr/kalid/haber.asp?haber_id=1476) . Kadıköy Maarif Koleji ve Anadolu Kisesi Mezunlar Derneği. ^ Jump up to: a b Benli, Serdar (14 January 2000). "Bugün klip, yarın kışla". Milliyet . p. 2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Objektiften şöhretler manzarası" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/objektiften-sohretler-manzarasi-39138989) . Hürriyet Kelebek . 9 March 2000. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Arna, Sibel (12 May 2007). "Türkiye'de moda fotoğrafçılığı var diyorlar" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/turkiye-de-moda-fotografciligi-var-diyorlar-6501676) . Hürriyet Kelebek . ^ Jump up to: a b Oral, Özay (18 May 2005). "Odabaşı, Akkaya'yı dudağından öptü" (http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2005/05/18/gny/mag101-20050518-200.html) . Sabah . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Arna, Sibel (18 September 2005). "Liz Hurley'nin en yakın arkadaşı Nihat Odabaşı" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/liz-hurley-nin-en-yakin-arkadasi-nihat-odabasi-350880) . Hürriyet Kelebek . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Arman, Ayşe (31 December 2005). "Nihat Odabaşı'yla geçen haftaya sığmayan fotoğraf röportajı" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/nihat-odabasi-yla-gecen-hafta-sigmayan-fotograf-roportaji-3722009) . Hürriyet . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Linda'nın günlüğü 100 bin euro" (http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2005/10/22/cp/gnc109-20051009-102.html) . Sabah . 22 October 2005. ^ Jump up to: a b Kızgınyürek, Mustafa (4 April 2007). "Fashion TV Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/fashion-tv-odulleri-sahiplerini-buldu-6259536) . Hürriyet . ^ Jump up to: a b "AB Kalite Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu" (http://www.iha.com.tr/haber-ab-kalite-odulleri-sahiplerini-buldu-73562/) . İhlas Haber Ajansı. 1 June 2009. ^ Jump up to: a b "Altın Kelebek'te en iyiler" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/altin-kelebekte-en-iyiler-11858363) . Hürriyet Kelebek . 13 June 2009. ^ Jump up to: a b "2009'un en iyileri" (https://www.kabataserkekliseliler.org.tr/bulten/pdf/bulten_35.pdf) (PDF) . Kabataş Bülteni . Kabataşlılar Derneği: 4. 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b "Pal Fm Müzik Ödülleri Sahiplerini Buldu" (https://www.haberler.com/pal-fm-muzik-odulleri-sahiplerini-buldu-3425140-haberi/) . Haberler.com. 7 March 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b Demirkol, Hikmet (18 April 2013). "Türkiye müzik ödülleri sahiplerini buldu" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180924105831/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/turkiye-muzik-odulleri-sahiplerini-buldu-23048756) . Hürriyet . Archived from the original (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/turkiye-muzik-odulleri-sahiplerini-buldu-23048756) on 24 September 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b "Pal FM Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180924105813/http://www.radikal.com.tr/hayat/pal-fm-odulleri-sahiplerini-buldu-1132709/) . Radikal (/wiki/Radikal) . 8 May 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.radikal.com.tr/hayat/pal-fm-odulleri-sahiplerini-buldu-1132709/) on 24 September 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b c Sayın, Hüseyin Can (7 January 2013). "Gülben'den İki Klip Birden" (https://www.mynet.com/gulbenden-iki-klip-birden-18797-mykadin) . Mynet. ^ Jump up to: a b "3. Fashion TV Moda Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu" (https://www.magazinci.com/icerikler/magazin/3-fashion-tv-moda-odulleri-sahiplerini-buldu_44099.html) . Magazinci.com. 17 April 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Basın Bülteni 4. Fashion TV Moda Ödülleri" (http://www.modaodulleri.com/index.php/textmod/tab/basin-bulteni-4-fashion-tv-moda-odulleri) . Fashion TV Moda Ödülleri resmî sitesi. 13 May 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b "Modanın "En"leri taç giydi..." (https://web.archive.org/web/20150517032529/http://www.havadisturk.com/moda/modanin-enleri-tac-giydi-h6655.html) Havadis Türk. 15 May 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.havadisturk.com/moda/modanin-enleri-tac-giydi-h6655.html) on 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "42. Pantene Altın Kelebek Ödülleri için adaylar açıklandı!" (http://www.ranini.tv/ozel/6991/1/42-pantene-altin-kelebek-odulleri-icin-adaylar-aciklandi) . Ranini.tv. 22 August 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b "42. Pantene Altın Kelebek Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/magazin/42-pantene-altin-kelebek-odulleri-sahiplerini-buldu-40020163) . Hürriyet Kelebek . 28 November 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b Ünal, Suat (26 May 2017). "6. Fashion TV Moda Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu" (http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/-6-fashion-tv-moda-odulleri-sahiplerini-buldu/Blog/?BlogNo=561662) . Milliyet Blog. ^ Jump up to: a b "44. Pantene Altın Kelebek Ödülleri için adaylar açıklandı!" (http://www.ranini.tv/ozel/26990/14/44-pantene-altin-kelebek-odulleri-icin-adaylar-aciklandi) . Ranini.tv. 29 September 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b "44. Pantene Altın Kelebek Ödülleri'ni kimler kazandı? İşte kazananlar listesi" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/magazin/iste-44-pantene-altin-kelebek-odullerini-kazananlar-40673974) . Hürriyet Kelebek . 11 December 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-30) Tok, Yavuz Hakan (20 August 2013). "Atiye büyüyor: "Soygun Var" (http://www.milliyetsanat.com/yazar-detay/yavuz-hakan-tok/atiye-buyuyor---soygun-var-/2572) " (http://www.milliyetsanat.com/yazar-detay/yavuz-hakan-tok/atiye-buyuyor---soygun-var-/2572) . Milliyet Sanat . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Kuyucu, Michael (23 April 2017). "Soner Sarıkabadayı'dan Yaza Girmeden Yeni Single: Tekamül" (http://www.muzikhabercisi.com/10973/muzik/soner-sarikabadayi-dan-yaza-girmeden-yeni-single-tekamul.html) . MüzikHabercisi.com. ^ (#cite_ref-32) Demirkol, Hikmet (16 June 2018). "Yazın Albümü Simge'den Geldi: Ben Bazen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180913192305/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/hikmet-demirkol/yazin-albumu-simgeden-geldi-ben-bazen-40858987) . Hürriyet . Archived from the original (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/hikmet-demirkol/yazin-albumu-simgeden-geldi-ben-bazen-40858987) on 13 September 2018 . Retrieved 13 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Ayla Çelik artık 'Daha Bi' Aşık' (https://www.sozcu.com.tr/hayatim/kultur-sanat-haberleri/ayla-celik-artik-daha-bi-asik/) " (https://www.sozcu.com.tr/hayatim/kultur-sanat-haberleri/ayla-celik-artik-daha-bi-asik/) . Sözcü . 2 August 2019 . Retrieved 2 August 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Soner Arıca (1996). Soner Arıca - Yalvarma . Mert Müzik. ^ (#cite_ref-35) Soner Arıca (/wiki/Soner_Ar%C4%B1ca) (1996). Soner Arıca - Yüreğime Ektim Seni . Mert Müzik. ^ (#cite_ref-36) Soner Arıca (1996). Soner Arıca - Beni Bırakma . Mert Müzik. ^ (#cite_ref-37) Özatay, Dalida (11 April 1997). "Beyhude'ye klip". Milliyet . p. 2. ^ (#cite_ref-38) Hümeyra (1997). Hümeyra - Canım Yanıyor . Ada Müzik. ^ (#cite_ref-39) Akbaydar, Neslihan (6 September 1997). "Ailece klipte oynadılar" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ailece-klipte-oynadilar-39263118) . Hürriyet . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Soner Arıca (1997). Soner Arıca - Efkarlıyım . Mert Müzik. ^ (#cite_ref-41) Akbaydar, Neslihan (10 January 1998). "Her tarafına dövme yaptırdı" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/her-tarafina-dovme-yaptirdi-39283029) . Hürriyet . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Soner Arıca (1998). Sen Mutlu Ol (Soner Arıca) . Mert Müzik. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Fulden Uras (2000). Fulden Uras - Bensiz Olsun . Netd Müzik. ^ (#cite_ref-44) Deniz Seki (2000). Deniz Seki - Sana Sığınıyorum . Şahin Özer Müzik. ^ (#cite_ref-45) Deniz Seki (2000). Deniz Seki - Dile Kolay . Şahin Özer Müzik. ^ (#cite_ref-46) Soner Arıca (2001). Yağmur - Soner Arıca . Universal Müzik. ^ (#cite_ref-47) "Nilüfer'in yeni imajı" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/nilufer-in-yeni-imaji-20716) . Hürriyet . 10 October 2001. ^ (#cite_ref-48) Hande Yener (/wiki/Hande_Yener) (2003). Hande Yener - Küs . Poll Production. ^ (#cite_ref-49) Çapa, Ebru (9 September 2006). "Gülben Ergen yollarda, kocası evde" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gulben-ergen-yollarda-kocasi-evde-5054423) . Hürriyet . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Rengarenk bir klip" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/rengarenk-bir-klip-4841199) . Hürriyet Kelebek . 31 July 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-51) Denker, Sema (13 April 2007). "İşte hayatımın kareleri" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/iste-hayatimin-kareleri-6321750) . Hürriyet . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Gülben'den, A Milli Futbol Takımı'na özel şarkı" (http://www.iha.com.tr/haber-gulbenden-a-milli-futbol-takimina-ozel-sarki-22651/) . 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Technolat. ^ (#cite_ref-129) "Yeni Single : Mustafa Sandal: "Dön Dünya" (https://sozmuzik.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3907) " (https://sozmuzik.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3907) . SözMüzik.com. 10 August 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-130) "Klibi çok beğenildi" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/klibi-cok-begenildi-magazin-2302095/) . Milliyet . 28 August 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-131) Fırat, Murat (26 August 2016). "Funda Arar Nihat Odabaşı'na emanet!" (http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/funda-arar-nihat-odabasi-na-emanet--/Blog/?BlogNo=539735) . Milliyet Blog . ^ (#cite_ref-132) "Güzel partner" (https://www.takvim.com.tr/saklambac/2016/07/10/guzel-partner) . Takvim . 10 July 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-133) "Xəyyam Nisanov Ziynet Sali ilə klip çəkdirdi" (http://sia.az/az/news/show/563789.html) (in Azerbaijani). SİA. 10 September 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-134) "Gülben Ergen'den eğlenceli klip" (https://www.haberturk.com/magazin/fiskos/haber/1302389-gulben-ergenden-eglenceli-klip) . Haberturk.com. 27 September 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-135) "Sevgilim'e romantik klip!" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/sevgilim-e-romantik-klip--magazin-2331112/) . Milliyet . 21 October 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-136) "Berkay'dan 'Yorgun Yıllar'a klip" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/berkay-dan-yorgun-yillar-a-klip-magazin-2358437/) . Milliyet . 8 December 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-137) "Demet Akalın yeni klibi Ah Ulan Sevda'yı Instagram'dan yayınladı" (https://www.cnnturk.com/magazin/demet-akalin-yeni-klibi-ah-ulan-sevdayi-instagramdan-yayinladi) . CNN Türk. 9 January 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-138) "Gökyüzünde klip" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/gokyuzunde-klip-magazin-2379624/) . Milliyet . 17 January 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-139) " (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-esas-a-londra-da-klip-magazin-2398211/) 'Esas'a Londra'da klip" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-esas-a-londra-da-klip-magazin-2398211/) . Milliyet . 18 February 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-140) "Hayranları 'Nazar' dedi" (https://www.sabah.com.tr/magazin/2017/03/15/hayranlari-nazar-dedi) . Sabah . 15 March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-141) "İşte Funda Arar'ın 17 Martta çıkacak yeni albümünün merakla beklenen şarkıları" (https://www.haberturk.com/magazin/sipsak/haber/1427139-iste-funda-ararin-17-martta-cikacak-yeni-albumunun-merakla-beklenen-sarkilari) . Haberturk.com. 15 March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-142) "Daha cesur sahneler vardı, ama..." (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-daha-cesur-sahneler-vardi-ama--magazin-2422499/) Milliyet . 29 March 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-143) Günay, Elif (23 May 2017). "Seçkin'le "Yokuş" dedik" (http://www.oncevatan.com.tr/roportaj/seckinle-yokus-dedik-h110164.html) . Önce Vatan . ^ (#cite_ref-144) "Deniz Seki'den üç yıl sonra gelen klip" (http://www.sacitaslan.com/deniz-sekiden-uc-yil-sonra-gelen-klip-haberi-295901) . SacitAslan.com. 29 July 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-145) "Yonca Evcimik'in "Kendine Gel" Şarkısının Teaser'ı Yayında!" (http://muzikonair.com/yonca-evcimikin-kendine-gel-sarkisinin-teaseri-yayinda/) . Müzik On Air. 24 July 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-146) "Mithat Can Özer klibiyle çok konuşulacak" (https://www.sozcu.com.tr/hayatim/magazin-haberleri/mithat-can-ozer-klibiyle-cok-konusulacak/) . Sözcü . 19 September 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-147) " (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/sevda-cocuklari-na-film-tadinda-magazin-2560776/) 'Sevda Çocukları'na film tadında klip" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/sevda-cocuklari-na-film-tadinda-magazin-2560776/) . Milliyet . 24 November 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-148) " (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/yansin-bakalim-surprizi-magazin-2565637/) 'Yansın Bakalım' sürprizi" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/yansin-bakalim-surprizi-magazin-2565637/) . Milliyet . 3 December 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-149) "Soner Sarıkabadayı'dan yeni single: Gel de Uyu" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/soner-sarikabadayi-dan-yeni-magazin-2568888/) . Milliyet . 8 December 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-150) Tekin, Serhat (14 December 2017). "Bana aşk ver! Spam yollama!" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/serhat-tekin/bana-ask-ver-spam-yollama-40677534) . Hürriyet . ^ (#cite_ref-151) "Fettah Can döndü" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/keyif/fettah-can-dondu-40715255) . Hürriyet . 19 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-152) Tekin, Serhat (1 March 2018). "Benim değerimi yaşarken bilin" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/serhat-tekin/benim-degerimi-yasarken-bilin-40757023) . Hürriyet . ^ (#cite_ref-153) "Güzelliğine düeti" (https://www.aksam.com.tr/magazin/guzelligine-dueti/haber-757448) . Akşam . 24 July 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-154) Tekin, Serhat (20 September 2018). "Aşkından bir anı tut" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/serhat-tekin/askindan-bir-ani-tut-40961852) . Hürriyet . ^ (#cite_ref-155) "Demet Akalın'dan Beklenen Klip Geldi: "Ses Kes" (https://www.haberler.com/akalin-dan-beklenen-klip-geldi-ses-kes-11290162-haberi/) " (https://www.haberler.com/akalin-dan-beklenen-klip-geldi-ses-kes-11290162-haberi/) . Haberler.com . 2 October 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-156) "Aynur Aydın'dan yeni klip" (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/aynur-aydin-dan-yeni-klip-magazin-2773225/) . Milliyet . 6 November 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-157) "Nilüfer'den mayolu klip" (https://www.haberturk.com/nilufer-den-mayolu-klip-magazin-haberleri-2374363-magazin) . Haberturk.com. 6 November 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-158) "Ziynet Sali'den 'Bana da Söyle' (https://web.archive.org/web/20190315062333/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/ziynet-sali-den-bana-da-soyle--magazin-2841739/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20190315062333/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/ziynet-sali-den-bana-da-soyle--magazin-2841739/) . Milliyet . 13 March 2019. Archived from the original (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/ziynet-sali-den-bana-da-soyle--magazin-2841739/) on 15 March 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-159) "Nihat Odabaşı'ndan Klibindeki Beyonce-Bülent Ersoy Benzerliği İle İlgili Açıklama" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190402180837/https://muzikonair.com/nihat-odabasindan-klibindeki-beyonce-bulent-ersoy-benzerligi-ile-ilgili-aciklama/) . Müzik on Air. 22 March 2019. Archived from the original (https://muzikonair.com/nihat-odabasindan-klibindeki-beyonce-bulent-ersoy-benzerligi-ile-ilgili-aciklama/) on 2 April 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-160) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20190407141543/https://www.sabah.com.tr/magazin/2019/04/06/dusune-dusune-sallandi) 'Düşüne Düşüne' sallandı" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190407141543/https://www.sabah.com.tr/magazin/2019/04/06/dusune-dusune-sallandi) . Sabah . 6 April 2019. Archived from the original (https://www.sabah.com.tr/magazin/2019/04/06/dusune-dusune-sallandi) on 7 April 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-161) "Demet Akalın 'N'apıyorsan Yap' şarkısıyla ters köşe yaptı" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190424054202/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/demet-akalin--n-apiyorsan-yap--sarkisiyla-ters-kose-yapti-molatik-11599/) . Milliyet . 22 April 2019. Archived from the original (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/demet-akalin--n-apiyorsan-yap--sarkisiyla-ters-kose-yapti-molatik-11599/) on 24 April 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-162) "Demet Akalın'ın 'Ağlar O Deli' şarkısının klibi izlenme rekoru kırdı" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190528050233/https://www.takvim.com.tr/saklambac/2019/05/09/demet-akalinin-aglar-o-deli-sarkisinin-klibi-izlenme-rekoru-kirdi) . Takvim . 9 May 2019. Archived from the original (https://www.takvim.com.tr/saklambac/2019/05/09/demet-akalinin-aglar-o-deli-sarkisinin-klibi-izlenme-rekoru-kirdi) on 28 May 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-163) "Albüm öncesi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190517153808/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/keyif/album-oncesi-41214196) . Hürriyet . 15 May 2019. Archived from the original (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/keyif/album-oncesi-41214196) on 17 May 2019 . Retrieved 17 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-164) "Ajda Pekkan'ın klibinde kıyafet krizi" (http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/yasam/1483575/Ajda_Pekkan_in_klibinde_kiyafet_krizi.html) . Cumhuriyet . 12 July 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-165) "Klip için kraliçe oldu" (https://www.sabah.com.tr/magazin/2019/07/10/klip-icin-kralice-oldu) . Sabah . 10 July 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-166) "Yaz sürprizi" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/keyif/yaz-surprizi-41284849) . Hürriyet . 26 July 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-167) "Yepyeni bir klip: 'Aşık Oldum Giderken' (https://www.sabah.com.tr/magazin/2019/11/07/yepyeni-bir-klip-asik-oldum-giderken) " (https://www.sabah.com.tr/magazin/2019/11/07/yepyeni-bir-klip-asik-oldum-giderken) . Sabah . 7 November 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-168) "Gülben Ergen - Müsaadenle (Akustik)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lr9Wk30ObYA) . netd müzik . YouTube. 11 November 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-169) "14 Şubat sürprizi" (https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/keyif/14-subat-surprizi-41443747) . Hürriyet . 10 February 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-170) "Amal Maher ... Matsebnish - Video Clip 2020" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5Kb0jdTqYc) . Rotana . YouTube. 13 February 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-171) "Gökhan Kunt'tan ilk tekli Sorsalar Anlatamam" (https://www.besiktas.com.tr/magazin/gokhan-kunttan-ilk-tekli-sorsalar-anlatamam/4685) . Beşiktaş Medya Grup. 21 February 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-172) "Çağrı - Dip (Official Music Video)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSYpcPQiVkg) . Çağrı . YouTube. 17 April 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-173) "Ajda Pekkan zaman makinesi bulmuş gibi! 2 saat ipte asılı kaldı..." (https://www.gazetevatan.com/galeri/ajda-pekkan-2-saat-ipte-asili-kaldi-2004486) Vatan . 25 November 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-174) "Majid Al Mohandis ... Waareftak - Video Clip 2022" (https://youtube.com/watch?v=x0nkYuceo6c) . Rotana . 1 May 2022 . Retrieved 8 May 2022 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-175) "Assala - Lama Bentgahel" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6f-4FmeMvc) . Assala Nasri . 1 October 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-176) "Assala - El Akhbar El Helwa" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aw8XB1z6HAg) . Assala Nasri . 1 October 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-177) "Assala - Mars April" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQwaC4Y44i8) . Assala Nasri . 1 October 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-178) "Assala - Fouq" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mK1LJXdWf5Y) . Assala Nasri . 1 October 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-179) "Assala - Manga" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhkrJRkP4vE) . Assala Nasri . 1 October 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-180) "Assala - Ragel Mesaly" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhkrJRkP4vE) . Assala Nasri . 1 October 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-181) "Ebru Gündeş - Vakitsiz Geldin (Klip)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBoa5Z6y5vw) . Ebru Gündeş . 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 – via YouTube. ^ (#cite_ref-182) 2010 Kral Müzik Ödülleri (in Turkish). Istanbul: Kral Müzik. 2011. Event occurs at 30:06 . Retrieved 29 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-183) "İlk ödüller sahiplerini buldu" (http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/magazin/ilk-oduller-sahiplerini-buldu-41123307) . Hürriyet . 20 February 2019. External links [ edit ] Music portal (/wiki/Portal:Music) Arts portal (/wiki/Portal:Arts) Turkey portal (/wiki/Portal:Turkey) Official website (http://www.nihatodabasi.com) Nihat Odabaşı (https://www.discogs.com/artist/2215020) discography at Discogs (/wiki/Discogs) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐55bd49c4cb‐swzs2 Cached time: 20240709082038 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.200 seconds Real time usage: 2.479 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8558/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 255663/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2605/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 648201/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.518/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7861039/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 280 ms 17.9% ? 220 ms 14.1% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 160 ms 10.3% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 140 ms 9.0% select_one <Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426> 60 ms 3.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::find 60 ms 3.8% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 60 ms 3.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 40 ms 2.6% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess 40 ms 2.6% <Module:Citation/CS1:813> 40 ms 2.6% [others] 460 ms 29.5% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2276.704 1 -total 66.78% 1520.478 1 Template:Reflist 52.09% 1185.873 166 Template:Cite_web 18.79% 427.845 1 Template:Infobox_person 6.07% 138.193 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 5.42% 123.327 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 4.73% 107.733 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 4.73% 107.665 1 Template:Short_description 3.36% 76.514 12 Template:Cite_video 3.10% 70.619 1 Template:Hlist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60783927-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709082038 and revision id 1195772425. 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Color consultant Carole Jackson Born 1942 (age 81–82) Carole Jackson (b. 1942) [1] (#cite_note-1) is a former color consultant who developed seasonal color analysis (/wiki/Seasonal_color_analysis) , a system of advising which colors a person should wear to look their most attractive based on their skin tone. [2] (#cite_note-Brown-1983-2) [3] (#cite_note-Doonan-2001-3) Color Me Beautiful [ edit ] 1970s [ edit ] Jackson developed the system in the 1970s after studying color theory (/wiki/Color_theory) and wrote Color Me Beautiful (1980), which was a bestseller in the early 1980s. [4] (#cite_note-Van_Paris-2023-4) [5] (#cite_note-Gruber-2023-5) [3] (#cite_note-Doonan-2001-3) [6] (#cite_note-Reynolds-2015-6) By 1983 it was in its 31st printing; as of 2014 the book was still in print. [7] (#cite_note-Style_Syntax-2014-7) [8] (#cite_note-Krucoff-1983-8) Jackson's system was based on the work of Johannes Itten (/wiki/Johannes_Itten) , [9] (#cite_note-DiFiore-9) [10] (#cite_note-Burton-1984-10) Belle Northrup (/w/index.php?title=Belle_Northrup&action=edit&redlink=1) , and Harriet Tilden McJimsey (/w/index.php?title=Harriet_Tilden_McJimsey&action=edit&redlink=1) . [7] (#cite_note-Style_Syntax-2014-7) She created a consulting business to advise people which colors to wear in Bedford, New York (/wiki/Bedford_(town),_New_York) , then moved it to McLean, Virginia (/wiki/McLean,_Virginia) , and licensed the system to other consultants. [2] (#cite_note-Brown-1983-2) The concept became popular; it was not uncommon for people to ask one another, "Have you had your colors done?" [3] (#cite_note-Doonan-2001-3) [8] (#cite_note-Krucoff-1983-8) GQ likened knowing what 'your color' was in the 1980s to knowing your astrological sign (/wiki/Astrological_sign) . [11] (#cite_note-Hudson-2023-11) According to the Washington Post , in 1982 the company grossed $2.5M. [8] (#cite_note-Krucoff-1983-8) The color analysis system divides people into four seasonal groups based on their skin tones, with each group advised to wear a certain palette of colors. Winters and summers were those with skin undertones of blue, while springs and autumns had undertones of yellow. [2] (#cite_note-Brown-1983-2) Winters are advised to wear rich saturated colors such as black, white, true red, fuschia, and cobalt blue. Autumns are advised to wear brown, burnt orange, olive green, deep teal and maroon. Summers are advised to wear dusty rose, grey, cornflower blue, lavender and taupe. Springs are advised to wear coral, bright teal, gold, camel and lime green. [5] (#cite_note-Gruber-2023-5) [10] (#cite_note-Burton-1984-10) Jackson described herself as a winter. [3] (#cite_note-Doonan-2001-3) Jackson further split people into style personalities, a concept from McJimsey's work, giving advice on dressing to enhance body type and facial shape. [7] (#cite_note-Style_Syntax-2014-7) [6] (#cite_note-Reynolds-2015-6) 2020s [ edit ] The concept of color analysis received new attention in the early 2020s, becoming a viral phenomenon on TikTok. [12] (#cite_note-12) [4] (#cite_note-Van_Paris-2023-4) [5] (#cite_note-Gruber-2023-5) [13] (#cite_note-13) Reception [ edit ] GQ in 2023 called Color Me Beautiful "seminal". [11] (#cite_note-Hudson-2023-11) Criticism of Jackson's work in the 80s included arguments that "Any woman can wear black". [14] (#cite_note-14) Criticism in the 2020s includes that the book uses dated language surrounding gender and that the original book focussed mostly on white people and assigned all people of color to the winter category. [9] (#cite_note-DiFiore-9) [15] (#cite_note-15) Personal life [ edit ] Jackson is the daughter of Jean Elizabeth Halliburton, a journalist, and Arnold Stevens. [16] (#cite_note-16) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Jackson, Carole, 1942- - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)" (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79148680.html) . Library of Congress (/wiki/Library_of_Congress) . Retrieved 2024-05-01 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, Betsy (17 July 1983). "The Search for One's Own True Colors" (https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/17/nyregion/the-search-for-one-s-own-true-colors.html?unlocked_article_code=1.jk0.UdtE.VC9Pl-bR0LDJ&smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare&ugrp=u&sgrp=c-cb) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Doonan, Simon (2001-01-08). "Bring Back Nancy Red!" (https://observer.com/2001/01/bring-back-nancy-red/) . Observer (/wiki/Observer.com) . Retrieved 2024-04-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b Van Paris, Calin (2023-08-25). "How This Retro Beauty Theory Became the Latest TikTok Craze" (https://www.vogue.com/article/how-seasonal-color-analysis-became-a-tiktok-craze) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2024-04-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Gruber, Lauren (31 January 2023). "This Shopping Guide Will Help You Master TikTok's Color Analysis Trend" (https://www.etonline.com/a-tiktok-color-analysis-shopping-guide-what-to-wear-if-youre-an-autumn-spring-summer-or-winter) . Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) . Retrieved 2024-04-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b Reynolds, Megan (2015-08-27). "A 'Color Me Beautiful' Life" (https://www.racked.com/2015/8/27/9200677/a-color-me-beautiful-life) . Racked (/wiki/Racked) . Retrieved 2024-04-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Color Me Beautiful: 1980s Fashion Nightmare" (https://stylesyntax.com/blog/2014/06/21/color-me-beautiful-1980s-fashion-nightmare/) . Style Syntax (/w/index.php?title=Style_Syntax&action=edit&redlink=1) . 2014-06-21 . Retrieved 2024-04-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Krucoff, Carol (/wiki/Carol_Krucoff) (16 May 1983). "Coloring Themselves Terrific" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1983/05/17/trends-coloring-themselves-terrific/ca420d1d-f989-459d-b731-babf53e376a1/) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . ^ Jump up to: a b DiFiore, Paige. "I spent $130 to get my colors professionally analyzed and learned I've been wearing the wrong shades my entire life" (https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-figure-out-your-season-color-analysis-worth-it-2022) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved 2024-04-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b Burton, David (January 1984). "Applying Color" (http://www.jstor.org/stable/3192794) . Art Journal (/wiki/National_Art_Education_Association) . 37 (1): 40–43. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/3192794 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3192794) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 3192794 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3192794) . ^ Jump up to: a b Hudson, Greg (2023-06-14). "I Tried Seasonal Color Analysis, the '80s Fashion Trend Taking Over TikTok" (https://www.gq.com/story/i-tried-seasonal-color-analysis) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Retrieved 2024-04-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Holtermann, Callie (5 April 2024). "Are You a 'Spring' or a 'Winter'? It Could Cost You $500 to Find Out" (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/05/style/color-analysis-season-palette-tiktok.html?unlocked_article_code=1.jk0.MYWG.wiHN6kN-4ykC&smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare&ugrp=u&sgrp=c-cb) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Bans, Lauren (3 November 2023). "Are You a Soft Summer, Cool Summer, or Golden Spring?" (https://airmail.news/look/issues/2023-11-3/catch-the-rainbow) . Airmail News (/w/index.php?title=Airmail_News&action=edit&redlink=1) . Retrieved 2024-04-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Back to Black" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/10/23/back-to-black-3/) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . 1985-10-23 . Retrieved 2024-04-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Judkis, Maura (28 August 2021). "What hue looks best on you? Color analysis is back to help us obsess over who we are" (https://www.kansascity.com/living/article253637228.html) . The Kansas City Star (/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Jean E. Halliburton" (https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/springfield-va/jean-halliburton-4909613) . Dignity Memorial (/wiki/Dignity_Memorial) . 2011. 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American model Camille Kostek Kostek in February 2023 Born Camille Veronica Kostek ( 1992-02-19 ) February 19, 1992 (age 32) Killingworth, Connecticut (/wiki/Killingworth,_Connecticut) , U.S. Alma mater Eastern Connecticut State University (/wiki/Eastern_Connecticut_State_University) Occupations Model Host Actress Years active 2004–present Partner(s) Rob Gronkowski (/wiki/Rob_Gronkowski) (2015–present) Modeling information Height 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) Hair color Blonde Eye color Blue-green Agencies Maggie ( Boston (/wiki/Boston) ) Select Model Management (/wiki/Select_Model_Management) ( Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) ) Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) ( Miami (/wiki/Miami) ) ONE Management ( New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) ) Camille Veronica Kostek (born February 19, 1992) is an American model, television presenter, and actress. [1] (#cite_note-:82-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) She appeared in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) and was featured on the cover of the magazine's 2019 edition. [3] (#cite_note-:72-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Kostek is the on-field host (/wiki/Correspondent) of the game show Wipeout on TBS (/wiki/TBS_(American_TV_channel)) , and in 2022 hosted NBC (/wiki/NBC) 's Dancing with Myself (/wiki/Dancing_with_Myself_(TV_series)) . [6] (#cite_note-6) She also appeared in the film Free Guy (/wiki/Free_Guy) (2021). Early life and education [ edit ] Kostek was born in Killingworth (/wiki/Killingworth,_Connecticut) , Connecticut on February 19, 1992, to Alan Kostek, a general contractor (/wiki/General_contractor) , and Christina (née Decosta), a gym manager. [7] (#cite_note-:02-7) She is the eldest of four siblings, and is of Polish (/wiki/Polish_Americans) , Irish (/wiki/Irish_Americans) and Jamaican (/wiki/Jamaican_Americans) descent. [7] (#cite_note-:02-7) She started taking ballet lessons when she was three years old, and continued her training at Broadway Dance Center (/wiki/Broadway_Dance_Center) in New York City while competing nationally. [7] (#cite_note-:02-7) At Haddam-Killingworth High School in Higganum, Connecticut (/wiki/Higganum,_Connecticut) , she was a cheerleader (/wiki/Cheerleading) , [8] (#cite_note-8) lacrosse (/wiki/Lacrosse) varsity (/wiki/Varsity_team) captain, [9] (#cite_note-:32-9) and host of her high school's broadcasting program. [10] (#cite_note-10) She majored in communications with a minor in business at Eastern Connecticut State University (/wiki/Eastern_Connecticut_State_University) . She played lacrosse for Eastern Connecticut before becoming a full-time member of its dance squad (/wiki/Dance_squad) and an anchor of its network show TV22 . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Kostek is a certified barre (/wiki/Barre_(exercise)) instructor. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Career [ edit ] Professional cheerleading [ edit ] Kostek started her professional cheerleading (/wiki/Cheerleading#Professional) career at age 19 with the Hartford Colonials (/wiki/Hartford_Colonials) of the United Football League (/wiki/United_Football_League_(2009%E2%80%932012)) . [15] (#cite_note-15) External image Kostek's New England Patriots Cheerleaders Gallery (https://www.patriots.com/photos/patriots-cheerleaders-camille-46441#f6c83b15-275c-11e8-b0e8-005056b04871) In 2013, while a junior at university, Kostek made it to the roster of the National Football League (/wiki/National_Football_League) 's (NFL) New England Patriots Cheerleaders (/wiki/New_England_Patriots_Cheerleaders) . [16] (#cite_note-:42-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) She landed the cover of its annual Swimsuit Calendar which was shot in Saint Lucia (/wiki/Saint_Lucia) in 2014. [18] (#cite_note-18) She also joined the NFL (/wiki/National_Football_League) Tour in China as Patriots ambassador where she performed routines and taught youth cheer clinics. [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Kostek was featured in advertising campaigns (/wiki/Advertising_campaign) for Patriot Place (/wiki/Patriot_Place) , [21] (#cite_note-21) [ non-primary source needed ] and served as spokesperson for the cheer team in various television shows and public engagements. [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-:52-23) In her last game before retirement, she performed at the University of Phoenix Stadium (/wiki/State_Farm_Stadium) in Arizona (/wiki/Arizona) for Super Bowl XLIX (/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX) where the Patriots beat the Seattle Seahawks (/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks) on February 1, 2015. [24] (#cite_note-:22-24) Hosting [ edit ] Kostek was a reporter (/wiki/Journalist) for NESN (/wiki/New_England_Sports_Network) 's Dirty Water TV from 2016 to 2017 covering travel as well as sports events, including NASCAR (/wiki/NASCAR) . [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) Since 2018, she has hosted (/wiki/Television_presenter) and corresponded (/wiki/Correspondent) for South by Southwest (/wiki/South_by_Southwest) , the Super Bowl (/wiki/Super_Bowl_LII) , the National Hockey League (/wiki/National_Hockey_League) , [27] (#cite_note-:4-27) and Levitate Music Festival (/wiki/Music_festival) , as well as lifestyle, red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) and sports (/wiki/Sport) events for Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) and Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) She has also co-hosted radio shows on SiriusXM (/wiki/Sirius_XM_Satellite_Radio) . [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-:12-31) Out of college, Kostek was offered a job on ESPN (/wiki/ESPN) 's Saturday Night Football (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Football) , but turned it down for the opportunity to travel while modeling. [7] (#cite_note-:02-7) [32] (#cite_note-32) In September 2020, she was announced as on-field host of game show Wipeout on TBS (/wiki/TBS_(American_TV_channel)) . [33] (#cite_note-:5-33) Modeling [ edit ] Kostek in July 2017 Kostek's first modeling job was for a series of television commercials (/wiki/Television_advertisement) for boutique Ciao Bella (/wiki/Boutique) in 2013 which aired on MTV (/wiki/MTV) , E! News (/wiki/E!_News) , VH1 (/wiki/VH1) , and ABC Family (/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)) . [16] (#cite_note-:42-16) [34] (#cite_note-34) [35] (#cite_note-35) She joined her first modeling agency (/wiki/Modeling_agency) in Boston (/wiki/Boston) in 2015, [36] (#cite_note-:62-36) and became brand ambassador (/wiki/Brand_ambassador) and model for Benrus (/wiki/Benrus) , Equinox Fitness (/wiki/Equinox_Fitness) , and Dune Jewelry (/wiki/Dune_Jewelry) . [24] (#cite_note-:22-24) [37] (#cite_note-37) Her early work consisted of print and television advertisements for brands like Nissan (/wiki/Nissan) , New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) , and Rebag (/wiki/Rebag) . [38] (#cite_note-38) [ non-primary source needed ] [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) [ non-primary source needed ] [42] (#cite_note-42) [ non-primary source needed ] [43] (#cite_note-43) [ non-primary source needed ] [44] (#cite_note-44) Kostek did editorials for Elle , [45] (#cite_note-45) and appeared on the covers of Ocean Drive , [46] (#cite_note-:1-46) BELLA , [47] (#cite_note-47) Haute Living (/wiki/Haute_Living) , [48] (#cite_note-48) The Improper Bostonian (/wiki/The_Improper_Bostonian) [49] (#cite_note-49) and Bay. [50] (#cite_note-50) Kostek has done campaigns and ambassadorships for various clothing and cosmetic (/wiki/Cosmetics) brands. including L'Oréal (/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al) , Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , and Clarins (/wiki/Clarins) . [51] (#cite_note-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) [55] (#cite_note-55) She also did ad campaigns (/wiki/Advertising_campaign) for fashion line Kittenish (/wiki/Jessie_James_Decker#Kittenish) , and walked the runway (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)) for its Spring/Summer 2019 collection at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [56] (#cite_note-56) [57] (#cite_note-57) Kostek is a longtime model and ambassador for Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) , [58] (#cite_note-58) headlining the brand's PureMove Bra [3] (#cite_note-:72-3) and Nano X1 [59] (#cite_note-59) campaigns. External media Images Kostek's Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Cover (https://swimsuit.si.com/.image/t_share/MTY5MjQzMDI0OTcxMDE1NjQz/image-placeholder-title.jpg) in 2019 Video SI Swimsuit 2019: Cover Reveal (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVy1oAPxhfg) Kostek initially found difficulty securing modeling representation (/wiki/Modeling_agency) as agencies kept telling her she was not tall enough at 5'8", or thin enough at dress size 4/6. [60] (#cite_note-60) [36] (#cite_note-:62-36) [61] (#cite_note-61) She submitted a video of her experience to the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) which was conducting an open casting call (/wiki/Casting_(performing_arts)) . [62] (#cite_note-62) She was scouted, and walked the runway for the SI Swimsuit Fashion Show during Miami Beach (/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida) Swim Week in July 2017. [63] (#cite_note-63) The following month, she was photographed by Yu Tsai (/wiki/Yu_Tsai) in Belize for the 2018 issue. [64] (#cite_note-64) [65] (#cite_note-65) [66] (#cite_note-66) Kostek was chosen from 5,000 open casting call candidates and won the inaugural Sports Illustrated Swim Search in March 2018. [1] (#cite_note-:82-1) She walked the runway for Miami Beach Swim Week for the second time in July 2018, [67] (#cite_note-67) and closed the show the following year. [68] (#cite_note-68) The first model announced for the 2019 issue, Kostek shot in South Australia (/wiki/South_Australia) with photographer Josie Clough, and landed a solo cover in her official year as a rookie. [69] (#cite_note-69) [1] (#cite_note-:82-1) Kostek has been called an "American Bombshell (/wiki/Bombshell_(sex_symbol)) " and sex symbol (/wiki/Sex_symbol) for her blonde hair, blue eyes and curves. [70] (#cite_note-:0-70) [71] (#cite_note-71) Connecticut Magazine (/wiki/Connecticut_Magazine) named her in their "40 under 40" list of influential people of 2018, [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) and she was included in Maxim 's Hot 100 (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) list of Sexiest Women in the World in 2019. [74] (#cite_note-74) Acting [ edit ] Kostek made her film debut with a cameo appearance (/wiki/Cameo_appearance) in STX Entertainment (/wiki/STX_Entertainment) 's 2018 comedy I Feel Pretty starring Amy Schumer (/wiki/Amy_Schumer) . [24] (#cite_note-:22-24) This was followed with a supporting role in 20th Century Studios (/wiki/20th_Century_Studios) 's science fiction film Free Guy (/wiki/Free_Guy) (2021) with Ryan Reynolds (/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds) . [75] (#cite_note-:92-75) She played Portia in the Tubi (/wiki/Tubi) original film Classmates (2023). [76] (#cite_note-:6-76) Other ventures [ edit ] Kostek in September 2017 Since 2018, Kostek designs her namesake jewelry (/wiki/Jewellery) collections for Dune Jewelry (/wiki/Dune_Jewelry) . [77] (#cite_note-77) [78] (#cite_note-78) In 2020, she released a clothing and accessory collection inspired by her trademark phrase "Never Not Dancing" with Shine the Light On, proceeds of which benefit mental health charities. [79] (#cite_note-:3-79) [80] (#cite_note-80) Her body-inclusive swimsuit (/wiki/Swimsuit) and loungewear (/wiki/Casual_wear) collection Swimsuits For All (/wiki/Swimsuits_For_All) was released on May 3, 2021. [81] (#cite_note-81) Kostek toured U.S. universities and colleges in 2019 for her "Own It" Tour, where she gave talks on self-acceptance (/wiki/Self-acceptance) and body image (/wiki/Body_image) . [82] (#cite_note-82) [83] (#cite_note-83) [84] (#cite_note-84) [85] (#cite_note-85) Personal life [ edit ] Since 2015, [86] (#cite_note-86) Kostek has been in a relationship with American football (/wiki/American_football) player Rob Gronkowski (/wiki/Rob_Gronkowski) . [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) They live (/wiki/Cohabitation) in Foxborough, Massachusetts (/wiki/Foxborough,_Massachusetts) , and Tampa, Florida (/wiki/Tampa,_Florida) . [87] (#cite_note-87) [88] (#cite_note-88) Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2018 I Feel Pretty (/wiki/I_Feel_Pretty_(film)) Hostess Extra [24] (#cite_note-:22-24) 2021 Free Guy (/wiki/Free_Guy) Bombshell [75] (#cite_note-:92-75) 2023 Monsters of California (/wiki/Monsters_of_California) Meg [89] (#cite_note-89) 2023 Classmates Portia Tubi (/wiki/Tubi) original film [90] (#cite_note-90) [76] (#cite_note-:6-76) Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 2018 Sports Illustrated Swim Search (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue#In_other_media) Self / Winner [91] (#cite_note-91) 2019 NHL Awards Self / Presenter [92] (#cite_note-92) Ridiculousness Self 2020 Fashionably Yours Sam Hallmark Channel (/wiki/Hallmark_Channel) television film (/wiki/Television_film) [93] (#cite_note-93) Kirby Jenner (/wiki/Kirby_Jenner) Self Episode: "A Jennerous Gift" NHL Pause: Post to Post Self / Host [27] (#cite_note-:4-27) 2021 Beat Shazam (/wiki/Beat_Shazam) Celebrity player Episode: "Beat Shazam Celebrity Challenge!" Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) Self / Guest co-host 6 episodes Love, for Real Emily Hallmark Channel (/wiki/Hallmark_Channel) television film [94] (#cite_note-94) 2021–present Wipeout On-field host 25 episodes [33] (#cite_note-:5-33) 2022 Is It Cake? (/wiki/Is_It_Cake%3F) Judge Episode: "Fake by the Ocean" Dancing with Myself (/wiki/Dancing_with_Myself_(TV_series)) Host 8 episodes Music videos [ edit ] Year Title Artist 2014 "A Little More You" Jack Fiskio [95] (#cite_note-95) 2019 " So Close (/wiki/So_Close_(NOTD_and_Felix_Jaehn_song)) " NOTD (/wiki/NOTD) and Felix Jaehn (/wiki/Felix_Jaehn) feat. Captain Cuts (/wiki/Captain_Cuts) and Georgia Ku (/wiki/Georgia_Ku) [96] (#cite_note-96) [97] (#cite_note-97) 2020 " I'll Wait (/wiki/I%27ll_Wait_(Kygo_and_Sasha_Sloan_song)) " Kygo (/wiki/Kygo) [98] (#cite_note-98) 2022 " Dancing Feet (/wiki/Dancing_Feet_(song)) " Kygo feat. DNCE (/wiki/DNCE) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Camille Kostek lands SI Swimsuit 2019 cover" (https://www.si.com/swim-daily/2019/04/26/camille-kostek-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-cover-model-2019) . Sports Illustrated . May 8, 2019 . Retrieved May 8, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "A Day in the Life: SI Swimsuit Model Camille Kostek" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190508100750/https://sports.yahoo.com/day-life-si-swimsuit-model-131504345.html) . Yahoo!. Archived from the original (https://sports.yahoo.com/day-life-si-swimsuit-model-131504345.html) on May 8, 2019 . Retrieved February 16, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Camille Kostek Talks #NeverNotDancing, Modeling And Finding Her Confidence" (https://www.reebok.co.uk/blog/326994-camille-kostek-talks-nevernotdancing-modeling-and-finding-her-confidence) . Reebok UK . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kickham, Debbi (November 26, 2019). "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Cover Girl Camille Kostek: My Favorite Trips and Travel Tips" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/debbikickham/2019/11/26/sports-illustrated-swimsuit-cover-girl-camille-kostek-my-favorite-trips-and-travel-tips/) . Forbes . Retrieved December 28, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Talarico, Brittany (May 8, 2019). "Model Camille Kostek Lands Her First Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Cover – as a Rookie!" (https://people.com/style/camille-kostek-covers-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-as-a-rookie/) . People . Retrieved May 8, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Cordero, Rosy (March 15, 2022). " (https://deadline.com/2022/03/dancing-with-myself-shaquille-oneal-liza-koshy-camille-kostek-1234979228/) 'Dancing With Myself': Shaquille O'Neal & Liza Koshy Join Shakira As Series Creators; Camille Kostek To Host" (https://deadline.com/2022/03/dancing-with-myself-shaquille-oneal-liza-koshy-camille-kostek-1234979228/) . Deadline . Retrieved March 19, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d photographer, Engel LaurenEurasian; vids 📍LA, I. make (April 19, 2016). "Living in Boston- Camille Kostek by Lauren Engel" (https://www.c-heads.com/2016/04/19/living-in-boston-camille-kostek-by-lauren-engel/) . C-Heads Magazine . Retrieved February 25, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Staff reports. "Shoreline Conference honors 117 Scholar Athletes" (http://www.shorelinetimes.com/sports/shoreline-conference-honors-scholar-athletes/article_a2053351-0a41-5c24-9d77-6874068f6f8b.html) . Shoreline Times . Retrieved May 23, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-:32_9-0) Cassandra Day (October 12, 2017). "Small-town Connecticut girl defies modeling convention, lands Sports Illustrated's coveted swimsuit issue" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190508102022/https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/Small-town-Connecticut-girl-defies-modeling-12273870.php) . The Middletown Press . Archived from the original (https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/Small-town-Connecticut-girl-defies-modeling-12273870.php) on May 8, 2019 . Retrieved February 25, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Official Website of the New England Patriots | Cheerleaders – Spotlight" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131127213652/http://www.patriots.com/cheerleaders/spotlight.html) . November 27, 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.patriots.com/cheerleaders/spotlight.html) on November 27, 2013 . Retrieved April 17, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "CT woman featured in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit magazine" (https://fox61.com/2017/11/24/ct-woman-graces-cover-of-sports-illustrated-swimsuit-magazine/) . FOX 61 . November 24, 2017 . Retrieved August 24, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Patriots cheerleader, Killingworth woman, rides wave of Super Bowl win" (https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/Patriots-cheerleader-Killingworth-woman-rides-11360554.php) . New Haven Register . February 2, 2015 . Retrieved February 25, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Ceneviva, Alex (March 10, 2015). "Learn a Modern Barre Workout from an NFL cheerleader" (https://www.wtnh.com/ct-style/health-and-fitness/learn-a-modern-barre-workout-from-an-nfl-cheerleader/1123494994) . WTNH . Retrieved March 5, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) CT STYLE (March 10, 2015), Learn a Modern Barre Workout from an NFL cheerleader , retrieved March 5, 2019 ^ (#cite_ref-15) Pelletier, Joe (August 1, 2011). "Tough luck for Killingworth's Camille Kostek, Hartford Colonials cheerleaders" (https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/Tough-luck-for-Killingworth-s-Camille-Kostek-11878686.php) . The Middletown Press . Retrieved April 23, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "H-K High School Graduate Makes 2013 New England Patriots Cheerleading Squad" (https://patch.com/connecticut/thehaddams-killingworth/hk-high-school-graduate-makes-2013-patriots-cheerleading-squad) . The Haddams-Killingworth, CT Patch . April 2, 2013 . 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Find sources: "10 Magazine" British magazine (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%2210+Magazine%22+British+magazine) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%2210+Magazine%22+British+magazine+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%2210+Magazine%22+British+magazine&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%2210+Magazine%22+British+magazine+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%2210+Magazine%22+British+magazine) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2210+Magazine%22+British+magazine&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) 10 Magazine Editor Sophia Neophitou-Apostolou Categories Fashion Frequency Quarterly Publisher ZAC Publishing Founder Sophia Neophitou-Apostolou Founded 2001 Country UK Based in London Language English Website www (http://www.10magazine.com) .10magazine (http://www.10magazine.com) .com (http://www.10magazine.com) 10 Magazine is a British luxury quarterly magazine (/wiki/Fashion_magazine) published in London, UK. History and profile [ edit ] 10 Magazine was founded in 2001 [1] (#cite_note-arc-1) by Sophia Neophitou-Apostolou (/w/index.php?title=Sophia_Neophitou-Apostolou&action=edit&redlink=1) , who served as editor-in-chief. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The magazine is published by ZAC Publishing on a quarterly basis. [1] (#cite_note-arc-1) It covers fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , contemporary art (/wiki/Contemporary_art) and beauty. However, it is considered a niche fashion magazine in comparison to similar magazines like Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . [ clarification needed ] Covers of 10 Magazine have featured Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) , Debbie Harry (/wiki/Debbie_Harry) and Noomi Rapace (/wiki/Noomi_Rapace) and covers of 10 Men have featured David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) , David Gandy (/wiki/David_Gandy) and James Franco (/wiki/James_Franco) . [ citation needed ] Spin off [ edit ] In 2003, 10 Magazine launched a second publication called 10 Men (/wiki/List_of_men%27s_magazines) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The bi-annual magazine, which is also edited by Neophitou-Apostolou, focuses on male fashion (/wiki/Men%27s_fashion) , [5] (#cite_note-5) contemporary art (/wiki/Contemporary_art) , and male grooming (/wiki/Male_grooming) and is printed in C4 format (/wiki/Paper_size) . In August 2015, 10 Men was revamped with a new design. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Archive of Magazine Firsts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101825/http://www.premiereissues.com/magazine.php?magazine=15) . Premiere Issues . Archived from the original (http://www.premiereissues.com/magazine.php?magazine=15) on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Tamsin Blanchard (11 October 2013). "Out To Lunch: Sophia Neophitou-Apostolou at the Wolseley" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140223140134/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/drinking_and_dining/9528/out-to-lunch-sophia-neophitou-apostolou-at-the-wolseley.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Telegraph_(UK)) . London. Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/drinking_and_dining/9528/out-to-lunch-sophia-neophitou-apostolou-at-the-wolseley.html) on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Matthew Schneier (5 September 2011). "Independent Women: Sophia Neophitou" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/independent-women-sophia-neophitou-rr11) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar#Harper.E2.80.99s_Bazaar_UK) . London . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Show Studio. "Sophia Neophitou-Apostolou" (http://showstudio.com/contributor/sophia_neophitou_apostolou) . Show Studio . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Yearbook Fanzine (24 March 2016). "Small Town Boy by Mel Bles for 10 Men Magazine" (http://www.theyearbookfanzine.com/small-town-boy-by-mel-bles-for-10-men-magazine/) . Yearbook Fanzine . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Moss, Jack (12 August 2015). "10 Men Hits Newsstands on Monday" (http://www.10magazine.com/news/hey-good-looking-10-men-hits-newsstands-on-monday) . 10 Magazine . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . 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Colombian author Vanessa Mercedes Rosales Altamar is a Colombian author. She is a renowned feminist fashion critic in Colombia. [1] (#cite_note-1) Rosales was born in Cartagena (/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia) . [2] (#cite_note-2) She received her degree as Historian from Universidad de los Andes. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) She wrote Mujeres Vestidas , a collection of essays, [6] (#cite_note-6) in 2017. [7] (#cite_note-7) Rosales also wrote Mujer Incómoda , [8] (#cite_note-8) in 2021. [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Estudios de la moda en Colombia" (https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11634/46260/Paginaspreliminares.2022Salazaredward.pdf?sequence=1) (PDF) . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-2) MIRANDA, CINDY BARRIOS. "La intelectual de la moda" (https://www.eluniversal.com.co/suplementos/facetas/la-intelectual-de-la-moda-132999-MQeu221148) . www.eluniversal.com.co (in European Spanish). ^ (#cite_ref-3) País, El (17 October 2017). "Vanessa Rosales hablará en Cali sobre feminismo y moda" (https://www.elpais.com.co/entretenimiento/moda/vanessa-rosales-hablara-en-cali-sobre-feminismo-y-moda.html) . Noticias de Cali, Valle y Colombia - Periodico: Diario El País (in Spanish). ^ (#cite_ref-4) Nacional, Librería. "Librería nacional | compra tus libros en linea desde cualquier lugar" (https://www.librerianacional.com/perfil-autor/Vanessa-Rosales-Altamar) . Librería nacional (in Spanish). ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Vanessa Rosales" (https://unabradio.com/vanessa-rosales/) . Unab Radio (in Spanish). 21 April 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Qué significa ser una "Mujer Incómoda" según la colombiana Vanessa Rosales" (https://www.vogue.mx/estilo-de-vida/articulo/vanessa-rosales-habla-de-su-libro-mujer-incomoda) . Vogue (in Mexican Spanish). 9 July 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Moda y rock and roll, la desinhibición estética | Radiónica" (https://www.radionica.rocks/libros/moda-y-rock-and-roll-la-desinhibicion-estetica) . www.radionica.rocks . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Celebremos juntos la" (https://feriadellibro.com/es/invitado/4920/VANESSA_ROSALES) . FILBo (in Spanish). 17 April 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Gutierrez, Ketty (11 June 2023). " (https://elpilon.com.co/siempre-quise-ser-hombre-para-poder-ser-una-mujer-libre-vanessa-rosales/) "Siempre quise ser hombre para poder ser una mujer libre": Vanessa Rosales" (https://elpilon.com.co/siempre-quise-ser-hombre-para-poder-ser-una-mujer-libre-vanessa-rosales/) . El Pilón | Noticias de Valledupar, El Vallenato y el Caribe Colombiano . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/22164600346837671403) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2022023167) This article about a Colombian writer or poet is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Type of turban For the town in south-eastern Nepal, see Pheta, Nepal (/wiki/Pheta,_Nepal) . This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pheta) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Pheta) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) for suggestions. ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pheta) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Pheta" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pheta%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pheta%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pheta%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pheta%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pheta%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pheta%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Pheta ( Marathi (/wiki/Marathi_language) : फेटा ), also known as pataka , is a traditional turban (/wiki/Turban) worn in Maharashtra (/wiki/Maharashtra) , India (/wiki/India) . [1] (#cite_note-1) It is most common to find phetas at ceremonies such as weddings (/wiki/Indian_wedding) , as well as other festive, cultural, and religious celebrations, though it is not specifically in tradition to do so. In many areas, it is customary to offer male dignitaries a traditional welcome by offering them a pheta to wear. A traditional pheta is usually wrapped with a long, cotton cloth typically 3.5 to 6 metres (11 to 20 feet) long and 1 metre (3 feet 3 inches) wide. The fabric of the pheta is draped around the head in 6 to 7 rounds, with a small piece of fabric hanging loose like a tail, called the shemala. Some phetas are plain and single-colored, whereas some are lined and double-colored. The choice of color may indicate the occasion for which the main reason to wear it or maybe typical to the place they wear it for. Typical colors include saffron (to indicate velour) and white (to indicate peace). In the past, wearing a pheta was considered as a mandatory part of clothing. [2] (#cite_note-2) Varieties [ edit ] Other than the traditional white and saffron pheta, there are two other major varieties. One is the famous Kolhapuri pheta, which comes in a multitude of colors and has a Bandhani (/wiki/Bandhani) effect on it. [ clarification needed ] The other major variety consists of the Puneri (/wiki/Puneri) pheta which comes with checkered patterns and has a distinct gold border. The variety of pheta is usually named after a town from which it was made, popularized, or worn inside; for example, the Kolhapur's pheta is named after the town Kolhapur (/wiki/Kolhapur) . Styles [ edit ] There are different styles of draping a pheta related to the place where it is being worn, the context, and even famous personalities. Geographic styles include: the Kolhapuri style, Mawali style, Puneri style, Lahiri style, and many more. On the other hand, style and varieties are also connected to distinguished persons who wore a pheta, such as Shahi, Mahatma Gandhi (/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi) , Tukaram (/wiki/Tukaram) Maharaj, and many others. Innovations [ edit ] Often the traditional phetas are given a more westernized version that is more colorful, reversible, adjustable, and come in different metallic and satin fabrics as opposed to cotton. Global appeal [ edit ] Several Indian celebrities and political leaders have worn the Marathi (/wiki/Marathi_people) Pheta in different forms which has given this accessory a global appeal and has made an impact on several people worldwide. Several fashion designers have imitated the style of the Marathi Pheta and have used it to give their collection a touch of Indian ethnicity. Among all the different varieties of Phetas, the Puneri Pheta has been universally considered the most auspicious one that is handed over during the nuptials of a wedding. Gradually, this age-old tradition of Pheta became an auspicious ritual for people, be it any culture. In media [ edit ] Many of Marathi movies (/wiki/Marathi_cinema) that show historical Maharashtrian figures, such as Netaji Palkar (/wiki/Netaji_Palkar) , Ayodhyecha Raja (/wiki/Ayodhyecha_Raja) , Shree Pundalik (/wiki/Shree_Pundalik) , depict the character sporting a pheta in most of the scenes. Some Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) actors, including Abhishek Bachchan (/wiki/Abhishek_Bachchan) and Ritesh Deshmukh (/wiki/Ritesh_Deshmukh) , wore the Pheta on their wedding day. [ citation needed ] Bachchan's father, Amitabh Bachchan (/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan) , also wore a pheta to his son's wedding. The current Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi (/wiki/Narendra_Modi) is also known for wearing a pheta while addressing the nation on Independence Day (/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)) . [3] (#cite_note-3) Various Marathi Traditional art forms showcase it. The one worn by warriors of great old legends and truth. Gallery [ edit ] Maratha warrior Tanaji Malusare wearing Mawali pagadi See also [ edit ] Turban (/wiki/Turban) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "All About Marathi Pheta Turban: Interesting Facts And More" (https://www.utsavpedia.com/attires/marathi-pheta/) . Utsavpedia . 2013-07-15. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160910143100/https://www.utsavpedia.com/attires/marathi-pheta/) from the original on 2016-09-10 . Retrieved 2020-12-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Kolhapuri Pheta" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121002233839/http://culture.kolhapurworld.com/special.html) . Kolhapur World. Archived from the original (http://culture.kolhapurworld.com/special.html) on 2012-10-02. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "PM Modi continues with flamboyant 'pagadi' tradition, sports Kolhapuri Pheta style safa this I-Day, take a look at his colourful turbans" (https://zeenews.india.com/photos/india/pm-modi-continues-with-flamboyant-pagadi-tradition-sports-kolhapuri-pheta-style-safa-this-i-day-take-a-look-at-his-colourful-turbans-2385057/69th-independence-day-2385059) . 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American publicist and lobbyist Trevian C. Kutti is an American publicist and lobbyist who worked for celebrities including R. Kelly (/wiki/R._Kelly) , Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) , and Regina King (/wiki/Regina_King) . Starting in 2020, she also worked as a cannabis lobbyist in Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) . In 2023, she was charged with three felonies and indicted in State of Georgia v. Donald J. Trump, et al (/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_Georgia) . for her alleged attempt to influence the testimony of an election worker following the 2020 United States presidential election in Georgia (/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia) . Life [ edit ] Kutti is from Nebraska (/wiki/Nebraska) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 1997, she and her husband opened a G'Bani, a luxury high-heeled shoe (/wiki/High-heeled_shoe) store in Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Kutti ran stores in Old Town (/wiki/Old_Town,_Chicago) and Gold Coast Historic District (/wiki/Gold_Coast_Historic_District_(Chicago)) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) She later founded the media and entertainment advisory company, Trevian Worldwide. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Kutti worked as a stylist for actress Regina King (/wiki/Regina_King) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Until 2018, she was a publicist for singer R. Kelly (/wiki/R._Kelly) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In September 2018, she began working for Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) as a publicist and later director of operations. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) In January 2020, she registered as a lobbyist for Red White and Bloom, a Canadian cannabis (/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)) company with a farm in Granville, Illinois (/wiki/Granville,_Illinois) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Formerly a supporter of politician Hillary Clinton (/wiki/Hillary_Clinton) , Kutti attended a rally for Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) in June 2020 where she held a Black Voices for Trump (/wiki/Black_Voices_for_Trump) sign. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 2020, she was the campaign manager for U.S. House candidate Angela Stanton-King (/wiki/Angela_Stanton-King) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) By 2021, Kutti was no longer associated with West. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) In September 2021, Kutti's online profile listed herself as a member of the U.S. president Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) 's Young Black Leadership Council. [4] (#cite_note-:3-4) [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) On January 4, 2021, after the 2020 United States presidential election in Georgia (/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia) , Kutti confronted election worker Ruby Freeman. [5] (#cite_note-5) In June 2022, as part of the 2020 Georgia election investigation (/wiki/2020_Georgia_election_investigation) , Kutti's testimony was sought for a special grand jury in Fulton County, Georgia (/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In August 2023, she was indicted as a defendant in State of Georgia v. Donald J. Trump, et al (/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_Georgia) . [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) She allegedly participated in the attempts to influence Freeman's testimony. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) She is accused of visiting Freeman's home, falsely telling a neighbor that "she was a crisis manager attempting to 'help' Freeman"; meeting with Freeman at the Cobb County PD for over an hour, again under the pretense of offering help; and asking Freeman to give false testimony. [7] (#cite_note-:4-7) [8] (#cite_note-:5-8) She was booked on August 24, 2023. [8] (#cite_note-:5-8) In June 2024, she claimed that in the Holocaust (/wiki/The_Holocaust) "Jews died but it was NOT 6M". [9] (#cite_note-9) See also [ edit ] List of alleged Georgia election racketeers (/wiki/List_of_alleged_Georgia_election_racketeers) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Schuba, Tom (August 13, 2020). "Former celebrity publicist for R. Kelly, confidante of Kanye West jumps into Illinois politics" (https://chicago.suntimes.com/cannabis/2020/8/13/21357531/trevian-kutti-kanye-west-r-kelly-cannabis-pot-toi-hutchinson) . Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved August 27, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Fraser, Kristopher (August 25, 2023). "Stylist and Controversial Fashion Store Owner Trevian Kutti Granted Bond in Trump RICO Case" (https://wwd.com/pop-culture/culture-news/trevian-kutti-bond-trump-rico-fashion-stores-1235778946/) . WWD . Retrieved August 27, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Szep, Jason; So, Linda (December 13, 2021). "Publicist was 'not associated with' Kanye West when she pressured election worker - West spokesperson" (https://www.reuters.com/world/us/publicist-was-not-associated-with-kanye-west-when-she-pressured-election-worker-2021-12-13/) . Reuters . Retrieved August 27, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Aniftos, Rania (August 15, 2023). "5 Things to Know About Trevian Kutti, Kanye West Associate Indicted Alongside Trump" (https://www.billboard.com/lists/trevian-c-kutti-trump-indictment-things-to-know-kanye-west/) . Billboard . Retrieved August 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Szep, Jason; So, Linda (December 23, 2021). "Kanye West publicist pressed Georgia election worker to confess to bogus fraud charges" (https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/kanye-west-publicist-pressed-georgia-election-worker-confess-bogus-fraud-charges-2021-12-10/) . Reuters . Retrieved August 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Murray, Sara; Morris, Jason (June 14, 2022). "Georgia investigators seek testimony from former Kanye West publicist who approached election worker" (https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/14/politics/georgia-grand-jury-trevian-kutti/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved August 27, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (August 15, 2023). "A Publicist Tied to Kanye West Got Caught Up in the Georgia Trump Investigation" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/15/us/elections/trevian-kutti-trump-georgia-kanye-west.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved August 27, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Nurse, Krystal (August 25, 2023). "Among last of Donald Trump's co-defendants to be booked: Kanye West's former publicist" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/08/25/trevian-kutti-donald-trump-fulton-county-jail/70680093007/) . USA Today . Retrieved August 27, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Edwards, David (June 25, 2024). "Trump's Weird Georgia Co-Defendant Is Also A Holocaust Denier" (https://www.nationalmemo.com/trump-georgia-2668597194) . The National Memo . Retrieved June 26, 2024 . 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Submission declined on 22 February 2024 by HitroMilanese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:HitroMilanese) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:HitroMilanese) ). This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:RS) . Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) and Citing sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) . This submission's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) —that is, they do not show significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in published , reliable , secondary sources that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the subject (see the guidelines on the notability of people (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) ). 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chanel+Belnac%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chanel+Belnac%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chanel+Belnac%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chanel+Belnac%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Chanel+Belnac%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Chanel+Belnac%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chanel+Belnac%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Chanel+Belnac%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Chanel_Belnac) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Chanel_Belnac&defaults=y) Declined by HitroMilanese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:HitroMilanese) 4 months ago. Last edited by HitroMilanese (/wiki/User:HitroMilanese) 4 months ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Alyoshenka122&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D§ion=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. South American fashion model and adult content creator , Chanel Belnac Chanel Belnac Chanel Belnac Born Unknown 23 October South America Citizenship Unknown Occupation(s) Figure in the social media industry, model and adult content creator Instagram information Page Chanelbelnac (https://www.instagram.com/chanelbelnac) Updated: 21 February 2024 Website [1] (https://campsite.bio/chanelbelnac) Chanel Belnac ( born 23 October, unknown year ) originally from South America, is a young figure in the social media industry, model (/wiki/Model) and adult content creator (/w/index.php?title=Adult_content_creator&action=edit&redlink=1) . Her presence on the internet is marked by a combination of erotic cosplay modeling and selfies wearing harajuku styled outfits. Wether Chanel Belnac is her real name or not remains unknown. She initiated her online identity in 2018. She frequently posted in Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , Snapchat (/wiki/Snapchat) and Patreon (/wiki/Patreon) and quickly became an e-girl (/wiki/E-girl) microinfluencer (/w/index.php?title=Microinfluencer&action=edit&redlink=1) known for how attentive she interacted with her community. However, she fell in hiatus during the COVID-19 (/wiki/COVID-19) pandemic after confronting some familiar issues that were never quite stated. Only in 2024 she has started posting once again and remains active both in Instagram and Patreon as of now. References [ edit ] [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Category:living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_(living_people)) Category:Fashion model (/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_model&action=edit&redlink=1) Category:Social influence (/wiki/Category:Social_influence) Category:South american people (/w/index.php?title=Category:South_american_people&action=edit&redlink=1) Category:Harajuku (/wiki/Category:Harajuku) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Instagram. (n.d.) (2024). https://www.instagram.com/chanelbelnac/ (https://www.instagram.com/chanelbelnac/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Patreon. (n.d.). Chanel Belnac | Patreon (2024). https://www.patreon.com/ChanelBelnac (https://www.patreon.com/ChanelBelnac) ^ (#cite_ref-3) ChanelBelnac’s campsite.bio. (n.d.). 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African clothing piece This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Zuria##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zuria&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Zuria" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Zuria%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Zuria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Zuria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Zuria%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Zuria%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Zuria%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2018 ) Eritrean women dancing in traditional zurias A zuria is a dress (/wiki/Dress_(garment)) worn by the Tigrinya (/wiki/Tigrinyas) women in Eritrea (/wiki/Eritrea) and Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) . [1] (#cite_note-DIGOB_Tigrinya-1) Traditional zurias often feature intricate designs, [2] (#cite_note-2) go to the ankles, and are accessorized with a netsela, a white, scarflike accessory worn about the shoulders and head. [3] (#cite_note-3) Zurias come in different forms and designs with an extra sheen due to the demands of fashion (/wiki/Fashion_trends) . Zurias are worn during holidays, weddings, or parties. See Also [ edit ] Kidan Habesha (/wiki/Kidan_Habesha) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-DIGOB_Tigrinya_1-0) Tigrinya dictionary (http://www.digob.com/Tigrinya-eritrea-ethiopia/Tigrinya-Dictionary-eritrea-ethiopia.php) at DIGOB.com Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100627123141/http://www.digob.com/Tigrinya-eritrea-ethiopia/Tigrinya-Dictionary-eritrea-ethiopia.php) 2010-06-27 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Tesfagiorgis G., Mussie (2011). Eritrea . ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 229–230. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59884-231-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Jean-Jacques, Daniel, ed. (2015). An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society . ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 445. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781598846669 . This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zuria&action=edit) . v t e This Eritrea (/wiki/Eritrea) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zuria&action=edit) . v t e This Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zuria&action=edit) . v t e This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Fashion designer This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Hed_Mayner&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Hed+Mayner&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Hed+Mayner) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Hed_Mayner) for suggestions. ( October 2022 ) Hed Mayner is an Israeli (/wiki/Israelis) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) that regularly presents his menswear (/wiki/Clothing) collections in Paris fashion week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) , and winner of LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) ’s Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) prize. Early life and education [ edit ] Hed Mayner was born in Amuka (/wiki/Amuka,_Israel) in northern Israel (/wiki/Israel) . His mother is a painter (/wiki/Painter) and his father is a metalworker (/wiki/Metalworker) . He started his interest in fashion at the age of 16 and worked in leather, jewelry and hand sewing. At the age of 22 he started studying at the department of fashion and jewelry at Bezalel (/wiki/Bezalel_Academy_of_Arts_and_Design) in Jerusalem (/wiki/Jerusalem) and received his degree (with honors) in 2012. Mayner continued his fashion studies at Institut Français de la Mode (/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_la_Mode) in Paris. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Career [ edit ] Mayner returned to Israel and founded his brand in Tel-Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv) In 2015. In the same year he won a scholarship from Mifal HaPais (/wiki/Mifal_HaPais) . [3] (#cite_note-3) a year later he was one of the five Israeli designers who were featured in the documentary (/wiki/Documentary_film) series Fabric Stories, which was aired in yesDocu (/wiki/Yes_Docu) . [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2017 Mayner became the first Israeli designer to present On the Official Calendar of Paris Fashion Week. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Two years later he won the Karl Legerfeld prize by LVMH. [7] (#cite_note-7) Designs [ edit ] Mayner’s menswear are characterized by unisex (/wiki/Unisex_clothing) designs with wide cuts and custom-made items. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) According to Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine, his line is “Influenced by signature traditional Orthodox Jewish tailoring, (and) he infuses his military-inspired collections with a timeless spirit full of spirituality”. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) External links [ edit ] Hed Mayner's YouTube channel (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCi17MOKMUhpLE7io11jNlqw) Hed Mayner's interview (https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1176014) in Haaretz (/wiki/Haaretz) (in Hebrew) Hed Mayner (https://wwd.com/menswear-news/mens-designer-luxury/brands-to-watch-at-paris-mens-fashion-week-fall-10754270) on WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) Hed Mayner the Israeli designer to follow (https://www.lemonde.fr/m-styles/article/2021/06/28/hed-mayner-le-createur-israelien-a-suivre_6086050_4497319.html) , Le Monde (/wiki/Le_Monde) article (in French) Hed Mayner - Fall 20222 menswear (https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/fall-2022-menswear/hed-mayner) , Vogue Hed Mayner interview (https://timeout.co.il/%D7%94%D7%93-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8-2/) in Time Out (/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)) Israel (in Hebrew) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b HED MAYNER interview i24news , retrieved 2022-06-29 ^ Jump up to: a b "5 maisons et créateurs à surveiller de près cette saison" (https://www.vogue.fr/vogue-hommes/article/les-maisons-et-createurs-a-surveiller-de-pres-cette-saison) . Vogue France (in French). 2019-09-11 . Retrieved 2022-06-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) https://www.pressreader.com/italy/vogue-italy/20160201/284885184517517 (https://www.pressreader.com/italy/vogue-italy/20160201/284885184517517) . Retrieved 2022-06-29 – via PressReader. {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "סיפורי בגדים: שבוע של סרטים וסדרות תעודה על עולם האופנה" (http://xnet.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4878810,00.html) . xnet (in Hebrew) . Retrieved 2022-06-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Steinberg, Jessica. "Inspired by ultra-Orthodox, massive backwards suits turn heads in Paris" (https://www.timesofisrael.com/inspired-by-ultra-orthodox-massive-backwards-suits-turn-heads-in-paris/) . www.timesofisrael.com . Retrieved 2022-06-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Templeton, Lily (2018-01-19). "Hed Mayner Men's Fall 2018" (https://wwd.com/runway/mens-fall-collections-2018/paris/hed-mayner/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2022-06-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Israeli fashion designer wins prestigious Karl Lagerfeld Prize" (https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/culture/israeli-fashion-designer-wins-prestigious-karl-lagerfeld-prize-604045) . The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com . 8 October 2019 . Retrieved 2022-06-29 . 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Undergarments for male children Funpals Product type Children's underwear Owner Fruit of the Loom (/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Loom) Country USA Introduced April 2, 1985 Related brands FunGals (/wiki/FunGals) Markets Worldwide Tagline WOW! I've got the neatest pals behind me! (1980s) Website Official website (http://www.fruit.com/home) Funpals is a children's underwear name brand that was established in 1985 in order to compete with Underoos (/wiki/Underoos) . [1] (#cite_note-trademarkia-1) Its trademark was renewed on March 17, 2005, by William R. Hansen, trademark (/wiki/Trademark) correspondent (/wiki/Correspondent) . [1] (#cite_note-trademarkia-1) Funpals were advertised on television and in Working Mother (/wiki/Working_Mother) , a magazine intended for mothers who had to balance the pressures of the workforce with motherhood. [2] (#cite_note-2) Summary [ edit ] Instead of merely having the cartoon or movie's logo (/wiki/Logo) , Funpals uses the characters from the movie or television show on the underpants, for example Jurassic Park (/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(franchise)) , Bob the Builder (/wiki/Bob_the_Builder) , [3] (#cite_note-goodexperience-3) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers) , [3] (#cite_note-goodexperience-3) Spider-Man (/wiki/Spider-Man) , [3] (#cite_note-goodexperience-3) Batman (/wiki/Batman) , Pokémon (/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon) , [3] (#cite_note-goodexperience-3) Superman (/wiki/Superman) , [4] (#cite_note-4) Batman Begins (/wiki/Batman_Begins) (based on the 2005 American motion picture) and Angry Birds (/wiki/Angry_Birds) . [5] (#cite_note-fruitshop-5) To trim costs and improve profitability, all Funpals undergarments intended for sale in the Americas are manufactured in Latin American (/wiki/Latin_America) countries. [6] (#cite_note-6) Other places that manufacture Funpals briefs include Canada (/wiki/Canada) , Europe (/wiki/Europe) and North Africa (/wiki/Africa) . Funpals are made only in the traditional briefs (/wiki/Briefs) format although modern boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) for children have been inspired by the more recent Underoos designs. [5] (#cite_note-fruitshop-5) Sizing for Funpals start at a "boys' small" (size 4) and ends at a "boys' large" or "boys' extra large". Occasionally, some designs reach the maximum size at a "boys' triple-extra large" (equivalent to a men's medium or a size 32). With their juvenile design, these are designed for obese (/wiki/Obesity) boys rather than adolescent males and adult men. A petition to expand the Funpals line into sizes worn by adult males (and into designs based on adult male-oriented licensed properties), was unsuccessful. [7] (#cite_note-7) The female equivalent of Funpals are called FunGals (/wiki/FunGals) . They have designs like Dragon Tales (/wiki/Dragon_Tales) , [3] (#cite_note-goodexperience-3) Bob the Builder (using the female characters) and Pokémon [3] (#cite_note-goodexperience-3) while carrying the traditional design of adult female panties (/wiki/Panties) . Fruit of the Loom (/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Loom) manufactures Funpals underwear [1] (#cite_note-trademarkia-1) while Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) manufactures Showtoons (/wiki/Showtoons) which directly competes with both Funpals and FunGals. Unlike Showtoons, Funpals shows its design with a giant print on the center of the undergarment. [8] (#cite_note-8) According to leading parenting manuals, Funpals and similar childish underwear are generally considered to be a bad idea for any child over the age of eight, [9] (#cite_note-9) owing to the added fun that a schoolyard bully acquires by giving a wedgie to a weaker boy who wears briefs with cartoons on them, which almost inevitably leads to a chronic bullying problem. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Funpals establishment date/ownership information" (http://www.trademarkia.com/funpals-73449368.html) . Trademarkia . Retrieved March 30, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Funpals advertisement" (https://books.google.com/books?id=MWEEAAAAMBAJ&q=funpals+underwear&pg=PA111) . Working Mother . September 1986 . Retrieved December 8, 2018 – via Google Books. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Characters on Funpals/FunGals underwear" (http://www.goodexperience.com/broken/i/04/05/fungals-s.jpg) . Good Experience. 2004 . Retrieved January 1, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Funpals Underoos Underwear 1986 Commercial" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laoOdbVcLTQ) . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . November 25, 2011 . Retrieved May 15, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Types of underwear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120809091322/http://shop.fruit.com/Licensed-Briefs-Licensed-Underwear-Underwear-Boys/b/5394060011) . Fruit of the Loom (/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Loom) . Archived from the original (http://shop.fruit.com/Licensed-Briefs-Licensed-Underwear-Underwear-Boys/b/5394060011) on August 9, 2012 . Retrieved December 25, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Manufacturing information" (http://www.hoovers.com/fruit-of-the-loom/--ID__11960--/freeuk-co-factsheet.xhtml) . Hoover's United Kingdom . Retrieved March 8, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Petition for Men's Funpals" (http://www.misterpoll.com/polls/169610) . Mister Poll . Retrieved January 3, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "More characters on Funpals" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081121175114/http://www.juvenileclothing.com/kidsunderwear/funpals1a.html) . Juvenile Clothing. Archived from the original (http://juvenileclothing.com/kidsunderwear/funpals1a.html) on November 21, 2008 . Retrieved December 25, 2008 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Raymond V. Burke; Ronald W. Herron; Father Flanagan's Boys' Home (1996). Common Sense in Parenting Boys . New York: Boys Town Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780938510772 . This product (/wiki/Product_(business)) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Fashion events in Australia (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_events_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5fd5d84b48‐nsgb4 Cached time: 20240717113423 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.044 seconds Real time usage: 0.066 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 22/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1128/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1367/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.025/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 777267/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 56.102 1 -total 65.92% 36.982 1 Template:Portal 33.87% 19.003 1 Template:Cat_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38663599-0!canonical and timestamp 20240717113423 and revision id 972638260. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Fashion events in Australia" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Australian Fashion Week (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) M Melbourne Fashion Festival (/wiki/Melbourne_Fashion_Festival) Mercedes-Benz Fashion Festival Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Mercedes-Benz Fashion Festival Sydney 2014 (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Sydney_2014) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_events_in_Australia&oldid=972638260 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_events_in_Australia&oldid=972638260) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Australian fashion (/wiki/Category:Australian_fashion) Fashion events by country (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_by_country) Entertainment events in Australia (/wiki/Category:Entertainment_events_in_Australia)
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Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Military uniforms (/wiki/Military_uniform) used in the United States (/wiki/United_States) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐tcx6f Cached time: 20240713200508 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.038 seconds Real time usage: 0.053 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 17/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1152/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.020/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 667362/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 42.271 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 42.271 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11280925-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713200508 and revision id 1207631792. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total. * United States military badges (/wiki/Category:United_States_military_badges) (2 C, 100 P) United States military insignia (/wiki/Category:United_States_military_insignia) (3 C, 2 P) A United States Army uniforms (/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_uniforms) (31 P) M Military awards and decorations of the United States (/wiki/Category:Military_awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States) (22 C, 89 P) U United States Air Force uniforms (/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force_uniforms) (12 P) United States Coast Guard uniforms (/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_Guard_uniforms) (3 P) United States Space Force uniforms (/wiki/Category:United_States_Space_Force_uniforms) (3 P) Pages in category "United States military uniforms" The following 34 pages are in this category, out of 34 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces) * Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps) List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment (/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment) Uniforms of the United States Navy (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy) Uniforms of the United States Space Force (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Space_Force) 0–9 5.11 Tactical (/wiki/5.11_Tactical) A American fiber helmet (/wiki/American_fiber_helmet) B Blood stripe (/wiki/Blood_stripe) C Cavalry Stetson (/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson) Cooper A-2 jacket (/wiki/Cooper_A-2_jacket) D Desert Night Camouflage (/wiki/Desert_Night_Camouflage) E ERDL pattern (/wiki/ERDL_pattern) Extended Climate Warfighter Clothing System (/wiki/Extended_Climate_Warfighter_Clothing_System) F Flame Resistant Organizational Gear (/wiki/Flame_Resistant_Organizational_Gear) G GI glasses (/wiki/GI_glasses) Goldman v. Weinberger (/wiki/Goldman_v._Weinberger) H Hardee hat (/wiki/Hardee_hat) L Liberty cuffs (/wiki/Liberty_cuffs) M Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform (/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Utility_Uniform) MARPAT (/wiki/MARPAT) Mess dress uniform (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) MultiCam (/wiki/MultiCam) N Navy Working Uniform (/wiki/Navy_Working_Uniform) P Parka (/wiki/Parka) Propper (/wiki/Propper) R Red Patch (/wiki/Red_Patch) Religious symbolism in the United States military (/wiki/Religious_symbolism_in_the_United_States_military) T Tactical pants (/wiki/Tactical_pants) Trench boot (/wiki/Trench_boot) TRU-SPEC (/wiki/TRU-SPEC) U Uniforms of the American Civil War (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_American_Civil_War) Uniforms of the Union Army (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Union_Army) Utility cover (/wiki/Utility_cover) V Valley Apparel L.L.C. (/wiki/Valley_Apparel_L.L.C.) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:United_States_military_uniforms&oldid=1207631792 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:United_States_military_uniforms&oldid=1207631792) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : American uniforms (/wiki/Category:American_uniforms) Military equipment of the United States (/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_of_the_United_States) Military uniforms (/wiki/Category:Military_uniforms)
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Undergarment worn next to the body having legs or leg openings Look up underpants (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/underpants) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Underpants are underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) worn on the lower body generally extending no higher than the navel (/wiki/Navel) . [1] (#cite_note-1) In British English (/wiki/British_English) they are often called simply pants . [2] (#cite_note-2) Types of underpants [ edit ] Long underpants [ edit ] Long underpants Main article: Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) Long underpants are the bottom half of a style of two-piece underwear called long underwear, long johns, or thermal underwear, that has long legs and long sleeves, and is normally worn during cold weather; also commonly worn by people under their clothes in cold countries. The male version of a long underwear bottom may or may not have a front fly (/wiki/Fly_(clothing)) . Midway briefs [ edit ] Midway briefs Main article: Boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) Midway briefs are similar in style to boxer briefs, but are longer in the leg, at the longest being up to the knees. Boxer shorts [ edit ] Boxer shorts Main article: Boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) Boxer shorts, boxers, or trunks (Britain), [3] (#cite_note-3) have an elasticated waistband that is at or near the wearer's waist, while the leg sections are fairly loose and extend to the mid-thigh. There is usually a fly, either with or without buttons (/wiki/Button) . The waistbands of boxers are usually wider than those of the various types of briefs, and often bear the brand (/wiki/Brand) name of the manufacturer. Boxer briefs [ edit ] Boxer briefs Main article: Boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) Boxer briefs are similar in style to boxer shorts, but are form-fitting like classic briefs (/wiki/Briefs) . Like briefs, they often utilize a fly. Sometimes boxer briefs are called trunks (Britain), [4] (#cite_note-4) see next section. Trunk briefs [ edit ] Trunk briefs Main article: Boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) Trunk briefs, also known as simply trunks, are shorter than boxer briefs but still have leg sections, unlike briefs. [5] (#cite_note-5) Briefs [ edit ] Briefs Main article: Briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Classic briefs have an elasticated waistband at or near the wearer's waist, and leg bands that end at or near the groin (/wiki/Groin) . Many briefs feature a fly. They also come in ultra-absorbent varieties. Bikini briefs [ edit ] Bikini briefs Main article: Briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Bikini briefs are a variation on classic briefs that have less coverage; though typically full coverage of the derrière (/wiki/Buttocks) . Conventionally, they have no fly. Thong [ edit ] Thong Main article: Thong (/wiki/Thong) Thongs are like bikini briefs, except the backside is very narrow and goes between the buttocks. Panties [ edit ] Several styles of women's underpants (thong and G-string: back view) Main article: Panties (/wiki/Panties) "Panties" is a general term for female underpants. The UK English equivalent is "knickers". Open drawers [ edit ] Main article: Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Open drawers are undergarments where the backs and front of the legs are not joined together. Diapers [ edit ] Main article: Diapers (/wiki/Diapers) Diapers are a type of underwear worn by young children and those suffering from incontinence. Unlike other briefs, diapers allow the wearer to urinate or defecate without soiling their surroundings. These can be either reusable or disposable. History [ edit ] Main article: Underwear § History (/wiki/Underwear#History) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underpants&action=edit§ion=) . ( April 2018 ) See also [ edit ] Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Underpants (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/underpants) . Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 2 August 2012.. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "UNDERPANTS | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary" (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/underpants) . Dictionary.cambridge.org. 25 May 2022 . Retrieved 31 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) boxer shorts.Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 29 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website: http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/boxer-shorts (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/boxer-shorts) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) trunks. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 29 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website: http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/trunks (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/trunks) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "High Anxiety in the Underwear Department" (https://online.wsj.com/articles/SB124225793987017277) . The Wall Street Journal . New York. May 14, 2009. v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper 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briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) 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Lebanese fashion designer for men (born 1976) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) relies on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . You can help by adding reliable sources to this article. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Nemer Saadé Nemer Saadé, 2011 Born 1976 Beirut (/wiki/Beirut) , Lebanon (/wiki/Lebanon) Education Esmod (/wiki/Esmod) Occupation Fashion designer Label Nemer Saade Nemer Saadé ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : نمر سعاده ) (born September 29, 1976, in Beirut (/wiki/Beirut) ) is a Lebanese (/wiki/Lebanese_people) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) who is the Creative Director of the eponymous luxury brand Nemer Saade. Biography [ edit ] During the Lebanese Civil War (/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War) , his family moved to Cairo, Egypt. As a teenager, Nemer spent his free time after school working alongside his grandfather, father, and uncles, immersing himself in the world of bespoke (/wiki/Bespoke) tailoring. After finishing his studies, he became the brand manager of the family's Haute Couture (/wiki/Haute_Couture) brand for four years. In 2002, Nemer returned to Beirut to enroll at ESMOD (/wiki/ESMOD) to study Pattern Making, Moulage, and Design. Upon graduation, he launched his eponymous brand Nemer Saadé Couture in Beirut. Nemer Saade held its first fashion show in Beirut (/wiki/Beirut) to present the brand's latest collection. [1] (#cite_note-1) The event was broadcast on Fashion TV and covered by local and international media outlets. In 2008, the brand presented the Nemer Saade Fall/Winter 2008–2009 Collection in a fashion show held on An Nahar building, Beirut Central District (/wiki/Beirut_Central_District) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The following year, in 2009, Nemer Saadé revealed the brand's Fall/Winter 2009–2010 Collection in an underground parking lot in Beirut. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2010, Nemer Saade became the first Lebanese Fashion Designer (/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Fashion_Designer&action=edit&redlink=1) to dress male celebrities for the 2010 Grammy Awards (/wiki/Grammy_Awards) in Los Angeles, such as Slash (/wiki/Slash_(musician)) from Guns N' Roses (/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses) , Usher (/wiki/Usher_(musician)) , Adam Lambert (/wiki/Adam_Lambert) , and David Guetta (/wiki/David_Guetta) chose who all wore bespoke suits for the red carpet and other Grammy events on the day. In 2012, Nemer Saade participated in the Lebanese Great British Week as the sole Fashion Designer, presenting menswear pieces by the brand, including a high-fashion military uniform that was bought by the then British Ambassador to Lebanon, Tom Fletcher. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2021, Nemer Saade launched the brand's first Thob Collection, [5] (#cite_note-5) which was then followed by two collections that featured items for women under the title of "Nemer Saade for Her" [6] (#cite_note-6) Personal life [ edit ] Nemer Saade married Armenian (/wiki/Armenians) makeup artist and model Arpi Atoyan in 2014. The couple have three children together, James Saade, Sofia Saade, and Narek Saade. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Article in The Daily Star, September 23, 2005 (http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Entertainment/Star-Scene/Sep/23/Nemer-Saades-catwalk-show-to-broadcast-on-Fashion-TV.ashx#axzz29Zw7HFBU) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Article in The Daily Star, June 27, 2008 (http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Entertainment/Star-Scene/Jun/27/Nemer-Saade-designers-show-off-2008-09-collection-in-Beirut.ashx#axzz29Zw7HFBU) ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Star Scene by The Daily Star Network, 2009" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090730083442/http://starscene.dailystar.com.lb/style-scene/2009/06/saades-fallwinter-09-line-is-out/#ixzz29a8Oh6qj) . Archived from the original (http://starscene.dailystar.com.lb/style-scene/2009/06/saades-fallwinter-09-line-is-out/#ixzz29a8Oh6qj) on 2009-07-30 . Retrieved 2012-10-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Article in The Daily Star, June 18, 2012 (http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Culture/Lifestyle/2012/Jun-18/177200-queens-jubilee-fashion-show-caps-great-british-week-in-beirut.ashx#axzz29Zw7HFBU) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Article in Vogue Arabia Man, May 9, 2021 (https://man.vogue.me/fashion/nemer-saade-thob-collection/) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Article in Vogue Arabia, January 19, 2022 (https://en.vogue.me/fashion/nemer-saade-lebanese-designer-fw22-collection/) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.nemersaade.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐8t67q Cached time: 20240710201509 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.398 seconds Real time usage: 0.766 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1708/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11132/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1173/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 10061/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.275/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18016758/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 489.280 1 -total 23.52% 115.078 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 21.26% 104.000 1 Template:Lang-ar 19.54% 95.622 1 Template:Reflist 16.65% 81.449 1 Template:Cite_web 16.26% 79.539 1 Template:Short_description 10.58% 51.765 1 Template:BLP_one_source 9.68% 47.376 1 Template:Ambox 9.33% 45.661 2 Template:Pagetype 7.79% 38.125 17 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:37359177-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710201509 and revision id 1195112013. 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French fashion designer (born 1978) Nadège Vanhee-Cybulski Born ( 1978-05-30 ) May 30, 1978 (age 46) Seclin, France Occupation Fashion designer Label Hermès International Nadège Vanhee-Cybulski is a French fashion designer and the creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) of Hermès International (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s_International) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Biography [ edit ] Nadège Vanhee-Cybulski studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Antwerp (/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)) . [2] (#cite_note-2) She was the design director at the Olsen twins (/wiki/Olsen_twins) ' brand, The Row, and also worked at Céline (/wiki/C%C3%A9line_(brand)) and Maison Martin Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Martin_Margiela) . [3] (#cite_note-3) In June 2014, she was appointed artistic director of Hermès' women ready-to-wear, replacing Christophe Lemaire. [4] (#cite_note-4) In March 2015, she presented her first collection, and stayed close to the brand's roots by choosing an equestrian theme. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Steff Yotka, Anticipating Nadège Vanhee-Cybulski’s Debut at Hermès (http://www.style.com/trends/industry/2015/nadege-vanshee-cybulski-hermes-fall-2015) style.com March 9, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Harriet Quick (17 October 2016). "Nadège Vanhee-Cybulski on merging modern ready-to-wear with Hermès' equestrian heritage" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/womens-style/nadge-vanhee-cybulski-on-merging-modern-ready-to-wear-with--herm/) . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 30 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Nadya Masidlover Hermès Designer Steps Out of the Shadows (https://www.wsj.com/articles/hermes-designer-steps-out-of-the-shadows-1425936487) Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) March 9, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Lisa Wang (24 July 2014). "Hermès Names Nadège Vanhee-Cybulski as Artistic Director" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/hermes-names-nadege-vanhee-cybulski-artistic-director) . Businessoffashion.com . Retrieved 30 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Lisa Armstrong (10 March 2015). "Nadège Vanhee-Cybulski makes Hermes debut" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG11460912/Nadege-Vanhee-Cybulski-makes-Hermes-debut-for-autumnwinter-2015.html) . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 30 January 2019 . This article about a French artist is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nad%C3%A8ge_Vanhee-Cybulski&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐b5wxh Cached time: 20240712175056 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.285 seconds Real time usage: 0.458 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1728/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13060/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1319/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18748/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.198/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5759886/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 440.917 1 -total 27.94% 123.180 1 Template:Infobox_person 23.30% 102.746 1 Template:Reflist 22.83% 100.679 1 Template:Short_description 20.60% 90.842 1 Template:France-artist-stub 20.54% 90.552 3 Template:Cite_web 20.15% 88.853 1 Template:Asbox 14.93% 65.830 17 Template:Main_other 11.80% 52.038 1 Template:SDcat 8.98% 39.581 4 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45637100-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712175056 and revision id 1222734113. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadège_Vanhee-Cybulski&oldid=1222734113 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadège_Vanhee-Cybulski&oldid=1222734113) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) French fashion designers (/wiki/Category:French_fashion_designers) French women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:French_women_fashion_designers) 1978 births (/wiki/Category:1978_births) French artist stubs (/wiki/Category:French_artist_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5d765b8557‐7xr5p Cached time: 20240711221910 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31636492-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711221910 and revision id 903279659. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. C Coronation gowns (/wiki/Category:Coronation_gowns) (3 P) R Dresses in the Royal Collection of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Dresses_in_the_Royal_Collection_of_the_United_Kingdom) (6 P) Royal wedding dresses (/wiki/Category:Royal_wedding_dresses) (28 P) Pages in category "Royal dresses" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Bacton Altar Cloth (/wiki/Bacton_Altar_Cloth) C Cream Dior dress of Princess Margaret (/wiki/Cream_Dior_dress_of_Princess_Margaret) E Engagement dress of Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Engagement_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) L Lobster dress (/wiki/Lobster_dress) P Privilège du blanc (/wiki/Privil%C3%A8ge_du_blanc) R Revenge dress (/wiki/Revenge_dress) T Travolta dress (/wiki/Travolta_dress) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Royal_dresses&oldid=903279659 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Royal_dresses&oldid=903279659) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Individual dresses (/wiki/Category:Individual_dresses) Royal attire (/wiki/Category:Royal_attire) Court uniforms and dress (/wiki/Category:Court_uniforms_and_dress)
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American underwear manufacturer This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kayser-Roth) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Kayser-Roth" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kayser-Roth%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kayser-Roth%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kayser-Roth%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kayser-Roth%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kayser-Roth%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kayser-Roth%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Kayser-Roth Corporation Company type Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary) Industry Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Predecessor Julius Kayser & Co. and Chester H. Roth Company Founded 1958 ; 66 years ago ( 1958 ) Founder Chester H. Roth (/wiki/Chester_H._Roth) Julius Kayser (/wiki/Julius_Kayser) Headquarters Greensboro (/wiki/Greensboro) , North Carolina (/wiki/North_Carolina) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Area served North America (/wiki/North_America) Key people Nicola Gallotti ( president (/wiki/President_(corporate_title)) and CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Products Hosiery, socks, lingerie, sleepwear Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Golden Lady Company S.p.A. Divisions (/wiki/Division_(business)) No Nonsense Hue Burlington Website http://www.kayser-roth.com/ (http://www.kayser-roth.com/) Kayser-Roth Corporation (a subsidiary of Golden Lady Company (/w/index.php?title=Golden_Lady_Company&action=edit&redlink=1) [ it (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lady_Company) ] ) is an underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) manufacturer based in Greensboro (/wiki/Greensboro) , North Carolina (/wiki/North_Carolina) . The company currently markets three owned brands in North America (/wiki/North_America) : No Nonsense (/wiki/No_Nonsense_(brand)) , Hue, and Burlington. History [ edit ] Julius Kayser & Co., the predecessor to the modern Kayser-Roth Corporation, was founded in the early 20th century by Julius Kayser (/wiki/Julius_Kayser) and was a manufacturer of hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) , lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) and gloves (/wiki/Gloves) . In 1958, the company purchased the Chester H. Roth (/wiki/Chester_H._Roth) Company, forming Kayser-Roth. Alfred P. Slaner (/wiki/Alfred_P._Slaner) , the first head of the merged company, developed Supp-Hose hosiery. [1] (#cite_note-Kayser1958-1) [2] (#cite_note-SunSent-2) In 1962, Kayser-Roth acquired Interwoven hosiery company, [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) continuing to use the Interwoven brand, until it was merged with Esquire brand in 1971 to Interwoven-Esquire. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 1968, a merger with Penn Central Transportation Company (/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation_Company) was explored, however terms could not be agreed on. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Kayser-Roth merged with the Commonwealth Shoe and Leather Co. (/wiki/Commonwealth_Shoe_and_Leather_Co.) that same year, acquiring the Bostonian shoe brand. In 1973, in order to compete with the L'eggs brand (currently owned by HanesBrands (/wiki/HanesBrands) ), Kayser-Roth launched No Nonsense, which was one of the first brands of hosiery to be sold in supermarkets (/wiki/Supermarket) , drugstores (/wiki/Pharmacy) and discount department stores (/wiki/Discount_department_store) . In 1975, Kayser-Roth was purchased by conglomerate Gulf+Western Industries (/wiki/Gulf_and_Western_Industries) . [2] (#cite_note-SunSent-2) In the years under Gulf+Western's ownership, improvements were made to Canadian manufacturing plants, most notably in Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) and Quebec (/wiki/Quebec) . Forays into diverse markets such as the automotive industry were carried out. During the late-1970s and early-1980s almost every GM (/wiki/General_Motors) automobile produced had Kayser-Roth components on board. [ citation needed ] In 1984, Kayser-Roth acquired the women's underwear division of Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) Industries and the use of the designer's name for that business. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 1985, Gulf+Western began divesting all of its non-entertainment enterprises, with Kayser-Roth being sold to the Wickes Companies (/wiki/Wickes_Companies) . In 1993, the Mexican hosiery manufacturer Grupo Synkro purchased the company for approximately $230 million. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 1999, Italian Golden Lady, the largest hosiery manufacturer in Europe, acquired Kayser-Roth Corporation from Grupo Synkro and reorganized the company. During the 2000s, the No Nonsense brand expanded to include bras (/wiki/Brassiere) , panties (/wiki/Panties) , sleepwear (/wiki/Sleepwear) , socks (/wiki/Sock) for women and men, and foot comfort products. [ citation needed ] In April 2011, Kayser-Roth partnered to become an exclusive distributor of socks and hosiery for Jockey International (/wiki/Jockey_International) . [ citation needed ] Today [ when? ] , Kayser-Roth products are featured on the television show Gossip Girl (/wiki/Gossip_Girl) (2007–2012) and have also previously been showcased on The View (/wiki/The_View_(talk_show)) (1997-present). [ citation needed ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Kayser1958_1-0) "Kayser Roth Corporation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100910094718/http://www.textilehistory.org/Kayser-RothNC.html) . Textile Industry History. Archived from the original (http://www.textilehistory.org/Kayser-RothNC.html) on 2010-09-10 . Retrieved 2010-09-04 . ^ a b "Alfred Slaner, Executive Who Developed Supp-Hose" (https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1996-03-15-9603140672-story.html) . South Florida Sun-Sentinel (/wiki/South_Florida_Sun-Sentinel) . March 15, 1996. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Interwoven Mills, Martinsburg (1890-1976)" (https://theclio.com/entry/82317) . Clio . Retrieved 2023-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Jenrette, Jerra. "Interwoven Mills" (http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/print/Article/863) . The West Virginia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2023-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Brands to Be Combined" (https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/08/archives/brands-to-be-combined.html) . The New York Times . 1971-12-08. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Kayser-Roth to join Penn Central about Jan 1 Railway Age (/wiki/Railway_Age) October 7, 1968 page 1 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Merger dropped by Penn Central New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) November 7, 1968 page 65 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Penn Central, Kayser-Roth merger halted Railway Age November 11, 1968 page 7 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Calvin Klein, Kayser-Roth" (https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/28/business/calvin-klein-kayser-roth.html) . The New York Times . August 28, 1984. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "GRUPO SYNKRO AND MEXICAN INVESTMENT GROUP AGREE TO ACQUIRE KAYSER-ROTH CORPORATION" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121021020746/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GRUPO+SYNKRO+AND+MEXICAN+INVESTMENT+GROUP+AGREE+TO+ACQUIRE...-a014659839) . PR Newswire Association LLC. Archived from the original (http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GRUPO+SYNKRO+AND+MEXICAN+INVESTMENT+GROUP+AGREE+TO+ACQUIRE...-a014659839) on 2012-10-21 . Retrieved 2010-09-04 . External links [ edit ] Kayser-Roth (http://www.kayser-roth.com/) v t e Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Lower leg Bobby socks (/wiki/Bobby_sock) Bootee (/wiki/Bootee) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Leg warmer (/wiki/Leg_warmer) Loose socks (/wiki/Loose_socks) Socks (/wiki/Sock) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Toe socks (/wiki/Toe_socks) Crew sock (/wiki/Crew_sock) Dress socks (/wiki/Dress_socks) Anklet (/wiki/Anklet_(sock)) Low cut (/wiki/Low_cut_sock) Full leg Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Legskin (/wiki/Legskin) Fully fashioned stockings (/wiki/Fully_fashioned_stockings) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) RHT stockings (/wiki/RHT_stockings) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Full body Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Historical Boothose (/wiki/Boothose) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Brands Aristoc (/wiki/Aristoc) Bonds (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) Calzedonia (/wiki/Calzedonia) Edoo (/wiki/Hanesbrands) Frederick's of Hollywood (/wiki/Frederick%27s_of_Hollywood) Gerbe (/wiki/Gerbe_(lingerie)) Gunze (/wiki/Gunze) Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) HUE Coopers (/wiki/Jockey_International) L'eggs (/wiki/L%27eggs) Levante (/wiki/Levante_(hosiery)) Lululemon Athletica (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) No Nonsense Pretty Polly (/wiki/Pretty_Polly_(hosiery)) Spanx (/wiki/Spanx) Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) Wigwam (/wiki/Wigwam_Mills) Wolford (/wiki/Wolford) v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras (/wiki/Bra) History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong (/wiki/Thong) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies (/wiki/Falsies) Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. 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Sofia Steinberg (b. 2003) is an Israeli- Russian (/wiki/Russians) model (/wiki/Model_(person)) , known for their androgynous (/wiki/Androgyny) look. [1] (#cite_note-1) [ unreliable source? ] Steinberg was model of the year in 2021 on models.com. [1] (https://models.com/mdx/model-of-the-year-awards-2021/#motywomen) Throughout their whole career, Steinberg has walked 205 runway shows. [2] (https://models.com/models/sofia-steinberg/year/shows) Career [ edit ] Steinberg was born in 2003 in Tel Aviv (/wiki/Tel_Aviv) , Israel (/wiki/Israel) and later moved to Russia (/wiki/Russia) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [ unreliable source? ] They were discovered in Moscow at the age of 13. In 2019, they opened Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) 's women's show and also walked for Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) and Prada (/wiki/Prada) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2021, they appeared in almost every show in Paris and Milan [5] (#cite_note-bright-5) and was voted Model of the Year by the Models.com website readers. [6] (#cite_note-moty-6) [ failed verification ] In 2021 they starred on the Dior (/wiki/Dior) Cruise campaign, and the Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(fashion_house)) winter campaign. [3] (https://models.com/models/sofia-steinberg/2/year/advertising) They were also the face of Dior beauty in 2022 winter collection and summer collection. [4] (https://models.com/work/dior-beauty-dior-summer-beauty-collection) [5] (https://models.com/work/dior-beauty-dior-beauty-spring22) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Meet The Next Generation Of Supermodels" (https://www.elle.com.au/fashion/runway/supermodels-2021-26069/) . ELLE . 2022-02-21 . Retrieved 2024-04-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Sofia Steinberg" (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/sofia_steinberg/photos/ads.htm) . The Fashion Model Directory . Retrieved 16 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Givenchy F/W 19 Show" (https://models.com/work/givenchy-givenchy-fw-19-show) . Models.com . 3 March 2019 . Retrieved 16 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Okwodu, Janelle (12 April 2019). "In Europe, the Model Age Debate Rages On" (https://www.vogue.com/article/age-in-modeling-european-runways-underage-models) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 16 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-bright_5-0) "9 Fashion Models Who Soon Could Become More Famous Than Claudia Schiffer and Cindy Crawford" (https://brightside.me/articles/9-fashion-models-who-soon-could-become-more-famous-than-claudia-schiffer-and-cindy-crawford-805169/) . Bright Side . 26 January 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-moty_6-0) "Model of the Year Awards 2021" (https://models.com/mdx/model-of-the-year-awards-2021/#motywomen) . Models.com . 31 December 2021 . Retrieved 16 March 2024 . 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Footwear Designer For other people named Alexander White, see Alexander White (disambiguation) (/wiki/Alexander_White_(disambiguation)) . Alexander White Born United Kingdom Nationality British Alma mater University of Edinburgh (/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh) London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) Label Alexander White Alexander White (born June 1988) is a British shoe designer who launched his eponymous footwear line in September 2014. His collections are distributed internationally, including such retailers as Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) , Lane Crawford (/wiki/Lane_Crawford) and Level Shoe District. [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) He attended The King's School (/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Chester) , an independent school (/wiki/Independent_school) in Chester (/wiki/Chester) before going to study Design and Applied Arts at the University of Edinburgh (/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh) . He later studied Footwear Design at Cordwainers' College at London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Before starting his own label, White gained industry experience at Giles Deacon, Erdem and Kurt Geiger (/wiki/Kurt_Geiger) . Whilst working for Kurt Geiger (/wiki/Kurt_Geiger) he set out to launch his brand after a chance encounter with the Creative Director of Jimmy Choo (/wiki/Jimmy_Choo) at Heathrow airport. [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2015 he was one of the finalists in Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) ’s WHO IS ON NEXT? Competition. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2017, Alexander White was named Footwear Designer of the Year at the Draper's Footwear Awards. [1] (#cite_note-auto1-1) Later that year he presented his first collection at London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) . [6] (#cite_note-London_Fashion_Week-6) [3] (#cite_note-auto-3) [7] (#cite_note-7) Alexander White is a member of the British Fashion Council. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Harriet (26 July 2017). "Alexander White's big plans for his focused, feminine footwear" (https://www.drapersonline.com/companies/brands/alexander-whites-big-plans-for-his-focused-feminine-footwear) . Drapers . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Tilley, Jesse (20 August 2019). "Life of Alumni Award Winning Footwear Designer Alexander White" (https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/london-college-of-fashion/stories/life-of-alumni-award-winning-footwear-designer-alexander-white) . London College of Fashion . Retrieved 1 September 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hirschmiller, Stephanie (16 February 2018). "Exclusive Preview: Jimmy Choo's Sandra Choi Told Alexander White to Start His Own Label" (https://footwearnews.com/2018/fashion/news/fall-2018-london-fashion-week-alexander-white-493680/) . Footwear News . Retrieved 10 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Burney, Ellen (15 September 2017). "Five London-Shoe-Designers To Know" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/london-shoe-designers-to-know-spring-summer-2018?fbclid=IwAR15uyfC6Tj4KJ3Mm2jcv3N9bV76mQ9iEqfjdMp-XoVUpsCZn_OTUSBaVUg) . British Vogue . Retrieved 10 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Pervinca Bellini, Elisa (7 February 2015). "Alexander White WHO IS ON NEXT womenswear 2015" (https://www.vogue.it/en/talents/contests-and-more/2015/07/alexander-white-who-is-on-next-womenswear-2015?refresh_ce=) . Vogue Italia . Retrieved 10 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-London_Fashion_Week_6-0) "Designers - Alexander White" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210924211051/https://londonfashionweek.co.uk/designers/alexander-white) . Archived from the original (https://londonfashionweek.co.uk/designers/alexander-white) on 24 September 2021 . Retrieved 28 October 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Hirschmiller, Stephanie (21 February 2018). "Disco Balls, Haute Hoofers & More of the Best Presentations at London Fashion Week" (https://footwearnews.com/2018/runway/fall-2018/london-fashion-week-shows-best-presentations-fall-2018-alexander-white-lulu-guinness-503782/) . Footwear News . Retrieved 10 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "BFC Members" (https://www.britishfashioncouncil.co.uk/Members) . British Fashion Council . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . External links [ edit ] Official Website (https://www.alexander-white.com/) This article about a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Indian edition of GQ GQ India Amitabh Bachchan (/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan) on the June 2015 cover of GQ Editor Che Kurrien [1] (#cite_note-1) Categories Men's (/wiki/List_of_men%27s_magazines#General_male_audience) Frequency Bi-Monthly Publisher Almona Bhatia [2] (#cite_note-2) First issue October 2008 ( 2008-10 ) Company Condé Nast India Pvt. Ltd. (Manipal Group) Country India (/wiki/India) Based in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) Language English (/wiki/English_language) Website www (http://www.gqindia.com/) .gqindia (http://www.gqindia.com/) .com (http://www.gqindia.com/) GQ is the Indian edition of the American monthly men's magazine (/wiki/List_of_men%27s_magazines#General_male_audience) called GQ (/wiki/GQ) . It is the 15th international edition of GQ and is published by Condé Nast India Pvt. Ltd., a 100% owned subsidiary of Condé Nast International (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Condé Nast gained 100% ownership after regulatory changes in 2005 permitted 100% foreign direct investment (/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment) in non-news and current affairs publications. [5] (#cite_note-guardian1-5) GQ was the second magazine released in India, after Vogue India (/wiki/Vogue_India) , that is 100% foreign owned. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Condé Nast India is based in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) and also has an office in New Delhi (/wiki/New_Delhi) . [8] (#cite_note-8) The magazine was launched with the October 2008 issue, which was unveiled by Condé Nast on 29 September 2008. [5] (#cite_note-guardian1-5) The cover, shot by Pascal Chevallier, featured Saif Ali Khan (/wiki/Saif_Ali_Khan) and Katarina Ivanovska (/wiki/Katarina_Ivanovska) on the regular cover, and Yuvraj Singh (/wiki/Yuvraj_Singh) , Lisa Haydon (/wiki/Lisa_Haydon) , Arjun Rampal (/wiki/Arjun_Rampal) and Ujjwala Raut (/wiki/Ujjwala_Raut) on the gatefold (/wiki/Gatefold) cover. [9] (#cite_note-9) Awards [ edit ] GQ India gives away a number of Awards in various fields. One popular award is the GQ Men of the year award. [10] (#cite_note-10) There are even other felicitations like the 100 Best Dressed people in India, [11] (#cite_note-11) Creative Personality of the year [12] (#cite_note-12) and Most Influential Men List. See also [ edit ] List of men's magazines (/wiki/List_of_men%27s_magazines) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Editors and Writers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141008061614/http://www.gqindia.com/content/editors-and-writers) . GQ India. 8 February 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.gqindia.com/content/editors-and-writers) on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Condé Nast International; India; GQ" (http://www.condenastinternational.com/country/india/gq/) . Condenastinternational.com . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "GQ India Contact us" (http://www.gqindia.com/content/contact-us) . gqindia.com . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "GQ hits the newsstands in India" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141101055956/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/42125) . PressGazette. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/42125) on 1 November 2014 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Oliver Luft (29 September 2008). "GQ launches in India" (https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/sep/29/condenast.pressandpublishing) . Guardian . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Vogue India Launches" (https://www.forbes.com/2007/09/18/vogue-india-interview-markets-equity-cx_rd_0917markets13.html) . Forbes.com . 18 September 2007 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Vogue Hits Indian Newsstands" (https://archive.today/20130410163125/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-09-18/vogue-hits-indian-newsstandsbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice) . Businessweek. 18 September 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-09-18/vogue-hits-indian-newsstandsbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice) on 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Condé Nast International: Country – India" (http://www.condenastinternational.com/country/india/) . Condenastinternational.com . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Conde Nast unveils GQ India" (http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/849422/Conde-Nast-unveils-GQ-India/) . Brandrepublic.com. 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "GQ Awards: All the winners from the GQ Men of the Year Awards 2018" (https://www.gqindia.com/content/full-list-of-gq-men-of-the-year-awards-2018-winners/) . GQ India. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "We picked the 100 Best Dressed people in India right now" (https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-100-best-dressed/) . GQ India. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Deepika Padukone bags the 'Creative Personality Of The Year' at the GQ Awards" (http://zeenews.india.com/people/deepika-padukone-bags-the-creative-personality-of-the-year-award-at-the-gq-awards-2144460.html) . Zee News India. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1820s fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1820s_fashion) . Fashion in the 1820s. 1770s (/wiki/Category:1770s_fashion) 1780s (/wiki/Category:1780s_fashion) 1790s (/wiki/Category:1790s_fashion) 1800s (/wiki/Category:1800s_fashion) 1810s (/wiki/Category:1810s_fashion) 1820s 1830s (/wiki/Category:1830s_fashion) 1840s (/wiki/Category:1840s_fashion) 1850s (/wiki/Category:1850s_fashion) 1860s (/wiki/Category:1860s_fashion) 1870s (/wiki/Category:1870s_fashion) 14th (/wiki/Category:14th-century_fashion) 15th (/wiki/Category:15th-century_fashion) 16th (/wiki/Category:16th-century_fashion) 17th (/wiki/Category:17th-century_fashion) 18th (/wiki/Category:18th-century_fashion) 19th (/wiki/Category:19th-century_fashion) 20th (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) 21st (/wiki/Category:21st-century_fashion) 22nd 23rd 24th NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐k5zvr Cached time: 20240720174846 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.133 seconds Real time usage: 0.219 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 277/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6316/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 367/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 23/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6719/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.091/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1524603/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 207.111 1 -total 58.32% 120.779 1 Template:Navseasoncats_with_centuries_below_decade 33.56% 69.510 1 Template:Commons_category 32.47% 67.251 1 Template:Sister_project 31.59% 65.424 1 Template:Side_box 13.65% 28.265 2 Template:If_then_show 6.58% 13.637 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 4.36% 9.022 1 Template:Category_other 3.59% 7.433 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 1.41% 2.922 1 Template:Title_decade Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35055129-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720174846 and revision id 1081502143. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "1820s fashion" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 1820s in Western fashion (/wiki/1820s_in_Western_fashion) C Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) F Ferronnière (/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re) M Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) P Peinetón (/wiki/Peinet%C3%B3n) R Regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) T Tutu (clothing) (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1820s_fashion&oldid=1081502143 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1820s_fashion&oldid=1081502143) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1820s (/wiki/Category:1820s) 1820s in art (/wiki/Category:1820s_in_art) 19th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:19th-century_fashion) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) Fashion by decade (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_decade) Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Category series navigation decade and century (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_decade_and_century) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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Cultural phenomenon Man with beard Peak beard is a cultural phenomenon identified during the early 2010s, speculating that the perceived prevalence of beards (/wiki/Beard) in the general population of Western countries had reached its maximum. Research [ edit ] The concept of peak beard gained wider popularity following the publication of an academic paper from a team based at University of New South Wales (/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales) , which suggested that there was a long term cyclic variance in the prevalence of beards in Western culture due to the role that scarcity of physical attributes plays in sexual selection (/wiki/Sexual_selection) in heterosexual men and bisexual (/wiki/Bisexuality) and heterosexual women. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) They suggested that as facial hair becomes dominant, clean-shaven faces become a more desirable trait in partner selection due to their scarcity. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Similarly, when clean-shaven faces are dominant, beards become a more desired trait. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) This applied to both men and women as the observers. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) 2010s Peak Beard [ edit ] The increasing prevalence of beards in the first decade of the 2000s followed a period throughout the 1990s which was characterized by a general lack of facial hair. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) It was suggested the growth of beards may have been triggered by the financial crisis in 2008 (/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008) , and that a similar pattern may have occurred following the Wall Street Crash (/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929) in the 1920s. Researcher Rob Brooks theorized that this may be a result of high unemployment, with men seeking to emphasize other aspects of their masculinity to compensate for lack of work. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) The beard during this period became associated with emergence of the contemporary hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) subculture, which itself had been suggested to be a reaction to growth of the metrosexual (/wiki/Metrosexual) male. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) The team hypothesised that beards follow a 30-year cycle. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) Whilst numerous media noted the possibility that beard prevalence had peaked in the early 2010s, a YouGov (/wiki/YouGov) poll suggested that beards had become more commonplace in November 2016 compared with August 2011. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) This was reflected in the persistent decline in the sales of razor blades (/wiki/Razor) between 2013 and 2015. [9] (#cite_note-9) The beard's oft-predicted demise was suggested to have been further delayed by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , when remote working from home (/wiki/Remote_work#Remote_work_during_COVID-19) became rapidly widespread as a public health measure to mitigate the pandemic's spread. That in turn made it acceptable for more workers to go through the unshaven look on their way to growing full beards. [6] (#cite_note-:3-6) [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Millman, Oliver (2014-04-16). "Fashion-conscious men warned we may have reached 'peak beard' (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/apr/16/fashion-conscious-men-warned-we-may-have-reached-peak-beard) " (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/apr/16/fashion-conscious-men-warned-we-may-have-reached-peak-beard) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220513011739/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/apr/16/fashion-conscious-men-warned-we-may-have-reached-peak-beard) from the original on 2022-05-13 . Retrieved 2022-05-13 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Janif, Zinnia J.; Brooks, Robert C.; Dixson, Barnaby J. (2014-04-30). "Negative frequency-dependent preferences and variation in male facial hair" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4013690) . Biology Letters (/wiki/Biology_Letters) . 10 (4). Royal Society (/wiki/Royal_Society) : 20130958. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0958 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2013.0958) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 4013690 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4013690) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 24740903 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24740903) . ^ Jump up to: a b Morgan, James (2014-04-16). "Beard trend is 'guided by evolution' (https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27023992) " (https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27023992) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220513011739/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27023992) from the original on 2022-05-13 . Retrieved 2022-05-13 . The recent boom may have its roots in the financial crisis of 2008, Prof Brooks suggests. 'I think one of the reasons beards have made a comeback now is that it's a difficult time. Young men are competing to attract someone when work is not easy to come by. So we might expect some aspects [of masculinity] to get turned up to eleven. After the Wall Street Crash in the 1920s there is some circumstantial evidence that beards got big again. So maybe economic conditions have set the stage for the recent comeback in beardedness.' ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Evolution and progression of the beard" (https://barbierduweb.com/en/beard-evolution/) . barbierduweb.com . 2022-05-07. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231208002149/https://barbierduweb.com/en/beard-evolution/) from the original on 2023-12-08 . Retrieved 2023-04-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Mount, Harry (/wiki/Harry_Mount) (2014-10-23). "It's time to shave that beard: the decade of the hipster is over" (https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/it-s-time-to-shave-that-beard-the-decade-of-the-hipster-is-over) . The Spectator (/wiki/The_Spectator) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220513020939/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/it-s-time-to-shave-that-beard-the-decade-of-the-hipster-is-over) from the original on 2022-05-13 . Retrieved 2022-05-13 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dowling, Tim (/wiki/Tim_Dowling) (2022-04-22). "Are you a beard guy? Tim Dowling on the trend that will never end" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/apr/22/are-you-a-beard-guy-tim-dowling-on-the-trend-that-will-never-end) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220526142356/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/apr/22/are-you-a-beard-guy-tim-dowling-on-the-trend-that-will-never-end) from the original on 2022-05-26 . Retrieved 2022-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Smith, Matthew (2017-03-10). "Beards are growing on the British public" (https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2017/03/10/beards-are-growing-british-public) . YouGov (/wiki/YouGov) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220516223006/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2017/03/10/beards-are-growing-british-public) from the original on 2022-05-16 . Retrieved 2022-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Peak beard? We're just getting started" (https://www.ft.com/content/6b638f58-80df-11e7-a4ce-15b2513cb3ff) . Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . 2017-08-16. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220520080012/https://www.ft.com/content/6b638f58-80df-11e7-a4ce-15b2513cb3ff) from the original on 2022-05-20 . Retrieved 2022-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The Beards Have Won" (https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2015-06-05/the-beards-have-won) . Bloomberg News (/wiki/Bloomberg_News) . 2015-06-05. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220513020941/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2015-06-05/the-beards-have-won) from the original on 2022-05-13 . Retrieved 2022-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Lavelle, Anthony (2020-07-03). "Peak beard: why are men so committed to this lockdown look?" (https://www.ft.com/content/8b547d28-ffdc-4961-8cc0-36e5eca0ad3b) . Financial Times (/wiki/Financial_Times) . Archived (https://archive.today/20200703092523/https://www.ft.com/content/8b547d28-ffdc-4961-8cc0-36e5eca0ad3b) from the original on 2020-07-03 . Retrieved 2022-05-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Barnett, Adrian (/wiki/Adrian_G._Barnett) (2015-12-15). "Peak beard: Why our love of facial hair is still growing" (https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22830520-900-peak-beard-why-our-love-of-facial-hair-is-still-growing/) . New Scientist (/wiki/New_Scientist) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230601145648/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22830520-900-peak-beard-why-our-love-of-facial-hair-is-still-growing/) from the original on 2023-06-01 . Retrieved 2022-05-13 . 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Indian model and actress Bavithra Born ( 1991-03-23 ) 23 March 1991 (age 33) [1] (#cite_note-T-1) Chennai (/wiki/Chennai) , Tamil Nadu (/wiki/Tamil_Nadu) , India (/wiki/India) [1] (#cite_note-T-1) Other names VJ Bavithra [1] (#cite_note-T-1) Occupations Actress Anchor Model Bavithra , also known as VJ Bavithra , is an Indian actress, anchor and model known for her works in Tamil and Malayalam films and television. She is best known for portraying the lead role in Nila (/wiki/Nila_(TV_series)) . Bavithra is the only Tamil woman to have ever won the Miss South India beauty pageant. [2] (#cite_note-IMg-2) Career [ edit ] Bavithra is an MBA graduate and worked for a crporate company for three years before embarking onto her passion in modelling and anchoring. In 2016, she debuted as one of the lead actresses with 50/50 (/wiki/50/50_(2019_film)) pairing with V. Sethuraman (/wiki/V._Sethuraman) . [3] (#cite_note-K-3) She became a household face while hosting Vanakkam Tamizha (/wiki/Vanakkam_Tamizha) , a live breakfast television show before she landed the lead role in Nila (/wiki/Nila_(TV_series)) [4] (#cite_note-J-4) [5] (#cite_note-I-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) in 2019 which went on to air for more than 500 episodes. She has also appeared in the streaming series Nila Nila Odi Vaa (/wiki/Nila_Nila_Odi_Vaa) . [7] (#cite_note-odi-7) she is currently appearingin Singapennae (/wiki/Singapennae) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Filmography [ edit ] Films Year Film Role Notes Ref(s) 2018 Sarkar (/wiki/Sarkar_(2018_film)) Uncredited cameo [1] (#cite_note-T-1) 2019 50/50 (/wiki/50/50_(2019_film)) Samantha Debut as lead [3] (#cite_note-K-3) Television Year Name Role Channel Notes Ref(s) 2014 Natchathira Kabadi Host Sun TV (/wiki/Sun_TV_(India)) [4] (#cite_note-J-4) 2016 Soppana Sundari Contestant Sun Life [2] (#cite_note-IMg-2) 2016 Thamarai (/wiki/Thamarai_(TV_series)) Poovarasi Sun TV (/wiki/Sun_TV_(India)) 2017 Virundhinar Pakkam Host 2017 Suriya Vanakkam Host [4] (#cite_note-J-4) 2018 Vanakkam Tamizha (/wiki/Vanakkam_Tamizha) Host [5] (#cite_note-I-5) 2018-2022 Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (/wiki/Naam_Iruvar_Namakku_Iruvar_(TV_series)) Thamarai Star Vijay (/wiki/Star_Vijay) Parallel protagonist 2018 Nila Nila Odi Vaa (/wiki/Nila_Nila_Odi_Vaa) Yamuna Viu (/wiki/Viu_(streaming_service)) Web series [7] (#cite_note-odi-7) 2019-2021 Nila (/wiki/Nila_(TV_series)) Nila and Mathi Sun TV (/wiki/Sun_TV_(India)) Lead role; Dual role [4] (#cite_note-J-4) 2020 Pandavar Illam (/wiki/Pandavar_Illam) Nila Sun TV (/wiki/Sun_TV_(India)) Cameo Appearance 2021-2022 Vaidhegi Kaathirundhaal (/wiki/Vaidhegi_Kaathirundhaal) Aarthi Star Vijay (/wiki/Star_Vijay) 2023-present Singapennae (/wiki/Singapennae) Mithra Sun TV (/wiki/Sun_TV_(India)) Negative Role Awards [ edit ] Year Award Result Ref. 2017 Miss South India Won [5] (#cite_note-I-5) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d " (https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/vj-bavithra-soppana-sundari-nila-serial-sun-tv/) 'சொப்பன சுந்தரி' பவித்ரா மாடலிங்ல இவ்ளோ பெரிய இடத்த அடஞ்சிருக்காங்களா..." (https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/vj-bavithra-soppana-sundari-nila-serial-sun-tv/) [How ’Soppana Sundari’ Bavithra became popular through modeling]. The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) (in Tamil). 13 December 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191231070840/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/vj-bavithra-soppana-sundari-nila-serial-sun-tv/) from the original on 31 December 2019 . Retrieved 27 March 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Nila fame Bavithra shares throwback pic from her beauty pageant days" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nila-fame-bavithra-shares-throwback-pic-from-her-beauty-pageant-days/articleshow/70996326.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 5 September 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190929170807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nila-fame-bavithra-shares-throwback-pic-from-her-beauty-pageant-days/articleshow/70996326.cms) from the original on 29 September 2019 . Retrieved 27 March 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Purushothaman, Kirubhakar (9 October 2016). "City model Bavithra to act with Sethu" (https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/091016/city-model-bavithra-to-act-with-sethu.html) . Deccan Chronicle (/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190813011817/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/091016/city-model-bavithra-to-act-with-sethu.html) from the original on 13 August 2019 . Retrieved 27 March 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Bavithra is excited about her serial Nila" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bavithra-is-excited-about-her-serial-nila/articleshow/68460643.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 18 March 2019. Archived (https://archive.today/20200410073308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bavithra-is-excited-about-her-serial-nila/articleshow/68460643.cms) from the original on 10 April 2020 . Retrieved 27 March 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "TV anchor Bavithra bags the lead role in Nila" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-anchor-bavithra-bags-the-lead-role-in-nila/articleshow/68373993.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 12 March 2019. Archived (https://archive.today/20200410074152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-anchor-bavithra-bags-the-lead-role-in-nila/articleshow/68373993.cms) from the original on 10 April 2020 . Retrieved 27 March 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) " (https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/154340-serial-actress-bavithra-talks-about-her-personal) என் முகத்துக்கு கர்லிங் ஹேர் செட்டாகலை – 'நிலா' பவித்ரா" (https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/154340-serial-actress-bavithra-talks-about-her-personal) . Ananda Vikatan (/wiki/Ananda_Vikatan) (in Tamil). 8 April 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200327051152/https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/154340-serial-actress-bavithra-talks-about-her-personal) from the original on 27 March 2020 . Retrieved 27 March 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Rajendran, Gopinath (19 July 2018). "Ashwin and Sunainaa's web series, Nila Nila Odi Vaa, to be about vampires" (https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/19/ashwin-and-sunainaas-web-series-nila-nila-odi-vaa-to-be-about-vampires-1845280.html) . The New Indian Express (/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191016173653/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/19/ashwin-and-sunainaas-web-series-nila-nila-odi-vaa-to-be-about-vampires-1845280.html) from the original on 16 October 2019 . Retrieved 9 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Pandavar Illam actress Bavithra joins the cast of 'Singa Pennae" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pandavar-illam-actress-bavithra-joins-the-cast-of-singa-penne/articleshow/104546505.cms) . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . 19 October 2023. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bavithra (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bavithra) . 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Chinese headband This article relies largely or entirely on a single source (/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Wangjin##) . Please help improve this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wangjin&action=edit) by introducing citations to additional sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Find sources: "Wangjin" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wangjin%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wangjin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wangjin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wangjin%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wangjin%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wangjin%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2022 ) Wangjin Wangjin Simplified Chinese (/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) 网巾 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) wǎngjīn Wangjin is a kind of traditional headgear worn by adult men in the Chinese (/wiki/China) Ming Dynasty (/wiki/Ming_Dynasty) . In ancient China, the wangjin was usually made out of fibres or horsetail or could be made out of mixed fabrics such as silk or linen. The Korean manggeon (/wiki/Manggeon) of the Joseon period (/wiki/Joseon_period) was a derivative of the wangjin and was introduced to Joseon during the Ming dynasty. Similar head-wears to the wangjin was also worn during the from the Later Lê dynasty (/wiki/Later_L%C3%AA_dynasty) to the Nguyễn dynasty (/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty) of Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam) and in the Ryukyu Kingdom (/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom) . History [ edit ] According to the legend, the earliest people who wore wangjin were Taoist priests (/wiki/Taoist_priest) . One day, the Hongwu Emperor (/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor) of the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) wore common clothes to visit the folk and he saw a Taoist priest wearing wangjin on top of his head. The emperor asked what it was, to which the priest answered: "This is wangjin . Wear it on top of your head, then your hair will gather together" (ref. " 此曰網巾. 裹以頭, 則萬髮俱齊 "). The emperor was very satisfied with the answer that also referred to uniting the country. After the emperor returned to his palace, he ordered all the men in the country, from the emperor to the common man, to wear wangjin . Since then, the wangjin has become the common headgear (/wiki/Headgear) of adult men in the entire country. Wang Bu, a man from the Qing dynasty (/wiki/Qing_Dynasty) , once introduced the wangjin as something that looks like a fishing net. The two borders are adorned with two small circles made of gold, jade or copper and tin. Tie small ropes at each end of the side, cross in two circles, tie the top to the forehead, and make the side and eyebrows flush. There are also many styles of wangjin . In the Wanli period of the Ming dynasty, people began to use fallen hair and horsehair instead of silk to make wangjin . [1] (#cite_note-中国服饰之美-1) During the collapse of the Ming dynasty, the Manchu (/wiki/Manchu) emperor of the Qing dynasty ordered all men to shave their forehead under the Tifayifu (/wiki/Tifayifu) policy, the use of wangjin in China (/wiki/China) came to an end. Nowadays, historians and the people interested in Chinese history research ancient books and historical relics to restore various forms of the wangjin . Gallery [ edit ] Men wearing a wangjin and working on a winnowing machine, illustrated in the book Tiangong Kaiwu (/wiki/Tiangong_Kaiwu) from the Ming dynasty (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) . A wangjin unearthed from the tomb of Zhang Mao and his wife in the Ming dynasty. Modern replica of a wangjin . Ming dynasty portrait of a man wearing wangjin . See also [ edit ] Manggeon (/wiki/Manggeon) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Nanjing (/wiki/Nanjing) Ming Dynasty (/wiki/Ming_Dynasty) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-中国服饰之美_1-0) 王, 亚蓉 (2003). 王, 亚蓉 (ed.). 中国传统服饰 . 王亚蓉, 贺阳. Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 7518054558 . 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐84bf8d7d78‐b7xtg Cached time: 20240701182520 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38667823-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701182520 and revision id 1203298419. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. D Fashion designers from Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_from_Georgia_(country)) (16 P) E Fashion events in Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Georgia_(country)) (2 P) M Models from Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Georgia_(country)) (3 C) Pages in category "Fashion of Georgia (country)" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . M Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Tbilisi (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Tbilisi) T Tbilisi Fashion Week (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) U Ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_of_Georgia_(country)&oldid=1203298419 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_of_Georgia_(country)&oldid=1203298419) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion by country (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_country) Culture of Georgia (country) (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country))
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This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pacsafe) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Pacsafe" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pacsafe%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pacsafe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pacsafe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pacsafe%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pacsafe%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pacsafe%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Pacsafe Founded 1998 Headquarters Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) Products Anti-theft travel gear Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Outpac Designs Ltd Website www (http://www.pacsafe.com) .pacsafe (http://www.pacsafe.com) .com (http://www.pacsafe.com) A Pacsafe "portable safe", with integral mesh cage and cable for locking to a fixture Pacsafe is a brand of travel (/wiki/Travel) equipment with emphasis on anti-theft features. Pacsafe is headquartered in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) with offices in the United States (/wiki/United_States) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) , and China (/wiki/China) . The company's range of products include adventure backpacks, urban and leisure bags, women’s bags, photography bags, luggage and travel accessories such as straps, cables and locks. The company logo is a turtle with its shell in the shape of a padlock with a mesh cage pattern. [1] (#cite_note-Turtle_Fund-1) History [ edit ] Outpac Designs Limited, makers of Pacsafe, was established in 1998 in Hong Kong by two Australians, Rob Schlipper and Magnus McGlashan [2] (#cite_note-2) Their inspiration behind the original Pacsafe product and travel security products came while travelling in South America (/wiki/South_America) , where they saw chicken wire (/wiki/Chicken_wire) put around bags to protect it against theft. Shortly afterwards, they created the slashproof wire cage system Exomesh, the Pacsafe 85L, big enough to enclose an 85-litre backpack, later adding other sizes. In 2005, Pacsafe locks were made compatible with the Travel Sentry (/wiki/Travel_Sentry) standard used by many international airport security authorities. In 2006, the Citysafe series was added to enhance the women’s travel bag lineup. The Lidsafe for motorcycle travel was also introduced. [3] (#cite_note-3) By 2012, Pacsafe had expanded their range to include adventure backpacks, urban and leisure bags, women’s bags, photography bags, luggage and travel accessories that all incorporate anti-theft features. Turtle Fund Mission [ edit ] In 2014, Pacsafe founded the Turtle Fund Mission to save endangered marine turtles by providing annual grants to sea turtle conservation projects. [1] (#cite_note-Turtle_Fund-1) Industry awards [ edit ] 1999 – Pacsafe 85L won the Backpacker Magazine (/wiki/Backpacker_(magazine)) Editor's Choice Award [4] (#cite_note-4) 2002 – Business Entrepreneurial Award at the AustCham ANZ Australian Business Awards in Hong Kong [5] (#cite_note-5) 2007 – Lidsafe won the Motorcyclist Magazine (/wiki/Motorcyclist_(magazine)) 2007 Product of the Year Award [6] (#cite_note-6) 2009 – Travelsafe 100 won the 2009 ILM Awards in the category "Intelligence Design" [7] (#cite_note-7) 2010 – RFIDsafe 50 honoured in the travel accessory category at the Outdoor Industry Award 2010 [8] (#cite_note-8) 2013 − Z-28 heritage anti-theft urban backpack wins international iF product design award (/wiki/IF_product_design_award) in the lifestyle and leisure category. [9] (#cite_note-9) 2013 – Venturesafe 65L GII wins the Outdoor Industry Award [10] (#cite_note-10) 2015 − Pacsafe wins Double iF product design award (/wiki/IF_product_design_award) for the Camsafe Z25 and Duffelsafe AT80 in the sport and leisure category. [11] (#cite_note-11) 2015 – Intasafe Z400 is the recipient of Carryology's Best Work Messenger award. [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Pacsafe Turtle Fund" (https://www.pacsafe.com/ExploreTurtles) . Pacsafe . Retrieved 2019-04-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Pacsafe" (https://pacsafe.com/pages/about) . Retrieved 2010-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Lidsafe review" (http://motorcycle.com/products/rocket-touring-gear-roundup-3581.html?page=2) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Pacsafe - Backpacker's Editor's Choice Award 1999" (http://www.pacsafe.com/www/index.php?_room=8&_subRoom=33) . Retrieved 2010-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Pacsafe - Business Entrepreneurial Award 2002" (http://www.pacsafe.com/www/index.php?_room=8&_subRoom=33) . Retrieved 2010-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Lidsafe Motorcyclist Magazine MOTY Winner!" (http://www.pacsafe.com/www/index.php?_room=3&_action=detail&id=27) . Retrieved 2010-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Winner of the 2009 ILM Award for Intelligent Design" (http://www.corporatetravelsafety.com/catalog/pacsafe-travelsafe-p-310.html) . Retrieved 2010-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Pacsafe Wins Award For Innovation And Design!" (http://www.pacsafe.com/www/index.php?_room=6&_subRoom=30&id=225) . Retrieved 2010-09-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Pacsafe Wins international iF Design Award (Lifestyle & Leisure category)" (http://exhibition.ifdesign.de/companyportrait/pacsafe) . Retrieved 2013-04-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "enturesafe 65L GII wins the Outdoor Industry Award" (http://www.outdoor-show.com/od-en/programme/industry-award.php) . Retrieved 2013-07-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Pacsafe Wins double international iF Design Award (sport and leisure category)" (http://exhibition.ifdesign.de/companyportrait/pacsafe) . Retrieved 2015-01-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Third Annual Carry Awards :: Best Work Messenger Results" (https://www.carryology.com/bags/third-annual-carry-awards-best-work-messenger-results/) . Carryology - Exploring better ways to carry . 2015-02-23 . Retrieved 2020-11-07 . 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Brazil portal (/wiki/Portal:Brazil) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐bsxbl Cached time: 20240719110753 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.039 seconds Real time usage: 0.051 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 13/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 702/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.021/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 630297/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 41.046 1 Template:Portal 100.00% 41.046 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60708658-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719110753 and revision id 896146646. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Brazilian businesspeople in fashion" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . H Ana Hickmann (/wiki/Ana_Hickmann) P Costanza Pascolato (/wiki/Costanza_Pascolato) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Brazilian_businesspeople_in_fashion&oldid=896146646 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Brazilian_businesspeople_in_fashion&oldid=896146646) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Brazilian businesspeople by industry (/wiki/Category:Brazilian_businesspeople_by_industry) Brazilian fashion (/wiki/Category:Brazilian_fashion) Businesspeople in fashion (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_fashion)
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Russian-American tailor of Jewish origin (1831–1908) Jacob W. Davis Davis, c. 1905 Born Jacob Youphes ( Jākobs Jufess ) May 14, 1831 Rīga (/wiki/R%C4%ABga) , Russian Empire (/wiki/Russian_Empire) Died January 20, 1908 (1908-01-20) (aged 76) San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) , California (/wiki/California) , United States Resting place Hills of Eternity Memorial Park (/wiki/Hills_of_Eternity_Memorial_Park) Citizenship Russian Empire (/wiki/Russian_Empire) United States (/wiki/United_States) Occupation(s) Tailor (/wiki/Tailor) , Inventor (/wiki/Inventor) , and Entrepreneur (/wiki/Entrepreneur) Known for Invention of Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Spouse Annie Davis ( Parksher ) Children 6 Jacob William Davis (born Jākobs Jufess ; Russian (/wiki/Russian_language) : Якоб Яковлевич Юфес , May 14, 1831 – January 20, 1908) was a Russian-American tailor (/wiki/Tailor) of Jewish (/wiki/Jews) origin [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) who is credited with inventing modern jeans (/wiki/Jeans) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Growing up in Russian Empire (/wiki/Russian_Empire) , he emigrated to the United States as a young man and spent some time in Canada as well. He invented jeans by using sturdy cloth and rivets (/wiki/Rivet) to strengthen weak points in the seams, and partnered with Levi Strauss (/wiki/Levi_Strauss) to mass-produce them. Biography [ edit ] Jacob Youphes was born to a Jewish [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) family in the city of Rīga (/wiki/R%C4%ABga) , in 1831. During this time, he trained and worked as a tailor. [3] (#cite_note-ideafinder1-3) In 1854, at the age of 23, he emigrated to the United States (/wiki/United_States) , arriving in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) where he changed his name to Jacob Davis. There he ran a tailor's shop before moving to Maine (/wiki/Maine) and then, in 1856, San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) before moving on to Weaverville (/wiki/Weaverville,_California) . [4] (#cite_note-LeviPDF-4) After this itinerant spell in America, during which time it is believed he worked as a journeyman (/wiki/Journeyman) tailor, in 1858 Davis left California (/wiki/California) and moved to Western Canada (/wiki/Western_Canada) to try to find more profitable work. There, Davis met a German immigrant, Annie Parksher, whom he married and together, Jacob and Annie had six children. During his time in Canada (/wiki/Canada) , Davis worked at the Fraser River (/wiki/Fraser_River) panning for gold (/wiki/Panning_for_gold) . [5] (#cite_note-onlinenevada1-5) In January 1867, Davis returned to San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) with Annie and his family. Later that year, they moved to Virginia City, Nevada (/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada) , where he sold wholesale tobacco and pork before beginning work once more as a tailor. By 1868, the family had moved, this time to Reno, Nevada (/wiki/Reno,_Nevada) , which at that time was a tiny railroad town and there he helped Frederick Hertlein build a brewery (/wiki/Brewery) . 1869 saw Davis revert to his original trade, opening a tailor shop in the main street of the town. [3] (#cite_note-ideafinder1-3) In his tailor shop, Davis made functional items such as tents (/wiki/Tent) , horse blankets (/wiki/Horse_blanket) and wagon covers for the railway workers on the Central Pacific Railroad (/wiki/Central_Pacific_Railroad) . The fabric Davis worked with was heavy-duty cotton duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) cloth and cotton (/wiki/Cotton) denim (/wiki/Denim) which he bought from Levi Strauss & Co. (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) , a dry goods (/wiki/Dry_goods) company in San Francisco. [5] (#cite_note-onlinenevada1-5) To strengthen the stress points of the sewn items he was making, Davis used copper (/wiki/Copper) rivets (/wiki/Rivet) to reinforce the stitching. [3] (#cite_note-ideafinder1-3) [6] (#cite_note-6) Figure from US Patent No. 139,121 Jacob W. Davis's unique stitch design. This design is on all Levi's jeans today. In December 1870, Davis was asked by a customer to make a pair of strong working pants for her husband who was a woodcutter (/wiki/Lumberjack) . [7] (#cite_note-nevadaculture1-7) To create suitably robust pants for working, he used duck cloth (/wiki/Duck_cloth) and reinforced the weak points in the seams and pockets with the copper rivets. Such was the success of these pants that word spread throughout the labourers (/wiki/Labourer) along the railroad. Davis was making these working pants in duck cotton and, as early as 1871, in denim cotton. Before long, he found he could not keep up with demand. [5] (#cite_note-onlinenevada1-5) Davis had previously applied for patents for other inventions. [4] (#cite_note-LeviPDF-4) Realizing the potential value in his reinforced jeans concept, in 1872, he approached Levi Strauss (/wiki/Levi_Strauss) , who was still his supplier of fabric, and asked for his financial backing (/wiki/Financial_backing) in the filing of a patent application (/wiki/Patent_application) . [5] (#cite_note-onlinenevada1-5) Strauss agreed, and on May 20, 1873, US Patent No. 139,121 for "Improvements in fastening pocket openings" was issued in the name of Jacob W. Davis and Levi Strauss and Company. [8] (#cite_note-8) That same year, Davis started sewing a double orange threaded stitched design onto the back pocket of the jeans (/wiki/Jeans) to distinguish them from those made by his competitors. [5] (#cite_note-onlinenevada1-5) This trademark feature became Registered U.S. Trade Mark No. 1,139,254. [9] (#cite_note-9) By this time, Strauss had set up a sizeable tailor shop in San Francisco for the production of Davis' working pants and Jacob and his family had moved back to San Francisco for Davis to run this shop. As demand continued to grow, the shop was superseded by a manufacturing plant (/wiki/Manufacturing_plant) which Davis managed for Strauss. Davis continued to work there for the remainder of his life, overseeing production of the work pants as well as other lines including work shirts and overalls (/wiki/Overalls) . [3] (#cite_note-ideafinder1-3) Davis died in San Francisco in 1908. [4] (#cite_note-LeviPDF-4) He is buried at Hills of Eternity Memorial Park (/wiki/Hills_of_Eternity_Memorial_Park) in Colma, California. In 2006 a plaque was erected in Reno, Nevada (/wiki/Reno,_Nevada) , outside the premises where Davis's tailor shop was located, to commemorate the fact jeans were invented there. [7] (#cite_note-nevadaculture1-7) See also [ edit ] Ben Davis (clothing) (/wiki/Ben_Davis_(clothing)) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Jacob Davis: Pioneer Jewish Tailor of Nevada & His Copper Rivets That Made History" (http://www.jmaw.org/jacob-davis-levi-rivets-jewish/) . Jewish Museum of the American West (/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_the_American_West) . Jewish Museum of the American West . Retrieved March 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kelly, Kate (January 9, 2014). "The True Inventor of Blue Jeans" (http://americacomesalive.com/2014/01/09/the-true-inventor-of-blue-jeans/#.VRbtp_nF9JA) . America Comes Alive . Kate Kelly, America Comes Alive . Retrieved March 28, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Fascinating facts about Jacob Davis co-inventor of Blue Jeans in 1873" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101217111539/http://ideafinder.com/history/inventors/davis.htm) . The Great Idea Finder . Archived from the original (http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/davis.htm) on December 17, 2010 . Retrieved April 10, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Jacob Davis: His Life and Contributions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160328072943/https://www.levi.in/Downloads/PressRelease/History-Jacob-Davis.pdf) (PDF) . Levi Strauss & Co. Archived from the original (http://www.levi.co.in/Downloads/PressRelease/History-Jacob-Davis.pdf) (PDF) on 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jacob Davis and the Copper-riveted Jeans (http://www.onlinenevada.org/jacob_davis_and_the_copper_riveted_jeans_) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101221101803/http://www.onlinenevada.org/jacob_davis_and_the_copper_riveted_jeans_) December 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Rocha, Guy. "Myth #38 – Levi's 501 Jeans: A Riveting Story in Early Reno" (https://justgoods.tumblr.com/post/30383267404/myth-38-levis-501-jeans-a-riveting-story-in-early) . Just Goods . Retrieved April 7, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Loverin, Jan (2006), "A Nevada Stylist: Your Denim Jeans Are a Nevada Invention" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130429105158/http://museums.nevadaculture.org/dmdocuments/mus-let37.pdf) (PDF) , Nevada State Museum Newsletter , 36 (3): 4, archived from the original (http://museums.nevadaculture.org/dmdocuments/mus-let37.pdf) (PDF) on April 29, 2013 , retrieved January 21, 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-8) U.S. patent 139,121 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US139121) ^ (#cite_ref-9) U.S. Trade Mark 1,139,254 (http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=registration&entry=1139254) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000371130446) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/250611157) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgd6ttyb3HCPRhBKdGT73) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012064068) Artists Museum of Modern Art (https://www.moma.org/artists/68888) Other SNAC (https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64x6rvz) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐kgcrk Cached time: 20240710153339 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.514 seconds Real time usage: 0.673 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2204/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24875/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1880/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32754/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.368/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13821491/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 631.933 1 -total 26.94% 170.255 1 Template:Infobox_person 25.04% 158.206 1 Template:Reflist 20.55% 129.867 1 Template:Lang-ru 18.56% 117.260 5 Template:Cite_web 14.00% 88.445 1 Template:Authority_control 9.76% 61.678 1 Template:Short_description 8.14% 51.444 1 Template:Wikidata_image 5.83% 36.852 2 Template:Pagetype 4.80% 30.348 18 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30560630-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710153339 and revision id 1231901742. 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Ghanaian-born English editor and stylist (born 1972) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Edward_Enninful) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Edward_Enninful) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains weasel words (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions) : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) or unverifiable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) information . Such statements should be clarified or removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch) . ( June 2021 ) This article may require copy editing (/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting) for promotional language . You can assist by editing it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Edward_Enninful) . ( April 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Edward Enninful OBE (/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) Born Edward Kobina Enninful ( 1972-02-22 ) 22 February 1972 (age 52) Ghana Alma mater Goldsmiths, University of London (/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London) Occupation Creative director (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) Spouse Alec Maxwell ( m. 2022) Edward Kobina Enninful OBE (/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) (born 22 February 1972) is a Ghanaian-born British editor and stylist who was the editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) of British (/wiki/British_Vogue) Vogue and the European editorial director of Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) . [1] (#cite_note-1) He was appointed fashion director of the British fashion magazine i-D (/wiki/I-D) [2] (#cite_note-2) at the age of 18, a position he held for more than two decades. He subsequently held the positions of contributing fashion editor at Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) [3] (#cite_note-artsandculture.google.com-3) and American (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Vogue , as well as creative fashion director at W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) magazine. Enninful was appointed editor-in-chief of British Vogue in 2017 but stepped down in 2023. Marga Weimans at De Wereld Draait Door (/wiki/De_Wereld_Draait_Door) in 2017 over Edward Enninful. Early life [ edit ] Edward Enninful was born in Ghana on 22 February 1972. He was the fifth of six children born to Ghana Army (/wiki/Ghana_Army) officer Major Crosby Enninful. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 1985, after a coup d'état (/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat) which deposed President Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (/wiki/Ignatius_Kutu_Acheampong) , Enninful's family emigrated to England, settling down in the London neighbourhood of Ladbroke Grove (/wiki/Ladbroke_Grove) . [5] (#cite_note-PiedPiper-5) His mother worked as a seamstress, and she inspired him with the vividly patterned colours and fabrics she used while creating clothing for her British-Ghanaian friends. [6] (#cite_note-Menkes-6) At the age of 16, Enninful was spotted on a train by stylist Simon Foxton. [6] (#cite_note-Menkes-6) A few weeks later, he was shooting with Foxton at his house, along with Nick Knight (/wiki/Nick_Knight_(photographer)) , the cofounder and photographer of bimonthly magazine i-D (/wiki/I-D) . [5] (#cite_note-PiedPiper-5) By the age of 17, he had been introduced to Terry Jones (/wiki/Terry_Jones_(i-D)) , another cofounder of i-D , and soon began assisting the magazine's fashion director Beth Summers. [7] (#cite_note-Michael-7) He finished college, earning a degree at Goldsmiths, University of London (/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London) , [8] (#cite_note-8) while juggling his modeling career [9] (#cite_note-9) and assisting on shoots with Foxton and Summers. Summers left the magazine a few weeks after Enninful's 18th birthday, and Terry Jones gave Enninful the position. [10] (#cite_note-WwD-10) Career [ edit ] i-D magazine [ edit ] At the age of 18, Enninful's position as fashion director at i-D made him the youngest-ever fashion director for an international publication. [11] (#cite_note-GOOG-ARTS-11) He quickly became known for his edgy elegance, which ultimately became his trademark. Much of his inspiration came from the streets: "We British have to customize our clothes, we have to be more creative, informing who you are—and I am still obsessed with the streets." [11] (#cite_note-GOOG-ARTS-11) For the March 2009 issue of i-D Magazine (/wiki/I-D_Magazine) , Enninful styled "The Best British" cover story by photographer Sølve Sundsbø (/wiki/S%C3%B8lve_Sundsb%C3%B8) . [5] (#cite_note-PiedPiper-5) The issue printed 12 separate covers, each featuring one of twelve British supermodels (/wiki/Supermodels) , including Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) , Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , Susie Bick (/wiki/Susie_Bick) , Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , Stella Tennant (/wiki/Stella_Tennant) , Eliza Cummings (/wiki/Eliza_Cummings) , Alice Dellal (/wiki/Alice_Dellal) , Daisy Lowe (/wiki/Daisy_Lowe) , Twiggy (/wiki/Twiggy) , Yasmin Le Bon (/wiki/Yasmin_Le_Bon) , Lily Donaldson (/wiki/Lily_Donaldson) , and Agyness Deyn (/wiki/Agyness_Deyn) . [5] (#cite_note-PiedPiper-5) Italian Vogue [ edit ] In 1998, Enninful became a contributing editor to Italian Vogue . [12] (#cite_note-12) According to Enninful, working with Vogue Italia editor-in-chief Franca Sozzani and photographer Steven Meisel propelled him to mature as a stylist. "I always say that I was a London stylist but when I worked with Steven, I became a proper stylist." [13] (#cite_note-13) Among his achievements at Italian Vogue , perhaps the most notable project Enninful spearheaded during his time at the publication was the production of its "Black Issue". The "Black Issue" featured only black models, including Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) , Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) and Alek Wek (/wiki/Alek_Wek) to showcase and celebrate black models and black women in the worlds of art, politics and entertainment. [14] (#cite_note-14) He described his intention as ending the "white-out that dominates the catwalks and magazines". The issue was so successful that it sold out in the U.S. and U.K. within 72 hours, [15] (#cite_note-TIM-15) leading Condé Nast to print an additional 40,000 copies. [16] (#cite_note-16) Enninful also styled the magazine's highly publicized June 2011 cover editorial, "Belle Vere", which exclusively featured plus-sized models including Tara Lynn (/wiki/Tara_Lynn) , Candice Huffine (/wiki/Candice_Huffine) , and Robyn Lawley (/wiki/Robyn_Lawley) . [17] (#cite_note-17) American Vogue [ edit ] In 2006, Enninful became contributing fashion editor for American Vogue . [11] (#cite_note-GOOG-ARTS-11) He can be seen in the documentary "The September Issue". [11] (#cite_note-GOOG-ARTS-11) W magazine [ edit ] In 2011, Enninful was tapped to take the style directorship at W , a high-end Condé Nast title that had struggled in the late 2000s. [18] (#cite_note-BoF-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Under Enninful's direction, W generated considerable attention for its riskier editorial, [18] (#cite_note-BoF-18) including the March 2012 cover shot by Steven Klein featuring Kate Moss depicted as a nun [21] (#cite_note-21) as well as another cover featuring singer Nicki Minaj dolled up as an 18th-century French courtesan. For the magazine's November 2011 art issue, Enninful collaborated with Steven Meisel on a series of fake advertisements that ran throughout the magazine, including one that featured a drag queen contestant from RuPaul's Drag Race named Carmen Carrera hawking a fictitious fragrance called La Femme. While the magazine was suffering in 2010, amid a brutal recession and competition from V magazine and Interview magazine, W began showing signs of life after Enninful's takeover. [18] (#cite_note-BoF-18) The magazine's ad pages went up 16.7 percent by May 2012, with 453 pages compared to 388 pages for the same period the year before, according to Media Industry Newsletter—the biggest year-over-year gain among fashion titles. [22] (#cite_note-NyT-22) Editorial Director Stefano Tonchi (/wiki/Stefano_Tonchi) told The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) that Enninful was a big part of that success. [22] (#cite_note-NyT-22) British Vogue [ edit ] Enninful was confirmed as the new editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) of British (/wiki/British_Vogue) Vogue on 10 April 2017, making him the first black editor-in-chief of the magazine. [23] (#cite_note-IND-23) Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) International chairman and chief executive Jonathan Newhouse announced him as the successor to Alexandra Shulman (/wiki/Alexandra_Shulman) , calling Enninful "an influential figure in the communities of fashion, Hollywood and music which shape the cultural zeitgeist", adding that "by virtue of his talent and experience, Edward is supremely prepared to assume the responsibility of British Vogue ". [23] (#cite_note-IND-23) Since Enninful took the creative reins, he has aimed to reshape a century-old publication and transform it into a contemporary fashion platform that is more reflective of the current global audience. His efforts have led to a 51 percent increase in digital traffic since he took over in 2017 [15] (#cite_note-TIM-15) and led to signing 140 new advertisers. [24] (#cite_note-24) Furthermore, while other publications, including American Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , reduced frequency during the 2020 pandemic, British Vogue remained financially stable and continued to produce 12 thick issues. [15] (#cite_note-TIM-15) The circulation and newsstand sales of British Vogue fell significantly during his Editorship. [ citation needed ] For his first issue, Enninful made a bold statement of what the "New Vogue" would be like by featuring British mixed-race model and feminist activist Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) as the cover star. Covers since have featured the likes of Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) , Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Judi Dench (/wiki/Judi_Dench) (at 85, British Vogue ' s oldest cover star), Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) and soccer player Marcus Rashford (/wiki/Marcus_Rashford) . [15] (#cite_note-TIM-15) The September 2019 edition, which was guest-edited by Meghan, Duchess of Sussex (/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex) , featured on the cover 15 female changemakers, including Greta Thunberg (/wiki/Greta_Thunberg) and Jane Fonda (/wiki/Jane_Fonda) . The issue was a quick sell-out and, according to estimates provided by Condé Nast (/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast) Britain, the release of the September cover in the first 24 hours alone, generated more than double the entire PR value of Enninful's previous successful September issue, featuring pop star Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) . [18] (#cite_note-BoF-18) Under Enninful, British Vogue has waded into political territory as well. In response to comments on immigrants in the United States by President Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) , Enninful created the moving video project I Am An Immigrant, gathering huge names from the worlds of fashion, music, and film to show the vital creative input of people who are immigrants in the US. [25] (#cite_note-25) For the September 2020 issue, Enninful commissioned Misan Harriman (/wiki/Misan_Harriman) , the first Black male photographer to shoot a British Vogue cover in its 104-year history. [15] (#cite_note-TIM-15) Enninful then enlisted Kennedi Carter, who became the youngest photographer in British Vogue's history to shoot a cover story for the magazine. [26] (#cite_note-26) Enninful champions diversity both on and off the pages of British Vogue . Famously, his predecessor Alexandra Shulman, employed an all-white editorial team to support the publication. Since Enninful has taken the helm, the team is 25 percent people of color. [15] (#cite_note-TIM-15) To continue his efforts to bring more diversity to the team who help shape the content of the publication, Enninful has begun reaching out to local schools, cultivating the talent pool in digital media and trying, with his presence, to change the presumptions about who is welcome at Vogue House. [27] (#cite_note-27) Advertising [ edit ] Along with his editorial work, Enninful has been instrumental in shaping the vision of numerous advertising campaigns and runway shows for some of the most influential international fashion houses. To date, he has consulted for Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) , Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , Dolce and Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_and_Gabbana) , Celine (/wiki/Celine) , Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin_(company)) , Mulberry (/wiki/Mulberry) , Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) , Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_designer)) , Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander) , Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Alessandro Dell'Acqua (/wiki/Alessandro_Dell%27Acqua) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) and Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , [28] (#cite_note-28) among others. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of Enninful's career, he collaborated with Beats by Dre (/wiki/Beats_by_Dre) and Nick Knight (photographer) (/wiki/Nick_Knight_(photographer)) to create a limited-edition line of headphones with an accompanying video entitled "The Seven Deadly Sins of Edward Enninful". [29] (#cite_note-29) The film featured 8 supermodels (/wiki/Supermodels) – Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) (lust), Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) (pride), Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) (greed), Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) and Anna Ewers (/wiki/Anna_Ewers) (gluttony), Maria Carla Boscono (sloth), Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) (wrath) and Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) (envy) and screened on the Beats by Dre (/wiki/Beats_by_Dre) billboard in Times Square (/wiki/Times_Square) in 2016. In 2017, Enninful made his directorial debut in a collaboration with the American brand GAP (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) to celebrate diversity and promote optimism. Enninful enlisted a diverse cast spanning many industries, including Wiz Khalifa (/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa) , Priyanka Chopra (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) , Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) , Maria Borges (/wiki/Maria_Borges) , Christie Brinkley (/wiki/Christie_Brinkley) , Miles Chamley-Watson (/wiki/Miles_Chamley-Watson) , Jonathan Groff (/wiki/Jonathan_Groff) and Alek Wek (/wiki/Alek_Wek) , [30] (#cite_note-GLA-30) and featured the stars singing along to "Sunny" by Boney M. According to GAP (/wiki/Gap_Inc.) the goal of the video, titled "Bridging the Gap", was "to show unity and individuality existing in tandem". [30] (#cite_note-GLA-30) Personal life [ edit ] On 22 February 2022, his 50th birthday, Enninful married his long-term partner Alec Maxwell at Longleat House (/wiki/Longleat) in Wiltshire. [31] (#cite_note-31) Enninful's memoir, A Visible Man, was published in September 2022. [32] (#cite_note-32) It was "Book of the Week" on BBC Radio 4 (/wiki/BBC_Radio_4) , read by the author. [33] (#cite_note-33) Recognition [ edit ] The Black Alumni of Pratt's Celebration of the Creative Spirit Award (2012) [34] (#cite_note-34) National Magazine Feature Photography Award 2013: "Good Kate, Bad Kate" by Steven Klein (2013) [35] (#cite_note-35) The New York Urban League's Frederick Douglass Medallion Award (2014) [36] (#cite_note-36) BRAG Business Achievement Award (2014) [37] (#cite_note-37) British Fashion Awards: Isabella Blow Award for Fashion Creator (2014) [38] (#cite_note-38) Clio Excellence in Commercial Styling Award (2015) [39] (#cite_note-39) Appointed Order of the British Empire for services to diversity in the fashion industry (2016) [40] (#cite_note-:0-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) Attitude Magazine’s Man of the Year (2018) [42] (#cite_note-42) AMFAR Courage Award (2018) [43] (#cite_note-43) CFDA Media Award (2018) [44] (#cite_note-44) Daily Front Row Magazine of the Year (2019) [45] (#cite_note-45) BOF Global Voices Award (2019) [46] (#cite_note-46) Named the 6th most powerful black man in Britain in the Powerlist 2020 (/wiki/Powerlist_2020) ranking, having made the Top 10 in both 2018 and 2019. [47] (#cite_note-47) PPA Editor of the Year (2020) [48] (#cite_note-ppaawards.co.uk-48) PPA Diversity Initiative of the Year (2020) [48] (#cite_note-ppaawards.co.uk-48) Fashion Awards' Services to Diversity (2020) [49] (#cite_note-49) BSME (British Society of Magazine Editors) – Editor's Editor Award (2020) [50] (#cite_note-50) The British Fashion Awards 2020 Changemakers Award [51] (#cite_note-51) Named the 5th on the 2021 15th edition (/wiki/Powerlist_2021) of the Powerlist (/wiki/Powerlist) rankings, after reaching the Top 10 for four years running [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) BSME (British Society of Magazine Editors) 2021 for Editor of the Year [54] (#cite_note-54) The British Fashion Awards for Leader of Change (2021) [55] (#cite_note-55) The Prince's Trust Global Ambassador (2021) [56] (#cite_note-56) British LGBT Awards: Global Media Trailblazer (2022) [57] (#cite_note-57) The CNMI Sustainable Fashion Awards: The Visionary Award (2023) [58] (#cite_note-58) [59] (#cite_note-59) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Deeny, Godfrey (20 May 2021). 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Retrieved 18 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "All the Winners from Britain's The Fashion Awards" (https://www.vogue.com/article/british-fashion-council-the-fashion-awards-2021-winners) . Vogue . 29 November 2021 . Retrieved 18 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Edward Enninful Has Been Named Global Ambassador For The Prince's Trust Group" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/edward-enninful-global-ambassador-princes-trust) . British Vogue . 22 October 2021 . Retrieved 18 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) "All The Winners At The British LGBT Awards" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/british-lgbt-awards-2022) . British Vogue . 25 June 2022 . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "The CNMI Sustainable Fashion Awards 2023" (https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/cnmi-sustainable-fashion-awards/2023-award-winners) . Ellen Macarthur Foundation . Retrieved 5 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Gucci, Valentino and Chloé among recipients at CNMI's Sustainable Fashion Awards 2023" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/business/gucci-valentino-and-chloe-among-recipients-at-cnmi-s-sustainable-fashion-awards-2023/2023092571750) . Fashion United . Retrieved 5 March 2024 . 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Fashion designer Robert Wun Born Hong Kong Education London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) Occupation Fashion designer Website robertwun (http://robertwun.com/) .com (http://robertwun.com/) Robert Wun is a Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) -born London (/wiki/London) -based fashion designer. [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) After graduating from London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) , Wun founded a fashion brand with his name in 2014, focusing on womenswear collections. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) Early life and education [ edit ] Wun was born and raised in Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) . [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) He started to take an interest in fashion at the age of 11 after he "met a cool girl a few years older than me at my family’s church who started a course in fashion design". [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) Wun moved to London (/wiki/London) where he studied at London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) . He graduated in 2012. [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) [1] (#cite_note-:3-1) Career [ edit ] Wun launched his own fashion brand in 2014. [5] (#cite_note-vogue5things-5) In 2022, the designer debuted his first solo museum exhibition called, Robert Wun: Between Reality and Fantasy at SCAD FASH. [6] (#cite_note-6) In the same year, he was also awarded the ANDAM (/wiki/ANDAM) Prix Spécial along with a $100,000 award cheque. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2023, Wun debuted his first official couture collection during Paris Haute Couture Fashion Week. [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) [5] (#cite_note-vogue5things-5) [9] (#cite_note-9) Wun's designs have been worn by the likes of Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , Solange (/wiki/Solange_Knowles) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Cardi B (/wiki/Cardi_B) , Céline Dion (/wiki/Celine_Dion) , Lizzo (/wiki/Lizzo) , and Doja Cat (/wiki/Doja_Cat) . [3] (#cite_note-:2-3) [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Robert Wun finally steps into the spotlight" (https://www.ft.com/content/1d2e2a42-2b3f-429d-9c2e-904a8cd34ee6) . Financial Times . 2023-01-19 . Retrieved 2023-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Jovic, Biljana; Petkovic, Dragica Obratov; Gajanic, Olga (2021-12-28). "Biodesign In Architecture, Landscape Architecture And Fashion : Biodesign Na Arquitetura, Arquitetura Da Paisagem E Moda" (https://www.rbeg.net/index.php/rbeg/article/view/118) . Revista Brasileira de Expressão Gráfica . 9 (2): 1–24. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Robert Wun's Futuristic AW21 Collection Is An Ode To His Grandmother" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/robert-wun-interview) . British Vogue . 2021-04-05 . Retrieved 2022-01-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Robert Wun Creates Fantastical Designs for Lady Gaga and Lizzo" (https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/robert-wun-designer-scad-fash-exhibition-interview) . W Magazine . Retrieved 2022-01-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b "5 Things To Know About Robert Wun's Couture Debut" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/gallery/robert-wun-couture-ss23) . British Vogue . 2023-01-27 . Retrieved 2023-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Albertson, Scottie Walden (Jan 3, 2022). "SCAD FASH debuts 'Robert Wun: Between Reality and Fantasy' (https://www.scad.edu/blog/scad-fash-debuts-robert-wun-between-reality-and-fantasy) " (https://www.scad.edu/blog/scad-fash-debuts-robert-wun-between-reality-and-fantasy) . SCAD.edu . Retrieved 2023-02-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) WW, FashionNetwork com. "Botter wins ANDAM 2022 Grand Prize; Robert Wun the Prix Spécial" (https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Botter-wins-andam-2022-grand-prize-robert-wun-the-prix-special,1420061.html) . FashionNetwork.com . Retrieved 2023-02-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Couture newcomer Robert Wun on selling to the super rich" (https://www.voguebusiness.com/fashion/couture-newcomer-robert-wun-on-selling-to-the-super-rich) . Vogue Business . 2023-01-25 . Retrieved 2023-01-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Templeton, Lily (2023-01-26). "Robert Wun Couture Spring 2023" (https://wwd.com/runway/spring-couture-2023/paris/robert-wun/review/) . WWD . Retrieved 2023-01-27 . 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Sitcom character Fictional character Patsy Stone Absolutely Fabulous (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous) character Joanna Lumley as Patsy Stone First appearance "Fashion" (1992) Last appearance Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous:_The_Movie) (2016) Created by Jennifer Saunders (/wiki/Jennifer_Saunders) Portrayed by Joanna Lumley (/wiki/Joanna_Lumley) In-universe information Full name Eurydice Colette Clytemnestra Dido Bathsheba Rabelais Patricia Cocteau Stone [1] (#cite_note-1) Nickname Pats Gender Female [2] (#cite_note-transgender-2) Occupation Former fashion model [3] (#cite_note-nytimes-3) Magazine fashion director [4] (#cite_note-Halifax-4) Buyer for Jeremy's Former pornographic actress Family Mother (deceased) Jackie (sister; deceased) Spouse Edina Monsoon (/wiki/Edina_Monsoon) Baroness Lubliana (pretending to be a man, "Pat", in Cannes (/wiki/Cannes) ) Patsy Stone is one of the two main characters from the British television sitcom Absolutely Fabulous (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous) , portrayed by actress Joanna Lumley (/wiki/Joanna_Lumley) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Background [ edit ] Patsy was the last of a string of children born to an aging Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemianism) mother in Paris, who gave birth "like a sprinkler (/wiki/Irrigation_sprinkler) , scattering bastard babies all over Europe." [6] (#cite_note-Happy_New_Year-6) In a flashback showing Patsy's birth, after telling an attendant to cut the cord, Patsy's mother (Eleanor Bron) exclaims that she names the child Eurydice (/wiki/Eurydice) Colette (/wiki/Colette) Clytemnestra (/wiki/Clytemnestra) Dido (/wiki/Dido) Bathsheba (/wiki/Bathsheba) Rabelais (/wiki/Rabelais) Patricia Cocteau (/wiki/Cocteau) Stone . [7] (#cite_note-Birth-7) The only sibling seen in the series is her older sister Jackie ( Kate O'Mara (/wiki/Kate_O%27Mara) ), a former high-class escort whom Patsy worships, despite the fact that Jackie treats her horribly and twice tried to murder her through heroin (/wiki/Heroin) overdose. [6] (#cite_note-Happy_New_Year-6) Patsy and Edina Monsoon (/wiki/Edina_Monsoon) were childhood friends, and since her mother despised and neglected her—regarding her more as a rival than a daughter—she came to rely on the Monsoons for most of her shelter, comfort, and food (though she has only been seen eating twice since 1973). She mentioned that her mother would have had an abortion, but she mistook her pregnancy for the onset of the menopause. The first few years of her life were spent locked in a room, and the rest of her childhood was dismal by Patsy's own description, without friends, parties, or presents. [7] (#cite_note-Birth-7) Although her mother eventually sent her to school, by the time she did, Patsy was much older than all the other students. [6] (#cite_note-Happy_New_Year-6) This explains a potential plot hole where Edina and Patsy are supposedly far apart in age, yet are shown to be in the same school year in flashback. Although Patsy claims to have been an it girl (/wiki/It_girl) and in-demand model in 1960s Swinging London (/wiki/Swinging_London) , flashbacks reveal she was completely unsuccessful, only obtaining work through latching on to high-profile designers and models and manipulating them into feeling sorry for her. Flashbacks to the 1960s reveal Patsy wreaking havoc on the respective sets of Zandra Rhodes (/wiki/Zandra_Rhodes) ' and Annagret Tree's photo shoots. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Patsy may have appeared in the pornographic magazine Razzle (/wiki/Razzle_(magazine)) , as she becomes concerned when an old copy of the magazine is discovered by Saffron in her half-brother Serge's bedroom. She dubs herself an "ex- Bond girl (/wiki/Bond_girl) ", but the films she starred in were actually Bond-inspired sexploitation (/wiki/Sexploitation) films titled Bond Meets Black Emanuelle (/wiki/Black_Emanuelle) , Boldfinger and The Man with Thunder Balls . [10] (#cite_note-Schmoozin-10) In "Schmoozin'", a group of partygoers are treated to a viewing of Patsy's 1970s softcore pornographic (/wiki/Softcore_pornography) film Booberella . [10] (#cite_note-Schmoozin-10) Patsy claims to have slept with every member of the Rolling Stones (/wiki/Rolling_Stones) , stating that "...you didn't have a favourite Stone, you had 'em all." [10] (#cite_note-Schmoozin-10) She also claims to have slept with Keith Moon (/wiki/Keith_Moon) ("Well sort of. I woke up underneath him in a hotel room once."), and one of the Beatles (/wiki/The_Beatles) , although she cannot remember which one. [11] (#cite_note-11) On various occasions throughout the series, it is alluded to that Patsy is a trans woman (/wiki/Transgender) , [2] (#cite_note-transgender-2) having undergone gender-affirming surgery (/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery) in Morocco in the 1960s. Edina states that this only lasted a few months, "before it fell off", [12] (#cite_note-12) and Elton John (/wiki/Elton_John) recognises her as someone he slept with when she was a man. [10] (#cite_note-Schmoozin-10) In the series [ edit ] Friendship with Edina [ edit ] Patsy shares a codependent existence with Edina and often acts as her enabler (/wiki/Enabler) , encouraging her to partake in addictive behaviours like smoking and drinking. The relationship usually results in hilarious, albeit dysfunctional, behaviour and over-the-top conflicts. The two usually spend their days shopping at high-end department stores and boutiques ( Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) being their favourite), going to lunch at trendy restaurants, and avoiding their respective work places. Patsy is more parasitic (/wiki/Parasitic) in her dependence than Edina is, [13] (#cite_note-13) she spends most of her spare time at Edina's house, drinks Edina's booze, uses her chauffeur-driven car, and at various points lives with her, in either the attic, [14] (#cite_note-Identity-14) Saffron's bedroom, or the utility room. In "Death", Patsy attempts to convince Edina to leave her her multimillion-pound Holland Park (/wiki/Holland_Park) house in the event of Edina's death. Her dependence on the friendship leads Patsy to sabotage any relationships which take Edina's attention away from her, which is the root cause of her near-constant animosity towards Saffron. [10] (#cite_note-Schmoozin-10) [15] (#cite_note-Magazine-15) Patsy is also quite critical of Edina, often making passive jabs at her weight and poor fashion choices. Appearance [ edit ] Unlike Edina, whose dress sense is dictated by fashion rather than what suits her, Patsy is usually seen sporting a more 'classic' style, generally consisting of a designer power suit and her trademark blonde beehive (/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)) with a fringe (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) , dubbed her 'crutch' by Fleur in the episode "Donkey". She has a particular fondness for couture Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) jackets, which she wears to editorial meetings to intimidate her colleagues. [15] (#cite_note-Magazine-15) Patsy was born on 30 October, although her actual age is never clearly divulged; she often states herself to be between 39 and 43. In series one, set in 1992, she is revealed to have been a classmate of Edina's at school; in the same series, Edina turns 40, which would theoretically make Patsy no older than 41 at that stage. However, later episodes reveal that her neglectful mother did not send her to school for many years, meaning she could have been classmates with Edina yet still some years her senior. She is so obsessed with projecting youth that she uses a false passport (obtained from "Johnny Fingers" on the Isle of Dogs (/wiki/Isle_of_Dogs) ) with a doctored picture from her modelling days. [14] (#cite_note-Identity-14) [16] (#cite_note-Gay-16) In "Cold Turkey", a nurse guesses that she is approximately 65 years old. [17] (#cite_note-17) In the episode series 3 "Happy New Year", Patsy's older sister Jackie reveals that she is 72 years old, to which Patsy replies, "My God, then how old does that make me?", suggesting that Patsy has lied about her age so often that she can no longer remember her real age. [6] (#cite_note-Happy_New_Year-6) Her vanity and obsession with youth leads her to use radical beauty treatments, including sulfuric acid (/wiki/Sulfuric_acid) peels, collagen (/wiki/Collagen) lip injections, and the Botox (/wiki/Botox) -like filler Parralox, which freezes wrinkles but paralyses her face. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) As the series progresses, Patsy betrays her age more and more, appearing to become more feeble beginning in the fourth series. In "Menopause", Patsy has to visit the hospital after fracturing her bones doing simple tasks, like snapping her fingers. The doctor diagnoses her with osteoporosis (/wiki/Osteoporosis) and declares that she has the lowest bone density (/wiki/Bone_density) on record. [20] (#cite_note-Menopause-20) In "Olympics", she admits to using adult diapers (/wiki/Adult_diapers) for occasional incontinence. Her poor eyesight is evident, with Patsy often colliding with objects and having to scrutinize type and images very closely. Personality [ edit ] Patsy usually seems quite cold and unemotive, especially in her behaviour toward her chief rival Saffron, [21] (#cite_note-21) but she sometimes reveals a more vulnerable side (in flashbacks to her bleak life with her mother, in her overeager admiration for the awful Jackie, and in those rare moments when Edina temporarily withdraws her friendship) and even occasionally asks Saffron for advice. She is also prone to intense outbursts of anger, usually directed at Saffron, who constantly chastises her for her many vices and the malign influence she has on Edina. When faced with a situation that someone else might find alarming or disconcerting, Patsy often responds with a cool "right, cheers, thanks a lot." Patsy is an alcoholic, a chain smoker (/wiki/Chain_smoker) , and a frequent recreational drug (/wiki/Recreational_drug) user. She carries drugs with her at all times, storing joints (/wiki/Joint_(cannabis)) in her trademark beehive. She has nearly overdosed on several occasions, [20] (#cite_note-Menopause-20) and on one occasion in the series has to have her stomach pumped after a rave (/wiki/Rave) -style drug binge in Edina's sitting room. [22] (#cite_note-22) In "France", she is detained at customs after being found carrying what immigration officers believed to have been cocaine (/wiki/Cocaine) , only to be released when tests show she was cheated and bought talcum powder (/wiki/Talcum_powder) . [23] (#cite_note-France-23) In "Identity", she is revealed to have stiffed her former dealer, Barron, of £50,000 worth of drugs, justifying her habit by saying, "Have you seen the price of methadone (/wiki/Methadone) ? Cheaper to buy crack (/wiki/Crack_cocaine) ." [14] (#cite_note-Identity-14) Her drinks of choice are Bollinger (/wiki/Bollinger) champagne or Stolichnaya (/wiki/Stolichnaya) vodka ("Bolly and Stolly"), though she will drink whatever alcohol is around. She jokes that her blood-alcohol level is so high that "the last mosquito that bit me had to check into the Betty Ford Clinic (/wiki/Betty_Ford_Clinic) ." [23] (#cite_note-France-23) In "Birth", she causes a fire in Edina's kitchen when she passes out with a lit cigarette. [7] (#cite_note-Birth-7) Her addiction to cigarettes is so strong that she carries nicotine patches (/wiki/Nicotine_patches) in the event that she gets into a non-smoking cab, so that she can survive the journey. [24] (#cite_note-24) In the beginning of the series, Patsy is very promiscuous and frank about her sexuality, seducing anyone she finds attractive. When the fourth series commences, Patsy's attractiveness to men has begun to wane, though she refuses to admit this and still throws herself at men. Her obsession for staying thin means that she rarely eats; she claims that she has not eaten anything since 1973, having had a "stomach bypass", according to Edina. There are only two instances where she does eat: in the episode "New Year's Eve", she painfully chews and swallows a potato crisp, then is visibly shaken from having actually eaten something; and in the Christmas special "Cold Turkey", she renders the entire assembly speechless by demurely asking for a small slice of turkey during Christmas lunch, but chokes it up upon eating it. Career [ edit ] Throughout the first three series, Patsy is a fashion director (/wiki/Creative_director) at Ella , a magazine similar to Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , which she secured through sleeping with the publisher. [15] (#cite_note-Magazine-15) Saffron derisively says that Patsy's job is to "invent random adjectives for pointless clothing." [25] (#cite_note-25) Patsy rarely does any work or goes to the office (in "Magazine", she cannot remember where her office is located in the building and needs to ask directions). [15] (#cite_note-Magazine-15) The benefits she most enjoys are the many free products she is given and the 50% discount she receives at Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) . She refers to herself as an "international beauty and style guru", [26] (#cite_note-26) boasting that she is so influential that "one snap of my fingers and I can raise hemlines so high that the world is your gynaecologist (/wiki/Gynaecologist) ." [15] (#cite_note-Magazine-15) In the series 3 episodes "Fear" and "The End", Patsy's magazine closes and she briefly moves to New York to take another fashion director job at HQ magazine. However, she is so lonely without Edina that she quickly returns to London. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) In part one of "The Last Shout", she is job-hunting, but ditches a job interview to go to the pub. [29] (#cite_note-29) In part two, her old boss Magda ( Kathy Burke (/wiki/Kathy_Burke) ) gets her a job as fashion editor at another magazine, The A . [30] (#cite_note-30) In the 2002 special "Gay", Patsy has taken a job as "executive creative director, chief buyer and lifestyle coordinator" for Jeremy's, an upscale boutique whose clientele consists of "rich bitches whose faces are pulled so tight they can't see what they're buying". [16] (#cite_note-Gay-16) She also briefly attempts to become a celebrity stylist (/wiki/Personal_stylist) , which ends after a disastrous encounter with Minnie Driver (/wiki/Minnie_Driver) . [31] (#cite_note-31) In "Birthin'", she is due to receive a "Global Style and Elegance" Award for promoting the importance of accessories, but fails to make the award show when Saffron goes into labour. [32] (#cite_note-32) In the 20th anniversary specials and the feature film, Patsy is once again working for a fashion magazine, under the direction of her old boss Magda. Patsy's colleagues at her original magazine are features editor Catriona ( Helen Lederer (/wiki/Helen_Lederer) ) and beauty editor Fleur ( Harriet Thorpe (/wiki/Harriet_Thorpe) ), who tag along on her various career moves. Significance [ edit ] For her portrayal of Patsy Stone, Lumley was nominated four different times for the BAFTA Award for Best Comedy Performance (/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Award_for_Best_Comedy_Performance) , winning in 1995. [33] (#cite_note-33) She also won the BAFTA for Best Light Entertainment (/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Award_for_Best_Entertainment_Performance) in 1993, and a British Comedy Award (/wiki/British_Comedy_Award) the same year for best actress. The characters of Patsy and Edina Monsoon enjoy a significant following in the LGBT community [34] (#cite_note-34) and have long been favourite subjects for drag performances. [ citation needed ] Jennifer Saunders has described both Patsy and Edina as unconventional feminists, because "[i]t's never been about them finding a relationship, or defining themselves by having to have a man. They live life entirely on their own terms as women, and to be honest, men don't really affect them much. I mean, occasionally they want sex, but who doesn't? They're not defined by normality. They create their own normality." [35] (#cite_note-35) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Mulkern, Patrick (25 December 2011). "Absolutely Fabulous makes a hilarious return" (http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2011-12-25/absolutely-fabulous-makes-a-hilarious-return) . Radio Times (/wiki/Radio_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120107204150/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2011-12-25/absolutely-fabulous-makes-a-hilarious-return) from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Joanna Lumley FINALLY confirms Ab Fab's Patsy Stone is 'transgender' (https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/676709/Joanna-Lumley-Absolutely-Fabulous-Patsy-Stone-transgender-Jennifer-Saunders-BBC) " (https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/676709/Joanna-Lumley-Absolutely-Fabulous-Patsy-Stone-transgender-Jennifer-Saunders-BBC) . Daily Express (/wiki/Daily_Express) . 3 June 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061357/https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/676709/Joanna-Lumley-Absolutely-Fabulous-Patsy-Stone-transgender-Jennifer-Saunders-BBC) from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-nytimes_3-0) "Television/Radio; The Original Queens of (British) Comedy" (https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/06/arts/television-radio-the-original-queens-of-british-comedy.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . 6 April 2003. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160805235537/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/06/arts/television-radio-the-original-queens-of-british-comedy.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm) from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Halifax_4-0) Crabtree, Diane (1 September 2011). "I just wanna say 'fabulous darling' – Absolutely Fabulous is back" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110925063401/http://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/lifestyle/the-guide-arts-and-entertainment/more-arts-and-entertainment-news/i_just_wanna_say_fabulous_darling_absolutely_fabulous_is_back_1_3731680) . Halifax Courier (/wiki/Halifax_Courier) . Archived from the original (http://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/lifestyle/the-guide-arts-and-entertainment/more-arts-and-entertainment-news/i_just_wanna_say_fabulous_darling_absolutely_fabulous_is_back_1_3731680) on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Press Association (/wiki/Press_Association) (29 August 2011). "Absolutely Fabulous is back – so crack open the Bolly and Stolly" (https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2011/aug/29/absolutely-fabulous-back-bolly-stolly) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160923004327/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2011/aug/29/absolutely-fabulous-back-bolly-stolly) from the original on 23 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Happy New Year". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 3. Episode 2. 6 April 1995. BBC One (/wiki/BBC_One) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Birth". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 2. Episode 6. 10 March 1994. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "New Best Friend". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 2. Episode 4. 24 February 1994. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Paris". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 4. Episode 3. 14 September 2001. BBC One. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Schmoozin' ". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 5. Episode 6. 28 November 2003. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Carina Chocano (15 November 2001). "The return of "Absolutely Fabulous" (https://www.salon.com/2001/11/15/ab_fab/) " (https://www.salon.com/2001/11/15/ab_fab/) . Salon (/wiki/Salon_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191423/https://www.salon.com/2001/11/15/ab_fab/) from the original on 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Morocco". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 2. Episode 3. 10 February 1994. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-13) " (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Absolutely-Fabulous) Absolutely Fabulous : British Television Show" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Absolutely-Fabulous) . Encyclopaedia Britannica (/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180101195030/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Absolutely-Fabulous) from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Identity". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 6. Episode 1. 25 December 2011. BBC One. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Magazine". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 1. Episode 6. 10 December 1992. BBC Two (/wiki/BBC_Two) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Gay". Absolutely Fabulous . 27 December 2002. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Cold Turkey". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 5. Episode 8. 24 December 2003. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Hospital". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 2. Episode 1. 27 January 1994. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Parralox". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 4. Episode 1. 31 August 2001. BBC One. ^ Jump up to: a b "Menopause". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 4. Episode 6. 5 October 2001. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Gates, Anita (30 April 1995). "TELEVISION; Through Thick and Thin (Thin? I Could Kill Her)" (https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/30/arts/television-through-thick-and-thin-thin-i-could-kill-her.html) . The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180102073723/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/30/arts/television-through-thick-and-thin-thin-i-could-kill-her.html) from the original on 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Death". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 2. Episode 2. 3 February 1994. BBC One. ^ Jump up to: a b "France". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 1. Episode 3. 26 November 1992. BBC Two. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Poor". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 2. Episode 5. 3 March 1994. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Small Opening". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 4. Episode 5. 28 September 2001. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Jealous". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 3. Episode 4. 27 April 1995. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Fear". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 3. Episode 5. 4 May 1995. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-28) "The End". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 3. Episode 6. 11 May 1995. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-29) "The Last Shout Part 1". Absolutely Fabulous . 6 November 1996. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-30) "The Last Shout Part 2". Absolutely Fabulous . 7 November 1996. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Panickin' ". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 5. Episode 3. 31 October 2003. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Birthin' ". Absolutely Fabulous . Series 5. Episode 5. 14 November 2003. BBC One. ^ (#cite_ref-33) "BAFTA 1995 Best Comedy Performance" (http://awards.bafta.org/award/1995/television/comedy-performance) . BAFTA (/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072429/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1995/television/comedy-performance) from the original on 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Christopher Rudolph (3 June 2016). " (http://www.newnownext.com/ab-fab-patsy-transgender/06/2016/) "Patsy is Transgender", reveals "Absolutely Fabulous" Star Joanna Lumley" (http://www.newnownext.com/ab-fab-patsy-transgender/06/2016/) . NewNowNext (/wiki/NewNowNext) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191509/http://www.newnownext.com/ab-fab-patsy-transgender/06/2016/) from the original on 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Guy Lodge (20 July 2016). "When Donald Trump Met the Star of Absolutely Fabulous" (https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/07/absolutely-fabulous-movie-interview) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161231065141/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/07/absolutely-fabulous-movie-interview) from the original on 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2019 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patsy Stone (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Patsy_Stone) . Patsy Stone (https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/abfab/family_tree/patsy.shtml) at the BBC v t e Absolutely Fabulous (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous) Characters (/wiki/List_of_Absolutely_Fabulous_characters) Edina Monsoon (/wiki/Edina_Monsoon) Patsy Stone Series (/wiki/List_of_Absolutely_Fabulous_episodes) 1 (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous_series_1) 2 (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous_series_2) 3 (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous_series_3) 4 (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous_series_4) 5 (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous_series_5) 20th Anniversary (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous:_20th_Anniversary) Music " This Wheel's on Fire (/wiki/This_Wheel%27s_on_Fire) " " Absolutely Fabulous (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous_(song)) " Films Absolument fabuleux (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous_(2001_film)) (2001) Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie (/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous:_The_Movie) (2016) Related Jennifer Saunders (/wiki/Jennifer_Saunders) " Modern Mother and Daughter (/wiki/Modern_Mother_and_Daughter) " Mirrorball (/wiki/Mirrorball_(TV_pilot)) Rosa 'Absolutely Fabulous' (/wiki/Julia_Child_rose) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐qg64f Cached time: 20240722163205 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.565 seconds Real time usage: 0.744 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2998/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 68166/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4731/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 135347/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.358/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6099304/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 610.167 1 -total 42.01% 256.345 1 Template:Reflist 16.29% 99.406 4 Template:Cite_web 15.26% 93.098 1 Template:Absolutely_Fabulous 14.89% 90.878 1 Template:Navbox 14.60% 89.066 24 Template:Cite_episode 12.93% 78.896 2 Template:Short_description 12.10% 73.837 1 Template:Infobox_character 9.95% 60.702 1 Template:Infobox 7.62% 46.514 3 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:9885188-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722163205 and revision id 1220925156. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patsy_Stone&oldid=1220925156 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patsy_Stone&oldid=1220925156) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Absolutely Fabulous (/wiki/Category:Absolutely_Fabulous) British female characters in television (/wiki/Category:British_female_characters_in_television) British sitcom characters (/wiki/Category:British_sitcom_characters) Fictional alcohol abusers (/wiki/Category:Fictional_alcohol_abusers) Fictional cocaine users (/wiki/Category:Fictional_cocaine_users) Fictional British criminals (/wiki/Category:Fictional_British_criminals) Fictional female criminals (/wiki/Category:Fictional_female_criminals) Fictional drug addicts (/wiki/Category:Fictional_drug_addicts) Fictional businesspeople (/wiki/Category:Fictional_businesspeople) Fictional LSD users (/wiki/Category:Fictional_LSD_users) Fictional models (/wiki/Category:Fictional_models) Fictional people from London (/wiki/Category:Fictional_people_from_London) Fictional socialites (/wiki/Category:Fictional_socialites) Television shows about narcissism (/wiki/Category:Television_shows_about_narcissism) Television characters introduced in 1992 (/wiki/Category:Television_characters_introduced_in_1992) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from May 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2020) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2020) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Male models from Taiwan (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Male_models_from_Taiwan) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐k9hnm Cached time: 20240721165747 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.051 seconds Real time usage: 0.070 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2617/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 392/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.028/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946226/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 63.125 1 Template:Commons_category 100.00% 63.125 1 -total 96.95% 61.197 1 Template:Sister_project 94.16% 59.438 1 Template:Side_box 7.22% 4.559 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15170796-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721165747 and revision id 833946415. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Taiwanese male models" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Derek Chang (/wiki/Derek_Chang) Duncan Chow (/wiki/Duncan_Chow) G Godfrey Gao (/wiki/Godfrey_Gao) J Ethan Juan (/wiki/Ethan_Juan) L Toby Lee (actor) (/wiki/Toby_Lee_(actor)) Simon Lian (/wiki/Simon_Lian) M Ming Dao (/wiki/Ming_Dao) S Patrick Shih (/wiki/Patrick_Shih) T Sphinx Ting (/wiki/Sphinx_Ting) W Sam Wang (actor) (/wiki/Sam_Wang_(actor)) James Wen (/wiki/James_Wen) Wu Kang-ren (/wiki/Wu_Kang-ren) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Taiwanese_male_models&oldid=833946415 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Taiwanese_male_models&oldid=833946415) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Taiwanese models (/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_models) Male models by nationality (/wiki/Category:Male_models_by_nationality) Taiwanese men by occupation (/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_men_by_occupation) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Canada portal (/wiki/Portal:Canada) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) By province or territory Alberta (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Alberta) British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Ontario (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Ontario) Prince Edward Island Quebec (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Quebec) Saskatchewan Yukon NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐66546ff478‐w6vgn Cached time: 20240715100106 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.116 seconds Real time usage: 0.152 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 46/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4080/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 4/100 Expensive parser function count: 16/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3485/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.086/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1523166/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 133.682 1 -total 63.15% 84.417 1 Template:CanadaByProvinceCatNav 36.57% 48.881 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:69581741-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715100106 and revision id 1063496713. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. + Female models from British Columbia (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_British_Columbia) (26 P) Pages in category "Models from British Columbia" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . G Pamela Anne Gordon (/wiki/Pamela_Anne_Gordon) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_British_Columbia&oldid=1063496713 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Models_from_British_Columbia&oldid=1063496713) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Canadian models by province or territory (/wiki/Category:Canadian_models_by_province_or_territory) People from British Columbia by occupation (/wiki/Category:People_from_British_Columbia_by_occupation) Hidden category: CanadaByProvinceCatNav with over 5 grey links (/wiki/Category:CanadaByProvinceCatNav_with_over_5_grey_links)
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This is the user sandbox (/wiki/Help:My_sandbox) of Zyith905 (/w/index.php?title=User:Zyith905&action=edit&redlink=1) . A user sandbox is a subpage of the user's user page (/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages) . It serves as a testing spot and page development space for the user and is not an encyclopedia article . Create or edit your own sandbox here (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MyPage/sandbox&action=edit&preload=Template:User_sandbox/preload) . Other sandboxes: Main sandbox (/wiki/Draft:Sandbox) | Template sandbox (/wiki/Template:Template_sandbox) Finished writing a draft article? Are you ready to request review of it by an experienced editor for possible inclusion in Wikipedia? Submit your draft for review! Modern Male Fashion in Canada [ edit ] There has been an evolution of current style that has seen trends from past generations incorporated into the modern appearance of male fashion. This article review the options that men in Canada may have when choosing to dress fashionably for the year 2014. Articles of clothing [ edit ] There are many varying styles of clothing in 2014 for men in Canada to choose from. Shoes [ edit ] Shoes serve practical and contemporary uses in a man’s everyday style. Footwear specifically designed for the workplace usually come with safety features such as being slip resistant. Typically shoes sold in popular retailers are manufactured with laces and this in contrast to former methods of construction such as Velcro strips. Men’s footwear styles such as loaders, and moccasins, slip onto the foot and come in a plethora of colours and materials. Different styles include what is known as high tops (link). Low tops are also featured. Insolation is lined to keep the foot warmer in footwear designed for cooler climates. Proper construction of a shoe will leave sufficient room for comfort. Men’s shoes are styled using an assortment of leathers, and suede fabrics. A shoe that fits the foot properly is comfortable and therefore fashionable by these standards. Formal footwear such as dress shoes need are usually black and require routine care, and this is done through polishing. Accessories [ edit ] Accessories have the potential to alter an existing outfit and show off the person's unique sides to their fashion sense. Fashion trends for men consist of thinner made ties that create visual interest. More narrow designs are synonymous with being more modern. Hats such as fedoras or toques are popular and are worn to showcase a particular sports team or fashion logo. Some men are conscious of the brands and trademarks they choose to support, and wear for others to see. Examples of these include Levis, Nike, and Adidas. Jewelry such as watches or chains worn on the wrist and neck. Various tones of gold and silver remain timeless when worn. Depending on a person’s lifestyle a belt is essential accessory to keep pants firmly at the waist. Belts worn with suits are usually smaller and sleeker. In the event of personal themed events the belt buckle acts as a statement piece. Pants [ edit ] Pants are manufactured with pleats or flat fly front depending on the cut of the pant. (Source) Modern style suggests a pant that contours the natural curves of the body presents the most sophisticated appearance. Slimmer fitting pants, and in particular jeans have grown more acceptable in mainstream fashion. However comfort is still the main priority for males when deciding what to wear. Trends in men’s fashion has seen increased diversity in color, patterns, and textures. This idea has also been the case for shorts which in recent years have been marketed using more graphic patterns. Cargo pants and cargo shorts offer more practical versatility with the addition of side pockets, and dual front pockets in order to carry small objects. Suit Jackets [ edit ] Paul Mac (/wiki/Paul_Mac) wearing slim-fit velvet suit jacket (with singer Megan Washington (/wiki/Megan_Washington) ), 2013. Suit jackets can be worn in casual atmospheres or for dressier occasions. Often purchased and needing to be tailored to fit the bodily measurements of the person’s mid-section. Classic colours include variant shades of blues, greys, and blacks. Typically a full suit is paired together with a matching pair of trousers as a basic staple of a working suit in a modern male’s wardrobe. Blazers are jackets generally used to make an existing outfit more sophisticated. Scenarios include pairing blazers with jeans, or khaki pants. Usual characteristics of suit jackets are a set of buttons. Different looks include having the button that will synch the jacket giving the person a fitted and slim appearance. T-Shirts [ edit ] A t-shirt is a staple in a wardrobe that commonly can be bought as crew cut or V neck in shape. Typically made from cotton or polyester blends, many labels outline specific instructions for washing in order to prevent unnatural reduction in shirt size. Bright colours such as pinks and purples that were previously stereotyped as feminine are no longer reserved solely for females. Casual in nature, they can be worn during any season. Often T Shirts often display images of pop culture, including favourite musicians, performers, and general interests of the person. A blue tshirt is a versatile item for a man's wardrobe in 2014 Sweaters [ edit ] Sweaters may be used for warmth or style, there are many types of hoodies including: Pull over sweaters such as hoodies are characterized by a hood in the back. Cardigans are generally regarded as more sophisticated due to the Sweaters can be layered with another type of long or short sleeve underneath, and thus creating visual dimension in an outfit. Dress Shirts [ edit ] Dress shirts can be used for business, to look good on a date or to dress up a casual look. Loose fit meant to hang over the belt and sides of the pant itself. Tight fit meant to be tucked into the pant while providing some bulk alongside a slim line appearance Slim lines can be worn tucked or untucked because they give the wearer the illusion of being slim themselves. Dress shirts are not always black or white and can be worn in business casual environments short sleeve wear a t shirt underneath in the summer for some extra flair coupled with suits going to an event depending on the colour. For example T shirts won during a political campaign can represent party affiliation or ideology. Further Reading [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion) . Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion Net (/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Net&action=edit&redlink=1) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) List of fashion schools (/wiki/Fashion_design#Fashion_education) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 2010s in fashion (/wiki/2010s_in_fashion) External Links [ edit ] http://www.mychoicefreedom.com/feel-good-look-great-mens-wear-for-the-modern-man/ (http://www.mychoicefreedom.com/feel-good-look-great-mens-wear-for-the-modern-man/) http://www.economist.com/node/17722802 (http://www.economist.com/node/17722802) http://www.esquire.com/style/winter-sweaters-for-men-1111#slide-1 (http://www.esquire.com/style/winter-sweaters-for-men-1111#slide-1) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5f85d49c4f‐jtxg8 Cached time: 20240722075549 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.122 seconds Real time usage: 0.172 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 248/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12331/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1466/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3844/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.061/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 930726/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 121.482 1 -total 61.31% 74.485 1 Template:User_sandbox 59.26% 71.987 1 Template:User_other 57.17% 69.457 1 Template:Ombox 19.33% 23.481 1 Template:Portal 19.05% 23.139 1 Template:Commons_category 16.94% 20.583 1 Template:Sister_project 15.02% 18.245 1 Template:Side_box 9.35% 11.358 1 Template:Clickable_button_2 Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44112983-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722075549 and revision id 629792125. 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This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Rina_Chunga-Kutama&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Rina+Chunga-Kutama&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Rina+Chunga-Kutama) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Rina_Chunga-Kutama) for suggestions. ( May 2020 ) Rina Chunga-Kutama is a South African fashion designer and businesswoman. She is the founder of Rich Factory, a Pan-African fashion brand. [1] (#cite_note-1) She was listed as one of the 2018 Forbes Africa under 30 list. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Early years and education [ edit ] Chungu-Kumata was born in Zambia, grew up in Botswana and is now resident in South Africa. She had her training in fashion at London International School of Fashion (LISOF) in Pretoria. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Career [ edit ] In 2007, as a means of raising money to support her education, Chungu-Kumata began working on her business while in college, using Zambian prints. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) She is known to have designed outfits for popular celebrities including Nomzamo Mbatha (/wiki/Nomzamo_Mbatha) and Nomuzi Mabena (/wiki/Moozlie) . She has also collaborated with popular brands including Dove, a cosmetic brand and Nestlé (/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9) . The collection she produced in collaboration with Nestlé was showcased in 2017, during the South African Fashion Week (SAFW). [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Personal life [ edit ] She is married. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) She is known to have married her long-time beau and now business partner in a heritage themed, Zambia-meets-South-Africa-via-Venda ceremony. The ceremony was dubbed #KutamaFest . [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Pan-African Fashion - Featuring Founder Of Ri.Ch Factory, Rina Chunga-Kutama" (https://www.magzter.com/articles/Fashion/GLAMOUR-South-Africa/Pan-African-Fashion-Featuring-Founder-Of-RiCh-Factory-Rina-Chunga-Kutama) . www.magzter.com . Retrieved 19 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Mathebula, Kwanele (13 June 2018). "Local stars make the Forbes Africa List" (http://www.bona.co.za/local-stars-make-the-forbes-africa-list/) . Bona Magazine . Retrieved 19 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Meet 14 South Africans who made it onto the Forbes Africa Under 30 list" (https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/south-africans-forbes-africa-under-30-list/) . The South African . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 December 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mnnkgtla, Tlhbi (13 February 2018). "Traditional And Thriving" (https://www.forbesafrica.com/woman/2018/02/13/traditional-and-thriving/) . Forbes Africa . Retrieved 19 December 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Nelly (13 June 2018). "14 Mzansi Celebs got into the 2018 Forbes Africa under 30 list: Pictures" (https://news365.co.za/forbes-africa/) . News365.co.za . Retrieved 19 December 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Rina Chunga takes the lead in the African-print industry" (http://www.702.co.za/articles/276505/rina-chunga-takes-the-lead-in-the-african-print-industry) . 702 . Retrieved 19 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Inside Rina Chunga's gorgeous #KutamaFest wedding" (https://zalebs.com/whats-hot/inside-rina-chungas-gorgeous-kutamafest-wedding) . ZAlebs . Retrieved 19 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Local designer weds beau in bohemian African wedding" (https://www.enca.com/life/local-designer-weds-beau-in-bohemian-african-wedding) . eNCA . Retrieved 19 December 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Team, Briefly (5 October 2017). "Rina Chunga's gorgeous wedding in pictures" (https://briefly.co.za/4768-rina-chungas-gorgeous-wedding-pictures.html) . Briefly . Retrieved 19 December 2019 . 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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5486b6fcc7‐vth8w Cached time: 20240630131230 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.001 seconds Real time usage: 0.002 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28588073-0!canonical and timestamp 20240630131230 and revision id 1036088666. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Cosmetics companies of India" The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Aravind Laboratories (/wiki/Aravind_Laboratories) B Bajaj Consumer Care (/wiki/Bajaj_Consumer_Care) C Sugar Cosmetics (/wiki/Sugar_Cosmetics) E Emami (/wiki/Emami) F Forest Essentials (/wiki/Forest_Essentials) G Good Glamm Group (/wiki/Good_Glamm_Group) K Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited (/wiki/Karnataka_Soaps_and_Detergents_Limited) Kaya Limited (/wiki/Kaya_Limited) T Tira (cosmetics) (/wiki/Tira_(cosmetics)) Z Zydus Wellness (/wiki/Zydus_Wellness) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_companies_of_India&oldid=1036088666 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cosmetics_companies_of_India&oldid=1036088666) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cosmetics companies by country (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_companies_by_country) Companies of India by industry (/wiki/Category:Companies_of_India_by_industry)
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British consumer goods company This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/JC_Vickery) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "JC Vickery" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22JC+Vickery%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22JC+Vickery%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22JC+Vickery%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22JC+Vickery%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22JC+Vickery%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22JC+Vickery%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) JC Vickery Industry Consumer goods (/wiki/Consumer_goods) Founded 1890 Founder John Collard Vickery, Arthur Thomas Hobbs Headquarters London , United Kingdom Key people John Collard Vickery Arthur Thomas Hobbs William Griggs Products stationery (/wiki/Stationery) Leather goods (/wiki/Leather_goods) watches (/wiki/Watches) jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) JC Vickery was a British consumer goods company founded in 1890 in London (/wiki/London) , UK. Early history [ edit ] John Collard Vickery and his then partner, Arthur Thomas Hobbs, bought up the long established business of William Griggs, a stationer and bookseller at 183, Regent Street in c.1890. William Griggs had been at 183 Regent street as early as 1843 [1] (#cite_note-1) and 1854. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) When they took over they expanded the stock to include jewellery, dressing cases, gold and silver lines. [4] (#cite_note-925-1000.com-4) Continuing alone after 1891, Vickery extended his premises in 1900 to 179, 181 and 183 Regent Street, with showrooms to the rear at 1 New Burlington Place. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Post 1930 [ edit ] The business was acquired by James Walker Ltd in the 1930s. John Culme in his 'Directory of Gold & Silversmiths' relates a story regarding Vickery: "Shortly before his death, the late G. S. Saunders of James Walker Ltd., told me that J. C. Vickery's business reached the height of its success before the First World War. Vickery, who would travel each day from Streatham to Regent Street in his own carriage, stopped his coachman one day in order to examine a leaf on the drive outside his house. Stepping down from the vehicle he picked up the leaf to pin to it a note. As he continued his journey his gardeners were astonished to read 'Why has this leaf been here for two days?'" [4] (#cite_note-925-1000.com-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Robsons London Directory" (http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Robsons-London-Directory-Street-Key-Classification-of-Trades-and-Royal-Court-Guide-and-Peerage-Particularizing-the-Residences-of-70-000-Establishments-in-London-and-Its-Environs-and-Fifteen-Thousand-of-the-Nobility-and-Gentry-Also-an-Extensive-Conveyance-List-Alphabetical-List-of-Public-Carriers-Together-With-the-Street-Guide-for-1842/945608/593) . mocavo.com . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Post Office London Directory" (https://books.google.com/books?id=lw87AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA206) . Kelly's Directories Limited. 8 September 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "607" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21525/page/607/data.pdf) (PDF) . thegazette.co.uk . ^ Jump up to: a b "Silver Forums at 925-1000.com" (http://www.925-1000.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=19239) . www.925-1000.com . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "J.C VICKERY OF LONDON «" (http://www.christiandaviesantiques.co.uk/blog/j-c-vickery-of-london-770.html) . christiandaviesantiques.co.uk . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "The Times from London, on January 27, 1911 · Page 6" (https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/33232210/) . newspapers.com . 27 January 1911 . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Gs (23 January 2011). "The Dandy Man Can: An Edwardian Depatment [sic] Store Fit For a King!" (http://dandymancan.blogspot.com/2011/01/edwardian-depatment-store-fit-for-king.html) . dandymancan.blogspot.com . Retrieved 8 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) JC Vickery. "Waste paper basket" (https://www.rct.uk/collection/707) . Royal Collection Trust (/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust) . Inventory no. 707. 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JC_Vickery&oldid=1231433691 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JC_Vickery&oldid=1231433691) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Defunct companies based in London (/wiki/Category:Defunct_companies_based_in_London) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Bags (fashion) (/wiki/Category:Bags_(fashion)) British brands (/wiki/Category:British_brands) Retail companies based in London (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_based_in_London) Retail companies established in 1890 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1890) Retail buildings in London (/wiki/Category:Retail_buildings_in_London) British royal warrant holders (/wiki/Category:British_royal_warrant_holders) Shops in London (/wiki/Category:Shops_in_London) Jewellery retailers of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_retailers_of_the_United_Kingdom) Jewellery companies (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_companies) British silversmiths (/wiki/Category:British_silversmiths) 1890 establishments in England (/wiki/Category:1890_establishments_in_England) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from June 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2024) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Use dmy dates from June 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020)
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NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5d694898fb‐tfzrn Cached time: 20240710102817 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62664620-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710102823 and revision id 1233683013. Rendering was triggered because: edit-page Subcategories This category has the following 17 subcategories, out of 17 total. A Arabic clothing (/wiki/Category:Arabic_clothing) (10 C, 26 P) Australian Aboriginal clothing (/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_clothing) (6 P) Azerbaijani clothing (/wiki/Category:Azerbaijani_clothing) (1 C, 7 P) I Inuit clothing (/wiki/Category:Inuit_clothing) (1 C, 12 P) Iranian clothing (/wiki/Category:Iranian_clothing) (5 C, 26 P) J Jewish religious clothing (/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_clothing) (2 C, 31 P) K Korean clothing (/wiki/Category:Korean_clothing) (4 C, 40 P) Kurdish clothing (/wiki/Category:Kurdish_clothing) (2 P) M Malay clothing (/wiki/Category:Malay_clothing) (16 P) Maya clothing (/wiki/Category:Maya_clothing) (4 P) Melanesian clothing (/wiki/Category:Melanesian_clothing) (2 P) N Native American clothing (/wiki/Category:Native_American_clothing) (29 P) P Palestinian clothing (/wiki/Category:Palestinian_clothing) (6 P) Polynesian clothing (/wiki/Category:Polynesian_clothing) (18 P) S Sámi clothing (/wiki/Category:S%C3%A1mi_clothing) (6 P) Embroidery of the Slavs (/wiki/Category:Embroidery_of_the_Slavs) (4 C) T Tibetan clothing (/wiki/Category:Tibetan_clothing) (3 P) Pages in category "Clothing by ethnicity" The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . C Khmer traditional clothing (/wiki/Khmer_traditional_clothing) K Kazakh clothing (/wiki/Kazakh_clothing) P Palestinian traditional costumes (/wiki/Palestinian_traditional_costumes) Pashtun clothing (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pathani suit (/wiki/Pathani_suit) Persian clothing (/wiki/Persian_clothing) R Romani dress (/wiki/Romani_dress) T Thracian clothing (/wiki/Thracian_clothing) Tocharian clothing (/wiki/Tocharian_clothing) U Uzbek clothing (/wiki/Uzbek_clothing) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_by_ethnicity&oldid=1233683013 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_by_ethnicity&oldid=1233683013) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing (/wiki/Category:Clothing) Folk costumes (/wiki/Category:Folk_costumes) Folk culture by ethnicity (/wiki/Category:Folk_culture_by_ethnicity) Traditions by ethnicity (/wiki/Category:Traditions_by_ethnicity)
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A wide brimmed hat with shoulder-length veil Weimao A lady wearing weimao Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) 帷帽 Literal meaning Veiled hat/curtained hat Transcriptions Standard Mandarin (/wiki/Standard_Chinese) Hanyu Pinyin (/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) Wéimào Weimao ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 帷帽 ; lit. 'veiled hat or curtained hat') is a type of wide-brimmed hat with a shoulder-length veil hanging. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The weimao was a popular form of head covering during the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) It was invented during either the Sui or the early Tang dynasty, according to Liu Zhiji (/wiki/Liu_Zhiji) and Zhang Yanyuan (/wiki/Zhang_Yanyuan) . [2] (#cite_note-:7-2) History [ edit ] Sui and Tang dynasty [ edit ] By the end of the Sui dynasty (/wiki/Sui_dynasty) , the mili (/wiki/Mili_(veil)) , which was previously worn, became less conservative and evolved into the weimao as it was no longer required to conceal the entire body and instead only the face had to be concealed. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In the early and middle Tang dynasty period, it was fashionable for aristocratic women to wear weimao when they went on excursions, a practice which these women borrowed from the northwestern nomadic men. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) By the time of Wu Zetian's (/wiki/Wu_Zetian) ascendancy, the weimao was in fashion while the mili had gradually disappeared. [2] (#cite_note-:7-2) The fashion of wearing weimao eventually declined and disappeared in the 8th century before being revived in the 10th century in the Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) . [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Song dynasty [ edit ] In the Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) , some scholar officials, such as Sima Guang (/wiki/Sima_Guang) , advocated that women should cover their faces when going out. [4] (#cite_note-4) The weimao-style hat was revived in the 10th century when women started to wear mianyi ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 面衣 ; lit. 'veil or facial covering'), which was also known as gaitou ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 蓋頭 ; lit. 'head cover') by the common people. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) It is likely that the practice of wearing veiled hats, which was continued by these Song dynasty women, was due to them being unaware of its foreign and masculine origins. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Derivatives and influences [ edit ] Humao [ edit ] A variation of the weimao is a hat lacking the necessary holes to attach a veil. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Instead of a veil, the rider would wear a black balaclava (/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)) under the hat. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Gaitou hat, Song dynasty. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Song dynasty gaitou hat [ edit ] The Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty) gaitou (蓋頭), also known as mianyi (面衣; veils or "facial clothes"), follows the style of the Tang dynasty weimao; the gaitou was worn by women when riding donkeys and horses or when they would walk on the streets. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) The gaitou was a veil hat where a whole piece of purple gauze would hang from the hat from the front to the back sides with 4 ribbons of different colours hanging down the shoulders. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Similar items [ edit ] Liangmao (/wiki/Liangmao_(hat)) Damao (hat) (/wiki/Damao_(hat)) Humao (/wiki/Humao) Mili (/wiki/Mili_(veil)) Honggaitou (/wiki/Honggaitou) See also [ edit ] Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) Hanfu headgear (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu_headwear) List of hats and headgear (/wiki/List_of_hats_and_headgear) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e China : dawn of a golden age, 200-750 AD . James C. Y. Watt, Prudence Oliver Harper, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004. p. 291. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-58839-126-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 55846475 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55846475) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Yang, Shao-yun (2017). "Changing Clothes in Chang'an" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26892132) . China Review International . 24 (4). University of Hawai'i Press: 255–266. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/cri.2017.0064 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcri.2017.0064) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 26892132 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26892132) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 217042987 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:217042987) – via JSTOR. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Xu, Man (2016). Crossing the Gate : Everyday Lives of Women in Song Fujian (960-1279) . Albany. pp. 71–72. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4384-6322-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 950004342 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950004342) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Zhu, Ruixi; 朱瑞熙 (2016). A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties . Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu (Updated ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-107-16786-5 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 953576345 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953576345) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) v t e Traditional Han Chinese clothing (/wiki/Hanfu) Characteristics Garment and neckline (list) (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu) Jiaoling youren (/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Cross-collars) Mandarin collar (/wiki/Mandarin_collar) Fastening Pankou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Chinese button knot (/wiki/Chinese_button_knot) Zimukou (/wiki/Frog_(fastening)) Styles Baoyi bodai (/wiki/Paofu#Baoyi_bodai) Shangjian xiafeng (/wiki/Ruqun#Shangjian_xiafeng) Fuyao (/wiki/Fuyao_(fashion)) Hufu (/wiki/Hufu) List of hanfu (/wiki/List_of_hanfu) Textile decoration and craft Diancui (/wiki/Tian-tsui) Chinese knotting (/wiki/Chinese_knotting) Chinese embroidery (/wiki/Chinese_embroidery) Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list) (/wiki/Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing) Xiangyun (/wiki/Xiangyun_(Auspicious_clouds)) Lishui (sea-waves) (/wiki/Lishui_(sea-waves)) Mandarin square (/wiki/Mandarin_square) Chinese ornamental gold silk (/wiki/Chinese_ornamental_gold_silk) Goldwork (/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)) Chinese patchwork (/wiki/Chinese_patchwork) Belief system and social movement Confucianism (/wiki/Confucianism) Taoism (/wiki/Taoism) Wufu (/wiki/Wufu) Wuxing (Chinese philosophy) (/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)) Yin and Yang (/wiki/Yin_and_Yang) Hanfu movement (/wiki/Hanfu_movement) Sumptuary laws Tifayifu (/wiki/Tifayifu) Related rituals Guan Li (/wiki/Guan_Li) Ji Li (ceremony) (/wiki/Ji_Li_(ceremony)) Garments Set of attire Ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) Tanling ruqun (/wiki/Tanling_ruqun) Qixiong ruqun (/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun) Qungua (/wiki/Qungua) Xiuhefu (/wiki/Xiuhefu) Mianfu (/wiki/Mianfu) Bianfu (/wiki/Bianfu) Tongtianguanfu (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) Xuanduan (/wiki/Xuanduan) Diyi (/wiki/Diyi) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Shanku (/wiki/Shanku) Upper garment Ru (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Yi (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Shan (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Ao (/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)) Chang'ao (/wiki/Chang%27ao) Baijiayi (/wiki/Baijiayi) Daxiushan (/wiki/Daxiushan) Bijia (/wiki/Bijia) Banbi (/wiki/Banbi) Dahu (/wiki/Dahu_(clothing)) Beizi (/wiki/Beizi) Pifeng (/wiki/Beizi) Hechang (/wiki/Beizi) Shuitianyi (/wiki/Shuitianyi) Yuanlingshan (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) Robe Shenyi (/wiki/Shenyi) Zhiju (/wiki/Shenyi) Quju (/wiki/Shenyi) Paofu (/wiki/Paofu) Daopao (/wiki/Daopao) Zhiduo (/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)) Yuanlingpao (/wiki/Yuanlingshan) Fanlingpao (/wiki/Fanlingpao) Panling Lanshan (/wiki/Panling_Lanshan) Longpao (/wiki/Dragon_robe) Mangfu (/wiki/Mangfu) Tieli (/wiki/Terlig) Yesa (/wiki/Yesa_robe) Zhisun (/wiki/Jis%C3%BCn) Feiyufu (/wiki/Feiyufu) Inner and undergarment Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Hezi (/wiki/Hezi_(clothing)) Moxiong (/wiki/Hezi_(clothing)) Maweiqun (/wiki/Maweiqun) Lower garment Ku (/wiki/Ku_(trousers)) Qun (/wiki/Qun) Baidiequn (/wiki/Baidiequn) Mamianqun (/wiki/Mamianqun) Religious clothing Daojiao fushi (/wiki/Daojiao_fushi) Headwear (list) (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu_headwear) Guan (/wiki/Guan_(headwear)) Mianguan (/wiki/Mianguan) Fengguan (/wiki/Fengguan) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Tang official headwear (/wiki/Tang_official_headwear) Song official headwear (/wiki/Song_official_headwear) Mao Humao (/wiki/Humao) Damao (/wiki/Damao_(hat)) Liangmao (/wiki/Liangmao) Weimao Jin Fujin (/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)) Wangjin (/wiki/Wangjin) Hairpin Chinese hairpin (/wiki/Chinese_hairpin) Buyao (/wiki/Buyao) Comb Shubi (/wiki/Shubi_(comb)) Veil Honggaitou (/wiki/Honggaitou) Mili (/wiki/Mili_(veil)) Footwear (list) (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Xiuhuaxie (/wiki/Xiuhuaxie) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Accessories (list) (/wiki/Hanfu_accessories) Head Lingzi (/wiki/Lingzi) Neck Yingluo (/wiki/Yingluo_(ornament)) Yunjian (/wiki/Yunjian) Fangxingquling (/wiki/Tongtianguanfu) Shoulders Pibo (/wiki/Pibo) Xiapei (/wiki/Xiapei) Chest Yajin (/wiki/Yajin) Waist Yaoqun (/wiki/Yaoqun) Lap Bixi (/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)) Ribbons and knots Lào zi (/wiki/L%C3%A0o_zi) Portable Hebao (/wiki/Hebao) Xiangnang (fragrant sachet) (/wiki/Hebao) Hu (ritual baton) (/wiki/Hu_(ritual_baton)) Fu (tally) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)) Yufu (fish tally) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Fish_tally/_yufu) Yudai (fish bag) (/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Yudai) Folding fan (/wiki/Hand_fan) Tuanshan (/wiki/Tuanshan) Jewellery Longevity lock (/wiki/Lock_charm) Yupei (/wiki/Yupei) Jinbu (/wiki/Yupei#Jinbu_(禁步)) Influenced clothing Traditional clothing Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Ryusou (/wiki/Ryusou) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Performance costume Xifu (/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)) Guzhuang (/wiki/Guzhuang_(costume)) Cosmetics Huadian (/wiki/Huadian_(make-up)) List of Hanfu (/wiki/List_of_Hanfu) This article related to the history of China is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weimao&action=edit) . v t e This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 1960s portal (/wiki/Portal:1960s) This category is for fashion (/wiki/Fashion) in the year 1965 (/wiki/1965) . 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1973 (/wiki/Category:1973_in_fashion) 2000 (/wiki/Category:2000_in_fashion) 2001 (/wiki/Category:2001_in_fashion) 2002 (/wiki/Category:2002_in_fashion) 2003 (/wiki/Category:2003_in_fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐bbb5c5448‐fzccg Cached time: 20240718083634 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.167 seconds Real time usage: 0.309 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 166/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5354/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 109/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 106/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.122/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1555832/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 290.485 1 Template:YYYY_in_fashion_category_header 100.00% 290.485 1 -total 73.21% 212.657 1 Template:Category_series_navigation 19.52% 56.699 1 Template:Portal 4.78% 13.887 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 4.20% 12.202 1 Template:FindYDCportal 3.05% 8.874 1 Template:Category_other 2.48% 7.202 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 2.09% 6.068 6 Template:Title_year 0.67% 1.935 1 Template:DECADE Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44142780-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718083634 and revision id 949562885. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "1965 in fashion" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . M Mondrian Collection (/wiki/Mondrian_Collection) W White shift dress of Jean Shrimpton (/wiki/White_shift_dress_of_Jean_Shrimpton) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1965_in_fashion&oldid=949562885 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1965_in_fashion&oldid=949562885) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1965 (/wiki/Category:1965) 1960s fashion (/wiki/Category:1960s_fashion) Fashion by year (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_year) Hidden categories: Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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American director and photographer (born 1980) Miko Lim Lim in 2021 Born ( 1980-01-06 ) January 6, 1980 (age 44) Tawau (/wiki/Tawau) , Malaysia Alma mater Pomona College (/wiki/Pomona_College) Occupation(s) Director, photographer Years active 2006-present Website mikolim (http://mikolim.com) .com (http://mikolim.com) Miko Lim (born January 6, 1980) is an American film director and photographer. He is best known for directing commercials for Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , and Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) with athletes including Patrick Mahomes (/wiki/Patrick_Mahomes) , Leo Messi (/wiki/Lionel_Messi) , and Russell Westbrook (/wiki/Russell_Westbrook) . His work has been recognized by major industry trades and award shows, including Cannes (/wiki/Cannes_Lions_International_Festival_of_Creativity) and the International Muse Creative Awards. For his work on Ocean Mother , a documentary short, he received a Bronze Clio Award (/wiki/Clio_Awards) for Best Direction as well as a Shots Awards shortlist nomination and multiple film festival selections. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Biography [ edit ] Lim was born in Tawau (/wiki/Tawau) , Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , [3] (#cite_note-3) and was raised in Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) , Washington (/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)) , where he attended Garfield High School (/wiki/Garfield_High_School_(Seattle,_Washington)) . [4] (#cite_note-4) After completing his education at Pomona College (/wiki/Pomona_College) in Claremont, California (/wiki/Claremont,_California) , he developed his photography and filmmaking work while living in New York, Paris, and Tokyo. Lim is an active member of the climbing and outdoors community. Career [ edit ] Lim has directed and photographed numerous advertising campaigns for Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) , and Mountain Dew (/wiki/Mountain_Dew) , among many others. His major advertising work began with Champion's (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) How You Play campaign working with advertising agency Kaplan Thaler Group. [5] (#cite_note-5) Lim has shot numerous covers for ESPN Magazine , Outside , GQ (/wiki/GQ) , Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) , and Vogue . In 2017, Lim co-founded photography and filmmaking collaborative Cardboard Projects to create visual content for multiple brands. Lim has filmed many celebrities and professional athletes, including Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) , Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) , Leo Messi (/wiki/Leo_Messi) , Russell Westbrook (/wiki/Russell_Westbrook) , Patrick Mahomes (/wiki/Patrick_Mahomes) , Diplo (/wiki/Diplo) , Lil Wayne (/wiki/Lil_Wayne) , Wiz Khalifa (/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa) , Anthony Davis (/wiki/Anthony_Davis) , Paul Pogba (/wiki/Paul_Pogba) , Kevin Jorgeson (/wiki/Kevin_Jorgeson) , Joel Embiid (/wiki/Joel_Embiid) , Von Miller (/wiki/Von_Miller) , JuJu Smith-Schuster (/wiki/JuJu_Smith-Schuster) , and Nina Williams (/wiki/Nina_Williams_(climber)) . In 2010, Lim created and published his first book, We Are The Only Ones , after visiting The Raleigh Hotel (/wiki/Raleigh_Hotel_(Miami_Beach)) in Miami, Florida (/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida) before it was shut down. Lim is currently signed with Venice-based production company Farm League for commercial and film representation. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Books [ edit ] We Are The Only Ones , 2010 [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "OluKai - Ocean Mother" (https://clios.com/sports/winner/film-craft/olukai/ocean-mother-96007) . Clios . Retrieved 2022-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Direction (Above three minutes) – The Americas – 2022" (https://shotsawards.com/showreel/view/6238aad5dc0ac) . shots Awards . Retrieved 2022-04-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Miko Lim Biography" (http://mikolim.com/biography.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110120182400/http://www.mikolim.com/biography.html) 2011-01-20 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The Seattle Times, Net Capsule" (http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19970912&slug=2559938) , 1997. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Champion Launches New National Advertising Campaign Celebrating Style and Sport in Our Everyday Lives" (http://multivu.prnewswire.com/mnr/champion/30564/) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Miko Lim Signs with Farm League", Shots.net August 2020 (https://shots.net/news/view/director-miko-lim-joins-the-farm-league-team) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Farm League Adds Director Miko Lim To Its Roster", Shoot Online August 2020 (https://www.shootonline.com/news/farm-league-adds-director-miko-lim-its-roster) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Miko Lim Website (https://mikolim.com/We-Are-The-Only-Ones) We Are the Only Ones " (https://mikolim.com/We-Are-The-Only-Ones) External links [ edit ] Official website (http://mikolim.com) Farm League Film Company (http://www.farmleague.us/team/directors/miko-lim/work/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/390010) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐c4ccbdf9f‐5rzm9 Cached time: 20240711030632 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.291 seconds Real time usage: 0.406 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1837/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 11250/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1550/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16449/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.193/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5653920/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 375.847 1 -total 32.44% 121.929 1 Template:Infobox_person 24.96% 93.797 1 Template:Reflist 19.65% 73.870 1 Template:Authority_control 19.58% 73.606 1 Template:Short_description 19.35% 72.712 2 Template:Cite_web 11.62% 43.677 19 Template:Main_other 9.10% 34.199 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.55% 32.134 2 Template:Pagetype 7.92% 29.753 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27746020-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711030632 and revision id 1233828557. 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Clothing worn by plague doctors that was intended to protect them from infection Paul Fürst, engraving, c. 1656 , of a plague doctor of Marseilles (introduced as 'Dr Beak (/wiki/Beak) of Rome (/wiki/Rome) '). His nose-case is filled with herbal material to keep off the plague. [1] (#cite_note-1) The clothing worn by plague doctors (/wiki/Plague_doctor) was intended to protect them from airborne diseases during outbreaks of bubonic plague (/wiki/Bubonic_plague) in Europe. [2] (#cite_note-BodySystems2-2) It is often seen as a symbol of death and disease. [3] (#cite_note-3) However, the costume was mostly worn by late Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance) and early modern physicians studying and treating plague patients. [4] (#cite_note-4) Description [ edit ] Plague doctor outfit from Germany (17th century) The costume consists of a leather hat, mask with glass eyes and a beak, stick to remove clothes of a plague victim, gloves, waxed linen robe, and boots. [2] (#cite_note-BodySystems2-2) The typical mask had glass openings for the eyes and a curved beak shaped like a bird's beak with straps that held the beak in front of the doctor's nose. [5] (#cite_note-Ellis2022-5) The mask had two small nose holes and was a type of respirator (/wiki/Respirator) which contained aromatic items. [6] (#cite_note-6) The beak could hold dried flowers (commonly roses (/wiki/Rose) and carnations (/wiki/Carnation) ), herbs (commonly lavender (/wiki/Lavandula) and peppermint (/wiki/Peppermint) ), camphor (/wiki/Camphorosmeae) , or a vinegar (/wiki/Vinegar) sponge, [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) as well as juniper berry (/wiki/Juniper_berry) , ambergris (/wiki/Ambergris) , cloves (/wiki/Cloves) , labdanum (/wiki/Labdanum) , myrrh (/wiki/Myrrh) , and storax (/wiki/Storax_balsam) . [9] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2006170-9) The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, such as the smell of decaying bodies. The smell taken with the most caution was known as miasma (/wiki/Miasma_theory) , a noxious form of "bad air". This was thought to be the principal cause of the disease. [10] (#cite_note-10) Doctors believed the herbs would counter the "evil" smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected. [11] (#cite_note-Loudon-11) Though these particular theories about the plague's nature were incorrect, it is likely that the costume actually did afford the wearer some protection. The garments covered the body, shielding against splattered blood, lymph, and cough droplets, and the waxed robe prevented fleas (/wiki/Flea) (the true carriers of the plague) from touching the body or clinging to the linen. [12] (#cite_note-12) The wide-brimmed leather hat indicated their profession. [2] (#cite_note-BodySystems2-2) [13] (#cite_note-13) Doctors used wooden canes in order to point out areas needing attention and to examine patients without touching them. [14] (#cite_note-14) The canes were also used to keep people away [15] (#cite_note-JAMA2-15) [16] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrne2008505-16) and to remove clothing from plague victims. [17] (#cite_note-17) History [ edit ] The exact origins of the costume are unclear, as most depictions come from satirical writings and political cartoons. [18] (#cite_note-18) An early reference to plague doctors wearing masks is in 1373 when Johannes Jacobi recommends their use but he offers no physical description of them. [19] (#cite_note-19) The beaked plague doctor inspired costumes in Italian theatre (/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte) as a symbol of general horror and death, though some historians insist that the plague doctor was originally fictional and inspired the real plague doctors later. [20] (#cite_note-20) Depictions of the beaked plague doctor rose in response to superstition and fear about the unknown source of the plague. [21] (#cite_note-21) Often, these plague doctors were the last thing a patient would see before death; therefore, the doctors were seen as a foreboding of death. The garments were first mentioned by a physician to King Louis XIII of France (/wiki/Louis_XIII) , Charles de Lorme (/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Lorme&action=edit&redlink=1) , who wrote in a 1619 plague outbreak in Paris that he developed an outfit made of Moroccan goat leather (/wiki/Morocco_leather) , including boots, breeches, a long coat, hat, and gloves [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) modeled after a soldier's canvas gown which went from the neck to the ankle. [24] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoeckl200015-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) The garment was impregnated with similar fragrant items as the mask. [27] (#cite_note-27) De Lorme wrote that the mask had a "nose half a foot long, shaped like a beak, filled with perfume with only two holes, one on each side near the nostrils, but that can suffice to breathe and to carry along with the air one breathes the impression of the drugs enclosed further along in the beak." [28] (#cite_note-infectious2-28) However, recent research has revealed that strong caveats must be applied with regard to De Lorme's assertions. [29] (#cite_note-29) The Genevan physician, Jean-Jacques Manget (/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Manget) , in his 1721 work Treatise on the Plague written just after the Great Plague of Marseille (/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille) , describes the costume worn by plague doctors at Nijmegen (/wiki/Nijmegen) in 1636–1637. The costume forms the frontispiece (/wiki/Book_frontispiece) of Manget's 1721 work. [30] (#cite_note-30) Their robes, leggings, hats, and gloves were also made of Morocco leather. [31] (#cite_note-31) This costume was also worn by plague doctors during the Naples Plague of 1656 (/wiki/Naples_Plague_(1656)) , which killed 145,000 people in Rome and 300,000 in Naples (/wiki/Naples) . [32] (#cite_note-jhmasextract2762-32) [33] (#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoeckl200015,_27-33) In his work Tractatus de Peste , [34] (#cite_note-34) published at Toulouse (/wiki/Toulouse) in May 1629, [35] (#cite_note-:9-35) Irish physician Niall Ó Glacáin (/wiki/Niall_%C3%93_Glac%C3%A1in) references the protective clothing worn by plague doctors, which included leather coats, gauntlets and long beak-like masks filled with fumigants. [36] (#cite_note-:8-36) [37] (#cite_note-:0-37) Carnival [ edit ] A beaked Venetian carnival (/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice) mask bearing a picture of a plague doctor, and the inscription Il Medico della Peste ('The Plague Doctor') beneath the right eye The costume is also associated with a commedia dell'arte (/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte) character called Il Medico della Peste ('The Plague Doctor'), who wears a distinctive plague doctor's mask (/wiki/Plague_doctor%27s_mask) . [38] (#cite_note-38) The Venetian mask was normally white, consisting of a hollow beak and round eye-holes covered with clear glass, and is one of the distinctive masks worn during the Carnival of Venice (/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice) . [39] (#cite_note-Carnevale-39) COVID-19 [ edit ] Posing with variations on plague masks in New Orleans (/wiki/New_Orleans) during the April 2020 pandemic shutdown During the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) beginning in 2020, the plague doctor costume grew in popularity due to its relevance to the pandemic, with news reports of plague doctor-costumed individuals in public places and photos of people wearing plague doctor costumes appearing in social media. [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) See also [ edit ] Gas mask (/wiki/Gas_mask) – Protection from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases Hazmat suit (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) – Protective suit against chemical, bacteriological, and nuclear risks Medical gown (/wiki/Medical_gown) – Type of personal protective equipment worn by medical professionals N95 respirator (/wiki/N95_respirator) – Particulate respirator meeting the N95 standard NBC suit (/wiki/NBC_suit) – Type of military personal protective equipment References [ edit ] Footnotes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Füssli's image is reproduced and discussed in Robert Fletcher, A tragedy of the Great Plague of Milan in 1630 (Baltimore: The Lord Baltimore Press, 1898), p. 16–17. ^ Jump up to: a b c Pommerville (Body Systems), p. 15 Bauer, p. 145 Byfield, p. 26 Glaser, pp. 33-34 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Andrew Whalen On 3/19/20 at 1:31 PM EDT (2020-03-19). "Are surgical masks the new plague masks? A history of the not-always-helpful ways we've reacted to pandemics" (https://www.newsweek.com/surgical-masks-plague-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-epidemic-black-death-history-1493277) . Newsweek . Retrieved 2021-03-09 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020). "Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts" (https://www.livescience.com/plague-doctors.html) . livescience.com . Retrieved 2021-03-09 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-Ellis2022_5-0) Ellis, p. 202 ^ (#cite_ref-6) *Time-Life Books, pp. 140, 158 Dolan, p. 139 Ellis, p. 202 Paton Martin, p. 121 Sherman, p. 162 Turner, p. 180 Mentzel, p. 86 Glaser, p. 36 Hall, p. 67 Infectious Diseases Society of America, Volume 11, p. 819 Grolier, p. 700 ^ (#cite_ref-7) O'Donnell, p. 135 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Stuart, p. 15 ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2006170_9-0) Byrne 2006 (#CITEREFByrne2006) , p. 170. sfn error: no target: CITEREFByrne2006 ( help (/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) ) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Plagues of the Past" (https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/special-edition-on-infectious-disease/2014/plagues-of-the-past/) . Science in the News . 2014-12-31 . Retrieved 2021-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-Loudon_11-0) Irvine Loudon (/wiki/Irvine_Loudon) , Western Medicine: An Illustrated History (Oxford, 2001), p. 189. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Smith, Kiona. "A Look Behind the Plague Doctor Mask" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2021/02/28/a-look-behind-the-plague-doctor-mask/?sh=a1379a335678) . Forbes . Retrieved 15 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts, p. 83 ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Imagery From the History of Medicine" (http://art-bin.com/art/medhistorypix/omedicalimages19.html) . art-bin.com . Retrieved 2021-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-JAMA2_15-0) Association, American Medical (1900). JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association . American Medical Association. ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrne2008505_16-0) Byrne 2008 (#CITEREFByrne2008) , p. 505. sfn error: no target: CITEREFByrne2008 ( help (/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) ) ^ (#cite_ref-17) Pommerville, p. 9 ^ (#cite_ref-18) "17th-century Plague Doctors Were the Stuff of Nightmares" (https://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/plague-doctors.htm) . HowStuffWorks . 2020-02-12 . Retrieved 2021-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Samuel Cohn's The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe, pg 209 ^ (#cite_ref-20) Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020). "Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts" (https://www.livescience.com/plague-doctors.html) . livescience.com . Retrieved 2021-03-09 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-21) Mussap, Christian J. (May 2019). "The Plague Doctor of Venice" (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31083805) . Internal Medicine Journal . 49 (5): 671–676. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1111/imj.14285 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fimj.14285) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1445-5994 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1445-5994) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31083805 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31083805) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Black, Winston; May 2020, All About History 19 (19 May 2020). "Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts" (https://www.livescience.com/plague-doctors.html) . livescience.com . Retrieved 2021-03-09 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-23) Timbs, p. 360 ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoeckl200015_24-0) Boeckl 2000 (#CITEREFBoeckl2000) , p. 15. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoeckl2000 ( help (/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) ) ^ (#cite_ref-25) Carmichael, A.G. (2009), "Plague, Historical", in Schaechter, Moselio (ed.), Encyclopedia of Microbiology (3rd ed.), Elsevier, pp. 58–72, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00311-4 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-012373944-5.00311-4) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780123739445 ^ (#cite_ref-26) Iqbal Akhtar Khan (May 2004). "Plague: the dreadful visitation occupying the human mind for centuries". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . 98 (5): 270–277. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)00059-2 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0035-9203%2803%2900059-2) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 15109549 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15109549) . Charles de Lorme (1584—1678), personal physician to King Louis XIII, was credited with introducing special protective clothing for plague doctors during the epidemic in Marseilles. It consisted of a beak-like mask supplied with aromatic substance, presumed to act as filter against the odour emanating from the patients, and a loose gown covering the normal clothing. On occasions, a drifting fragrance such as camphor was used. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Time-Life Books, p. 158 Beak Doctor: during the Black Plague, a medical man who wore a bird mask to protect himself against infection. Black plague definition: In 14th-century Europe, the victims of the "black plague" had bleeding below the skin (subcutaneous hemorrhage) which made darkened ("blackened") their bodies. Black plague can lead to "black death" characterized by gangrene of the fingers, toes, and nose. Black plague is caused by a bacterium (Yersinia pestis) which is transmitted to humans from infected rats by the oriental rat flea.. medterm.com ^ (#cite_ref-infectious2_28-0) Vidal, Pierre; Tibayrenc, Myrtille; Gonzalez, Jean-Paul (2007). "Chapter 40: Infectious disease and arts" (https://books.google.com/books?id=8iVnEZe-zzkC&pg=PA680) . In Tibayrenc, Michel (ed.). Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases: Modern Methodologies . John Wiley & Sons. p. 680. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780470114193 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Mattie, Herbert J. (2023). " (https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-bja10033) "Men in Tights: Charles De Lorme (1584–1678) and the First Plague Costume" (https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-bja10033) " (https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-bja10033) . European Journal for the History of Medicine and Health (Published Online Ahead of Print 2023) : 1–13. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1163/26667711-bja10033 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F26667711-bja10033) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Manget, p. 3 ^ (#cite_ref-31) Timbs, p. 360 ^ (#cite_ref-jhmasextract2762_32-0) G. L. T. (July 1965). "The Plague Doctor" (https://academic.oup.com/jhmas/article-abstract/XX/3/276/779506) . Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . XX (3): 276. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/jhmas/ (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2F) . Retrieved 2024-07-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoeckl200015,_27_33-0) Boeckl 2000 (#CITEREFBoeckl2000) , p. 15, 27. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoeckl2000 ( help (/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) ) ^ (#cite_ref-34) Full title: Tractatus de Peste, Seu Brevis, Facilis et Experta Methodus Curandi Pestem ('A Treatise on Plague, or A Short, Easy, and Expert Method for the Curing of Plague') ^ (#cite_ref-:9_35-0) Moore, Norman (/wiki/Sir_Norman_Moore,_1st_Baronet) (1895). "O'Glacan, Nial" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/O%27Glacan,_Nial) . Dictionary of National Biography (/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography) . Vol. 42. p. 33. ^ (#cite_ref-:8_36-0) MacCuinneagáin, Conall (2010). "Niall O'Glacan (Nellani Glacan)". Donegal Annual : 15–21. ^ (#cite_ref-:0_37-0) Murphy, David (October 2009). "O'Glacan (Ó Glacan), Nial" (https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.006763.v1) . Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3318/dib.006763.v1 (https://doi.org/10.3318%2Fdib.006763.v1) . Retrieved 14 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Killinger, p. 95 ^ (#cite_ref-Carnevale_39-0) Carnevale (http://www.carnavalexhibit.org/venice.php) ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Coronavirus: Hellesdon plague doctor given advice by police" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-norfolk-52533718) . BBC News . 2020-05-04 . Retrieved 2023-03-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) " (https://nationalpost.com/news/world/plague-doctor-u-k-police-search-for-person-in-full-17th-century-outfit-as-locals-express-alarm) 'Terrifying' plague doctor: U.K. police search for person in full 17th century outfit stalking suburb" (https://nationalpost.com/news/world/plague-doctor-u-k-police-search-for-person-in-full-17th-century-outfit-as-locals-express-alarm) . nationalpost . Retrieved 2023-03-03 . Works cited [ edit ] Bauer, S. Wise, The Story of the World Activity Book Two: The Middle Ages : From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of the Renaissance , Peace Hill Press, 2003, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-9714129-4-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9714129-4-4) Boeckl, Christine M., Images of plague and pestilence: iconography and iconology , Truman State Univ Press, 2000, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-943549-85-X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943549-85-X) Byfield, Ted, Renaissance: God in Man, A.D. 1300 to 1500: But Amid Its Splendors, Night Falls on Medieval Christianity , Christian History Project, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-9689873-8-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9689873-8-9) Byrne, Joseph Patrick, Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues , ABC-CLIO, 2008, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-34102-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-34102-8) Carmichael, Ann G., "SARS and Plagues Past", in SARS in Context: Memory, history, policy , ed. by Jacalyn Duffin and Arthur Sweetman McGill-Queen's University Press, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7735-3194-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-3194-7) Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts, Western European stages , Volume 14, CASTA, 2002, Dolan, Josephine, Goodnow's History of Nursing , W. B. Saunders 1963 (Philadelphia and London), LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 16--25236 (https://www.loc.gov/item/16-25236) , OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 2882574 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2882574) Ellis, Oliver Coligny de Champfleur, A History of Fire and Flame , London: Simkin, Marshall, 1932; repr. Kessinger, 2004, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-4179-7583-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-7583-0) Goodnow, Minnie, Goodnow's history of nursing , W.B. Saunders Co., 1968, OCLC Number: 7085173 Glaser, Gabrielle, The Nose: A Profile of Sex, Beauty, and Survival , Simon & Schuster, 2003, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-671-03864-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-03864-8) Grolier Incorporated, The Encyclopedia Americana , Volume 8; Volume 24, Grolier Incorporated, 1998, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7172-0130-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-0130-9) Hall, Manly Palmer, Horizon , Philosophical Research Society, Inc., 1949 Hirst, Leonard Fabian, The conquest of plague: a study of the evolution of epidemiology , Clarendon Press, 1953, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Reviews of Infectious Diseases , Volume 11, University of Chicago Press, 1989 Kenda, Barbara, Aeolian winds and the spirit in Renaissance architecture: Academia Eolia revisited , Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-415-39804-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-39804-5) Killinger, Charles L., Culture and customs of Italy , Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-32489-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32489-1) Nohl, Johannes, The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague , J. & J. Harper Edition 1969, LCCN (/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) 79--81867 (https://www.loc.gov/item/79-81867) , OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 34505 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34505) Manget, Jean-Jacques, Traité de la peste recueilli des meilleurs auteurs anciens et modernes , Geneva, 1721, online as PDF, 28Mb download (https://web.archive.org/web/20120206221735/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/rare-books/a56993.pdf) Martin, Sean, The Black Death , Book Sales, 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7858-2289-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-2289-5) Mentzel, Peter, A traveller's history of Venice , Interlink Books, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-56656-611-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56656-611-8) O'Donnell, Terence, History of life insurance in its formative years , American Conservation Company, 1936 Paton, Alex, "Cover image", QJM: An International Journal of Medicine , 100.4, 4 April 2007. (A commentary on the issue's cover photograph of The Posy Tree, Mapperton, Dorset.) Pommerville, Jeffrey, Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems , Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7637-6259-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7637-6259-8) Pommerville, Jeffrey, Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology , Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7637-6258-X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7637-6258-X) Reynolds, Richard C., On doctor[i]ng: stories, poems, essays , Simon & Schuster, 2001, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7432-0153-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0153-1) Sandler, Merton, Wine: a scientific exploration , CRC Press, 2003, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-415-24734-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24734-9) Sherman, Irwin W., The power of plagues , Wiley-Blackwell, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-55581-356-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55581-356-9) Stuart, David C., Dangerous garden: the quest for plants to change our lives , frances lincoln ltd, 2004, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7112-2265-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7112-2265-7) Timbs, John, The Mirror of literature, amusement, and instruction , Volume 37, J. Limbird, 1841 Time-Life Books, What life was like in the age of chivalry: medieval Europe, AD 800-1500 , 1997 Turner, Jack, Spice: The History of a Temptation , Random House, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-375-70705-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-70705-0) Walker, Kenneth, The story of medicine , Oxford University Press, 1955 External links [ edit ] Debunking Popular Misconceptions about Plague Doctor Costumes and How They Were Used (http://talesoftimesforgotten.com/2020/03/01/plague-doctor-costumes-were-actually-a-good-idea/) Doctor Schnabel's Plague Museum (https://www.doctorschnabel.net/) Media related to Plague doctors (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plague_doctors) at Wikimedia Commons Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : History (/wiki/Portal:History) Medicine (/wiki/Portal:Medicine) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐f82df Cached time: 20240721133318 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.613 seconds Real time usage: 0.783 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6711/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 62186/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4358/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 139046/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.368/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 20814636/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 712.256 1 -total 32.62% 232.306 1 Template:Reflist 16.88% 120.263 9 Template:Cite_web 15.81% 112.597 4 Template:Lang 13.51% 96.194 19 Template:ISBN 12.91% 91.978 1 Template:Short_description 7.66% 54.561 21 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 6.16% 43.861 2 Template:Pagetype 5.71% 40.667 4 Template:Sfn 5.69% 40.507 27 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28844729-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721133318 and revision id 1235837090. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plague_doctor_costume&oldid=1235837090 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plague_doctor_costume&oldid=1235837090) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Medical equipment (/wiki/Category:Medical_equipment) Medieval European costume (/wiki/Category:Medieval_European_costume) Plague doctors (/wiki/Category:Plague_doctors) Gas masks (/wiki/Category:Gas_masks) 1630s introductions (/wiki/Category:1630s_introductions) Safety clothing (/wiki/Category:Safety_clothing) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) Harv and Sfn no-target errors (/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors) Articles containing Latin-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text) Articles incorporating Cite DNB template (/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_Cite_DNB_template) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles containing Italian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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This is the latest accepted revision (/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes) , reviewed (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_22) on 11 April 2024 . Season of television series Season of television series America's Next Top Model Season 22 Cycle 22 cast Judges Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) Kelly Cutrone (/wiki/Kelly_Cutrone) J. Alexander (/wiki/J._Alexander_(model)) No. of contestants 14 Winner Nyle DiMarco (/wiki/Nyle_DiMarco) No. of episodes 16 Release Original network The CW (/wiki/The_CW) Original release August 5 ( 2015-08-05 ) [1] (#cite_note-Cycle22announcement-1) – December 4, 2015 ( 2015-12-04 ) [2] (#cite_note-finale-2) Additional information Filming dates April 6 ( 2015-04-06 ) – May 18, 2015 ( 2015-05-18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 21 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_21) Next → Season 23 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_23) (on VH1 (/wiki/VH1) ) List of episodes (/wiki/List_of_America%27s_Next_Top_Model_episodes) The twenty-second cycle of America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) (subtitled as America's Next Top Model: Guys & Girls ) premiered on August 5, 2015, and is the sixteenth and final cycle to air on The CW (/wiki/The_CW) . The network announced in mid-October that they were cancelling the show and the finale episode aired on December 4, 2015. [2] (#cite_note-finale-2) Like the two previous cycles, cycle 22 featured both male and female contestants. However, for the first time since cycle 13 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_13)) , the height restriction was removed and the competition was opened to contestants at any height. Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) , Kelly Cutrone (/wiki/Kelly_Cutrone) and J. Alexander (/wiki/J._Alexander_(model)) returned to the judging panel, with photographer Yu Tsai (/wiki/Yu_Tsai) remaining as creative director. Unlike the last three cycles, social media was no longer included on the show. The scoring system remained in place, but only the combined challenge and judges' scores were added into the final tally to determine who would be eliminated. While there was no international destination for this cycle, the models traveled to Las Vegas (/wiki/Las_Vegas) for two episodes. This is the second cycle in the series to be shot completely in the United States, after cycle 13 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_13)) . The winner of the competition was 25-year-old Nyle DiMarco (/wiki/Nyle_DiMarco) from Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) , with Mamé Adjei placing as the runner up. DiMarco was the first deaf contestant to win the competition. Cycle summary [ edit ] Prizes [ edit ] Returning prizes included a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management (/wiki/NEXT_Model_Management) and a spread in Nylon magazine. Zappos (/wiki/Zappos) became a new prize for the series, and the winner was chosen for a US$100,000 contract to become the face of the Zappos Couture's 2016 re-launch. [1] (#cite_note-Cycle22announcement-1) Special guests [ edit ] This cycle featured guest judges including interior designers Jonathan (/wiki/Jonathan_Scott_(reality_television_personality)) and Drew Scott (/wiki/Drew_Scott) , model Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) , fashion editor Joe Zee (/wiki/Joe_Zee) and cycle 10 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_10) winner Whitney Thompson (/wiki/Whitney_Thompson) . [1] (#cite_note-Cycle22announcement-1) Contestants [ edit ] The cast includes Nyle DiMarco, is noted for being the first deaf (/wiki/Hearing_loss) contestant in the history of America's Next Top Model and Mamé Adjei, the then-reigning Miss Maryland USA (/wiki/Miss_Maryland_USA) . (ages stated are at start of contest) [1] (#cite_note-Cycle22announcement-1) Nyle DiMarco (/wiki/Nyle_DiMarco) , winner Mamé Adjei, runner-up Contestant Age Height Hometown Outcome Place Delanie Dischert [3] (#cite_note-3) 21 1.79 m (5 ft 10 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Wilmington, Delaware (/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware) Episode 3 14 Stefano Churchill [4] (#cite_note-4) 23 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Virginia Beach, Virginia (/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia) Episode 4 13 Ava Capra [5] (#cite_note-5) 19 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) Episode 6 12 Ashley Molina [6] (#cite_note-6) 21 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Brooklyn, New York (/wiki/Brooklyn) Episode 7 11 Courtney DuPerow [7] (#cite_note-7) 21 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) Avon Lake, Ohio (/wiki/Avon_Lake,_Ohio) Episode 8 10 Bello Sánchez [8] (#cite_note-Bello-Courtney-8) 26 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) 9 Justin Kim [9] (#cite_note-9) 23 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Springfield, Virginia (/wiki/Springfield,_Virginia) Episode 9 8 Dustin McNeer [10] (#cite_note-10) 18 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) Kernersville, North Carolina (/wiki/Kernersville,_North_Carolina) Episode 10 7 Hadassah Richardson [11] (#cite_note-11) 23 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Houston, Texas (/wiki/Houston,_Texas) Episode 11 6 Devin Clark [12] (#cite_note-12) 21 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) San Francisco, California (/wiki/San_Francisco,_California) Episode 13 5 Michael 'Mikey' Heverly [13] (#cite_note-13) 25 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Hollywood, Florida (/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida) Episode 16 4–3 Lacey Rogers [14] (#cite_note-14) 18 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) El Dorado, Arkansas (/wiki/El_Dorado,_Arkansas) Mamé Adjei [15] (#cite_note-15) 23 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Silver Spring, Maryland (/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland) 2 Nyle DiMarco (/wiki/Nyle_DiMarco) [16] (#cite_note-16) 25 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Washington, D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) 1 Episodes [ edit ] No. overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers (millions) 270 1 "The Guys and Girls Make it to Hollywood" August 5, 2015 ( 2015-08-05 ) 1.15 [17] (#cite_note-17) The thirty-one semifinalists board a double-decker bus and get their pictures taken as it travels through the streets of Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) . Afterwards, they meet the judges before being paired off for a runway show in front of the show's fans. The contestants are later interviewed individually at panel and have their photos from the bus reviewed. Tensions rise backstage after Bello's crown gets broken by one of the other contestants. After panel, the models are driven to the top model house. There Miss J and Yu Tsai explain that there is a pool of foam containing beach balls with the names of the twenty-two contestants who have been chosen to move on to the next stage of the casting process. Those who do not find a ball with their name on it are eliminated from the competition. Featured photographer: Massimo Campana 271 2 "The Girl Who Walks Away" August 12, 2015 ( 2015-08-12 ) 1.21 [19] (#cite_note-19) The remaining contestants move into the top model home to meet Drew (/wiki/Drew_Scott) and Jonathan Scott (/wiki/Jonathan_Scott_(reality_television_personality)) , stars of Property Brothers (/wiki/Property_Brothers) to see their decoration of their house. After choosing their beds, Yu Tsai and Miss J show up for the very first challenge. The models must take part in a pose-off in pairs with the last contestant standing being granted entrance into the Tyra suite. Ava and Mamé make it through each round successfully, but it is Mamé who is chosen as the winner of the challenge. Later into the night Hadassah calls a house meeting, rubbing several of the contestants the wrong way. The following day the semifinalists show up at Universal CityWalk before a live crowd to pose semi-nude with personalized hashtags in a shoot for the season's promotional poster. Semi-finalist Alexa decides to quit the competition before the photo shoot, and Devin suffers a breakdown after doing badly. Back at the house, Devin and Bello get into a heated argument. That same night the judges deliberate on the photos from the shoot before deciding who will make the top fourteen. In the morning, Yu Tsai and Miss J meet the models at the Long Beach Shipyard to announce that the contestants will face one last challenge before learning whether or not they've made the final cut. The models will take part in a fashion show three stories in the air, walking across shipping containers before walking off the edge of the runway. Those who are harnessed across to the other side will become finalists, while those who are lowered to the ground will be eliminated. The episode concludes with a cliffhanger, continuing the following episode. Featured photographers: Massimo Campana, Erik Asla Special guests: Drew Scott, Jonathan Scott, [18] (#cite_note-e2-18) Patrick Tumey, Alexis Borges 272 3 "The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out" August 19, 2015 ( 2015-08-19 ) 1.20 [20] (#cite_note-20) The episode continues where the previous one left off, with the models meeting agency director of NEXT management in Los Angeles, Alexis Borges. He explains that all the models who have made it into the final cast will be carried across the gap between shipping containers, and that those who haven't will be lowered down. The models are then styled with clothes from Erik Rosete's fashion line and shoes from Miss J's new collection before being taken to the top of the first stack of containers. One by one, all the contestants take their turn on the runway before stepping off the edge. Semi-finalists Bryant, Larissa, Gage, Miguel, Maleesa, India and Dallas are all lowered to the ground and are eliminated. Tyra congratulates the final fourteen before they return to the house to celebrate and see their scores for the challenge. The following day, the contestants are driven to a studio to meet Yu Tsai and photographer Erik Asla for their first official photo shoot. The models are paired for a portrait shoot in which they will be bound together by different objects. Before starting, Tyra shows up to give the models a lesson on good and bad 'no neck posing'. At panel Tyra announces that the social media scoring has been dropped from the show. She explains that in cases of a tie among two or more contestants in the bottom, the judges will vote on which contestants will stay and which will be eliminated. In contrast to the previous three cycles, the judges' scores will be revealed as each contestant is called during elimination. Devin is revealed to have obtained the highest overall score. Delanie and Stefano are called forward as the bottom two. The final scores are revealed, and Delanie is eliminated from the competition for her lack of intensity and failing to put her beauty to good use. Featured photographer: Erik Asla Special guests: Alexis Borges, Erik Rosete 273 4 "The Girl Who Has a Close Shave" August 26, 2015 ( 2015-08-26 ) 1.34 [21] (#cite_note-21) The remaining contestants meet with Yu Tsai for their photo shoot. Yu Tsai introduces them to army veterans Alex Minsky (/wiki/Alex_Minsky) and Melissa Stockwell (/wiki/Melissa_Stockwell) , who both talk about the limbs they lost during combat, and what their lives have been like since. The theme for the session is to honor war veterans whilst engaging in extreme couture posing. Nyle opens up about his deafness, and the isolation he experiences in the house because of it. Immediately before the shoot begins, the contestants meet fashion editor Joe Zee, who will look over the styling for the day. Devin has a hard time following direction. Hadassah and Stefano have a difficult time, and Dustin is asked to leave the set for laughing in the shoot. The following day, the models are taken to the Cristophe salon for their makeovers. Most are happy with their changes, but Hadassah initially rejects having half of her hair shaved and contemplates leaving the competition. After being talked into it by the judges at the salon, she accepts the change. At panel, Ashley and Dustin are critiqued for their lack of connection with the veterans and lackluster photos. Justin, Courtney, Mikey, Bello, Devin and Ava, who later receives best photo during elimination, all receive positive feedback. The rest of the models receive mixed critique. Stefano is judged for failing to deliver once again, while Hadassah is called out for not handling her look with a positive attitude. Both of them receive the lowest scores and land in the bottom two. Hadassah receives the last photo with a score of 22.4, and after his second consecutive appearance at the bottom, Stefano is eliminated. Featured photographer: Erik Asla Special guests: Alex Minsky, Melissa Stockwell, Joe Zee (/wiki/Joe_Zee) , Cristophe (/wiki/Cristophe_(hairstylist)) , Romina, Sharle, Dr. Julie Kim, Dr. Edgardo Falcon Jr. 274 5 "The Guy Who Gets a Hickey" September 2, 2015 ( 2015-09-02 ) 1.20 [22] (#cite_note-22) The contestants meet with Yu Tsai and are introduced to Anthony De La Rosa, an agent for new faces at Next Model Management. For the challenge, the models are photographed by Massimo Campana with an Oppo cell phone to create composite cards. They must each take a full body and close up photo and retouch each photo to create a presentable final result with as little change as possible. For having found the right balance between airbrushing and natural beauty, Mikey is chosen as the winner of the challenge. He is allowed to take another person with him out to dinner, and chooses Devin to go with him. The photo shoot takes place at the house the following morning, where it is revealed that the models will be styled in futuristic sportswear for a final shot that will be completely unretouched. Tensions from the night before continue to brew throughout the day. On set, Mamé, Mikey, Devin and Lacey all do well. In contrast, Dustin, Courtney and Hadassah do not. During judging, Mamé, Lacey, Devin, Ashley, Bello and Mikey all receive positive feedback. Nyle is critiqued for his lack of variation and intensity in his photos. Meanwhile, Hadassah and Dustin once again leave the judges unimpressed. Courtney is praised for her amazing face on film, but is critiqued for not looking like a model in person, as well as her failure to present herself like one. At elimination, Lacey is awarded best photo. The next highest score goes to Mamé, who Tyra notifies would have received best photo if she'd achieved a higher score on the challenge. Hadassah and Dustin are called forward as the bottom two, both for their failure to progress and produce stronger photos. The final scores are revealed, and Hadassah is given another chance. Featured photographers: Massimo Campana (challenge), Erik Asla (photo shoot) Special guests: Anthony De La Rosa 275 6 "The Girl Who Gets Possessed" September 9, 2015 ( 2015-09-09 ) 1.40 [23] (#cite_note-23) The contestants meet with Kelly and cycle 10 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_10) winner Whitney Thompson (/wiki/Whitney_Thompson) and explains them will be paired up for a photo shoot session and decide on themes for their client. Several contestants have trouble working together, while the pairing of Mamé and Mikey causes feelings of jealousy in Justin. At the end of the challenge, Nyle is chosen as the winner. Afterwards, the models return home to see their scores. Ava becomes upset after she sees her score is a 7, ranking near the bottom of the leader board. The following morning, a fight ensues between Hadassah and Mamé after Mamé enters to use the bathroom while Hadassah is taking a shower. The feud continues on the bus as the contestants are being driven to the shoot. At the studio, the models meet Yu Tsai and photographer Erik Asla for a session in which the contestants will be harnessed in the air as victims of a 'fashion exorcism (/wiki/Exorcism) '. Lacey, Nyle, and Mamé do a great job on set, while Ava, Courtney, and Hadassah struggle. Back at home, Justin tries to relieve the tension between Hadassah and Mamé by calling a house meeting so that they can talk out their problems. During panel, Lacey, Justin and Nyle receive good feedback. Hadassah becomes emotional after she receives praise from the judges, having been nervous about how bad the session went. Tyra clarifies that although her final shot was good, the rest of her film was not. The rest models received mixed critique, with Ava, Bello, and Courtney receiving the worst feedback. At elimination, Nyle receives the highest score. Bello narrowly misses landing in the bottom, leaving Ava and Courtney up for elimination. Tyra notes their declining quality of work as the reason they're in the bottom, and after the final scores are revealed, it is Courtney who is given the chance to stay. Featured photographer: Erik Asla 276 7 "The Guy Who Acts a Fool" September 16, 2015 ( 2015-09-16 ) 1.52 [24] (#cite_note-24) The models arrived at The CW Studios in Burbank (/wiki/Burbank,_California) , as they are introduced to The CW's Executive Vice President of Talent and Casting Lori Openden. They are paired off to perform in a Shakespearean love scene in front of Lori and a panel of CW executives. The best performer will be given the opportunity to star in a walk on role in one of the CW's scripted series. The models are given thirty minutes to rehearse their lines. Ashley becomes frustrated with Devin for his failure to take the challenge seriously. Meanwhile, Mamé questions whether or not her feelings for Justin are reciprocated. Both of them are the first to act out the scene, and are critiqued for their lack of chemistry. Bello forgets his lines and improvises the script, confusing Hadassah. Courtney is judged for her lack of confidence and talent, while Mikey is critiqued for moving around too much. Nyle and Lacey perform the best as a whole, impressing Lori and her colleagues. In contrast, Ashley and Devin are deemed to be the worst. Lacey is ultimately chosen as the winner of the challenge. On the day of the shoot, the models are driven to Zuma Beach (/wiki/Zuma_Beach) to meet with Yu Tsai. He explains that they will have to put their acting skills to the test in a sexy commercial where they will be paired off to advertise the fictitious deodorant, Boom Boom Boom. At elimination, Lacey is revealed to have attained the highest score, with Ashley and Devin being called forward as the bottom two. Both of them are reprimanded for their performance at the challenge, which reflected on the results of the shoot. With a score of 28.4, Tyra hands the last screen capture to Devin, and Ashley is eliminated from the competition. Featured director: Erik Asla Special guests: Lori Openden, Dana Theodoratos, Justin Rosenblatt, Brittany Williams (Nyle's friend) 277 8 "The Girl Who Got All Dolled Up" September 23, 2015 ( 2015-09-23 ) 1.36 [25] (#cite_note-25) The models are doing for their challenge as they divided into three-person teams and given one hour to create a 6-second Vine (/wiki/Vine_(service)) video to serve as a public service announcement (/wiki/Public_service_announcement) for STEM (" S cience, T echnology, E ngineering and M athematics"). In the rush to finish, Bello accidentally deletes their video, forcing his team to re-film the video at the last minute. Courtney's unconvincing portrayal of a woman in a position of power is criticized, as is their disjointed script, and they come in last. Conversely, Hadassah, Mamé & Mikey's video incorporates both message and humor to result in their winning the challenge. For the photo shoot, the models are given a demonstration by Tyra on how to portray a life-sized doll, before being assigned a different themed doll to personify. Courtney struggles because she doesn't know what "fashionista" means, and reveals that she has never read a fashion magazine. Bello and Devin both struggle too, while the rest all perform well. At panel, Tyra shocks everyone by revealing that there will be a double elimination. Nyle, Justin and Mikey's photos are praised, although the latter is informed that his film wasn't as strong. Hadassah's improvement in the competition is also noted, but it is Lacey who once again receives the highest praise from the judges, including Kelly's statement that it is the best photo of the competition so far. Courtney and Bello's facial expressions fall flat while Devin's is deemed to be too comical for a doll. After deliberation, Lacey wins her third best photo, while Bello, Courtney and Devin land in the bottom three. Courtney is the first to be eliminated, followed shortly after by Bello, with Devin surviving his second consecutive appearance in the bottom. Featured photographer: Erik Asla Special guests: Robert Behar, Brittany Furlan 278 9 "The Guy or Girl Who Came Back" October 2, 2015 ( 2015-10-02 ) 1.07 [26] (#cite_note-26) The final seven contestants convene at the offices of NEXT Model Management for their go-see challenge, and are shocked to see the previously eliminated models there. They are then told that the best performing eliminated contestant will rejoin the competition after the next elimination, effectively replacing one of those still remaining. The models choose their partners for the go-sees, and Bello becomes agitated when Hadassah doesn't pick him. Dustin and Justin receive bad feedback for walking into (and interrupting) Ashley and Mikey's casting; Bello doesn't book any go-sees, Devin only books one, and the team of Courtney and Mamé arrive late back at the office, disqualifying them from the challenge. Mamé is revealed to be the only person who booked all 4 go-sees, but because of her tardiness, it is Hadassah who wins the challenge instead. Back at the model house, there is mild confusion as everyone gets accustomed to a full house of 14 people again. Bello and Hadassah have a confrontation in the hot tub, and Hadassah ultimately leaves. For the photo shoot, the models are paired with a canine friend and are told to embody the personality and look of their animal partners. Most of the models perform well, with the exception of Ashley, Delanie, Devin and Justin. At panel, many models receive praise for their photos. Dustin is commended for finally breaking out of his shell and trying many different poses, and Stefano's professionalism is lauded. Nyle, Hadassah, Lacey, Ava, Courtney and Bello also receive praise, but it is Nyle who later wins best photo of the week for the second time. Before announcing who will be eliminated, Tyra reveals the results of the previously eliminated contestants, and their scores are revealed from lowest to highest. Dustin ultimately wins the right to rejoin the competition. Devin and Justin land in the bottom two, Devin for his continued comical facial expressions and features deemed unsuitable for many types of editorial photos, and Justin for his fading swagger and personality. The show then ends on a cliffhanger as Devin and Justin await their fate. Featured photographer: Yu Tsai Special guests: Alexis Borges 279 10 "The Girl Who Became Bootyful" October 9, 2015 ( 2015-10-09 ) 1.00 [27] (#cite_note-27) Concluded from the previous episode, Devin & Justin, the previous week's bottom two, awaiting their final scores. Devin is revealed to be the final contestant in the top seven, and Justin is eliminated from the competition, much to Mamé's dismay. The remaining models return to the house to pack their bags, where several contestants express their dismay at Dustin's return to the competition, especially Hadassah, who feels Dustin hasn't learned anything from his elimination. Mamé finds a letter from Justin, becoming emotional over his elimination. Afterwards, the contestants are driven to Las Vegas (/wiki/Las_Vegas) and are taken to their new home – a penthouse at the SLS Las Vegas hotel. Later that night Miss J and Yu Tsai meet the models at a private VIP pool party, where they are introduced to cycle 20 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_20) contestant Don Benjamin, who will serve as the judge for their first challenge is Las Vegas. The contestants are asked to jump into the swimming pool while photographer Massimo Campana snaps their photos as they're falling through the air. Each contestant is allotted a single frame, the best of which will be chosen as the winner of the challenge. Hadassah, Dustin and Mamé are deemed to have taken the best photos, but it is Mamé who is chosen as the winner of the challenge. She is rewarded with a luxury spa treatment for two, which she later decides to share with Hadassah. For the shoot, all the contestants are assigned roles to portray in a music video that promotes Tyra's new line of beauty products. Most contestants do well, but Dustin struggles the most after flirting with several of the extras instead of practicing. At panel, Dustin and Hadassah receive the worst feedback. In contrast, Devin and Mikey receive the most praise, with the latter achieving the highest overall score. Hadassah and Dustin land together in the bottom two, like they had done earlier in the competition when Dustin was first eliminated. The final scores are revealed, and Dustin is once again eliminated in favor of Hadassah. The episode concludes with the world premiere of the music video that was filmed during the episode. Featured photographer: Massimo Campana (challenge) Featured director: Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) Special guests: Don Benjamin 280 11 "And Then That Happened" October 23, 2015 ( 2015-10-23 ) 0.73 [28] (#cite_note-28) The episode highlights all the phases of the competition, showing never-before-seen footage, including the filming of the opening sequence, Dustin and Nyle's ' bromance (/wiki/Bromance) ', a visit from Miss J and Yu Tsai shortly before makeovers, Ava and Bello's failed bubble bath, extended moments from Ava and Courtney's scrape with some of the other contestants, an argument that ensued between Ashley, Hadassah and Mamé, team DMA's music video, and many more. 281 12 "The Guy Who Closed Deal in Vegas" October 30, 2015 ( 2015-10-30 ) 0.94 [29] (#cite_note-29) The following day the models arrive at the headquarters of Zappos (/wiki/Zappos) Couture, the brand that will use the winner of the competition as the face of their 2016 re-launch. There, Kelly introduces them to Melissa Costa, head of Zappos brand marketing. They are later shown a clip from Tony Hsieh, the CEO and founder of the brand, and are introduced to the second judge for their upcoming challenge, Eileen Tetreault. After being briefed on the mission of the brand, they are taken to the Sayers Club at the SLS for a salon style runway show wearing different outfits from Zappos. Backstage, Hadassah gets reprimanded by Kelly after disagreeing with the scores and ranking of the last elimination. Lacey and Hadassah fail to sell their outfits, while Mikey, Nyle, Mamé and Devin are all given praise for their performances. After the show is over, Mamé is chosen as the winner of the challenge, and receives a complete look from the show as her prize. On the day of the shoot, the contestants have to take photos in groups with Miss J for the fictitious social media platform 'Fierce-a-gram' complete with personalized hashtags. The final result of each photo will be cropped and uncropped, with the cropped version being seemingly sweet and innocent, and the uncropped version revealing a wild Las Vegas party. Lacey is criticized for her lack of variety and one-note look, and Devin is once again critiqued for his over the top expressions. Hadassah is congratulated for standing out in the group shots of other contestants, but failing to stand out in her own shoot. Mikey is noted for quickly emerging as a front runner in the competition. After the shoot, the contestants are taken on a limo ride through Las Vegas. Back at the house Devin and Mikey get into an argument over Mikey's flirting with Hadassah and Mamé, insisting that Ashley was eliminated due to having been distracted over Mikey. The show heads back to Los Angeles, Mikey and Mamé are given the most positive critique, with the other four contestants receiving varying degrees of mixed feedback. Mamé receives the highest score, but Tyra points out that it was Mikey who'd achieved the highest combined total from the judges for his photo. Mikey, Devin and Nyle are all given their photos, leaving Hadassah and Lacey as the bottom two. Hadassah is revealed to have the lowest score at 30.2, and is thus eliminated. Featured photographer: Erik Asla Special guests: Melissa Costa, Eileen Tetreault 282 13 "The Girl Who Got Shot in the Dark" November 6, 2015 ( 2015-11-06 ) 0.95 [30] (#cite_note-30) Featured photographer: Erik Asla Special guests: Alli Webb (/wiki/Alli_Webb) , Marie-Pier St-Hilaire, Francis Libiran 283 14 "The Guy Who Was a Momma's Boy" November 13, 2015 ( 2015-11-13 ) 1.03 [31] (#cite_note-31) Featured photographer: Carolyn London Special guests: Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) , Michelle Lee, J. Errico 284 15 "Finale Part 1: The Girl Who Made a Splash" November 20, 2015 ( 2015-11-20 ) 0.95 [32] (#cite_note-32) The remaining contestants battle it out for the spot in the finale. They did a Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)) magazine shoot and Zappos Couture shoot. Featured photographers: Mark "The Cobra Snake" Hunter ( Nylon magazine), Erik Asla (Zappos Couture) Special guests: J. Errico, Melissa Costa, Kevin Bailey, Keith Carlos (/wiki/Keith_Carlos) 285 16 "Finale Part 2: America's Next Top Model is..." December 4, 2015 ( 2015-12-04 ) 1.16 [34] (#cite_note-34) The final four presented their business presentation where in Nyle and Mame were chosen as the finalists. Reiko Nakano performs on a violin as contestants walk the runway at Walt Disney Concert Hall (/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall) . [33] (#cite_note-33) The final two battle it out for Rocky Gathercole. After the deliberation, Nyle was chosen as the 22nd winner of America's Next Top Model . Summaries [ edit ] Call-out order [ edit ] Order Episodes 3 [a] (#cite_note-35) 4 5 6 7 8 9 [b] (#cite_note-36) 10 12 13 14 [c] (#cite_note-37) 16 [d] (#cite_note-38) 1 Dustin Devin Ava Lacey Nyle Lacey Lacey Nyle Mikey Mamé Mikey Mamé Nyle 2 Lacey Justin Mikey Mamé Lacey Mamé Nyle Hadassah Devin Mikey Mamé Nyle Mamé 3 Mamé Lacey Bello Devin Mamé Nyle Justin Lacey Lacey Devin Lacey Lacey Mikey Lacey Mikey 4 Justin Mikey Devin Mikey Hadassah Bello Mikey Mamé Mamé Nyle Nyle 5 Nyle Ava Courtney Ashley Justin Mikey Hadassah Mikey Nyle Lacey Devin 6 Stefano Mamé Justin Bello Devin Justin Mamé Devin Hadassah Hadassah 7 Ashley Bello Nyle Nyle Ashley Hadassah Devin Justin Dustin 8 Hadassah Ashley Lacey Ava Mikey Courtney Bello 9 Delanie Courtney Mamé Courtney Bello Devin Courtney 10 Bello Hadassah Dustin Justin Courtney Ashley 11 Ava Nyle Ashley Hadassah Ava 12 Mikey Dustin Hadassah Dustin 13 Courtney Stefano Stefano 14 Devin Delanie The contestant was eliminated The contestant was a part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant won the competition ^ (#cite_ref-35) In episode 1, the pool of 31 semi-finalists was reduced to the top 22 who moved on to the next round of casting. Episode 2 ended in a cliffhanger, and the elimination was postponed until the following episode. At the beginning of episode 3, the remaining pool of 21 semi-finalists (minus one dropout from the week before) was reduced to the final fourteen contestants. The first official elimination happened at the end of the episode. ^ (#cite_ref-36) In episode 9, all fourteen contestants were present at panel. The seven eliminated models up to that point received a complete set of scores for participating in the challenge and shoot, with the highest score winning the opportunity to return to the competition. They were revealed from lowest to highest as being Ashley, Delanie, Bello, Courtney, Ava and Stefano until Dustin was revealed as the contestant to return. The safe contestants were called out separately, with Devin and Justin landing in the bottom two. The episode ended in a cliffhanger, with the elimination resuming at the beginning of the next episode. At the beginning of episode 10, Justin was eliminated from the competition. ^ (#cite_ref-37) In episode 14, Lacey and Mikey had a tied score while in the bottom two. As a result, neither of them was eliminated from the competition. Tyra announced that since no one had been sent home, one guy and one girl would be eliminated the following week. ^ (#cite_ref-38) In episode 15, no one was eliminated as the episode ended in a cliffhanger, and the elimination was postponed until the following episode, in which only one contestant of each gender was put through to the finale. First, Nyle was chosen as the last remaining male, eliminating Mikey. Next, Mamé was chosen as the last remaining female and second finalist, eliminating Lacey. Bottom two [ edit ] Episode Contestants Eliminated 3 Delanie & Stefano Delanie 4 Hadassah & Stefano Stefano 5 Dustin & Hadassah Dustin 6 Ava & Courtney Ava 7 Ashley & Devin Ashley 8 Bello, Courtney & Devin Bello Courtney 9 Devin & Justin Justin 10 Dustin & Hadassah Dustin 12 Hadassah & Lacey Hadassah 13 Devin & Nyle Devin 14 Lacey & Mikey None 16 Mikey & Nyle Mikey Lacey & Mamé Lacey Mamé & Nyle Mamé The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two The contestant was eliminated after their fourth time in the bottom two The contestant was eliminated in the final judging and placed third The contestant was eliminated in the final judging and placed as the runner-up Average call-out order [ edit ] Casting call-out order, comeback first call-out and final episode are not included. Rank by average Place Model Call-out total Number of call-outs Call-out average 1 3–4 Lacey 33 11 3.00 2 Mikey 39 3.54 3 2 Mamé 40 3.64 4 1 Nyle 47 4.27 5 5 Devin 46 10 4.60 6 8 Justin 39 7 5.57 7 9 Bello 37 6 6.17 8 12 Ava 25 4 6.25 9 6 Hadassah 63 9 7.00 10 11 Ashley 41 5 8.20 11 10 Courtney 50 6 8.33 12 7 Dustin 41 4 10.25 13 13 Stefano 26 2 13.00 14 14 Delanie 14 1 14.00 Scoring chart [ edit ] Place Model Episodes Total score Average 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 [a] (#cite_note-Comeback-39) 10 12 13 14 [b] (#cite_note-nonelim-40) 16 [c] (#cite_note-scores-41) 1 Nyle 30.0 26.0 31.9 39.7 34.7 37.2 39.0 33.7 33.9 33.0 37.0 IN WIN 376.1 34.1 2 Mamé 33.0 25.0 36.1 34.5 35.0 31.6 32.9 34.0 35.6 34.0 37.1 IN OUT 368.8 33.5 3-4 Lacey 34.7 25.6 37.2 35.0 37.1 38.5 36.4 34.3 31.0 33.9 35.2 OUT 378.9 34.5 Mikey 34.5 28.3 34.7 32.1 33.1 35.7 32.4 35.5 35.2 37.5 35.2 OUT 374.2 34.0 5 Devin 36.0 26.9 35.4 32.7 28.4 31.5 31.3 34.6 34.6 29.1 320.5 32.0 6 Hadassah 30.1 22.4 30.5 33.4 30.1 34.2 36.6 32.8 30.2 280.3 31.1 7 Dustin 29.5 23.6 28.4 35.1 30.5 147.1 29.4 8 Justin 35.5 26.0 31.4 32.9 31.3 35.8 29.9 222.8 31.8 9 Bello 32.3 27.6 33.5 31.6 33.7 31.0 30.6 220.3 31.4 10 Courtney 30.7 26.7 31.4 31.3 29.5 27.8 32.5 209.9 29.9 11 Ashley 32.2 22.5 33.0 32.2 27.2 27.1 174.2 29.0 12 Ava 33.3 28.5 31.5 29.4 34.0 156.7 31.3 13 Stefano 26.3 22.3 35.0 83.6 27.8 14 Delanie 26.0 30.5 56.5 28.2 Indicates the contestant had the highest score that week. Indicates the contestant was eliminated that week. Indicates the contestant was in the bottom two that week. Indicates the contestant won the competition. Photo shoot guide [ edit ] Episode 1 photo shoot: Swimsuits on a double-decker bus (/wiki/Double-decker_bus) (casting) Episode 2 photo shoot: Semi-nude holding up hashtags (/wiki/Hashtag) (casting) Episode 3 photo shoot: Nude and bound together in pairs Episode 4 photo shoot: Extreme posing with war veterans (/wiki/War_veterans) Episode 5 photo shoot: Unretouched geometrical sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) Episode 6 photo shoot: Possessed (/wiki/Demonic_possession) and suspended in mid air Episode 7 commercial: Boom Boom Boom deodorant in pairs Episode 8 photo shoot: Living Life-Size (/wiki/Life-Size) dolls Episode 9 photo shoot: Look-alike editorial with dogs Episode 10 music video: "BOOTYful" – Tyra Beauty theme song Episode 12 photo shoot: Cropped and uncropped Fierce-a-gram photos Episode 13 photo shoot: Night creatures in the dark Episode 14 photo shoot: Posing with mothers Episode 15 photo shoots: Nylon (/wiki/Nylon_magazine) magazine spread; Zappos couture campaign Makeovers [ edit ] Stefano – Blonde extension highlights Ava – Mullet cut Ashley – Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) inspired pixie cut and dyed brown with contacts Courtney – Layered gray ombre with a side fringe and teeth whitened Bello – Long black hair extensions Justin – Faux hawk (/wiki/Faux_hawk) fade Dustin – Sun kissed blonde Hadassah – Hair shaved on one side Devin – Shaved near bald and dyed black Mikey – Trimmed and lightened Lacey – Chic bowl cut with bangs and dyed dark brown Mamé – Curly voluminous weave Nyle – Trimmed and cleaned up Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Comeback_39-0) In episode 9, all fourteen contestants were present at panel. The seven eliminated models up to that point received a complete set of scores for participating in the challenge and shoot, with the highest score winning the opportunity to return to the competition. They were revealed from lowest to highest as being Ashley, Delanie, Bello, Courtney, Ava and Stefano until Dustin was revealed as the contestant to return. ^ (#cite_ref-nonelim_40-0) In episode 14, Lacey and Mikey had a tied score of 35.2 while in the bottom two. As a result, neither of them was eliminated from the competition. ^ (#cite_ref-scores_41-0) The contestants received scores for every single elimination round in the finals until the final four and the announcement of the winner. The eliminations in episode 16 happened without scoring. Lacey and Mikey were both were tied for third place. 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" (http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/america-next-top-model-cuts-justin-kim-and-comeback-contestant-dustin-mcneer-again-18647.php) 'America's Next Top Model' cuts Justin Kim and comeback contestant Dustin Mcneer again" (http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/america-next-top-model-cuts-justin-kim-and-comeback-contestant-dustin-mcneer-again-18647.php) . RealityTVWorld.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151013133123/http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/america-next-top-model-cuts-justin-kim-and-comeback-contestant-dustin-mcneer-again-18647.php) from the original on October 13, 2015 . Retrieved November 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Erickson, Briana (July 27, 2015). "Hollywood model fierce enough for 'America's Next Top Model' (http://www.sun-sentinel.com/entertainment/fl-top-model-hollywood-20150722-story.html) " (http://www.sun-sentinel.com/entertainment/fl-top-model-hollywood-20150722-story.html) . Sun Sentinel (/wiki/Sun_Sentinel) . South Florida. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150818155717/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/entertainment/fl-top-model-hollywood-20150722-story.html) from the original on August 18, 2015 . Retrieved October 17, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Spivey, Stacey (August 4, 2015). "El Dorado native competes to be America's Next Top Model" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151006134847/http://www.katv.com/story/29710842/el-dorado-native-competes-to-be-americas-next-top-model) . Little Rock, Arkansas (/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas) : KATV-TV (/wiki/KATV-TV) . Archived from the original (http://www.katv.com/story/29710842/el-dorado-native-competes-to-be-americas-next-top-model) on October 6, 2015 . Retrieved August 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) " (http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/fashion-style/bal-ap-miss-usa-20150712-photo.html) 'America's Next Top Model' returns" (http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/fashion-style/bal-ap-miss-usa-20150712-photo.html) . The Baltimore Sun (/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun) . n.d. 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Retrieved September 23, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'America's Next Top Model' & 'A Wicked Offer' Adjusted Down, 'Big Brother' Adjusted Up" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150919231850/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/09/17/wednesday-final-ratings-americas-next-top-model-a-wicked-offer-adjusted-down-big-brother-adjusted-up/468164/) . TV by the Numbers (/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers) . September 17, 2015. Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/09/17/wednesday-final-ratings-americas-next-top-model-a-wicked-offer-adjusted-down-big-brother-adjusted-up/468164/) on September 19, 2015 . Retrieved September 23, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "TV Ratings Wednesday (Updated): 'Empire' Still Huge, 'Rosewood' has Solid Debut + 'The Goldbergs' & 'The Middle' Return Flat" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164557/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/09/24/tv-ratings-wednesday-empire-still-huge-rosewood-has-solid-debut-the-goldbergs-the-middle-return-flat/470993/) . TV by the Numbers (/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers) . September 24, 2015. Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/09/24/tv-ratings-wednesday-empire-still-huge-rosewood-has-solid-debut-the-goldbergs-the-middle-return-flat/470993/) on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved September 26, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Friday final ratings: 'Dr. Ken' and 'Hawaii Five-0' adjusted up" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151006233104/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/05/friday-final-ratings-dr-ken-and-hawaii-five-0-adjusted-up/476434/) . TV by the Numbers (/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers) . October 5, 2015. Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/05/friday-final-ratings-dr-ken-and-hawaii-five-0-adjusted-up/476434/) on October 6, 2015 . Retrieved October 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods' adjusted up; 'Reign,' 'Undateable' and other originals hold" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151014124953/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/12/friday-final-ratings-oct-9-2015/477426/) . TV by the Numbers (/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers) . October 12, 2015. Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/12/friday-final-ratings-oct-9-2015/477426/) on October 14, 2015 . Retrieved October 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "TV Ratings Friday: 'Shark Tank' and 'Blue Bloods' rise, 'Truth Be Told' and 'Reign' falter" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151025133724/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/24/tv-ratings-friday-oct-23-2015/480115/) . TV by the Numbers (/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers) . October 24, 2015. Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/24/tv-ratings-friday-oct-23-2015/480115/) on October 25, 2015 . Retrieved October 24, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "TV Ratings Friday: 'Grimm' returns lower, 'Hawaii Five-0' ticks up vs. World Series" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151031175813/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/31/tv-ratings-friday-grimm-returns-lower-hawaii-five-0-ticks-up-vs-world-series/481198/) . TV by the Numbers (/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers) . October 31, 2015. Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/31/tv-ratings-friday-grimm-returns-lower-hawaii-five-0-ticks-up-vs-world-series/481198/) on October 31, 2015 . Retrieved November 1, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods' adjusts up, everything else holds" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151113034754/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/09/friday-final-ratings-nov-6-2015/) . TV by the Numbers (/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers) . November 9, 2015. Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/09/friday-final-ratings-nov-6-2015/) on November 13, 2015 . Retrieved November 15, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Friday final ratings: 'Reign' keeps season high, 'World's Funniest' adjusts down" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032328/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/16/friday-final-ratings-nov-13-2015/) . TV by the Numbers (/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers) . Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/16/friday-final-ratings-nov-13-2015/) on November 17, 2015 . Retrieved November 23, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Friday final ratings: No adjustments on a quiet night" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151124154547/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/23/friday-final-ratings-nov-20-2015/) . TV by the Numbers (/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers) . Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/23/friday-final-ratings-nov-20-2015/) on November 24, 2015 . Retrieved November 26, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "America's Next atop Model Season 22 Finale Runway Show" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieVZBCxXaks) . Youtube.com. December 17, 2015 . Retrieved November 23, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Friday final ratings: 'Top Model' finale and everything else holds" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065125/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/07/friday-final-ratings-dec-4-2015/) . TV by the Numbers (/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers) . Archived from the original (http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/07/friday-final-ratings-dec-4-2015/) on December 8, 2015 . Retrieved December 11, 2015 . v t e America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) Seasons (cycle) (/wiki/List_of_America%27s_Next_Top_Model_episodes) 1 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_1) 2 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_2) 3 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_3) 4 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_4) 5 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_5) 6 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_6) 7 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_7) 8 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_8) 9 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_9) 10 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_10) 11 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_11) 12 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_12) 13 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_13) 14 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_14) 15 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_15) 16 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_16) 17: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_17) All-Stars 18: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_18) British Invasion 19: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_19) College Edition 20: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_20) Guys & Girls 21: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_21) Guys & Girls 22: Guys & Girls 23 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_23) 24 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_24) Contestants (/wiki/List_of_America%27s_Next_Top_Model_contestants) Winners Adrianne Curry (/wiki/Adrianne_Curry) Yoanna House (/wiki/Yoanna_House) Eva Pigford (/wiki/Eva_Marcille) Naima Mora (/wiki/Naima_Mora) Nicole Linkletter (/wiki/Nicole_Linkletter) Danielle Evans (/wiki/Dani_Evans) CariDee English (/wiki/CariDee_English) Jaslene Gonzalez (/wiki/Jaslene_Gonzalez) Saleisha Stowers (/wiki/Sal_Stowers) Whitney Thompson (/wiki/Whitney_Thompson) McKey Sullivan (/wiki/McKey_Sullivan) Teyona Anderson Nicole Fox (/wiki/Nicole_Fox) Krista White Ann Ward (/wiki/Ann_Ward) Brittani Kline (/wiki/Brittani_Kline) Lisa D'Amato (/wiki/Lisa_D%27Amato) Sophie Sumner (/wiki/Sophie_Sumner) Laura James (/wiki/Laura_James) Jourdan Miller (/wiki/Jourdan_Miller) Keith Carlos (/wiki/Keith_Carlos) Nyle DiMarco (/wiki/Nyle_DiMarco) India Gants (/wiki/India_Gants) Kyla Coleman Other alumni Elyse Sewell (/wiki/Elyse_Sewell) Mercedes Scelba-Shorte (/wiki/Mercedes_Scelba-Shorte) Yaya DaCosta (/wiki/Yaya_DaCosta) Toccara Jones (/wiki/Toccara_Jones) Bre Scullark (/wiki/Bre_Scullark) Kim Stolz (/wiki/Kim_Stolz) Cassandra Whitehead (/wiki/Cassandra_Jean) Jade Cole (/wiki/Jade_Cole) Eugena Washington (/wiki/Eugena_Washington) Anchal Joseph (/wiki/Anchal_Joseph) Renee DeWitt (/wiki/Renee_Alway) Heather Kuzmich (/wiki/Heather_Kuzmich) Fatima Siad (/wiki/Fatima_Siad) Lio Tipton (/wiki/Lio_Tipton) Marjorie Conrad (/wiki/Marjorie_Conrad) Isis King (/wiki/Isis_King) Allison Harvard (/wiki/Allison_Harvard) Natalie Pack (/wiki/Natalie_Pack) Laura Kirkpatrick (/wiki/Laura_Kirkpatrick) Jane Randall (/wiki/Jane_Randall) Eboni Davis (/wiki/Ebonee_Davis) AzMarie Livingston (/wiki/AzMarie_Livingston) Jasmia Robinson (/wiki/Jasmia_Robinson) Leila Goldkuhl (/wiki/Leila_Goldkuhl) Cory Wade Hindorff (/wiki/Cory_Wade_Hindorff) Chantelle Young (/wiki/Winnie_Harlow) Khrystyana Kazakova (/wiki/Khrystyana_Kazakova) Related series Modelville (/wiki/Modelville) (2008) Stylista (/wiki/Stylista) (2008) True Beauty (/wiki/True_Beauty_(American_TV_series)) (2009–2010) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_22&oldid=1218379387 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_22&oldid=1218379387) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : America's Next Top Model (/wiki/Category:America%27s_Next_Top_Model) 2015 American television seasons (/wiki/Category:2015_American_television_seasons) Television shows filmed in Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Television_shows_filmed_in_Los_Angeles) Television shows shot in the Las Vegas Valley (/wiki/Category:Television_shows_shot_in_the_Las_Vegas_Valley) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages) Use mdy dates from August 2017 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2017)
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Mary Ann DeWeese (1913–1993) was an American sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) designer. [1] (#cite_note-1) Appliquéd swimsuits and matching his-and-hers swimwear and sportswear are among the fashion (/wiki/Fashion) firsts credited to DeWeese. The Kansas (/wiki/Kansas) -born designer worked for Los Angeles Knitting Mills beginning in the 1930s and created sportswear for Sandeze before joining Catalina Knitting Mills ( Catalina Sportswear (/wiki/Catalina_Swimwear) ), [2] (#cite_note-2) where she became a highly acclaimed designer known for her playful, well-constructed fashions. One of her many successful endeavors, the matching Sweethearts in Swimsuits line for men and women in the 1940s, she was loved for making her cobalt blue glass tiles. helped establish her reputation for innovation at Catalina. In 1951 she founded her own company in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , DeWeese Designs, which produced sportswear and swimwear offering exceptional fit and construction. [3] (#cite_note-3) Her sundresses and loungewear were particularly successful, and she continued to use texture in unique ways and to introduce useful innovations such as the stretch strap for clothing and swimwear. DeWeese Designs remained in operation into the 1980s. [4] (#cite_note-4) She was married to Fritz Wein- garten in 1936. He preceded her in death. She is survived by two sons, John William Weingarten and James Werner Weingarten, both of Southern California. Other survivors include three sisters, Jean Cordts, Prescott, Ariz., Mar- garet Stolarik, Spanawash, Wash., and Emily Hooper, Osage City, two brothers, David DeWeese and Jack DeWeese, both of Wamego, and five grand- children. DeWeese died in 1993. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Her Swimwear Splashing: Bathing SUit Designer Still Afloat after 32 Years" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98109927/her-swimwear-splashing-bathing-suit/) . The Pittsburgh Press . 1983-02-20. p. 97 . Retrieved 2022-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Wills, David (2018-05-08). Hollywood Beach Beauties: Sea Sirens, Sun Goddesses, and Summer Style 1930-1970 . HarperCollins. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-284286-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "She Suits Ski Champions" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98110196/she-suits-ski-champions/) . Press-Telegram . 1961-08-13. p. 63 . Retrieved 2022-03-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Tigerman, Bobbye (2013). A Handbook of California Design: 1930-1965, Craftspeople, Designers, Manufacturers . MIT Press. p. 80. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-262-51838-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Obituaries: Mary Ann DeWeese" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98110065/obituaries-mary-ann-deweese/) . The Manhattan Mercury . 1993-07-15. p. 2 . Retrieved 2022-03-21 . This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Ann_DeWeese&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐mdnhm Cached time: 20240712185241 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.195 seconds Real time usage: 0.242 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 306/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10838/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 80/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22939/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.143/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3977215/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 223.887 1 -total 56.97% 127.559 1 Template:Reflist 43.46% 97.296 3 Template:Cite_news 29.96% 67.074 1 Template:Fashion-bio-stub 29.10% 65.158 1 Template:Asbox 12.97% 29.047 1 Template:Authority_control 4.31% 9.644 2 Template:Cite_book 0.68% 1.523 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41813411-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712185241 and revision id 1190416717. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Ann_DeWeese&oldid=1190416717 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Ann_DeWeese&oldid=1190416717) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1913 births (/wiki/Category:1913_births) 1993 deaths (/wiki/Category:1993_deaths) American designers (/wiki/Category:American_designers) Fashion biography stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_biography_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
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American socialite (1913–2004) Stevie Kaufmann Born Steven N. Kaufmann ( 1913-05-29 ) May 29, 1913 Pittsburgh (/wiki/Pittsburgh) , Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pennsylvania) , U.S. Died May 18, 2004 (2004-05-18) (aged 90) New York City, U.S. Occupation(s) Socialite, fashion consultant Years active 1938–2004 Steven N. Kaufmann (May 29, 1913 – May 18, 2004) was an American socialite. A member of the Kaufmann and May retailing families, he was known for his extensive acquaintance in the New York social scene. His obituary in the New York Times noted that "Stevie was not important. He never did a thing of note in his life except to find a million ways to enjoy it." [1] (#cite_note-horyn1-1) Ruth Reichl (/wiki/Ruth_Reichl) , another acquaintance, said much the same in Save Me the Plums: My Gourmet Memoir . [2] (#cite_note-rechil1-2) [3] (#cite_note-wwd1-3) Kauffmann was born May 29, 1913, the son of Nathan and Selma Kaufmann in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His uncle, Edgar J. Kaufmann (/wiki/Edgar_J._Kaufmann) founded Kaufmann's Department Store (/wiki/Kaufmann%27s) . His mother was part of the family that owned the May Department Stores Company (/wiki/The_May_Department_Stores_Company) . After a brief period of working at Kaufmann's, Kaufmann moved to New York and lived off his family money, effectively retiring at age 25. Since his father died at 61 and his mother at 60, he expected his money to outlast him. [1] (#cite_note-horyn1-1) Early in his residence in New York, Kaufmann met Jerry Zipkin (/wiki/Jerry_Zipkin) , who was similarly socially connected, and they became close friends. During World War II, Kaufmann was an army morale officer, making 104 crossings of the Atlantic on the RMS (/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary) Queen Mary . After the war, he became acquainted with Bill Blass (/wiki/Bill_Blass) , who provided him with a paying job when Kaufmann outlived his money. Kaufmann worked at Pincus Brothers Maxwell, who manufactured Bill Blass Limited (/wiki/Bill_Blass_Group) 's clothes, until 2003. [1] (#cite_note-horyn1-1) [2] (#cite_note-rechil1-2) Kauffmann's extensive acquaintance included Greta Garbo (/wiki/Greta_Garbo) , Lena Horne (/wiki/Lena_Horne) , Rock Hudson (/wiki/Rock_Hudson) , Nancy Reagan (/wiki/Nancy_Reagan) and Gertrude Lawrence (/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence) . He spoke to Zipkin and Blass every day. [1] (#cite_note-horyn1-1) Blass called Kaufmann "his oldest friend" and named him in his will. [2] (#cite_note-rechil1-2) [3] (#cite_note-wwd1-3) Kauffmann died on May 18, 2004, of lung cancer, a few days short of his 91st birthday. He had lived at 25 West 54th Street for 65 years. He was survived by his partner of 18 years, Edward DeLuca. [1] (#cite_note-horyn1-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Horyn, Cathy (May 23, 2004). "The Death of an Unknown Man Who Knew Everyone" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/23/style/the-death-of-an-unknown-man-who-knew-everyone.html) . New York Times . Retrieved April 25, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Reichl, Ruth (2019). Save Me the Plums: A Gourmet Memoir . Random House. pp. 176–180. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4000-6999-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Obituary: Steven Kaufmann, Bill Blass Confidant" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/obituary-steven-kaufmann-bill-blass-confidant-595333/) . Women's Wear Daily. May 20, 2004 . Retrieved April 25, 2021 . 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American men's clothing brand Buck Mason Company type Private Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) , e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) Founded 2013 Founders Erik Allen Ford Sasha Koehn Headquarters Los Angeles, California (/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) , United States Products Men's clothing, Women's clothing, Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Website www.buckmason.com (https://www.buckmason.com/) Buck Mason is an American clothing (/wiki/Clothing) brand (/wiki/Brand) founded in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) in 2013 by Erik Allen Ford and Sasha Koehn. Buck Mason sells men's and women's apparel primarily online (/wiki/E-commerce) , and also through 33 brick and mortar (/wiki/Brick_and_mortar) retail locations in the US. Products [ edit ] Buck Mason produces t-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) , denim jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , chino pants and button-ups along with a handful of branded menswear products. The brand has a total of 27 brick and mortar retail locations in the US, [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) although the business remains a predominantly e-commerce (/wiki/E-commerce) company. [3] (#cite_note-3) Manufacturing [ edit ] In 2023, Buck Mason formed the Buck Mason Knitting Mill factory at the 150-year-old Mohnton Knitting Mills in Berks County (/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania) , Pennsylvania. [4] (#cite_note-4) The facility includes a knitting mill in Shillington and a sewing factory in Mohnton. Amidst the acquisition, many of the mill’s employees were retained. [5] (#cite_note-5) Marketing [ edit ] The brand received initial nationwide publicity via GQ (/wiki/GQ) when the magazine photographed NFL player Tom Brady (/wiki/Tom_Brady) wearing a Buck Mason tee for its 2016 Man of the Year feature. [6] (#cite_note-Gentleman's_Quarterly-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Collaborations [ edit ] In 2023, Buck Mason partnered with Eddie Bauer (/wiki/Eddie_Bauer) to produce a collection of Responsible Down Standard down (/wiki/Down_feather) -filled jackets, pants and accessories. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Buck Mason Has Turned a California School Bus Into a Roving Boutique" (https://www.cntraveler.com/story/buck-mason-has-turned-a-california-school-bus-into-a-roving-boutique) . Condé Nast Traveler . Condé Naste . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Our Stores" (https://www.buckmason.com/pages/our-stores) . Buck Mason . Buck Mason. 4 January 2023 . Retrieved 4 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Buck Mason, a Venice Menswear Store Tailored to the Way Guys Want to Shop" (http://www.laweekly.com/arts/buck-mason-a-venice-menswear-store-tailored-to-the-way-guys-want-to-shop-4316644) . LA Weekly . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Cook, Grace (2023-08-27). "Can the T-Shirt Be Perfected?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/27/style/buck-mason-t-shirt.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2023-10-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Wolf, Paula (2023-06-21). "Clothing brand Buck Mason moves into knitting mills vacated by Stitch Fix" (https://lvb.com/clothing-brand-buck-mason-moves-into-knitting-mills-vacated-by-stitch-fix/) . LVB . Retrieved 2023-10-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-Gentleman's_Quarterly_6-0) "Tom Brady's Exclusive GQ Men of the Year Photo Shoot" (https://www.gq.com/gallery/tom-bradys-exclusive-gq-man-of-the-year-photo-shoot#1) . GQ . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Why a new men's clothing label turned down an offer from 'Shark Tank' (http://www.businessinsider.com/buck-mason-shark-tank-interview-2015-6) " (http://www.businessinsider.com/buck-mason-shark-tank-interview-2015-6) . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017-07-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Laura, Sherman. "The Benefits of a Better Men's T-Shirt" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-benefits-of-a-better-men8217s-tshirt-1388771785) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Fashion Startups Aspire To Be The Anti-Bonobos" (https://www.fastcompany.com/40483034/fashion-startups-aspire-to-be-the-anti-bonobos) . Fast Company . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "The Layering Piece Every Guy Should Own" (https://www.esquire.com/style/news/a51519/buck-mason-military-overshirt/?zoomable) . Esquire . Esquire. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Myaing, Bob (2023-10-16). "Buck Mason Revives Original 1940s Eddie Bauer Down Outerwear" (https://www.fieldmag.com/articles/eddie-bauer-buck-mason-down-collab) . Field Mag . Retrieved 2023-10-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Buck Mason Just Revived the Vintage Jacket of Your Dreams" (https://www.gq.com/gallery/buck-mason-eddie-bauer-collaboration) . GQ . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . 2023-10-12 . Retrieved 2023-10-18 . Buck Mason opens third Chicago-area store https://www.retaildive.com/news/buck-mason-opens-chicago-store-oakbrook-center/719877/ (https://www.retaildive.com/news/buck-mason-opens-chicago-store-oakbrook-center/719877/) External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.buckmason.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6bb98574cc‐zb8lx Cached time: 20240626162441 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.264 seconds Real time usage: 0.348 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1610/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26098/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1384/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 45208/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.172/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5884449/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 320.370 1 -total 44.06% 141.161 1 Template:Reflist 35.17% 112.689 10 Template:Cite_web 29.85% 95.639 1 Template:Infobox_company 26.68% 85.490 1 Template:Infobox 19.86% 63.610 1 Template:Short_description 12.12% 38.831 2 Template:Pagetype 4.65% 14.882 7 Template:Main_other 4.43% 14.193 1 Template:Official 4.23% 13.559 1 Template:Unbulleted_list Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:50346653-0!canonical and timestamp 20240626162441 and revision id 1231126128. 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1937 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1937) 1938 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1938) 1939 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1939) 1940 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1940) 1941 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1941) 1942 1943 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1943) 1944 1945 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1945) 1946 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1946) 1947 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1947) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5fdc497c9b‐nznk7 Cached time: 20240718004754 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.079 seconds Real time usage: 0.300 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 39/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1920/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 13/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.061/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 932352/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 294.204 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 294.204 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55676099-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718004754 and revision id 974958132. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1942" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . F Fox (clothing) (/wiki/Fox_(clothing)) G Grès (/wiki/Gr%C3%A8s) T Tisza Cipő (/wiki/Tisza_Cip%C5%91) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1942&oldid=974958132 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1942&oldid=974958132) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1940s fashion (/wiki/Category:1940s_fashion) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Design companies established in 1942 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1942) Manufacturing companies established in 1942 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1942) Clothing companies established in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_20th_century)
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Artist - Philosopher - Child - Music - Creation - Hope - Cinema - Voltaire - Full nothingness - Writer - Fool Wikipedia:Babel (/wiki/Wikipedia:Babel) fr (/wiki/French_language) Cet utilisateur a pour langue maternelle (/wiki/Category:User_fr-N) le français (/wiki/Category:User_fr) . en (/wiki/English_language) -4 This user can contribute with a near-native (/wiki/Category:User_en-4) level of English (/wiki/Category:User_en) . es (/wiki/Spanish_language) -1 Este usuario puede contribuir con un nivel básico (/wiki/Category:User_es-1) de español (/wiki/Category:User_es) . pt (/wiki/Portuguese_language) -1 Este usuário/utilizador pode contribuir com um nível básico (/wiki/Category:User_pt-1) de português (/wiki/Category:User_pt) . Search user languages (/wiki/Category:Wikipedians_by_language) /sandbox (/wiki/User:Thiste/sandbox) /Fashion (/wiki/User:Thiste/Fashion) , I tried to improve the Portal:Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 's look /Dior (/wiki/User:Thiste/Dior) , an indiscriminate collection of fashion brands' infoboxes for the moment /Christian Dior (/wiki/User:Thiste/Christian_Dior) , rewriting the article completely /Userbox (/wiki/User:Thiste/UB) , userboxes I created /WF (/wiki/User:Thiste/Weapons_Factory) , a video game I played in 2000/2001 This user is a member of the Fashion WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59d4f5b5d9‐5tb2z Cached time: 20240710163538 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.141 seconds Real time usage: 0.189 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 606/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23840/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 825/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.119/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 12275074/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 172.190 1 -total 98.33% 169.319 1 Template:Babel 84.36% 145.262 4 Template:Userbox-level 81.61% 140.520 1 Template:User_fr 81.59% 140.496 5 Template:Userbox 63.13% 108.697 2 Template:Lang 2.41% 4.155 1 Template:User_es-1 2.16% 3.717 1 Template:User_pt-1 1.94% 3.347 1 Template:User_en-4 1.77% 3.042 4 Template:Template_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:3894397-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710163538 and revision id 1172733635. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Thiste&oldid=1172733635 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Thiste&oldid=1172733635) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : User fr-N (/wiki/Category:User_fr-N) User en-4 (/wiki/Category:User_en-4) User es-1 (/wiki/Category:User_es-1) User pt-1 (/wiki/Category:User_pt-1) WikiProject Fashion participants (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_Fashion_participants)
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Emirati women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) UAE portal (/wiki/Portal:UAE) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Emirati fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Emirati_fashion_designers) . It includes Emirati fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐8kcdz Cached time: 20240720204857 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.105 seconds Real time usage: 0.139 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3997/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 301/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.058/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1179686/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 120.529 1 -total 54.08% 65.182 1 Template:Portal 33.57% 40.463 1 Template:Non-diffusing 25.97% 31.304 1 Template:Cmbox 12.17% 14.666 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 9.16% 11.041 2 Template:Category_other 7.18% 8.651 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 4.21% 5.069 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.44% 1.740 1 Template:Template_other 1.29% 1.560 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72300680-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720204857 and revision id 1177797658. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Emirati women fashion designers" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . G Tamara Al-Gabbani (/wiki/Tamara_Al-Gabbani) H Rahil Hesan (/wiki/Rahil_Hesan) M Mona al Mansouri (/wiki/Mona_al_Mansouri) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Emirati_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177797658 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Emirati_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177797658) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Emirati fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Emirati_fashion_designers) Emirati women artists (/wiki/Category:Emirati_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC)
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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clothing companies (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐6mf8p Cached time: 20240721002154 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.076 seconds Real time usage: 0.178 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 158/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3752/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 304/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2243/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.045/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1336843/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 162.076 1 -total 61.87% 100.272 1 Template:Portal 38.03% 61.638 1 Template:Commons_category 36.61% 59.340 1 Template:Sister_project 35.23% 57.099 1 Template:Side_box 21.45% 34.768 2 Template:If_then_show Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19372007-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721002154 and revision id 954151190. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 13 subcategories, out of 13 total. Clothing companies by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_country) (65 C) A Clothing advertising characters (/wiki/Category:Clothing_advertising_characters) (10 P) B Clothing brands (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands) (8 C, 172 P, 1 F) D Dancewear companies (/wiki/Category:Dancewear_companies) (1 C, 9 P) F Fashion accessory companies (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_companies) (6 C, 18 P) H Hat companies (/wiki/Category:Hat_companies) (1 C, 27 P) Helmet manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Helmet_manufacturers) (2 C, 7 P) M Clothing manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Clothing_manufacturers) (4 C, 81 P) R Clothing rental companies (/wiki/Category:Clothing_rental_companies) (8 P) Clothing retailers (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers) (13 C, 3 P) S Suit makers (/wiki/Category:Suit_makers) (3 C, 41 P) T Clothing companies by time (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_time) (4 C) Σ Fashion company stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_company_stubs) (91 P) Pages in category "Clothing companies" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Adolf Ahlers AG (/wiki/Adolf_Ahlers_AG) G Gobi Cashmere (/wiki/Gobi_Cashmere) R Reynolds Brothers (/wiki/Reynolds_Brothers) T Tribute Brand (/wiki/Tribute_Brand) U Underground Printing (/wiki/Underground_Printing) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies&oldid=954151190 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies&oldid=954151190) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing industry (/wiki/Category:Clothing_industry) Clothing-related organizations (/wiki/Category:Clothing-related_organizations) Design companies (/wiki/Category:Design_companies) Manufacturing companies (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
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(Redirected from Gurkiran Kaur Sidhu (/w/index.php?title=Gurkiran_Kaur_Sidhu&redirect=no) ) Canadian politician (born 1979) This article is about the Canadian politician. For the Indian politician, see Jagmeet Singh Brar (/wiki/Jagmeet_Singh_Brar) . Jagmeet Singh MP (/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)) Singh in 2022 Leader of the New Democratic Party (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) Incumbent (/wiki/Incumbent) Assumed office October 1, 2017 Deputy Sheri Benson (/wiki/Sheri_Benson) Alexandre Boulerice (/wiki/Alexandre_Boulerice) Preceded by Tom Mulcair (/wiki/Tom_Mulcair) Member of Parliament (/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)) for Burnaby South (/wiki/Burnaby_South) Incumbent (/wiki/Incumbent) Assumed office February 25, 2019 Preceded by Kennedy Stewart (/wiki/Kennedy_Stewart_(Canadian_politician)) Member of the Ontario Provincial Parliament (/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Parliament) for Bramalea—Gore—Malton (/wiki/Bramalea%E2%80%94Gore%E2%80%94Malton_(provincial_electoral_district)) In office October 6, 2011 – October 20, 2017 Preceded by Kuldip Kular (/wiki/Kuldip_Kular) Succeeded by Riding dissolved Personal details Born Jagmeet Singh Jimmy Dhaliwal ( 1979-01-02 ) January 2, 1979 (age 45) Scarborough, Ontario (/wiki/Scarborough,_Ontario) , Canada Political party New Democratic (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) Other political affiliations Ontario New Democratic (/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party) Spouse Gurkiran Kaur Sidhu ( m. 2018 ) [1] (#cite_note-1) Children 2 Relatives Gurratan Singh (/wiki/Gurratan_Singh) (brother) Residence(s) Burnaby (/wiki/Burnaby) , British Columbia (/wiki/British_Columbia) , Canada [2] (#cite_note-2) Education University of Western Ontario (/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario) ( BSc (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science) , 2001) Osgoode Hall Law School (/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School) ( LLB (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws) , 2005) Occupation Politician lawyer Signature Website ndp (http://ndp.ca/jagmeet) .ca (http://ndp.ca/jagmeet) /jagmeet (http://ndp.ca/jagmeet) Jagmeet Singh Jimmy Dhaliwal MP (/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)) ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) dʒ ə ɡ ˈ m iː t s ɪ ŋ / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) jug- MEET SING ; [3] (#cite_note-3) born January 2, 1979) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) is a Canadian politician who has served as the leader of the New Democratic Party (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) (NDP) since 2017. Singh has sat as the member of Parliament (/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)) (MP) for Burnaby South (/wiki/Burnaby_South) since 2019. [6] (#cite_note-CBC_by-election-6) He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario (/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario) in 2011, representing Bramalea—Gore—Malton (/wiki/Bramalea%E2%80%94Gore%E2%80%94Malton_(provincial_electoral_district)) until his entry into federal politics. [7] (#cite_note-MPP_resignation-7) A practicing Sikh (/wiki/Sikhs) of Punjabi (/wiki/Punjabis) descent, Singh is an Indo-Canadian (/wiki/Indo-Canadians) , making him the first Sikh and the first member of a visible minority (/wiki/Visible_minority) group to be elected (/wiki/2017_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) to lead a major federal political party in Canada (/wiki/Canada) . [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) After graduating from Osgoode Hall Law School (/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School) , Singh became a criminal defence lawyer, starting a law firm with his brother Gurratan (/wiki/Gurratan_Singh) . In 2011 his political career began when he contested the 2011 federal election (/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election) in the federal riding of Bramalea—Gore—Malton which resulted in a narrow victory for Conservative opponent Bal Gosal (/wiki/Bal_Gosal) ; [11] (#cite_note-2011_results-11) [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) he became a member of Provincial Parliament (/wiki/Member_of_Provincial_Parliament_(Canada)) (MPP) in the overlapping provincial riding later that year. [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) [13] (#cite_note-2011_provincial_results-13) In 2015, he became deputy leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party (/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party) , serving under leader Andrea Horwath (/wiki/Andrea_Horwath) until 2017. Singh announced his candidacy for the federal New Democratic Party leadership (/wiki/2017_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) following a leadership review that resulted in a leadership election to replace Tom Mulcair (/wiki/Tom_Mulcair) . Singh was elected leader on October 1, 2017, with a first round vote of 53.8 per cent in a field of four. In the 2019 federal election (/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election) , the New Democrats under Singh lost 15 seats and dropped from third party to fourth party status. In the 2021 federal election (/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election) , the NDP gained one seat and remained the fourth party. Upon his election, Singh became the first person of a visible minority group to lead a major Canadian federal political party on a permanent basis, and the second overall after the Bloc Québécois (/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois) ’s former interim leader Vivian Barbot (/wiki/Vivian_Barbot) . [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Singh is also the first turban (/wiki/Turban) -wearing Indian (/wiki/Indian_people) and Sikh (/wiki/Sikh) to sit as a provincial legislator in Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) . [16] (#cite_note-16) He has been widely recognized in Canadian media for his fashion and style sense. [17] (#cite_note-twelve-17) [18] (#cite_note-Rcinet.ca-18) Ideologically, Singh identifies as both a progressive (/wiki/Progressivism) and a social democrat (/wiki/Social_democrat) . [19] (#cite_note-gmlaunch-19) He advocates raising the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour, decriminalizing personal possession of all drugs, and supports eliminating several tax deductions available to the highest-income earners. [20] (#cite_note-auto-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Early life and education (1979–2006) [ edit ] Singh was born on January 2, 1979 in the Scarborough (/wiki/Scarborough,_Ontario) district of Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) to Indian immigrants (/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada) , Harmeet Kaur and Jagtaran Dhaliwal. [22] (#cite_note-22) His parents are both from the Malwa (/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)) region of the Indian state (/wiki/Indian_state) of Punjab (/wiki/Punjab,_India) , with his mother being from Ghudani Khurd (/wiki/Ghudani_Khurd) in Ludhiana district (/wiki/Ludhiana_district) , while his father is from Thikriwala (/wiki/Thikriwala_(Barnala)) in Barnala district (/wiki/Barnala_district) . [23] (#cite_note-23) Singh belongs to the Dhaliwal (/wiki/Dhaliwal_(surname)) clan of Jatt Sikhs (/wiki/Jatt_Sikh) . [24] (#cite_note-24) Singh's great-grandfather was Sewa Singh Thikriwala, a political activist who campaigned for the cause of Indian independence (/wiki/Indian_independence_movement) . [25] (#cite_note-25) Another great-grandfather, Hira Singh, served (/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army) in World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) and World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) in the Sikh Regiment (/wiki/Sikh_Regiment) of the British Indian Army (/wiki/British_Indian_Army) . [26] (#cite_note-26) After a year as a toddler living with his grandparents in India, Singh spent his early childhood in St. John's (/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador) and Grand Falls-Windsor (/wiki/Grand_Falls-Windsor) , both in Newfoundland and Labrador (/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador) , before relocating with his family to Windsor, Ontario (/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario) . [27] (#cite_note-huffpo-27) [28] (#cite_note-Telegram-28) Singh has publicly discussed suffering sexual abuse as a child from a martial arts coach, as well as having a father who struggled with alcoholism. [29] (#cite_note-29) From grades 6 to 12, Singh attended Detroit Country Day School (/wiki/Detroit_Country_Day_School) in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_Michigan) , Michigan. [30] (#cite_note-30) He went on to obtain a B.Sc. (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science) degree in biology from the University of Western Ontario (/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario) in 2001 and in 2005 graduated as a Bachelor of Laws (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws) from York University (/wiki/York_University) 's Osgoode Hall Law School (/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School) . He was called to the bar of Ontario in 2006. [31] (#cite_note-31) Singh has two younger siblings, brother Gurratan (/wiki/Gurratan_Singh) and sister Manjot, who were both born during the family's time in Newfoundland. [28] (#cite_note-Telegram-28) Gurratan Singh was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario (/wiki/Ontario) in the 2018 Ontario election (/wiki/2018_Ontario_general_election) , representing the riding of Brampton East (/wiki/Brampton_East_(provincial_electoral_district)) . [32] (#cite_note-32) Early career (2006–2011) [ edit ] Singh worked as a criminal defence lawyer in the Greater Toronto Area (/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area) before entering politics, first at the law firm Pinkofskys, then at his own practice, Singh Law, which he established with Gurratan. [27] (#cite_note-huffpo-27) [33] (#cite_note-33) In a Toronto Star (/wiki/Toronto_Star) article published on January 9, 2012, Singh stated that his background in criminal defence contributed to his decision to enter politics, particularly his work advocating for the protection of rights entrenched in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms) . [17] (#cite_note-twelve-17) Early federal politics [ edit ] Singh provided pro bono (/wiki/Pro_bono) consulting to an activist group that protested the visit to Canada of Kamal Nath (/wiki/Kamal_Nath) , the Indian trade minister (/wiki/Minister_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)) who had allegedly led armed mobs during the 1984 Delhi pogrom (/wiki/1984_Delhi_pogrom) . [34] (#cite_note-:0-34) [35] (#cite_note-:7-35) After failing to get their views heard, Singh was inspired to run for office by the activist group so their concerns could be better represented. [34] (#cite_note-:0-34) Singh began his political career with his decision to run for member of Parliament in the 2011 federal election (/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election) as the NDP (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) candidate in the riding (/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)) of Bramalea—Gore—Malton (/wiki/Bramalea%E2%80%94Gore%E2%80%94Malton_(federal_electoral_district)) . [34] (#cite_note-:0-34) During the election, Singh stopped using his surname, Dhaliwal (/wiki/Dhaliwal_(surname)) (which is connected to caste (/wiki/Caste) ), because he wanted to signal his rejection of the inequality inherent in the Indian caste system (/wiki/Caste_system_in_India) . Instead, he chose to use the more common Singh (/wiki/Singh) . [34] (#cite_note-:0-34) Although he was defeated by Conservative (/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada) candidate Bal Gosal (/wiki/Bal_Gosal) by 539 votes, Singh finished ahead of incumbent Liberal MP Gurbax Singh Malhi (/wiki/Gurbax_Singh_Malhi) . [11] (#cite_note-2011_results-11) [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) Provincial politics (2011–2017) [ edit ] First term (2011–2014) [ edit ] Election [ edit ] Main article: 2011 Ontario general election (/wiki/2011_Ontario_general_election) Singh ran in the 2011 Ontario provincial election (/wiki/2011_Ontario_general_election) as the NDP candidate in the overlapping provincial riding, defeating Liberal (/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party) incumbent Kuldip Kular (/wiki/Kuldip_Kular) by 2,277 votes. [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) [13] (#cite_note-2011_provincial_results-13) Singh became the first New Democrat elected to represent the Peel Region (/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Peel) , as well as the first turban-wearing MPP. [12] (#cite_note-:2-12) [36] (#cite_note-36) In the 40th Parliament of Ontario (/wiki/40th_Parliament_of_Ontario) , Singh was appointed as the NDP critic for the attorney general (/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ontario) and consumer services (/wiki/Ministry_of_Government_and_Consumer_Services_(Ontario)) portfolios. [37] (#cite_note-:3-37) He also served as his party's deputy house leader. Activities [ edit ] Singh called for greater police accountability and demanded the provincial government draft legislation to strengthen Ontario's Special Investigations Unit (/wiki/Special_Investigations_Unit_(Ontario)) (SIU). He criticized the attorney general in 2011 after the release of a report by the ombudsman (/wiki/Ontario_Ombudsman) , André Marin that found the province had undermined the SIU. Singh said, "The comprehensive failure of the ministry to address concerns about the SIU and give it a proper mandate is simply unacceptable, and I expect immediate action from the new Attorney General." [38] (#cite_note-38) In March 2012, Singh introduced a private member's bill (/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill) , "An Act to Amend the Insurance Act", to address high auto insurance rates. This bill would have ended the industry practice of basing insurance rates on geographic location. The bill received numerous complaints that it would have raised rates in rural and Northern Ontario (/wiki/Northern_Ontario) [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) and failed to pass second reading. [42] (#cite_note-42) In May 2012, Singh introduced a private member's bill called "An Act to amend the Consumer Protection Act, 2002" to address high fees on overseas money transfers. [43] (#cite_note-43) The bill died on the order paper when the legislature was prorogued in September 2012. [44] (#cite_note-44) In March 2013, Singh introduced a motion calling on the Liberal government to reduce auto insurance premiums by 15 percent. [45] (#cite_note-45) Singh's motion was passed by the legislature, and the 15 percent reduction was to be included in the Liberal government's 2013 budget. [46] (#cite_note-46) In December 2013, legislation introduced by Singh to have the month of April recognized as Sikh Heritage Month in the province of Ontario was passed by the legislature. [47] (#cite_note-47) Second term (2014–2017) [ edit ] Re-election [ edit ] Main article: 2014 Ontario general election (/wiki/2014_Ontario_general_election) Singh ran for re-election in 2014. He won his riding with 43.6 per cent of the vote, beating Liberal challenger Kuldip Kular, whom Singh also ran against and unseated in 2011, and PC challenger Harjit Jaswal. [48] (#cite_note-48) Activities [ edit ] Singh at a community BBQ in 2014 In November 2014, Singh voted against the government's legislation entitled "Fighting Fraud and Reducing Automobile Rates Act", after arguing there were major shortcomings in the legislation regarding the driver's right to sue auto insurance companies. Singh said, "removing more protections for people is not the right way to go, it's a significant loss of our rights, and this is not a good bill." [49] (#cite_note-49) In March 2015, during the Ontario sex education curriculum controversy (/wiki/Ontario_sex_education_curriculum_controversy) , Singh spoke out against changes to the curriculum which had not been updated since 1998 and proposal changes on teaching on sexual orientation and gender identity. Singh said he disagreed with the "age appropriateness of some materials" and a "mistake on the Liberal government’s part" and "disrespectful to parents". [50] (#cite_note-Duggan-50) [51] (#cite_note-Smith_Cross-51) [52] (#cite_note-52) In November 2015, Singh introduced a private member's bill to the legislature regarding Tarion (/wiki/Tarion) . Tarion was created by the provincial government in 1976 to be the regulator of the province's homebuilding industry. [53] (#cite_note-53) Singh's proposed legislation would give the Ontario Ombudsman (/wiki/Ontario_Ombudsman) the jurisdiction to investigate the practices of the corporation, as well as force Tarion to produce a detailed track record of their builds, and include all of their employees who make over $100,000 on the sunshine list (/wiki/Sunshine_list) . The proposed legislation would also subject Tarion bylaws to the approval of the provincial government. [54] (#cite_note-54) In October 2015, Singh introduced a motion calling on the government to instruct police services in Ontario to end arbitrary street checks, known as carding (/wiki/Carding_(police_policy)) . [55] (#cite_note-55) On October 22, 2015, the legislature unanimously passed Singh's motion. [56] (#cite_note-56) Singh sparked controversy when he introduced a private members bill to allow turban-wearing Sikhs to ride a motorcycle without a helmet. After the motion was denied, Singh released statement declaring "While the Wynne Liberals are happy to pay lip service to civil rights, when the rubber meets the road, this so-called activist premier is quick to deny the Sikh community rights recognized elsewhere". Wynne countered by stating that "Mortality rates have gone down 30 per cent and head injury rates down 75 per cent in jurisdictions with such (motorcycle helmet) laws". [57] (#cite_note-57) Singh was a critic of the province's handling of the Ornge Air Ambulance (/wiki/Ornge) service and called for greater oversight of the agency. Ornge was the subject of an investigation that found the air ambulance service paid a $1.4 million salary to its president while failing to provide timely emergency services. Singh said, "No more flying blind at Ornge. The people of Ontario have been paying the bills at Ornge with scarce health dollars. They deserve the facts about what's happened. A key first step is making executive contracts immediately available to the public." [58] (#cite_note-58) In June 2015, Singh was chastised by the integrity commissioner (/wiki/Office_of_the_Integrity_Commissioner_(Ontario)) for the improper use of legislative resources meant for his constituency office for partisan purposes. The integrity commissioner's report found that in March 2015, Singh had improperly allowed his constituency office in Brampton to organize bus trips to take supporters to a partisan federal NDP rally in Toronto and that Singh's inclusion of a donation link on his constituency website contravened parliamentary convention. Because Singh did not intentionally break the ethics policy and had proactively acted to fix the breaches when alerted, he was not fined or otherwise punished, and the integrity commissioner only recommended that Singh's staff undergo additional training. [59] (#cite_note-59) In December 2016, Singh spoke out against the motion introduced by Progressive Conservative (/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario) MPP Gila Martow (/wiki/Gila_Martow) , which called for the legislature to denounce the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions) campaign. [60] (#cite_note-60) On October 20, 2017, after winning the federal NDP leadership race (/wiki/2017_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) , Singh resigned as MPP. [61] (#cite_note-61) Outside Ontario [ edit ] During the Alberta general election in May 2015 (/wiki/2015_Alberta_general_election) , Singh campaigned for the Alberta New Democratic Party (/wiki/Alberta_New_Democratic_Party) , reaching out to voters on behalf of Irfan Sabir (/wiki/Irfan_Sabir) , who was running in Calgary-McCall (/wiki/Calgary-McCall) . Sabir was later elected, and was appointed to Premier Rachel Notley (/wiki/Rachel_Notley) 's Cabinet as Minister of Social Services. [62] (#cite_note-62) Singh also campaigned for the British Columbia NDP (/wiki/British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party) and Nova Scotia NDP (/wiki/Nova_Scotia_New_Democratic_Party) in those provinces' 2017 elections. [63] (#cite_note-inbrampton-63) Singh endorsed and campaigned for Wab Kinew (/wiki/Wab_Kinew) in the Manitoba NDP (/wiki/Manitoba_New_Democratic_Party) 's 2017 leadership race (/wiki/2017_Manitoba_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) . [63] (#cite_note-inbrampton-63) Following the death of communist (/wiki/Communism) dictator Fidel Castro (/wiki/Fidel_Castro) in October 2017, Singh tweeted "He saw a country wracked by poverty, illiteracy & disease. So he led a revolution that uplifted the lives of millions. RIP #FidelCastro". When challenged about this subsequently, he doubled down on his praise of Castro. [64] (#cite_note-64) Leader of the New Democratic Party (2017–present) [ edit ] Leadership election [ edit ] Main article: 2017 New Democratic Party leadership election (/wiki/2017_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) After Tom Mulcair lost a leadership review (/wiki/Leadership_review) vote at the 2016 federal NDP convention, Singh was considered a potential leadership candidate, winning the support of 11 per cent of NDP members in a Mainstreet Research (/wiki/Mainstreet_Research) poll conducted in April 2016, and was statistically tied for second place. [65] (#cite_note-65) Singh was considered a leading candidate to replace Horwath as NDP leader if she lost the 42nd Ontario general election (/wiki/2018_Ontario_general_election) . [35] (#cite_note-:7-35) [66] (#cite_note-:8-66) He announced his intention to run for the leadership of the New Democratic Party of Canada at a campaign launch on May 15, 2017, in Brampton. [67] (#cite_note-67) In August, Singh created controversy when he claimed that his candidacy had led to 47,000 sign-ups for the party. [68] (#cite_note-68) Several rival campaigns, most notably that of Charlie Angus (/wiki/Charlie_Angus) , accused Singh of inflating party membership sign-ups. [69] (#cite_note-69) A poll by Mainstreet Research was released in September, showing Singh overtaking Charlie Angus to lead the race for the first time with 27.3 per cent of the vote. [70] (#cite_note-70) Several days before the leadership vote, a video of Singh confronting a heckler, who accused him of plotting to subject Canada to sharia law (/wiki/Sharia_law) , went viral leading to Singh getting praise for his handling of the situation and helping him win the NDP leadership. [71] (#cite_note-veconomist-71) [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) [74] (#cite_note-74) Singh was elected leader of the federal NDP in the leadership election on October 1, 2017, having won on the first ballot with 53.8 per cent of the vote; Angus came second, Niki Ashton (/wiki/Niki_Ashton) third, and Guy Caron (/wiki/Guy_Caron) fourth. [75] (#cite_note-75) Soon after his election as leader, Singh named leadership rival Caron as parliamentary leader of the NDP. [76] (#cite_note-auto1-76) Leading from outside Parliament (2017–2019) [ edit ] Singh speaks at an Ontario Federation of Labour (/wiki/Ontario_Federation_of_Labour) convention several weeks after winning the New Democratic Party leadership election (/wiki/2017_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) Singh initially opted to lead the NDP from outside of Parliament. He indicated that he preferred to run in a seat where he feels a "genuine connection" rather than any "safe" seat. Singh had stated that he would most likely run in Brampton East (/wiki/Brampton_East_(federal_electoral_district)) , which includes the bulk of his old provincial riding, in the 2019 election (/wiki/43rd_Canadian_federal_election) . [77] (#cite_note-77) Soon after his election as leader, Singh named leadership rival Guy Caron (/wiki/Guy_Caron) as parliamentary leader of the NDP. [76] (#cite_note-auto1-76) In his first interview following winning the party leadership, Singh expressed doubts on the findings of the 18-month long inquiry led by former Supreme Court justice John Major (/wiki/John_C._Major) into the bombing of Air India Flight 182 (/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182) which left 329 people dead — 268 of them Canadians. The inquiry pointed to Talwinder Singh Parmar (/wiki/Talwinder_Singh_Parmar) as the chief terrorist behind the bombing. In the same interview and many subsequent ones, Singh was unwilling to denounce extremists within Canadian Sikhs who pay homage to Parmar as a martyr. On March 18, 2018, a day after video of Singh speaking a 2015 rally in San Francisco (/wiki/San_Francisco) where Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale) , often labelled as a terrorist, was honoured as a martyr in a massive poster on the main stage, Singh reversed his position. [78] (#cite_note-78) In a December 2017 interview with Bloomberg (/wiki/Bloomberg_News) , Singh explained that he would not rule out working with the Conservatives to topple a federal government led by Trudeau if the NDP held the balance of power in a minority parliament. [79] (#cite_note-79) In February 2018, Singh suspended Saskatchewan MP Erin Weir (/wiki/Erin_Weir) from the NDP caucus although no direct complaints had been made against him. Singh had 220 emails sent out to women connected with the NDP, as well as appearing on television soliciting complaints against Weir, which ended up receiving 15 complaints of which 11 were dismissed as trivial. Weir was formally expelled from caucus on May 3, 2018, based upon the outcome of the sexual harassment investigation which stated Weir's conduct was described by an investigator as “on the low-end of the scale,” and which would not normally be understood as “sexual harassment.” It was alleged he argued excessively over carbon levies with a staffer of then party leader Tom Mulcair (/wiki/Tom_Mulcair) 's during a NDP convention and also he stood too close when speaking to people. [80] (#cite_note-permanently_expelled-80) In May 2018, a group of 67 former NDP MPs and MLAs (/wiki/Saskatchewan_Legislative_Assembly) from Saskatchewan sent Singh a letter in support of Weir and calling for his reinstatement as an NDP MP. [81] (#cite_note-Weir-81) On September 6, 2018, Singh rejected Weir's request to rejoin the NDP during a meeting in June, despite Weir stating that he had worked with a personal trainer to understand the issues of the complaint. [81] (#cite_note-Weir-81) After the May 2019 by-election defeat in Kitimat (/wiki/Kitimat) , Singh flip-flopped the NDP's position on environmental and energy policy (#Environmental_policy) . 2019 Burnaby South by-election [ edit ] Main article: 2019 Burnaby South federal by-election (/wiki/2019_Burnaby_South_federal_by-election) On August 8, 2018, Singh announced he would be running in a by-election to replace Kennedy Stewart (/wiki/Kennedy_Stewart_(Canadian_politician)) as the Member of Parliament for Burnaby South (/wiki/Burnaby_South) . Stewart had resigned in order to make an ultimately successful bid for Mayor of Vancouver (/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Vancouver) . [82] (#cite_note-82) Singh relocated to Burnaby (/wiki/Burnaby) for the election [83] (#cite_note-83) and won on February 25, 2019, with 38.9 per cent of the vote. [6] (#cite_note-CBC_by-election-6) 2019 federal election [ edit ] Main article: 2019 Canadian federal election (/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election) Singh during a campaign stop at the Broadview subway station (/wiki/Broadview_station) in Toronto on October 15, 2019 On October 21, 2019, Singh was re-elected to the Burnaby South riding. [84] (#cite_note-84) The NDP won 24 seats, down from 44 seats at the 2015 election. However, the incumbent Trudeau Liberal government failed to retain its majority, allowing the NDP to share the balance of power (/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)) in Parliament. [85] (#cite_note-85) It was the lowest seat count for the NDP since 2004, and the party was passed by the Bloc Québécois (/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois) as the third-largest parliamentary party. [86] (#cite_note-86) The NDP lost all but one of its seats in Quebec, where it was suggested that Singh's Sikhism may have been negatively received by voters in the context of the Quebec ban on religious symbols (/wiki/Quebec_ban_on_religious_symbols) . [87] (#cite_note-87) 43rd Canadian Parliament [ edit ] See also: New Democratic Party Shadow Cabinet of the 43rd Parliament of Canada (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_43rd_Parliament_of_Canada) On June 17, 2020, Singh was removed (/wiki/Naming_(parliamentary_procedure)) from the House of Commons for the rest of the day after he called Bloc Québécois (/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois) MP Alain Therrien (/wiki/Alain_Therrien) a "racist" and refused to apologize when Therrien was the sole member to prevent unanimous consent on the second motion concluding systemic racism (/wiki/Systemic_racism) and discrimination in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police) (RCMP) prior to the completion of the public inquiry from Singh's first motion. [88] (#cite_note-88) 2021 federal campaign [ edit ] In the 2021 federal election (/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election) campaign Singh was proud to announce that he was the only leader with a plan to enforce mandatory COVID-19 vaccination (/wiki/Mandatory_vaccination) for employees that work under a collective bargaining (/wiki/Collective_bargaining) contract. [89] (#cite_note-jjab-89) Singh made it a campaign promise that "All collective agreements include a process for progressive discipline - up to and including termination. Discipline should always be a last resort, but may be necessary in rare cases to protect the health and safety of Canadians." [90] (#cite_note-mjab-90) On September 5 he returned to the subject in a press conference with the NDP candidate for the riding of Ottawa-Centre (/wiki/Ottawa_Centre_(federal_electoral_district)) . Here he laid out his promise to "[supply] $1 billion in targeted vaccination programs," as well as to create "a national vaccine passport system", to extend pandemic supports, and to strengthen "laws to protect health care workers and those seeking care from harassment and attacks." [91] (#cite_note-jabcpac-91) He attracted support from other party leaders including Justin Trudeau (/wiki/Justin_Trudeau) and Erin O'Toole (/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole) . [92] (#cite_note-umjab-92) 44th Canadian Parliament [ edit ] See also: New Democratic Party Shadow Cabinet of the 44th Parliament of Canada (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_44th_Parliament_of_Canada) Singh was re-elected with a comfortable majority of slightly more than 4,000 votes to serve in Burnaby-South. The 44th Canadian Parliament (/wiki/44th_Canadian_Parliament) made very few changes to its predecessor, and the NDP emerged with its total number of seats unchanged at 25. [ citation needed ] On March 22, 2022, the NDP struck a confidence-and-supply (/wiki/Confidence-and-supply) agreement with the governing Liberal Party of Canada (/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada) over certain priorities: the government would “by the end of 2023” implement pharmacare (/wiki/Pharmacare) and a "dental care program for low-income Canadians" would be a government priority to be enacted by 2025. The pact was influenced when the Freedom Convoy (/wiki/Freedom_Convoy) caused Trudeau to invoke and revoke the Emergencies Act (/wiki/Emergencies_Act) over the vaccine mandate policy then in effect and also by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine (/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) . [93] (#cite_note-ziannop-93) Political positions [ edit ] On the occasion of the launch of his leadership bid in 2017 Singh branded himself a progressive (/wiki/Progressivism) and a social democrat (/wiki/Social_democracy) . [19] (#cite_note-gmlaunch-19) Drug policy [ edit ] Singh supports decriminalizing the purchase, possession and consumption of psychoactive (/wiki/Psychoactive_drug) drugs for personal use as has been the case in Portugal since 2001 (/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal) . [20] (#cite_note-auto-20) [94] (#cite_note-94) Economic policy [ edit ] Singh's economic policy states that "millions of Canadians are living in poverty". [95] (#cite_note-95) Singh supports a progressive tax (/wiki/Progressive_tax) system [96] (#cite_note-96) and supports eliminating several tax deductions available to the highest-income earners and redirect the money to low-income seniors, workers and disabled Canadians. [97] (#cite_note-97) Singh's tax agenda during the 2017 New Democratic Party leadership election included creating new tax brackets for the highest-income earners and raising corporate tax. [98] (#cite_note-98) Singh supports a $20/hour minimum wage, the imposition of Canadian sales taxes on paid on-demand internet video providers (also referred to as a "Netflix tax"), [99] (#cite_note-99) and a universal pharmacare system, stating "universal healthcare is essential when we talk about equality for all Canadians". The NDP have stated that closing tax loopholes on the ultra rich would fund a universal pharmacare (/wiki/Pharmacare) program. After the 2018 federal budget (/wiki/2018_Canadian_federal_budget) was released, Singh criticized the Liberals' plan for research into pharmacare with no funding behind it, calling it "not a plan but a fantasy". [100] (#cite_note-100) In January 2019, Singh promised to incentivize the building of 500,000 units of affordable housing by removing the federal tax burden on new affordable housing projects. [101] (#cite_note-waynee-101) Energy policy [ edit ] Singh favours reducing Canada's carbon emissions to 30 percent of 2005 levels by 2025. This would be done by assisting provinces with the 2030 " coal phaseout (/wiki/Coal_phase-out) ", implementing a zero emissions vehicle (/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle) agenda, "greening" the tax system by adding subsidies to companies supporting ecology and building renewable energy super grid (/wiki/Super_grid) . [102] (#cite_note-102) Singh also supports creating more accountability in climate change policy (/wiki/Climate_change_policy) by creating an independent officer of parliament mandated to report on interim progress on emission reductions (Climate Change Action Officer or CCAO), tasking the Commissioner of Environment and Sustainable Development (CESD) to the Auditor General with gathering data from each province and territory and appointing an advisory group composed of regional and topic-specific experts who will support the CCAO in interpreting data presented by the CESD and assessing implications for climate, energy, and economic policies and regulations. [103] (#cite_note-103) Singh's opposition to the Trans Mountain Pipeline (/wiki/Trans_Mountain_Pipeline) expansion project was repeatedly condemned by Alberta NDP leader and former Premier of Alberta Rachel Notley (/wiki/Rachel_Notley) . [104] (#cite_note-104) Foreign policy [ edit ] Singh criticized Israel (/wiki/Israel) 's actions during the Israel–Hamas war (/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war) in Gaza (/wiki/Gaza_Strip) . [105] (#cite_note-105) In May 2024, he posted a tweet after images of the Tel al-Sultan massacre (/wiki/Tel_al-Sultan_massacre) went viral: "Images of the IDFs airstrike hitting a camp for displaced Palestinians in Rafah are horrifying. Images so terrible I won’t share them. The world is failing the people of Gaza. Canada is failing the people of Gaza." [106] (#cite_note-106) Environmental policy [ edit ] On May 31, 2019, Singh promised that the NDP would build charging stations for electric vehicles at federal buildings and Canada Post (/wiki/Canada_Post) locations and offer residents a $600 grant to help pay for home charging stations. [107] (#cite_note-charging-107) Singh initially supported Kitimat (/wiki/Kitimat) 's LNG Canada (/wiki/LNG_Canada) facility supplied by the Coastal GasLink Pipeline (/wiki/Coastal_GasLink_Pipeline) in British Columbia (/wiki/British_Columbia) that would impact native burial grounds and override unceded lands such as the Wetʼsuwetʼen (/wiki/Wet%CA%BCsuwet%CA%BCen) . After the NDP lost Nanaimo (/wiki/Nanaimo) in a May 2019 by-election to the Green Party (/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada) , Singh quickly changed his position to oppose the LNG natural gas facility. [108] (#cite_note-flipflop-108) Singh also began opposing fracking (/wiki/Fracking) following the lost by-election. [108] (#cite_note-flipflop-108) Quebec policy [ edit ] During the Lac-St. Jean by-election (/wiki/By-elections_to_the_42nd_Canadian_Parliament#Lac-Saint-Jean) campaign which concluded in October 2017, he said he supports Quebec (/wiki/Quebec) 's right of self-determination (/wiki/Right_of_self-determination) and agrees with the NDP's 2005 Sherbrooke Declaration, which states, in opposition to the Clarity Act (/wiki/Clarity_Act) , that Canada should recognize any independence referendum won by Quebec sovereigntists. [109] (#cite_note-huffpob-109) During the 2019 federal election campaign it was noted that Singh opposed Bill 21 (/wiki/Quebec_ban_on_religious_symbols) on religious symbols, but also said, "I don't know exactly" if Bill 21 was racist, [110] (#cite_note-bill21js-110) and that there should be no political interference in the existing court challenges of the law. [111] (#cite_note-global091519-111) [112] (#cite_note-ts100219-112) Republicanism [ edit ] Singh has argued Canada should be a republic and that he does not see the relevance of the monarchy in the 21st century. [113] (#cite_note-113) Social issues [ edit ] Singh at the Toronto Pride Parade (/wiki/Pride_Toronto) in 2017 Recounting a personal experience where he was the subject of racial profiling, Singh has strongly supported legislation for a federal ban on carding (/wiki/Carding_(police_policy)) , calling the practice a form of systemic racism (/wiki/Racism) . [114] (#cite_note-114) [115] (#cite_note-115) When asked at NDP leadership debate in Saskatoon (/wiki/Saskatoon) if he would bring back the long-gun registry Singh responded: "It's a difficult question, absolutely. I know that's why it is asked... I also think it's important that we acknowledge regional differences, the fact that there is a different culture between the way things are treated in different regions." [116] (#cite_note-116) Singh has urged Justin Trudeau (/wiki/Justin_Trudeau) and the Liberal Party to allow cities to ban handguns. [117] (#cite_note-117) In March 2015, during the Ontario sex education curriculum controversy (/wiki/Ontario_sex_education_curriculum_controversy) , Singh spoke out against changes to the curriculum which included proposed updating on teaching on sexual orientation and gender identity. [50] (#cite_note-Duggan-50) [51] (#cite_note-Smith_Cross-51) Singh believes in training the RCMP (/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police) in " LGBTQIA2S+ (/wiki/LGBT) competency training" to ensure interactions with law enforcement are not stigmatizing or traumatizing. [118] (#cite_note-118) Singh also supports bringing a form of affirmative action for hiring of LGBTQ (/wiki/LGBTQ) people and supports more inclusive shelter and transitional housing spaces in service of LGBTQ youth (/wiki/Youth) . [119] (#cite_note-119) Singh advocates for Health Canada (/wiki/Health_Canada) conducting research on the health care needs and experiences of LGBTQ patients and advocates for policy changes allowing people to self-declare their gender. [120] (#cite_note-120) Singh also supports immediately repealing the de facto ban on blood, tissue and organ donation (/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men_blood_donor_controversy) by men who have sex with men and trans women who have sex with men. [121] (#cite_note-121) Personal life [ edit ] Singh practices Brazilian jiu-jitsu (/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu) . [17] (#cite_note-twelve-17) [18] (#cite_note-Rcinet.ca-18) Singh was recognized by the World Sikh Organization (/wiki/World_Sikh_Organization) of Canada in their 2012 list of honourees for being the first turbaned Sikh MPP in Ontario. [122] (#cite_note-122) In 2013, Singh was denied a visa to India for raising the issue of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots (/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots) . [123] (#cite_note-123) He became the first Western legislator ever to be denied entry to India. [124] (#cite_note-Press2018-124) Singh riding a bike at the National Bike Summit in Ottawa in 2018 In a November 2017 episode of the TVOntario (/wiki/TVOntario) series Political Blind Date (/wiki/Political_Blind_Date) , Singh was paired with former Toronto City Councillor (/wiki/Toronto_City_Councillor) and then-future Premier of Ontario (/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario) Doug Ford (/wiki/Doug_Ford) . The pair explored different forms of transportation, with Singh taking Ford on a downtown Toronto bicycle ride (/wiki/Cycling_in_Toronto) while Ford drove Singh along the dedicated streetcar right-of-way (/wiki/512_St._Clair) on St. Clair Avenue (/wiki/St._Clair_Avenue) . [125] (#cite_note-125) Ford said of the experience that the two became friends, and Singh said Ford was "very warm and friendly". [126] (#cite_note-126) Jagmeet Singh is an avid cyclist and owns six designer bicycles. [127] (#cite_note-127) In January 2018, Singh became engaged to Gurkiran Kaur Sidhu, a fashion designer and co-founder of Jangiiro, a Punjabi clothing line. He proposed to her at the vegetarian restaurant where they had their first date, in front of friends, family, and members of the media that Singh had invited. [128] (#cite_note-128) The pair married on February 22, 2018. [129] (#cite_note-129) In August 2021, they announced that they were expecting a child, a daughter named Anhad, born in January 2022. [130] (#cite_note-130) [131] (#cite_note-131) In July 2023, they announced that they were expecting a second child, a daughter born in December 2023. [132] (#cite_note-132) [133] (#cite_note-133) Singh is fluent in English, French, and Punjabi (/wiki/Punjabi_language) . [134] (#cite_note-134) Electoral record [ edit ] Federal elections [ edit ] Burnaby South [ edit ] v t e 2021 Canadian federal election (/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election) : Burnaby South (/wiki/Burnaby_South) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures New Democratic (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) Jagmeet Singh 16,382 40.34 +2.67 $91,367.24 Liberal (/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada) Brea Huang Sami 12,361 30.44 +6.65 $97,095.22 Conservative (/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada) Likky Lavji 9,104 22.42 –8.50 $42,968.01 People's (/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada) Marcella Williams 1,290 3.18 +1.75 $5,043.08 Green (/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada) Maureen Curran 1,185 2.89 –2.61 $839.33 Independent (/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada) Martin Kendell 296 0.73 — none listed Total valid votes/expense limit 40,608 99.29 — $110,662.02 Total rejected ballots 291 0.71 –0.22 Turnout 40,899 51.15 –5.74 Eligible voters 79,964 New Democratic (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) hold Swing (/wiki/Swing_(politics)) –1.99 Source: Elections Canada (/wiki/Elections_Canada) [135] (#cite_note-135) [136] (#cite_note-136) v t e 2019 Canadian federal election (/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election) : Burnaby South (/wiki/Burnaby_South) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures New Democratic (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) Jagmeet Singh 16,956 37.67 –1.42 $92,300.42 Conservative (/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada) Jay Shin 13,914 30.92 +8.44 none listed Liberal (/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada) Neelam Brar 10,706 23.79 –2.23 $102,915.79 Green (/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada) Brennan Wauters 2,477 5.50 – $901.27 People's (/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada) Al Rawdah 645 1.43 –9.22 none listed Libertarian (/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada) Rex Brocki 243 0.54 – $0.00 Marxist–Leninist (/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)) Brian Sproule 62 0.14 – $0.00 Total valid votes/expense limit 45,006 99.07 – Total rejected ballots 417 0.93 +0.10 Turnout 45,423 56.89 +25.88 Eligible voters 79,849 New Democratic (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) hold Swing (/wiki/Swing_(politics)) –4.93 Source: Elections Canada (/wiki/Elections_Canada) [137] (#cite_note-137) v t e Canadian federal by-election, February 25, 2019 (/wiki/2019_Burnaby_South_federal_by-election) : Burnaby South (/wiki/Burnaby_South) Resignation of Kennedy Stewart (/wiki/Kennedy_Stewart_(Canadian_politician)) Party Candidate Votes % ±% New Democratic (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) Jagmeet Singh 8,848 38.90 3.83 Liberal (/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada) Richard T. Lee (/wiki/Richard_Lee_(Canadian_politician)) 5,919 26.02 7.86 Conservative (/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada) Jay Shin 5,147 22.63 4.48 People's (/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada) Laura-Lynn Thompson 2,422 10.65 New Independent (/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada) Terry Grimwood 242 1.06 New Independent (/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada) Valentine Wu 168 0.74 New Total valid votes/expense limit 22,746 99.17 – Total rejected ballots 190 0.83 +0.23 Turnout 22,936 30.10 -30.68 Eligible voters 76,204 New Democratic (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) hold Swing (/wiki/Swing_(politics)) +5.84 Source: Elections Canada [138] (#cite_note-138) Bramalea—Gore—Malton [ edit ] 2011 Canadian federal election (/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election) : Bramalea—Gore—Malton (/wiki/Bramalea%E2%80%94Gore%E2%80%94Malton) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Conservative (/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada) Bal Gosal (/wiki/Bal_Gosal) 19,907 34.44 −2.68 – New Democratic (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) Jagmeet Singh 19,368 33.51 +24.49 – Liberal (/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada) Gurbax Singh Malhi (/wiki/Gurbax_Singh_Malhi) 16,402 29.40 −15.65 – Green (/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada) John Moulton 1,748 3.02 −2.14 – Marxist–Leninist (/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)) Frank Chilelli 371 0.64 +0.02 Total valid votes 57,796 100.00 – Total rejected ballots 454 0.80 +0.18 Turnout 58,250 54.75 +5.01 – Eligible voters 106,395 – – Provincial elections [ edit ] 2014 Ontario general election (/wiki/2014_Ontario_general_election) : Bramalea—Gore—Malton (/wiki/Bramalea%E2%80%94Gore%E2%80%94Malton) Party Candidate Votes % ±% New Democratic (/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party) Jagmeet Singh 23,519 44.32 +6.68 Liberal (/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party) Kuldip Kular (/wiki/Kuldip_Kular) 17,873 33.68 +0.75 Progressive Conservative (/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario) Harjit Jaswal 9,403 17.72 −4.99 Green (/wiki/Green_Party_of_Ontario) Pauline Thornham 2,277 4.29 +1.79 Total valid votes 53,072 100.0 New Democratic (/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party) hold Swing (/wiki/Swing_(politics)) +2.96 Source: Elections Ontario (/wiki/Elections_Ontario) [139] (#cite_note-139) 2011 Ontario general election (/wiki/2011_Ontario_general_election) : Bramalea—Gore—Malton (/wiki/Bramalea%E2%80%94Gore%E2%80%94Malton) Party Candidate Votes % ±% New Democratic (/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party) Jagmeet Singh 16,626 37.64 +25.82 Liberal (/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party) Kuldip Kular (/wiki/Kuldip_Kular) 14,349 32.93 −14.07 Progressive Conservative (/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario) Sanjeev Maingi 9,896 22.71 −6.65 Green (/wiki/Green_Party_of_Ontario) Pauline Thornham 1,091 2.50 −7.63 Libertarian (/wiki/Ontario_Libertarian_Party) Joy Lee 738 1.69 Independent (/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada) Archie McLachlan 491 1.13 Family Coalition (/wiki/Family_Coalition_Party_of_Ontario) Linda O'Marra 381 0.87 −0.29 Total valid votes 43,572 100.00 Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots 321 0.73 Turnout 43,893 40.68 Eligible voters 107,820 New Democratic (/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party) gain from Liberal (/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party) Swing (/wiki/Swing_(politics)) +19.95 Source: Elections Ontario [140] (#cite_note-140) Leadership elections [ edit ] 2017 New Democratic Party leadership election Candidate Ballot 1 Jagmeet Singh 35,266 53.8% Charlie Angus (/wiki/Charlie_Angus) 12,705 19.4% Niki Ashton (/wiki/Niki_Ashton) 11,374 17.4% Guy Caron (/wiki/Guy_Caron) 6,164 9.4% Total 65,782 100% Published works [ edit ] Singh, Jagmeet (April 23, 2019). Love & Courage: My Story of Family, Resilience, and Overcoming the Unexpected: A Memoir . Toronto: Simon & Schuster (/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-9821-0539-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1078885943 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078885943) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Frisk, Adam (August 13, 2021). "NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh, spouse Gurkiran Kaur Sidhu expecting first child" (https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-spouse-gurkiran-kaur-sidhu-expecting-first-child-1.5544771) . CTV Television Network. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230405122531/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-spouse-gurkiran-kaur-sidhu-expecting-first-child-1.5544771) from the original on April 5, 2023 . Retrieved January 7, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh campaigns in Montreal ahead of tough byelection fight" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/jagmeet-singh-campaigns-montreal-byelection-1.4957697) . Cbc.ca . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190225211110/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/jagmeet-singh-campaigns-montreal-byelection-1.4957697) from the original on February 25, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Jagmeet Singh" (https://www.instagram.com/jagmeetsingh/) . Instagram . Jagmeet Singh. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200423075818/https://www.instagram.com/jagmeetsingh/) from the original on April 23, 2020 . Retrieved June 8, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Jagmeet Singh | The Canadian Encyclopedia" (https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jagmeet-singh) . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210428051042/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jagmeet-singh) from the original on April 28, 2021 . Retrieved April 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Jagmeet Singh Jimmy Dhaliwal | Law Society of Ontario" (https://lso.ca/public-resources/finding-a-lawyer-or-paralegal/directory-search/members/lawyer/053/jagmeet-singh-jimmy-dhaliwal) . Law Society of Ontario . April 27, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210428051042/https://lso.ca/public-resources/finding-a-lawyer-or-paralegal/directory-search/members/lawyer/053/jagmeet-singh-jimmy-dhaliwal) from the original on April 28, 2021 . Retrieved April 28, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh wins federal seat in high-stakes Burnaby South byelection" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/polls-close-in-high-stakes-burnaby-south-byelection-1.5033296) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190228024406/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/polls-close-in-high-stakes-burnaby-south-byelection-1.5033296) February 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . CBC News (/wiki/CBC_News) , February 25, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-MPP_resignation_7-0) "Federal NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh resigns seat in Ontario legislature" (http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/federal-ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-resigns-seat-in-ontario-legislature-1.3642030) . CTV News . The Canadian Press. October 20, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171021013501/http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/federal-ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-resigns-seat-in-ontario-legislature-1.3642030) from the original on October 21, 2017 . Retrieved October 20, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Austen, Ian (October 2, 2017). "Sikh Becomes Canada's First Nonwhite Political Party Leader" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/01/world/canada/jagmeet-singh-canada-politics.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171002011742/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/01/world/canada/jagmeet-singh-canada-politics.html) from the original on October 2, 2017 . Retrieved April 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Who is the new leader of the Federal NDP Jagmeet Singh – RUTV News" (https://rutvnews.com/jagmeet-singh) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230405231237/https://rutvnews.com/jagmeet-singh) from the original on April 5, 2023 . Retrieved April 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Jagmeet Singh becomes first Sikh politician to lead major Canadian party" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/canada-s-jagmeet-singh-becomes-first-sikh-politician-to-lead-new-democratic-party/story-GYam4rzzdMVaDRHC2Y312M.html) . Hindustan Times . October 2, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210428061311/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/canada-s-jagmeet-singh-becomes-first-sikh-politician-to-lead-new-democratic-party/story-GYam4rzzdMVaDRHC2Y312M.html) from the original on April 28, 2021 . Retrieved April 28, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Riding results from across Canada". Edmonton Journal (/wiki/Edmonton_Journal) . May 3, 2011. p. A6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Ontario NDP's Singh throws heck of a victory rally" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/offbeat/story/2011/10/07/jagmeet-singh-wins5465.html) . CBC News (/wiki/CBC_News) . October 7, 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111211171817/http://www.cbc.ca/news/offbeat/story/2011/10/07/jagmeet-singh-wins5465.html) from the original on December 11, 2011 . Retrieved June 27, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Summary of Valid Ballots Cast for Each Candidate" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130330163815/http://elections.on.ca/NR/rdonlyres/7849B894-4C4F-490E-9E8C-271BCF0C0D4D/5712/SummaryofvalidvotescastforeacndGE2011.pdf) (PDF) . Elections Ontario. October 6, 2011. p. 2. Archived from the original (http://elections.on.ca/NR/rdonlyres/7849B894-4C4F-490E-9E8C-271BCF0C0D4D/5712/SummaryofvalidvotescastforeacndGE2011.pdf) (PDF) on March 30, 2013 . Retrieved March 2, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Zimonjic, Peter (October 1, 2017). "Meet Jagmeet Singh: New leader of federal NDP" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-profile-biography-win-1.4315780) . CBC News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171001220129/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-profile-biography-win-1.4315780) from the original on October 1, 2017 . Retrieved October 2, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Austen, Ian (October 1, 2017). "Sikh Becomes Canada's First Nonwhite Political Party Leader" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/01/world/canada/jagmeet-singh-canada-politics.html) . The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171002011742/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/01/world/canada/jagmeet-singh-canada-politics.html) from the original on October 2, 2017 . Retrieved October 2, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Sudeep, Theres (November 21, 2020). "Indian-origin politicians around the world" (https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/indian-origin-politicians-around-the-world-918148.html) . Deccan Herald (/wiki/Deccan_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211120050254/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/indian-origin-politicians-around-the-world-918148.html) from the original on November 20, 2021 . Retrieved February 27, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Benzie, Robert (January 9, 2012). "12 to watch in 2012: Jagmeet Singh" (https://www.thestar.com/news/article/1112652) . Toronto Star . Archived (https://archive.today/20140824152834/http://www.thestar.com/news/article/1112652) from the original on August 24, 2014 . Retrieved September 1, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Making history, Jasmeet Singh, scores NDP leadership victory" (http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2017/10/02/making-history-jasmeet-singh-scores-ndp-leadership-victory/) . Rcinet.ca. October 2, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171002220109/http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2017/10/02/making-history-jasmeet-singh-scores-ndp-leadership-victory/) from the original on October 2, 2017 . Retrieved October 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Ontario politician Jagmeet Singh launches bid for federal NDP leadership" (https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ontario-politician-jagmeet-singh-launches-bid-for-federal-ndp-leadership/article35001559/) . The Globe and Mail . May 15, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190719180334/https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ontario-politician-jagmeet-singh-launches-bid-for-federal-ndp-leadership/article35001559/) from the original on July 19, 2019 . Retrieved September 12, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Woo, Andrea (September 11, 2017). "Jagmeet Singh vows to decriminalize petty drug charges at NDP debate" (https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-vows-to-decriminalize-petty-drug-charges-at-ndp-debate/article36234415/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170914140434/https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-vows-to-decriminalize-petty-drug-charges-at-ndp-debate/article36234415/) from the original on September 14, 2017 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Singh, Jagmeet [@theJagmeetSingh] (January 6, 2018). "Trudeau has said a $15 federal minimum wage is off the table - I believe it's the minimum that workers deserve. Canadians deserve better - an NDP government would implement a federal minimum wage of $15 because nobody should be working and living under the poverty line" (https://x.com/theJagmeetSingh/status/949739233664679936) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Punjab village celebrates its son Jagmeet Singh's success in Canadian politics" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/thikriwal-in-punjab-s-barnala-celebrates-its-son-jagmeet-singh-s-success-in-canadian-politics/story-4zzhlyg8nckaAz9pGBcEEM.html) . Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) . October 3, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180705/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/thikriwal-in-punjab-s-barnala-celebrates-its-son-jagmeet-singh-s-success-in-canadian-politics/story-4zzhlyg8nckaAz9pGBcEEM.html) from the original on December 1, 2018 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Trudeau's new political rival is a Canadian Sikh with swag" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/nri-achievers/trudeaus-new-political-rival-is-a-canadian-sikh-with-swag/articleshow/60917711.cms) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190824181531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/nri-achievers/trudeaus-new-political-rival-is-a-canadian-sikh-with-swag/articleshow/60917711.cms) from the original on August 24, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Kohli, Tanvi (May 13, 2020). "A Diasporic Quest for Power: Jagmeet Singh, Hybrid Whiteness, and Genocide" (https://humanities.wustl.edu/news/diasporic-quest-power-jagmeet-singh-hybrid-whiteness-and-genocide) . WashU (/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis) . Archived (https://archive.today/20240601061203/https://humanities.wustl.edu/news/diasporic-quest-power-jagmeet-singh-hybrid-whiteness-and-genocide) from the original on June 1, 2024 . Retrieved June 1, 2024 . "Dhaliwal" signifies Singh's clan position as a Jat Sikh. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Gurpreet Singh: Beware of those opposed to Jagmeet Singh and his supporters" (http://www.straight.com/news/912581/gurpreet-singh-beware-those-opposed-jagmeet-singh-and-his-supporters) . Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly . May 18, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181201094337/https://www.straight.com/news/912581/gurpreet-singh-beware-those-opposed-jagmeet-singh-and-his-supporters) from the original on December 1, 2018 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Jagmeet Singh" (https://twitter.com/theJagmeetSingh/status/1193634910629748737) . November 10, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200524113232/https://twitter.com/theJagmeetSingh/status/1193634910629748737) from the original on May 24, 2020 . Retrieved April 11, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Raj, Althia (January 1, 2017). "Jagmeet Singh Is A Young, Photogenic, Confident Politician. Sound Familiar?" (http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/01/02/jagmeet-singh-ndp-leadership-ontario-mpp_n_13832878.html) . Huffington Post (/wiki/HuffPost) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102104/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/01/02/jagmeet-singh-ndp-leadership-ontario-mpp_n_13832878.html) from the original on March 27, 2019 . Retrieved May 16, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Jagmeet Singh, who spent part of childhood in Newfoundland, launches bid for federal NDP leadership" (https://www.thetelegram.com/news/local/jagmeet-singh-who-spent-part-of-childhood-in-newfoundland-launches-bid-for-federal-ndp-leadership-129657/) . The Telegram . St. John's, NL. May 16, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180918093949/http://www.thetelegram.com/news/local/jagmeet-singh-who-spent-part-of-childhood-in-newfoundland-launches-bid-for-federal-ndp-leadership-129657/) from the original on September 18, 2018 . Retrieved March 11, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Moran, Padraig (October 16, 2019). " (https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-april-23-2019-1.5103180/i-tried-to-bury-it-down-ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-says-he-was-sexually-abused-as-a-child-1.5106383) 'I tried to bury it down': NDP leader Jagmeet Singh says he was sexually abused as a child" (https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-april-23-2019-1.5103180/i-tried-to-bury-it-down-ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-says-he-was-sexually-abused-as-a-child-1.5106383) . CBC Radio . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191118190235/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-april-23-2019-1.5103180/i-tried-to-bury-it-down-ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-says-he-was-sexually-abused-as-a-child-1.5106383) from the original on November 18, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-30) Pearson, Craig (October 4, 2017). 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Retrieved June 7, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-127) Mora, Luis (February 14, 2018). "Behind the scenes with Jagmeet Singh, the left's greatest showman" (https://torontolife.com/city/life/behind-the-scenes-with-jagmeet-singh/) . Toronto Life . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201101050304/https://torontolife.com/city/life/behind-the-scenes-with-jagmeet-singh/) from the original on November 1, 2020 . Retrieved April 25, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-128) Jeffords, Shawn (January 16, 2018). "Federal NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh pops the question and Gurkiran Kaur Sidhu says yes!" (https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/01/16/federal-ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-pops-the-question-and-gurkiran-kaur-says-yes.html) . The Toronto Star . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180117042323/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/01/16/federal-ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-pops-the-question-and-gurkiran-kaur-says-yes.html) from the original on January 17, 2018 . Retrieved January 17, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-129) "NDP leader marries clothing designer Gurkiran Kaur" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-married-1.4538483) . Cbc.ca . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180726163906/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-married-1.4538483) from the original on July 26, 2018 . Retrieved February 26, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-130) Frisk, Adam (August 12, 2021). "NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh, spouse Gurkiran Kaur Sidhu expecting first child" (https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-spouse-gurkiran-kaur-sidhu-expecting-first-child-1.5544771) . CTV News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210828221038/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-spouse-gurkiran-kaur-sidhu-expecting-first-child-1.5544771) from the original on August 28, 2021 . Retrieved August 28, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-131) "NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh, wife welcome new baby girl" (https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-wife-welcome-new-baby-girl-1.5730182) . CTVNews . January 6, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220107070535/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-wife-welcome-new-baby-girl-1.5730182) from the original on January 7, 2022 . Retrieved January 7, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-132) https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/singh-second-baby-born-1.7059267 (https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/singh-second-baby-born-1.7059267) [ bare URL ] ^ (#cite_ref-133) "Jagmeet Singh & Gurkiran Kaur Are Expecting Baby No. 2 & the Announcement Was So Cute - Narcity" (https://www.narcity.com/jagmeet-singh-gurkiran-kaur-are-expecting-baby-no-2) . ^ (#cite_ref-134) Baccari, Ava (September 10, 2017). "Ontario's Jagmeet Singh Responds to Racist Accusations with "Love and Courage" (https://www.flare.com/news/jagmeet-singh-instagram/) " (https://www.flare.com/news/jagmeet-singh-instagram/) . Flare (/wiki/Flare_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180710180628/http://www.flare.com/news/jagmeet-singh-instagram/) from the original on July 10, 2018 . Retrieved May 19, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-135) "Official Voting Results" (https://enr.elections.ca/ElectoralDistricts.aspx?ed=2124&lang=e) . Elections Canada . Retrieved August 29, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-136) "Candidate Campaign Returns" (https://www.elections.ca/WPAPPS/WPF/EN/CC/DistrictReport?act=C76&selectedEvent=53&returnStatus=1&selectedReportType=8&reportOption=3&queryId=d216cab7a5bf403ba0a33071aabbf12e) . Elections Canada (/wiki/Elections_Canada) . Retrieved July 19, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-137) "Official Voting Results" (https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2019app/51/11275e.html) . Elections Canada . Retrieved August 29, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-138) "February 25, 2019 By-elections Election Results" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190226025945/http://enr.elections.ca/ElectoralDistricts.aspx?ed=1676&lang=e) . Elections Canada. February 27, 2019. Archived from the original (https://enr.elections.ca/ElectoralDistricts.aspx?ed=1676&lang=e) on February 26, 2019 . Retrieved March 17, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-139) Elections Ontario (2014). "Official return from the records, 006 Bramalea-Gore-Malton" (http://www.wemakevotingeasy.ca/media/EO_Site/official_GE/GE_2014/ED006-F0244.pdf) (PDF) . Retrieved June 27, 2015 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-140) Elections Ontario (2011). "Official return from the records / Rapport des registres officiels - Bramalea—Gore—Malton" (http://www.wemakevotingeasy.ca/media/EO_Site/official_GE/ED006-F0244.pdf) (PDF) . Retrieved June 3, 2014 . [ permanent dead link ] Further reading [ edit ] Ian Austen, "Jagmeet Singh, Canada’s Newest Political Star, Lifts His Party’s Hopes," (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/03/world/canada/jagmeet-singh-new-democratic-party.html) New York Times, October 3, 2017. Ashifa Kassam, Jagmeet Singh: Canada's Pioneering Party Leader on Building Unity Amid Division," (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/20/jagmeet-singh-canadas-pioneering-party-leader-on-building-unity-amid-division) The Guardian, December 20, 2017. External links [ edit ] Jagmeet Singh – Parliament of Canada biography (https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=18796) Jagmeet Singh at Wikipedia's sister projects Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jagmeet_Singh) from Commons Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6122681) from Wikidata Official website (https://www.ndp.ca/jagmeet) Ontario Legislative Assembly parliamentary history (https://www.ola.org/en/members/all/jagmeet-singh) v t e New Democratic Party (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) Party wings Federal New Democratic Party (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party) Provincial / Territorial Alberta (/wiki/Alberta_New_Democratic_Party) British Columbia (/wiki/British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party) Manitoba (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Manitoba) New Brunswick (/wiki/New_Brunswick_New_Democratic_Party) Newfoundland and Labrador (/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_New_Democratic_Party) Nova Scotia (/wiki/Nova_Scotia_New_Democratic_Party) Ontario (/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party) Prince Edward Island (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Prince_Edward_Island) Saskatchewan (/wiki/Saskatchewan_New_Democratic_Party) Yukon (/wiki/Yukon_New_Democratic_Party) Municipal Burnaby (/wiki/Burnaby_Citizens_Association) New Westminster (/wiki/Community_First_New_West) Historical Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation) Manitoba (/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation_(Manitoba_Section)) Ontario (/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation_(Ontario_Section)) Quebec (/wiki/Parti_social_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec) Quebec (/wiki/Parti_de_la_Democratie_Socialiste) Toronto (/wiki/Metro_New_Democratic_Party) Federal level Leaders Woodsworth (/wiki/J._S._Woodsworth) (CCF) Coldwell (/wiki/M._J._Coldwell) (CCF) Argue (/wiki/Hazen_Argue) (CCF) Douglas (/wiki/Tommy_Douglas) Lewis (/wiki/David_Lewis_(Canadian_politician)) Broadbent (/wiki/Ed_Broadbent) McLaughlin (/wiki/Audrey_McLaughlin) McDonough (/wiki/Alexa_McDonough) Layton (/wiki/Jack_Layton) Mulcair (/wiki/Tom_Mulcair) Singh Leadership elections (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_leadership_elections) 1961 (/wiki/1961_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) 1971 (/wiki/1971_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) 1975 (/wiki/1975_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) 1989 (/wiki/1989_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) 1995 (/wiki/1995_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) 2003 (/wiki/2003_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) 2012 (/wiki/2012_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) 2017 (/wiki/2017_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election) Parliamentary election candidates 1988 (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_1988_Canadian_federal_election) 1993 (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election) 1997 (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election) 2000 (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election) 2004 (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates,_2004_Canadian_federal_election) 2006 (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_2006_Canadian_federal_election) 2008 (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election) 2011 (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election) 2015 (/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_2015_Canadian_federal_election) 2019 (/w/index.php?title=New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_2019_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1) 2021 (/w/index.php?title=New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_2021_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1) Provincial level Current leaders Beck – SK (/wiki/Carla_Beck) Chender – NS (/wiki/Claudia_Chender) Dinn – NL (/wiki/Jim_Dinn) Eby – BC (/wiki/David_Eby) Stiles – ON (/wiki/Marit_Stiles) Kinew – MB (/wiki/Wab_Kinew) Neill – PEI (/wiki/Michelle_Neill) Nenshi – AB (/wiki/Naheed_Nenshi) A. 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Occupations (/wiki/Category:Occupations) in fashion (/wiki/Fashion) and the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) . See also: Category:People in fashion (/wiki/Category:People_in_fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐857789d7d5‐5mqrp Cached time: 20240702144648 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.034 seconds Real time usage: 0.048 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 32/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 398/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 22/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.014/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 626360/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 41.663 1 -total 90.80% 37.831 1 Template:Category_see_also 14.69% 6.122 1 Template:Category_see_also/Category_pair_check 8.99% 3.744 1 Template:C Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10777560-0!canonical and timestamp 20240702144648 and revision id 831168224. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 8 subcategories, out of 8 total. People in fashion (/wiki/Category:People_in_fashion) (23 C) B Businesspeople in fashion (/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_fashion) (43 C, 14 P) D Fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers) (12 C, 4 P) Drapers (/wiki/Category:Drapers) (2 C, 21 P) H Hairdressing (/wiki/Category:Hairdressing) (8 C, 98 P) M Milliners (/wiki/Category:Milliners) (21 C, 4 P) Models (profession) (/wiki/Category:Models_(profession)) (20 C, 1 P) P Fashion photographers (/wiki/Category:Fashion_photographers) (7 C, 79 P) Pages in category "Fashion occupations" The following 29 pages are in this category, out of 29 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Body piercer (/wiki/Body_piercer) Buyer (fashion) (/wiki/Buyer_(fashion)) C Costume designer (/wiki/Costume_designer) D Dressmaker (/wiki/Dressmaker) F Fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion journalist (/wiki/Fashion_journalist) Fashion photographers (/wiki/Fashion_photographers) Fashion stylist (/wiki/Fashion_stylist) List of footwear designers (/wiki/List_of_footwear_designers) G List of grand couturiers (/wiki/List_of_grand_couturiers) H Hairdresser (/wiki/Hairdresser) List of hairdressers (/wiki/List_of_hairdressers) Hatmaker (/wiki/Hatmaker) Hatmaking (/wiki/Hatmaking) I Image consulting (/wiki/Image_consulting) M Maîtresses couturières (/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresses_couturi%C3%A8res) Maîtresses marchandes lingères (/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresses_marchandes_ling%C3%A8res) Make-up artist (/wiki/Make-up_artist) Milliner (/wiki/Milliner) P Perfumer (/wiki/Perfumer) Personal shopper (/wiki/Personal_shopper) Personal stylist (/wiki/Personal_stylist) T Tailor (/wiki/Tailor) Textile designer (/wiki/Textile_designer) W Wardrobe stylist (/wiki/Wardrobe_stylist) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_occupations&oldid=831168224 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fashion_occupations&oldid=831168224) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Occupations by type (/wiki/Category:Occupations_by_type)
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American fashion designer Sandra Gray is a fashion and costume designer known particularly for her work designing and building costumes for wrestling. Biography [ edit ] Gray was born June 27, 1956. [1] (#cite_note-ev-1) Her father was in the Army, and her mother won a sewing machine in a bingo game while on the base that she passed to her daughter, and Gray taught herself how to sew and make clothes for herself and her friends. [1] (#cite_note-ev-1) [2] (#cite_note-vice-2) In 1994, while living in Marietta, Georgia (/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia) , Gray was engaged to make a costume for Marc Mero (/wiki/Marc_Mero) . [2] (#cite_note-vice-2) Mero stated that Gray answered a newspaper advertisement, [3] (#cite_note-ew-3) although Gray recalls being approached by Mero's girlfriend at the time Rena Greek (/wiki/Rena_Greek) , who had heard about her sewing skills. [1] (#cite_note-ev-1) The costume that Gray created established Mero's signature character, Johnny B. Badd, based on Little Richard (/wiki/Little_Richard) . [3] (#cite_note-ew-3) As a result of this commission, and due to word-of-mouth from Mero, Gray became a successful designer and costumier specialising in wrestling wear. [1] (#cite_note-ev-1) [2] (#cite_note-vice-2) With the support of Miss Elizabeth (/wiki/Miss_Elizabeth) and Lex Luger (/wiki/Lex_Luger) , she signed an exclusive contract with World Championship Wrestling (/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling) which was acquired by the WWE (/wiki/WWE) in 2001. [1] (#cite_note-ev-1) [4] (#cite_note-4) Gray was employed as costume designer for World Wrestling Entertainment (/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment) until 2015. Gray got hired at All Elite Wrestling (/wiki/All_Elite_Wrestling) in 2019 as their in-house seamstress. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) In her job, she was often seen on the WWE reality programme Total Divas (/wiki/Total_Divas) . [1] (#cite_note-ev-1) [2] (#cite_note-vice-2) She was succeeded by Sarath Ton (/wiki/Sarath_Ton) , a former independent wrestler known as Mikaze. [7] (#cite_note-7) Gray's other wrestling clients include Layla El (/wiki/Layla_El) , Nikki Bella (/wiki/Nikki_Bella) , Alicia Fox (/wiki/Alicia_Fox) , Cameron (/wiki/Cameron_(wrestler)) , Dustin (/wiki/Dustin_Rhodes) and Cody Rhodes (/wiki/Cody_Rhodes) , Dolph Ziggler (/wiki/Dolph_Ziggler) and Allie (/wiki/Allie_(wrestler)) . [1] (#cite_note-ev-1) [2] (#cite_note-vice-2) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) She originated Naomi (/wiki/Naomi_(wrestler)) 's trademark glow-in-the-dark costumes in 2016, [10] (#cite_note-10) and created wedding dresses for Naomi's 2014 wedding to Jimmy Uso (/wiki/Jimmy_Uso) and for Penelope Ford (/wiki/Penelope_Ford) 's on-screen marriage to Kip Sabian (/wiki/Kip_Sabian) on AEW Dynamite (/wiki/AEW_Dynamite) in February 2021. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Gray has also made cheerleader uniforms, including the inaugural cheerleader uniforms for the Houston Texans (/wiki/Houston_Texans) squad's debut in September 2011. [1] (#cite_note-ev-1) In 2016, Gray opened a shop in Riverview, Florida (/wiki/Riverview,_Florida) , selling both her original designs and vintage clothing. [1] (#cite_note-ev-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Vician, Eric (August 31, 2016). "WWE seamstress opens Riverview store for local 'divas' (https://www.tampabay.com/news/business/wwe-seamstress-opens-riverview-store-for-local-divas/2291682/) " (https://www.tampabay.com/news/business/wwe-seamstress-opens-riverview-store-for-local-divas/2291682/) . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lawrence, Kelsey (March 21, 2015). "Meet Sandra Gray, the Veteran Seamstress of the WWE" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/av45jb/meet-sandra-gray-the-veteran-seamstress-of-the-wwe-689) . www.vice.com . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Boone, Matt (June 27, 2021). "Marc Mero Shares Origin Story Of His Johnny B. Badd Character In WCW" (https://ewrestling.com/article/marc-mero-shares-origin-story-his-johnny-b-badd-character-wcw) . ewrestling.com . eWrestling . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Ounpraseuth, Jason (June 3, 2021). "AEW Lead Seamstress On How Lex Luger And Miss Elizabeth Got Her Hired By WCW" (https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2021/06/aew-lead-seamstress-on-how-lex-luger-and-miss-elizabeth-got-her-hired-by-wcw/) . Wrestling Inc . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Haverford, Joey (July 20, 2019). "10 People You Didn't Realize Were Employed By AEW" (https://www.thesportster.com/wrestling/aew-surprising-wrestlers-employed/) . TheSportster . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Giri, Raj (May 6, 2015). "Longtime WWE Employee Leaves The Company, Talent Responds" (https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2015/05/longtime-wwe-employee-leaves-the-company-594032/) . Wrestling Inc . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Middleton, Marc (May 13, 2015). "WWE Hires Indie Wrestler As New Seamstress" (https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2015/05/wwe-hires-indie-wrestler-as-new-seamstress-594252/) . Wrestling Inc . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Lambert, Jeremy (September 28, 2021). "Cody Rhodes: My Gear Is Not Inspired By Homelander From 'The Boys,' But I See The Parallels" (https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/cody-rhodes-my-gear-not-inspired-homelander-boys-i-see-parallels) . www.fightful.com . Fightful . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Currier, Joseph (March 21, 2019). "Former Knockouts Champion Allie signs with All Elite Wrestling" (https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/former-knockouts-champion-allie-signs-all-elite-wrestling-279821) . Wrestling Observer . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Cassada, Carol (June 8, 2020). "Naomi: 10 Of Her Best Instagram Posts" (https://www.thesportster.com/wrestling/naomi-wwe-social-media-instagram/) . TheSportster . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Vulpo, Mike (January 21, 2014). "Total Divas Stars Trinity McCray and Jonathan Fatu Are Married—See the Exclusive Wedding Pics!" (https://www.eonline.com/news/501831/total-divas-stars-trinity-mccray-and-jonathan-fatu-are-married-see-the-exclusive-wedding-pics) . E! Online . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Fishman, Scott (February 3, 2021). "Kip Sabian and Penelope Ford on Their AEW 'Beach Break' Wedding" (https://www.tvinsider.com/986393/kip-sabian-penelope-ford-aew-beach-break-wedding/) . TV Insider . Retrieved January 13, 2022 . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Gray&oldid=1217655955 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Gray&oldid=1217655955) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1956 births (/wiki/Category:1956_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) African-American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:African-American_fashion_designers) All Elite Wrestling personnel (/wiki/Category:All_Elite_Wrestling_personnel) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) American costume designers (/wiki/Category:American_costume_designers) American women costume designers (/wiki/Category:American_women_costume_designers) Women in WWE (/wiki/Category:Women_in_WWE) People from Marietta, Georgia (/wiki/Category:People_from_Marietta,_Georgia) People from Riverview, Hillsborough County, Florida (/wiki/Category:People_from_Riverview,_Hillsborough_County,_Florida) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from July 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2023) Place of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palestinian clothing (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palestinian_clothing) . The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Palestinian costumes (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐9tcdb Cached time: 20240721052521 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.081 seconds Real time usage: 0.119 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 135/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2969/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 365/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1528/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.048/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1065450/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 106.753 1 -total 77.48% 82.708 1 Template:Commons_cat 73.96% 78.958 1 Template:Sister_project 72.47% 77.362 1 Template:Side_box 22.38% 23.891 1 Template:Cat_main 6.07% 6.482 1 Template:Replace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11752548-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721052521 and revision id 1222313300. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Palestinian clothing" The following 6 pages are in this category, out of 6 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Palestinian traditional costumes (/wiki/Palestinian_traditional_costumes) K Widad Kawar (/wiki/Widad_Kawar) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Palestinian keffiyeh (/wiki/Palestinian_keffiyeh) P Palestinian Heritage Center (/wiki/Palestinian_Heritage_Center) S Serene Husseini Shahid (/wiki/Serene_Husseini_Shahid) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Palestinian_clothing&oldid=1222313300 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Palestinian_clothing&oldid=1222313300) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by country (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_country) Middle Eastern clothing (/wiki/Category:Middle_Eastern_clothing) Culture of Palestine (region) (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Palestine_(region)) Arabic clothing (/wiki/Category:Arabic_clothing) Clothing by ethnicity (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_ethnicity) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
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This list of Vogue Greece cover models is a catalog of cover models (/wiki/Cover_model) who have appeared on the cover of Vogue Greece (/wiki/Vogue_Greece) , the Greek edition of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine. Vogue Hellas (2000-2012) [ edit ] 2000 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer March Melanie McJannet (/w/index.php?title=Melanie_McJannet&action=edit&redlink=1) April Elsa Benítez (/wiki/Elsa_Ben%C3%ADtez) May Larissa Brown (/w/index.php?title=Larissa_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1) June Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) July Amber Valletta (/wiki/Amber_Valletta) Raymond Meier (/wiki/Raymond_Meier_(photographer)) August September Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Maggie Rizer (/wiki/Maggie_Rizer) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(artist)) December Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Terry Richardson (/wiki/Terry_Richardson) 2001 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) Annie Leibovitz (/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz) February Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March April May Lindsay Frimodt (/wiki/Lindsay_Frimodt) June July August Fabiana Tambosi (/w/index.php?title=Fabiana_Tambosi&action=edit&redlink=1) Thanassis Kaloyannis September Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) Calliope October Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) Raymond Meier (/wiki/Raymond_Meier_(photographer)) November Maggie Rizer (/wiki/Maggie_Rizer) Steven Klein (/wiki/Steven_Klein_(artist)) December 2002 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Anna Vissi (/wiki/Anna_Vissi) Uli Weber February Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) Herb Ritts (/wiki/Herb_Ritts) May Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) June Jodie Kidd (/wiki/Jodie_Kidd) & Sakis Rouvas (/wiki/Sakis_Rouvas) July Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) Liya Kebede (/wiki/Liya_Kebede) Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) August Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Nick Knight (/wiki/Nick_Knight_(photographer)) September Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) October Anne Vyalitsyna (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) November Bridget Hall (/wiki/Bridget_Hall) Thomas Schenk December Chandra North (/wiki/Chandra_North) 2003 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Maggie Rizer (/wiki/Maggie_Rizer) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) February March Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) April Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) May Leilani Bishop (/wiki/Leilani_Bishop) & Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) June Cameron Diaz (/wiki/Cameron_Diaz) Annie Leibovitz (/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz) July August Milla Jovovich (/wiki/Milla_Jovovich) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) September October Marianne Schröder (/wiki/Marianne_Schr%C3%B6der) November Jacquetta Wheeler (/wiki/Jacquetta_Wheeler) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) December 2004 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) Annie Leibovitz (/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz) February Hana Soukupová (/wiki/Hana_Soukupov%C3%A1) & Julia Stegner (/wiki/Julia_Stegner) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) March Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) April Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) May Esther Cañadas (/wiki/Esther_Ca%C3%B1adas) June July Adi Neumann (/w/index.php?title=Adi_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1) Thanassis Kaloyannis August Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) September October Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) November Gemma Ward (/wiki/Gemma_Ward) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) December Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) 2005 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January February March April Valentina Zelyaeva (/wiki/Valentina_Zelyaeva) Anthony Ward May Gemma Ward (/wiki/Gemma_Ward) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) June Alison Renner (/w/index.php?title=Alison_Renner&action=edit&redlink=1) Nikos Papadopoulos July Gemma Ward (/wiki/Gemma_Ward) Troyt Coburn August Naomie Laan (/w/index.php?title=Naomie_Laan&action=edit&redlink=1) September Caroline Trentini (/wiki/Caroline_Trentini) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) October Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) Calliope November December 2006 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Despina Vandi (/wiki/Despina_Vandi) February Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) & Lily Donaldson (/wiki/Lily_Donaldson) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) April Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) May Linda Vojtová (/wiki/Linda_Vojtov%C3%A1) Calliope June Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) Kostas Avgoulis July Linda Vojtová (/wiki/Linda_Vojtov%C3%A1) August Nynke van Verschuer (/w/index.php?title=Nynke_van_Verschuer&action=edit&redlink=1) September Christy Turlington (/wiki/Christy_Turlington) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) October Lily Donaldson (/wiki/Lily_Donaldson) & Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) November Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) Snejana Onopka (/wiki/Snejana_Onopka) Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Gemma Ward (/wiki/Gemma_Ward) Craig McDean (/wiki/Craig_McDean) December 2007 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Christelle Lefranc (/wiki/Christelle_Lefranc) Kostas Avgoulis February Lydia Hearst (/wiki/Lydia_Hearst) Paola Kudacki March Karin Andersson (/w/index.php?title=Karin_Andersson_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Kostas Avgoulis April Caroline Trentini (/wiki/Caroline_Trentini) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) May Karolína Kurková (/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Kurkov%C3%A1) June Natasha Poly (/wiki/Natasha_Poly) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) July Lonneke Engel (/wiki/Lonneke_Engel) Kostas Avgoulis August Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) September Natasha Poly (/wiki/Natasha_Poly) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) October Caroline Trentini (/wiki/Caroline_Trentini) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) November Julia Alexandratou (/wiki/Julia_Alexandratou) Kostas Avgoulis December Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) 2008 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Vicky Kaya (/wiki/Vicky_Kaya) Kostas Avgoulis February Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) March Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) April Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) Kostas Avgoulis May Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) June Rebecca Iannacone (/w/index.php?title=Rebecca_Iannacone&action=edit&redlink=1) July Isabeli Fontana (/wiki/Isabeli_Fontana) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) August Karina Gubanova (/w/index.php?title=Karina_Gubanova&action=edit&redlink=1) Kostas Avgoulis September Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) October Emma Karlsson (/w/index.php?title=Emma_Karlsson_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Troyt Coburn November Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) December Natalia Vodianova (/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) 2009 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Anna Kuznetsova (/w/index.php?title=Anna_Kuznetsova_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Kostas Avgoulis February Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) Kostas Avgoulis March Isa Asklöf (/w/index.php?title=Isa_Askl%C3%B6f&action=edit&redlink=1) Kostas Avgoulis April Agyness Deyn (/wiki/Agyness_Deyn) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) May Edita Vilkevičiūtė (/wiki/Edita_Vilkevi%C4%8Di%C5%ABt%C4%97) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) June Ismini Papavlasopoulou (/w/index.php?title=Ismini_Papavlasopoulou&action=edit&redlink=1) Anastasia Perraki (/w/index.php?title=Anastasia_Perraki&action=edit&redlink=1) Evagelia Aravani (/wiki/Evagelia_Aravani) Vaso Kollida (/w/index.php?title=Vaso_Kollida&action=edit&redlink=1) Mara Desipris July Alana Kuznetsova (/w/index.php?title=Alana_Kuznetsova_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Mara Desipris August Eden Clark (/w/index.php?title=Eden_Clark&action=edit&redlink=1) Nikos Papadopoulos September Margaryta Senchylo (/w/index.php?title=Margaryta_Senchylo&action=edit&redlink=1) October Margaryta Senchylo (/w/index.php?title=Margaryta_Senchylo&action=edit&redlink=1) November Katia Zygouli (/w/index.php?title=Katia_Zygouli&action=edit&redlink=1) Mara Desipris December Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) 2010 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Helena Schroder (/w/index.php?title=Helena_Schroder&action=edit&redlink=1) Nikos Papadopoulos February Kasia Struss (/wiki/Kasia_Struss) David Sims (/wiki/David_Sims_(photographer)) March Caroline Winberg (/wiki/Caroline_Winberg) Kostas Avgoulis April Caroline Winberg (/wiki/Caroline_Winberg) Kostas Avgoulis May Josefine Ekman Nilsson (/w/index.php?title=Josefine_Ekman_Nilsson&action=edit&redlink=1) Mara Desipris June Natasha Poly (/wiki/Natasha_Poly) Inez & Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) July Constance Jablonski (/wiki/Constance_Jablonski) Regan Cameron (/wiki/Regan_Cameron) August Yulia Mizhuy (/w/index.php?title=Yulia_Mizhuy&action=edit&redlink=1) Kostas Avgoulis September Dorothea Mercuri (/w/index.php?title=Dorothea_Mercuri&action=edit&redlink=1) Federico de Angelis October Constance Jablonski (/wiki/Constance_Jablonski) Alexi Lubomirski (/wiki/Alexi_Lubomirski) November Edita Vilkevičiūtė (/wiki/Edita_Vilkevi%C4%8Di%C5%ABt%C4%97) Camilla Åkrans December Madisyn Ritland (/w/index.php?title=Madisyn_Ritland&action=edit&redlink=1) Kostas Avgoulis 2011 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Eleni Menegaki (/wiki/Eleni_Menegaki) Kostas Avgoulis February Anna Zakusylo (/w/index.php?title=Anna_Zakusylo&action=edit&redlink=1) Katerina Tsatsanis March Daria Werbowy (/wiki/Daria_Werbowy) Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) April Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) Steven Meisel (/wiki/Steven_Meisel) May Bregje Heinen (/wiki/Bregje_Heinen) Thanassis Krikis June Constance Jablonski (/wiki/Constance_Jablonski) Alex Cayley July Valeriya Melnik (/w/index.php?title=Valeriya_Melnik&action=edit&redlink=1) Thanassis Krikis August Karmen Pedaru (/wiki/Karmen_Pedaru) Cedric Buchet September Sophie Holmes (/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Holmes&action=edit&redlink=1) Federico de Angelis October Ieva Lagūna (/wiki/Ieva_Lag%C5%ABna) Koray Birand November Aymeline Valade (/wiki/Aymeline_Valade) Giampaolo Sgura (/wiki/Giampaolo_Sgura) December Heather Marks (/wiki/Heather_Marks) Koray Birand 2012 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Ros Georgiou (/w/index.php?title=Ros_Georgiou&action=edit&redlink=1) Thanassis Krikis February Anabel van Toledo (/w/index.php?title=Anabel_van_Toledo&action=edit&redlink=1) Kostas Avgoulis March Arizona Muse (/wiki/Arizona_Muse) Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) April Alys Hale (/w/index.php?title=Alys_Hale&action=edit&redlink=1) Kostas Avgulis May Valerie van der Graaf (/wiki/Valerie_van_der_Graaf) Mara Desipris June Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) Koray Birand July Ros Georgiou (/w/index.php?title=Ros_Georgiou&action=edit&redlink=1) Thanassis Krikis August Sophie Vlaming (/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Vlaming&action=edit&redlink=1) Dimitris Skoulos September Ollie Henderson (/w/index.php?title=Ollie_Henderson&action=edit&redlink=1) Errikos Andreou October Julija Steponavičiūtė (/w/index.php?title=Julija_Steponavi%C4%8Di%C5%ABt%C4%97&action=edit&redlink=1) Kostas Avgulis November Eri Polychronidou (/w/index.php?title=Eri_Polychronidou&action=edit&redlink=1) Kostas Avgulis Vogue Greece (2019-present) [ edit ] 2019 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer April Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) Txema Yeste May Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Alique June Laurijn Bijnen (/w/index.php?title=Laurijn_Bijnen&action=edit&redlink=1) Richard Phibbs July Aymeline Valade (/wiki/Aymeline_Valade) Yorgos Lanthimos (/wiki/Yorgos_Lanthimos) Stella Lucia (/w/index.php?title=Stella_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1) August - September Alessandra Ambrosio (/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio) Sonia Szóstak October Denise Gough (/wiki/Denise_Gough) Boo George Emily DiDonato (/wiki/Emily_DiDonato) Kat Irlin Julia Hafstrom (/wiki/Julia_Hafstrom) Dionisis Andrianopoulos November Amanda Murphy (/wiki/Amanda_Murphy_(model)) Hugh Lippe Grace Bol (/wiki/Grace_Bol) Richard Phibbs December 2019 - January 2020 Amanda Wellsh (/w/index.php?title=Amanda_Wellsh&action=edit&redlink=1) Dionisis Andrianopoulos 2020 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer February Winnie Harlow (/wiki/Winnie_Harlow) Vasilis Kekatos March Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) Alexi Lubomirski (/wiki/Alexi_Lubomirski) April Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) Chris Colls May Heloise Guerin (/wiki/H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse_Gu%C3%A9rin) Victor Demarchelier Julia van Os (/w/index.php?title=Julia_van_Os&action=edit&redlink=1) Max Papendieck Sasha Pivovarova (/wiki/Sasha_Pivovarova) Igor Vishnyakov June Candice Huffine (/wiki/Candice_Huffine) Nico Bustos July–August Esther Mastroyianni (/w/index.php?title=Esther_Mastroyianni&action=edit&redlink=1) Dionisis Andrianopoulos Ros Georgiou (/w/index.php?title=Ros_Georgiou&action=edit&redlink=1) Thanassis Krikis September Greta Varlese (/wiki/Greta_Varlese) Dionisis Andrianopoulos October Georgina Grenville (/wiki/Georgina_Grenville) Dionisis Andrianopoulos November Sharon Stone (/wiki/Sharon_Stone) Michael Muller December Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Rowan Papier 2021 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January-February Diane Kruger (/wiki/Diane_Kruger) Mark Selliger Taylor Hill (/wiki/Taylor_Hill_(model)) Nico Bustos Twiggy (/wiki/Twiggy) Nick Haddow March Ariane Labed (/wiki/Ariane_Labed) Ros Georgiou April Karen Elson (/wiki/Karen_Elson) (2 covers) Sebastian Kim (/wiki/Sebastian_Kim) May Regina King (/wiki/Regina_King) Sonia Szóstak June Hanne Gaby Odiele (/wiki/Hanne_Gaby_Odiele) (2 covers) Phil Pointer July-August Meghan Roche (/wiki/Meghan_Roche) (3 covers) Nico Bustos September Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) 2 (covers) Alvaro Beamud Cortes October Carmen Kass (/wiki/Carmen_Kass) (2 covers) Thanassis Krikis November Jared Leto (/wiki/Jared_Leto) (2 covers) Chris Colls December Jessica Chastain (/wiki/Jessica_Chastain) (2 covers) Ned Rogers Marisa Tomei (/wiki/Marisa_Tomei) (digital cover) Michael Schwartz 2022 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January-February Julia Louis-Dreyfus (/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus) (2 covers) Leeorwild Chris Noth (/wiki/Chris_Noth) (digital cover) Michael Schwartz March Unknown models (4 models) Thanassis Krikis April Carla Bruni (/wiki/Carla_Bruni) Carla Bruni & Helena Christensen Helena Christensen (/wiki/Helena_Christensen) Nico Bustos May Jennifer Connelly (/wiki/Jennifer_Connelly) Mark Selliger June Edita Vilkevičiūtė (/wiki/Edita_Vilkevi%C4%8Di%C5%ABt%C4%97) Álvaro Beamud Cortés July-August Luna Bijl (/wiki/Luna_Bijl) (2 covers) Panos Davios September Sara Grace Wallerstedt Christopher Papakaliatas Christopher Papakaliatas October Eddie Redmayne (/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne) Johan Sandberg November Kate Hudson (/wiki/Kate_Hudson) Michael Schwartz December Olivier Rousteing (/wiki/Olivier_Rousteing) & Dove Cameron (/wiki/Dove_Cameron) Alvaro Beamund Cortes Ros Georgiou Thanassis Krikis Christian Louboutin (/wiki/Christian_Louboutin) 2023 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Lily Collins (/wiki/Lily_Collins) Cameron McCool February Eleni Foureira (/wiki/Eleni_Foureira) Alvaro Beamud Cortés March Monica Belluci (/wiki/Monica_Bellucci) Ellen von Unwerth (/wiki/Ellen_von_Unwerth) April Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) Arseny Jabiev May Haris Alexiou (/wiki/Haris_Alexiou) & Manos Theofilou Johan Sandberg June Aymeline Valade (/wiki/Aymeline_Valade) Johan Sandberg July/August Jessica Stam (/wiki/Jessica_Stam) Panos Davios September Kim Cattrall (/wiki/Kim_Cattrall) Charlie Gray October Anna Vissi (/wiki/Anna_Vissi) Pierre Alban Hue de Fontenay November Eva Green (/wiki/Eva_Green) Ellen von Unwerth (/wiki/Ellen_von_Unwerth) December Anna Cleveland Richard Phibbs 2024 [ edit ] Issue Cover model Photographer January Kris Grikaite (/wiki/Kris_Grikaite) Richard Phibbs February Lena Kitsopoulou's painting March Adèle Exarchopoulos (/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Exarchopoulos) Alvaro Beamud Cortes April Naomi Campbell (/wiki/Naomi_Campbell) Nick Knight (/wiki/Nick_Knight_(photographer)) May Christoforos Papakaliatis (/wiki/Christoforos_Papakaliatis) Richard Phibbs June Sun Mizrahi Phil Poynter External links [ edit ] Vogue Greece Official Site (https://www.vogue.gr/) v t e Lists of Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) cover models Arabia (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Arabia_cover_models) Australia (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Australia_cover_models) Brazil (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Brasil_cover_models) China (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_China_cover_models) Czechoslovakia (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_CS_cover_models) France (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_France_cover_models) Germany (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Deutsch_cover_models) Greece Hong Kong (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Hong_Kong_cover_models) India (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_India_cover_models) Italy (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Italia_cover_models) Japan (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Japan_cover_models) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Korea_cover_models) Mexico (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_M%C3%A9xico_cover_models) Netherlands (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Nederland_cover_models) Philippines (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Philippines_cover_models) Poland (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Polska_cover_models) Russia (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Russia_cover_models) Scandinavia (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Scandinavia_cover_models) Singapore (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Singapore_cover_models) Spain (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Espa%C3%B1a_cover_models) Taiwan (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Taiwan_cover_models) Thailand (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Thailand_cover_models) Turkey (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_T%C3%BCrkiye_cover_models) Ukraine (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Ukraine_cover_models) United Kingdom (/wiki/List_of_British_Vogue_cover_models) United States (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_(US)_cover_models) Teen Vogue (/wiki/List_of_Teen_Vogue_cover_models) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐5458969b9f‐2zzhm Cached time: 20240722011030 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false 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