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Corrosion engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and stopping corrosion. Cosmic raysCosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System. CoulombThe coulomb (symbol: C) is the International System of Units (SI) unit of electric charge. It is the charge (symbol: Q or q) transport... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 323 | 1,100 | null |
This would implicitly define the coulomb as 1⁄0.1602176634×1018 elementary charges. Coulomb's lawCoulomb's law, or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics for quantifying Coulomb's force, or electrostatic force. Electrostatic force is the amount of force with which stationary, electrically charged particles e... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 339 | 1,225 | null |
Being an inverse-square law, the law is analogous to Isaac Newton's inverse-square law of universal gravitation. Coulomb's law can be used to derive Gauss's law, and vice versa. Covalent bondA covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Croo... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - C | 340 | 1,573 | null |
Section: D. Dalton's lawIn chemistry and physics, Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. Damped vibrationAny vibration with a force acting against it to ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - D | 335 | 1,603 | null |
The movement or displacement of such mobile defects is thermally activated, and thus limited by the rate of atomic diffusion. Deformation (mechanics)Deformation in continuum mechanics is the transformation of a body from a reference configuration to a current configuration. A configuration is a set containing the posit... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - D | 208 | 1,064 | null |
De Moivre–Laplace theoremIn probability theory, the de Moivre–Laplace theorem, which is a special case of the central limit theorem, states that the normal distribution may be used as an approximation to the binomial distribution under certain conditions. In particular, the theorem shows that the probability mass funct... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - D | 311 | 1,247 | null |
Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: ρ = m V {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}} where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume, although this is scien... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - D | 349 | 1,620 | null |
The magnetic permeability of diamagnetic materials is less than μ0, the permeability of vacuum. In most materials diamagnetism is a weak effect which can only be detected by sensitive laboratory instruments, but a superconductor acts as a strong diamagnet because it repels a magnetic field entirely from its interior. D... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - D | 343 | 1,790 | null |
Direct integration of a beamDirect integration is a structural analysis method for measuring internal shear, internal moment, rotation, and deflection of a beam. For a beam with an applied weight w ( x ) {\displaystyle w(x)} , taking downward to be positive, the internal shear force is given by taking the negative inte... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - D | 336 | 1,029 | null |
For a beam with an applied weight w ( x ) {\displaystyle w(x)} , taking downward to be positive, the internal shear force is given by taking the negative integral of the weight: V ( x ) = − ∫ w ( x ) d x {\displaystyle V(x)=-\int w(x)\,dx} The internal moment M(x) is the integral of the internal shear: M ( x ) = ∫ V ( ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - D | 342 | 1,047 | null |
Media having this common property may be termed dispersive media. Sometimes the term chromatic dispersion is used for specificity. Although the term is used in the field of optics to describe light and other electromagnetic waves, dispersion in the same sense can apply to any sort of wave motion such as acoustic disper... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - D | 321 | 1,585 | null |
It is named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who described the phenomenon in 1842. Dose–response relationshipThe dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship, describes the magnitude of the response of an organism, as a function of exposure (or doses) to a stimulus or stressor (usually a... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - D | 334 | 1,726 | null |
Section: E. EconomicsThe scientific study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods. EffusionIn physics and chemistry, effusion is the process in which a gas escapes from a container through a hole of diameter considerably smaller than the mean free path of the molecules. Elastic modulusThe amount a mate... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 317 | 1,599 | null |
It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in an ionised gas (plasma). The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere, which is the flow of electric charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric current is measured using a device called... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 342 | 1,681 | null |
Electric field gradientIn atomic, molecular, and solid-state physics, the electric field gradient (EFG) measures the rate of change of the electric field at an atomic nucleus generated by the electronic charge distribution and the other nuclei. Electric motoris an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 326 | 1,796 | null |
An object may have electric potential energy by virtue of two key elements: its own electric charge and its relative position to other electrically charged objects. The term "electric potential energy" is used to describe the potential energy in systems with time-variant electric fields, while the term "electrostatic p... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 340 | 1,865 | null |
Electrical impedanceis the measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied. The term complex impedance may be used interchangeably. Electrical insulatoris a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely; very little electric current will flow through it under the i... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 343 | 1,748 | null |
Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S). ElectricityIs the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property o... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 343 | 1,769 | null |
The electromagnetic field propagates at the speed of light (in fact, this field can be identified as light) and interacts with charges and currents. Its quantum counterpart is one of the four fundamental forces of nature (the others are gravitation, weak interaction and strong interaction.) Electromagnetic radiationIn ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 336 | 1,756 | null |
Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value, expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant, ħ. Being fermions, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle. Like all elementary particles, e... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 338 | 1,606 | null |
ElectronegativitySymbolized as χ, is the measurement of the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons (or electron density). An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The higher the associated electr... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 344 | 1,672 | null |
It may be a chemical process, such as dissolving ammonium nitrate in water, or a physical process, such as the melting of ice cubes. EnergyIn physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object. Energy is a conserved quantity; the law of... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 335 | 1,709 | null |
The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics, applied science, and types of application. The term engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning "cleverness" and ingeniare, meanin... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 318 | 1,718 | null |
As a scholarly discipline, it is closely related to subjects such as the philosophy of science, the philosophy of engineering, and the ethics of technology. Environmental engineeringIs a job type that is a professional engineering discipline and takes from broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geolo... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 348 | 1,827 | null |
There are point and interval estimators. The point estimators yield single-valued results, although this includes the possibility of single vector-valued results and results that can be expressed as a single function. This is in contrast to an interval estimator, where the result would be a range of plausible values (o... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - E | 349 | 1,615 | null |
Section: F. Factor of safety(FoS), also known as (and used interchangeably with) safety factor (SF), expresses how much stronger a system is than it needs to be for an intended load. Falling bodies. Farad The farad (symbol: F) is the SI derived unit of electrical capacitance, the ability of a body to store an electrica... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - F | 325 | 1,281 | null |
This relation holds because the amount of charge of a mole of electrons is equal to the amount of charge in one electron multiplied by the number of electrons in a mole. Fermat's principleIn optics, Fermat's principle, or the principle of least time, named after French mathematician Pierre de Fermat, is the principle t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - F | 350 | 1,696 | null |
To solve a problem, the FEM subdivides a large system into smaller, simpler parts that are called finite elements. This is achieved by a particular space discretization in the space dimensions, which is implemented by the construction of a mesh of the object: the numerical domain for the solution, which has a finite nu... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - F | 337 | 1,779 | null |
It is also called velocity field; when evaluated along a line, it is called a velocity profile (as in, e.g., law of the wall). FluidIn physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external force. Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids, gases, and plasmas. ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - F | 323 | 1,506 | null |
FlywheelIs a mechanical device specifically designed to use the conservation of angular momentum so as to efficiently store rotational energy; a form of kinetic energy proportional to the product of its moment of inertia and the square of its rotational speed. In particular, if we assume the flywheel's moment of inerti... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - F | 350 | 1,679 | null |
Fracture toughnessIn materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. A component's thickness affects the constraint conditions at the tip of a crack with thin components having plane stress conditions and... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - F | 344 | 1,721 | null |
Frequency modulationFrequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and computing. Freezing pointThe melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a sub... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - F | 334 | 1,765 | null |
Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a viscous fluid that are moving relative to each other. Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid surfaces. Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the motion of a fluid across the surface of a bo... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - F | 323 | 1,663 | null |
In this context, the zeroth harmonic would be 0 Hz.) Fundamental interactionIn physics, the fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions that do not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions. There are four fundamental interactions known to exist: the gravitational and electr... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - F | 336 | 1,765 | null |
Section: G. Galvanic cellA galvanic cell or voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani or Alessandro Volta, respectively, is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two different metals immersed in electrolytes, or of in... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - G | 337 | 1,633 | null |
Geiger counterIs an instrument used for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation. Also known as a Geiger–Muller counter (or Geiger–Müller counter), it is widely used in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics, and the nuclear industry. General relativityGeneral relativi... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - G | 228 | 1,207 | null |
Geometric meanIn mathematics, the geometric mean is a mean or average, which indicates the central tendency or typical value of a set of numbers by using the product of their values (as opposed to the arithmetic mean which uses their sum). The geometric mean is defined as the nth root of the product of n numbers, i.e.,... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - G | 325 | 1,293 | null |
The term geophysics sometimes refers only to geological applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizatio... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - G | 321 | 1,635 | null |
This is unlike the photon, which mediates the electromagnetic interaction but lacks an electric charge. Gluons therefore participate in the strong interaction in addition to mediating it, making QCD significantly harder to analyze than quantum electrodynamics (QED). Graham's lawGraham's law of effusion (also called Gra... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - G | 346 | 1,479 | null |
Gravitational energyGravitational energy or gravitational potential energy is the potential energy a massive object has in relation to another massive object due to gravity. It is the potential energy associated with the gravitational field, which is released (converted into kinetic energy) when the objects fall toward... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - G | 348 | 1,495 | null |
Thus, a gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena, and is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg). In its original concept, gravity was a force between point masses. Following Isaac Newton, Pierre-Simon Laplace attempted to model gravity as some kind of radiation field or fluid, and since the 19th ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - G | 317 | 1,656 | null |
It may also be used for solving the electrostatic and magnetostatic fields generated by uniformly charged or polarized ellipsoidal bodies. Gravitational waveGravitational waves are disturbances in the curvature of spacetime, generated by accelerated masses, that propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - G | 343 | 1,787 | null |
Section: H. Half-lifeThe period at which one-half of a quantity of an unstable isotope has decayed into other elements; the time at which half of a substance has diffused out of or otherwise reacted in a system. HapticTactile feedback technology using the operator's sense of touch. Also sometimes applied to robot manip... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - H | 329 | 1,455 | null |
As a simple example, the harmonic mean of 1, 4, and 4 is ( 1 − 1 + 4 − 1 + 4 − 1 3 ) − 1 = 3 1 1 + 1 4 + 1 4 = 3 1.5 = 2 . {\displaystyle \left({\frac {1^{-1}+4^{-1}+4^{-1}}{3}}\right)^{-1}={\frac {3}{{\frac {1}{1}}+{\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{4}}}}={\frac {3}{1.5}}=2\,.} HeatIn thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - H | 295 | 974 | null |
While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system. Helmholtz free energyIn thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy (or Helmholtz energy) is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant tempera... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - H | 314 | 1,217 | null |
The numerical value of the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of the acid is known or assumed. The pH is calculated for given values of the concentrations of the acid, HA and of a salt, MA, of its conjugate base, A−; for example, the solution may contain acetic acid and sodium acetate. Henry's lawIn physical chemistry, He... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - H | 342 | 1,525 | null |
Today, there are a few governing bodies for the North American overhead hoist industry which include the Hoist Manufactures Institute (HMI), ASME, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). HMI is a product counsel of the Material Handling Industry of America consisting of hoist manufacturers promoti... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - H | 272 | 1,301 | null |
Section: I. Ice pointThe freezing point of pure water at one atmosphere; 0°C (32°F). Ideal gasA model for gases that ignores intermolecular forces. Most gases are approximately ideal at some high temperature and low pressure. Ideal gas constantThe constant in the gas law that relates pressure, volume and temperature. I... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - I | 333 | 1,465 | null |
IdentityIn mathematics, an identity is an equality relating one mathematical expression A to another mathematical expression B, such that A and B (which might contain some variables) produce the same value for all values of the variables within a certain range of validity. In other words, A = B is an identity if A and ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - I | 316 | 1,369 | null |
Inclined planes are widely used to move heavy loads over vertical obstacles; examples vary from a ramp used to load goods into a truck, to a person walking up a pedestrian ramp, to an automobile or railroad train climbing a grade. Indefinite integralA function whose derivative is a given function; an antiderivative.Ind... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - I | 337 | 1,643 | null |
An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil. Industrial engineeringIs an engineering profession that is concerned with the optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations by developing, improving and implementing integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information and equi... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - I | 339 | 1,803 | null |
The process of finding integrals is called integration. Along with differentiation, integration is a fundamental operation of calculus, and serves as a tool to solve problems in mathematics and physics involving the area of an arbitrary shape, the length of a curve, and the volume of a solid, among others. Integral tra... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - I | 341 | 1,746 | null |
The seven base units and the 22 derived units with special names and symbols may be used in combination to express other derived units, which are adopted to facilitate measurement of diverse quantities. The SI system also provides twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying power... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - I | 348 | 1,792 | null |
It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, including catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medications, fuels, and agriculture.IonIs a particle, atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of the electron is considered negative by convention. The negative charge... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - I | 314 | 1,479 | null |
In simpler words, an ionic bond results from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in order to obtain a full valence shell for both atoms. IonizationIonization or ionisation is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conj... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - I | 225 | 1,171 | null |
Section: J. J/psi mesonThe J/ψ (J/psi) meson or psion is a subatomic particle, a flavor-neutral meson consisting of a charm quark and a charm antiquark. Mesons formed by a bound state of a charm quark and a charm anti-quark are generally known as "charmonium". The J/ψ is the most common form of charmonium, due to its s... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - J | 328 | 1,237 | null |
Section: K. Kalman filterIn statistics and control theory, Kalman filtering, also known as linear quadratic estimation (LQE), is an algorithm that uses a series of measurements observed over time, containing statistical noise and other inaccuracies, and produces estimates of unknown variables that tend to be more accur... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - K | 282 | 1,397 | null |
Section: L. Laminar flowIn fluid dynamics, laminar flow is characterized by fluid particles following smooth paths in layers, with each layer moving smoothly past the adjacent layers with little or no mixing. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another l... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - L | 339 | 1,645 | null |
The principle is named after French chemist Henry Louis Le Chatelier, and sometimes also credited to Karl Ferdinand Braun, who discovered it independently. It can be stated as: When any system at equilibrium for a long period of time is subjected to a change in concentration, temperature, volume, or pressure, (1) the s... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - L | 334 | 1,582 | null |
LeptonIn particle physics, a lepton is an elementary particle of half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) that does not undergo strong interactions. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Charged leptons can combine with other p... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - L | 328 | 1,412 | null |
Although the rule is often attributed to L'Hôpital, the theorem was first introduced to him in 1694 by the Swiss mathematician Johann Bernoulli. L'Hôpital's rule states that for functions f and g which are differentiable on an open interval I except possibly at a point c contained in I, if lim x → c f ( x ) = lim x → c... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - L | 339 | 884 | null |
{\displaystyle \lim _{x\to c}{\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}=\lim _{x\to c}{\frac {f'(x)}{g'(x)}}.} The differentiation of the numerator and denominator often simplifies the quotient or converts it to a limit that can be evaluated directly. LightLight or visible light is electromagnetic radiation within the portion of the electro... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - L | 328 | 1,465 | null |
It is a simplification of the more general nonlinear theory of elasticity and a branch of continuum mechanics. LiquidA liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. As such, it is one of the four fundamental states of ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - L | 319 | 1,390 | null |
In the simplest case, the logarithm counts the number of occurrences of the same factor in repeated multiplication; e.g., since 1000 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 103, the "logarithm base 10" of 1000 is 3, or log10(1000) = 3. The logarithm of x to base b is denoted as logb(x), or without parentheses, logb x, or even without the exp... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - L | 328 | 1,125 | null |
The logarithm base 10 (that is b=10) is called the decimal or common logarithm and is commonly used in science and engineering. The natural logarithm has the number e (that is b ≈ 2.718) as its base; its use is widespread in mathematics and physics, because of its simpler integral and derivative. The binary logarithm u... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - L | 331 | 1,494 | null |
This approximation is useful to simplify otherwise complex differential heat equations. It was developed as a mathematical analog of electrical capacitance, although it also includes thermal analogs of electrical resistance as well. Lumped element modelThe lumped-element model (also called lumped-parameter model, or lu... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: A–L - L | 183 | 996 | null |
Section: M. Macaulay's method(The double integration method) is a technique used in structural analysis to determine the deflection of Euler-Bernoulli beams. Use of Macaulay's technique is very convenient for cases of discontinuous and/or discrete loading. Typically partial uniformly distributed loads (u.d.l.) and unif... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 316 | 1,532 | null |
Machine elementor hardware, refers to an elementary component of a machine. These elements consist of three basic types: structural components such as frame members, bearings, axles, splines, fasteners, seals, and lubricants, mechanisms that control movement in various ways such as gear trains, belt or chain drives, li... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 343 | 1,807 | null |
For most common functions, the function and the sum of its Taylor series are equal near this point. Taylor's series are named after Brook Taylor, who introduced them in 1715. If zero is the point where the derivatives are considered, a Taylor series is also called a Maclaurin series, after Colin Maclaurin, who made ext... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 339 | 1,660 | null |
In the International System of Units, H, magnetic field strength, is measured in the SI base units of ampere per meter (A/m). B, magnetic flux density, is measured in tesla (in SI base units: kilogram per second2 per ampere), which is equivalent to newton per meter per ampere. H and B differ in how they account for mag... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 326 | 1,427 | null |
The prefix ferro- refers to iron, because permanent magnetism was first observed in lodestone, a form of natural iron ore called magnetite, Fe3O4. Manufacturing engineeringis a branch of professional engineering that shares many common concepts and ideas with other fields of engineering such as mechanical, chemical, el... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 304 | 1,587 | null |
The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: ρ = m V {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}} where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for instance,... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 314 | 1,385 | null |
It is approximately equal to the atomic (also known as isotopic) mass of the atom expressed in atomic mass units. Since protons and neutrons are both baryons, the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B of the nucleus (and also of the whole atom or ion). The mass number is different for each different isoto... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 327 | 1,496 | null |
The failure of a material is usually classified into brittle failure (fracture) or ductile failure (yield). Depending on the conditions (such as temperature, state of stress, loading rate) most materials can fail in a brittle or ductile manner or both. However, for most practical situations, a material may be classifie... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 335 | 1,820 | null |
As such, the field was long considered by academic institutions as a sub-field of these related fields. Beginning in the 1940s, materials science began to be more widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering, and major technical universities around the world created dedicated schools fo... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 319 | 1,887 | null |
The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics. More generally, optimization includes finding "best available" values of some objective function given a defined domain (or input), including a variety of different types of objective function... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 310 | 1,759 | null |
MatrixIn mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns, which is used to represent a mathematical object or a property of such an object. For example, [ 1 9 − 13 20 5 − 6 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&9&-13\\20&5&-6\end{bma... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 350 | 1,595 | null |
However it does not include massless particles such as photons, or other energy phenomena or waves such as light.: 21 Matter exists in various states (also known as phases). These include classical everyday phases such as solid, liquid, and gas – for example water exists as ice, liquid water, and gaseous steam – but ot... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 312 | 1,594 | null |
Known as electromagnetic radiation, these waves may occur at various wavelengths to produce a spectrum of light from radio waves to gamma rays. MeanThere are several kinds of mean in mathematics, especially in statistics: For a data set, the arithmetic mean, also known as average or arithmetic average, is a central val... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 339 | 1,473 | null |
. {\displaystyle \mu =\sum xp(x)....} . An analogous formula applies to the case of a continuous probability distribution. Not every probability distribution has a defined mean (see the Cauchy distribution for an example). Moreover, the mean can be infinite for some distributions. For a finite population, the populatio... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 348 | 1,839 | null |
Occasionally authors use central tendency to denote "the tendency of quantitative data to cluster around some central value." The central tendency of a distribution is typically contrasted with its dispersion or variability; dispersion and central tendency are the often characterized properties of distributions. Analys... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 345 | 1,878 | null |
At the input and output of the filter, transducers convert the electrical signal into, and then back from, these mechanical vibrations. Mechanical waveis a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium. While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of tran... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 337 | 1,748 | null |
Mechanismis a device that transforms input forces and movement into a desired set of output forces and movement. Mechanisms generally consist of moving components which may include: Gears and gear trains Belts and chain drives Cams and followers Linkages Friction devices, such as brakes or clutches Structural component... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 333 | 1,624 | null |
This occurs when the internal energy of the solid increases, typically by the application of heat or pressure, which increases the substance's temperature to the melting point. At the melting point, the ordering of ions or molecules in the solid breaks down to a less ordered state, and the solid melts to become a liqui... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 347 | 1,640 | null |
All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few hundredths of a microsecond. Heavier mesons decay to lighter mesons and ultimately to stable electrons, neutrinos and photons. Metallic bondingis a type of chemical bonding that arises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction elect... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 343 | 1,523 | null |
{\displaystyle M={\frac {\max x+\min x}{2}}.} The mid-range is closely related to the range, a measure of statistical dispersion defined as the difference between maximum and minimum values. The two measures are complementary in sense that if one knows the mid-range and the range, one can find the sample maximum and mi... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 253 | 1,080 | null |
Equivalently, it is the 25% trimmed mid-range or 25% midsummary; it is an L-estimator. MH ( X ) = Q 1 , 3 ( X ) ¯ = Q 1 ( X ) + Q 3 ( X ) 2 = P 25 ( X ) + P 75 ( X ) 2 = M 25 ( X ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {MH} (X)={\overline {Q_{1,3}(X)}}={\frac {Q_{1}(X)+Q_{3}(X)}{2}}={\frac {P_{25}(X)+P_{75}(X)}{2}}=M_{25}(X)}... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 333 | 863 | null |
The use of the term "hinge" for the lower or upper quartiles derives from John Tukey's work on exploratory data analysis in the late 1970s, and "midhinge" is a fairly modern term dating from around that time. The midhinge is slightly simpler to calculate than the trimean ( T M {\displaystyle TM} ), which originated in ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 328 | 1,176 | null |
A mining engineer may manage any phase of mining operations, from exploration and discovery of the mineral resources, through feasibility study, mine design, development of plans, production and operations to mine closure. Miller indicesMiller indices form a notation system in crystallography for planes in crystal (Bra... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 321 | 1,208 | null |
Miller indices are also used to designate reflections in X-ray crystallography. In this case the integers are not necessarily in lowest terms, and can be thought of as corresponding to planes spaced such that the reflections from adjacent planes would have a phase difference of exactly one wavelength (2π), regardless o... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 347 | 1,701 | null |
By contrast, industrial robots are usually more-or-less stationary, consisting of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and gripper assembly (or end effector), attached to a fixed surface. The joint-arm are controlled by linear actuator or servo motor or stepper motor. ModeThe mode is the value that appears most oft... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 293 | 1,280 | null |
The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress–strain curve in the elastic deformation region: A stiffer material will have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic modulus has the form: δ = def stress strain {\displaystyle \delta \ {\stackrel {\text{def}}{=}}\ {\frac {\text{stress}}{\text{strain}}}... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 337 | 1,405 | null |
It is an intrinsic property of the species. The SI unit of molar attenuation coefficient is the square metre per mole (m2/mol), but in practice, quantities are usually expressed in terms of M−1⋅cm−1 or L⋅mol−1⋅cm−1 (the latter two units are both equal to 0.1 m2/mol). In older literature, the cm2/mol is sometimes used; ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 330 | 1,366 | null |
Molar massIn chemistry, the molar mass of a chemical compound is defined as the mass of a sample of that compound divided by the amount of substance in that sample, measured in moles. It is the mass of 1 mole of the substance or 6.022×1023 particles, expressed in grams. The molar mass is a bulk, not molecular, property... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 335 | 1,662 | null |
This violates the definition that a molecule contain two or more atoms, since the noble gases are individual atoms. A molecule may be homonuclear, that is, it consists of atoms of one chemical element, as with two atoms in the oxygen molecule (O2); or it may be heteronuclear, a chemical compound composed of more than o... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 349 | 1,765 | null |
Multidisciplinary design optimization(MDO), is a field of engineering that uses optimization methods to solve design problems incorporating a number of disciplines. It is also known as multidisciplinary system design optimization (MSDO). MDO allows designers to incorporate all relevant disciplines simultaneously. The o... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - M | 283 | 1,292 | null |
Section: N. Nanoengineeringis the practice of engineering on the nanoscale. It derives its name from the nanometre, a unit of measurement equalling one billionth of a meter. Nanoengineering is largely a synonym for nanotechnology, but emphasizes the engineering rather than the pure science aspects of the field. Nanotec... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - N | 332 | 1,528 | null |
Newtonian fluidis a fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are linearly correlated to the local strain rate—the rate of change of its deformation over time. That is equivalent to saying those forces are proportional to the rates of change of the fluid's velocity vector as one moves a... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - N | 340 | 1,638 | null |
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In a nozzle, the velocity of flu... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - N | 289 | 1,456 | null |
Section: P. Parallel circuitA circuit that begins and ends at the same node as another circuit. Parity (mathematics)In mathematics, parity is the property of an integer of whether it is even or odd. An integer's parity is even if it is divisible by two with no remainders left and its parity is odd if its remainder is 1... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 339 | 1,299 | null |
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