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Article: Process integration. Process integration is a term in chemical engineering which has two possible meanings. A holistic approach to process design which emphasizes the unity of the process and considers the interactions between different unit operations from the outset, rather than optimising them separately. T... | Wikipedia - Process integration - Summary | 335 | 1,614 | null |
Section: Description. In the context of chemical engineering, process integration can be defined as a holistic approach to process design and optimization, which exploits the interactions between different units in order to employ resources effectively and minimize costs. Process integration is not limited to the desig... | Wikipedia - Process integration - Description | 314 | 1,647 | null |
a new plant or the improvement of an existing one) to screen out promising options to optimize the design and/or operation of a process plant. Also it is often employed, in conjunction with simulation and mathematical optimization tools to identify opportunities in order to better integrate a system (new or existing) a... | Wikipedia - Process integration - Description | 286 | 1,532 | null |
Section: Global process models. Global characteristics of the business system are captured by global or system models. Global process models are presented using different methodologies and sometimes under different names. Most notably, they are named process map in Visual Paradigm and MMABP, value-added chain in ARIS, ... | Wikipedia - Process map - Global process models | 325 | 1,841 | null |
Section: Context. Methodology for Modelling and Analysis of Business Process (MMABP) is a business process modelling methodology developed at the Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Informatics and Statistics of the Prague University of Economics and Business. The methodology is defined as a “general metho... | Wikipedia - Process map - Context | 279 | 1,617 | null |
Section: Notation standards > Eriksson-Penker Diagram. Eriksson-Penker diagram is a tool used in business model analysis and design. It is named after Hans-Erik Eriksson and Magnus Penker, who developed the concept in their book "Business modelling with UML: Business Patterns at Work”. Eriksson-Penker diagrams are used... | Wikipedia - Process map - Notation standards > Eriksson-Penker Diagram | 341 | 1,846 | null |
Section: Notation standards > TOGAF Event Diagram. TOGAF (The Open Group Architecture Framework) is a framework for enterprise architecture that provides a common language and set of standards for designing, planning, implementing, and governing an enterprise's IT architecture. TOGAF event diagrams are diagrams used in... | Wikipedia - Process map - Notation standards > TOGAF Event Diagram | 207 | 1,107 | null |
Section: Notation standards > ARIS Value Added Chain. ARIS (Architecture of Integrated Information Systems) is a methodology and a set of tools for designing and managing business processes. It is based on the idea that business processes are the core of an organization and that they can be modelled and optimized to im... | Wikipedia - Process map - Notation standards > ARIS Value Added Chain | 197 | 1,051 | null |
Section: Model consistency. Business process models should be consistent, both within a single model and in terms of mutual consistency with other models. Consistency applies to both global (Process Map) and detailed (Process Diagram) views. In order to be considered consistent, models should satisfy two consistency cr... | Wikipedia - Process map - Model consistency | 314 | 1,718 | null |
Section: Main principle. Process simulation is a model-based representation of chemical, physical, biological, and other technical processes and unit operations in software. Basic prerequisites for the model are chemical and physical properties of pure components and mixtures, of reactions, and of mathematical models w... | Wikipedia - Process simulation - Main principle | 339 | 1,867 | null |
Section: Modelling. The development of models for a better representation of real processes is the core of the further development of the simulation software. Model development is done through the principles of chemical engineering but also control engineering and for the improvement of mathematical simulation techniqu... | Wikipedia - Process simulation - Modelling | 311 | 1,854 | null |
Section: Steady state and dynamic process simulation. Initially process simulation was used to simulate steady state processes. Steady-state models perform a mass and energy balance of a steady state process (a process in an equilibrium state) independent of time. Dynamic simulation is an extension of steady-state proc... | Wikipedia - Process simulation - Steady state and dynamic process simulation | 281 | 1,537 | null |
Section: History. As early as 1900–1915, advocates of scientific management, such as Frederick Winslow Taylor and Harlow Stafford Person, recognized that their ideas could be applied not only to manual labour and skilled trades but also to management, professions, and sales. Person promoted an early form of sales proce... | Wikipedia - Sales process engineering - History | 316 | 1,596 | null |
Article: Setpoint (control system). In cybernetics and control theory, a setpoint (SP; also set point) is the desired or target value for an essential variable, or process value (PV) of a control system, which may differ from the actual measured value of the variable. Departure of such a variable from its setpoint is o... | Wikipedia - Setpoint (control system) - Summary | 339 | 1,475 | null |
Section: Examples. Cruise control The S P − P V {\displaystyle SP-PV} error can be used to return a system to its norm. An everyday example is the cruise control on a road vehicle; where external influences such as gradients cause speed changes (PV), and the driver also alters the desired set speed (SP). The automatic ... | Wikipedia - Setpoint (control system) - Examples | 247 | 1,156 | null |
Section: Axlebox. An axlebox, also known as a journal box in North America, is the mechanical subassembly on each end of the axles under a railway wagon, coach or locomotive; it contains bearings and thus transfers the wagon, coach or locomotive weight to the wheels and rails; the bearing design is typically oil-bathed... | Wikipedia - List of railroad truck parts - Axlebox | 152 | 713 | null |
Article: Accident data recorder. The accident data recorder (ADR, German commonly abbr.: UDS, also accident (data) writer) is an independent electronic device that records before, during, and after a traffic accident relevant data and thus resembles a flight recorder. It can be installed in motor vehicles (cars, trucks... | Wikipedia - Accident data recorder - Summary | 338 | 1,769 | null |
Section: Technology. Accident data recorders work to measure the accelerations, depending on the equipment in two or three spatial directions, with micromechanical sensors. Often several sensor systems with different resolutions are used in order to be able to log both the driving dynamic processes and the collision dy... | Wikipedia - Accident data recorder - Technology | 334 | 1,667 | null |
Section: US Law. In The US, The legal landscape concerning EDRs and ADRs involves an interplay of constitutional principles, particularly the Fourth Amendment's protections against unreasonable searches and seizures. Notably, legal precedents have established exceptions for vehicles, allowing law enforcement to conduct... | Wikipedia - Accident data recorder - US Law | 327 | 1,761 | null |
Section: Demarcation. Both in a flight recorder and in a UDS, the constantly recorded data runs in a ring buffer. However, the flight recorder usually records for longer periods of 17 to 25 hours. In contrast, the UDS only saves a few seconds before and after an event is triggered (e.g. collision) permanently. The term... | Wikipedia - Accident data recorder - Demarcation | 303 | 1,467 | null |
Article: Alternative fuel vehicle. An alternative fuel vehicle is a motor vehicle that runs on alternative fuel rather than traditional petroleum-based fossil fuels such as gasoline, petrodiesel or liquefied petroleum gas (autogas). The term typically refers to internal combustion engine vehicles or fuel cell vehicles ... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Summary | 350 | 1,871 | null |
Section: Current deployments. As of 2019, there were more than 1.49 billion motor vehicles on the world's roads, compared with approximately 159 million alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles that had been sold or converted worldwide at the end of 2022 and consisting of: Over 65 million flex fuel automobiles... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Current deployments | 332 | 1,359 | null |
Section: Mainstream commercial technologies > Flexible fuel. A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle (DFF) is an alternative fuel automobile or light duty truck with a multifuel engine that can use more than one fuel, usually mixed in the same tank, and the blend is burned in the combustion chamber together.... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Flexible fuel | 349 | 1,662 | null |
The Brazilian flex fuel fleet includes over 4 million flexible-fuel motorcycles produced since 2009 through March 2015. In Brazil, 65% of flex-fuel car owners were using ethanol fuel regularly in 2009, while, the actual number of American FFVs being run on E85 is much lower; surveys conducted in the U.S. have found tha... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Flexible fuel | 235 | 1,116 | null |
Section: Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Battery-electric. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), also known as all-electric vehicles (AEVs), are electric vehicles whose main energy storage is in the chemical energy of batteries. BEVs are the most common form of what is defined by the California Air ... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Battery-electric | 341 | 1,633 | null |
NiMH batteries are a better choice, but are considerably more expensive than lead-acid. Lithium-ion battery powered vehicles such as the Venturi Fetish and the Tesla Roadster have recently demonstrated excellent performance and range, and nevertheless is used in most mass production models launched since December 2010.... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Battery-electric | 185 | 1,022 | null |
This would negate the need for traditional heavy battery banks, reducing weight and therefore increasing fuel efficiency. As of December 2015, several neighborhood electric vehicles, city electric cars and series production highway-capable electric cars and utility vans have been made available for retails sales, inclu... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Battery-electric | 326 | 1,333 | null |
Section: Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Plug-in hybrid. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electric motor, as well as another fuel, such as gasoline or diesel, to power an internal combustion engine or other propulsion source. PHEVs can charge their batteries thr... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Plug-in hybrid | 266 | 1,266 | null |
During 2012, the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Ford C-Max Energi, and Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid were released. The following models were launched during 2013 and 2015: Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Ford Fusion Energi, McLaren P1 (limited edition), Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid, BYD Qin, Cadillac ... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Plug-in hybrid | 307 | 1,145 | null |
Section: Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Bioalcohol and ethanol. The first commercial vehicle that used ethanol as a fuel was the Ford Model T, produced from 1908 through 1927. It was fitted with a carburetor with adjustable jetting, allowing use of gasoline or ethanol, or a combination of both.... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Bioalcohol and ethanol | 316 | 1,653 | null |
Support for ethanol comes from the fact that it is a biomass fuel, which addresses climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, though these benefits are now highly debated, including the heated 2008 food vs fuel debate. Most modern cars are designed to run on gasoline are capable of running with a blend from 10% up to... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Bioalcohol and ethanol | 348 | 1,696 | null |
In the US, and based on EPA tests for all 2006 E85 models, the average fuel economy for E85 vehicles was found 25.56% lower than unleaded gasoline. The EPA-rated mileage of current American flex-fuel vehicles could be considered when making price comparisons, though E85 has octane rating of about 104 and could be used ... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Bioalcohol and ethanol | 341 | 1,582 | null |
These vehicles were a commercial success and by early 2009 nine other Brazilian manufacturers are producing flexible fuel vehicles: Chevrolet, Fiat, Ford, Peugeot, Renault, Honda, Mitsubishi, Toyota, Citroën, and Nissan. The adoption of the flex technology was so rapid, that flexible fuel cars reached 87.6% of new car ... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Bioalcohol and ethanol | 346 | 1,736 | null |
Section: Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Biodiesel. The main benefit of diesel combustion engines is that they have a 44% fuel burn efficiency; compared with just 25–30% in the best gasoline engines. In addition diesel fuel has slightly higher energy density by volume than gasoline. This makes d... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Biodiesel | 342 | 1,708 | null |
Some diesel-powered cars can run with minor modifications on 100% pure vegetable oils. Vegetable oils tend to thicken (or solidify if it is waste cooking oil), in cold weather conditions so vehicle modifications (a two tank system with diesel start/stop tank), are essential in order to heat the fuel prior to use under ... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Plug-in electric > Biodiesel | 350 | 1,716 | null |
Section: Mainstream commercial technologies > Compressed natural gas. High-pressure compressed natural gas (CNG), mainly composed of methane, that is used to fuel normal combustion engines instead of gasoline. Combustion of methane produces the least amount of CO2 of all fossil fuels. Gasoline cars can be retrofitted t... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Compressed natural gas | 340 | 1,497 | null |
Section: Mainstream commercial technologies > Hybrid electric. A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. The most common type of hybrid vehicle is the gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles, which use gasoline (petrol) and electric batteries for the energy used to power internal-combustion e... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Hybrid electric | 158 | 884 | null |
Section: Mainstream commercial technologies > Hydrogen. A hydrogen car is an automobile which uses hydrogen as its primary source of power for locomotion. These cars generally use the hydrogen in one of two methods: combustion or fuel-cell conversion. In combustion, the hydrogen is "burned" in engines in fundamentally ... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Hydrogen | 320 | 1,673 | null |
Section: Mainstream commercial technologies > Electric, fed by external source. Electric power fed from an external source to the vehicle is standard in railway electrification. At such systems usually the tracks form one pole, while the other is usually a single overhead wire or a rail insulated against ground. On roa... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Mainstream commercial technologies > Electric, fed by external source | 285 | 1,500 | null |
Section: Other technologies > Engine air compressor. The air engine is an emission-free piston engine that uses compressed air as a source of energy. The first compressed air car was invented by a French engineer named Guy Nègre. The expansion of compressed air may be used to drive the pistons in a modified piston engi... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Other technologies > Engine air compressor | 188 | 975 | null |
Section: Other technologies > Solar. A solar car is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the car. Solar panels cannot currently be used to directly supply a car with a suitable amount of power at this time, but they can be used to extend the range of electric vehicles. As of 2022, a... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Other technologies > Solar | 169 | 951 | null |
Section: Other technologies > Dimethyl ether fuel. Dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising fuel in diesel engines, petrol engines (30% DME / 70% LPG), and gas turbines owing to its high cetane number, which is 55, compared to diesel's, which is 40–53. Only moderate modifications are needed to convert a diesel engine to bur... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Other technologies > Dimethyl ether fuel | 266 | 1,094 | null |
Section: Other technologies > Ammonia fuelled vehicles. Ammonia is produced by combining gaseous hydrogen with nitrogen from the air. Large-scale ammonia production uses natural gas for the source of hydrogen. Ammonia was used during World War II to power buses in Belgium, and in engine and solar energy applications pr... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Other technologies > Ammonia fuelled vehicles | 338 | 1,603 | null |
Ammonia engines were used experimentally in the 19th century by Goldsworthy Gurney in the UK and in streetcars in New Orleans. In 1981 a Canadian company converted a 1981 Chevrolet Impala to operate using ammonia as fuel. Ammonia and GreenNH3 is being used with success by developers in Canada, since it can run in spark... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Other technologies > Ammonia fuelled vehicles | 172 | 822 | null |
Section: Other technologies > Liquefied natural gas. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to a point at which it becomes a cryogenic liquid. In this liquid state, natural gas is more than 2 times as dense as highly compressed CNG. LNG fuel systems function on any vehicle capable of burning na... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Other technologies > Liquefied natural gas | 281 | 1,305 | null |
Section: Other technologies > Autogas. LPG or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a low pressure liquefied gas mixture composed mainly of propane and butane which burns in conventional gasoline combustion engines with less CO2 than gasoline. Gasoline cars can be retrofitted to LPG aka Autogas and become bifuel vehicles as... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Other technologies > Autogas | 194 | 824 | null |
Section: Other technologies > Liquid nitrogen car. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is a method of storing energy. Energy is used to liquefy air, and then LN2 is produced by evaporation, and distributed. LN2 is exposed to ambient heat in the car and the resulting nitrogen gas can be used to power a piston or turbine engine. The m... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Other technologies > Liquid nitrogen car | 228 | 971 | null |
Section: Other technologies > Nuclear power. In principle, it is possible to build a vehicle powered by nuclear fission or nuclear decay. However, there are two major problems: first one has to transform the energy, which comes as heat and radiation into energy usable for a drive. One possible would be to use a steam t... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Other technologies > Nuclear power | 325 | 1,569 | null |
Section: Other technologies > Steam. A steam car is a car that has a steam engine. Wood, coal, ethanol, or others can be used as fuel. The fuel is burned in a boiler and the heat converts water into steam. When the water turns to steam, it expands. The expansion creates pressure. The pressure pushes the pistons back an... | Wikipedia - Alternative fuel vehicle - Other technologies > Steam | 325 | 1,580 | null |
Article: Automated truck loading systems. Automated truck loading systems (ATLS) is an automation system for trucking. They are used in the material handling industry to refer to the automation of loading or unloading trucks and trailers with product either on or without pallets, slip sheets, racks, containers, using s... | Wikipedia - Automated truck loading systems - Summary | 342 | 1,930 | null |
Article: Automatic vehicle location. Automatic vehicle location (AVL or ~locating; telelocating in EU) is a means for automatically determining and transmitting the geographic location of a vehicle. This vehicle location data, from one or more vehicles, may then be collected by a vehicle tracking system to manage an ov... | Wikipedia - Automatic vehicle location - Summary | 346 | 1,790 | null |
Section: Applications. Automatic vehicle locating is a powerful tool for managing fleets of vehicles such as service vehicles, emergency vehicles, and public transport vehicles such as buses and trains. It is also used to track mobile assets, such as non wheeled construction equipment, non motorized trailers, and mobil... | Wikipedia - Automatic vehicle location - Applications | 185 | 1,008 | null |
Section: Types of systems > Former LORAN-based locating. Motorola offered a 1970s-era system based on the United States Coast Guard LORAN maritime navigation system. The LORAN system was intended for ships but signal levels on the US east- and west-coast areas were adequate for use with receivers in automobiles. The sy... | Wikipedia - Automatic vehicle location - Types of systems > Former LORAN-based locating | 239 | 1,187 | null |
Section: Types of systems > Signpost systems. To track and locate vehicles along fixed routes, a technology called Signpost transmitters is employed. This is used on transit routes and rail lines where the vehicles to be tracked continually operated on the same linear route. A transponder or RFID chip along the vehicle... | Wikipedia - Automatic vehicle location - Types of systems > Signpost systems | 171 | 863 | null |
Section: Types of systems > Today's GPS-based locating. The low price and ubiquity of Global Positioning System or GPS equipment has lent itself to more accurate and reliable telelocation systems. GPS signals are impervious to most electrical noise sources and do not require the user to install an entire system. Usuall... | Wikipedia - Automatic vehicle location - Types of systems > Today's GPS-based locating | 349 | 1,796 | null |
Section: Types of systems > Sensor-augmented AVL. The main purpose of using AVL is not only to locate the vehicles, but also to obtain information about engine data, fuel consumption, driver data and sensor data from i.e. doors, freezer room on trucks or air pressure. Such data can be obtained via the CAN-bus, via dire... | Wikipedia - Automatic vehicle location - Types of systems > Sensor-augmented AVL | 226 | 1,046 | null |
Section: Differentiating between automatic vehicle location and events activated tracking systems. It might be helpful to draw a distinction between vehicle location systems which track automatically and event activated tracking systems which track when triggered by an event. There is increasingly crossover between the... | Wikipedia - Automatic vehicle location - Differentiating between automatic vehicle location and events activated tracking systems | 333 | 1,780 | null |
The vehicle recovery company has several vehicles operating in the area. Without needing to call each driver to check his location the dispatcher can pinpoint the nearest recovery vehicle and assign it to the new job. If you were to incorporate the other aspects of vehicle telematics into this scenario; the dispatcher,... | Wikipedia - Automatic vehicle location - Differentiating between automatic vehicle location and events activated tracking systems | 249 | 1,282 | null |
Section: Special applications of automatic vehicle locating. Vehicle location technologies can be used in the following scenarios: Fleet management: when managing a fleet of vehicles, knowing the real-time location of all drivers allows management to meet customer needs more efficiently. Vehicle location information ca... | Wikipedia - Automatic vehicle location - Special applications of automatic vehicle locating | 281 | 1,665 | null |
Section: History. In the early years, steam engines and electric motors were tried, but with limited success. In the 20th century, the internal combustion engine (ICE), became dominant. In 2015, the internal combustion engine remains the most widely used but a resurgence of electricity seems likely because of increasin... | Wikipedia - Automotive engine - History | 249 | 1,375 | null |
Section: Engine types > Internal combustion engines. Petrol engines quickly became the choice of manufacturers and consumers alike. Despite the rough start, noisy and dirty engine, and the difficult gear shifting, new technologies such as the production line and the advancement of the engine allowed the standard produc... | Wikipedia - Automotive engine - Engine types > Internal combustion engines | 345 | 1,877 | null |
Section: Engine types > Steam engines. The steam engine was invented in the late 1700s, and the primary method of powering engines and soon, locomotives. One of the most popular steam automobiles was the “Stanley Steamer,” offering low pollution, power, and speed. The downside of these steam automobiles is the unreliab... | Wikipedia - Automotive engine - Engine types > Steam engines | 273 | 1,408 | null |
Section: Engine types > Electric motors. Electric vehicles seemed to be the most viable option, similar to the steam automobiles. They were first invented in the early 1800s, and became a viable option of transportation around 1890, when William Morrison created the first electric car that traveled 14 miles per hour. T... | Wikipedia - Automotive engine - Engine types > Electric motors | 346 | 1,834 | null |
Article: Automotive head-up display. An automotive head-up display, also known as an automotive heads-up display or auto-HUD, is a transparent display that presents data in an automobile without requiring a driver to look away from his usual viewpoint. The origin of the name stems from a pilot being able to view inform... | Wikipedia - Automotive head-up display - Summary | 168 | 826 | null |
Section: Timeline. 1988: Nissan was the first manufacturer to offer a HUD in the JDM market with the 1988 Nissan Silvia S13. 1988: General Motors began using head-up displays. Their first HUD units were installed on Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Indy Pace Cars and replicas. Optional HUD units were subsequently offered on ... | Wikipedia - Automotive head-up display - Timeline | 330 | 1,535 | null |
Section: Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit. The Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit (ERB), also known as the Head-Up-Display-Advantage, is the term given to the purported advantages provided to motorists when driving using a head-up display (HUD). This can also be referred to as a heads-up-device or heads-up design, as compared to traditi... | Wikipedia - Automotive head-up display - Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit | 178 | 780 | null |
Section: Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit > Aetiology > Exogenous saccadic gaze. Saccadic gaze is the perceptual mechanism through which the eye is inadvertently drawn to external stimulus without the individual's conscious action. An involuntary gaze is most easily drawn by movement or distinct changes in illumination in an i... | Wikipedia - Automotive head-up display - Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit > Aetiology > Exogenous saccadic gaze | 260 | 1,308 | null |
Section: Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit > Manifestation > Reaction time. Reaction time, and more specifically delayed reaction, is widely cited as a key contributor to vehicular accidents. Reaction time in relation to the ERB is defined as the time it takes for a motorist to react to an external hazard or stimuli and then ca... | Wikipedia - Automotive head-up display - Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit > Manifestation > Reaction time | 173 | 863 | null |
Section: Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit > Manifestation > Speed maintenance and driving quality. Speed maintenance is the extent to which a driver maintains a speed and adjusts their speed to suit traffic laws and environmental conditions. The use of HUDs appears to produce better speed maintenance in drivers under experimen... | Wikipedia - Automotive head-up display - Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit > Manifestation > Speed maintenance and driving quality | 171 | 901 | null |
Section: Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit > Limitations > Work load. The influence of ERB on drivers is not universal. There is evidence that as the complexity of driving tasks increases, the benefits of using a HUD are decreased, and in some circumstances, they are no longer statistically significant. The ERB is diminished, f... | Wikipedia - Automotive head-up display - Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit > Limitations > Work load | 163 | 807 | null |
Section: Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit > Limitations > Placement. There are limitations for where a HUD can be placed or projected in a vehicle before it begins to diminish the ERB and becomes more of a distraction. HUDs can be constructed so that the instrumental feedback appears to be projected out into the horizon, rathe... | Wikipedia - Automotive head-up display - Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit > Limitations > Placement | 162 | 814 | null |
Article: Bogie. A bogie ( BOH-ghee) (or truck in North American English) comprises two or more wheelsets (two wheels on an axle), in a frame, attached under a vehicle by a pivot. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport. A bogie may remain normally attached (as on many railroad cars and semi-trailers) or... | Wikipedia - Bogie - Summary | 217 | 902 | null |
Section: Railway. A bogie in the UK, or a railroad truck, wheel truck, or simply truck in North America, is a structure underneath a railway vehicle (wagon, coach or locomotive) to which axles (hence, wheels) are attached through bearings. In Indian English, bogie may also refer to an entire railway carriage. In South ... | Wikipedia - Bogie - Railway | 259 | 1,251 | null |
Section: Railway > Purpose. Bogies serve a number of purposes: supporting the body of the rail vehicle running in a stable manner on both straight and curved track improving ride quality by absorbing vibration and minimizing the impact of centrifugal forces when the train runs on curves at high speed minimizing generat... | Wikipedia - Bogie - Railway > Purpose | 335 | 1,601 | null |
Section: Railway > Components. Key components of a bogie include: The bogie frame: This can be of inside frame type where the main frame and bearings are between the wheels, or (more commonly) of outside frame type where the main frame and bearings are outside the wheels. Suspension to absorb shocks between the bogie f... | Wikipedia - Bogie - Railway > Components | 319 | 1,597 | null |
Section: Railway > Tramway > Modern. Tram bogies are much simpler in design because of their axle load, and the tighter curves found on tramways mean tram bogies almost never have more than two axles. Furthermore, some tramways have steeper gradients and vertical as well as horizontal curves, which means tram bogies of... | Wikipedia - Bogie - Railway > Tramway > Modern | 155 | 714 | null |
Section: Radial steering truck. Radial-steering trucks, also known as radial bogies, allow the individual axles to align with curves in addition to the bogie frame as a whole pivoting. For non-radial bogies, the more axles in the assembly, the more difficulty it has negotiating curves, due to wheel flange to rail frict... | Wikipedia - Bogie - Radial steering truck | 334 | 1,602 | null |
Section: Articulated bogie. An articulated bogie (aka Jakob-type) is any one of a number of bogie designs that reduce weight, increase passenger comfort, and allow railway equipment to safely turn sharp corners, while reducing or eliminating the "screeching" normally associated with metal wheels rounding a bend in the ... | Wikipedia - Bogie - Articulated bogie | 192 | 894 | null |
Section: Structure and characteristics. Several lanes enabling braking under different material characteristic conditions are necessary for testing as many of the circumstances that directly influence the braking effect as possible. Consequently, most of the traditional or so-called classic test tracks have several (5 ... | Wikipedia - Braking test track - Structure and characteristics | 335 | 1,796 | null |
Section: Goal and utilization > The significance of braking system testing. The braking systems of vehicles, especially those of motorised vehicles play a highly important role in road safety. The activation of the braking systems decelerates and stops the vehicle (or keeps it in an immobile standing position, e.g. wit... | Wikipedia - Braking test track - Goal and utilization > The significance of braking system testing | 170 | 877 | null |
Section: Goal and utilization > Automatic Emergency Braking System tests. The number of necessary vehicle industry tests has multiplied with the implementation of ADAS (advanced driver-assistance systems). The combining of several functions has made the planned tests more complex too. Recently an increasing number of c... | Wikipedia - Braking test track - Goal and utilization > Automatic Emergency Braking System tests | 158 | 851 | null |
Section: Braking test tracks on existing proving grounds > Applus Idiada, Spain, Tarragona. The braking test track at Applus Idiada is divided into two separate zones. Zone 1 may be used only by one a vehicle at a time. The surface used for the braking tests is 250 m long and has five lanes with different kinds of pave... | Wikipedia - Braking test track - Braking test tracks on existing proving grounds > Applus Idiada, Spain, Tarragona | 161 | 707 | null |
Article: Camber thrust. Camber thrust and camber force are terms used to describe the force generated perpendicular to the direction of travel of a rolling tire due to its camber angle and finite contact patch. Camber thrust is generated when a point on the outer surface of a leaned and rotating tire, that would normal... | Wikipedia - Camber thrust - Summary | 315 | 1,582 | null |
Section: Examples > Vehicles. In the case of vehicles, the term rolling chassis means the frame plus the "running gear" like engine, transmission, drive shaft, differential, and suspension. The "rolling chassis" description originated from assembly production when an integrated chassis "rolled on its own tires" just be... | Wikipedia - Chassis - Examples > Vehicles | 330 | 1,667 | null |
Section: Examples > Firearms. In firearms, the chassis is a bedding frame on long guns such as rifles to replace the traditionally wooden stock, for the purpose of better accurizing the gun. The chassis is usually made from hard metallic material such as aluminium alloy (and less frequently stainless steel, titanium al... | Wikipedia - Chassis - Examples > Firearms | 211 | 1,175 | null |
Section: Mechanism. CSDs are mainly used on airliner and military aircraft jet engines to drive the alternating current (AC) electrical generator. In order to produce the proper voltage at a constant AC frequency, usually three-phase 115 VAC at 400 Hz, an alternator needs to spin at a constant specific speed (typically... | Wikipedia - Constant speed drive - Mechanism | 188 | 939 | null |
Section: History > Advantages and disadvantages. Advantages: Reduced unsprung weight compared to the Hotchkiss drive (live axle), since the differential and half-shafts are connected to the chassis. Unlike most fully independent suspension there are no camber changes on axle loading and unloading (or rebound). Fixing t... | Wikipedia - De Dion suspension - History > Advantages and disadvantages | 349 | 1,692 | null |
Section: Use in production cars > Older cars. Alfa Romeo is probably the most famous adopter of this technology, using it on the Alfa Romeo Alfetta, GT, GTV, GTV6, Giulietta, Alfa 6, 90, 75/Milano, SZ/RZ. Other production vehicles using this suspension include the Lancia Aurelia (fourth series onwards) and Flaminia, fi... | Wikipedia - De Dion suspension - Use in production cars > Older cars | 233 | 840 | null |
Section: Use in production cars > Recent vehicles. The Smart Fortwo (and Smart Roadster before) micro-compact cars produced by Daimler AG, Mitsubishi i kei car produced by Mitsubishi Motors and the Caterham 7 (a development of the Lotus Seven after Lotus sold the design rights to Caterham Cars), are the only cars recen... | Wikipedia - De Dion suspension - Use in production cars > Recent vehicles | 275 | 1,266 | null |
Section: Other notable uses. Most models of the Kawasaki MULE line of utility vehicles feature a leaf-sprung de Dion rear suspension with a distinctively curved tube axle that clears the rear subframe to provide 50mm (2 inches) of wheel travel. Benefits include simplicity, durability, compactness and a relatively low l... | Wikipedia - De Dion suspension - Other notable uses | 236 | 1,111 | null |
Section: Types > Primary defogger. For primary defogging, heat is generally provided by the vehicle's engine coolant via the heater core; fresh air is blown through the heater core and then ducted to and distributed over the interior surface of the windshield by a blower. This air is in many cases first cooled down and... | Wikipedia - Defogger - Types > Primary defogger | 248 | 1,200 | null |
Section: Types > Secondary defogger. Secondary defoggers, such as those used on a vehicle's backglass and/or side view mirrors, often consist of a series of parallel linear resistive conductors in or on the glass. When power is applied, these conductors heat up, thawing ice and evaporating condensation from the glass. ... | Wikipedia - Defogger - Types > Secondary defogger | 173 | 752 | null |
Section: History. Milestones in the design or use of differentials include: 100 BCE–70 BCE: The Antikythera mechanism has been dated to this period. It was discovered in 1902 on a shipwreck by sponge divers, and modern research suggests that it used a differential gear to determine the angle between the ecliptic positi... | Wikipedia - Differential (mechanical device) - History | 327 | 1,586 | null |
Section: Use in wheeled vehicles > Purpose. During cornering, the outer wheels of a vehicle must travel further than the inner wheels (since they are on a larger radius). This is easily accommodated when the wheels are not connected, however it becomes more difficult for the drive wheels, since both wheels are connecte... | Wikipedia - Differential (mechanical device) - Use in wheeled vehicles > Purpose | 173 | 874 | null |
Section: Use in wheeled vehicles > Spur-gear design. A spur-gear differential has equal-sized spur gears at each end, each of which is connected to an output shaft. The input torque (i.e. from the engine or transmission) is applied to the differential via the rotating carrier. Pinion pairs are located within the carrie... | Wikipedia - Differential (mechanical device) - Use in wheeled vehicles > Spur-gear design | 209 | 963 | null |
Section: Other uses. Non-automotive uses of differentials include performing analogue arithmetic. Two of the differential's three shafts are made to rotate through angles that represent (are proportional to) two numbers, and the angle of the third shaft's rotation represents the sum or difference of the two input numbe... | Wikipedia - Differential (mechanical device) - Other uses | 182 | 924 | null |
Section: Other uses > Clocks. The earliest verified use of a differential was in a clock made by Joseph Williamson in 1720. It employed a differential to add the equation of time to local mean time, as determined by the clock mechanism, to produce solar time, which would have been the same as the reading of a sundial. ... | Wikipedia - Differential (mechanical device) - Other uses > Clocks | 165 | 799 | null |
Article: Weight distribution. Weight distribution is the apportioning of weight within a vehicle, especially cars, airplanes, and trains. Typically, it is written in the form x/y, where x is the percentage of weight in the front, and y is the percentage in the back. In a vehicle which relies on gravity in some way, wei... | Wikipedia - Weight distribution - Summary | 316 | 1,650 | null |
Article: Dual-phase steel. Dual-phase steel (DP steel) is a high-strength steel that has a ferritic–martensitic microstructure. DP steels are produced from low or medium carbon steels that are quenched from a temperature above A1 but below A3 determined from continuous cooling transformation diagram. This results in a ... | Wikipedia - Dual-phase steel - Summary | 290 | 1,198 | null |
The desire to produce high strength steels with formability greater than microalloyed steel led to development of DP steels in 2007 by Tata Steel. DP steels have high ultimate tensile strength (UTS, enabled by the martensite) combined with low initial yielding stress (provided by the ferrite phase), high early-stage st... | Wikipedia - Dual-phase steel - Summary | 249 | 1,200 | null |
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