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The weak interaction is chiral and thus provides a means for probing chirality in physics. In interactions that are symmetric under parity, such as electromagnetism in atomic and molecular physics, parity serves as a powerful controlling principle underlying quantum transitions. A matrix representation of P (in any num... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 339 | 1,730 | null |
It typically requires a sensitive analytical balance to detect the effect and modern measurements on paramagnetic materials are often conducted with a SQUID magnetometer. Particle acceleratoris a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to very high speeds and energies, and to contain them i... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 331 | 1,786 | null |
Thus, modern particle physics generally investigates the Standard Model and its various possible extensions, e.g. to the newest "known" particle, the Higgs boson, or even to the oldest known force field, gravity. Pascal's lawPascal's law (also Pascal's principle or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure) is a ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 337 | 1,696 | null |
Exploration, by earth scientists, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs. Petroleum geology and geophysics focus on provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir roc... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 327 | 1,568 | null |
(See state of matter § Glass) Phase (waves)In physics and mathematics, the phase of a periodic function F {\displaystyle F} of some real variable t {\displaystyle t} (such as time) is an angle-like quantity representing the fraction of the cycle covered up to t {\displaystyle t} . It is denoted ϕ ( t ) {\displaystyle \... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 338 | 1,363 | null |
If F is the number of degrees of freedom, C is the number of components and P is the number of phases, then F = C − P + 2. {\displaystyle F=C-P+2.} It was derived by American physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs in his landmark paper titled On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, published in parts between 1875 and 1... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 328 | 1,547 | null |
One is numerical magnitude and the other is the unit in which it is measured. Physicsis the natural science that studies matter, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 338 | 1,608 | null |
For example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a new shape displays plasticity as permanent changes occur within the material itself. In engineering, the transition from elastic behavior to plastic behavior is known as yielding. PneumaticsThe control of mechanical force and movement, generated by the ap... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 329 | 1,684 | null |
Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by sources such as electric batteries. It is usually supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic mains electricity) by the electric power industry through an electric power grid. Electric power can be delivered over long distances by ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 316 | 1,605 | null |
A negative power factor occurs when the device (which is normally the load) generates power, which then flows back towards the source. PressurePressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.: 445 Gauge pressure (also spelled ga... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 332 | 1,530 | null |
A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the coin is fair, the two outcomes ("heads" and "tails") are both equally probable; the probability of "heads" equals the probability of "tails"; and since no other outcomes are possible, the probability of either "heads" or "tails" is 1/2 (which could al... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 350 | 1,676 | null |
Any specified subset of these outcomes is called an event. Central subjects in probability theory include discrete and continuous random variables, probability distributions, and stochastic processes, which provide mathematical abstractions of non-deterministic or uncertain processes or measured quantities that may eit... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - P | 320 | 1,679 | null |
Section: Q. Quantum electrodynamicsIn particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathema... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - Q | 233 | 1,271 | null |
Section: R. RegelationThe phenomena of melting under pressure, then freezing when the pressure is reduced. Relative densityRelative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Specific gravity for liquids is nearly always... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - R | 340 | 1,511 | null |
ResistivityElectrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance or volume resistivity) and its inverse, electrical conductivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how strongly it resists or conducts electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows electric... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - R | 342 | 1,663 | null |
At low Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be dominated by laminar (sheet-like) flow, while at high Reynolds numbers flows tend to be turbulent. The turbulence results from differences in the fluid's speed and direction, which may sometimes intersect or even move counter to the overall direction of the flow (eddy currents)... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - R | 344 | 1,680 | null |
For instance, molecules (consisting of the point masses: electrons and nuclei) are often seen as rigid bodies (see classification of molecules as rigid rotors). RobonautA development project conducted by NASA to create humanoid robots capable of using space tools and working in similar environments to suited astronauts... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - R | 316 | 1,682 | null |
The goal of robotics is to design machines that can help and assist humans. Robotics integrates fields of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, information engineering, mechatronics, electronics, bioengineering, computer engineering, control engineering, software engineering, among others. Root mean squareIn ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - R | 339 | 1,489 | null |
The RMS speed of an ideal gas is calculated using the following equation: v RMS = 3 R T M {\displaystyle v_{\text{RMS}}={\sqrt {3RT \over M}}} where R represents the gas constant, 8.314 J/(mol·K), T is the temperature of the gas in kelvins, and M is the molar mass of the gas in kilograms per mole. In physics, speed is ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - R | 170 | 675 | null |
Rotational energyRotational energy or angular kinetic energy is kinetic energy due to the rotation of an object and is part of its total kinetic energy. Looking at rotational energy separately around an object's axis of rotation, the following dependence on the object's moment of inertia is observed: E r o t a t i o n ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - R | 254 | 947 | null |
The symbol for rotational speed is ω cyc {\displaystyle \omega _{\text{cyc}}} (the Greek lowercase letter "omega"). Tangential speed v, rotational speed ω cyc {\displaystyle \omega _{\text{cyc}}} , and radial distance r, are related by the following equation: v = 2 π r ω cyc {\displaystyle v=2\pi r\omega _{\text{cyc}}}... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - R | 331 | 1,176 | null |
Angular speed, however, tells the change in angle per time unit, which is measured in radians per second in the SI system. Since there are 2π radians per cycle, or 360 degrees per cycle, we can convert angular speed to rotational speed by ω cyc = ω rad / 2 π {\displaystyle \omega _{\text{cyc}}=\omega _{\text{rad}}/2\pi... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - R | 343 | 1,191 | null |
Section: S. Safe failure fraction (SFF)A term used in functional safety for the proportion of failures that are either non-hazardous or detected automatically. The opposite of SFF is the proportion of undetected, hazardous failures. Safety data sheetA safety data sheet (SDS), material safety data sheet (MSDS), or produ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 330 | 1,699 | null |
Scalar (physics). Scalar multiplicationIn mathematics, scalar multiplication is one of the basic operations defining a vector space in linear algebra (or more generally, a module in abstract algebra). In common geometrical contexts, scalar multiplication of a real Euclidean vector by a positive real number multiplies t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 335 | 1,680 | null |
Series circuitAn electrical circuit in which the same current passes through each component, with only one path. ServoA motor that moves to and maintains a set position under command, rather than continuously moving. ServomechanismAn automatic device that uses error-sensing negative feedback to correct the performance ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 334 | 1,652 | null |
It arises from the shear force, the component of force vector parallel to the material cross section. Normal stress, on the other hand, arises from the force vector component perpendicular to the material cross section on which it acts. Shortwave radiationShortwave radiation (SW) is radiant energy with wavelengths in t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 322 | 1,239 | null |
Shortwave radiation is distinguished from longwave radiation. Downward shortwave radiation is sensitive to solar zenith angle, cloud cover. SI unitsThe International System of Units (SI, abbreviated from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system. It is the only system of measu... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 322 | 1,555 | null |
The SI is intended to be an evolving system; units and prefixes are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves. Signal processingIs an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on analysing, modifyin... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 329 | 1,819 | null |
It also has direct applications, for example in the technology of transistors and semiconductors. Solid solution strengtheningis a type of alloying that can be used to improve the strength of a pure metal. The technique works by adding atoms of one element (the alloying element) to the crystalline lattice of another el... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 349 | 1,774 | null |
Each solubility equilibrium is characterized by a temperature-dependent solubility product which functions like an equilibrium constant. Solubility equilibria are important in pharmaceutical, environmental and many other scenarios. SoundIn physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through a tra... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 334 | 1,685 | null |
At a stagnation point the fluid velocity is zero. In an incompressible flow, stagnation pressure is equal to the sum of the free-stream static pressure and the free-stream dynamic pressure. Standard electrode potential. State of matterIn physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist.... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 336 | 1,621 | null |
Stefan–Boltzmann lawThe Stefan–Boltzmann law describes the power radiated from a black body in terms of its temperature. Specifically, the Stefan–Boltzmann law states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body across all wavelengths per unit time j ⋆ {\displaystyle j^{\star }} (also known as t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 336 | 1,067 | null |
The radiance from a specified angle of view (watts per square metre per steradian) is given by L = j ⋆ π = σ π T 4 . {\displaystyle L={\frac {j^{\star }}{\pi }}={\frac {\sigma }{\pi }}T^{4}.} A body that does not absorb all incident radiation (sometimes known as a grey body) emits less total energy than a black body an... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 322 | 1,040 | null |
In the still more general (and realistic) case, the emissivity depends on the wavelength, ε = ε ( λ ) {\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon (\lambda )} . To find the total power radiated from an object, multiply by its surface area, A {\displaystyle A} : P = A j ⋆ = A ε σ T 4 . {\displaystyle P=Aj^{\star }=A\varepsil... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 326 | 1,287 | null |
The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is. Stoichiometryrefers to the relationship between the quantities of reactants and products before, during, and following chemical reactions. Stoichiometry is founded on the law of conservation of mass where the t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 313 | 1,560 | null |
Some materials cannot be work-hardened at low temperatures, such as indium, however others can be strengthened only via work hardening, such as pure copper and aluminum. Strength of materialsThe field of strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials, typically refers to various methods of calculating the st... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 321 | 1,705 | null |
Stress is frequently represented by a lowercase Greek letter sigma (σ). Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physica... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 317 | 1,625 | null |
Structures subject to this type of analysis include all that must withstand loads, such as buildings, bridges, aircraft and ships. Structural analysis employs the fields of applied mechanics, materials science and applied mathematics to compute a structure's deformations, internal forces, stresses, support reactions, a... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 328 | 1,812 | null |
The reverse process of sublimation is deposition or desublimation, in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase. Sublimation has also been used as a generic term to describe a solid-to-gas transition (sublimation) followed by a gas-to-solid transition (deposition). While vaporization from liquid to ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 340 | 1,783 | null |
An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source. Superhard materialis a material with a hardness value exceeding 40 gigapascals (GPa) when measured by the Vickers hardness test. They are virtually incompressible solids with high electron density and high bond cov... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - S | 206 | 1,001 | null |
Section: T. Tangential accelerationThe velocity of a particle moving on a curved path as a function of time can be written as: v ( t ) = v ( t ) v ( t ) v ( t ) = v ( t ) u t ( t ) , {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (t)=v(t){\frac {\mathbf {v} (t)}{v(t)}}=v(t)\mathbf {u} _{\mathrm {t} }(t),} with v(t) equal to the speed of t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 213 | 548 | null |
Tangential accelerationThe velocity of a particle moving on a curved path as a function of time can be written as: v ( t ) = v ( t ) v ( t ) v ( t ) = v ( t ) u t ( t ) , {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (t)=v(t){\frac {\mathbf {v} (t)}{v(t)}}=v(t)\mathbf {u} _{\mathrm {t} }(t),} with v(t) equal to the speed of travel along ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 510 | 1,333 | null |
Taking into account both the changing speed v(t) and the changing direction of ut, the acceleration of a particle moving on a curved path can be written using the chain rule of differentiation for the product of two functions of time as: a = d v d t = d v d t u t + v ( t ) d u t d t = d v d t u t + v 2 r u n , {\displa... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 338 | 988 | null |
These components are called the tangential acceleration and the normal or radial acceleration (or centripetal acceleration in circular motion, see also circular motion and centripetal force). Geometrical analysis of three-dimensional space curves, which explains tangent, (principal) normal and binormal, is described by... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 327 | 1,631 | null |
Tensile forcePulling force, tending to lengthen an object. Tensile modulusYoung's modulus E {\displaystyle E} , the Young modulus, or the modulus of elasticity in tension, is a mechanical property that measures the tensile stiffness of a solid material. It quantifies the relationship between tensile stress σ {\displays... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 329 | 1,430 | null |
Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. Uniaxial t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 312 | 1,635 | null |
Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are always in thermal equilibrium, but the converse is not always true. If the connection between the systems allows transfer of energy as 'change in internal energy' but does not allow transfer of matter or transfer of energy as work, the two systems may reach thermal equilibrium w... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 310 | 1,732 | null |
It applies to the cosmological and astrophysical realm, including astronomy. Thévenin's theoremAs originally stated in terms of direct-current resistive circuits only, Thévenin's theorem states that "For any linear electrical network containing only voltage sources, current sources and resistances can be replaced at te... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 343 | 1,701 | null |
It is also used to power large motors and other heavy loads. TorqueIn physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment, moment of force, rotational force or turning effect, depending on the field of study. The concept originated with the studies by Archime... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 340 | 1,646 | null |
This measure of toughness is different from that used for fracture toughness, which describes load bearing capabilities of materials with flaws. It is also defined as a material's resistance to fracture when stressed. Toughness requires a balance of strength and ductility. TrajectoryA trajectory or flight path is the p... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 349 | 1,572 | null |
The process of converting one form of energy to another is known as transduction. Transformeris a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transfor... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 349 | 1,811 | null |
The field emerged in the Hellenistic world during the 3rd century BC from applications of geometry to astronomical studies. The Greeks focused on the calculation of chords, while mathematicians in India created the earliest-known tables of values for trigonometric ratios (also called trigonometric functions) such as si... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 337 | 1,523 | null |
It is named after Frederick Thomas Trouton. It can be expressed as a function of the gas constant R: Δ S ¯ vap ≈ 10.5 R . {\displaystyle \Delta {\bar {S}}_{\text{vap}}\approx 10.5R.} A similar way of stating this (Trouton's ratio) is that the latent heat is connected to boiling point roughly as L vap T boiling ≈ 85 − 8... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 331 | 1,203 | null |
In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object". A "two-force member" is a structural component where force is applied to only two points. Although this rigorous definition allows the members t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - T | 327 | 1,674 | null |
Section: U. Ultimate tensile strengthUltimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS), ultimate strength, or Ftu within equations, is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate, as opposed to compressive strength, which withstands loads tending to reduce size... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - U | 334 | 1,596 | null |
. Unsaturated compound. UpthrustBuoyancy, or upthrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of a partially or fully immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is grea... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - U | 274 | 1,255 | null |
Section: V. Vacuoleis a membrane-bound organelle which is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 327 | 1,649 | null |
In non-metals, the valence band is the highest range of electron energies in which electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature, while the conduction band is the lowest range of vacant electronic states. On a graph of the electronic band structure of a material, the valence band is located below the Ferm... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 323 | 1,607 | null |
For main group elements, the valence shell consists of the ns and np orbitals in the outermost electron shell. In the case of transition metals (the (n-1)d orbitals), and lanthanides and actinides (the (n-2)f and (n-1)d orbitals), the orbitals involved can also be in an inner electron shell. Thus, the shell terminology... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 345 | 1,544 | null |
The ideal gas law treats gas molecules as point particles that interact with their containers but not each other, meaning they neither take up space nor change kinetic energy during collisions (i.e. all collisions are perfectly elastic). The ideal gas law states that volume (V) occupied by n moles of any gas has a pres... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 320 | 1,305 | null |
Van der Waals provided for intermolecular interaction by adding to the observed pressure P in the equation of state a term a / V m 2 {\displaystyle a/V_{m}^{2}} , where a is a constant whose value depends on the gas. The Van der Waals equation is therefore written as: ( P + a 1 V m 2 ) ( V m − b ) = R T {\displaystyle ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 348 | 1,114 | null |
It is available via its traditional derivation (a mechanical equation of state), or via a derivation based in statistical thermodynamics, the latter of which provides the partition function of the system and allows thermodynamic functions to be specified. It successfully approximates the behavior of real fluids above t... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 327 | 1,681 | null |
van 't Hoff equationrelates the change in the equilibrium constant, Keq, of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, ΔrH⊖, for the process. It was proposed by Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff in 1884 in his book Études de dynamique chimique (Studies in Dynamic C... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 341 | 1,567 | null |
This causes the measured Van 't Hoff factor to be less than that predicted in an ideal solution. The deviation for the Van 't Hoff factor tends to be greatest where the ions have multiple charges. Variable capacitoris a capacitor whose capacitance may be intentionally and repeatedly changed mechanically or electronical... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 332 | 1,581 | null |
The word comes from Latin vibrationem ("shaking, brandishing"). The oscillations may be periodic, such as the motion of a pendulum—or random, such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road. Vibration can be desirable: for example, the motion of a tuning fork, the reed in a woodwind instrument or harmonica, a mobile ph... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 332 | 1,629 | null |
Whereas elasticity is usually the result of bond stretching along crystallographic planes in an ordered solid, viscosity is the result of the diffusion of atoms or molecules inside an amorphous material. ViscosityThe viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 349 | 1,543 | null |
Special instruments called varmeters are available to measure the reactive power in a circuit. The unit "var" is allowed by the International System of Units (SI) even though the unit var is representative of a form of power. SI allows one to specify units to indicate common sense physical considerations. Per EU direct... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 340 | 1,572 | null |
In SI units, work per unit charge is expressed as joules per coulomb, where 1 volt = 1 joule (of work) per 1 coulomb (of charge). The official SI definition for volt uses power and current, where 1 volt = 1 watt (of power) per 1 ampere (of current). Volumetric flow ratealso known as volume flow rate, rate of fluid flow... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - V | 330 | 1,387 | null |
Section: W. WattThe SI unit of power, rate of doing work. Waveis a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space, with little or no associated mass transport. Waves consist of oscillations or vibrations of a physical medium or a field, around relatively fixed locations. From the perspective of mathematics, ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - W | 327 | 1,614 | null |
Although a short wedge with a wide angle may do a job faster, it requires more force than a long wedge with a narrow angle. Weighted arithmetic meanThe weighted arithmetic mean is similar to an ordinary arithmetic mean (the most common type of average), except that instead of each of the data points contributing equall... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - W | 304 | 1,524 | null |
Winsorized meanis a winsorized statistical measure of central tendency, much like the mean and median, and even more similar to the truncated mean. It involves the calculation of the mean after replacing given parts of a probability distribution or sample at the high and low end with the most extreme remaining values, ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - W | 169 | 877 | null |
Section: X-Z. X-axisin algebraic geometry, the axis on a graph that is usually drawn left to right and usually shows the range of values of an independent variable. Y-axisin algebraic geometry, the axis on a graph that is usually drawn from bottom to top and usually shows the range of values of variable dependent on on... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - X-Z | 294 | 1,476 | null |
Recognizing basic zero force members can be accomplished by analyzing the forces acting on an individual pin in a physical system. Note: If the pin has an external force or moment applied to it, then all of the members attached to that pin are not zero force members unless the external force acts in a manner that fulfi... | Wikipedia - Glossary of engineering: M–Z - X-Z | 201 | 1,036 | null |
Article: Glossary of microelectronics manufacturing terms. Glossary of microelectronics manufacturing terms This is a list of terms used in the manufacture of electronic micro-components. Many of the terms are already defined and explained in Wikipedia; this glossary is for looking up, comparing, and reviewing the term... | Wikipedia - Glossary of microelectronics manufacturing terms - Summary | 305 | 1,537 | null |
2.5D integration – an advanced integrated circuit packaging technology that bonds dies and/or chiplets onto an interposer for enclosure within a single package 3D integration – an advanced semiconductor technology that incorporates multiple layers of circuitry into a single chip, integrated both vertically and horizont... | Wikipedia - Glossary of microelectronics manufacturing terms - Summary | 388 | 1,930 | null |
breadboard – a construction base for prototyping of electronics bumping – the formation of microbumps on the surface of an electronic circuit in preparation for flip chip assembly carrier wafer – a wafer that is attached to dies, chiplets, or another wafer during intermediate steps, but is not a part of the finished de... | Wikipedia - Glossary of microelectronics manufacturing terms - Summary | 449 | 2,086 | null |
electronic design automation (EDA) – software tools for designing electronic systems etching (etch, etch processing) – chemically removing layers from the surface of a wafer during semiconductor device fabrication fab – a semiconductor fabrication plant fan-out wafer-level packaging – an extension of wafer-level packag... | Wikipedia - Glossary of microelectronics manufacturing terms - Summary | 349 | 1,622 | null |
material, performing the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete components interconnect (n.) – wires or signal traces that carry electrical signals between the elements in an electronic device interposer – a small piece of semiconductor material (glass, silicon, or organic) built to host and interconnect ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of microelectronics manufacturing terms - Summary | 290 | 1,377 | null |
material, performing the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete components interconnect (n.) – wires or signal traces that carry electrical signals between the elements in an electronic device interposer – a small piece of semiconductor material (glass, silicon, or organic) built to host and interconnect ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of microelectronics manufacturing terms - Summary | 375 | 1,822 | null |
pad (contact pad or bond pad) – designated surface area on a printed circuit board or die where an electrical connection is to be made pad opening – a hole in the final passivation layer that exposes a pad parasitics (parasitic structures, parasitic elements) – unwanted intrinsic electrical elements that are created by... | Wikipedia - Glossary of microelectronics manufacturing terms - Summary | 350 | 1,837 | null |
between that of a conductor and an insulator; its resistivity falls as its temperature rises silicon – the semiconductor material used most frequently as a substrate in electronics silicon on insulator (SoI) – a layered silicon–insulator–silicon substrate SiP – see system in package SoC – see system on chip SoI – see s... | Wikipedia - Glossary of microelectronics manufacturing terms - Summary | 349 | 1,719 | null |
power, ground, or signal horizontally across a circuit TSV – see through-silicon via via – a vertical electrical connection between layers in a circuit wafer – a disk of semiconductor material (usually silicon) on which electronic circuitry can be fabricated wafer-level packaging (WLP) – packaging ICs before they are d... | Wikipedia - Glossary of microelectronics manufacturing terms - Summary | 163 | 713 | null |
Section: Dawn of civilization to early Antiquity. Engineering arose in early civilization as a general discipline for the creation of large scale structures such as irrigation, architecture, and military projects. Advances in food production through irrigation allowed a portion of the population to become specialists i... | Wikipedia - History of mechanical engineering - Dawn of civilization to early Antiquity | 349 | 1,751 | null |
They made use of pivot-able axles on their wagons, allowing easy turning. They were also one of the first armies to use the move-able siege tower and battering ram. The application of mechanical engineering can be seen in the archives of various ancient societies. The pulley appeared in Mesopotamia in 1,500 BC, improvi... | Wikipedia - History of mechanical engineering - Dawn of civilization to early Antiquity | 330 | 1,651 | null |
Section: Late Antiquity to early Middle Ages. In Roman Egypt, Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) created the first steam-powered device, the Aeolipile. The first of its kind, it did not have the capability to move or power anything but its own rotation. In China, Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) improved a water clock and invente... | Wikipedia - History of mechanical engineering - Late Antiquity to early Middle Ages | 209 | 979 | null |
Section: Middle Ages. During the Islamic Golden Age (7th to 15th century), Muslim inventors made remarkable contributions in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote his famous Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in 1206 and presented many mechanical designs. Al-Jazari is ... | Wikipedia - History of mechanical engineering - Middle Ages | 348 | 1,637 | null |
The cotton gin was invented in India by the 6th century AD, and the spinning wheel was invented in the Islamic world by the early 11th century, both of which were fundamental to the growth of the cotton industry. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the spinning jenny, which was a key development during the early... | Wikipedia - History of mechanical engineering - Middle Ages | 331 | 1,729 | null |
Section: European Renaissance. During the 17th century, important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in England. Sir Isaac Newton formulated Newton's Laws of Motion and developed Calculus, the mathematical basis of physics. Newton was reluctant to publish his works for years, but he was... | Wikipedia - History of mechanical engineering - European Renaissance | 181 | 1,022 | null |
Section: Industrial Revolution. At the end of the Renaissance, scientists and engineers were beginning to experiment with steam power. Most of the early apparatuses faced problems of low horsepower, inefficiency, or danger. The need arose for an effective and economical power source because of the flooding of deep-mine... | Wikipedia - History of mechanical engineering - Industrial Revolution | 341 | 1,923 | null |
Article: Integrity engineering. Technical Integrity Engineering, also known as Asset Integrity, involves various engineering disciplines that focus on ensuring a product, process, or system meets its intended requirements when used. Applying these disciplines to reduce costs, maintain schedules, manage technical risks,... | Wikipedia - Integrity engineering - Summary | 212 | 1,236 | null |
Section: Scope. Integrity Engineers may be required to manage, develop, or conduct the following: A high-level integrity management philosophy that includes verification and assurance of facilities (basic repair methods and strategies, Static equipment repair and temporary repairs, Fabric maintenance, Corrosion Enginee... | Wikipedia - Integrity engineering - Scope | 178 | 1,086 | null |
Integrity Engineers may be required to manage, develop, or conduct the following: A high-level integrity management philosophy that includes verification and assurance of facilities (basic repair methods and strategies, Static equipment repair and temporary repairs, Fabric maintenance, Corrosion Engineering, Inspection... | Wikipedia - Integrity engineering - Scope | 476 | 2,983 | null |
Implement Inspection and Corrosion Control Policy and Risk Based Inspection (RBI) methods to manage integrity, and optimize inspections frequency, maintenance cost, and plant availability Lead and conduct RBI reviews Participate in the preparation of Capital and Operating budgets for Inspection Monitor and oversee the ... | Wikipedia - Integrity engineering - Scope | 335 | 2,070 | null |
The Integrity Engineer (IE) may also be involved with other asset life-cycle issues, such as the basis of design (Process design basis) through to recycling. The Front End Engineering Design stage (FEED) aids in the selection of vessels, piping, pipelines, and other equipment. At this FEED stage, the optimum material r... | Wikipedia - Integrity engineering - Scope | 349 | 1,920 | null |
Article: Marine construction. Marine construction is the process of building structures in or adjacent to large bodies of water, usually the sea. These structures can be built for a variety of purposes, including transportation, energy production, and recreation. Marine construction can involve the use of a variety of ... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Summary | 227 | 1,215 | null |
Section: Environmental influences. Some aspects of the marine environment that complicate construction: Distance from permanent facilities causes logistical problems for provision of materials, equipment, power supplies, and accommodation.: Ch 1.2 Hydrostatic pressure due to depth in the water column. Hydrostatic press... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Environmental influences | 336 | 1,558 | null |
The highest velocity in river currents is usually near the outer bank in a bend, and hey also locally increase around obstructions to their flow. Current may also spin off eddies, and their lateral boundaries may vary considerably over the short term. There may also be short or long term vertical components in some are... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Environmental influences | 287 | 1,486 | null |
Tsunamis are a class of wave which occur relatively seldom but can have a devastating effect due to the large amounts of energy they can carry over long distances at high speeds. The depth to which a wave has significant motion is a function of wave length, and to a lesser extent, on wave height.: Ch 1.7 Wind Tides and... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Environmental influences | 330 | 1,645 | null |
Section: Geotechnical aspects. The geology of the seabed has a strong influence on almost any marine structure. The seabed is the substrate on which the structure must stand, and both the morphology and the material affect the design and construction. It is therefore necessary for accurate and reliable geological surve... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Geotechnical aspects | 280 | 1,499 | null |
Granular sediments may be subject to liquefaction if strongly disturbed, as by earthquakes, cyclic impact of storm waves, or crushing by sea ice.: Ch 2.2 When this occurs the soil can behave like a dense liquid. This can also happen during some construction processes, such as piledriving.: Ch 2.3 The presence of large ... | Wikipedia - Marine construction - Geotechnical aspects | 325 | 1,498 | null |
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