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Article: Dynamic trimming. Dynamic trimming or dynamic trim optimization is an automated process used to control the trim of a large ship. The trim of a ship is the height difference between the draft of its hull. It represents the angle at which the ship is floating, relative to a designated water line. This angle is ... | Wikipedia - Dynamic trimming - Summary | 159 | 867 | null |
Article: Eco-Runner Team Delft. Eco-Runner Team Delft is a multidisciplinary student team from Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) focused on developing efficient cars powered by sustainable fuels. Every year, a new car is produced to inspire the world towards sustainable mobility. At the end of each year, the te... | Wikipedia - Eco-Runner Team Delft - Summary | 230 | 1,092 | null |
Section: Origins & Organization. Eco-Runner Team Delft was founded by 11 students (7 from Belgium and 4 from the Netherlands), in the Netherlands in November 2005. They were second-year students of the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology. The team's goal was to compete in the Shell Eco-mara... | Wikipedia - Eco-Runner Team Delft - Origins & Organization | 239 | 1,115 | null |
Section: Teams across the years > Eco-Runner H2. The second Eco-Runner was named the Eco-Runner H2. Its main improvement with respect to the Eco-Runner 1 was its completely integrated design. This improved the aerodynamic shape and reduced the weight of the vehicle. Furthermore, the team developed two propulsion method... | Wikipedia - Eco-Runner Team Delft - Teams across the years > Eco-Runner H2 | 290 | 1,492 | null |
Section: Teams across the years > Eco-Runner XI. The Eco-Runner XI was the second iteration to participate in the Urban Concept class of the Shell Eco-marathon. A teardrop profile of the body accompanied with continuous wheel caps and a curved bottom plane minimised the turbulence and maximised performance. This result... | Wikipedia - Eco-Runner Team Delft - Teams across the years > Eco-Runner XI | 200 | 991 | null |
Section: Teams across the years > Eco-Runner XII. The Eco-Runner XII was the third Urban Concept car of Eco-Runner Team Delft, but the first to participate in this class at the on-track competition of the Shell Eco-marathon in 2022 at TT Circuit Assen. It finished in 1st place, performing with an efficiency of 468 km/m... | Wikipedia - Eco-Runner Team Delft - Teams across the years > Eco-Runner XII | 175 | 801 | null |
Section: Functional description. The classical automobile drivetrain is composed by a single Internal combustion engine providing torque to one or more driving wheels. The most common solution is to use a mechanical device to distribute torque to the wheels. This mechanical differential allows different wheel speeds wh... | Wikipedia - Electronic differential - Functional description | 305 | 1,717 | null |
Section: Applications. Several applications of this technology have proven successful and have increased vehicle performance. The application range is wide and includes the huge T 282B from Liebherr which is considered the world largest truck. This earth-hauling truck is driven by an electric propulsion system composed... | Wikipedia - Electronic differential - Applications | 152 | 848 | null |
Section: Operation. A typical ETC system consists of three major components: (i) an accelerator pedal module (ideally with two or more independent sensors), (ii) a throttle valve that can be opened and closed by an electric motor (sometimes referred to as an electric or electronic throttle body (ETB)), and (iii) a powe... | Wikipedia - Electronic throttle control - Operation | 168 | 818 | null |
Section: Benefits. The benefits of electronic throttle control are largely unnoticed by most drivers because the aim is to make the vehicle power-train characteristics seamlessly consistent irrespective of prevailing conditions, such as engine temperature, altitude, and accessory loads. Electronic throttle control is a... | Wikipedia - Electronic throttle control - Benefits | 178 | 1,019 | null |
Section: Failure modes. There is no mechanical linkage between the accelerator pedal and the throttle valve with electronic throttle control. Instead, the position of the throttle valve (i.e., the amount of air in the engine) is fully controlled by the ETC software via the electric motor. But just opening or closing th... | Wikipedia - Electronic throttle control - Failure modes | 336 | 1,640 | null |
When the car goes into the limp-home-mode it is because the accelerator, engine control computer and the throttle are not connecting to each other in which they can function together. The engine control computer shuts down the signal to the throttle position motor and a set of springs in the throttle set it to a fast i... | Wikipedia - Electronic throttle control - Failure modes | 251 | 1,252 | null |
Article: EN 50436. EN 50436 is a series of European Standards for ignition interlock devices (also called 'alcohol interlocks') on motor vehicles. An alcohol interlock consists of two main components: an instrument that measures breath alcohol via a mouthpiece inside the vehicle, and a control unit (normally installed ... | Wikipedia - EN 50436 - Summary | 203 | 1,039 | null |
Section: Standard series EN 50436. Since 2013, the series of European Standards EN 50436 ("Alcohol interlocks - Test methods and performance requirements") has been developed by the committee BTTF 116-2 ("Alcohol interlocks") of the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), whose members are no... | Wikipedia - EN 50436 - Standard series EN 50436 | 288 | 1,471 | null |
Section: Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-1. "Alcohol interlocks - Test methods and performance requirements - Part 1: Instruments for drink-driving-offender programs" 1st edition: November 2005 Corrigendum to 1st edition: June 2009 (French title changed) 2nd edition: January 2014 This European Standard specifies te... | Wikipedia - EN 50436 - Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-1 | 334 | 1,882 | null |
Section: Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-2. "EN 50436-2: Alcohol interlocks - Test methods and performance requirements - Part 2: Instruments having a mouthpiece and measuring breath alcohol for general preventive use" 1st edition: December 2007 Corrigendum to 1st edition: June 2009 (French title changed) 2nd editi... | Wikipedia - EN 50436 - Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-2 | 273 | 1,244 | null |
Section: Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-3. "EN 50436-3: Alcohol interlocks - Test methods and performance requirements - Part 3: Guidance for authorities, decision makers, purchasers and users" 1st edition: July 2010, published as Technical Report CLC/TR 50436-3 2nd edition: December 2016 This European Standard co... | Wikipedia - EN 50436 - Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-3 | 255 | 1,237 | null |
Section: Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-4. "EN 50436-4: Alcohol interlocks - Test methods and performance requirements - Part 4: Connection between the alcohol interlock and the vehicle" 1st edition: March 2007 published as draft prEN 50436-4 (project stopped afterwards) New draft under preparation since October 2... | Wikipedia - EN 50436 - Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-4 | 247 | 1,153 | null |
Section: Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-5. "EN 50436-5: Alcohol interlocks - Test methods and performance requirements - Part 5: Instruments measuring breath alcohol for general preventive use, not having a mouthpiece and compensating by carbon dioxide measurement" No draft published (project stopped) This Europea... | Wikipedia - EN 50436 - Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-5 | 204 | 1,104 | null |
Section: Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-6. "EN 50436-6: Alcohol interlocks - Test methods and performance requirements - Part 6: Data security" 1st edition: March 2015 This European Standard specifies additional security requirements for the protection and handling of event records which are stored in the data mem... | Wikipedia - EN 50436 - Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-6 | 246 | 1,207 | null |
Section: Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-7. "EN 50436-7: Alcohol interlocks - Test methods and performance requirements - Part 7: Installation document" 1st edition: December 2016 Alcohol interlocks are often intended for aftermarket installation, in which they are connected to the electric and control circuits of ... | Wikipedia - EN 50436 - Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-7 | 348 | 1,818 | null |
The alcohol interlock is fitted with its output relay into the interrupted starter circuit to enable or disable the start of the motor. A semi-digital connection, in which the vehicle interfaces with the alcohol interlock through fixed signal lines that are established in the vehicle for this purpose. This avoids the i... | Wikipedia - EN 50436 - Standard series EN 50436 > EN 50436-7 | 334 | 1,663 | null |
Article: Etherloop. Etherloop is a hybrid technology combining aspects of Ethernet with other technologies to achieve a result not possible with either technology alone. EtherLoop was originally developed in the 1990s to allow high-speed data communication access to residential customers over standard twisted-pair tele... | Wikipedia - Etherloop - Summary | 327 | 1,771 | null |
Section: Description. The telco EtherLoop design adopted the basic concepts of digital subscriber line (DSL) communications technology plus Ethernet local area network technology to facilitate the combination of voice and data transmission on legacy physical infrastructure of standard twisted-pair telephone lines, or p... | Wikipedia - Etherloop - Description | 246 | 1,200 | null |
It is also possible to have bridge taps on the loop, where a wire is attached to the main loop, but not connected to anything at the far end. Unconnected bridge taps cause reflections in the signal – some of the incoming signal will bounce backwards, and this reflection will interfere with the original signal.: 7 The c... | Wikipedia - Etherloop - Description | 315 | 1,600 | null |
Section: Applications > Telecommunications. EtherLoop was initially employed in the late-1990s to facilitate voice and data transmission by telephone companies on legacy physical POTS infrastructure.: 7–12 EtherLoop performs well in network runs that exceed Ethernet limits of ~150 m (490 ft), with up to 6.4 megabits pe... | Wikipedia - Etherloop - Applications > Telecommunications | 227 | 1,004 | null |
Section: Applications > Automotive intra-vehicle communication. Automotive intra-vehicle communication. In 2023, Tesla began using etherloop (styled, EtherLoop by Tesla) in their proprietary implementation in the Cybertruck light-duty truck. A gigabit Ethernet 2-wire physical network with a proprietary time-sliced, net... | Wikipedia - Etherloop - Applications > Automotive intra-vehicle communication | 321 | 1,611 | null |
Article: Event data recorder. An event data recorder (EDR), more specifically motor vehicle event data recorder (MVEDR), similar to an accident data recorder, (ADR) sometimes referred to informally as an automotive black box (by analogy with the common nickname for flight recorders), is a device installed in some autom... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - Summary | 238 | 1,163 | null |
Section: History. In its efforts to establish the uniform scientific crash data needed to make vehicle and highway transportation safer and reduce fatalities, the IEEE launched IEEE 1616 in 2004. It was the first universal standard for MVEDRs, much like those that monitor crashes on aircraft and trains. The new standar... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - History | 332 | 1,635 | null |
Section: Regulatory framework. In the US 49/563.5 regulatory framework, Event data recorder is defined as a a device or function in a vehicle that records the vehicle's dynamic time-series data during the time period just prior to a crash event (e.g., vehicle speed vs. time) or during a crash event (e.g., delta-V vs. t... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - Regulatory framework | 263 | 1,249 | null |
Section: Operation. Some EDRs continuously record data, overwriting the previous few minutes until a crash stops them, and others are activated by crash-like events (such as sudden changes in velocity) and may continue to record until the accident is over, or until the recording time is expired. EDRs may record a wide ... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - Operation | 342 | 1,681 | null |
It is also possible that no data can be recovered from a data recorder. One situation where this might occur is a catastrophic loss of electrical power early in a collision event. In this situation, the power reserve in the restraint system control module capacitors may be completely spent by the deployment of the air ... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - Operation | 320 | 1,629 | null |
Section: Data from the Eaton VORAD Collision Warning System. The Eaton Vehicle Onboard Radar (VORAD) Collision Warning System is used by many commercial trucking firms to aid drivers and improve safety. The system includes forward and side radar sensors to detect the presence, proximity and movements of vehicles around... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - Data from the Eaton VORAD Collision Warning System | 235 | 1,254 | null |
Section: Usage. Event data recorders were introduced to American open-wheel championship CART in the 1993 season, and the Formula One World Championship in 1997. Data collected by the recorders was used to improve safety and design factors in race vehicles and racetracks. EDRs are not mandated on new vehicles, however,... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - Usage | 162 | 858 | null |
Section: Accessing recorded information > The Bosch CDR tool. Over 88% of model year 2016 and newer vehicles are supported by the Bosch CDR tool, enabling the retrieval of event data recorder (EDR) data from a vehicle that has been involved in a crash. This tool is made up of hardware and software which provides the ab... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - Accessing recorded information > The Bosch CDR tool | 155 | 748 | null |
Section: NHTSA ruling. From 1998 to 2001, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored a working group specifically tasked with the study of EDRs. After years of evaluation, NHTSA released a formal Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in 2004. This notice declared NHTSA's intent to standardize EDRs. It... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - NHTSA ruling | 311 | 1,509 | null |
In addition to the required data, NHTSA also set standards for 30 other types of data to be recorded if EDRs were voluntarily configured. For example, if a manufacturer configured an EDR to record engine RPMs or ABS activity, then the EDR would have to record 5 seconds of those pre-crash data in half-second increments.... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - NHTSA ruling | 219 | 1,055 | null |
Section: Purported Use and Privacy Concerns. Some forensic studies are underway regarding rules and regulations and warn automakers and crash investigators of privacy concerns and unintended use of retrieved EDR data. Beginning in the late 90s light vehicle manufacturers included electronic data recorders (EDR) in most... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - Purported Use and Privacy Concerns | 285 | 1,426 | null |
It stated that the owner or lessee of a motor vehicle is the owner of the data collected by the EDR. In order to access that data, an investigator would need to (1) be authorized by a court or judicial or administrative authority, subject to the standards for admission into evidence; (2) obtain the written, electronic ... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - Purported Use and Privacy Concerns | 189 | 924 | null |
Section: EDR as Courtroom Evidence > Others. In New South Wales, Australia, a teen-aged female (a probationary driver) was convicted of dangerous driving "causing death/occasioning grievous bodily harm" in 2005. Evidence from the Peugeot's EDR showed that the car was being driven in excess of the posted speed limit. An... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - EDR as Courtroom Evidence > Others | 281 | 1,366 | null |
Section: In Europe. In Europe, M1 vehicles have an airbag control module which is linked to an EDR. It might record 49 CFR Part 563, data and more. Ownership of EDR data in Europe is not clearly defined like in the US. When an EDR is considered as a record of less than 30 seconds, an EDR is different from other in-vehi... | Wikipedia - Event data recorder - In Europe | 294 | 1,383 | null |
Section: Exhaust heat recovery technologies > Rankine. Rankine cycle systems vaporize pressurised water using a steam generator located in the exhaust pipe. As a result of the heating by exhaust gases, the fluid is turned into steam. The steam then drives the expander of the Rankine engine, either a turbine or pistons.... | Wikipedia - Exhaust heat recovery system - Exhaust heat recovery technologies > Rankine | 153 | 759 | null |
Section: Exhaust Heat Recovery on internal combustion engines with Rankine Cycle Systems > Passenger cars > Chevrolet EGHR. The 2016 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid car features an Exhaust gas Heat Recovery (EGHR) system to accelerate coolant heat up time. This gives faster heat up of the engine coolant which in turn heats up ... | Wikipedia - Exhaust heat recovery system - Exhaust Heat Recovery on internal combustion engines with Rankine Cycle Systems > Passenger cars > Chevrolet EGHR | 152 | 762 | null |
Section: Uses. Typically, a fuel tank must allow or provide the following: Storage of fuel: the system must contain a given quantity of fuel and must avoid leakage and limit evaporative emissions. Filling: the fuel tank must be filled in a secure way, without sparks. Provide a method for determining level of fuel in ta... | Wikipedia - Fuel tank - Uses | 270 | 1,286 | null |
Section: Fuel tank construction. While most tanks are manufactured, some fuel tanks are still fabricated by metal craftsmen or hand-made in the case of bladder-style tanks. These include custom and restoration tanks for automotive, aircraft, motorcycles, boats and even tractors. Construction of fuel tanks follows a ser... | Wikipedia - Fuel tank - Fuel tank construction | 347 | 1,578 | null |
Section: Automotive fuel tanks > Passenger vehicles. A larger fuel-tank results in a greater range for the car between refills, however the weight and space requirements of a larger tank are undesirable, especially in smaller cars. The average fuel tank capacity for cars is 50–60 L (12–16 US gal). The most common mater... | Wikipedia - Fuel tank - Automotive fuel tanks > Passenger vehicles | 167 | 778 | null |
Section: Aircraft. Aircraft typically use three types of fuel tanks: integral, rigid removable, and bladder. Integral tanks are areas inside the aircraft structure that have been sealed to allow fuel storage. An example of this type is the "wet wing" commonly used in larger aircraft. Since these tanks are part of the a... | Wikipedia - Fuel tank - Aircraft | 344 | 1,824 | null |
Fuel tanks have been implicated in aviation disasters, being the cause of the accident or worsening it (fuel tank explosion). For example: The official "probable cause" for the explosion and subsequent crash of TWA Flight 800 is that an explosive fuel/air mixture existed in one of the aircraft's fuel tanks. Faulty wiri... | Wikipedia - Fuel tank - Aircraft | 208 | 1,011 | null |
Section: Safety. Proper design and construction of a fuel tank play a major role in the safety of the system of which the tank is a part. In most cases intact fuel tanks are very safe, as the tank is full of fuel vapour/air mixture that is well above the flammability limits, and thus cannot burn even if an ignition sou... | Wikipedia - Fuel tank - Safety | 274 | 1,382 | null |
Section: On cars and other vehicles. Similar gaiters to those described above find multiple uses on most vehicles. They are used at both ends of driveshafts, protecting constant-velocity joints from the ingress of dirt, and retaining the grease. They also prevent the ingress of dirt where one component slides within an... | Wikipedia - Gaiter (vehicle) - On cars and other vehicles | 159 | 766 | null |
Section: Applicability to early radio and television. In the early days of radio, mains electricity was supplied at different voltages in different places, and either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) was supplied. There are three ways of powering electronic equipment. AC-only equipment would rely on a tr... | Wikipedia - AC/DC receiver design - Applicability to early radio and television | 348 | 1,684 | null |
Several models were produced which dispensed with the power transformer, but had circuit features which only allowed operation from AC. Some early models were available in both AC-only and AC/DC versions, with the AC/DC versions sometimes slightly more expensive. Television receivers were first commercially sold in Eng... | Wikipedia - AC/DC receiver design - Applicability to early radio and television | 267 | 1,335 | null |
Section: Applicability to early radio and television > Series tube heaters. Vacuum tube equipment used a number of tubes, each with a heater requiring a certain amount of electrical power. In AC/DC equipment, the heaters of all the tubes are connected in series. All the tubes are rated at the same current (typically 10... | Wikipedia - AC/DC receiver design - Applicability to early radio and television > Series tube heaters | 256 | 1,197 | null |
Section: Applicability to early radio and television > Transformer. AC/DC equipment did not require a transformer, and was consequently cheaper, lighter, and smaller than comparable AC equipment. This type of equipment continued to be produced long after AC became the universal standard due to its cost advantage over A... | Wikipedia - AC/DC receiver design - Applicability to early radio and television > Transformer | 348 | 1,669 | null |
Additionally, the use of a transformer allowed multiple independent power supplies from separate transformer windings for different stages. In an AC/DC design there was no transformer to isolate the equipment from the mains. Much equipment was built on a metal chassis which was connected to one side of the mains. Becau... | Wikipedia - AC/DC receiver design - Applicability to early radio and television > Transformer | 336 | 1,657 | null |
Section: Applicability to early radio and television > Regional variations. In the past, 110–120 V was not high enough for higher-power tube audio and television applications, and only suitable to operate low-power radio and audio equipment such as radio receivers. Higher-powered 110–120 V audio or television equipment... | Wikipedia - AC/DC receiver design - Applicability to early radio and television > Regional variations | 328 | 1,542 | null |
The α β γ {\displaystyle \alpha \beta \gamma } transform applied to three-phase currents, as used by Edith Clarke, is i α β γ ( t ) = T i a b c ( t ) = 2 3 [ 1 − 1 2 − 1 2 0 3 2 − 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 ] [ i a ( t ) i b ( t ) i c ( t ) ] {\displaystyle i_{\alpha \beta \gamma }(t)=Ti_{abc}(t)={\frac {2}{3}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&-... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Definition | 350 | 710 | null |
given by the transformation T {\displaystyle T} . The inverse transform is: i a b c ( t ) = T − 1 i α β γ ( t ) = [ 1 0 1 − 1 2 3 2 1 − 1 2 − 3 2 1 ] [ i α ( t ) i β ( t ) i γ ( t ) ] . {\displaystyle i_{abc}(t)=T^{-1}i_{\alpha \beta \gamma }(t)={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&1\\-{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}&1\\-{\frac {... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Definition | 261 | 553 | null |
{\displaystyle i_{abc}(t)=T^{-1}i_{\alpha \beta \gamma }(t)={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&1\\-{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}&1\\-{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}i_{\alpha }(t)\\i_{\beta }(t)\\i_{\gamma }(t)\end{bmatrix}}.} The above Clarke's transformation preserves the amplitude of t... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Definition | 516 | 1,086 | null |
Indeed, consider a three-phase symmetric, direct, current sequence i a ( t ) = 2 I cos θ ( t ) , i b ( t ) = 2 I cos ( θ ( t ) − 2 3 π ) , i c ( t ) = 2 I cos ( θ ( t ) + 2 3 π ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}i_{a}(t)=&{\sqrt {2}}I\cos \theta (t),\\i_{b}(t)=&{\sqrt {2}}I\cos \left(\theta (t)-{\frac {2}{3}}\pi ... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Definition | 467 | 1,075 | null |
Then, by applying T {\displaystyle T} to the current sequence, it results i α = 2 I cos θ ( t ) , i β = 2 I sin θ ( t ) , i γ = 0 , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}i_{\alpha }=&{\sqrt {2}}I\cos \theta (t),\\i_{\beta }=&{\sqrt {2}}I\sin \theta (t),\\i_{\gamma }=&0,\end{aligned}}} where the last equation holds since w... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Definition | 183 | 535 | null |
In order to preserve the active and reactive powers one has, instead, to consider i α β γ ( t ) = T i a b c ( t ) = 2 3 [ 1 − 1 2 − 1 2 0 3 2 − 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 ] [ i a ( t ) i b ( t ) i c ( t ) ] , {\displaystyle i_{\alpha \beta \gamma }(t)=Ti_{abc}(t)={\sqrt {\frac {2}{3}}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&-{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Definition > Power invariant transformation | 313 | 592 | null |
In order to preserve the active and reactive powers one has, instead, to consider i α β γ ( t ) = T i a b c ( t ) = 2 3 [ 1 − 1 2 − 1 2 0 3 2 − 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 ] [ i a ( t ) i b ( t ) i c ( t ) ] , {\displaystyle i_{\alpha \beta \gamma }(t)=Ti_{abc}(t)={\sqrt {\frac {2}{3}}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&-{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Definition > Power invariant transformation | 365 | 776 | null |
In this case the amplitudes of the transformed currents are not the same of those in the standard reference frame, that is i α = 3 I cos θ ( t ) , i β = 3 I sin θ ( t ) , i γ = 0. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}i_{\alpha }=&{\sqrt {3}}I\cos \theta (t),\\i_{\beta }=&{\sqrt {3}}I\sin \theta (t),\\i_{\gamma }=&0.\end{... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Definition > Power invariant transformation | 192 | 480 | null |
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}i_{\alpha }=&{\sqrt {3}}I\cos \theta (t),\\i_{\beta }=&{\sqrt {3}}I\sin \theta (t),\\i_{\gamma }=&0.\end{aligned}}} Finally, the inverse transformation in this case is i a b c ( t ) = 2 3 [ 1 0 1 2 − 1 2 3 2 1 2 − 1 2 − 3 2 1 2 ] [ i α ( t ) i β ( t ) i γ ( t ) ] . {\displaystyle i_{abc}(... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Definition > Power invariant transformation | 353 | 607 | null |
Since in a balanced system i a ( t ) + i b ( t ) + i c ( t ) = 0 {\displaystyle i_{a}(t)+i_{b}(t)+i_{c}(t)=0} and thus i γ ( t ) = 0 {\displaystyle i_{\gamma }(t)=0} one can also consider the simplified transform i α β ( t ) = 2 3 [ 1 − 1 2 − 1 2 0 3 2 − 3 2 ] [ i a ( t ) i b ( t ) i c ( t ) ] = [ 1 0 1 3 2 3 ] [ i a (... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Definition > Simplified transformation | 348 | 629 | null |
{2}{\sqrt {3}}}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}i_{a}(t)\\i_{b}(t)\end{bmatrix}}\end{aligned}}} which is simply the original Clarke's transformation with the 3rd equation excluded, and i a b c ( t ) = 3 2 [ 2 3 0 − 1 3 3 3 − 1 3 − 3 3 ] [ i α ( t ) i β ( t ) ] {\displaystyle i_{abc}(t)={\frac {3}{2}}{\begin{bmatrix}{\frac... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Definition > Simplified transformation | 275 | 536 | null |
Section: Geometric Interpretation. The α β γ {\displaystyle \alpha \beta \gamma } transformation can be thought of as the projection of the three phase quantities (voltages or currents) onto two stationary axes, the alpha axis and the beta axis. However, no information is lost if the system is balanced, as the equation... | Wikipedia - Alpha–beta transformation - Geometric Interpretation | 314 | 1,261 | null |
Article: Alternating current. Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time, in contrast to direct current (DC), which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses a... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Summary | 271 | 1,508 | null |
Section: Transmission, distribution, and domestic power supply. Electrical energy is distributed as alternating current because AC voltage may be increased or decreased with a transformer. This allows the power to be transmitted through power lines efficiently at high voltage, which reduces the energy lost as heat due ... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Transmission, distribution, and domestic power supply | 335 | 1,413 | null |
Power is often transmitted at hundreds of kilovolts on pylons, and transformed down to tens of kilovolts to be transmitted on lower level lines, and finally transformed down to 100 V – 240 V for domestic use. High voltages have disadvantages, such as the increased insulation required, and generally increased difficulty... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Transmission, distribution, and domestic power supply | 349 | 1,783 | null |
Three current waveforms are produced that are equal in magnitude and 120° out of phase to each other. If coils are added opposite to these (60° spacing), they generate the same phases with reverse polarity and so can be simply wired together. In practice, higher pole orders are commonly used. For example, a 12-pole mac... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Transmission, distribution, and domestic power supply | 344 | 1,575 | null |
For smaller customers (just how small varies by country and age of the installation) only a single phase and neutral, or two phases and neutral, are taken to the property. For larger installations, all three phases and neutral are taken to the main distribution panel. From the three-phase main panel, both single and th... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Transmission, distribution, and domestic power supply | 350 | 1,851 | null |
Section: AC power supply frequencies > Low frequency. A low frequency eases the design of electric motors, particularly for hoisting, crushing and rolling applications, and commutator-type traction motors for applications such as railways. However, low frequency also causes noticeable flicker in arc lamps and incandesc... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - AC power supply frequencies > Low frequency | 201 | 1,057 | null |
Section: Effects at high frequencies. A direct current flows uniformly throughout the cross-section of a homogeneous electrically conducting wire. An alternating current of any frequency is forced away from the wire's center, toward its outer surface. This is because an alternating current (which is the result of the a... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Effects at high frequencies | 345 | 1,883 | null |
Section: Effects at high frequencies > Techniques for reducing radiation loss > Coaxial cables. Coaxial cables are commonly used at audio frequencies and above for convenience. A coaxial cable has a conductive wire inside a conductive tube, separated by a dielectric layer. The current flowing on the surface of the inne... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Effects at high frequencies > Techniques for reducing radiation loss > Coaxial cables | 210 | 1,039 | null |
Section: Effects at high frequencies > Techniques for reducing radiation loss > Waveguides. Waveguides are similar to coaxial cables, as both consist of tubes, with the biggest difference being that waveguides have no inner conductor. Waveguides can have any arbitrary cross section, but rectangular cross sections are t... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Effects at high frequencies > Techniques for reducing radiation loss > Waveguides | 265 | 1,365 | null |
Section: Formulation. Alternating currents are accompanied (or caused) by alternating voltages. An AC voltage v can be described mathematically as a function of time by the following equation: v ( t ) = V peak sin ( ω t ) {\displaystyle v(t)=V_{\text{peak}}\sin(\omega t)} , where V peak {\displaystyle V_{\text{peak}}... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Formulation | 293 | 1,021 | null |
Since the maximum value of sin ( x ) {\displaystyle \sin(x)} is +1 and the minimum value is −1, an AC voltage swings between + V peak {\displaystyle +V_{\text{peak}}} and − V peak {\displaystyle -V_{\text{peak}}} . The peak-to-peak voltage, usually written as V pp {\displaystyle V_{\text{pp}}} or V P-P {\displaystyle... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Formulation | 175 | 454 | null |
Section: Formulation > Power. The relationship between voltage and the power delivered is: p ( t ) = v 2 ( t ) R {\displaystyle p(t)={\frac {v^{2}(t)}{R}}} , where R {\displaystyle R} represents a load resistance. Rather than using instantaneous power, p ( t ) {\displaystyle p(t)} , it is more practical to use a time-a... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Formulation > Power | 160 | 561 | null |
Therefore, AC voltage is often expressed as a root mean square (RMS) value, written as V rms {\displaystyle V_{\text{rms}}} , because P average = V rms 2 R . {\displaystyle P_{\text{average}}={\frac {{V_{\text{rms}}}^{2}}{R}}.} Power oscillation v ( t ) = V peak sin ( ω t ) i ( t ) = v ( t ) R = V peak R sin ( ω t ... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Formulation > Power | 381 | 834 | null |
Section: Formulation > Examples of alternating current. To illustrate these concepts, consider a 230 V AC mains supply used in many countries around the world. It is so called because its root mean square value is 230 V. This means that the time-averaged power delivered P average {\displaystyle P_{\text{average}}} is e... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Formulation > Examples of alternating current | 170 | 618 | null |
To determine the peak voltage (amplitude), we can rearrange the above equation to: V peak = 2 V rms {\displaystyle V_{\text{peak}}={\sqrt {2}}\ V_{\text{rms}}} P peak = ( V rms ) 2 R ( V peak ) 2 ( V rms ) 2 = P average 2 2 = 2 P average . {\displaystyle P_{\text{peak}}={\frac {(V_{\text{rms}})^{2}}{R}}{\frac {(V_{\tex... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Formulation > Examples of alternating current | 322 | 736 | null |
{\displaystyle P_{\text{peak}}={\frac {(V_{\text{rms}})^{2}}{R}}{\frac {(V_{\text{peak}})^{2}}{(V_{\text{rms}})^{2}}}={\text{P}}_{\text{average}}{\sqrt {2}}^{2}={\text{2}}P_{\text{average}}.} For 230 V AC, the peak voltage V peak {\displaystyle V_{\text{peak}}} is therefore 230 V × 2 {\displaystyle 230{\text{ V}}\times... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - Formulation > Examples of alternating current | 304 | 772 | null |
Section: History. The first alternator to produce alternating current was an electric generator based on Michael Faraday's principles constructed by the French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii in 1832. Pixii later added a commutator to his device to produce the (then) more commonly used direct current. The earliest rec... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - History | 280 | 1,395 | null |
Section: History > Transformers. The development of the alternating current transformer to change voltage from low to high level and back, allowed generation and consumption at low voltages and transmission, over great distances, at high voltage, with savings in the cost of conductors and energy losses. A bipolar open-... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - History > Transformers | 299 | 1,613 | null |
The direct current systems did not have these drawbacks, giving it significant advantages over early AC systems. In the UK, Sebastian de Ferranti, who had been developing AC generators and transformers in London since 1882, redesigned the AC system at the Grosvenor Gallery power station in 1886 for the London Electric ... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - History > Transformers | 344 | 1,694 | null |
The new transformers were 3.4 times more efficient than the open-core bipolar devices of Gaulard and Gibbs. The Ganz factory in 1884 shipped the world's first five high-efficiency AC transformers. This first unit had been manufactured to the following specifications: 1,400 W, 40 Hz, 120:72 V, 11.6:19.4 A, ratio 1.67:1,... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - History > Transformers | 263 | 1,321 | null |
Section: History > Adoption. The AC power system was developed and adopted rapidly after 1886. In March of that year, Westinghouse engineer William Stanley, designing a system based on the Gaulard and Gibbs transformer, demonstrated a lighting system in Great Barrington: A Siemens generator's voltage of 500 volts was c... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - History > Adoption | 341 | 1,688 | null |
This design was independently further developed into the modern practical three-phase form by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky and Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown in Germany on one side, and Jonas Wenström in Sweden on the other, though Brown favored the two-phase system. The Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant, constructed in... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - History > Adoption | 346 | 1,767 | null |
1 Hydroelectric Plant near Redlands, California. Decker's design incorporated 10 kV three-phase transmission and established the standards for the complete system of generation, transmission and motors used in USA today. The original Niagara Falls Adams Power Plant with three two-phase generators was put into operation... | Wikipedia - Alternating current - History > Adoption | 227 | 1,182 | null |
Section: Selected publications. Calero, Ivan; Canizares, Claudio; Bhattacharya, Kankar; Baldick, Ross (17 July 2022). "Duck-curve Mitigation in Power Grids with High Penetration of PV Generation". 2022 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). p. 1. doi:10.1109/PESGM48719.2022.9916812. ISBN 978-1-6654-0823-3... | Wikipedia - Ross Baldick - Selected publications | 333 | 945 | null |
ISBN 978-1-6654-0823-3. S2CID 253186017. Zhang, Haixiang; Park, SangWoo; Lavaei, Javad; Baldick, Ross (March 2022). "Uniqueness of Power Flow Solutions Using Graph-Theoretic Notions". IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems. 9 (1): 100–112. doi:10.1109/TCNS.2022.3145749. ISSN 2325-5870. S2CID 228082887. Chen, Y... | Wikipedia - Ross Baldick - Selected publications | 320 | 896 | null |
ISSN 2325-5870. S2CID 245793872. Verma, Pranjal Pragya; Hesamzadeh, Mohammad Reza; Baldick, Ross; Biggar, Darryl Ross; Swarup, Kesanakurthy Shanti; Srinivasan, Dipti (September 2022). "Bayesian Nash Equilibrium in Electricity Spot Markets: An Affine-Plane Approximation Approach". IEEE Transactions on Control of Network... | Wikipedia - Ross Baldick - Selected publications | 345 | 980 | null |
ISSN 1558-0679. S2CID 221586062. Garcia, Manuel; Baldick, Ross (January 2022). "Requirements for Interdependent Reserve Types Providing Primary Frequency Control". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 37 (1): 51–64. Bibcode:2022ITPSy..37...51G. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3094214. ISSN 1558-0679. S2CID 237764692. Liu, Yikui;... | Wikipedia - Ross Baldick - Selected publications | 248 | 668 | null |
Section: Background > Transformation. In signal processing, transformation from the time domain to another domain, such as the frequency domain, is used to focus on the details of a waveform. Many of the waveform's details can be analyzed much more easily in a domain other than the original. Different methods exist to ... | Wikipedia - Blackman–Tukey transformation - Background > Transformation | 155 | 791 | null |
Section: Blackman–Tukey transformation method. The method is fully described in Blackman and Tukey's 1958 journal publications republished as their 1959 book "The measurement of power spectra, from the point of view of communications engineering" and is outlined by the following procedures: Calculate the autocorrelatio... | Wikipedia - Blackman–Tukey transformation - Blackman–Tukey transformation method | 180 | 952 | null |
Article: Bond graph. A bond graph is a graphical representation of a physical dynamic system. It allows the conversion of the system into a state-space representation. It is similar to a block diagram or signal-flow graph, with the major difference that the arcs in bond graphs represent bi-directional exchange of physi... | Wikipedia - Bond graph - Summary | 350 | 1,680 | null |
If x is a scalar, then the Hermitian conjugate is the same as the complex conjugate; D t n {\displaystyle D_{t}^{n}} is the Euler notation for differentiation, where: D t n f ( t ) = { ∫ − ∞ t f ( s ) d s , n = − 1 f ( t ) , n = 0 ∂ n f ( t ) ∂ t n , n > 0 {\displaystyle D_{t}^{n}f(t)={\begin{cases}\displaystyle \int _... | Wikipedia - Bond graph - Systems for bond graph | 348 | 720 | null |
\right)^{1/\beta }\end{cases}}} Vergent-factor: ϕ L = { Prismatic : length cross-sectional area Cylinder : ln ( r a d i u s o u t r a d i u s i n ) 2 π ⋅ length Sphere : 1 4 π ( r a d i u s i n ∥ − r a d i u s o u t ) {\displaystyle \phi _{L}={\begin{cases}{\textrm {Prismatic}}:\ {\dfrac {\textrm {length}}{{\textrm {... | Wikipedia - Bond graph - Systems for bond graph | 350 | 917 | null |
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