text stringlengths 14 4.79k | source stringlengths 13 304 | tokens float64 75 1.06k ⌀ | char_length float64 106 4.79k ⌀ | article_title stringlengths 16 300 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Another deviation from the original design was the substitution of a manual process for a mechanized one. The facility was originally scheduled to open in late 1949, but in February 1948 the AEC communicated that it wanted the facility operational by 1 January 1949. In order to meet this deadline, General Electric deci... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Design and construction | 336 | 1,495 | null |
The start-up date was pushed back to 1 March. A 16-day strike by electrical works in March and April further delayed completion. The building was handed over between 29 April and 6 May, and a full complement of 27 operators were trained by the middle of the month. Test runs were conducted to verify the equipment and pr... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Design and construction | 193 | 924 | null |
Section: Operations. The Plutonium Finishing Plant commenced production operations on 5 July 1949. The RG line consisted of 28 glove boxes operated by three shifts of operators who worked Monday to Friday. Training was not yet complete and the equipment was not fully functional. Negative air pressure was supposed to pr... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Operations | 345 | 1,637 | null |
A third RM line (RMC) was authorized in 1957, and workers removed the RMB line when they installed the RMC line, which became operational in October 1960. In the early months of 1953, the RG line handled only 5 to 6 percent of the plutonium nitrate sent to the Plutonium Finishing Plant, and produced no pits. In 1955, t... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Operations | 344 | 1,562 | null |
The high production volume tended to saturate the air filters, with the result that a daily average of 18 microcuries (670 kBq) of plutonium was detected in stack releases in July 1957. This rose to 117 microcuries (4,300 kBq) in December, and 182 microcuries (6,700 kBq) by late 1958. A program of filter inspection and... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Operations | 332 | 1,537 | null |
The AEC was succeeded by the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) in 1975, and it replaced ARHCO with Rockwell on 1 July 1977. The Reagan administration initiated a nuclear arms build-up in 1989, and the Department of Energy, which succeeded the ERDA in 1977, restarted Hanford's PUREX plant. Plans were... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Operations | 239 | 1,114 | null |
Section: Non-defense work. Starting in the 1960s, the Plutonium Finishing Plant took on work in support of the nuclear power industry. In 1962, the AEC asked General Electric to explore the possibility of producing fuel-grade plutonium at the Plutonium Finishing Plant. The idea was that the AEC could buy plutonium prod... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Non-defense work | 337 | 1,653 | null |
Section: Analytical laboratories. The safety of the Plutonium Finishing Plant depended on knowing the isotopic content of the plutonium and the quantities being handled. For this, the 234-5Z Building was provided with an analytical laboratory, which sampled the product at various stages. When the building was extended,... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Analytical laboratories | 348 | 1,769 | null |
Section: Recovery and recycling of plutonium > RECUPLEX facility. Plutonium was valuable, and reducing waste saved landfill dispatches and preserved the long-term radiological safety of the area by not burying the highly contaminated waste. Efforts were therefore made to recycle plutonium-bearing waste. By July 1951, P... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Recovery and recycling of plutonium > RECUPLEX facility | 341 | 1,607 | null |
Section: Recovery and recycling of plutonium > 232-Z Incinerator. In 1958, the Plutonium Finishing Plant engineers suggested building an incinerator to recover plutonium residue from combustible solid waste in the 231-Z and 234-5Z buildings such as cartons, rags, old clothes, filters and rubber gloves. These would be b... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Recovery and recycling of plutonium > 232-Z Incinerator | 350 | 1,592 | null |
The steel conveyor belt was replaced by a nichrome one on 22 October 1963, which in turn it was replaced by an inconel one on 11 February 1964, that had to be replaced on 20 April and again on 14 July. There were also numerous interruptions due to other mechanical problems. In contrast, the leaching process worked quit... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Recovery and recycling of plutonium > 232-Z Incinerator | 178 | 805 | null |
Section: Recovery and recycling of plutonium > 242-Z Waste Treatment Facility. While the RECUPLEX facility dealt with solid waste and the 232-Z Incinerator with combustible waste, there remained the problem of liquid waste. By the end of 1959, the 216-Z-9 Crib, a 20-foot (6.1 m) deep underground cavern southeast of the... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Recovery and recycling of plutonium > 242-Z Waste Treatment Facility | 292 | 1,195 | null |
In 1964, an americium recovery system was installed in a glove box at the 242-Z Waste Treatment Facility. This took acidic aqueous waste from the solvent column, neutralized the acidity with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and extracted both plutonium and americium with dibutyl butylphosphonate (DBBP) (C12H27O3P) and carbon t... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Recovery and recycling of plutonium > 242-Z Waste Treatment Facility | 325 | 1,328 | null |
Section: Recovery and recycling of plutonium > Plutonium Reclamation Facility. In 1960, General Electric proposed building a multi-purpose plutonium reclamation facility at the Hanford Site to deal with plutonium scrap. The new facility would be larger, safer and more flexible than RECUPLEX. The AEC considered sending ... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Recovery and recycling of plutonium > Plutonium Reclamation Facility | 335 | 1,666 | null |
Solvent extraction was accomplished by remote operation in the large central cell known as the canyon with a solution of tributyl phosphate and carbon tetrachloride. Nitric acid and hydroxylamine (NH2OH) were then used to separate the product in the form of plutonium nitrate, which was concentrated and then sent to the... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Recovery and recycling of plutonium > Plutonium Reclamation Facility | 323 | 1,554 | null |
Section: Recovery and recycling of plutonium > Z-9 Crib mining. General Electric took spoil samples from Z-9 Crib in 1965 and 1966 and it was estimated that there was 27.5 kilograms of plutonium there. It concluded that the radioactive waste posed a potential criticality hazard. Plans were prepared to use mining equipm... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Recovery and recycling of plutonium > Z-9 Crib mining | 185 | 832 | null |
Section: Cleanup and demolition. Before the last four major facilities at the plant could be demolished, approximately 18 metric tons of plutonium-bearing material was stabilized between 1996 and 2004. Legacy plutonium from plant systems was removed by 2005, and all weapons-grade plutonium was shipped out of the plant ... | Wikipedia - Plutonium Finishing Plant - Cleanup and demolition | 297 | 1,541 | null |
Section: Synopsis. In the book, Cravens, a skeptic about nuclear energy who actively protested the plan to open Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant on Long Island, New York, has a conversation about nuclear power while visiting friends in Albuquerque. One of them, Dr. Richard (Rip) Anderson, a scientist at Sandia National Lab... | Wikipedia - Power to Save the World - Synopsis | 311 | 1,632 | null |
Article: Rocky Flats Plant. The Rocky Flats Plant was a United States manufacturing complex that produced nuclear weapons parts near Denver, Colorado. The facility's primary mission was the fabrication of plutonium pits, the fissionable part of a bomb that produces a nuclear explosion. The pits were shipped to other fa... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - Summary | 344 | 1,700 | null |
Section: History > 1950s. Following World War II, the United States increased production of nuclear weapons. A 4-square-mile (10 km2) site about 15 miles (25 km) northwest of Denver on a windy plateau called Rocky Flats was chosen for the facility. Contemporary news reports stated that the site would not be used to pro... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1950s | 326 | 1,659 | null |
This does not include the much higher levels of exposure as a result of the later fires.: 21 Rocky Flats was established next to Walnut and Woman creek. Until the construction of a waste treatment facility in 1957, plutonium contaminated wastewater was discharged directly into Walnut creek which followed to Broomfield'... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1950s | 316 | 1,535 | null |
Metallic plutonium is a fire hazard and pyrophoric; under the right conditions it may ignite in air at room temperature. The fire escaped containment in under thirty minutes and the firefighters were forced to use water, a risky decision on plutonium fire, to put out the fire in the glovebox. After putting out the orig... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1950s | 247 | 1,121 | null |
Section: History > 1960s. In 1960, one of the workers who responded to the 1957 fire petitioned the state legislature to create a way for workers that receive unsafe doses of radiation on the job to be compensated for the health effects. Smaller incidents, such as a 1962 fire, continued to threaten the safety of the wo... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1960s | 339 | 1,555 | null |
Later analysis completed in 1999 for the CDPHE estimated that between 6 and 58 curies of plutonium spilled on to Pad 903 soil due to barrel leakage.: 26 In 1965, there were at least 24 fires at the plant. In the worst of these, 400 employees were exposed to airborne plutonium. Twenty-five workers received over seventee... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1960s | 164 | 777 | null |
Section: History > 1960s > Mother's Day 1969 Fire. On May 11, 1969, there was a major fire in a glovebox in Building 776/777.: 24 Later investigations disagree on what caused the fire and what time it began. The 1999 report for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment said the fire was started around 2p... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1960s > Mother's Day 1969 Fire | 346 | 1,662 | null |
congress ordered an investigation into the accident, which found government officials helped cover up details of the fire by abusing classified information protocols. National Center for Atmospheric Research scientists stated that plant officials also mislead the public in press statements about the size and damage fro... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1960s > Mother's Day 1969 Fire | 257 | 1,398 | null |
Section: History > 1970s. In 1970, some members of the public with scientific backgrounds formed the Colorado Committee for Environmental Information to seek information about the public health impact of Rocky Flats. They encouraged the AEC to relocate the plant, but the AEC rejected the idea on the basis that the cost... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1970s | 343 | 1,777 | null |
Under his tenure, accidents which endangered employees continued to occur. In 1972, Giller announced the AEC's $130 million investment ($977 million in 2024) for remodeling of the Rocky Flats Plant primarily to improve safety systems. Fire sprinkler systems and firewalls were built during the reconstruction. In 1974, p... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1970s | 349 | 1,730 | null |
Discovery of the contamination by the Colorado Department of Health led to investigations by the AEC and United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The AEC investigation stated that the tritium originated at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, and 500-2000 curries were accidentally shipped to Rocky Flats in contam... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1970s | 311 | 1,570 | null |
However, in 1974, operator error was detected by the exhaust sampling system when approximately a milicurie of plutonium was released. Following the incident a more robust system with two layers of HEPA filters was installed.: 217, 240–241 When the AEC opened the Rocky Flats contract for public bidding, in 1973, Dow Ch... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1970s | 332 | 1,662 | null |
Dr. John Candler Cobb, Professor of Preventive Medicine at the University of Colorado Medical Center, testified that the most significant danger of radioactive contamination came from the 1967 incident in which oil barrels containing plutonium leaked 5,000 US gallons (19,000 L) of oil into sand under the barrels, which... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1970s | 326 | 1,738 | null |
Section: History > 1980s. On December 11, 1980, Congress enacted the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, which provided the authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases at the nation's worst environmental sites. Dark Circle is a 1982 American documentary film that ... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1980s | 317 | 1,671 | null |
These findings spurred the DOE to investigate berylliosis in all their facilities. The ChemRisk investigation stated Rocky Flats only did its own beryllium component manufacturing from 1958-1975 and that all beryllium was cleaned up by 1980. Beryllium components continued to be used in Rocky Flats operations but were m... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1980s | 328 | 1,648 | null |
The EPA fined the plant for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) leaks from a transformer. A solid waste form, called pondcrete, was found not to have cured properly and was leaking from containers. A boxcar of transuranic waste from the site was refused entry into Idaho and returned to the plant. Plans to potentially close ... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1980s | 153 | 720 | null |
Section: History > 1980s > FBI/EPA investigation, June 1989 raid. In 1987, plant insiders started to covertly inform the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) about the unsafe conditions. In December 1988, the FBI commenced clandestine flights of light aircraft over the are... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1980s > FBI/EPA investigation, June 1989 raid | 334 | 1,703 | null |
This was the largest fine for an environmental crime to that date. After the FBI raid, federal authorities used the subsequent grand jury investigation to gather evidence of wrongdoing and then sealed the record. In October 2006, DOE announced completion of the Rocky Flats cleanup without this information being availab... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1980s > FBI/EPA investigation, June 1989 raid | 344 | 1,755 | null |
The public contest led to U.S. Congressional oversight committee hearings chaired by Congressman Howard Wolpe, which issued subpoenas to DOJ principals despite several instances of DOJ's refusal to comply. The hearings, whose findings include that the Justice Department had "bargained away the truth", ultimately still ... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1980s > FBI/EPA investigation, June 1989 raid | 247 | 1,290 | null |
Section: History > 1980s > Sealed grand jury records. Court records from the grand jury proceeding on Rocky Flats have been sealed for a number of years. The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, which govern federal grand jury proceedings, explicitly require grand jury proceedings to be kept secret unless otherwise pro... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1980s > Sealed grand jury records | 340 | 1,766 | null |
Section: History > 1990s. Rockwell International was replaced by EG&G as primary contractor for the Rocky Flats plant. EG&G began an aggressive work safety and cleanup plan for the site that included construction of a system to remove contamination from the groundwater of the site. The Sierra Club vs. Rockwell case was... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1990s | 331 | 1,679 | null |
In 1994 the site was renamed the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, reflecting the changed nature of the site from weapon production to environmental cleanup and restoration. The cleanup effort was contracted to the Kaiser-Hill Company, which proposed the release of 4,100 acres (6.4 sq mi; 16.6 km2) of the buff... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 1990s | 176 | 906 | null |
Section: History > 2000s. In 2001, Congress passed the Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge Act. In July 2007, the U.S. Department of Energy transferred nearly 4,000 acres (6 sq mi; 16 km2) of land on the Rocky Flats site to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to establish the Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge. Surve... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 2000s | 346 | 1,644 | null |
Cleanup was declared complete on October 13, 2005. About 1,300 acres (2 sq mi; 5 km2) of the original site, the former industrial area, remains under U.S. DOE Office of Legacy Management control for ongoing environmental monitoring and remediation. On March 14, 2007, DOE, EPA, and CDPHE entered into the Rocky Flats Leg... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 2000s | 186 | 919 | null |
Section: History > 2010s. In September 2010, after a 20-year legal battle, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed a $926 million award in a class-action lawsuit against Dow Chemical and Rockwell International. The three-judge panel said that the jury reached its decision on faulty instructions that incorrectly sta... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 2010s | 343 | 1,739 | null |
Panel discussions covered various aspects of the Rocky Flats raid and its aftermath. On display were historical photographs and artifacts, as well as Rocky Flats-inspired art. In 2016, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment's Cancer Registry completed a cancer incidence study that looked at the incide... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - History > 2010s | 331 | 1,821 | null |
Section: Products. Rocky Flats was the primary source for plutonium pits in the United States. These pits were used to make the nuclear weapons. In the 1950s, the company strictly maintained that the workers would handle radioactive material but would not make nuclear weapons. This was technically true because the pits... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - Products | 218 | 1,032 | null |
Section: Labor. The labor movement and unions played a significant role in the development and operation of Rocky Flats. From the beginning construction was performed with a semi-unionized work force. A walkout halted construction in 1952. By 1958 there were at least 900 unionized workers at the plant represented by 16... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - Labor | 342 | 1,818 | null |
Joseph Sykes, a janitor at the plant, was denied unemployment compensation in 1970 after he was fired for refusing to work in buildings 776/777 where the 1969 fire occurred. He felt that it was unsafe to work due to cancer risk, but the Colorado Industrial Commission ruled that he must demonstrate an actual hazard. Wit... | Wikipedia - Rocky Flats Plant - Labor | 333 | 1,705 | null |
Section: Background. The Savannah River Site (SRS) presently contains legacy nuclear waste from the production of nuclear materials between 1951 and 2002. The nuclear waste is stored in large (typically 1 million US gallons (3,800 m3) nominal capacity) underground double walled storage tanks located in F-Area and H-Are... | Wikipedia - Salt Waste Processing Facility - Background | 284 | 1,249 | null |
Section: Planned Deployment of SWPF Treatment Facility. About 33.8 million US gallons (128,000 m3) of salt waste are currently stored in underground waste storage tanks at SRS. This waste, along with future salt waste forecast to be sent to the tank farms, will be processed through DDA, ARP/MCU, and the SWPF. DOE estim... | Wikipedia - Salt Waste Processing Facility - Planned Deployment of SWPF Treatment Facility | 271 | 1,266 | null |
Section: Planned Start Date Delayed. The start date for SWPF operations has been delayed to allow for modification of the SWPF preliminary design to incorporate a higher degree of performance category (PC)in the confinement barriers necessary for worker protection during natural phenomena hazard events. The Defense Nuc... | Wikipedia - Salt Waste Processing Facility - Planned Start Date Delayed | 308 | 1,646 | null |
Section: Uranium processing plant. The plant is located near Gore, Oklahoma, close to the Illinois River and Interstate 40. The plant started construction in 1968 and began operation in 1970. It converted yellowcake uranium into uranium hexafluoride. In 1987 it started converting depleted uranium hexafluoride into depl... | Wikipedia - Sequoyah Fuels Corporation - Uranium processing plant | 211 | 1,038 | null |
Section: Design. TRIGA is a swimming pool reactor that can be installed without a containment building, and is designed for research and testing use by scientific institutions and universities for purposes such as undergraduate and graduate education, private commercial research, non-destructive testing and isotope pro... | Wikipedia - TRIGA - Design | 227 | 1,151 | null |
Section: History. The TRIGA was developed to be a reactor that, in the words of Edward Teller, "is safe even in the hands of a young graduate student." Teller headed a group of young nuclear physicists in San Diego in the summer of 1956 to design an inherently safe reactor which could not, by its design, suffer from a ... | Wikipedia - TRIGA - History | 350 | 1,694 | null |
Section: History > 1965 to 1980: Commercial operations by Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc.. The State of New York acquired 3,345 acres (13.54 km2) of land in the Town of Ashford, near West Valley, in 1961 with the intention of developing an atomic industrial area. The property was named the Western New York Nuclear Service ... | Wikipedia - West Valley Demonstration Project - History > 1965 to 1980: Commercial operations by Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc. | 287 | 1,225 | null |
During this time period, the facility processed 1,983.7 kilograms (4,373 lb) of plutonium and 625.7 metric tons (1,379,000 lb) of spent uranium.: 10–12 Using the PUREX process, the plant was able to recover 1,926 kilograms (4,246 lb) of plutonium and 620 metric tons (1,370,000 lb) of uranium. Most of the recovered uran... | Wikipedia - West Valley Demonstration Project - History > 1965 to 1980: Commercial operations by Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc. | 345 | 1,498 | null |
Section: History > 1980 to present: U.S. Department of Energy's West Valley Demonstration Project. The West Valley Demonstration Project Act (Public Law 96-368) was passed by the United States Congress in 1980, and directed the United States Department of Energy to lead the task of solidifying and removing the accumula... | Wikipedia - West Valley Demonstration Project - History > 1980 to present: U.S. Department of Energy's West Valley Demonstration Project | 308 | 1,512 | null |
Section: Design. TR-2 was a heterogeneous, low pressure, low temperature, light water cooled and moderated, pressurized water reactor. The primary function of the reactor was to test reactor materials and components. Rather than incorporating an electrically-heated pressurizer vessel as is common in commercial PWRs des... | Wikipedia - Westinghouse TR-2 - Design | 316 | 1,631 | null |
The top of the vapor container was slightly rounded. There were two airlocks to the vapor container. A mechanical ventilation system was provided to the process water surge tank and the process water head tank which was elevated almost 250 feet above the ground on a metal support frame approximately 500 feet east of th... | Wikipedia - Westinghouse TR-2 - Design | 247 | 1,322 | null |
Section: Fuel. The TR-2 core consisted of cylindrical fuel elements. The fuel elements were mechanical assemblies including multiple individual aluminum fuel tubes which contained the uranium fuel; some fuel elements included other reactor instrumentation or experiment components in addition to the fuel tubes. Each fue... | Wikipedia - Westinghouse TR-2 - Fuel | 222 | 1,157 | null |
Section: History. Westinghouse applied for a Construction Permit from the AEC on February 29, 1956. Construction Permit No. CPRR-8 (henceforth designated CPTR-l) was Issued by the AEC on July 3, 1957. The AEC issued Facility License Number TR-2 on June 19, 1959. TR-2 reached criticality for the first time in July 1959.... | Wikipedia - Westinghouse TR-2 - History | 226 | 1,077 | null |
Section: 1960 accident. A partial core meltdown occurred at the reactor on the evening of Sunday, April 3, 1960. One fuel element melted, releasing the radioactive gaseous fission products krypton and xenon. The overheating and subsequent damage to the fuel element is reported to have caused by a local lack of sufficie... | Wikipedia - Westinghouse TR-2 - 1960 accident | 347 | 1,549 | null |
After reaching 17 megawatts, reactor power dramatically increased to 38 megawatts. At 8:40 p.m., the first of numerous radiation monitors throughout the facility began alarming on high radiation readings. The reactor was manually scrammed four minutes later at 8:44 p.m. Immediately after the reactor was tripped, facili... | Wikipedia - Westinghouse TR-2 - 1960 accident | 260 | 1,258 | null |
Section: Atomic Energy Commission investigation. The AEC opened an investigation into the accident once the extent of damage became known. Members of the AEC staff held a meeting with Westinghouse at the Waltz Mill site on April 22, 1960. In an April 27 memo, AEC Inspection Specialist V. A. Walker was highly critical o... | Wikipedia - Westinghouse TR-2 - Atomic Energy Commission investigation | 326 | 1,654 | null |
The dose rate at two meters from the head tank piping radiation monitor (the monitor was at ground level, well below the elevated head tank) was 5000 millirem/hour. Radioactive fission product gasses Xenon-133-135, Argon-41, and Krypton-85 were released through the 250 feet tall exhaust stack which served the facility.... | Wikipedia - Westinghouse TR-2 - Atomic Energy Commission investigation | 295 | 1,525 | null |
Section: 1960 accident recovery and cleanup. One fuel element melted into two pieces with several inches completely missing compared to the pre-accident height. By April 18, 1960 the upper portion of the melted fuel element had been removed from the reactor, the lower portion of the fuel assembly and debris remained. T... | Wikipedia - Westinghouse TR-2 - 1960 accident recovery and cleanup | 277 | 1,534 | null |
Section: Functions & Duties. Function Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute is a special ranked scientific organization under Ministry of Science and Technology, of which function is to assist Minister to perform duties including basic research, application and deployment of research results in the field of atomic energy, te... | Wikipedia - Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission - Functions & Duties | 321 | 1,893 | null |
Section: History. 26/4/1976: Establishment of Dalat Nuclear Research Institute under the State Committee of Science and Technology (According to Decision No. 64-CP dated April 26, 1976 of the Government Council) 23/2/1979: Establishment of Nuclear Research Institute (formerly known as the Da Lat Nuclear Institute) unde... | Wikipedia - Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission - History | 335 | 1,605 | null |
87/ND-HDBT dated June 11, 1984 of the Council of Ministers) 13/9/1993: National Atomic Energy Commission was renamed Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (now the Ministry of Science and Technology) (According to Decree No. 59/CP dated September 13, 1993 of the Gover... | Wikipedia - Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission - History | 350 | 1,554 | null |
Article: Mimoza Hafizi. Mimoza Hafizi (born 1962) is an Albanian politician and physicist who is a former member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the LIBRA Party. She has been representing the Socialist Party from 2013 until 2016. In October 2016, together with Ben Blushi, she created LIBRA. She failed to... | Wikipedia - Mimoza Hafizi - Summary | 159 | 702 | null |
Article: Kastriot Islami. Kastriot Muhamet Islami (born 18 August 1952) is an Albanian politician. Formerly a member of the Communist Party of Albania, turned moderate Socialist. He was Chairman of the Parliament of Albania from April 17, 1991 to April 6, 1992. On April 3, 1992, when the last communist president, Ramiz... | Wikipedia - Kastriot Islami - Summary | 275 | 1,283 | null |
Section: Early life and education. Kuneshka was born on 15 July 1912 in Boboshticë near Korçë, son of a local schoolteacher. After finishing the elementary school in his village, he register in the Albanian National Lyceum (known as the French Lyceum) of nearby Korçë in 1924. There he would study for 9 years. Due to fi... | Wikipedia - Sotir Kuneshka - Early life and education | 302 | 1,416 | null |
Section: Career > Director of French Lyceum and World War II. The same year, in 1936, he applied for the certification on Applied mechanics and electromagnetism. In 1937, he was called back by the Minister of Education of Albania, and was appointed director of the French Lyceum. He kept that position until 1940. In Aug... | Wikipedia - Sotir Kuneshka - Career > Director of French Lyceum and World War II | 196 | 946 | null |
Section: Career > Reformation of the Albanian school system and higher education. Soon after the end of WWII, the French Lyceum reopened and he was appointed director. Nevertheless, he did not keep this position for longs since he bigger tasks were assigned to him. The Ministry of Education put him in charge of the Alb... | Wikipedia - Sotir Kuneshka - Career > Reformation of the Albanian school system and higher education | 183 | 911 | null |
Section: Political career. Meidani's political career began in the 1990s. He assumed the role of the chair of the Central Election Commission during the inaugural multiparty elections in 1991 and was a member of the Presidential Council in the same year. From 1992 to 1996, he actively participated in civil society, ser... | Wikipedia - Rexhep Meidani - Political career | 237 | 1,155 | null |
Section: Biography. Laura Mersini was born in Tirana, Albania, as a daughter of the mathematician and eminent economist Nexhat Mersini. Mersini-Houghton received her B.S. degree from the University of Tirana, Albania. In 1994, Mersini-Houghton was a Fulbright scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park for 8 mo... | Wikipedia - Laura Mersini-Houghton - Biography | 328 | 1,491 | null |
On 11 October 2010, Mersini-Houghton appeared in a BBC programme entitled What Happened Before the Big Bang (along with Michio Kaku, Neil Turok, Andrei Linde, Roger Penrose, Lee Smolin, and other physicists), where she propounded her theory of the universe as a wave function on the landscape multiverse. Mersini-Houghto... | Wikipedia - Laura Mersini-Houghton - Biography | 221 | 1,100 | null |
Section: Career. In 1990, Veveçka was hired as a physics lecturer at the Polytechnic University of Tirana. Four years later, she was promoted to Associate Professor and in 1999 became a full professor. The focus of her teaching and research was in materials science, specifically regarding metals, and their microstructu... | Wikipedia - Afërdita Veveçka Priftaj - Career | 312 | 1,608 | null |
Article: Larry Abbott. Laurence Frederick Abbott (born 1950) is an American theoretical neuroscientist, who is currently the William Bloor Professor of Theoretical Neuroscience at Columbia University, where he helped create the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience. He is widely regarded as one of the leaders of theoreti... | Wikipedia - Larry Abbott - Summary | 200 | 1,061 | null |
Section: Scientific career. He subsequently worked in theoretical particle physics, serving as research associate at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center from 1977 to 1979, as a Scientific Associate at the Theory division at CERN from 1980 to 1981, and as a tenure track professor in the physics department at Brandeis fro... | Wikipedia - Larry Abbott - Scientific career | 238 | 1,228 | null |
Section: Select publications. Abbott, L. F.; Varela, J. A.; Sen, Kamal; Nelson, S. B. (10 January 1997). "Synaptic Depression and Cortical Gain Control". Science. 275 (5297): 221–224. doi:10.1126/science.275.5297.221. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 8985017. Song, Sen; Miller, Kenneth D.; Abbott, L. F. (September 2000). "Competit... | Wikipedia - Larry Abbott - Select publications | 349 | 947 | null |
PMC 10683875. PMID 20866644. S2CID 946870. Vogels, T. P.; Abbott, L. (2009-03-22). "Gating multiple signals through detailed balance of excitation and inhibition in spiking networks". Nature Neuroscience. 12 (4): 483–491. doi:10.1038/nn.2276. PMC 2693069. PMID 19305402. Rajan, Kanaka; Abbott, L. F. (2 November 2006). "... | Wikipedia - Larry Abbott - Select publications | 194 | 506 | null |
Article: Computer science. Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to applied disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). Algorithms a... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Summary | 297 | 1,885 | null |
Section: History. The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and division. Algorithms for performing com... | Wikipedia - Computer science - History | 341 | 1,808 | null |
In 1843, during the translation of a French article on the Analytical Engine, Ada Lovelace wrote, in one of the many notes she included, an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers, which is considered to be the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer. Around 1885, Herman... | Wikipedia - Computer science - History | 335 | 1,646 | null |
When the machine was finished, some hailed it as "Babbage's dream come true". During the 1940s, with the development of new and more powerful computing machines such as the Atanasoff–Berry computer and ENIAC, the term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors. As it became clear that c... | Wikipedia - Computer science - History | 274 | 1,514 | null |
Section: Etymology and scope. Although first proposed in 1956, the term "computer science" appears in a 1959 article in Communications of the ACM, in which Louis Fein argues for the creation of a Graduate School in Computer Sciences analogous to the creation of Harvard Business School in 1921. Louis justifies the name ... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Etymology and scope | 339 | 1,806 | null |
In the early days of computing, a number of terms for the practitioners of the field of computing were suggested (albeit facetiously) in the Communications of the ACM—turingineer, turologist, flow-charts-man, applied meta-mathematician, and applied epistemologist. Three months later in the same journal, comptologist wa... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Etymology and scope | 318 | 1,386 | null |
"In the U.S., however, informatics is linked with applied computing, or computing in the context of another domain." A folkloric quotation, often attributed to—but almost certainly not first formulated by—Edsger Dijkstra, states that "computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes." The ... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Etymology and scope | 304 | 1,690 | null |
The relationship between computer science and software engineering is a contentious issue, which is further muddied by disputes over what the term "software engineering" means, and how computer science is defined. David Parnas, taking a cue from the relationship between other engineering and science disciplines, has cl... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Etymology and scope | 168 | 1,018 | null |
Section: Philosophy > Epistemology of computer science. Despite the word science in its name, there is debate over whether or not computer science is a discipline of science, mathematics, or engineering. Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon argued in 1975, Computer science is an empirical discipline. We would have called ... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Philosophy > Epistemology of computer science | 325 | 1,886 | null |
Section: Philosophy > Paradigms of computer science. A number of computer scientists have argued for the distinction of three separate paradigms in computer science. Peter Wegner argued that those paradigms are science, technology, and mathematics. Peter Denning's working group argued that they are theory, abstraction ... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Philosophy > Paradigms of computer science | 185 | 1,018 | null |
Section: Fields. As a discipline, computer science spans a range of topics from theoretical studies of algorithms and the limits of computation to the practical issues of implementing computing systems in hardware and software. CSAB, formerly called Computing Sciences Accreditation Board—which is made up of representat... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Fields | 167 | 1,006 | null |
Section: Fields > Theoretical computer science > Programming language theory and formal methods. Programming language theory is a branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of programming languages and their individual features. It falls within ... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Fields > Theoretical computer science > Programming language theory and formal methods | 290 | 1,735 | null |
Section: Fields > Applied computer science > Artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) aims to or is required to synthesize goal-orientated processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, environmental adaptation, learning, and communication found in humans and animals. From its origins in cybernetics a... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Fields > Applied computer science > Artificial intelligence | 231 | 1,271 | null |
Section: Discoveries. The philosopher of computing Bill Rapaport noted three Great Insights of Computer Science: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's, George Boole's, Alan Turing's, Claude Shannon's, and Samuel Morse's insight: there are only two objects that a computer has to deal with in order to represent "anything". All the... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Discoveries | 315 | 1,362 | null |
Section: Programming paradigms. Programming languages can be used to accomplish different tasks in different ways. Common programming paradigms include: Functional programming, a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avo... | Wikipedia - Computer science - Programming paradigms | 280 | 1,595 | null |
Section: A. abstract data type (ADT) A mathematical model for data types in which a data type is defined by its behavior (semantics) from the point of view of a user of the data, specifically in terms of possible values, possible operations on data of this type, and the behavior of these operations. This contrasts with... | Wikipedia - Glossary of computer science - A | 333 | 1,810 | null |
Monte Carlo methods are used to introduce randomness. aggregate function In database management, a function in which the values of multiple rows are grouped together to form a single value of more significant meaning or measurement, such as a sum, count, or max. agile software development An approach to software develo... | Wikipedia - Glossary of computer science - A | 339 | 1,969 | null |
Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters. application programming interface (API) A set of subroutine definitions, communication protocols, and tools for building software. In general terms, it is a set of clearly defined methods of communication among ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of computer science - A | 350 | 1,904 | null |
Other artifacts are concerned with the process of development itself—such as project plans, business cases, and risk assessments. artificial intelligence (AI) Also machine intelligence. Intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals. In computer scie... | Wikipedia - Glossary of computer science - A | 298 | 1,534 | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.