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Section: Honors and awards. 1938 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences 1944 William H. Nichols Medal, American Chemical Society 1945 President of the American Chemical Society 1945 Elected to the American Philosophical Society 1950 Willard Gibbs Medal, American Chemical Society 1955 American Institute of Chemists... | Wikipedia - Carl Shipp Marvel - Honors and awards | 157 | 937 | null |
Article: Albert Meyers. Albert I. Meyers (November 22, 1932 – October 23, 2007) was an American organic chemist, University Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Colorado State University, and member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Born in New York City, Meyers earned undergraduate and doctoral degrees from New... | Wikipedia - Albert Meyers - Summary | 235 | 1,198 | null |
Section: Life. Arthur Michael was born into a wealthy family in Buffalo, New York on August 7, 1853, the son of John and Clara Michael, well-off real-estate investors. He was educated in that same city, learning chemistry both from a local teacher and in his own homebuilt laboratory. An illness thwarted Michael's plans... | Wikipedia - Arthur Michael - Life | 345 | 1,642 | null |
Article: Scott Miller (chemist). Scott J. Miller (born December 11, 1966) is an American organic chemist serving as Sterling Professor of Chemistry at Yale University and as the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Organic Chemistry. He has been elected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Ameri... | Wikipedia - Scott Miller (chemist) - Summary | 332 | 1,677 | null |
Section: Education. Montes attended the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus (UPR-RP). She earned a B.S. in chemistry in 1980 and went on to complete a Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1985 under the supervision of Gerald Larson. Her doctoral research focused on organometallic chemistry, particularly the synthesi... | Wikipedia - Ingrid del Carmen Montes González - Education | 160 | 752 | null |
Section: Career. Montes was a lecturer at the College of Pharmacy at University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus from 1985 to 1986 and as a curriculum specialist at Puerto Rico Junior College from 1986 to 1988. In 1987, she joined the faculty at UPR-RP as an assistant professor in the department of chemistry, wh... | Wikipedia - Ingrid del Carmen Montes González - Career | 331 | 1,817 | null |
In 2015, she was appointed assistant dean of graduate studies and research at UPR-RP. Montes founded the “Festival de Química” in 2005, a community outreach event designed to demonstrate the importance of chemistry in everyday life. The initiative, initially implemented in Puerto Rico, expanded internationally through ... | Wikipedia - Ingrid del Carmen Montes González - Career | 196 | 1,005 | null |
Section: Life. Newman completed a B.S. in chemistry at the Mary Washington College. Newman received her Ph.D. in medicinal chemistry from the Medical College of Virginia under the mentorship of Richard A. Glennon. For her postdoctoral studies, she joined the laboratory of Kenner C. Rice at the National Institutes of He... | Wikipedia - Amy Hauck Newman - Life | 345 | 1,682 | null |
Section: History. Engineering has existed since ancient times, when humans devised inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley, etc. The term engineering is derived from the word engineer, which itself dates back to the 14th century when an engine'er (literally, one who builds or operates a siege engine) refe... | Wikipedia - Engineering - History | 247 | 1,162 | null |
Section: History > Ancient era. The pyramids in ancient Egypt, ziggurats of Mesopotamia, the Acropolis and Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, Via Appia and Colosseum, Teotihuacán, and the Brihadeeswarar Temple of Thanjavur, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of ancient civil and m... | Wikipedia - Engineering - History > Ancient era | 320 | 1,477 | null |
The screw, the last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in Mesopotamia during the Neo-Assyrian period (911–609) BC. The Egyptian pyramids were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever, to create structures like the Great Pyramid of Giza. The earliest c... | Wikipedia - Engineering - History > Ancient era | 300 | 1,401 | null |
The Antikythera mechanism, an early known mechanical analog computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes, are examples of Greek mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes' inventions, as well as the Antikythera mechanism, required sophisticated knowledge of differential gearing or epicyclic gearing, two key pr... | Wikipedia - Engineering - History > Ancient era | 151 | 751 | null |
Section: History > Middle Ages. The earliest practical wind-powered machines, the windmill and wind pump, first appeared in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD. The earliest practical steam-powered machine was a steam jack driven by a st... | Wikipedia - Engineering - History > Middle Ages | 301 | 1,495 | null |
Section: History > Modern era. The science of classical mechanics, sometimes called Newtonian mechanics, formed the scientific basis of much of modern engineering. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, the term became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were appl... | Wikipedia - Engineering - History > Modern era | 323 | 1,675 | null |
Applied science led to the development of the steam engine. The sequence of events began with the invention of the barometer and the measurement of atmospheric pressure by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643, demonstration of the force of atmospheric pressure by Otto von Guericke using the Magdeburg hemispheres in 1656, lab... | Wikipedia - Engineering - History > Modern era | 327 | 1,677 | null |
Hot blast, patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828, greatly lowered the amount of fuel needed to smelt iron. With the development of the high pressure steam engine, the power to weight ratio of steam engines made practical steamboats and locomotives possible. New steel making processes, such as the Bessemer process ... | Wikipedia - Engineering - History > Modern era | 341 | 1,730 | null |
In 1870 there were a dozen U.S. mechanical engineering graduates, with that number increasing to 43 per year in 1875. In 1890, there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mining, mechanical and electrical. There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics at Cambridge until 1875, and no chair of engineering at Oxf... | Wikipedia - Engineering - History > Modern era | 340 | 1,920 | null |
Important elements of modern materials science were products of the Space Race; the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica and carbon materials, used in building space vehicles enabling the exploration of space. Materials science has driven, and been driven by, the development of revolutionary... | Wikipedia - Engineering - History > Modern era | 208 | 1,254 | null |
Section: Methodology. In the engineering design process, engineers apply mathematics and sciences such as physics to find novel solutions to problems or to improve existing solutions. Engineers need proficient knowledge of relevant sciences for their design projects. As a result, many engineers continue to learn new ma... | Wikipedia - Engineering - Methodology | 192 | 1,153 | null |
Section: Methodology > Problem solving. Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, logic, economics, and appropriate experience or tacit knowledge to find suitable solutions to a particular problem. Creating an appropriate mathematical model of a problem often allows them to analyze it (sometimes definitive... | Wikipedia - Engineering - Methodology > Problem solving | 340 | 1,862 | null |
Section: Methodology > Computer use. As with all modern scientific and technological endeavors, computers and software play an increasingly important role. As well as the typical business application software there are a number of computer aided applications (computer-aided technologies) specifically for engineering. C... | Wikipedia - Engineering - Methodology > Computer use | 341 | 1,909 | null |
Section: Social context. The engineering profession engages in a range of activities, from collaboration at the societal level, and smaller individual projects. Almost all engineering projects are obligated to a funding source: a company, a set of investors, or a government. The types of engineering that are less const... | Wikipedia - Engineering - Social context | 341 | 2,083 | null |
Section: Social context > Code of ethics. Many engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large. The National Society of Professional Engineers code of ethics states: Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profes... | Wikipedia - Engineering - Social context > Code of ethics | 165 | 936 | null |
Section: Relationships with other disciplines > Science. Scientists study the world as it is; engineers create the world that has never been. There exists an overlap between the sciences and engineering practice; in engineering, one applies science. Both areas of endeavor rely on accurate observation of materials and p... | Wikipedia - Engineering - Relationships with other disciplines > Science | 344 | 1,989 | null |
But PhD physicists who specialize in sectors of engineering physics and applied physics are titled as Technology officer, R&D Engineers and System Engineers. An example of this is the use of numerical approximations to the Navier–Stokes equations to describe aerodynamic flow over an aircraft, or the use of the finite e... | Wikipedia - Engineering - Relationships with other disciplines > Science | 305 | 1,647 | null |
Section: Relationships with other disciplines > Medicine and biology. The study of the human body, albeit from different directions and for different purposes, is an important common link between medicine and some engineering disciplines. Medicine aims to sustain, repair, enhance and even replace functions of the human... | Wikipedia - Engineering - Relationships with other disciplines > Medicine and biology | 327 | 1,898 | null |
Section: Relationships with other disciplines > Business. Business engineering deals with the relationship between professional engineering, IT systems, business administration and change management. Engineering management or "Management engineering" is a specialized field of management concerned with engineering pract... | Wikipedia - Engineering - Relationships with other disciplines > Business | 268 | 1,837 | null |
Section: Branches of engineering. Applied engineering – application of management, design, and technical skills for the design and integration of systems, the execution of new product designs, the improvement of manufacturing processes, and the management and direction of physical and/or technical functions of a firm o... | Wikipedia - Outline of engineering - Branches of engineering | 300 | 2,239 | null |
Packaging engineering Biological engineering Agricultural engineering Bionics Genetic engineering Biomedical engineering Metabolic engineering Neural engineering Tissue engineering Civil engineering Environmental engineering Architectural engineering Construction engineering Geotechnical engineering Transportation engi... | Wikipedia - Outline of engineering - Branches of engineering | 349 | 2,715 | null |
It is broken into two major and overlapping branches: Aeronautical engineering – deals with craft that stay within Earth's atmosphere Astronautical engineering – deals with craft that operate outside of Earth's atmosphere Automotive engineering (automotive systems engineering) Manufacturing engineering Marine engineeri... | Wikipedia - Outline of engineering - Branches of engineering | 203 | 1,374 | null |
Article: Aerospike engine. The aerospike engine is a type of rocket engine that maintains its aerodynamic efficiency across a wide range of altitudes. It belongs to the class of altitude compensating nozzle engines. Aerospike engines were proposed for many single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) designs. They were a contender for... | Wikipedia - Aerospike engine - Summary | 166 | 736 | null |
Section: Principles. The purpose of any engine bell is to direct the exhaust of a rocket engine in one direction, generating thrust in the opposite direction. The exhaust, a high-temperature mix of gases, has an effectively random momentum distribution (i.e., the exhaust pushes in any direction it can). If the exhaust ... | Wikipedia - Aerospike engine - Principles | 349 | 1,710 | null |
The idea behind the aerospike design is that at low altitude the ambient pressure compresses the exhaust against the spike. Exhaust recirculation in the base zone of the spike can raise the pressure in that zone to nearly ambient. Since the pressure in front of the vehicle is ambient, this means that the exhaust at the... | Wikipedia - Aerospike engine - Principles | 294 | 1,419 | null |
Section: Principles > Variations. Several versions of the design exist, differentiated by their shapes. In the toroidal aerospike the spike is bowl-shaped with the exhaust exiting in a ring around the outer rim. In theory this requires an infinitely long spike for best efficiency, but a similar effect can be achieved b... | Wikipedia - Aerospike engine - Principles > Variations | 159 | 792 | null |
Section: Performance. Rocketdyne conducted a lengthy series of tests in the 1960s on various designs. Later models of these engines were based on their highly reliable J-2 engine machinery and provided the same sort of thrust levels as the conventional engines they were based on; 200,000 lbf (890 kN) in the J-2T-200k, ... | Wikipedia - Aerospike engine - Performance | 329 | 1,283 | null |
The RS-2200 was to power the VentureStar single-stage-to-orbit vehicle. In the latest design, seven RS-2200s producing 542,000 pounds-force (2,410 kN) each would boost the VentureStar into low Earth orbit. The development on the RS-2200 was formally halted in early 2001 when the X-33 program did not receive Space Launc... | Wikipedia - Aerospike engine - Performance | 320 | 1,467 | null |
Further progress came in March 2004 when two successful tests sponsored by the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center using high-power rockets manufactured by Blacksky Corporation, based in Carlsbad, California. The aerospike nozzles and solid rocket motors were developed and built by the rocket motor division of Cesaroni ... | Wikipedia - Aerospike engine - Performance | 220 | 1,050 | null |
Section: Implementations > Firefly Aerospace. In July 2014 Firefly Space Systems announced its planned Alpha launcher that uses an aerospike engine for its first stage. Intended for the small satellite launch market, it is designed to launch satellites into low-Earth orbit (LEO) at a price of US$8–9 million, much lower... | Wikipedia - Aerospike engine - Implementations > Firefly Aerospace | 238 | 1,083 | null |
Section: Implementations > ARCA Space. In March 2017 ARCA Space Corporation announced their intention to build a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) rocket, named Haas 2CA, using a linear aerospike engine. The rocket is designed to send up to 100 kg into low-Earth orbit, at a price of US$1 million per launch. They later annou... | Wikipedia - Aerospike engine - Implementations > ARCA Space | 235 | 1,008 | null |
Section: Implementations > Polaris Spaceplanes. The Bremen-based German startup POLARIS Raumflugzeuge GmbH received a Bundeswehr contract to design and flight test a linear aerospike engine in April 2023. The company is set to test this new engine on board of its fourth spaceplane demonstrator, DEMO-4 MIRA, in late 202... | Wikipedia - Aerospike engine - Implementations > Polaris Spaceplanes | 309 | 1,370 | null |
Article: Asset management. Asset management is a systematic approach to the governance and realization of all value for which a group or entity is responsible. It may apply both to tangible assets (physical objects such as complex process or manufacturing plants, infrastructure, buildings or equipment) and to intangibl... | Wikipedia - Asset management - Summary | 326 | 1,802 | null |
Section: By industry > Financial asset management. The most frequent usage of the term portfolio manager (asset manager) refers to investment management, the sector of the financial services industry that manages investment funds and segregated client accounts. Asset management is part of a financial company that emplo... | Wikipedia - Asset management - By industry > Financial asset management | 234 | 1,332 | null |
Section: By industry > Physical and Infrastructure asset management. Physical and Infrastructure asset management is the combination of management, financial, economic, engineering, and other practices applied to physical assets to provide the best value level of service for the costs involved. It includes the manageme... | Wikipedia - Asset management - By industry > Physical and Infrastructure asset management | 309 | 1,753 | null |
Section: By industry > Engineering asset management. Engineering asset management is a more recent term that is used to describe the management of complex physical assets, a specific engineering practice that is concerned with optimizing assets, in the context of the organizations goals and objectives, through using mu... | Wikipedia - Asset management - By industry > Engineering asset management | 179 | 1,088 | null |
Section: By industry > Natural asset companies. In September 2021, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Intrinsic Exchange Group (IEG) jointly announced the development of natural asset companies (NACs), a new class of publicly tradable securities that hold rights to, and manage the productivity and ecological benefi... | Wikipedia - Asset management - By industry > Natural asset companies | 309 | 1,579 | null |
Section: By industry > ISO standard for asset management. The International Organization for Standardization published its management system standard for asset management in 2014. The ISO 55000 series provides terminology, requirements, and guidance for implementing, maintaining and improving an effective asset managem... | Wikipedia - Asset management - By industry > ISO standard for asset management | 302 | 1,829 | null |
Section: By industry > Enterprise asset management. Enterprise asset management (EAM) systems are asset information systems that support the management of an organization's assets. An EAM includes an asset registry (inventory of assets and their attributes) combined with a computerized maintenance management system (CM... | Wikipedia - Asset management - By industry > Enterprise asset management | 278 | 1,509 | null |
Section: Intellectual and non-physical asset management. Increasingly both consumers and organizations use assets, e.g. software, music, books, etc. where the user's rights are constrained by a license agreement. An asset management system would identify the constraints upon such licenses, e.g. a period. If, for exampl... | Wikipedia - Asset management - Intellectual and non-physical asset management | 176 | 900 | null |
Article: Bug (engineering). In engineering, a bug is a design defect in an engineered system that causes an undesired result. Although used exclusively to describe a technical issue, bug is a non-technical term; applicable without technical understanding of the system. The term bug applies exclusively to a system that ... | Wikipedia - Bug (engineering) - Summary | 205 | 1,002 | null |
Section: History. The Middle English word bugge is the basis for the terms bugbear and bugaboo as terms used for a monster. The term bug to describe a defect has been engineering jargon since at least as far back as the 1870s – long before electronic computers and computer software. For instance, Thomas Edison wrote th... | Wikipedia - Bug (engineering) - History | 282 | 1,269 | null |
In the 1940 film, Flight Command, a defect in a piece of direction-finding gear is called a bug. In a book published in 1942, Louise Dickinson Rich, speaking of a powered ice cutting machine, said, "Ice sawing was suspended until the creator could be brought in to take the bugs out of his darling." Isaac Asimov used th... | Wikipedia - Bug (engineering) - History | 318 | 1,516 | null |
Section: "It's not a bug, it's a feature". Since bug implies undesirable behavior, calling a behavior a bug is subjective. Behavior which is considered a bug by some may be considered a useful feature by others, hence a common phrase is "It's not a bug, it's a feature" (INABIAF). This quip is recorded in The Jargon Fil... | Wikipedia - Bug (engineering) - "It's not a bug, it's a feature" | 161 | 696 | null |
Section: Setup. In the physical setup, the cell is compact with a large electrode surface area to reduce the influence of fouling and to ensure stability. It includes insulated and grounded components to maintain measurement integrity. The entire assembly is cast or sealed to prevent leaks, especially when dealing with... | Wikipedia - Conductivity cell - Setup | 190 | 1,055 | null |
Section: Mathematical measurement. Conductivity cell: The cell constant is a characteristic of a conductivity cell, defined by the geometry of the electrodes and the distance between them. It is calculated using the formula: K = L / A {\displaystyle K=L/A} 2. Conductivity is determined by the product of the conductance... | Wikipedia - Conductivity cell - Mathematical measurement | 209 | 864 | null |
Article: Design for inspection. Design for inspection (DFI) is an engineering principle that proposes that inspection methods and measurement instruments used to certify manufacturing conformity, should be considered early in the design of products. Production processes should be designed in such a way that features of... | Wikipedia - Design for inspection - Summary | 327 | 1,928 | null |
The concept of DFI should complement and work in collaboration with DFM and DFA. There are three key areas when considering DFI, datum selection, tolerances and accessibility, plus general metrology considerations. Getting the most from inspection techniques will help improve quality. It is still difficult for systems ... | Wikipedia - Design for inspection - Summary | 262 | 1,409 | null |
Article: Energy and environmental engineering. The Energy and Environmental Engineering field seeks to conserve and maintain the natural environment by using efficient sources of energy. Energy and environmental engineers are continually searching for solutions to emerging, environment-related issues such as erosion, w... | Wikipedia - Energy and environmental engineering - Summary | 322 | 1,936 | null |
Section: Probabilistic model > Virtual age. The G-renewal process is introduced by Kijima and Sumita through the notion of the virtual age. y i = q t i {\displaystyle y_{i}=qt_{i}} where: t i {\displaystyle t_{i}} and y i {\displaystyle y_{i}} is real and virtual age (respectively) of the system at/after the ith repair... | Wikipedia - Generalized renewal process - Probabilistic model > Virtual age | 302 | 1,223 | null |
Section: Probabilistic model > G-renewal equation. Mathematically, the G-renewal process is quantified through the solution of the G-renewal equation: W ( t ) = ∫ 0 t ( g ( τ ∣ 0 ) + ∫ 0 τ w ( x ) ⋅ ( g ( τ − x ∣ x ) d x ) d τ {\displaystyle W(t)=\int _{0}^{t}(g(\tau \mid 0)+\int _{0}^{\tau }w(x)\cdot (g(\tau -x\mid x)... | Wikipedia - Generalized renewal process - Probabilistic model > G-renewal equation | 348 | 947 | null |
Section: Statistical estimation > Monte Carlo approach. The nonlinear LSQ estimation of the G–renewal process was first offered by Kaminskiy & Krivtsov. A random inter-arrival time from a parameterized G-Renewal process is given by: X i = F − 1 ( 1 − U i [ 1 − F ( q S i − 1 ) ] ) − q S i − 1 {\displaystyle X_{i}=F^{-1}... | Wikipedia - Generalized renewal process - Statistical estimation > Monte Carlo approach | 216 | 682 | null |
Section: Statistical estimation > Regularization method in estimating GRP parameters. The estimation of G–renewal process parameters is an ill–posed inverse problem, and therefore, the solution may not be unique and is sensitive to the input data. Krivtsov & Yevkin suggested first to estimate the underlying distributio... | Wikipedia - Generalized renewal process - Statistical estimation > Regularization method in estimating GRP parameters | 158 | 817 | null |
Section: A. Absolute electrode potentialIn electrochemistry, according to an IUPAC definition, is the electrode potential of a metal measured with respect to a universal reference system (without any additional metal–solution interface). Absolute pressureis zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, using an absolute sc... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 332 | 1,653 | null |
AccelerationThe rate at which the velocity of a body changes with time, and the direction in which that change is acting. AcidA molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid). Acid–base reactionA chemic... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 331 | 1,696 | null |
The energy source input is typically either an electric current, hydraulic pressure, or pneumatic pressure. An actuator can be the final element of a control loop Adenosine triphosphateA complex organic chemical that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, e.g. muscle contraction, nerve impulse propaga... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 335 | 1,721 | null |
has an infinite effective focal length. Agricultural engineeringThe profession of designing machinery, processes, and systems for use in agriculture. AlbedoA measure of the fraction of light reflected from an astronomical body or other object. AlkaneAn alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other meanings... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 331 | 1,629 | null |
Alternative hypothesisIn statistical hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis (or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis) and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis test. In the domain of science two rival hypotheses can be compared by explanatory pow... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 343 | 1,488 | null |
AmplifierA device that replicates a signal with increased power. AmplitudeThe amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change over a single period (such as time or spatial period). There are various definitions of amplitude, which are all functions of the magnitude of the difference between the variable's e... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 343 | 1,640 | null |
how fast the earth orbits the sun). It is measured in angle per unit time, radians per second in SI units, and is usually represented by the symbol omega (ω, sometimes Ω). By convention, positive angular velocity indicates counter-clockwise rotation, while negative is clockwise. Anionis an ion with more electrons than ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 325 | 1,663 | null |
The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. Anti-gravityAnti-gravity (also known as non-gravitational field) is a theory of creating a place or object that is free from the force of gravity. It does not refer to the lack of weight under ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 341 | 1,795 | null |
Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics. It was formulated by Archimedes of Syracuse Area moment of inertiaThe 2nd moment of area, also known as moment of inertia of plane area, area moment of inertia, or second area moment, is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its po... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 339 | 1,614 | null |
In contrast, aliphatic hydrocarbons lack this delocalization. The term aromatic was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered; the term was coined as such simply because many of the compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 350 | 1,763 | null |
Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 345 | 1,775 | null |
An incomplete initial austenitization can leave undissolved carbides in the matrix. For some irons, iron-based metals, and steels, the presence of carbides may occur during the austenitization step. The term commonly used for this is two-phase austenitization. Automationis the technology by which a process or procedure... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - A | 273 | 1,436 | null |
Section: B. BarometerA device for measuring pressure. BatteryElectrochemical cells that transform chemical energy into electricity. BaseIn chemistry, bases are substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change the color of indicators (e.... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - B | 334 | 1,523 | null |
When one end of the belt is being pulled only part of this force is transmitted to the other end wrapped about a surface. The friction force increases with the amount of wrap about a surface and makes it so the tension in the belt can be different at both ends of the belt. Belt friction can be modeled by the Belt frict... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - B | 290 | 1,496 | null |
It may be used to compare potential (or completed) courses of actions; or estimate (or evaluate) the value against costs of a single decision, project, or policy. Bernoulli differential equationIn mathematics, an ordinary differential equation of the form: y ′ + P ( x ) y = Q ( x ) y n {\displaystyle y'+P(x)y=Q(x)y^{n}... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - B | 330 | 1,368 | null |
Although Bernoulli deduced that pressure decreases when the flow speed increases, it was Leonhard Euler who derived Bernoulli's equation in its usual form in 1752. The principle is only applicable for isentropic flows: when the effects of irreversible processes (like turbulence) and non-adiabatic processes (e.g. heat r... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - B | 327 | 1,459 | null |
The binomial distribution is the basis for the popular binomial test of statistical significance. BiocatalysisBiocatalysis refers to the use of living (biological) systems or their parts to speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions. In biocatalytic processes, natural catalysts, such as enzymes, perform chemical transforma... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - B | 331 | 1,796 | null |
Biophysical research shares significant overlap with biochemistry, molecular biology, physical chemistry, physiology, nanotechnology, bioengineering, computational biology, biomechanics and systems biology. Biot numberThe Biot number (Bi) is a dimensionless quantity used in heat transfer calculations. It is named after... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - B | 349 | 1,784 | null |
Boiling-point elevationBoiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure so... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - B | 307 | 1,333 | null |
The name boson was coined by Paul Dirac to commemorate the contribution of Indian physicist and professor of physics at University of Calcutta and at University of Dhaka, Satyendra Nath Bose in developing, with Albert Einstein, Bose–Einstein statistics—which theorizes the characteristics of elementary particles. Boyle'... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - B | 340 | 1,433 | null |
This discrete set of vectors must be closed under vector addition and subtraction. For any choice of position vector R, the lattice looks exactly the same. Brayton cycleA thermodynamic cycle model for an ideal heat engine, in which heat is added or removed at constant pressure; approximated by a gas turbine. Break-even... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - B | 332 | 1,580 | null |
Brittle materials include most ceramics and glasses (which do not deform plastically) and some polymers, such as PMMA and polystyrene. Many steels become brittle at low temperatures (see ductile–brittle transition temperature), depending on their composition and processing. BromideAny chemical substance made up of brom... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - B | 337 | 1,555 | null |
In nature, there are many systems that use buffering for pH regulation. Bulk modulusThe bulk modulus ( K {\displaystyle K} or B {\displaystyle B} ) of a substance is a measure of how resistant to compression that substance is. It is defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative d... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - B | 191 | 871 | null |
Section: C. CalculusThe mathematics of change. CapacitanceThe ability of a body to store electrical charge. Capacitive reactanceThe impedance of a capacitor in an alternating current circuit, the opposition to current flow. CapacitorAn electrical component that stores energy in an electric field. Capillary actionCapill... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 345 | 1,601 | null |
He is known for his two theorems. The basic concept is that a change in energy is equal to the causing force times the resulting displacement. Therefore, the causing force is equal to the change in energy divided by the resulting displacement. Alternatively, the resulting displacement is equal to the change in energy d... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 339 | 1,676 | null |
Cell theoryIn biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 345 | 1,871 | null |
The computer industry has used the term central processing unit at least since the early 1960s. Traditionally, the term CPU refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O circuit... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 345 | 1,686 | null |
The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" or "primary bonds" such as covalent, ionic and metallic bonds, and "weak... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 331 | 1,793 | null |
Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction. C... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 344 | 1,770 | null |
It can be uniform, with constant angular rate of rotation and constant speed, or non-uniform with a changing rate of rotation. The rotation around a fixed axis of a three-dimensional body involves circular motion of its parts. The equations of motion describe the movement of the center of mass of a body. Civil engineer... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 179 | 843 | null |
The Clausius–Clapeyron relation gives the slope of the tangents to this curve. Mathematically, d P d T = L T Δ v = Δ s Δ v , {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} P}{\mathrm {d} T}}={\frac {L}{T\,\Delta v}}={\frac {\Delta s}{\Delta v}},} where d P / d T {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} P/\mathrm {d} T} is the slope of the tange... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 212 | 644 | null |
Clausius inequality. Clausius theoremThe Clausius theorem (1855) states that a system exchanging heat with external reservoirs and undergoing a cyclic process, is one that ultimately returns a system to its original state, ∮ δ Q T s u r r ≤ 0 , {\displaystyle \oint {\frac {\delta Q}{T_{surr}}}\leq 0,} where δ Q {\displ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 350 | 1,474 | null |
Coefficient of performanceThe coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP or CoP) of a heat pump, refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work required. Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1, especially in heat pumps, because, inst... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 345 | 1,719 | null |
It contains several distinct concepts, which are limiting cases that never quite occur in reality but allow an understanding of the physics of waves, and has become a very important concept in quantum physics. More generally, coherence describes all properties of the correlation between physical quantities of a single ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 348 | 1,776 | null |
CompilerA computer program that translates a high-level language into machine language. Compressive strengthCompressive strength or compression strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size, as opposed to tensile strength, which withstands loads tending to elongate. In ot... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 319 | 1,729 | null |
Computer-aided engineeringComputer-aided engineering (CAE) is the broad usage of computer software to aid in engineering analysis tasks. It includes finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), multibody dynamics (MBD), durability and optimization. Computer-aided manufacturingComputer-aided manufa... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 345 | 1,668 | null |
A lens with one convex and one concave side is convex-concave or meniscus. Condensed matter physicsis the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter. In particular it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of constituents in a system ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 349 | 1,758 | null |
Because some acids are capable of releasing multiple protons, the conjugate base of an acid may itself be acidic. Conjugate baseA conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a species formed by the reception of a proton (H+) by a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it. On t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 324 | 1,556 | null |
It is particularly simple and powerful when applied to a conserved quantity, but it can be generalized to apply to any extensive quantity. Since mass, energy, momentum, electric charge and other natural quantities are conserved under their respective appropriate conditions, a variety of physical phenomena may be descri... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 349 | 1,806 | null |
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